Management Development Training
Transcription
Management Development Training
MANAGEMENT DEVELOPMENT AND TRAINING: THE INDIAN EXPERIENCE R.K. Mishra* The purpose of this paper is to provide the backdrop of the socioeconomic and political scenario of India, discuss the role of management development and training in the context of the economic challenges confronting the country and the opportunities arising thereof, critically analyse the status of management development and training at the levels of the government, public enterprise and private sector, and offer a few suggestions to radically transform the management development and training in India. Socio-economic and Political Scenario in India India was at the time of independence, a socially, economically and politically underdeveloped nation. This state of affairs was the consequence of the exploitative regime of its colonial masters. 200 years of foreign rule sapped away the entrepreneurial initiative. The incidence of poverty was very high. The industrial base was very small and unemployment was a characteristic feature of the economy. The Indian economy was in isolation from the rest of the world. The masses did not have access to formal education and professional training. There were a handful of universities, engineering colleges, medical colleges and institutions imparting education at the graduate and post graduate levels. The country was divided into British India and several princely states. The country became independent in 1947 and chose to function under the Constitution adopted in 1950 which laid emphasis on all round human development. During the recent years, the stress on human development has been tremendously enhanced owing to the realisation of the fact that the educational and professional development alone can bring about a socio-economic transformation capable enough to place the country in the category of developed nations. There is a commonly held view that this approach can take India out of the viscous circle of poverty and underdevelopment and make it progressively strong technologically due to a continuous availability of scientific and industrial personnel. _____________________________________________ *Professor & Dean, Institute of Public Enterprise, Hyderabad-7 Management Development & Training- The Indian & Global Context It is common knowledge that management development and training are two sides of the same coin viz., Human Resource Development (HRD). However, some experts draw a fine line of distinction between the two1. They assert that training is a short term facet of HRD concerned with the development of present skills of a job and also the future skills that would help in its efficient execution. Management development on the contrary is a long term and continuing phenomenon equipping a person with skills and concepts that could prepare him to take up new responsibilities and challenges2. Exhibit-1 shows the approaches that could be adopted for management development and training for the different layers of management. Exhibit-1 Global Visits for Sensiti sation Area of Import ance Semi nar & Conf eren ces Attachme nt to eminent Institutio ns/Exper ts Round Table Approaches Self Refresh Stu er dy Course s Unde r Stud y Meth od Formal Trainin g On-theJob Training Top Managem ent Senior Managem ent Junior Manag ement Indian economy is no longer a traditional economy. Not only its structure is undergoing a decisive change but it is also inculcating the features of the new economy that are prevalent in highly developed countries such as the United States of America and Japan. Until recently India treated its human capital as inert stock on the same lines as accountants treat the fixed capital. But influenced by the Japanese, the US, more recently the Chinese and the ASEAN miracle in the early 1990s, the political view of the human capital underwent a paradigm shift. The government reconstituted its Cabinet 2 and the administrative set up and carved out a new ministry of HRD with a full fledged senior minister of the Cabinet heading it and the administrative support extended by a permanent secretary. The central idea behind the creation of the ministry was to provide to the government an integrated view of the human resources available in the country and plan and implement suitable schemes and systems to upgrade/ increase the supply of human resources commensurate to their requirements for the development of the country to meet the present and the future challenges. A study of the key ratios relating to the management development and training forming a major part of the HRD, shows that the training & management development expenditure per employee was US $960 in Europe, US $531 in Canada, US $386 in Japan and US $650 in USA. The training and management development expenditure as percentage of payroll was 3 percent in Europe, 1.5 percent in Canada, 1 percent in Japan and 1.8 percent in the USA. The employee to trainer ratio was 257:1 in Asia and Pacific, 504:1 in Canada, 1706:1 in Japan and 400:1 in USA. The percentage of employees receiving training was 75.5 in Europe, 68.9 in Canada, 44.9 in Japan and 75 percent in the USA. The payments made to outside experts / training institutions as percentage of total expenditure was 45.4 percent in Europe, 27 in Canada, 31 in Japan and 27 percent in USA. The Indian proportions are miniscule and do not deserve any mention. This can be seen in the context of the expenditure on HRD as a percentage of GDP. USA and France spend about 20 percent of their GDP on HRD. A small country such as Belgium spends about 40 percent on HRD. India pledged to spend a mere 6 percent of GDP on HRD in 1986. Currently it spends about 3 percent of its GDP on HRD. All these countries spent about 14 percent of the money on training and management development as a percentage of their turnover. They have integrated their management development and training activities with the primary, secondary and higher education. Motorola, a US based company spends about US $1 Billion on management development and training. The company proposes to hike this outlay. On an average each employee spends about 160 hours per year on training. The company has set up a university and has adopted 32 districts in the USA to upgrade the standards of education. In Japan, informal management development and training is more widespread as compared to the formal, on the job and off the job training and management development as existing in India. An average Japanese employee spends about a 100 hours in training per year. Technologically, an average Japanese employee is conversant with the use of CD-ROM, e-mail and company internet, although to a lesser extent than the average US employee. It is claimed that India is emerging as an IT superpower. However, an average Indian employee is wide off the mark as compared to US and Japanese employee. 3 The global competition, initiation of economic reforms and the country’s ambition to join ranks with the developed countries require that its existing approach to management development and training undergo a fundamental change as explained in Exhibit-II. Exhibit-II Management development and Training in India From To Conservative Liberal Specific Generic Functional Cross-Functional Hierarchical Participative Periodic Continuous Risk Aversion Risk Taking Formal Informal Traditional Modern & Topical Unsystematic Systematic General Goal Oriented Closed Open Skill Based & Narrow Concept Based & Comprehensive Static Dynamic Ad hoc Planned Structured Customised Inorganic Organic Directed Environment Driven India is opening up. The challenges of opening up provide a wide range of opportunities subject to the acquisition of relevant skills, competencies and concepts. The management development and training in the pre-reforms era of 1947-1991, required a limited innovation and thinking dealing with the needs of internal progression within the organisations and the methods and techniques that could increase the production and productivity of workers and supervisors on the shop floor or offices. The present day concept of management development and training envelopes an all round development covering the needs of the individual, team, organisation and society. Status of Management Development & Training The Indian economy is composed of three important organs: government, public sector and private sector. In this section, an attempt has been made to analyse the status of management development and training as related to these three organs. Government There are three levels of Indian Administration: central, provincial and local. These three levels employ about 20 million personnel. At the central level, there are 4 classes of employees viz., A, B, C & D group employees. Group C & D employees provide support services to officers of Group A & B services which are 29 in number of which the 4 first 12 fall within the scope of the Group A and are considered to be the top most central services. For Group A employees, recruitment is done by the Union Public Service Commission and the foundation training is imparted by the Lal Bahadur Shastry Academy of Administration, Sardar Vallabhai Patel Academy for Police Administration, etc. The Department of Training and Personnel deals with the continuous training of the officers of the Indian Administrative Service which number around 6000. 83 institutions of higher learning and research have been identified to provide advanced training in policy, general management, functional management and technology areas. The advanced training varies from one to three weeks and is optional in nature. The government provides for the entire expenditure. There are some courses which are vertical in nature which admit participants of all the seniorities whereas other courses are demarcated for officers having a certain minimum experience of service. The central government officials are provided slots for management development and training under schemes such as the Colombo Plan which entitled them to receive education in management and undergo advanced training in general and functional management. They are also entitled for fellowship awards allocated by foreign countries. The provincial governments have set up state academies which train the officials drawn from the different services mostly selected by the State Public Service Commissions. These state academies are funded by the state governments but receive a generous support form the central government. The local governments do not provide management development training opportunities to their employees as their own funding is very trivial tantamount to less than one percent. The training and management development budget is miniscule and the areas covered are negligible. The training needs are not kept into consideration. The behavioural training is the most important requirement receiving scant attention. The training in technology is another important need of the time. Some states of the Indian Union have caught up with the idea and have taken up programmes in egovernance. Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra are making rapid strides. The central government in line with the move of these states has also initiated imparting training programmes in e-governance to the employees in select departments. The Subordinate Staff Selection Services Commission of the central government conducts a large number of programmes for employees in the cadre of the section officers. The salaries and wages as a percentage of the gross domestic product for the country as a whole as related to the central and state governments is about 12 percent. The money spent on training and 5 management development is a meager 0.1 percent. The number of hours devoted to training and management development is less than 1 per year. Vast sections of the government employees specially in the Group C and D constituting about 90 percent do not get any opportunity for management development. Their training is limited only to induction training. Management Development & Training in Public Enterprises There are about 1400 public enterprises at the central, state and local levels organised principally in the form of government companies, statutory corporations, departmental enterprises, commissions, authorities, boards, mixed corporations and port trusts. These employ about 6 million personnel. The investments in these enterprises is about US $120 billion. The salaries and wages in these enterprises constitute 12 percent of their turnover which may be as much as US $120 billion. The expenses on training and management development are about 0.5 percent of the turnover. Features Training and management development is an important activity in public enterprises which is discernable from the following features: 1. There is a definite direction existing in relation to management development and training in public enterprises. The Department of Public Enterprises, Govt. of India and the nodal agencies on state level public enterprises have their respective policies incorporating guidelines on themes to be covered, types and number of programmes to be conducted, duration of the programmes and the resource persons to be deployed. The policy covers even items such as the remuneration for the resource persons and the evaluation of the training programmes. 2. In the management structure, at the board level, invariably the function is represented by Director(Personnel) who in turn is supported by Executive Director (Personnel) / General Manager (Personnel), Deputy General Manager (Personnel), Assistant General Manager (Personnel), Senior Manager (Personnel), Executive (Personnel), Personnel Officer, etc. In many a case, General Manager (Training) is appointed as in-charge of the function. In other words, training and management development is a high level function in public enterprises. The state level public enterprises also accord high importance to this function though in many such enterprises it is not placed at the level of General Manager due to a consideration of size. 3. Separate budget provisions are earmarked for this function although they are very miniscule as related to turnover and expenses incurred on wages and salaries. 6 4. In terms of hardware, separate space is allocated for the functionaries dealing with management development and training, equipment provided and support structure created in terms of assistance, transport facilities etc. It may however be noted that the quality of budget support and assistance differs widely from enterprise to enterprise. 5. A Training Needs Survey is carried out once in 5-6 years on the basis of which a training calendar is formulated. The operating departments and the management services department/ corporate strategy department are approached for obtaining appropriate inputs. Small changes are carried out in the training calendar depending on the feedback of the participants. The major gaps in different areas for the three levels of management are given in the Exhibit –III: Exhibit –III Gap Areas Knowledge Skills Attitude Managerial Levels Top/Senior Middle Technology Procedural Knowledge Conceptualisation Analytical/Adaptiv Planning e Towards Logical Environment Performance Target Setting Policy International Scenario & Public Policy Application Skills Sensitisation and Junior Implementing Knowledge Executive Skills Towards Work and Organisation Appraisal & Recognition Nil 6. Training programmes for workers, supervisors and junior executives are organised inhouse. For the middle level personnel the programmes are arranged in house with a mix of internal and external faculty. For senior and top level personnel, slots are provided for training in external institutions and abroad. 7. Induction Training/ Foundation Training is a rule rather than exception. The period of the training varies from 6 months to 2 years at this level. 8. About 40 large central public enterprises such as Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd., Steel Authority of India Ltd. , National Thermal Power Corporation, Coal India Ltd., Electronics Corporation of India Ltd., Mishra Dhatu Nigam Ltd,., Bharat Dynamics Ltd.., Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd., HMT Ltd., have set up their own in house training institutes. These provide training to senior managers in general management, middle/ junior managers in functional areas of management and specialised courses to senior and top managers in 7 total quality management, quality circles, memorandum of understanding and corporate planning. These in house institutes run Junior Management Induction Programmes. 9.At the State level, such inhouse training institutes are maintained by the state electricity boards and the state road transport corporations. The state financial corporations and the state industrial development corporations also take up the management development training activities on systematic basis, though they do not have their own inhouse training institutions. 10.The public sector banks form the lifeline of the financial system in the country. There are in all about 90 banks excluding the cooperative banks. Most of these banks have their inhouse training departments. The large banks such as the State Bank of India, Punjab National Bank, Central Bank of India, Bank of Baroda, Andhra Bank have their own inhouse training institutes3. In a study 4 conducted by Mishra and Ravishankar about the Human Resource Development in State Bank of India, the largest commercial bank and one of the 500 Fortune Companies with a sample of officers numbering 850 in senior/middle management cadres. It was noted that there was an urgent need to develop technical and managerial skills and bring about attitudinal changes in the work behaviour of the executives. The linkage of the training with the operations process of the bank was not complete. The deputation of trainees to a programme was not always on grounds of actual needs. Much subjectivity operated in the field. The managers at operations level felt that deputing personnel for training interface with the operations work. Moreover, the skills imparted and the change brought in the behaviour of the trainees fade out quickly and regression sets in once they face the operational realities and mounting skeptics from their colleagues. With the integration of information technology and banking operations the inhouse training institutes of Banks have to now prepare a new menu. In fact, the experience emanating even from a country like the USA reveals that the bank personnel would like to redefine their operations and needs in the perspective of information technology. They feel that the run of the mill training programmes are a mere waste of their time. What they need today is an intensive understanding of information technology which can keep them relevant for society. Evaluation of Hyderabad based Inhouse Training Institutes Recognising the importance of management development and training, 40 public enterprises set up inhouse training institutes of which 10 are located in Hyderabad. The evaluation of these institutes in terms of faculty, infrastructure, library, research and consultancy, financial muscle and composite score is given in the Exhibit IV: 8 Exhibit: IV Financia l Sources Total Score Overall Rating* 2 Researc h/ Consult ancy 1 3 11 2 2 1 2 8 1 1 1 1 1 5 Somew hat Accepta ble Somew hat Low Very Low 3 5 3 2 3 16 Accepta ble 1 3 2 1 3 10 3 3 3 2 3 14 Somew hat Low Accepta ble 2 2 2 1 3 10 Name Fac ulty 1 Infra stru ctur e 4 Electronics Corprn of India Ltd. Mishra Dhatu Nigam Ltd. 1 Indian Drugs & Pharmaceutic als Ltd. Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd. Bharat Dynamics Ltd. Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd. Hindustan Machine Tools Ltd. Hindustan Cables Ltd. Library Somew hat Low 1 2 1 1 2 7 Somew hat Low Indian Airlies 2 5 2 1 3 13 Somew hat Accepta ble * Scale (Based on Total Score): 0= Poor, 3.5= Very Low, 7= Somewhat Low, 10.5= Somewhat Acceptable, 14= Acceptable, 17.5= Good and 21=Very Good. The reasons for nominations to the courses sponsored by the inhouse training institutes point out that they do not conduct need based training. Of the 500 executives who were trained by these institutes, it was revealed that 8 percent were sponsored as per the training needs identified in annual assessment, 15 percent were nominated due to changes in job content, 12 percent were nominated due to initiative of the trainees who intended to upgrade their capabilities, 25 percent were sponsored to fulfill training quotas, 15 percent were nominated to pacify their wishes of being sent for external training and the remaining 25 percent did not know as to why they attended the training. Regarding the actual benefits from the training, 29 percent felt that there was nothing worth mentioning about it and a even a larger percentage felt that it was a retreat from the company work. 9 only 15 percent participants felt that the training helped them in sensitisation to changing roles and the remaining 21 percent felt that the training gave them new knowledge, skills and attitudes. The applicability / usefulness of the programmes were rated at 2.8 on a scale of 1 to 5. Department of Public Enterprises The Department of Public Enterprises (DPE) is the nodal agency for central public enterprises. One of its divisions deals exclusively with management development and training. It does get directly involved in these activities but operated through a network of about 75 institutions for the conduct of programmes ranging from one-day to one-year. It arranges programmes on topical themes, functional areas and general management. The management hierarchy is given due consideration. It does not provide any financial help, faculty support, infrastructure assistance to the training institutes. It organises a meeting on an annual basis of the training heads and sensitises them about the requirements. On the basis of decisions arrived at in the meeting, a training calendar is formulated. The DPE issues a forwarding letter for each training programme which has to be dispatched by the respective institutes. In 1983, the DPE initiated an advanced management programme for general mangers / assistant general managers/executive directors who could take over superior positions within the enterprise or shift horizontally. The advanced management programme (AMP)5 exposes the top level executives to emerging trends in management of enterprises as well as to the state of the art management techniques in India and abroad. The DPE has conducted 34 AMPs between 1983 and 1999 with the premier management institutes such as the Administrative Staff College of India, IIM Ahmedabad, IIM Calcutta and IIM Bangalore. Recently they have approached the Institute of Public Enterprise, who provided the initial inputs on AMP when it was being conceived in early 1980s. The DPE nominates a few public enterprise executives at the senior / middle levels to MBA Programme run by the University of Hull (The United Kingdom). In addition, executives have been recommended for training by DPE to Germany, Singapore, Japan and the USA. The DPE’s administrative approach and indifference to training and management development has not done any good to this very important instrument. A number of training programmes sponsored by the institute get cancelled /postponed. A large part of the remaining ones are unable to muster even a respectable number of participants. 10 Management Development & Training in Private Enterprises Bitten by the globalisation bug, the public sector is on wane and a new private-public sector mix is emerging in which the public sector is required to play a supportive role. The private sector is on the growth path. It has a formidable challenge to reorganise its human resources to rise to the occasion. Family business will no more help private sector enterprise grow. Moreover, private sector has to move from old economy to new economy where owners and employees will be subordinated by the enterprise. The private sector having taken a leaf out of the change book, is now going for employee stock ownership scheme, employee stock options, greater representation to the employees on the board and professionalisation. Nevertheless, it has to be admitted squarely that the status of management development and training in private enterprise is no better than the public enterprise. Some big business houses such as Tatas (they run the Tata Management Centre), Birlas ( they run the Birla Management Centre), Reliance (they run the Reliance Management Academy) and Kirloskars (they run Harihar Institute of Management) have their own academies catering to the needs of top and senior level personnel. Some business houses have set up management institutes/ universities to integrate the requirement of management development and training with the undergraduate education. These include Tatas who have a major say in the running of Xavier’s Institute of Labour Relations and Institute of Management Technology and Birlas (Birla Institute of Science and Technology). Recently some big business houses in India with the support of the government of Andhra Pradesh and in collaboration with Kellogg Institute of Management have set up an International Business School at Hyderabad which will impart education in management for MBA Degree and Doctoral Degree. Though there is a technology boom in India and the TMT (TechnologyMedia-Telecom) business is on the rise, it has not led to any increased commitment to the management development and training. Even Infosys, Wipro, Himachal Futuristic Communications, Bharati Telecom, Zee Tele, etc. have no academies of their own. Satyam Computers Ltd., a leading info-tech enterprise, plans to provide a bold relief in this regard as it is in the process of setting up an e-business academy with a proposed investment of US $ 0.1 Billion. The All India Council of Technical Education, Government of India has seen to the setting up of 700 management institutes in the private sector with an intake of 30,000 students per annum for MBA courses. A survey on the quality of education and infrastructure of these institutes point to a number of gaps. The private sector has not taken much interest in developing these institutes which is reinforced by the 11 fact that some of the business houses have used these institutes as milch cow. The private sector cannot make any meaningful beginning on the management development and training front unless it changes its philosophy of scouting for human resources afresh for meeting a challenge rather than developing the existing personnel. Future Directions The country has to change both its perception and approach to management development and training as explained hereunder: 1. The percentage of expenditure of GDP on education needs to be stepped up significantly say at least to 10 percent. Some innovative methods and techniques may have to be evolved for financing the enhanced outlay. More importantly, the development strategists have to reformulate their preferences assigning a higher weightage to software than hardware. Inline with the USA, Germany and France, the primary, secondary and higher education have to be integrated with the needs of management development and training. The Singapore experience needs a special mention here. It has set up a Skills Development Fund (SDF). Employers are required to contribute 1 percent of the gross salary and wage bill to the fund. The company’s get the value of their contributions back upto 80 percent if they apply to SDF for grants for enhancement of skills and management development. They may also buy out of these grants more than training equipment, establish training facilities, spend money on overseas training or expand the existing facilities of training. The employers wanting to have access to the SDF submit the total training plan. The experience shows that the grants awarded are twice the amount initially requested. The fund has contributed towards modernising the training establishments, infusing new skills and upgrade the conceptual abilities of executives aged 40 years and above. Th fund has also been accessed for general development and to ensure the continuity in competence of a cluster of industries which are globally competitive. 2. The public enterprises need to step up their outlay on management development and training. The number of hours devoted should be gradually increased from the present 10 to 100. The expenditure needs to be doubled from 0.5 percent of the turnover to 1 percent. The inhouse training institutes have to tone up their work. The training contents must accommodate the inputs dealing with globalisation, technology management, international business, quality management, cost leadership, enhancement of market share, improving interpersonal skills, team building6, counseling, knowledge 12 management, creativity and performance appraisal to mention a few. The training needs survey in each enterprise should provide for multiskilling and the possibility of development of the executives in diverse areas. The management development and training must cut across all the levels7 including the top management i.e., public enterprise boards. 3. The private sector in order to gain tremendously to be globally competitive through a leading edge must exploit the potent tool of management development and training. Instead of looking for new people to fulfill the requirements of the changes in a job, they should impart new skills well in advance to their existing employees. The miniscule expenditure and time spent on management development and training by the private sector will not go a long way in its professionalisation. Conclusion Management development and training will play a significant role in the socio-economic and political emancipation of India especially in the changed context of globalisation. Bitten by the globalisation bug, the government, public sector and private sector are redefining their vision of management development and training. Although the management development and training function has not made significant headway so far, the country is now well set to undergo a paradigm shift in this direction. References: 1. Mumford Alan, “Management Development: Strategies for Action”, Jaico, Mumbai, 1995, p.7. 2. Singh N.K. , “Human Resource Development in Indian Public Sector”, Standing Conference of Public Enterprises, New Delhi, 1987, p. 10. 3. Khandelwal, Anil K (ed.) “ Human Resources Development in Banks”, Oxford & IBH, New Delhi, 1995, pp:377-466. 4. Mishra R.K. & Ravishankar S. “Organisational Development in Public Enterprises: Perspectives for 1990s”, Vision Books, New Delhi, 1989, pp: 125130. 5. Govt. of India ( Department of Public Enterprises, Ministry of Heavy Industries & Public Enterprises,), “PE Survey: 1998-99”, Vol.1, 2000, New Delhi, pp. 132-135. 6. Ravishankar, S. Training & Management Development for Higher Productivity in Pai Satish, Mishra R.K .and Ravishankar S (ed) “Re-Engineering Organisational Productivity, Challenges Ahead”, Himalaya, Mumbai, 2000. 7. Lynton Rolf P and Pareek Udai, “Training for Development”, Vistar, New Delhi.,1990, p.8. 13