Year 7 Science Revision particles summary sheet updated
Transcription
Year 7 Science Revision particles summary sheet updated
Particles Summary Sheet Mixtures A mixture is made from different substances that are not chemically joined. For example powdered iron and powdered sulphur mixed together makes a mixture of iron and sulphur. They can be separated from each other without a chemical reaction, in the way that different coloured sweets can be picked out from a mixed packet and put into separate piles. Separating mixtures The different substances in mixtures are usually easily separated from one another. The method you use depends upon the type of mixture you have. Chromatography This is good for separating dissolved substances that have different colours, such as inks and plant dyes. It works because some of the coloured substances dissolve in the liquid better than others, so they travel further up the paper. Filtration Filtration is good for separating an insoluble solid from a liquid. (An insoluble substance is one that does not dissolve). Sand, for example, can be separated from a mixture of sand and water using filtration. That's because sand does not dissolve in water. Evaporation This is good for separating a soluble solid from a liquid (a soluble substance does dissolve, to form a solution). For example copper sulphate crystals can be separated from copper sulphate solution using evaporation. Remember that it is the water that evaporates away, not the solution. Simple distillation This is good for separating a liquid from a solution. For example, water can be separated from salty water by simple distillation. This method works because the water evaporates from the solution, but is then cooled and condensed into a separate container. The salt does not evaporate and so it stays behind. 7G ParticlesSummary SummarySheet Sheet Particles The three states of matter A theory is used to explain observations (data). Scientists also use theories to make predictions, Expansion and contraction and test the predictions to find out if they are correct. If the predictions are not correct, then the theory may have to be changed to explain the new evidence. Substances expand or get bigger when they are heated up. They contract or get smaller when they are The different of solids, liquids and gases can be explained by the particle theory (or cooled down. Thisproperties property can be useful. particle model). Solids, liquids and gases (the three states of matter) need to be handled and Thermometers stored differently work because because of thethese liquiddifferent inside them properties. expands and For instance, rises up the solid tube materials when itcan gets be hotter. taken to Metal partssite. can be fitted together without welding using shrink fitting. The animation shows how this a landfill works. SOLID Materials expanding and contracting can also cause•problems. example, expand in the summer Solids areFor made up ofbridges particles that are very close heat and need special joints to stop them bending outtogether of shape.and are held tightly together by strong What do the particles do bonds. • Solids cannot be squashed, do not flow, have fixed volume, and space are dense (are heavy When substances expand or contract, their particles astay theshape sameand size. It is the between the for their size). (Volume is the amount of space particles that changes: • something takes up. It is measured in units such as 3).) cubicmore centimetres The particles in a solid vibrate when it is(cm heated, and take up more room. • The particles in a liquid move around each other more when it is heated, and take up more room. • LIQUID • Liquids are made up directions of particles thatitare fairly and The particles in a gas move more quickly in all when is heated, close together; the bonds between the particles are take up more room. weaker than the bonds in solids. This allows the particles to move past each other. • Liquids cannot be squashed, flow quite easily and have a fixed volume but no fixed shape. • Although they are dense, liquids are usually less dense than solids. GAS • Gases are made up of particles that are well spread out, with no bonds between them. • Gases are quite easy to squash, flow easily, have no fixed volume and no fixed shape. The particles in a solid vibrate more and take up more room when the solid is heated • Gases are not dense. 7 G 7G Particles Summary Sheet The three states of matter A theory is used to explain observations (data). Scientists also use theories to make predictions, and test the predictions to find out if they are correct. If the predictions are not correct, then the theory may have to be changed to explain the new evidence. The different properties of solids, liquids and gases can be explained by the particle theory (or particle model). Solids, liquids and gases (the three states of matter) need to be handled and stored differently because of these different properties. For instance, solid materials can be taken to a landfill site. SOLID • Solids are made up of particles that are very close together and are held tightly together by strong bonds. • Solids cannot be squashed, do not flow, have a fixed shape and volume, and are dense (are heavy for their size). (Volume is the amount of space something takes up. It is measured in units such as cubic centimetres (cm3).) LIQUID • Liquids are made up of particles that are fairly close together; the bonds between the particles are weaker than the bonds in solids. This allows the particles to move past each other. • Liquids cannot be squashed, flow quite easily and have a fixed volume but no fixed shape. • Although they are dense, liquids are usually less dense than solids. GAS • Gases are made up of particles that are well spread out, with no bonds between them. • Gases are quite easy to squash, flow easily, have no fixed volume and no fixed shape. • Gases are not dense. 7 G 7G 7 G 7G Particles Summary ( i d) Diffusion The natural mixing of substances is called diffusion. Diffusion occurs because particles in a substance are always moving around. Diffusion is fastest in gases, and slower in liquids. Dilution When you add water to orange squash you dilute it. The colour becomes paler because the orange coloured squash particles are spread out more by the water particles. 7 G Pressure in gases Pressure is caused by particles hitting the walls of the container they are in. The pressure may increase because: • the container has been squashed, making the volume smaller; this means that the particles will be hitting the walls more often. • the number of particles has been increased, which means there are more particles moving around to hit the walls. • the temperature of the particles has increased, so they will move around faster and hit the walls harder and more often. If the particles are in a flexible container, like a balloon, an increase in pressure will make the volume increase. If the pressure becomes too great the balloon will burst. Air pressure is the pressure caused by air particles around us. Air pressure lets us suck things up using a straw and also causes a container to collapse if the air is sucked out. If all the air is sucked out of a container, you get a vacuum – nothingness.