Prokaryotic Microbes with Eukaryote

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Prokaryotic Microbes with Eukaryotelike Genes Found
Deep­sea microbes possess hallmarks of eukaryotic cells, hinting at a common ancestor for
archaea and eukaryotes.
By Jyoti Madhusoodanan | May 6, 2015
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A newly identified group of deep sea­dwelling
microbes has been classified as archaea—prokaryotic,
primitive microorganisms. But these microbes harbor
a suite of genes found in eukaryotes which are
typically used to remodel intracellular membranes to
form vesicles, or for phagocytosis. This “genomic
starter kit” could have enabled ancestral forms of
these microbes, named Lokiarchaea, to evolve into
more complex eukaryotic cells, according to results
published today (May 6) in Nature. The discovery
supports the long­standing hypothesis that archaea
Hydrothermal vent near where Loki was found in marine are the ancestors of eukaryotes, and helps fill an
sediments
evolutionary gap between the two groups.
UNIVERSITY OF BERGEN CENTRE FOR GEOBIOLOGY, R.B. PEDERSEN
“This is the most exciting and important paper on big
questions about eukaryotic origins and the tree of life in years,” said evolutionary biologist Jeffrey Palmer of
Indiana University, Bloomington, who was not involved with the work. “This should have a major effect on
textbook treatment of these subjects.”
Since the late 1980s, all life forms have been split into three groups on the phylogenetic tree of life:
bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes. Eukaryotes and archaea have long been considered “sister groups”
based on similarities in their genes and metabolic pathways. But it wasn’t clear whether eukaryotes and
archaea shared a common ancestor, or if eukaryotes originated within a subset of archaea.
Thijs Ettema of Uppsala University in Sweden and his colleagues identified the new group of archaea while
analyzing the genomic diversity of marine sediments found near a mid­Atlantic hydrothermal vent called
Loki’s Castle. Initial sequencing revealed that these microbes belonged to one of the most abundant groups
of marine archaea, none of which have been cultured or sequenced.
Using deep metagenomics techniques, Ettema and his colleagues then assembled a 92 percent complete,
5.1 mega base pair composite genome sequence for Lokiarchaea. Approximately 175 predicted proteins in
these microbes were most similar to eukaryotic proteins involved in phagocytosis, cell shape formation, and
membrane remodeling. Moreover, phylogenetic analysis revealed that eukaryotes clustered within this
archaeal group rather than as a related branch on the tree.
“When we first started looking at these data, we realized that this is either something very special or this is
some kind of weird contamination,” Ettema told The Scientist.
“If we look at the genetic backbone of all the housekeeping genes, Loki [is] very much archaeal,” he
explained. “But somewhat to our surprise, Loki ended up together with eukaryotes, meaning that . . . they
share a common ancestor.”
The researchers found no signs of contamination. The eukaryote­like genes were flanked by prokaryotic
sequences, Lokiarchaea carried many other archaeal features, and the sediment sample appeared free of
18s rRNA sequences—a characteristic of eukaryotes.
The researchers found that the Lokiarchaea genome contains five actin homologs that are more similar to
eukaryotic actins than to archaeal actin­like proteins. Nearly 70 homologs of Ras­family small GTPases
were also found, accounting for approximately 2 percent of Lokiarchaea’s predicted proteins. These proteins
are found at similar levels in many unicellular eukaryotes. The researchers also found sequences similar to
eukaryotic ESCRT genes in the microbes; these proteins are key components of intracellular vesicle
trafficking mechanisms.
“If we look at the type of eukaryotic genes that Loki has, it could be that it was at a stage where it started
evolving a primitive way of taking up stuff via phagocytosis,” said Ettema. “It is a modern­day organism,
but it seems to tell us a bit about the steps that occurred during eukaryote origin.”
Among other possibilities, “it could have started evolving a mechanism to take up things—one of those
might have been alpha­proteobacteria, from which mitochondria evolved at some point,” he added.
The functions of these eukaryote­like genes in Lokiarchaea remain unknown; although similar in
sequence, the archaeal genes may be involved in different cellular processes. In future work, Ettema and
his coauthors will attempt to culture and visualize these microbes in the lab.
To evolutionary biologist Andrew Roger’s mind, it is unlikely that this vast collection of genes is non­
functional. “We can’t say for sure, but genes don’t hang around in organisms for a long time without being
mutated into junk unless they’re expressed,” said Roger of Dalhousie University in Canada, who was not
involved with the study. “We don’t know the precise functions, but I’d be surprised if these organisms
didn’t have some kind of endomembrane and cytoskeletal system. The sheer number of these proteins is a
pretty clear smoking gun.”
“In the field of the origin of eukaryotic cells, this is probably one of the biggest new discoveries that we’ve
seen for 30 years or so,” Roger added. “It’s a true so­called missing link between archaea and eukaryotes.”
A. Spang et al., “Complex archaea that bridge the gap between prokaryotes and eukaryotes,”
Nature, doi:10.1038/nature14447, 2015.
Tags
prokaryote, microbiology, metagenomics, extremophiles, evolutionary biology, eukaryote and Archaea
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