(IWRM), Ir. Salmah Zakaria, Phd, FASc

Transcription

Ministry of Natural Resources & Environment
21 July 2008
Geo-information for
Integrated Water Resources
Management (IWRM)
Ir. Salmah Zakaria, PhD, FASc *
Hjh Zalilah Selamat**
*Director General, NAHRIM
**Director, Research Centre for River Basin, NAHRIM
NATIONAL HYDRAULIC RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF MALAYSIA (NAHRIM)
Outline
Introduction: IWRM and Geo Information
Current In –Country Use of GeoInformation in IWRM
Future Insight
Outline
Future Insight
Integrated Water Resources Management
(IWRM)
 A process which
promotes the coordinated development and
management of water, land and related resources
 to maximise the resultant economic and social
welfare in an equitable manner
 without compromising the sustainability of vital
ecosystems”
…..builds on river basin management
IWRM
IRBM
- from both water quantity and water quality perspective
Integrated River Basin Management (IRBM)

IRBM



coordinated management of resources in natural
environment (air, water, land, flora, fauna) based on
river basin as a geographical unit
balancing man's need with necessity of conserving
resources to ensure their own sustainability”
Integral part of IWRM
 river basins constitute the management unit
 IWRM provides the generic and common policy

Each river basin or sub-basin is unique
 may have different focus
 Agriculture, commercial/industries, eco-tourism. etc
Groundwater
/river basin
Edited From: Prof Walter Rast
Texas State University-San Marcos
International Lake Environment Committee
Preventive /ILUP
River Basin
A geographical physical
unit
Sungai Kelang River Basin
8 Local Authorities
Klang River Basin
Langat River Basin
Location of Langat and Klang River Basin
189 River Basins
Management
Units (RBMU) in
Malaysia
Langat River Basin
Administrative and Management Boundaries
We all live in a river basin
Lembangan Sungai Batang Lupar
Lembangan Sungai Langat
 As the country, developed, geo-information
assist us, in identifying the extend of build up
areas that have replaced the natural
environment
 These foot prints, buildings, roads and other
paved areas
All within each specific river basin
All can impact on overland flow, in terms of both quality
and quantity as it traverse the land to reach the rivers –
the lowest point in the river basin
Tepubina 1988
Source: BKWPPLK
Tepubina 1998
Source: BKWPPLK
 As the country, developed, geo-information
assist us, in identifying the extend of build up
areas that have replaced the natural
environment
 These foot prints, buildings, roads and other
paved areas
All within each specific river basin
All can impact on overland flow, in terms of both quality
and quantity as it traverse the land to reach the rivers –
the lowest point in the river basin
Outline
Future Insight
Current use
Basic information
Topography, delineation of river basin
boundaries
Flow path of rivers and tributaries
Analytical
Developing DEM
Identifying flood zones
Identifying other strategic/critical features and
processes
Structures and challenges
Current use
boundaries
Analytical
Developing DEM
Identifying flood zones
processes
Structures and challenges
Origins of rivers
 Head waters of rivers are from the highlands
 Rivers and tributaries are the result of water
finding its own levels, flowing to the coast
from the highlands
 Water in rivers/tributaries flows from the
whole area of each basin/sub-basin
 The central forest spine (CFS) is the origin
of many major rivers in Peninsula Malaysia
Digital Elevation Model of
Semenanjung with RBMU
boundaries (JICA, 1980) and
major river systems
Digital Elevation Model with State, RBMU (JICA, 1980) Boundaries and
Rivers for Negeri Perak
TE ME NGOR W ATERSHED
CHEN DER OH W ATERSH ED
PELUS BA SIN
LOW ER P ERA K B ASIN
KINTA B ASIN
BIDOR B ASIN
Digital Elevation
Model
with State, RBMU
(JICA, 1980)
Boundaries and
Rivers for Negeri
Pahang
Current use
boundaries
Analytical
Developing DEM
processes
Structures and Water Resources challenges
River Basin
Has a limited carrying capacity, a function of hydrological and hydrodynamics
Hydrological: rainfall/runoff relationship within each river basin
Hydrodynamic: change in flow condition, will affect all
initial environmental condition
Water Resources Challenges
Floods
Water Quality
Coastal Processes
Forest Fires
Climate Change
River Basin Planning
Floods
Water Quality
Forest Fires
Climate Change
Flooding at the North-South Highway near Bumbung
Lima (Muda
( Muda River, 26 August 1997)
FLOOD PRONE AREA ( WEST MALAYSIA)
Kangar
PERLIS
PULAU
LANGKAWI
Alor Setar
THAILAND
S.Kelantan
KEDAH
Kota Bharu
S.Muda
George Town
PULAU
PINANG
S.Terengganu
Kuala Terengganu
KELANTAN
TERENGGANU
PERAK
S.Dungun
Ipoh
S.Cukai
S.Perak
PAHANG
Kuantan
S.Kuantan
S.Bernam
S.Pahang
SELANGOR
Shah Alam
S.Klang
Kuala
Lumpur
NEGERI
SEMBILAN
S.Rompin
S.Endau
Seremban
S.Linggi
MELAKA
S.Melaka
Melaka
JOHOR
S.Muar
S.Batu Pahat
S.Benut
Johor
Bahru
S.Johor
NATIONAL HYDRAULIC RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF MALAYSIA
(NAHRIM)
SINGAPORE
FLOOD PRONE AREA (EAST MALAYSIA)
Kot a Kinabalu
S.Kina batangan
SABAH
LAB UAN
S.Baram
SARAWAK
S.Rej ang
S.Sa rawak
Kucing
S.Sa dong
Kajian NAHRIM
Lembangan Sg. Selangor
SPLASH
ID Hulu
ID kerling
ID riz rj musa
ID Batang Kali
ID sembahflow
Flood plain modeling
fp_ss65left
SS64
fp_ss57right2
fp_ss65left2
fp_ss57right3
fp_ss64left
sp_ss57right3
SS63
fp_ss56right2
fp_ss57right
SS56
Jamb SS55d
fp_ss57left2
sp_57_57left
SS55
fp_ss59right
SS62
sp_ss60_59
fp_ss56left
fp_ss55right
SS57_RPjg
fp_ss48right
fp_ss57left
SS54
fp_ss49right
sp_ss62left1
fp_ss60right
fp_ss56left2
fp_ss55left
fp_ss46right
fp_ss52right3
sp_ss62left2x
SS59
SS60
fp_ss59left
fp_ss62left2
ss54i1
SS61
ss54i2
sp_ss46right
fp_sembah
sp_ss47right
ss54i3
sp_ss54right3
ss48i1
SS48
ss52i8
ss48i
ss52i10
SS47
fp_ss52leftxxx
fp_ss48left
ss54i6
sp_2254left2
Jamb SS52d
fp_ss52left
sp_ss52left2
SS46
SS45
ss54i8
ss52i2
sp_ss48left
sp_ss47left
fp_ss54left
ss54i4
fp_52right
ss52i4
fp_ss47left
sp_ss48left2
sp_ss52left3
fp_ss47left2
fp_ss46left
fp_ss46left2
fp_ss52left4
fp_ss45left2
fp_ss47left3
Kg aaaa
fp_ss64left2
fp_ss63left
sp aa
sp aa bb
kg bbbb
kg cccc
Ramalan kawasan banjir
Mula – 0 jam
Selepas 40 jam
Selepas 20 jam
Selepas 60 jam
Floods
Water Quality
Forest Fires
Climate Change
Coastal Resource Risk Index (CORRI)
Focus: the level of sensitivity of coastal resources towards
water pollution
Sg Perai
Sg Perai
Sg Kedah
Sg Perlis
Result: Pollutant Loading
30000
27957
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
Loading in kg/day
25000
Suspended Solids (SS)
20000
16060
15000
10276
10000
2727
5000
70
199
74
1413
910
0
Sg Perlis
Sg Kedah
Sg Perai
Kajian Tasik Negara, 2005
A Study on the Status of Eutrophication of Lakes in Malaysia
commisioned by NAHRIM to UTM
Tasik Biru, Sarawak
Reservoirs , Sg Perak
From TNB
Classification of 90 Lakes Studied
38% (34)
62% (56)
Medium (Mesotrophic)
Bad (Eutrophic)
INFESTATION OF FOREIGN SPECIES
Tasik Chini, Pahang
Floods
Water Quality
Forest Fires
Climate Change
Forest Fires
 Forest fires and haze now
have a common recurrent
of 3-4 years in Malaysia
and Indonesia
 Major threats causing the
loss of peat swamp forests
Firemen battle peat fires
How Does Peat Form?
Flooded hollows and basins provide ideal
growing conditions of reeds and sedges
and in humid tropical climate, indigenous
shrubs and rain forests trees
Key to Formation of Peat Bog
•Http://www.nics.gov.uk/doe env/leaflet5.htm
Peat Swamp Location in Langat River Basin
North Langat
Peat Swamp
South Langat
Peat Swamp
MAP 3: GENERALISED SOIL MAP
Dominant Soil Types
Organic Peat and Some Alluvial Clay
Red Yellow and Some White Podzolics
Shallow Red-Yellow Podzolics &
Skeletal Soils
Spot Height
Peat water management in the Kinderdykes, the Netherlands
Peat water management in Malaysia
Tg Bijat, Sri Aman, Sarawak
Pontian, Johore
•Annual Subsidence (cm)
Subsidence Rate
Soil Temp (°C)
Soil Temp (°C)
NATIONAL
HYDRAULIC
INSTITUTE
(NAHRIM)
Andriesse,1988,
“NatureRESEARCH
and management
of tropicalOF
peatMALAYSIA
soils”, Fao Soils
Bull 59)
Floods
Water Quality
Forest Fires
Climate Change
C3
Climate Change
C3
Global Warming – Circulation change
 Anthropogenic
forcing has likely
contributed to
Global Warming
 Climate change is
affecting storm
tracks, winds and
temperature
patterns
NATIONAL HYDRAULIC RESEARCH INSTITUTE OFWG
MALAYSIA
(NAHRIM)
I Contribution to the AR4 IPCC, Nairobi 2007
C3
Observed Climate Change
GLOBAL*
Surface
temperature
(ºC)
Sea level rise
(mm/yr)
MALAYSIA
1906-2005
1968-2002
0.74
0.49 – 0.91
(MMD)**
1961-2003
1993-2003
1986-2006
1.8
3.1
1.25
(DID @ Tg Piai)***
* IPCC 4TH ASESSMENT REPORT (AR4), 2007
** INITIAL NATIONAL COMMUNICATION, 2000
*** NATIONAL COASTAL VULNERABILITY INDEX STUDY,DID, 2007
C3
Stern Review: Economics of Climate Change
World Economic Forum, Davos, January 2007
 Climate Change will affect basic elements of life
Access to water, food production, health and
environment
 Adaptation
Poorest countries are most vulnerable to climate change
…climate change be fully integrated in development
policies …
...international funding should support improved regional
information on climate change impact … (ie identify
vulnerabilities)
From IPCC AR4 WG2
Figure 1. (Reproduced from Figure 5.16 of Bindoff et al. (2007) Geographic distribution of longterm linear trends in mean sea level (mm yr–1) for 1955 to 2003 based on the past sea level
reconstruction with tide gauges and altimetry data (updated from Church et al., 2004)
From IPCC AR4 WG2
v
Data grid of CGCM1 that were used in the RegHCM-PM. The ocean
grids which are used in the RegHCM-PM are shown as blue. The land
grids which are used in the RegHCM-PM are shown as green.
The grid layout for the outer domain (1st Domain, 26x28 grids, 81 km
resolution) of the RegHCM-PM under Mercator projection.
v
v
Get your Longitudes and Latitudes through the
Map provided
 Each grid (not pixel)
has been made
interactive with
longitude and latitude
values.
Climate Change Projection
GLOBAL*
Surface temperature (ºC)
(Emission Scenario
SRES*** A1B)
Sea level rise (m)
(Emission Scenario
SRES*** A1B)
Annual Rainfall (mm)
River Flows (m3/s)
MALAYSIA**
2050
2100
2050
1.6
2.8
1.5
0.210.48
-
+10% (Kelantan, Terengganu & Pahang)
-5% (Selangor & Johor)
+11% to +43% (Flood Flows)
-31% to 93% (Low Flows)
* IPCC WG1 4TH ASESSMENT REPORT (AR4), 2007
** STUDY ON IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON HYDROLOGIC REGIME AND
WATER RESOURCES OF P MALAYSIA, NAHRIM, 2006
*** SRES = Special Report on Emission Scenarios
Floods
Water Quality
Forest Fires
Climate Change
Erosion – Peninsula Malaysia
Kategori 1
Kategori 2
Kategori 3
Data From DID Malaysia
Erosion – Sabah & Sarawak
Kategori 1
Kategori 2
Kategori 3
Data From DID Malaysia
Shoreline Management Problems
Silted Floating
Mosque
Silted Marina
Water Quality/ silted
site
4/13/2010
NAHRIM (C)
74
Shoreline Management Problems
Silted Marina
(Merang)
4/13/2010
NAHRIM (C)
75
SUNGAI PAHANG, PEKAN PAHANG
dari google earth
Permodelan Hidraulik Sungai Pahang, Pekan
Sebelum
Perbandingan Perubahan
kelajuan air sebelum dan
selepas Pembuangan Delta di
Muara Sungai Pahang,Pekan.
Selepas
Kelajuan Arus Berkurang
Kajian Hidrodinamik
Cadangn Lapangan Terbang Baru Pulau Tioman
Jeti
CADANGAN PROJEK
LAPANGAN TERBANG
 Penambakan laut dari Kg. Paya
ke Tg. Genting:
 2 km panjang Landasan
 800 m keluar Lautan
China Selatan
Kg Paya
Tg Genting
Plot ini akan Ditambak
81
IMPAK KEKAL HASIL PROJEK LAPANGAN
TERBANG KE ATAS PULAU TIOMAN
Tg Genting
Kg Paya
pantai yang cetek
pantai yang ditambak
kg Genting
Kg. Genting
pantai yang terhakis
pantai yang cetek
82
Tapak Cadangan Asal
Pergerakan sedimen
Malaysia Shoreline surrounded by Active Earth-quake Plates
4/13/2010
NAHRIM (C)
84
Pusat Gempa Bumi yang berbeda
impak akan berlainan
Case 1
24Dec2004
Case 4
Case 2
Case 3
Case 5
Case 1: 24 Dec2004
Kuala Muda, Kedah
Pulau Pinang
Pulau Langkawi
Case 2
Pulau Pinang
Kuala Muda, Kedah
Pulau Langkawi
Case 3
Kuala Muda, Kedah
Pulau Pinang
Pulau Langkawi
Case 4
Pantai Barat,Sabah
Pusat Gempa Bumi
Sarawak
Pantai Timur,Sabah
Case 5
Floods
Water Quality
Forest Fires
Climate Change
Example, Malaysia:
Putrajaya Lake Management
• Created Federal Administrative
Capital
• 70% of the catchment is within the
Putrajaya area
• 30% located outside Putrajaya area
shared by other stakeholders i.e.
UPM, MARDI, IOI, UNITEN, Sg.
Merab Malay Reserve and
Cyberjaya
• Catchment lies within the
jurisdiction of Majlis Perbandaran
Sepang (MPSp), Majlis
Perbandaran Subang Jaya (MPSJ)
and Perbadanan Putrajaya (PPj)
NATIONALPutrajaya
HYDRAULIC RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF MALAYSIA (NAHRIM)
From: Perbadanan
Putrajaya Catchment,
Sg Chuau Catchment,
is a tributary of Langat
River System
From: Perbadanan Putrajaya
From: Perbadanan Putrajaya
Outline
Future Insight
What has been done elsewhere
Floods
Floods
Details of NAGRIS
Occurred: April 26th to 3rd May
Radius: ~250 miles
Max wind speed:~ 130 mph
Max peak surge:~ 22 feet
Tropical Cyclone Nagris landing in Myanmar (2nd May, 2008)
Modeling
 Automatic river basin and channel network modeling
Use of digital elevation data
800 634 533 500 382 329 307 290 268 259 290 262
688 580 504 400 352 301 297 290 271 267 253 246
688 547 429 381 340 309 310 294 292 299 300 246
643 510 400 382 358 345 322 314 306 299 300 245
600 471 401 400 376 347 334 320 300 287 273 271
491 452 426 406 385 368 348 318 300 287 291 288
504 495 490 470 447 430 393 355 313 280 268 262
560 569 570 546 512 500 445 384 307 289 265 259
653 672 682 670 623 576 517 500 417 323 291 296
800 806 828 827 731 668 586 597 549 382 297 288
GTOPO30 (USGS HP)
DEM data
River basin
DEM data
River channel network
100
Advanced Land Observing
Satellite (ALOS)
 Launch: 24 January, 2006.
 Objectives:
Mt. Fuji observed by PRISM
 Cartography
 Regional observation
Disaster monitoring
 Resource surveying
PALSAR (L-band SAR)
Cloud-free
Day-night observation
Optical sensors
Floods
Singapore River and Kallang Basin
• The catchment
covers a fifth of the
land area of
Singapore.
SINGAPORE: PUBLIC SPACE & URBAN WATERFRONT master plan
SINGAPORE BOTANIC
GARDENS
ORCHARD RD
BUGIS
SINGAPORE RIVER
FORT CANNING
PARK
MARINA EAST
MARINA BAY
PEARL’S HILL CITY PARK
DOWNTOWN
MARINA CITY PARK
DUXTON PLAIN
MARINA SOUTH
자료 : URA (2004), Our City Centre Proposals
RAFFLES
PLACE
Marina Bay
The Esplanade
-Theatres on the Bay
Marina Bay
Downtown@Marina bay:
Beyond Year 2025
R
R
R
White-Zone
Residential
Reserve site
R
R
Waterfront promenade
Open space
R
Park & Garden
URA (2004), International Design Consultancy for The Waterfront
River Rhine
• Introduction
• length: about 1,100 km
• Catchment Area: 196,100 sq km
• Headwaters originate from eastern
Switzerland and flow through
Austria, Liechtenstein, Germany,
France, Luxembourg and the
Netherlands.
• Is connected to the major rivers of
Western Europe.
• An important and busy waterway
in Europe
River Rhine, Results
 Recreational facilities for sailing, fishing and
swimming established
 Clean drinking water
 Better Habitat for fish and aquatic life
 Sustainable Power Resource
 Water for agricultural and irrigation
 Increase trade, factories and businesses
 Reduced dissolve mineral by 90% since the 70s
 Develop close working relationship with all stake
holders to ensure the successful rehabilitation of
the Rhine
New York City: Greenway Plan
자료 : NYC DCP (2004), Greenway Plan
NEWYORK: RIVERSIDE SOUTH PROJECT
Miller highway relocation
Existing
Proposed
Proposed Created
Waterfront Park
Hudson River
Hudson River
CITY OF VANCOUVER: Greenways Network
Stanley Park
(118만평)
Univ. of British
Columbia
Pacific Spirit Park
(243만평)
Queen Elizabeth Park
(16만평)
Greenway Route
Bicycle
Route
자료 : City(NAHRIM)
of Vancouver (2004), City Greenways
NATIONAL
HYDRAULIC RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF MALAYSIA
CITY OF VANCOUVER: English Bay
NATIONAL HYDRAULIC RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF MALAYSIA
자료 : City (NAHRIM)
of Vancouver (2004), City Greenways
Shanghai, China
What next for Malaysia?
Sg Kelang - 2050?
Yodogawa – up stream of Osaka
Klang River Basin
- 3-D
KUALA LUMPUR
SHAH ALAM
0 – 2.5
2.5 - 5
5 - 10
10 - 15
15 - 20
20 - 25
25 - 30
30 - 35
35 - 40
40 - 45
45 - 50
50 - 60
60 - 70
70 - 80
80 - 90
90 - 100
100 - 110
110 - 120
120 - 130
130 - 140
140 - 150
150 - 175
175 - 200
200 - 250
250 - 300
300 - 500
500 - 700
700 - 1000
1000 - 2000
Udang Galah @ Brickfields?
in 2050?
4/i
Vision for National Framework for
WRM (NFWRM)
 Water Resources Management fully integrated
through out the country from the head waters
to the coastal areas
 Equity distribution of water between the sectors
 Water supply for industry, housing and agriculture, integrated
and well coordinated
 Clean and vibrant rivers and water bodies
 Malaysia’s biodiversity and gene bank, recognised,
protected, thriving and contributing to the country’s
economy
 Floods, erosion, land slides and other land & water
related challenges, well managed and under control
4/13/2010
126
i
The NFWRM
 Focuses on Water resources governance
 Incorporate land and water, together with other related
resources, weaved in a matrix that
 Complement one another
 Workable, and developing incrementally, if necessary
 Supported, monitored, assisted and enforced by all
stakeholders
 Ensure sustainable economic growth and pristine
environment
 Support, nurture and develop related water services
turning them into successful businesses; beyond the
shores of the nation
 Must have action plans with targeted milestones
i
Suggested Milestones NFWRM
 Immediate Term
 6 months to 2 years : secure financial support to develop the
framework - as directed by the NWRC and chaired by the YAB PM
 Short Term
 2-3 years: Develop the framework, together with more detail milestones
and prioritize action plans
 Medium Term
 3-10 years: implement prioritized areas of actions such as
 over-arching IRWM legislations to fit-in (adapt, adopt, amend) existing water
related laws and proposed water related laws, which lies within a connected
and contiguous single environmental system or units
 setting up river basin organizations (189 of them) to manage development
within each basin
 managed impact of global warming on climate changes and water resources
 Visionary Term
 Over 2 planning horizons or more, each of 25 to 30 years
 Achieve Clean Water in lakes, rivers , ground water resources and coastal
waters
 The water sector developed to include development of related businesses
providing service provisions beyond our shores
 May need to be packaged to anticipate/dovetail election schedules,
not only to ensure compliance but to monitor impacts
“A vision without action
is just a dream;
An action without vision
just passes time;
A vision with an action
changes the world.”
……World Lake Vision (2003), Mandela?
Thank you

(IWRM), Ir. Salmah Zakaria, Phd, FASc

Transcription

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