effect of 1600-meter run on changes in proteinuria
Transcription
effect of 1600-meter run on changes in proteinuria
EPHEMERA http://ephemerajournal.com/ ISSN: 1298-0595 Vol.27; No.1 (2015) EFFECT OF 1600-METER RUN ON CHANGES IN PROTEINURIA, CREATININE AND HEMATURIA LEVELS DURING RECOVERY TIME AMONG YOUNG FEMALE ATHLETES AND NON-ATHLETES Marzieh Arabpourian, Alireza Rahimi*, Amir Sarshin College of Physical Education and Sports Science, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, karaj, Iran *Corresponding Author: [email protected] ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of 1600 running on changes in albuminuria and creatinine level, urinary albumin to creatinine ratio and hematuria level during recovery time among young female athletes and non-athletes. The present research was an applied research and used semiexperimental methods. The research used a combination of intragroup and intergroup designs. The research comprised 15 athletes and 30 non-athletes, aged 18-22, 01 years. The number of subjects in this study was 20 students. Urine samples were collected 3 times, before and after the test, performed with an intensity of 70-80% of maximum heart rate after 1 minute. In order to analyze the data, bifactor analysis of the variance was used, with one intragroup factor, and one intragroup factor for variables of creatinine, and albuminuria and urinary albumin to creatinine ratio. Also, Friedman test and Mann-Whitney U test were used to check the intragroup and intergroup changes of hematuria, respectively. All calculations were conducted at the significance level of 0.05 (alpha = 0.05). Results of this research: albuminuria in both groups significantly increased following sports activities, but this increase was significantly greater in the group of athletes in the group compared with a non-athletes. Creatinine significantly increases in the athlete group, but its increase was not significant in the non-athlete group. Urinary albumin to creatinine ratio was not affected by the exercise in any of these two groups. Hematuria significantly increased following exercise in both groups. Conclusion: Proteinuria and hematuria formed due to exercise are not sign of disease and kidney injuries, and they return to the initial level after a while, and may not limit sports activities and are different from pathological conditions. KEY WORDS: albuminuria, creatinine, hematuria 1 EPHEMERA http://ephemerajournal.com/ ISSN: 1298-0595 Vol.27; No.1 (2015) INTRODUCTION One of the factors contributing to the development of sports science is to obtain better understanding body and it functions. Physical activities affect body organs, and cause them adapt to specific requirements of organism during physical activity. Muscles, heart, blood circulation, respiration and kidneys are among organs which change following physical activity (Agha Alinezhad, 1994). One of the organs that is studied in the fields of exercise and physiology is kidney (Guyton, 2003). Kidneys are vital organs of the various functions in the body. Kidneys play an important and vital role in control of body fluids, osmotic pressure, electrolyte content, and stability internal environment of the body. Thus, impaired kidney function affects the function of almost all other body organs (Dilena, 1983). Holding body nutrients and fluids and discharge of them through urine is important, because almost all of glucose, amino acids and proteins are reabsorbed by initial tubule before exiting tubular fluid. The process of proactive reabsorption for glucose, amino acids and proteins is so strong that no amount of such compounds usually enters the urine. In fact, exercise, fever, etc. raise the level of waste matter from metabolism so high so that it exceeds the ability of kidneys to discharge them (Guyton, 2008). Among the important issues related to the kidney and urinary system are proteinuria and hematuria which can be called sports proteinuria and hematuria in sports science (Keller et al., 2007). Proteinuria and hematuria are common in sports and during exercise. The findings suggest that proteinuria occurs in sports that are performed with intensity, while the intensity and duration of exercise can affect hematuria (Bellingheiri et al., 2008) (Polito, 2005). So we can say that these two disorders cause damage to the kidneys that may affect its function. Proteinuria Healthy adults excrete about 100 to 150 mg of protein per day in the urine. Excreting more than 100-150 milligrams of protein per day is called proteinuria or urine protein, which condition is caused by different factors. 2 EPHEMERA http://ephemerajournal.com/ ISSN: 1298-0595 Vol.27; No.1 (2015) Proteinuria is divided into two categories: transient and permanent. Transient proteinuria: It is temporary and it appears to be a caused by fever, heavy exercise, physical and mental stress, and exposure to extreme cold, in which cases a relatively low amount of protein is excreted for a very short time. Permanent proteinuria: It is permanent, and can be a sign of kidney disease or a systemic disease. Many other diseases can also cause glomerulonephritis (inflammation of the glomeruli) and eventually become proteinuria. These could be diabetes, hypertension and other forms of kidney disease. Research has shown that the degree and extent of proteinuria can show the extent of the damage to the kidneys, and that proteinuria is also associated with cardiovascular disease (Grigz, 2004). Creatinine Keratin is found in tissues rather in the form of keratin phosphate. Having lost its phosphate root, keratin phosphate then becomes keratin. Keratin becomes creatinine after losing a water molecule phosphate. Creatinine is in fact the product of metabolism of keratin in muscles, and is excreted in the urine as waste. Urinary reatinine level is a good factor to evaluate functioning of kidneys. Creatinine is even larger than urea molecule and cannot penetrate the membrane of tubules. Thus, almost no amount of creatinine is reabsorbed, and creatinine filtered by the glomerulus is excreted in the urine. The amount of creatinine in urine is an appropriate factor to assess how kidney is functioning. A fixed amount of creatinine is excreted through urine in 24 hours, and does not have to do with diet. Creatinine coefficient is the ratio between the amount of creatinine excreted in 24 hours, and body weight in kilograms. Creatinine coefficient 20-26 for healthy males, about 14-22 and for healthy women (Guyton, 2012). Creatinine excretion during exercise Creatinine is a product of muscle creatinine. The daily production of creatinine is proportional to the size of muscle mass. Also, muscle metabolism affects urinary creatinine excretion rate. Higher creatinine excretion has been among footballers after the match. Many factors affect urinary creatinine influence, such as extreme sports, muscle injuries, as well as diabetes mellitus and low hypothyroidism, which cause high protein and creatinine excretion (Newman, 2000). 3 EPHEMERA http://ephemerajournal.com/ ISSN: 1298-0595 Vol.27; No.1 (2015) Hematuria Determining the abnormal red blood cells in the urine depends on the knowledge of the normal amount of red blood cells in the urine. Healthy individuals may also have blood in their urine. Natural excretion of red blood cells refers to urinary excretion of maximum 2 million RBC per day. The condition in which 2-5 red book cells are present in each microscopic high power field is called hematuria (Mousavi, 2010). Hematuria is an alarm that cannot be ignored. Carcinoma of the kidney or bladder stones and infections are among the causes of hematuria. Painful urination is an important factor to be considered in clinical examination. Hemoglobinuria, which is one of hemolytic syndromes, also cause red colored urine (Gerin, 1999). Sports hematuria Presence of red blood cells in the urine is called hematuria. This phenomenon is sometimes found in those involved in contact sports such as American football, marathon and heavy sports. According to the results of researches, there are several reasons for this: hemolysis of red blood cells (due to feet hitting the ground), localized renal anemia, hypoxic damage to the kidneys, urine myoglobin, peroxidation of red blood cells, excessive release of catecholamine, increased production of free radicals, and raised body temperature (Ey-mich, 2001). Also researches have been conducted on kidney injuries following some sports activate. They have suggested that athletes usually develop benign hematuria. The hematuria can originate in kidney, bladder, prostate and urethra. In heavy contact exercises, intensity and type of contact determines the type of lesion, with contact and martial sports most damaging kidneys. Such sports activities can either directly cause kidney injuries or prepare conditions for kidney injuries (Holmes, 2003). Injuries that are formed following exercise are usually due to shaking of kidney during long running or direct blows to kidney, which blows may damage renal veins and consequently hematuria (Holes, 2003). 4 EPHEMERA http://ephemerajournal.com/ ISSN: 1298-0595 Vol.27; No.1 (2015) Operational definitions of research terms Proteinuria: • Theoretical definition: Excretion of more than 100 to 150 milligrams of protein per day. Healthy adults excrete about 100 to 150 mg of protein in urine per day, which, of course, depends on the volume of urine; excretion of protein above this level is called proteinuria (Bellinghieri, 2008). Albumin: • Theoretical definition: Albumin is a protein with a negative electrical charge, molecular weight of 60,000 thousand Dalton, which makes up 54% of plasma proteins and many parts of divalent ions in the plasma and the some plasma hormones attach to this protein, and an important part of the plasma’s oncotic pressure is due to the presence of this proteins. Due to the molecular size and negative charge, quite a bit, that is, less than 40 mg of this substance is filtered through the glomeruli per day. Any factor that causes a change in negative charge of the glomerular basement membrane, or changes in kf "the permeability of the glomerular basement" will increase the urinary excretion of albumin (Dousti, 1996). • Operational definition: The normal concentration of albumin in the urine of 24 hours is between 2-20 mg per day. Because the range of random normal albuminuria is not defined, the albuminuria in this study refers to the rate of change of albuminuria as measured by autoanalyzer Hitachi 902. Creatinine: • Theoretical definition: Keratin is found in tissues rather in the form of keratin phosphate. Having lost its phosphate root, keratin phosphate then becomes keratin. Keratin becomes creatinine after losing a water molecule phosphate. Creatinine is in fact the product of metabolism of keratin in muscles, and is excreted in the urine as waste. Urinary reatinine level is a good factor to evaluate functioning of kidneys (Guyton, 2012). • Operational definition: The normal concentration of creatinine in urine for women is 20-320 milligrams per deciliter. The creatinine in this study refers to its rate of change as measured by autoanalyzer Hitachi 902. 5 EPHEMERA http://ephemerajournal.com/ ISSN: 1298-0595 Vol.27; No.1 (2015) Albumin to creatinine ratio: • Theoretical definition: It is a functional ratio that is used in kidney functional tests, to assess the damage to the glomeruli (Pagana, 2013). • Operational definition: Normal microalbumin to creatinine concentration is about 30 micrograms per milligram. If it higher than this range, it is indicative of kidney injury and kidney disease. Hematuria: • Theoretical definition: It refers to observing 2 to 5 red cells in each microscopic high-power field (HPF) in the urine of subjects in the lab (Jones et al., 2001). • Operational Definition: The hematuria in this study refers to presence of more than 3 red blood cells in the urine of subjects in each microscopic high power field, as measured by microscopy. Female athletes: • Operational definition: It refers to students who regularly participated in training sessions of handball team at least 3 times a week during the past 1 year and were members of handball team admitted to second grade women's league of Iran. Female non-athletes: • Operational definition: It refers to students who have not participated in any training program during the past 1 year. Literature Shavandi et al. (2012) studied the impact of exercise on urinary excretion of gamma glutamyl transferase and protein among in elite female athletes, and the results showed that a there was a significant difference between the amount of urinary excretion of creatinine, protein and gamma glutamyl transferase in the three-stage sampling. Kohanpour et al. (2013) studied the acute and chronic effect of consecutive 8week strength exercise on albumin, protein, β2-microglobin, creatinine, and urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio, and red blood cells in the urine of active 6 EPHEMERA http://ephemerajournal.com/ ISSN: 1298-0595 Vol.27; No.1 (2015) young females. The results showed that the experimental group had higher albuminuria, protein and β2-microglobin, compared with control group, while the two groups were not significantly different in terms of urinary creatinine and hematuria levels. Protein-to-creatinine ratio significantly increased in experimental group. Hajirasouli (2013) examined the blood in the urine (hematuria) in Iranian boxers and runners, and the results showed that 27 of the 50 boxers had macroscopic and microscopic hematuria and also the sprint and endurance runners had hematuria. Ayca et al. (2012) studied the effect of match on levels of gamma glutamyl transferase, creatinine and protein among male and female taekwondo players. The results showed that excretion of gamma glutamyl transferase, protein and creatinine increased after match. Fahad Saeed (2012) studies the relationship between urinary protein and sports, and showed how one can make that one whose urinary protein level is high is a runner rathen than a patient, studying the reasons behind the excretion of protein in the urine. Finally, Franchignoni et al. (2012) dicussed presence of blood in runners’ urine after undergoing whole body vibration (WBV). In this research, they concluded WBV can make the athlete unintentionally run the risk of hematuria. They concluded that platforms that cause the body to undergo WBV can pose health risk. Research Hypotheses This research, thus, studied the effect of 1600-run on albuminuria, urinary creatinine levels and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio, after sports activity and recovery time is different between young female athletes and non-athletes, and the research hypotheses are as follows: 1- Effect of 1600-run on albuminuria level after sports activity and recovery time is different between young female athletes and non-athletes. 2- Effect of 1600-run on urine creatinine after sports activity and recovery time is different between young female athletes and non-athletes. 3- Effect of 1600-run on albumin-to-creatinine ratio after sports activity and recovery time is different between young female athletes and non-athletes. 7 EPHEMERA http://ephemerajournal.com/ ISSN: 1298-0595 Vol.27; No.1 (2015) 4- Effect of 1600-run on hematuria after sports activity and recovery time is different between young female athletes and non-athletes. Methodology This research was conducted using applied and semi-experimental method. Statistical population comprised 15 athletes (a hand ball team from second grade women’s league hand) and 30 non-athletes (students of university of art), aged 18-22. Sample size was 20. Questionnaire was administered to two groups of 10, one comprising athletes who were selected in a targeted manner, and the other comprising non-athletes who were participated in this study voluntarily upon signing the letter of consent, and were chosen by randomized method. Tools 1. Hitachi AutoAnalyzer device (Hitachi 902), made in Japan 2. Pars Azmoon test kits, made in Iran 3. Olympus microscope, made in Japan 4. Randox kits, made in Northern Ireland 5. Stopwatch: Taksun, Ts-1809, made in China 6. Polar clock, made in China Data analysis was carried out using descriptive and inferential statistics methods (Mann - Whitney U-test, and Friedman test) and all calculations were conducted using SPSS software version 20 at significance level of alpha= 0.05. Procedure Participants were asked to avoid eating a diet high in protein, fat and caffeine the night before the test and a steady diet was provided. Participants came to the gym an hour before the test. At the same time, they emptied their bladder. After breakfast and away from any physical activity, they rested in a sitting position for 30 minutes. The first sample was taken 5 minute before start of test, and the second after the end of the test with intensity of 70-80% of maximum heart rate. Third sample was taken after subjects rested for 60 minutes, while both groups were administered with at least 200 ml of water, it was necessary to ensure the lost fluid and urine were replenished. 8 EPHEMERA http://ephemerajournal.com/ ISSN: 1298-0595 Vol.27; No.1 (2015) Results Table 1.1 - The mean and standard deviation of individual specifications of subjects such as age, weight, height, body mass index, record for 1600-meter run shown separately for athletes and non-athletes Group Age (yrs.) Weight Height (cm) record for Body mass (kg) 1600-meter run index (s) Athlete ± 1/49 ± 7/02 ± 6/96 10.85± 450.76 1.62 ±20.98 20/30 56/11 163/30 Nonathlete ± 1/33 ± 4/45 ± 7/02 494/00 ± 23/15 2.73± 21.05 20/00 57/63 166/40 Table 1-2 Mean and standard deviation for values of albumin, creatinine, urinary albumin to creatinine ratio and the maximum value of hematuria in three measurement steps including pre-test, immediately after the sports activity and recovery, shown separately for the two research groups Measurement steps Immediately Variable Group Pre-test after the sports Recovery activity Albumin (mg / L) Athlete 3/77 ± 0/47 7/36 ± 0/93 5/68 ± 0/88 Creatinine (mg / L) Nonathlete Athlete 3/23 ± 0/93 4/50 ± 0/57 3/66 ± 0/46 146/40 ± 9/67 265/80 ± 15/92 202/40 ± 12/83 Nonathlete Urinary albumin to Athlete creatinine ratio (g / Nonmgμ) athlete 123/00 ± 31/96 153/60 ± 33/17 123/10 ± 20/42 Hematuria (n) 9 25/75 ± 2/86 27/65 ± 2/94 28/10 ± 4/43 28/21 ± 9/93 30/03 ± 5/24 30/29 ± 5/22 Athlete 0/70 ± 0/67 6/70 ± 3/46 3/40 ± 0/03 Nonathlete 0/40 ± 0/52 4/50 ± 1/43 2/10 ± 0/74 EPHEMERA http://ephemerajournal.com/ ISSN: 1298-0595 Vol.27; No.1 (2015) Table 1-4 Results of intragroup one-way analysis of variance of independent t-test with post hoc tests and descriptive statistics of albuminuria levels (g/mgμ) Results from Measurement steps ANOVA with Group Immediately repeated Pretest Recovery after activity measurements Athlete 3/77 ± 0/47 7/36 ± 0/93*† ± 0/88*†‡ 5/68 F 2,18 = 279.479, Sig = 0.000 Non-athlete 3/23 ± 0/93 4/50 ± 0/57† 3/66 ± 0/46‡ F 2,18 = 16.657, Sig = 0.000 Results from t 18 = 2.088, t 18 = 8.239, t 18 = 6.438, independent tSig = 0.051 Sig = 0.000 Sig = 0.000 test * Significantly different from those of non-athletes at the same step of measurement (P <0.01). † Significant difference pre-test results of the same group (P <0.01). ‡ Significantly different from step of immediately after sports activity (P <0.01). Athlete Albuminuri a level Non-athlete Pre-test After recovery immediately after sports activity Diagram 1-1 Comparison of two groups and three measurement steps in terms of albuminuria The results indicated that in both groups, albuminuria significantly increased following sports activity (comparison of pre-test and immediately after activity separately for each group). However, such increased was higher in athlete group, compared with non-athlete group (comparison of values immediately 10 EPHEMERA http://ephemerajournal.com/ ISSN: 1298-0595 Vol.27; No.1 (2015) after activity between two groups). Also, after recovery, albuminuria level significantly reduced compared with albuminuria level after exercise. However, it was still higher than pretest values in both groups. However, in non-athlete group, after recovery time, albuminuria level reduced compared with albuminuria level after exercise, and returned to the initial before-activity level. The important point to note is that after recovery time, albuminuria level of athlete group was significantly higher, compared with non-athlete group. Table 1-4 Results of intragroup one-way analysis of variance of independent ttest with post hoc tests and descriptive statistics of creatinine levels (g/mgμ) Results from Measurement steps ANOVA with Group Immediately repeated Pretest Recovery after activity measurements F = 2,18 ± 9/67 ± 15/92*† ± 12/83*†‡ Athlete 328.247, Sig = 146/40 265/80 202/40 0.000 Non-athlete ± 31/96 123/00 153/60 ± 33/17 123/10 ± 20/42 F 2,18 = 4.892, Sig = 0.020 Results t 10.636 = from t 18 = 9.642, t 18 = 10.397, 2.216, Sig independent Sig = 0.000 Sig = 0.000 = 0.051 t-test * Significantly different from those of non-athletes at the same step of measurement (P <0.01). † Significant difference pre-test results of the same group (P <0.01). ‡ Significantly different from step of immediately after sports activity (P <0.01). 11 EPHEMERA http://ephemerajournal.com/ ISSN: 1298-0595 Vol.27; No.1 (2015) Creatinine level Athlete Nonathlete Pre-test After recovery Immediately after sports activity Diagram 1-1 Comparison of two groups and three measurement steps in terms of creatinine The results indicated that in both groups, creatinine significantly increased following sports activity (comparison of pre-test and immediately after activity separately for each group). Although results showed that creatinine level significantly increased after exercise in athletes groups, such increase was not statistically significant, and such increase was significantly more in athletes group (comparison of after activity values between two groups). Also, after recovery, creatinine level significantly reduced compared with creatinine level after exercise. However, it was still higher than pretest values in both groups. However, in non-athlete group, after recovery time, creatinine level reduced compared with creatinine level after exercise, and returned to the initial beforeactivity level. Overall, 1600-meter run and recovery time had not a significant effect on creatinine level immediately after activity and return of it to its initial level. The important point to note is that after recovery time, creatinine level of athlete group was significantly higher, compared with non-athlete group. Table 1-5 Results of intragroup one-way analysis of variance of independent ttest with post hoc tests and descriptive statistics of urinary albumin to creatinine ratios (g/mgμ) Group Measurement steps Pretest 12 Immediately activity after Recovery EPHEMERA http://ephemerajournal.com/ ISSN: 1298-0595 Vol.27; No.1 (2015) Athlete 25/75 ± 2/86 27/65 ± 2/94 28/10 ± 4/43 Nonathlete 28/21 ± 9/93 30/03 ± 5/24 30/29 ± 5/22 Athlete Albuminuriato-creatinine ratio Nonathlete Pre-test After recovery Immediately after sports activity between two groups and measurement steps in terms of urinary albumin to creatinine ratio The results showed that in both athletes and non-athletes groups, urinary albumin to creatinine ratios slightly increased immediately after sports activity and after recovery. However, there was no significant difference between two groups and measurement steps in terms of such increase. 13 EPHEMERA http://ephemerajournal.com/ ISSN: 1298-0595 Vol.27; No.1 (2015) Table 1-6 Results from Mann-Whitney U test and Friedman, along with descriptive statistics related to the hematuria levels Group Measurement steps Results Immediately after Pre-test Recovery from activity Interquarti Interquarti Interquarti Friedm Media Media Media an test le le le n n n deviation deviation deviation Athlete χ2 (df=2) = 1/00 0/500 5/00 1/375 3/00 0/750 20.000, *Sig = 0.000 Nonχ2 (df=2) athlete = 0/00 0/500 5/00 1/00 2/00 0/625 19.000, *Sig = 0.000 Results from w = 93.00, w = 84.00, w = 86.00, MannZ = -1.023, Sig = Z = -1.744, Sig = Z = -1.481, Sig = Whitne 0.306 0.081 0.139 y U test * significant difference at alpha = 0.01 Table 1-7 The results of post hoc tests (Wilcoxon) for the Friedman test for haematuria values in three measurement steps Group Effect Measurem Wilcoxon signed-rank test ent steps Athlete Effect of sports 1st 2nd *T = 0.00, Z = -2.818 sig = activity 0.005 st rd 1 3 *T = 0.00, Z = -2.844 sig = 0.004 Recovery nd rd 2 3 *T = 0.00, Z = -2.814 sig = 0.005 14 EPHEMERA http://ephemerajournal.com/ Nonathlete ISSN: 1298-0595 Effect of sports 1st activity 1st 2nd Recovery 3rd 2nd 3rd Vol.27; No.1 (2015) *T = 0.00, Z = -2.823 sig = 0.005 *T = 0.00, Z = -2.701 sig = 0.007 T = 0.00, Z = -2.724 sig = 0.006* * significant difference at alpha = 0.01 Athlete hematuria Nonathlete Pre-test After recovery immediately after sports activity Diagram 1-1 Comparison of two groups and three measurement steps in terms of hematuria The overall results indicated that the two groups were not significantly different in in any of the measurements steps. Although results showed that hematuria level significantly increased after exercise in athletes groups, such increase was not statistically significant. Also, after recovery, hematuria level significantly reduced compared with hematuria level after exercise. However, it was still higher than pretest values in both groups. Thus, it can be said that exercise and recovery affected hematuria level in both groups, but such effect was not different between two groups. Conclusions 1- As for the first hypothesis (effect of 1600-run on albuminuria level after sports activity and recovery time is different between young female athletes and non-athletes); 15 EPHEMERA http://ephemerajournal.com/ ISSN: 1298-0595 Vol.27; No.1 (2015) The results showed that effect of 1600-run on albuminuria level was different between two groups in the three measurement steps between athletes and nonathletes groups, and difference between the two groups was significant. The results was consistent with Alijani et al. (2009), Sarhaddi (2009), Afshar et al. (2008), Gaini et al. (2011), Kohanpour et al. (2012), Shavandi et al. (2012), Kohanpour et al. (2013), Al Ates et al. (2000), John et al. (2000), Jonse et al. (2001), Montelpare et al. (2002), Gerth et al. (2002), Labilloy et al. (2004), Sentruk et al. (2007), Ayca et al. (2008), Bellinghieri et al. (2008), Demir et al. (2009), Ghieda et al. (2011), Ayca et al. (2012), Fahad Saeed et al. (2012). The results were inconsistent with Rafatipour et al. (2012) and Babaei et al. (2012). Thus, sports activity affect the functioning of kidneys. Reduced blood acidity increases permeability of glomerular membrane, in other words, free hydrogen ions from lactic acid can bind to carboxyl of glomerular capillary wall, resulting in destruction of its limiter charge, which in turn results in passage of protein molecule through this membrane. In fact, increased lactic acid level after exercise results in heavy protein molecules such as albumin and light protein molecules are found in urine alike. Also, by preventing tubular reabsorption of light protein molecules, it causes such proteins to be found in urine. Another important factor in constriction of blood vessels during exercise due to functioning of sympathetic nervous system, which results in increased glomerular filtration of protein. Thus, although both group had significant proteinuria, its level was significantly higher in athlete group, which can be explained by the fact that athletes performed the sports activity with a higher intensity and during a shorter time. As a result, Renin-angiotensin system, catecholamines are activated, and finally, hemodynamic properties of kidney are reduced. After the release of renin, Angiotensin II increases and glomerular transport pressure, through filtration fraction, results in severe narrowing of efferent and afferent vessels. However, urinary protein formed following sports activity is not a symptom of kidney injury and disease, and disappears after a while and can not restrict activity and so is different from pathological conditions. 2- As for the second hypothesis (effect of 1600-run on creatinine level after sports activity and recovery time is different between young female athletes and non-athletes); 16 EPHEMERA http://ephemerajournal.com/ ISSN: 1298-0595 Vol.27; No.1 (2015) The results showed that effect of 1600-run on creatinine level was different between two groups in the three measurement steps between athletes and nonathletes groups, and difference between the two groups was significant. The results was consistent with Sarhaddi (2009), Gaini et al. (2011), Babaei et al. (2012), Kohanpour et al. (2013), Ayca et al. (2008), Calabria et al. (2009), Ayca et al. (2012). Also, the results for soccer players and substitutes obtained by John et al. (2000) were consistent with results obtained in this research for female athletes and non-athletes, respectively. Thus, formation of creatinine in the body is the result muscle activity that is directly related to the amount of body muscles. During increased muscle activity or any disorder that leads to destruction of muscle and increased muscle metabolism, creatinine production will increase. Following increased production of creatinine, creatinine excretion must increase to maintain the level of serum creatinine and this will lead to increased urinary creatinine. Thus, in this research, although creatinine level increased in both groups, it was only significant in athletes group, which can be explained by the fact that atheletes have more mascle mass, compared with non-athletes, and performed activity with higher intensity and during a shorter time, and therefore, their metabolism increased more. Also, physical hitting of the foot to the ground results in destruction of cell tissue, thus resulting in increased urinary creatinine. On the other hand, frequent exercises results in micro injuries to be formed in the organs of athletes, which can increase urinary creatinine. 3- As for the third hypothesis (effect of 1600-run on urinary albumin to creatinine ratio after sports activity and recovery time is different between young female athletes and non-athletes); The results showed that effect of 1600-run on urinary albumin to creatinine ratio was not different between two groups in the three measurement steps between athletes and non-athletes groups, and difference between the two groups was not significant. These results were consistent with Rafatifard et al. (2012) and Babaei et al. (2012). The results were inconsistent with Kohanpour et al. (2013). 17 EPHEMERA http://ephemerajournal.com/ ISSN: 1298-0595 Vol.27; No.1 (2015) Thus the results showed urinary albumin to creatinine ratio slightly increased immediately after exercise and after recovery time elapsed in both groups. However, such increase was not different between the two groups and the measurement steps, which indicated intensity and type of exercise were not associated with kidney injury. 4- As for the third hypothesis (effect of 1600-run on urinary hematuria after sports activity and recovery time is different between young female athletes and non-athletes); The results showed 1600-run had an effect on urinary hematuria in the two, but there was no difference between the two groups in terms of this effect. The results were consistent with Alijani et al. (2009), Bob al-Haeji et al. (2007), Kohanpour et al. (2013), Hajrasouli (2013), Al Ates et al. (2000), Jones et al. (2001), Gerth et al. (2002), Otama et al. (2004), Polito et al. (2005), Pani and Mowla (2007), Bellinghieri et al. (2008), Demir et al. (2009), Ghieda et al. (2011) and Franchignoni et al. (2012). The results were inconsistent with Sarhaddi (2009) and Kohanpour (2012). Thus, in this research that studied the effect of run among athlete and nonathlete girls, the results suggested that there was no significant difference between the two groups in any step of measurement. However, the results showed that in both groups, hematuria level significantly increased due to sports activity. Although hematuria level was higher in athletes group after sports activity and recovery time, compared with non-athlete group, such difference was not statistically significant. Suggestions Because the amount of excreted albumin significantly increased in both groups in the study, especially in athletes, and mechanism of protein excretion shows that intense activity has an effect on the glomerular membrane and cause urinary albumin and also hematuria, which in this study was significant in both groups, and hematuria or blood in the urine, which in this study was significant in both groups, and that following intense exercise, due to hemolysis of red blood cells and hypoxia and increases the concentration of lactic acid, which creates acidosis, cause erythrocytes to pass into the urine because of the increased glomerular permeability, therefore, both of these factors may cause serious damage to the kidneys in long term; accordingly, the instructors are advised to are aware of the intensity of exercise, and set it so that less 18 EPHEMERA http://ephemerajournal.com/ ISSN: 1298-0595 Vol.27; No.1 (2015) proteinuria and hematuria are excreted, and given recovery time in the study was set to one hour, although after this time, a significant reduction in excretion of these factors occurred, it is still higher than the base case, and therefore, it is recommended that educators choose rest time considering the time and intensity of the activity, so that the body recovers and excessive pressure is not imposed on kidneys; also, the athletes who train for many years must be under supervision by physician and undergo periodic examinations to prevent future problems. 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