PRESIDENT`S DIARY Nigeria`s Ethical Revolution.
Transcription
PRESIDENT`S DIARY Nigeria`s Ethical Revolution.
Prez Diary.indd 1 8/26/2014 2:28:26 PM © 2014 The President’s Diary: Nigeria’s Ethical Revolution Initiative for Advancement of Ethical Standards Fanis House, Ikeja, Lagos 15 Hanover Square, Mayfair London. W1 S1HT. All correspondence regarding this book should be forwarded to the above address This is a Project of the Initiative for Advancement of Ethical Standards, Nigeria, in collaboration with XXX Concept Ltd. “igyst.com (UK)” www.igyst.com This work is available online at www.presidentsdiary.org ISBN 978-978-942-888-5 Designed and packaged for publishing by: Ziklag Communications and Media Ventures Ltd. Ziklag Close, Ilogbo Eremi Lagos, Nigeria. www.ziklaggroup.org +2348033326907 Published in the United Kingdom by Prez Diary.indd 2 8/26/2014 2:28:54 PM >3< Prez Diary.indd 3 8/26/2014 2:28:55 PM > iv < Contributors Prez Diary.indd iv • Adewolu, Abimbola, PhD—Department of Haematology Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja Lagos Adeyeye, J. Olufemi, PhD—Professor of Industrial Relations and Human Resource Management, Covenant University, Ota. Aina, Olusola, PhD—A former World Bank Resident Consultant, Department of Educational Management, Faculty of Education, Lagos State University. Akashoro, G. Olalekan, PhD—Department of Public Relations and Advertising, Adebola Adegunwa School of Communication, Lagos State University Akinola, Omoniyi B., PhD—Department of Professional Ethics and Skills, Nigerian Law School, Augustine Nnamani Campus, Agbani, Enugu State. Akinpelu, ‘Biodun, PhD—Professor of Educational Technology, Department of Science and Technology Education, Faculty of Education, Lagos State University. Akinpelu, Victor Ife-Oluwa—Federal Road Safety Corps, Ogun State Sector Command, Abeokuta, Ogun State. Akinshola, Tunde—Barrister and Solicitor of the Supreme Court of Nigeria, and a Solicitor of the Supreme Court of England & Wales, practices in Lagos. Bamgbose, Adele, PhD—Department of Political Science, Faculty of Social Sciences, Lagos State University 8/26/2014 2:28:55 PM >v< Prez Diary.indd v Bolarin, T. A., PhD—Professor of Educational Psychology, Faculty of Education, Lagos State University Ige, Kolapo, PhD—Professor of Economics and Econometrics, West Coast University, Panama, Belize Central America Lawal, Michael Adesina, PhD—Department of Political Science, Faculty of Social Sciences, Lagos State University Moshood, Issah—Department of Sociology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin Noah, Yusuf, PhD—Professor of Industrial Sociology, Department of Sociology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin Ogunnaike, Kunbi—Education Consultant, Abuja Olagunju, Isioma Stella, PhD—Department of Religions & Peace Studies, Lagos State University Olatunji, Abdulganiy—Department of Sociology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin Onafalujo, Akinwumi, PhD—Accounting and Finance Department, Faculty of Management Sciences, Lagos State University Surajudeen, Oladosu Mudasiru, PhD—Department of Political Science, Faculty of Social Sciences, Lagos State University 8/26/2014 2:28:55 PM > vi < Contents 1 Ethical Re-Orientation for National Cohesion and Unity of the Nigerian People—Yusuf Noah, PhD / Olatunji Abdulganiy / Issah Moshood .. .. .. .. 11 2 Upholding Workplace Ethics and Organizational Productivity: A Path to National Development—Adeyeye, J. Olufemi, PhD .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 27 3 Sustaining The Nigerian Democratic Renaissance Through Transparent Electoral Processes—Surajudeen Oladosu Mudasiru, PhD .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 49 4 Repositioning the Nigerian Civil Service with a Sharp Focus on Conduct and Practices —Kunbi Ogunnaike .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 79 5 Combating Unethical Practices in the Nigerian Public Service—Sola Aina, PhD .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 91 6 Ethics And Academic Tradition in the Nigerian Education Sector—T. A. Bolarin, PhD, FNAE, .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 105 7 Legal Ethics and the Sustenance of Democracy in Nigeria—O. B. Akinola, PhD .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 117 8 Preserving the Fundamental Human Rights of the Nigerian Citizenry: The Extent of Advocacy vis-à-vis Cultural Norms and Traditions—Tunde Akinshola . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 135 9 Road Ethics and Life Expectancy in Nigeria—Akinpelu, Victor Ife-Oluwa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 161 10 11 Prez Diary.indd vi Redefining the Nigerian Health Sector with a Sharp Focus on Professional Ethics, Practices and Conduct—Dr. Abimbola O. Adewolu .. . 173 Developing Non-Oil Dependent Economy through Exploration and Marginal Utilization of Diverse Natural Resources—Akanfe Kolapo Ige, PhD .. .. .. . 191 8/26/2014 2:28:55 PM > vii < Prez Diary.indd vii 12 Securing the Nigerian State for Meaningful Growth and Development: Some Ethical Considerations— Adele J. Bamgbose, PhD / Michael Lawal, PhD .. . 219 13 Political Participation and the Continuous Existence of the Nigerian State: The Centrality of the Mass Media—Ganiyu Olalekan Akashoro, PhD .. .. .. .. . 235 14 Ethical Considerations in Capital Market Operations: The Nigerian Experience—Akinwunmi Kunle Onafalujo, PhD .. .. .. .. .. . 263 15 Religious Organizations and Peaceful Coexistence of the Nigerian State—Olagunju, Isioma Stella, PhD.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 279 16 Social Media and Ethical Preservation of Nigerian Youths—Alade Abimbade, PhD.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 289 17 Giant Strides in the Social, Economic and Political Re-Engineering of the Nigerian State—Biodun Akinpelu, PhD / Femi Adeyeye, PhD / Victor Akinpelu .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 307 8/26/2014 2:28:55 PM > viii < PREFACE T he President’s Diary: Nigeria’s Ethical Revolution could not have come at a better time than this. A time when Nigeria is faced with culture, values and practices that are alien to her. As a people, we seem to have forsaken the values or ethics which seemed to have held us together and have borrowed or imported violence, corruption, dishonesty, laziness and many others, which are disintegrating us. This valuable book in our hand, put together by people, very experienced in national affairs, has addressed issues that must be given attention if we must achieve the revolution that Mr. President desires for this nation. Upholding the Fundamental Human Rights of the Nigerian people, having an ethical orientation using our roads in such a way to preserve lives and proper handling of legal issues will all help to achieve national cohesion and unity which are needed to develop a people and their economy. The book also deals with our work ethics, academic traditions. Corruption in our work places and academic institutions is very unfortunate and must be dealt with, if Nigeria must take a place in the comity of nations. Examination malpractice for instance has engulfed the academic sphere from primary to tertiary institutions, resulting into very incompetent graduates. Now, no nation can grow above the quality of its manpower. The authors have also treated other important issues that must not be overlooked. The need to diversify our economy, health issues, security Prez Diary.indd viii 8/26/2014 2:28:55 PM > ix < of the Nigerian state, religious tolerance and preservation of our youth from the destructive wave of social media etc all need urgent attention to enable the transformation agenda of Mr. President to be achieved. Government’s efforts in re-engineering the nation have been discussed in the book, pointing to the frantic efforts of the Jonathan administration to cause us as a people, to look back and imbibe again such ethics that had put Nigeria on a notable pedestal as a nation to be reckoned with. With all hands on deck we can do it. Prof. Nancy Agbe Former Vice-Chancellor, University of Mkar. Benue State, Nigeria Prez Diary.indd ix 8/26/2014 2:28:56 PM >x< Foreword Prez Diary.indd x 8/26/2014 2:28:56 PM > 11 < 1 Ethical Re-Orientation for National Cohesion and Unity of the Nigerian People Yusuf Noah, PhD / Olatunji Abdulganiy / Issah Moshood INTRODUCTION H uman groups are governed by norms, values as well as rules which regulate the conduct of their affairs in the society. These elements are technically referred to as ethics. Adherence to such norms and values is to ensure that social relationship in the society is not disrupted through immoral behaviour by members of the society thereby enhancing stable social order. Through his experiences with other men in the society, man initiated a moral order. Consequently, he regards certain acts as forbidden while some are regarded as approved ways of behaviour. For instance, acts such as stealing, lying, cheating, adultery, murder are considered as unapproved while such acts like honesty, obedience, respect, humility, justice etc are Prez Diary.indd 11 8/26/2014 2:28:56 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution regarded as acceptable acts. In traditional African societies, the influence of the cultural values on the lives of the people was paramount. In this regard, aspects of life like marriage, residence, religion and even occupation were virtually determined by the kinship unit. The stronghold of the community especially the family plays significant roles on the lives of members of traditional African people and served to ensure peace, stability, cohesion and unity in the society. Like any other African countries, Nigeria benefitted immensely from the influence of traditional African cultures in her early years of nationhood, however, with modernization and in particular the current trend of globalization, the contemporary Nigerian society has been divested of most of its African values. Hence the moral base of the traditional African society which encompasses all the composing ethnic units in Nigeria has been put to question. Against the backdrop of the above, concern has been raised over the decline in ethical value in the contemporary Nigerian society. In virtually all sectors of the society whether in the social institutions like family, school, church/mosque, and workplace or even in such area of key national life like politics, health and industry, the cry of ethical degeneration has been loud. The concern of this chapter therefore is to examine the ethical basis of the Nigerian nation, its degeneration over time and make a case for ethical re-orientation for achieving national cohesion and unity of the Nigerian people. THE ORIGIN AND MEANING OF ETHICS The word “Ethics” was first used by Aristotle in 400BC in philosophical parlance to describe standard of judgment for animate and in-animate things (Oderinde, 2002). Ethics was said to have emerged in a historical period when there were profound upheavals in human relationships in such areas like marriage, family, friendship and community. At this period, > 12 < Prez Diary.indd 12 8/26/2014 2:28:56 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution there were sudden changes in people, relationships and institutions. These changes came at a time when the Greek society was moving towards a higher level of civilization. It was a period characterized by initiative, creativeness, invention and innovation in education and it was against this backdrop that morality came to be identified as the acceptable form of social consciousness (Oderinde, 2002). The word “Ethics” was derived from the Greek word “ethos” which denotes “custom,” “temperament,” “character,” “way of thinking” or “way of behaving” (Oderinde, 2002). Generally, ethics has to do with moral principles of social living. In the same manner, Latin has an equivalent word for ethics which is “mores,” meaning moral, custom, character, behaviour, inner nature, law, regulation, fashion etc. Hornby (2000) defined ethics as moral principle that control or influence a person or group of person’s behaviour. It is the science of morality being the set of judgments people make regarding what is right or wrong, good or bad. It has to do with the problems of right conduct. From a Christian perspective, ethics are chiefly concerned with such virtues like self discipline, good character formation, the cultivation and development of spiritual and social virtues which are indeed needed for the discharge of religious and social responsibilities. Ethics has also been conceived as a system of moral principles or rules of behaviour. It deals with what is good and bad and with moral duty and obligation. According to Nisbet (1970), the origin of human moral values may be said to have taken root from small ancestral groups and transmitted from generation to generation, provided that such ancestral groups were able to provide the medium of learning. Most world cultures have generally accepted values which include love, honour and respect, loyalty, truthfulness, honesty and trust, diligence and steadfastness. According to Enoh (2000) these values were used to regulate relationship among the citizenry in an attempt to lay a solid > 13 < Prez Diary.indd 13 8/26/2014 2:28:56 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution foundation for their social, economic and political survival. In the context of the workplace, ethics concern those acceptable or appropriate behaviour expected of participants in the production process. Such ethics would include honesty, integrity, fairness, sense of commitment and responsibility in the workplace. The participants or stakeholders that are involved in the workplace behaviour are individuals and groups such as the management, workers and other key stakeholders like the customers or clients and the members of the host community. NATIONAL COHESION AND UNITY DEFINED National cohesion, according to Parsons (1956), involves the creation of a society such that solidarity and institutionalization of patterns of social interaction are assured. It also implies ensuring that rules and regulations that define the patterns of interaction, the means of achieving desired goals are accorded their legitimacy within the social system. Weiner (1971) defines national cohesion as the process of bringing together culturally and socially discrete groups into a single territorial unit and the establishment of a national identity. According to Soukhanov (1996:938), national cohesion means bringing of the different ethnic, racial, religious, economic, social and political groups into unrestricted and equal association on national issues. Sanda (1999) argued that national cohesion is the collective orientation of members of a society towards the nation and its society in such a way that micro-loyalties are not allowed to jeopardize the continued existence of the nation and its objectives, goals and ideals. According to Akwara, Udaw, and Onimawa (2013), in every human society, for effective societal cohesion to be achieved, people must be aware of, or share knowledge of both their historical past and culture which makes it possible for them to adapt to, and manipulate the situation, and also plan for the future. With regards to national unity, it would be appropriate to define it as all efforts and processes geared towards bringing together as one entity, people of diverse social-political and cultural orientation. Thus, national > 14 < Prez Diary.indd 14 8/26/2014 2:28:56 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution unity among the Nigerian people would imply the forging of a common identity among the different ethnic groups in the country. Theoretical Framework In his thesis on social integration in the society, Durkheim (1945) argued that the level of integration and cohesion in society can be determined by its level of social solidarity. He classified human societies into two broad types, based on the form of solidarity existing in each society to organic and mechanical solidarity. According to him, societies with organic solidarity are simple, with people who share common values and attributes. Consensus, co-operation and solidarity are achieved in these societies due to similarities and higher adherence to societal ethical values. On the other hand, in societies with mechanical solidarity, the people are different, with varying values, ways of life and occupations. Unlike the societies with organic solidarity, consensus and cooperation are achieved due to their differentiation which makes interdependence necessary. Going by the Durkheim’s theory of social integration, it could be deduced therein that every society (and by extension, every nation) needs a level of social unity and cohesion to persist and that the extent of adherence to collective ethical values will depend on the level social cohesion and unity among the people of the society. Current State of Ethical Values in the Nigerian Society In virtually all African societies, ethics are enshrined and greatly emphasized by the people. For instance, the main focus of education in typical African societies is character training for the maintenance of ethical standard. According to Falade (2010), Among the Yoruba, there are many indigenous values that promote social cohesion and enhance the building of the civil society. To the Yoruba, man’s character (Iwa) is of supreme importance and it is this which God (Olodumare) judges… The Yoruba adopt multidimensional approaches > 15 < Prez Diary.indd 15 8/26/2014 2:28:57 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution to inculcate good character and traits into the young ones. Some of these approaches are ridicule, discipline, instruction, clubs, proverbs, folklores, praises and correction (p. 1) What could be inferred from the foregoing is that African societies are established on solid moral and ethical standard which every member of the society are expected to imbibe. However, the current state of ethical values in the Nigerian society is rather very low when compared with the traditional African societies. Many of the hitherto traditional ethical values have been relegated to the background. Laziness has replaced the ethic of hard work, deceit replaced truthfulness, selfishness replaced selflessness, and dishonesty replaced honesty while rebellion replaced patriotism. It is obvious that the current dwindling ethical standard in the Nigerian society calls for serious concern in view of its negative effects on the corporate existence of the country. The following behaviour patterns are used for better illustration of the current state of ethical standard in the Nigerian society: Patriotism: Mclean and McMillan (2009) described patriotism as love of one’s country or zeal in the defence of the interest of one’s country. Patriotism means loving and being loyal to one’s country. It means showing more regard and loyalty to one’s nation above that of ethnic groups, states, local government areas and towns. Akinjide (2006) described patriotism as the extent to which citizens trust and support their government. The following has been presented as important elements of patriotism: absence of bribery and corruption; love of one’s country; obeying laws; paying taxes; loyalty and voting at elections (Centre for Communication Development, 2003). In a typical traditional African setting, people have high spirit of patriotism to their society. However, in the present day, Nigerians have very low spirit of patriotism with many citizens engaging in various un-patriotic acts such as conspiracy against the nation; stealing of public fund; terrorism against the nation and destruction of public properties. > 16 < Prez Diary.indd 16 8/26/2014 2:28:57 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution Obedience: Obedience implies compliance with the rules, regulations and laws of the land without being reminded or forced to do so. People who have respect for ethical value of the country are more likely to obey its laws. On the other hand, people who disobey the laws are less likely to be committed to the civic responsibilities. Obedience to the societal laws produces responsible, effective and law-abiding citizens. It promotes cohesion and unity in the country. Various empirical studies have found that there are low ethical values in contemporary Nigerian society. For instance, Ugwuegbu (2004) investigated the values of middle class Nigerians and found that out of the seventeen values examined, the value that is least demonstrated by Nigerians is “law-abiding.” Also Akinjide (2006) reported that World Bank report showed that most Nigerians scored less than five percent in a scale that determined the extent to which the citizens respect and abide by the rule of law. Tolerance: Tolerance is another important behaviour pattern that determines adherence to the ethical standard of the society and which by extension, serves to determine the level of unity and cohesion in the society. As a rule, it could be asserted that the extent of tolerant of the people will determine the level of unity and cohesion among them. For instance, the high level of social solidarity which exists in the traditional societies explains their positive behaviour of cooperation, patriotism and tolerance among the people. However, in contemporary Africa, especially Nigeria, people are generally intolerant, disobedient and unpatriotic all of which are partly responsible for the incessant ethno-religious crises in the country. This problem has been described as one of the major national questions threatening the continued existence of the country. Intolerance is therefore of the negative ethical values in contemporary Nigeria. Degenerated Value System: According to Rao (2006), value is defined as the measure of goodness or desirability; it provides the general guidelines for conduct or behaviour. The value system provides the moral background > 17 < Prez Diary.indd 17 8/26/2014 2:28:57 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution for justification of behaviour as right or wrong and it is an important aspect of the culture of a society. In Nigeria, value system is one of those important aspects of ethics that have witnessed tremendous negative changes. This situation is worrisome because a defective value system is an indication of a defective social system. A country with such weak moral foundation faces the possibility of disintegration. A critical look at the value system in the Nigerian societies today will reveal a system of value degradation in virtually all aspects of life – from the private to public life and from the individual to the larger group level in the society. The value system in all spheres of life of the Nigerian society has become degenerated with both the old and young generation engaged in immoral and unethical behaviours which many regard as normal. Morality: This has to do with what is right or wrong and about how people should behave. Morality is one of the bases of ethics and its central tenet. In the traditional societies, the whole essence of setting ethical standard is to enhance moral standard, promote social cohesion and unity among the people in order to maintain stable and balanced social existence. In today’s Nigeria, the spate of immorality among the young and the old has constituted one of the greatest challenges against national cohesion and unity of the Nigerian people. Various immoral acts such as stealing, killing, fornicating, lying, dishonesty and soon have become the order of the day. People who refused to engage in these immoral acts are frowned at by the general public since immorality is the order of the day in the Nigerian society. The implication of this general breakdown in the ethical standard of the society has been a bane to the realization of national cohesion and unity in the country. NATIONAL COHESION AND UNITY IN NIGERIA A verse in the Holy Qur’an affirms: > 18 < Prez Diary.indd 18 8/26/2014 2:28:57 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution Mankind was but one nation, but differed (later). Had it not been for a Word that went forth before from thy Lord, their differences would have been settled before them (10:19). The above verse demonstrates that the heterogeneous composition of most nations of the world is God’s plan for human social existence. Such nations are therefore enjoined by divine decree to live harmoniously despite their differences. Nation denotes a group of people having or sharing common biological characteristics as race and colour; historical origin and ancestry; cultural practices as language, religion, artefacts, customs and heritage; and the groups lives together in a defined geographical territory (Leeds, 1978; Akwara, 1998). Before the coming of the Europeans to Nigeria, various segments of the country have been relating with one another in one way or the other. According to Hodgkin, (1960:2): A variety of links existed between the various states and peoples which were the predecessors of modern Nigeria: between Kanem-Bornu, the Hausa states, the Nupe, the Jukun kingdom, the empires of Oyo and Benin, the Delta states, and the loosely associated form of war and enslavement. But they expressed themselves also through diplomacy, treaties, the visits of wandering scholars, the diffusion of political and religious ideals, the borrowing of techniques, and above, all trade (p. 2). Like many other multi-ethnic nations of the world, Nigeria is a plural society with over 400 language groups. These distinct groups have existed long before the emergence of what later came to be known as Nigeria. In several cases, they have lived in different political systems and have co-operation, interactions as well as conflicts and wars. At this period, the prominent political systems include Fulani, Kanem Bornu Empires in the core North; Nupe and Jukun Kingdoms in the Middle Belt; Oyo and Benin Empires in the Western and Mid-Western respectively and the City States in the Southern part of what is today known as Nigeria. It was these kingdoms, empires and emirates that were brought under a common political authority by the > 19 < Prez Diary.indd 19 8/26/2014 2:28:57 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution Colonial administration and this process was completed with the amalgamation of the Northern and Southern Protectorates in 1914 by Lugard, then-Governor-General. It has been asserted that the lack of cohesion and unity in the country emanated from this artificial creation of Nigeria as a single geopolitical entity (Otite, 1990). Since this period to date, Nigeria has had to contend with the challenge of forging national cohesion and unity among the different ethnic groups. One of the implications of the immense ethnic pluralism is its tendency to generate unique problems which often tend to defy known and existing strategies (Muhammad, 2007). The challenges of national cohesion and unity were made more acute because of members of some ethnic groups exclusively controlling the economic and political processes in the countries, and usurped the democratic dividends that accrued to other ethnic groups thereby causing anger, frustration and violence between them and members of the other ethnic groups (Abubakar, 2007; Ayuba, 2012; Undiyaundeya, 2012; Akwara and Ojoma, 2013; Akwara, Udaw, and Onimawa, 2013). The discussion of efforts at fostering national cohesion and unity among the Nigerian people would bring to the fore the issue of national question. According to Yusuf (2002) the national question is derived from problems and challenges which serve to prevent the realization of basic national goals. He went further to list those challenges that militate against the realization of Nigeria’s nationhood. These include: i. Acrimony, mistrust and animosity between the dominant ethnic groups in the country; ii. Political instability; ii. Electoral Problems manifested in Electoral misconduct and violence; iv. Allegation of marginalization especially in the allocation of political offices and economic resources; v. Scourge of poverty among a large proportion of the population; > 20 < Prez Diary.indd 20 8/26/2014 2:28:58 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution vi. Infrastructural decay and comatose i.e. erratic power supply, bad roads, poor rail transportation and poor water supply across the nation. According to Ifeanaccho and Nwagwu (2009) Nigerians hate each other, they fear each other; they do not know each other because they cannot communicate with each other. Sobowale (2013) argued that some ethnic groups in the country engage in confrontation with other groups when their kinsmen are denied access to political power. ETHICAL RE-ORIENTATION TOWARDS NATIONAL COHESION AND UNITY Many concerned African scholars have propounded various ways by which ethical re-orientation would be used to bring about national unity and cohesion in Nigeria. Falade and Orungbemi (2011) noted that African nations need urgent innovative ethical value re-orientation programme that can facilitate the development of core values as well as promote national unity among the people of various African regions. According to Ajere and Oyinloye (2011), the Nigeria’s dreams of national cohesion and unity, peace and development can only come to reality with the internalization of the core values enshrined in the National Anthem and Pledge which reflects the ethical national values of honesty, obedience, loyalty, cooperation and patriotism. National consciousness: This is perhaps the first step towards the making of a new Nigeria. National consciousness implies the development of a national ethic in which every Nigerian irrespective of origin, language, residence, religion, creed or any other criterion would see himself or herself as Nigerian first before any other consideration. This nationalism spirit is essential for national cohesion and lasting unity in the country. Ethical Education in Schools: As part of practical efforts to re-orientate the Nigerian people towards positive ethical values, the educational curriculum should be modified to reflect ethical education from the foundation > 21 < Prez Diary.indd 21 8/26/2014 2:28:58 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution (primary school) level to the tertiary or university level. The national committee on Educational curricular in the nation’s Federal Ministry of Education should take the first step in this direction. The use of Socio-Cultural Institutions as Moral Watchdogs: Important institutions in the society like the family, the elderly, peer group, religious bodies and cultural associations can be effectively used as moral watchdogs in the Nigerian society to restore the moral values and foster cohesion and unity among the people. These institutions can be encouraged by government and concerned bodies to monitor the activities, loyalties and moral display among the people and provide direction through the process of cultural dissemination, indoctrination and socialization which most members are likely to accept if properly conducted. For instance, religious organizations and bodies have the responsibility of teaching their adherents tenets of their faith including morality – godliness, honesty, tolerance, humility among others. Nigerians should also be taught to eschew religious bitterness in favour of understanding and co-operation because they all belong to the same nation with common heritage and destiny. The Role of the Mass Media: The mass media, both electronic and print have important roles to play with regards to ethical re-orientation in Nigeria for the purpose of fostering cohesion and unity among the people. Recognition of Traditional Cultures and Values: As earlier mentioned in this discussion, African traditional cultures integrate various aspects of positive moral values. The recognition of these values in respective homes and the larger Nigerian society would serve to enhance its inculcation by many Nigerians. Conferences, Workshops, Symposia, Seminars and Town Hall Meetings: These various forms of information dissemination should be embarked upon on ethical re-orientation in the Nigerian society. Government at the various levels as well as Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs) and International Organizations should play a major role in this direction. > 22 < Prez Diary.indd 22 8/26/2014 2:28:58 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution In furtherance of the above, the recommendations made by Ejalonibu and Olatunji (2014) would also be useful in this regard: 1. Ethical/Cultural re-orientation: Cultural values orientation is the very foundation of behaviour. Our preceding discussion in this paper has shown that if there would be an improvement in the general social system; there has to be a re-work of the cultural and ethical system. It is only through this effort that the general dispositions of the people can be transformed. In this regard, effort must be geared towards an ethical re-orientation such that people’s negative ethical conducts would be replaced by positive ones. This would go a long way in strengthening the country’s social cohesion, national unity and stability. 2. Positive value creation: Another important step to be taken towards eliminating the vices of negative ethical orientations is by encouraging value creation among all Nigerians. The Nigerian people both in the public and private sectors should be encouraged to shun negative public behaviour especially corruption and should be re-socialized on the importance of value creation as a means towards creating responsible Nigerian citizens. 3. Media censoring: The mass media is one of the means by which people’s cultural values have been demeaned. As such, films and music should be monitored and censored in such a way that they would be made to convey messages that would encourage moral uprightness and discourage immoralities. Home videos and films which depict immorality, violence and lust for materialism should be censored while those which portray good morals, African cultures should be encouraged. 4. Role of Governmental and Non-Governmental Organizations: The government should strengthen and further empower governmental and non-governmental agencies and institutions saddled with the responsibility of promoting positive cultural orientations. Such institutions as > 23 < Prez Diary.indd 23 8/26/2014 2:28:58 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution the National Orientation Agency (NOA); National Institute of Cultural Orientations (NIICO) and so on, should also rise up to the task and place all hands on deck to correct the general negative orientations of the people in the public and private institutions. 5. Educational Curricula: The nation’s educational curricula should be designed to foster mutual respect among different ethnic groups in Nigeria. Currently, Nigerians have a sense of territorial unity rather than national unity. It should be mentioned that it is in the national interest that the composing ethnic groups in the country should develop respect for each other’s value systems. This can only be achieved if people know and understand each other’s culture. Through this, national cohesion and unity among the Nigerian people would be greatly enhanced. CONCLUSION This chapter has discussed the issue of ethical re-orientation for national cohesion and unity of the Nigerian people. Incidentally, this appears to be a major concern of the present administration in Nigeria as it stresses the need for the practice of politics that is devoid of acrimony. The chapter however, considers the various dimensions of and factors responsible for the current state of ethical degeneration in the Nigerian society. The paper discusses practical measures towards ethical re-orientation in the Nigerian society as ways of restoring national cohesion and unity of the Nigerian people. > 24 < Prez Diary.indd 24 8/26/2014 2:28:58 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution REFERENCES Abubakar, Z. B. (2007), History and the Challenges to the Institution of Aku-Uka in the 21st Century, Jos: PPC Ltd. Adewale, S. A. (1978), African Traditional Religious Teaching and Nigerian Unity, in, I. A. B. Balogun (ed.) Religious Understanding and Co-operation in Nigeria, IjebuOde: Shebiotimo Publishers. Ajibade, I. O. (2011), “Civic education: A veritable tool for promoting responsible Citizenship in Nigeria”. Nigerian Journal of Social Studies, XIV (2): 68-76. Akinjide, R. (2006), Good Governance, Oil and National Development, (Public Lecture, Jan 31st (A Valedictory Lecture, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ibadan). Akwana, A. F., Udaw, J. E., and Onimawo, J. (2013), “National Identity, Integration and Question: Implications for National Security and Stable Democratic Governance in Nigeria.” International Journal of Public Administration and Management Research, 2 (1). Akwara, A. F. (1998), Issues in Nigerian Politics and Government: A Comprehensive Approach to Citizenship Education, Idah; Aquara & Co. Akwara, A. F., and Ojoma, B.A. (2013), “Religion, Politics and Democracy in Nigeria.” Canadian Social Science, 9 (2): 48-61. Awolowo, O. (1947), Path to Nigerian Freedom. London: Faber & Faber Limited. Ayuba, J. M. (2012), “Resistance to British Rule in Central Nigeria during the Colonial Rule.” M. Joseph., and W. Terhemba (eds.) Colonialism and the Transition to Modernity in Africa. Lapai; Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University. Balogun, I. A, B. ed. (2012), Religious Understanding and Co-operation in Nigeria. IjebuOde: Shebiotimo Publishers. Brown, A. G. (1957). The Social Psychology of Industry, London: Macmillan. Coleman, J. S. (1958), Nigeria: Background to Nationalism, Berkeley: University of California Press. Durkheim, E. (1897), Suicide. Translated by John A.S. and George, S, New York, Free Pres. Ejalonibu, E.E., and Olatunji, A.G. (2014), “Contemporary Issues in Cultural Orientation in Nigeria: An Overview”. (A Paper Presented at the Third Annual National Training of the National Institute of Cultural Orientation). Ekanola, A.B. (2006), “National Integration and Survival of Nigeria in 21st century.” The Journal of Social, Political and Economic Studies; 31(3): 279–293. Enoh, C. O. E. (2000), Proverbs, Wise Sayings and Moral Values in Nigerian Development: The Case Falade, D.A. (2010), “Cultural Values and Character Training among the Yoruba of Nigeria”. In O. Falade, D.A., and Orungbemi, O. (2011), “Democratic Governance and Political Education in Africa”. International Journal of Issues on African Development, 3(1): 154-164. Gandonu, A. (1978), “Nigeria’s 250 Ethnic Groups: Realities and Assumptions.” In, R.E. Holloman and S.A. Arutiunov (eds.), Perspectives on Ethnicity, The Hague: Mouton. Hodgkin, T. (1966), Nigerian Perspectives. London: Oxford University Press. > 25 < Prez Diary.indd 25 8/26/2014 2:28:59 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution Hornby, A. S. ed. (2000), Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English. Oxford: University Press. Ifeanacho, M.I. and Nwagwu, J. (2009), “Democratization and National Integration in Nigeria.” Research Journal of International Studies; 9 (12): 2-10. Mclean, I and McMillan, A. (2009), Oxford Concise Dictionary of Politics, Great Britain: Oxford University press. Murdock, G.P. (1975), Outline of World Cultures, New Haven: Human Relations Area Files. Nisbet, R.A. (1953), The Quest for Community. New York, Oxford University Press. Oderinde, J. T. (2002), An Introduction to Ethics, Ilorin: Delma & Sons Printing Press. Odetola, T.O. (1978), Military Politics in Nigeria: Economic Development and Political Stability, New Brunswick: Transaction Books. Otite, O. (1979), “Ethnicity and Class in a Plural Society: Nigeria” In, C.B. Marcelt and C. Leggon (ed.), Research in Race and Ethnic Relations, Vol. 1, Connecticut: JAI Press. Otite, O. (1990), Ethnic Pluralism and Ethnicity in Nigeria, Ibadan: Shaneson. Parson, T. (1951), The Social System, New York: Free Press. PEFS. (2001), Ethnic Map of Nigeria, 7 vol, Ibadan: Programme on Ethnic and Federal Studies, Ibadan: University of Ibadan. Sanda, A.O. (1999), Lectures on Sociology of Development, Ibadan: Fact Findings. Sobowale, D. (2013), “Nigeria: Oil Block Sharing and Income Distribution.” Vanguard. March 25. Soukhanov, A.H. (1996), The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Third Edition. Boston: Houghton–Mifflin Co. The Holy Qur’an. Ugwuegbu, C. E. (2004), The Shifting Tides of Value Orientation: A Case for National Development. Lapai: Ibrahim Badamosi Babangida University Undiyaundeya, U. A. (2012), “Colonialism and Nation Building Problems in Nigeria.” In M. Joseph and W. Terhemba (eds.) Colonialism and the Transition to Modernity in Africa. Weiner, M. (1971), “Political Integration and Political Development.” J.L. Finkle and W.R. Gable (eds.). Political Development and Social Change. New York: John Wiley & Son. Yusuf, N. (2002) “National Question and National Identity, in, E. T. Jolayemi (ed) Essentials in General Studies. University of Ilorin Press. > 26 < Prez Diary.indd 26 8/26/2014 2:28:59 PM > 27 < 2 Upholding Workplace Ethics and Organizational Productivity: A Path to National Development Adeyeye, J. Olufemi, PhD INTRODUCTION E thical behaviour and the prevailing system of employment relations in any work organization is very crucial for general development progress, the production of goods and services, both for domestic consumption and international trade or exchange, creation of national wealth, the attainment of political stability and the inclusive benefits of sustainable human development. In other words, how well organizations adhere to ethical standards, obviously, determines the well-being of all the stake holders as well as the macroeconomic growth and develop of the Nation. Prez Diary.indd 27 8/26/2014 2:28:59 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution The concept of ‘efficiency’ as applicable within the context of employment relationship is a function of proper management of employees at work, including the adherence to workplace ethical standards. Admittedly, “work dominates the lives of most men and women; and the management of employees, both individually and collectively, remains a central feature of organizational life” (see Blyton and Turbull, 1998, as quoted in Matanmi 2007). The totality of the essence of work in society, is that, it is the primary determinism around which human lives are ordered and nations are developed. Also the primacy of work in society and the critical role of the production function have naturally contributed to the growth, development and advancement of nations throughout human history. In practical terms, nations are in existence to provide security, safety and most importantly developments to people who had surrendered their sovereignty in exchange for the aforementioned necessities of life, using organizations and all human resources available to them. Indeed, organizations advance the fortunes of nations through efficiency, productivity and performance, as engendered by the institutional labour or a group of people known as workers. Apparently, those workers are human beings with aspirations, hope and feelings. They render their human effort (labour) in exchange for equitable wages and salaries, good physical working environment and longevity of employment relationship, anchored on ethical standards and Human Resources (HR) best practices (Adeyeye 2010) Any behaviour contrary to the expectations of these group or actors would hinder the trajectory of production processes and the development of the organizations. Since national development is dependent on what the labour can generate by way of Gross Domestic Products (GDP), a substantial attention must be paid to the agreement legally, socially, and economically entered into by all the stakeholders, for the parties to enjoy the expected efficiency, equity and development, which are the main objectives > 28 < Prez Diary.indd 28 8/26/2014 2:28:59 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution of employment relationship. WHAT IS ETHICS? The Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary defines ethics as “the science which deals with morals,” Ethics, according to William Lillie (quoted in Aniele 2004), is the systematic study of the fundamental principle of the moral law; or as the normative science of human conduct. This implies that ethics is basically a normative science, as distinct from the descriptive or empirical sciences. Moral principles that form the subject matter of ethics are about the way people ought to behave. It follows that ethics, primarily, is the critical investigation of the norms of conduct to which human actions ought to conform. The term ethics refers to the fundamental principles of right and wrong; ethical behaviour is the behaviour that is consistent with those principles (Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhart and Wright 2004). Conceptually, discipline and indiscipline are dimensions of human behaviour. Disciplined behaviour is the sine qua non for individuals, organizations and national survival and development. Discipline and indiscipline, just and unjust, right and wrong, can directly be associated with ethics. Ethic, as noted by Pojman (1990), is concerned with the studies of human behaviour in relationship with others on the basis of wrongness. Valesquez (2002) observes that ethic is the principle of conduct governing an individual or a group. It relates to the accepted standards in terms of personal and social welfare. In his work, Cascio (2010), ethics, advocates procedural justice and due process in taking decisions. NIGERIAN WORKERS’ PRODUCTIVITY AND PERFORMANCE The attitudes, work ethics and productivity of Nigerian workers have been discussed at various times, in order to bring a change towards positive development of the work enterprises. The various expositions on the attitude to > 29 < Prez Diary.indd 29 8/26/2014 2:29:00 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution work of the Nigerian workforce, have painted a rather negative picture of an apathetic, uncommitted men and women, who are unresponsive to traditional motivational techniques. The Nigerian workers according to Sokefun (2004) have been described as indolent, apathetic, and unresponsive to motivation and generally, not willing to put forth maximum productive efforts. Whichever way we look at it, the Nigerian workers, are what we have, hence we must encourage them to make meaningful contribution to the development of the nation by becoming more productive. Other human beings or societies were not specially made for proper conduct. The difference among the developed, developing and underdeveloped societies is in their resolve to uphold ethical practices irrespective of class or status. Similarly, the first Nigerian national seminar on productivity, held in 1963, as noted by Sokefun (2004), lends credence to the fact that Nigerian workers are not different to their counterparts anywhere in the world. The seminar, at its conclusion, noted that, there was no indication of any inherent incapability of Nigerian workers to the achievement of high levels of productivity and that where systems of production are similar; there has been nothing to suggest that the Nigerian workers are inferior to their counterparts anywhere in the world. It is against this background that three issues become imperative in the paper. These are: work ethics of Nigerian organizations, the Nigerian workers and the need for increase in productivity. These are the primary focus of this paper Apart from lack of basic infrastructure, the working environment and conditions are to be devilled with unethical behaviour on the part of the stakeholders and social partners within and outside the shores of the factories. The State, employers and the employees, none, can be exonerated from the phenomenon (unethical behaviour), which has impacted so negatively on workers’ productivity and hindered in no small measure the > 30 < Prez Diary.indd 30 8/26/2014 2:29:00 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution social, political and economic development of our great nation. ATTEMPTS AT UPHOLDING ETHICAL BEHAVIOUR: A CRITIQUE Credit must be given to the Nigerian governments, past and present, for making some visible attempts at upholding ethical conducts not only within work environment but also in every sphere of Nigerian endeavour. Ethical problems have forced various governments at the Federal level, in Nigeria, since 1975 to introduce one form of legislations or the other to curb the monster of general indiscipline in the society. Visible efforts were made by Generals Murtala Muhammed and Olusegun Obasanjo’s Administrations between 1975 and 1979 to ensure some measure of discipline in the Civil Service. The policy, backed by the forces of Decrees and Edits, carried out massive dismissals and compulsory retirements of people alleged of corruption in one form or another. Such people were not given fair hearings or were tried before the forces of Decrees and Edits were applied on them. Also concerned about the problem of ethics were the makers of the 1979 civilian constitution in Nigeria, that the constitution contained a six-page schedule setting forth a Code of Conduct for “public officers”. A Code of Conduct Tribunal was put in place. The then new Civilian Administration of President Shehu Shagari, 1979 to 1983, came up with a Programme designed to put corruption in check. The programme was called, “Nigerian Ethical Revolution”. In 1984 General Muhamadu Buhari fashioned out a Decree on War Against Indiscipline (WAI). This was intended to be used to fight all forms of indiscipline which were exhibited by Nigerians. Another military Head of State and President in 1985, General Ibrahim Babangida, terminated WAI, and came up with a Programme tagged “Mass Mobilization for Social and Economic Recovery (MAMSER).” He established the Directorate of Social Mobilization for the execution of the Programme. The MAMSER > 31 < Prez Diary.indd 31 8/26/2014 2:29:00 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution Programmes were more of cosmetic approaches to very serious Nation ills, and they ended like their predecessors. General Sanni Abacha, in 1993, replaced MAMSER with National Orientation Agency (NOA). This was merely a change in name of a body that was supposed to fashion out new sense of direction and orientation. There were no positive changes in the overall attitude of the social partners, particularly the Nigerian workers. General Olusegun Obasanjo’s Administration in 1999, engineered the ‘Corrupt Practices and other Related Offences’ Act. This was backed by an act of the National Assembly in 2000. Consequently he established the Independent Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Commission (ICPC). When the (ICPC) started investigating the Principal Officers of the National Assembly, in 2003, the Highest Law Making Organ of our Society passed a bill repealing (ICPC). The President refused to sign, as he considered the action of the National Assembly as a way of protecting impunity and immorality in our public life. The behaviour of the Legislators, further confirms the extent of corruption among the ruling elites. A closely related agency to the ICPC is the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) which performs functions similar to that of ICPC. Both agencies play major roles in the regulation of the affairs of both private and public organizations in Nigeria with a view to ensure that ethical conduct reigns supreme in Nigerian organizations’ dealings (Ogundele and Opeifa, 2004c) Several concerned writers had expressed one view or the other against the general lack of ethics in our society. Osahon (1981) examined the multidimensional aspects of unethical acts in Nigeria. Oji (1982) described it in the context of the need for ethical revolution in Nigeria. Nwakwo (1985), Bolaji (1985) and Ezewu (1985) stressed the needs for, economic and political nationalism, moral leadership and requirement of education for new leadership in Nigeria respectively. > 32 < Prez Diary.indd 32 8/26/2014 2:29:00 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution Nzeribe’s (1986) focus was on ethical and economic origin of Nigeria ethical problems. Ayagi (1990) blamed the economic and social problem of Nigeria on leadership indiscipline Arene (1990) presented the personality models as the means of solving the complex social, economic and political problem of Nigeria. Ekpo-Ufo (1990) found that several acts of indiscipline were the major factors that inhibited organizational and national goal attainment. These were confirmed by Oseni (1993) Ogundele’s (1999) findings. Oseni (1993), carried out an x-ray of high level forms of corruption in the Nigeria Police Force which was and still is a product of the larger society. Ogundele (2000), found that acts of indiscipline, (unethical behaviour), including bribery, robbery, fraudulent practices and corruption were the second most important inhibitors, of the performance of the indigenous entrepreneurs in Nigeria. Therefore, unethical behaviour has negative effects on performance of business organizations in Nigeria. The same can be said of other African countries and businesses. In Nigeria and other African Countries, the situations are serious, based on the nation’s inability to identify and thread the appropriate philosophical and development paths. (Aina 1992) Reasons for Unethical Conduct in Nigeria Many writers had supplied various reasons for immoral and unethical behaviour patterns especially in Africa, with Nigeria taking an uncomfortable lead. Muganda (1999) discusses a number of factors that produced corruption in Africa. These include several political factors, patronage and societal pressures, lack of transparency and proper enforcement of rules on regulation and government intervention in several areas of public life and the expansion of the public sector. Raditchokwa (1999) attributes the causes of corruption in Africa to the crisis of leadership, which is exhibited in lack of discipline on the part of political elites, lack of meaningful participation in the policy making process, poverty, under-development and bureaucratic inefficiency. > 33 < Prez Diary.indd 33 8/26/2014 2:29:00 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution Aniele (2004) attributed the causes of corruption in Nigeria to valueorientation in the society, under-development, lack of sanctions against identified corrupt individuals, ethnicity, and the psychological mechanisms of individual members that force them to strive relentlessly for material success. In the contemporary African countries, the fashion is to get rich quick through fraudulent means rather than by ethical conduct. The preference of youths is for leisure than work; more interest in exciting jobs than boring, routine job and kindred observations. Added to these are problems created by tribalism, lack of respect for age and authority, wrong applications of concept of time, large scale bribery and corruption. Omotunde (1982) noted that the hardest job for the Nigerian child is ‘having to learn moral where none exists’. MODELS OF CONSEQUENCES AND SELECTED FACTORS AFFECTING ETHICAL AND UNETHICAL BEHAVIOUR PATTERNS Two models as developed by Ogundele (2004) are found very relevant to this discourse. The models give explanation to the consequences of selected factors that affect ethical and unethical behaviour of individuals, groups and society. > 34 < Prez Diary.indd 34 8/26/2014 2:29:00 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution Figure 1: Model of Society Where Selected Determinants of Behaviour are Based on Ethical Conducts Source: Ogundele (2004) Figure 1, above shows clearly the consequences in terms of development and prosperity for a nation where ethics dominates, leading to orderliness and societal well-being which will ultimately produce effective, performing organization and national prosperity and development. > 35 < Prez Diary.indd 35 8/26/2014 2:29:01 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution Figure 2: Model of Society Where Unethical Conducts Affect Selected Determinants of Behaviour As in the case of figure 1, the consequences of unethical conducts are clearly shown in figure 2 and they require no further elaborations. The scenario in the model of society in figure 2, best reflects Nigerian situation and this requires necessary measures that will restore moral health in an unhealthy society. This study agrees with Ogundele’s position as it relates to the modern day Nigeria. NEED FOR UPHOLDING ETHICAL STANDARDS IN WORKPLACES Ethics is about fairness and justice. In the wake of decisions that affect employee such as those involving pay, promotions, or assignment, employees often ask, “Was that fair?” Judgments about the fairness or equity of procedures used to make decisions, that is, procedural justice are rooted in the perceptions of employees. Strong research evidence indicates that such perceptions lead to important consequences, such as employee behaviour and attitudes, as well as business outcomes, such as customer satisfaction rating. In short, the judgments of employees about procedural justice matters. Perceptions of fairness (Cascio 2010) are especially important in the > 36 < Prez Diary.indd 36 8/26/2014 2:29:01 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution context of Human Resource Management (HRM), for example, in the hiring process, in performance management, and in compensation. Cascio (2010) observes that fair treatment has been demonstrated to result in reduced stress and increased performance, job satisfaction, commitment to an organization, trust, and organizational citizenship behaviours (OCBs). OCBs are discretionary behaviours performed outside of one’s formal role that help other employees perform their jobs or that show support for and conscientiousness toward the organization. Procedural justice affects citizenship behaviours by influencing employees’ perceptions of organizational support, the extent to which the organization values employees’ general contributions and cares for their well-being. In turn, this prompts employees to reciprocate with organizational citizenship behaviours. These effects have been demonstrated to occur at the level of the work group as well as at the level of the individual. In general perceptions of procedural justice are most relevant and important to employees during times of significant organizational change. When employees experience change, their perceptions of fairness become especially potent factors that determine their attitude and their behaviours, because the only constant in organizations is change, considerations of procedural justice will always be relevant. According to Adeyeye (2012), employment relationship revolves round the outcome value of efficiency, equity and voice. While efficiency is crucial to the sustainability of all the stakeholders within the framework of employment relationship, equity and voice are very paramount to the institution of labour. To the workers, in fact, ethical behaviour connotes justice, equity and voice. DIMENSIONS OF JUSTICE Apparently, there is disagreement in the professional literature about the number of components of the broad topic of work ethics and organizational > 37 < Prez Diary.indd 37 8/26/2014 2:29:03 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution justice. However, this paper considers ethics to have three components: The first of these is Employee Voice, illustrated by organizational policies and rules that provide lots of opportunities for employee input to decisions. The second is Justice, which refers to the quality of interpersonal treatment that employees receive in their everyday work. Treating others with dignity and respect is the positive side of interactional justice. Derogatory judgments, deception, invasion of privacy, inconsiderate or abusive actions, public criticism, and coercion present the negative side of interactional justice. Violating any of these elements of interactional justice leads to decreased perceptions of fair treatment. Evidence, according to Cascio (2010), indicates that employees’ perceptions of interactional justice that stem from the quality of their relationships with their supervisors are positively related to their performance, citizenship behaviours directed toward their supervisors, and job satisfaction. In practice, when employees observe an example of organization-level unfairness, they tend to determine the level of their loyalty and commitment to the organization. SOME MANIFESTATIONS OF UNETHICAL BEHAVIOUR IN NIGERIAN BUSINESS ENTERPRISES While the Nigerian enterprises and workers are equally culpable of unethical conducts, mention will be made of some foreign organizations and nationals operating in Nigeria, with particular reference to the Lebanese, and Indians. This author is not a racist; neither does he hate people of other cultures. He is a Nigerian with friends that cut across racial boundaries. However, his anger is with the Lebanese and Indians and their unethical tendencies in the way and manner workers are treated when in employment relationship with the former. The unethical practice that readily comes to mind is that of Alexandria Ossia, a Nigerian woman, who was brutalized by her Lebanese employer > 38 < Prez Diary.indd 38 8/26/2014 2:29:03 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution (The Punch Newspaper 2014). It is shocking when one remembers that Mrs. Ossai was six months pregnant at the time of her assault. Ossai, obviously, symbolizes the predicament of Nigerian workers in many Asian organizations today. She was reportedly beaten over an offence that should routinely attract a query. It was reported that the woman eventually lost her pregnancy. The highly celebrated case would have been swept under the carpet but for the intervention of our dear President Goodluck Jonathan, who directed the Police to look into the matter. The question is, why should the police wait until the President ordered an investigation into the matter before the Lagos Police Command swung into action? While the President must be commended for the rare but timely intervention, it points to the failures of policing that a case of such a magnitude would be treated with levity. It is worrisome that security agents meant to safeguard peoples’ lives and property have failed in their duties. Apparently, this disdainful treatment of Nigerian workers is a reflection of how our leaders treat us. Admittedly, some Nigerian employers are worse than the Lebanese. It is however, not the Lebanese only that conduct themselves unethically; there have been reports of dehumanization of Nigerians by Chinese Companies. They pay slave wages and make people work in hostile environments. Unfortunately, our governments, past and present, have largely ignored this unethical behaviour. There are recorded cases of workplace unethical practices leading to injuries in many Asian factories in the country. In many Chinese firms, workers are made to work without observing basic safety precautions. Hence, Nigerians who work in those organizations have sustained life-threatening injuries that have led to amputation of limbs and other parts of the bodies. These injuries are sustained in the course of their duties. The dehumanizing treatment of Nigerian workers in the hands of those foreigners is reminiscent of condition of work in pre-industrial revolution Europe. > 39 < Prez Diary.indd 39 8/26/2014 2:29:03 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution In Nigeria, ethical practices and dignity of labour are being violated despite the relevant factories and industries’ rules and laws of the land earlier mentioned. Another prominent case of workplace abuse that resulted in tragedy was the Ikorodu, Lagos factory fire disaster in 2002. Twenty (20) workers of a Chinese factory were roasted alive because they were always locked inside the factory without any outlet in case of any emergency. The workers, according to Kester (2002), were made to work twelve (12) compulsory hours with income of less than seventy (70) cents daily. Their salaries were deducted at will; the women among them did not receive maternity pay and workers were paid below the minimum wage. (Eighteen thousand naira monthly) Coming closer home is the Nigerian system, which encourages impunity by discharging and acquitting officials of the State, their Relations, and cronies caught committing the acts of immorality with reckless abandon. The Police and Railway Corporation Pension Scams are a few of open manifestation of acts of unethical behaviour meted out to Nigerian workers, whose pension funds were misappropriated by Officials of the State (Pen-robbers) whose responsibilities were to safeguard the former’s economic future. Presidents, Governors, Ministers, Commissioners, and Chairmen of Local Governments have recently been handled with kids’ gloves and even “honoured” for stealing several billions of naira and for looting the treasury. Some easily earn chieftaincy titles or honoured with traditional rulership position in their respective communities. In both public and private sectors of our national life, the problem has expanded to the point that anyone who is in a position to enrich himself through corruption (which is a major component of immorality), but decided not to do so, is derided and jeered at by relations and friends. Thus, in Nigeria of today, people in authority see their positions as avenues for self-enrichment. A President, Governor, Minister etc. who accepts “kickbacks” or gratification > 40 < Prez Diary.indd 40 8/26/2014 2:29:03 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution while performing his duties, benefits directly from his unethical activity to the detriment of national development. Ethics is about “what ought to be”. When a Minister awards a contract to an incompetent Construction Company after collecting ten percent or twenty percent of the contract sum as bribe, he has allowed something which ought not to be, to be. He has therefore denied the most competent Company the opportunity to execute the contract and rubbed the nation the necessary advancement and development. A messenger that asks for “family support” from someone before moving a particular file from point ‘A’ to point ‘B’, a Lecturer, who insists on having amorous relationship with his/her students, before doing his job, a business man or woman who deliberately supplies poor quality products in order to maximize profit is an enemy of the nation. All these people have debased their positions and are guilty of unethical behaviour. Many more are either not known or are swept under the carpet when reported. PRODUCTIVITY, NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT: THE WAY FORWARD All cries about ethical conducts, boils down to the need to attain and maintain high level of productivity. The need for high productivity is generally accepted in all economies and by employers, Managements, and governments and trade Union Organizations the world over, as a parameter for measuring success in business concern (Adeyeye 2012). Equitable management of human resources promotes efficiency, high productivity, favourable returns, and maximum profits, to enterprises on one hand and feelings of fair judgment on the part of the employees. In order to successfully manage the employment relationship in the Nigeria work organizations, the employers of labour primarily have an ethical role to play. The employers also have a social responsibility to manage the employment relationship in consonance with international > 41 < Prez Diary.indd 41 8/26/2014 2:29:03 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution best practices and by so doing, exhibit commitment to the promotion of employment issues which all stakeholders, particularly Employers and Managements, must tackle in the interest of industrial peace, harmony and wider macroeconomic stability and development. THE WAY FORWARD: CHALLENGES TO GOVERNMENT/EMPLOYER Listed below, and many more are challenges faced by Government and Employers of Labour: i. Good physical working conditions and Labour Policies: The contemporary sector employment framework and the constraints to its expansion for greater national development all point to the need for active Labour policies that are capable of mitigating the high degree of unethical practices which have become the rule and not the exception in our economic, political and social activities. Obviously, there is the need for the urgent review and continued updating of the generality of extant labour laws, from the factories Act and Trade Dispute Act to the workmen’s compensation Act; for these to properly reflect the prevailing economic circumstances, including the consumer price index, for the appropriate benchmarking of the prevailing market cost of workplace injuries, and any possible punitive award as may be necessary for the objective of equity, justice and fair play in employment relationship as stressed by Matanmi (2007). ii. Corporate Governance: Good corporate governance is considered a catalyst to ethical standards and holds the key to the achievement of sustainable national development. To Ige (2012), accountability, transparency, and honesty are the bedrock of corporate governance. iii. Justice and Fairness: Since justice is a major component of ethics, the most important thing the organizations should do is to provide individuals and groups with the capacity to be heard, a way to communicate their interest upward – a voice system. Voice systems serve four > 42 < Prez Diary.indd 42 8/26/2014 2:29:04 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution important functions: iv. 1. They ensure fair treatment to employees. 2. They provide a context in which unfair treatment can be appealed. 3. They help to improve the effectiveness of an organization. 4. They sustain employee loyalty and commitment. As observed by Cascio (2012), equity demands equal pay for equal job done. Accommodation of all shades of opinions and openness in dealing with all employment issues. The workplace is made up of different actors with different interests in most cases. This often creates suspicion and makes conflicts inevitable, Grievance or internal complaint procedure, by which an employee can seek a formal, impartial review of an action that affects him or her, must be instituted. Ombudspersons, who may investigate claims of unfair treatment or act as intermediaries between an employee and senior management and recommend possible causes of action to the parties. Open-door policies by which employees can approach senior managers with problems that they may not be willing to take to their immediate supervisors. A related mechanism, particularly appropriate when the immediate supervisor is the problem, is a skip-level policy, whereby an employee may proceed directly to the next higher level of management above his or her supervisor. Participative management systems that encourage employee involvement in all aspects of organizational strategy and decision making. Committees or meetings that poll employee input on key problems and decisions. Senior-management visits, where employees can meet with senior company officials and openly ask questions about company strategy, > 43 < Prez Diary.indd 43 8/26/2014 2:29:04 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution policies, and practices or raise concerns about unfair treatment. Question/answer Newsletters, in which employee questions and concerns are submitted to a Newsletter Editor and investigated by the office, and then answered and openly reported to the organizational community. Toll-free telephone numbers that employees can use anonymously to report waste, fraud, or abuse. E-mail communication between remote workers, as well as online bulletin boards. v. Value – orientation: value oriented approach to management will remove unethical and fraudulent actions from organizations, private and public. Ogundele (2009) notes that an enterprise adopting value – driven management technique, can manage for profit and also assure the common good of all. Such an enterprise represents business with a soul. The organization will be oriented to make it possible for others to live to their true value and aspirations. Modern sectors and contemporary top labour managers have to “manage by value – human value”. These values have to be articulated in all organizations, Private, Public, Local, State, National and Multinational Corporations. THE WAY FORWARD: CHALLENGES TO EMPLOYEES The most important requirement of employees is to admit the fact that each member of the organization performs and feels as total individual and not just a part of himself/herself, at work. There is the need to know one another as workers in an organization, father/husband, as manager/wife/mother/ citizen, playing multiple roles as human being for the overall development of the establishment. To assume this noble position, the employee must among other things: i. Know company’s or workplace written policies. Ask questions on what is ethical or unethical in the employment relationship if not comprehensively articulated by the management. > 44 < Prez Diary.indd 44 8/26/2014 2:29:04 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution ii. Earn his/her income. The syndrome “little work, fat wages” should be discarded in their psyche iii. Keep secret, secret. Official information or classified information should be regarded as being sacrosanct. iv. Be an asset not a liability to employer. He/she must be resourceful. v. Limit personal surfing and discussions to times clearly outside office hours. Avoid private practice of any kind. vi. Do not hesitate to blow whistle. Whistle blowing, means, disclosure by employees of illegal, immoral and illegitimate practices under the control of their employers, to persons or organizations (such as Economic and Financial Crime Commission) that may be able to do something about it. Experience has shown that individuals can be conditioned to behave unethically (if they are rewarded for it) especially under high degree of poverty and greed, but that the threat of punishment has a counter balancing influence. vii. Acts of inhumanity to man: All those acts of inhumanity to men and women at work, should enjoy the attention of Nigerian Labour Unions (NLC, TUC, NECA, MAN, NACCIMA, etc.), the security agencies and Human Rights Organizations. They need to demand for justice on behalf of Nigerian workers. This would serve as deterrent to other nationals trading in Nigeria. CONCLUSION The reality of value judgment from the moral perspective is a universal phenomenon. However, the paradigms on which such evaluations are articulated vary from one society to another. Some types of actions, such as kindness, respect for human life and dignity, honesty, etc. are regarded by virtually everyone and society as morally right. Corruption, armed robbery, hooliganism, dishonesty and so on, are condemned by many societies as being morally wrong. Organizations and the institutions of labour are meant to uphold the moral fabric of the society and workplace. They must as a matter of necessity, encourage one another through various means to act in accordance with the ethical > 45 < Prez Diary.indd 45 8/26/2014 2:29:04 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution principles. Doing so, the nation progresses and develops. Currently, it is noted that official recognition of the worthy principles of ethics and values is presently resident in the Office of the Special Adviser to the President on Ethics and Values. To say the least, the introduction of such a landmark initiative is but a notable achievement of the present Administration. However, the level of effect of such a Unit that is limited to the Presidency becomes very minimal. It is advisable that Nigeria has this as a full Ministry, considering the level of moral decadence and ethical decay that the nation has experienced. > 46 < Prez Diary.indd 46 8/26/2014 2:29:04 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution REFERENCES Adeyeye, J.O. (2009): Human Capital Development Practices and Organizational Effectiveness. A focus on the contemporary Nigerian Banking Industry. Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences. URL: http://www.medwell-journals.com. ISSN: 1683 - 8831 Adeyeye, J.O. (2010). Human Resource Practices: Panacea for tackeing. The Multiplicity of Challenges posed by Economic Meltdown in the Globalised Economy. African Journal of Information Technology and Educational Media, University of Education, Winneba, Ghana, Vol. 2, No 2, pp. 97-92 Adeyeye, J. O. Aina S, & Ige, A. (2012): Globalisation and the Transitional Economy: Impacts and Effects on African Regional Growth. European Journal of Globalisation and Development Research. Vol. 9 No. 1, pp. 176 – 185 Aina, S. (1992): Personnel Management in Nigeria: A work Centred Approach, Lagos, Nigetria Aniele, Douglas (2004), “Business Ethics and Corruption”, in Fajana. S. (ed) Global trends and Industrial Relations in Nigeria, Lagos, Tope Oguns Printers, pp. 103 – 111. Arene, V.N. (1990) Personality Excellence and Quest for Human Soundness, Emacom Print Ltd, Lagos, Nigeria Ayaji, I (1990) The Trapped Economy, Heinemann Educational Book Nigeria Ltd, Ibadan, Nigeria Bolaji, S.L. (1985), “Moral leadership and National Development in Adeniyi, E.O and Titilola, S.O (eds), Leadership and National Development, Proceedings of National Conference, pp. 25 – 31, Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research, Ibadan, Nigeria. Cascio, W.F. (2013), Managing Human Resource, Productivity, Quality of Work Life, Profits, Mc Grand – Hill International Edition, Inc., 1221 Avenue, New York, U.S.A Ekpo-Ufot, A (1990) “Exploratory Research on Acts of Indiscipline in Lagos State”, Unpublished Research Report. Noe R.A, Hollenbeck, J.R, Gerhart B and Wright P.A (2004) Fundamentals of Human Resource Management, Mc Grand – Hill Irwin, Inc., 1221 Avenue, New York, U.S.A Ige, K, Adeyeye J.O and Aina, S (2011): The Impacts of Policy and Strategic Management on Macroeconomic Indicators in Corporate Governance. European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences – ISSN – 220 – 9425, Vol. 6 No. 1 pp. 207 – 215. Kester, K.O and Adeyeye J.O (2002) National Minimum wage: Trends, Issues and Perspectives in Nigeria. The African Journal of Labour Studies. Department of Adult Education, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, Vol 5, No.1 pp. 1-8 Nzeribe, A (1986) Nigeria: The turning Point, A Charter for Stability, Fourth Dimension Publishing Co. Ltd Enugu, Nigeria. Matanmi ‘Segun (2007) Employment Relationships that Endure: Lesson for Nigeria, 31st Inaugural Lecture, Lagos State University, Lagos – Nigeria Nwakwo, A.A. (1995): National Consciousness for Nigeria, Fourth Dimension Publishing Co. Ltd, Enugu, Nigeria. > 47 < Prez Diary.indd 47 8/26/2014 2:29:05 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution Muganda, A.A.A. (1999) “The Corruption Scourge in Africa: It’s causes, impact and control” in Frimpong K. and Jacques, G (eds), Corruption, Democracy and Good Governance in African: Essays on Accountability and Ethical Behaviour 41-48, South African Universities Social Science Conference, Botswana Ogundele, O.J.K (2004). Strategies for Restoration of Moral Health in Nigerian Organizations: A path to National Development, Management Discoveries, A Quarterly Publication of Management Review Ltd, Vol. 1, Issue 1. Ogundele , O.J.K, Bolarinwa S.A, Idowu, K.A and Idris A.A. (2009), Social Responsibilities and Ethics in Ogundele O.J.K, Adeyeye, J.O, Opeifa, A.Z and Awonyi M.A (eds), Introduction to Business Organization, Second Edition, ISBN 978-37375-7-0, pp. 188 – 205. Oluwole, S. (2000) “Ethical Value for Sustainable National Development” in W.E. Akpieyi and Oludosi (eds), Creating A Quality Environment In Nigeria: Professional Perspectives pp. 93-111, Trithal Int. Consulting, Lagos. Osahon, N. (1981). A Nation In Custody Heritage Books, Apapa, Lagos Nigeria Omotunde, S. (1982) “Ethical Revolution: Talking loud and Saying Nothing”. The President, Vol. 1. No. 2. Sokefun, E.A. (2004), Nigerian Workers and Work Ethic: The Need for Increase in Productivity, in Fajana, S (ed), Global Trends and Industrial Relations in Nigeria, Lagos, Tope Oguns Printers, pp. 99 – 102. The Punch Newspaper (2014) How Asians and Lebanese abuse Nigerian workers. Thursday, January 2. Raditchokwa, L.L. (1999) “Corruption in Africa: A Function of the Crisis of Leadership” in Frimpong, K and Jacques, G (eds) Corruption, Democracy and Good Governance in Africa: Essays on Accountability and Ethical Behaviour, 48 – 54, South African Universities Social Sciences Conference Botwsana Velasquaez, M.G. (2002), Business Ethics Concepts and Cases, 5th ed, Prentice - Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi. > 48 < Prez Diary.indd 48 8/26/2014 2:29:05 PM > 49 < 3 Sustaining The Nigerian Democratic Renaissance Through Transparent Electoral Processes Surajudeen Oladosu Mudasiru, PhD INTRODUCTION T he discussion of Nigeria’s democratic renaissance should be done carefully, though not without retrospect to several efforts made before May 29, 1999. The new democratic experiment being witnessed within the Country today seemed utopian prior to May 1999 as the military refused to allow the nurturing of the embryonic democratic experiment at different points in time. However, the eventual upsurge that led to the new democratic experiment or renaissance should be understood within the context of both international and domestic forces. At the international level, the third wave of democratisation within the globe accounted for the enthronement of democracy in Nigeria. Since the Stalinist regimes in Prez Diary.indd 49 8/26/2014 2:29:05 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, the Western powers and the international financial institutions under their control have intensified their promotional campaign in favour of “democracy” (Nzongola-Ntalaja, 1997). In the domestic environment, the primary stage of the struggle between the forces of the status-quo and those of change made the understanding of the internal environment very crucial as to its effects on the democratisation process, not only in Nigeria but in Africa as a whole. The opposition waged by several groups within the domestic polity against the military and the attendant imbroglio that came after the annulment of the June 12 1993 Presidential elections in Nigeria culminated in what is today referred to as Nigeria’s democracy or put differently, democracy in Nigeria. It must be stated here that within the democracy movement itself, there is a glaring contradiction between the deepest aspirations of the masses, who constitute the rank and file, and the narrow class interests of its leadership. More than what prevailed in the international scene; the characters that designed the democratic experiment in Nigeria laid the foundation for caricature democracy that the country is witnessing today through improper electoral process. Beginning with the Babangida regime, the transition to civil rule programme of the Nigerian State (1986-1993) was characterised by strict regimentation or what Richard Joseph described as extreme political engineering (cited in Adejumobi, 1997: 125). This was aimed at promoting a “guided democracy”, in which there is a gradual opening up of the political space, conceived as essential to evolving the requisite political framework and democratic processes, and for resolving the intractable problem of leadership succession and change in Nigeria. Through this, it is believed by the architects of the transition programme that the design was to be seen as a learning and design project, through which democratic values, nuances, and behaviour were to be foisted by the regime and subsequently transmitted to, and internalized by, the political elites in particular, and the political community in general (Adejumobi, 1997). However, the > 50 < Prez Diary.indd 50 8/26/2014 2:29:05 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution selfish agenda of Babangida and his cohorts did not allow this to manifest. The electoral process became a machine that was manipulated severally by Babangida which culminated in the eventual annulment of the June 12, 1993 Presidential elections, adjudged the freest, fairest, and most credible in the history of elections in the country. The stepping aside of Babangida in 1993 brought to fore the composition of an interim regime headed by Chief Ernest Shonekan and the palace coup that followed which brought to power General Sani Abacha in November 1993. The electoral process of the Abacha years did not, in any significant way, different from what was experienced during the Babangida regime. As a matter of fact, electoral arrangement became worsened; the transition programme structured towards ensuring the enthronement of Sani Abacha as life president of Nigeria. However, by 1998, Abacha passed on mysteriously in a manner that no one could explain up till today; hence, the coming of General Abdul-Salam Abubakar. The Abubakar transition was expedited to restore civil rule against the backdrop of political fatigue occasioned by the annulled June 12, 1993 Presidential elections. The People’s Democratic Party, PDP, All People’s Party, APP, and the Alliance for Democracy, AD contested the 1999 General elections. While the PDP and ANPP showed relative electoral strengths in the six geo-political zones, the AD was limited to the Southwest (Seteolu, 2005). The Presidential elections led to the emergence of Chief Olusegun Obasanjo, a former military ruler, perceived as the outcome of bargaining among fractions of the power elite. It was also described as restitution to the Southwest for the annulled elections and the death of Chief Moshood Abiola, the Presidential candidate of the Social Democratic Party, SDP, who was deemed to have won the 1993 Presidential elections (cited in Seteolu, 2005: 40). The inauguration of Chief Olusegun Obasanjo as the democratically elected President of Nigeria in May 1999 and the “successful” transition > 51 < Prez Diary.indd 51 8/26/2014 2:29:05 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution from one civil rule to another in 2003 portrayed Nigeria as a democratic State. Subsequently, elections have continued to be held in Nigeria every four years as an indication of the practice of democracy. However, it is too simplistic to identify democracy with the holding of elections. Some wellknown Western political theorists have gone as far as defining democracy itself as the “competitive struggle for the people’s vote”. The question of democracy goes beyond elections to the realisation of democratic principles of governance and to the balance of social forces in the political community. For democracy is meaningless without economic and social rights. Nevertheless, it is important to stress that the shoddy electoral process that produced Chief Obasanjo in 1999 has continued to define and nurture the democratic renaissance despite the numerous attempts to fine-tune this. This was attested to by the Late President Umar Musa Yar’Adua when he confessed that the electoral process that produced him as the President was faulty and therefore requires serious reform. This is an indication that a process-led and transparent electoral process is a sine qua non to sustaining democratic renaissance in Nigeria. But how this would be done leaves much to be desired. ELECTIONS AND DEMOCRACY: COMPLEMENTALITY OR CONTRADICTION? It has become popular to attribute elections as an important aspect of democracy. This notion has been carried to the extent that people believed that there could not be democracy without elections. With this kind of notions, it is suggestive to say that either elections or democracy is an end in itself. Whereas, the reality is that neither elections nor democracy can be seen as an end in itself but a means to an end. While election is a means to democracy, democracy on the other hand, is a means to good governance and social rights of citizens. It has been suggested that the link between election and democratic rule is no more than a tenuous one. This is in the light of the reality that democratic systems do collapse in spite of the > 52 < Prez Diary.indd 52 8/26/2014 2:29:05 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution holding of elections, indicating that the ritual of elections is not enough to sustain democratic practice (Olaitan, 2005). This should be taken within the context that elections do not necessarily guarantee worthwhile democratic rule. Caution should be taken in focussing on elections as the primary barometer for measuring democratic rule. Otherwise, one may be blindfolded to follow the argument of the Western world in their judgement of what constitute democratic rule in the Third World. By this judgement, the Western World believes that periodic election as seen in most developing nations after the third wave of democratisation defines their democratic orientation and therefore, groups them among democratic nations. This may not be true after all. There are situations where elections do not follow the best practices in terms of its conduct and the outcomes do not follow the people’s wish, yet they are upheld and considered as an integral aspect of the electoral processes. While it may not be absolutely true to consider elections as the major issue in a democratic rule, it is also true that election is at the heart of the modern conception of democracy following from the inability of the modern society to accommodate the classical democratic notion of involving every citizen in decision-making (Joseph, 1987). This is why Schumpeter has argued that modern democratic rule is about ‘that institutional arrangements for arriving at political decisions in which individuals acquire the power to decide by means of a competitive struggle for the people’s vote’ (cited in Olaitan, 2005: 44). The implication of this position is that democracy is not conceivable as the government of all the people participating in government all at the same time given the vast number of people populating political entities in the modern time, making it possible for a device to be put in place whereby those in government would be the representatives of the people and thereby still advance the cause of democracy. That device – ‘the institutionalized procedure for the choosing of office holders (representatives) by some or all of the recognised members of (a) ... society’ (Rokan, 1970: 147) – is election and represents the defining characteristic of modern > 53 < Prez Diary.indd 53 8/26/2014 2:29:06 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution democracy to the extent that representatives of the people could only be chosen through such a device (Olaitan, 2005). The primary function of election within the democratic enterprise is, therefore, assured in the sense that it is impossible to realize the classical requirement of involving everybody in governance under democracy, such that it is only through election and meaningful representation that the main requirement of democracy that the power of governance would be ‘vested in and ... derived from the people’ (Lawal, 1997 cited in Olaitan, 2005) could still be realized by ensuring that those in government derived their power and legitimacy from the people and that they are ultimately responsible to and controlled by the people. It is in this regard that election is seen as an important starting point for the existence of democracy, making it possible for democratic government to be ‘by persons freely chosen by and responsible to the governed’ (Joseph, 1987: 18). This is a vital characteristic of liberal democracy. As observed by Agbaje and Adejumobi (2006: 26), “In liberal democratic theory, an election is a viable mechanism for consummating representative government. Apart from facilitating leadership succession, it promotes political accountability, citizen’s participation and gives voice and power to the people”. In other words, elections are an expression of the people’s sovereign will. However, scholars such as Claude Ake (2000) argue that elections are a perversion of democracy because they connote popular but not delegated power. Ake’s argument is in agreement with Rosseau’s popular democracy where every member of a society participates in decision making. The reality however is that the nostalgia of direct democracy which Ake recounts is problematic in a complex and complicated post-modern society (Agbaje and Adejumobi, 2006). It is important to stress that liberal democracy itself may not be capable of resolving emerging challenges confronting it as a result of idiosyncrasies of elections. Liberal democracy is in crisis in many countries, > 54 < Prez Diary.indd 54 8/26/2014 2:29:06 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution developed and developing (Adejumobi, 2002). In the developed countries the level of citizen participation in the electoral process is dwindling, largely because real choice is limited and the people feel a sense of powerlessness rather than satisfaction. In developing countries, especially in Africa, as pointed out by Agbaje and Adejumobi, elections are riddled with tension, conflicts, crises, and fraud such that it is difficult to use them as a barometer of the people’s choice. Hence, the euphoria of the second wave of democratisation in Africa is receding. As observed by Adejumobi (2000), yesterday’s icons who led civil society in the struggles for democratic renewal have been transformed into the images of those against whom they fought. They have assumed dictatorial postures; they manipulate elections and tend towards sit-tight regimes. In a nutshell, elections are fast becoming a shadow of democracy. Nevertheless, in spite of these generally worrying trends in electoral politics and the democratic projects in Africa, albeit other developing countries, there are points of encouragements. Countries like South Africa, Ghana, Liberia and Sierra Leone, have conducted very successful elections, generally acclaimed to be free, fair, and transparent. Surprisingly, Nigeria, acclaimed to be the giant of Africa, is not among those countries that have overcome the challenge of elections in her democracy. ELECTIONS AND DEMOCRACY IN NIGERIA While there are countries in Africa that have surmounted the challenges of elections in their democratic projects through transparent electoral process, there are also countries in Africa in which democratic rule tend to collapse through disputes over elections. The Nigerian situation would seem to perfectly reflect or mirror this condition given that Nigeria’s romance with democracy has always floundered at the altar of elections (Olaitan, 2005). Beginning with the First Republic, the Independence bequeathed to Nigeria in 1960 by Britain was fast to crumble as a result of elections held in > 55 < Prez Diary.indd 55 8/26/2014 2:29:06 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution 1964 and 1965. The results of the elections were greatly disputed by many of the parties with accusations and counter accusations of rigging and manipulation of the results. Both the Federal Government and the regional governments emerging from the disputed elections had their legitimacy questioned with very many Nigerians rejecting their emergence (Ibid.). This culminated in the attempts made by those who were adversely affected to work for the collapse of this government. The attempts turned violent especially in the western Region. This is not to say that there were no other conditions that led to the upturn of the government in the First Republic. Corruption and structural imbalances also accounted for the crisis of this period. Nevertheless, the nature and dimension of corruption of this period were not sufficient to dismantle the democratic structures of this period, such that it took the violence that followed the disputed 1964 and 1965 elections to see to the collapse of the Republic with the military intervening on January 15, 1966, to take over the reins of government in order to stop the apparent slide into anarchy (Ibid.). The Second Republic, which started in 1979, did not succumb to the myriad of problems militating against it like corruption and the persisting structural imbalances in the polity, but caved in under the pressure of the disputed accompanying 1983 general elections which the then ruling political party, the National Party of Nigeria (NPN) was said to have won with a landslide. It is instructive to note that agitations of rigging and other election malpractices did not evade the 1979 elections, however, many were prepared to give the Republic a chance to survive by not actively seeking the collapse of the democratic structure, but this initial attitude was jettisoned in the aftermath of the 1983 elections given the high level of rigging and manipulation that characterised the elections. Not minding the fact that the 1983 attempt was the country’s second attempt at transiting from one civil rule to another after Independence, the other political parties could not see themselves as having any further stake in the existing democratic structure since the system had prevented the election from truly representing and > 56 < Prez Diary.indd 56 8/26/2014 2:29:06 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution reflecting the will and wishes of the people and therefore had no inhibition working for the collapse of the system. Hence, by December 31, 1983 the military struck again and took over the reins of government. The Third Republic was purely and strictly a military affair. It was full of manipulations by the military junta of General Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida. It started with the inauguration of a political bureau in 1986 which designed and suggested the political path the country should follow to stay away from the negative political history of the past. However, the transition programme was delivered still-born through the annulment of the June 12, 1993 Presidential election results by the supervising military government of General Babangida. As earlier pointed out in the introductory section of this paper, the election of June 12, 1993 was adjudged the freest, fairest and most credible election ever conducted in the annals of Nigeria. Despite the wide acceptability of the election, both at home and abroad, the election remained inconclusive and the acclaimed winner of the election, Bashorun MKO Abiola was incarcerated and later died during the incarceration. The Fourth Republic, which emerged since 1999 through the transition programme initiated by General Abdul-Salam Abubakar, is already being threatened to flounder on the basis of election malpractices. There is no point denying the fact that the 1999 general elections were conducted in a hasty atmosphere without any constitutional backing and with improprieties of different sorts. The anxiety to have democratic rule as opposed to military dictatorship played down the conflicts that would have generated from the 1999 elections (Mudasiru, 2005). However, beyond the 1999 general elections which was fraught with malpractices, other elections that have been conducted in Nigeria since the beginning of the Fourth Republic have also been fraught with improprieties of high magnitude, including the 2003 general elections in the country. The 2003 general election was particularly emphasized because of its peculiarities in the country. First, it marked the > 57 < Prez Diary.indd 57 8/26/2014 2:29:06 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution first attempt by the country to transit successfully from one civilian rule to another. Second, it marked the manifestation of the phenomenon of retired military Generals in the democratic political setting of the country (Mudasiru, 2005). Both the elections of 2003 and 2007 were fraught with serious electoral deficiencies due to lack of proper electoral system. The 2011 general elections were a bit different from the previous elections because of the change in the structure of the election management body in the country, to which the present Administration deserves a commendation. Apart from this, the need to play by the rule of the game was established by the newly restructured EMB under the leadership of Professor Attahiru Jega. This explained the fact that the only way to ensure the sustainability of democratic renaissance is to have transparent electoral system. DEMOCRACY, ELECTORAL INSTITUTIONS AND THE ELECTORAL PROCESSES IN NIGERIA The long years of military rule in Nigeria seems to have obscured the political sensitivity of Nigerians to the extent that fifteen years after the enthronement of democracy, the country is yet to conduct transparent and credible elections devoid of any form of improprieties. This is due largely to the nature and character of the electoral politics and institution put in place to govern elections in the country. It is important to stress that the interplay of power structures and processes is central to electoral outcomes. Public confidence in electoral outcomes is determined by the extent to which structures and processes are institutionalised and made non-partisan (Agbaje and Adejumobi, 2006). Therefore, as observed by Omotola (2010), the importance of electoral governance, defined as ‘the widest set of activities that creates and maintains the broad institutional framework in which voting and electoral competition take place’ to democratic transition and consolidation cannot be overemphasized. Electoral governance is a comprehensive and multi-tasked activity, involving the three levels of rule making, > 58 < Prez Diary.indd 58 8/26/2014 2:29:06 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution rule application, and rule adjudication. He explains further that rule making involves designing the basic rules of the electoral game; rule application deals with implementing these rules to specifications to organize the electoral game; and rule adjudication entails resolving disputes arising from the game. On the whole, electoral governance involves ‘the interaction of constitutional, legal, and institutional rules and organizational practices that determine the basic rules for election procedures and electoral competition; organize campaigns, voter registration, and election-day tallies; and resolve disputes and certify results. This explains the nexus between power structures and processes and electoral outcomes that Agbaje and Adejumobi referred to. All these are tasks for election management body put in place to oversee the conduct of election in any country, including Nigeria. The primary responsibility for election management in Nigeria resides in an electoral body. This body has the responsibility for constituency delimitation, registration of voters, registration of political parties, organization of elections, and the declaration of results (Agbaje and Adejumobi, 2006). Perhaps, what the duo did not include in their description of the functions of the electoral body is voters’ education. Although, this has continued to be a source of controversy between EMBs and political parties on who should conduct voters’ education. However, this is seen in Nigeria as a responsibility of the election management body. Thus, the body requires special laws to function autonomously and independent of the state power. This is because the body is expected to operate as a neutral umpire in determining the results of elections without any fear or favour as the case may be. As noted by Omotola (2010: 5), ... whether electoral governance will contribute to democratic consolidation or regression will depend on the independence and professionalism of electoral institutions, particularly the EMB, because institutional structures that promotes a ‘level playing field’ at each stage of the electoral process will enhance the extent to which voters perceive their elections to be fair. > 59 < Prez Diary.indd 59 8/26/2014 2:29:07 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution It is important to stress that EMBs are part of ‘a set of institutions and rules that together determine the probity of electoral processes, and in emerging democracies, where administrative processes are weak and distrust across political actors is high, their role at the centre of electoral processes tends to be more visible (Agbaje and Adejumobi, 2006). The electoral management body in Nigeria has continued to be an instrument of manipulations by successive administrations. To this extent, the election management body has continued to wear different nomenclature from different administration. Between 1959 and 1999 the EMB was renamed six times. Before the civil war it was the Electoral Commission of Nigeria (ECN, 1959-63); then the Federal Electoral Commission (FEC, 1963-66). In the latter part of the 1970s it was the Federal Electoral Commission (FEDECO, 1976-79). During the Babangida regime (1986-93), it was renamed the National Electoral Commission (NEC). General Sani Abacha (1993-98) replaced the NEC with the National Electoral Commission of Nigeria (NECON), while General Abdul-Salam Abubakar, Abacha’s successor (1998-99), rechristened it the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) (Omotola, 2010: 6). Apart from wearing different nomenclature at different times, it has also been reconstituted endlessly; in 1958, twice in 1963, 1964, 1977, 1981, 1987, 1989, 1993, 1994, 1998, 2000, and 2004. Despite all these restructuring, it is noteworthy that the EMB has not been able to administer elections effectively, and its autonomy and capacity over the years have been suspect (Agbaje and Adejumobi, 2006). As observed by Omotola (2010), three major indicators of lack of autonomy are identifiable. The first is its composition, which is the prerogative of the President. Since 1999, INEC has been composed of a Chairman, twelve national commissioners, and 37 resident electoral commissioners, one each for the 36 states of the federation and the Federal Capital Territory, all of whom are appointed by the federal government. This makes INEC > 60 < Prez Diary.indd 60 8/26/2014 2:29:07 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution easily susceptible to manipulation by the federal authorities. The oversight role expected of the legislature in the screening of presidential nominees for INEC positions is rendered impotent by the fact that the party that has a legislative majority will demonstrate sufficient power to secure its wishes in Parliament. The second indicator relates to the insecure tenure of the INEC Chairman and Commissioners. Job security generally increases the stakes officials have in the electoral process: if they mess up the process, they may lose their positions. Unlike in Ghana, where the Chairman of the Electoral Commission and the two deputies have security of tenure (they enjoy the same terms and Conditions of Service enjoyed by Justices of the Court of Appeal and cannot be removed arbitrarily until retirement age of 70) (AgyemanDuah, 2005 cited in Omotola, 2010). In the case of Nigeria, electoral officers statutorily occupy office for five years, renewable for another term. They can, however, be removed by the President on flimsy grounds. This was the fate of two successive Electoral Commission Chairmen under Babangida, namely Professors Eme Awa and Humphrey Nwosu, who were removed from office in 1989 and 1993 respectively in questionable circumstances (Omotola, 2010). The former was removed for his uncompromising stance in the management of the Electoral Commission, and the latter following the military government’s decision to annul the June 12 1993 Presidential elections contrary to the position of the Commission (Ibid.). The third issue relates to the funding of the electoral body. As observed by most political scientists, an independent EMB would require a consolidated account, where a specified proportion of the federal revenue is allocated and under the direct control of INEC. In this way, the EMB can enjoy independent funding, thereby limiting the financial control the Executive can exert. In Nigeria, however, this is not the case. Under the current regime, INEC does not have an independent budget or sources of funding, but instead depends almost entirely on the Presidency. This > 61 < Prez Diary.indd 61 8/26/2014 2:29:07 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution significant financial control contributes to the inability of INEC to make adequate, timely planning and preparations for successful elections. INEC’s capability has been severely constrained in other ways. Two primary indicators are the appointment of people without sufficient professional and intellectual competence to lead the body. For instance, Professor Maurice Iwu, the recently removed national Chairman, had no professional experience in electoral management and had a Health Sciences background. The second is INEC’s reliance on the use of ad hoc staff, who are usually hastily briefed for a day about their duties. After every flawed election, the tendency has been for INEC to lay the blame on the doorstep of its temporary staff, rather than accept responsibility at the leadership level. Worst still, INEC reflects the centrist proclivities of the federal democracy. The most visible evidence of this over-centralisation of power is that INEC has responsibility for the administration of all Federal and State elections as well as Presidential and National Assembly contests, it supervises gubernatorial and House of Assembly elections across 36 States. The only responsibility assigned to the State Independent Electoral Commission (SIEC) is the administration of Local Government Elections (Omotola, 2010). There is no gain saying the fact that the barometer for measuring the success or failure of any electoral process is the conduct of the elections over a period of time. The problems of democratic transition in Nigeria, albeit other African countries, are deep-rooted in the conduct of elections. In this manner, politicians, political parties and Several other actors in the electoral process work against the interest and wishes of the people to perpetuate their evil machinations. In this context, the way of doing politics, in the words of Max Weber, is not to live for it, but to live from it (cited in Adejumobi, 1997). Politicians, therefore, assume the role of political entrepreneurs who invest heavily in politics, with the aim of claiming super profits and dividends in the ruthless appropriation of state resources. In other words, politics is viewed only in terms of the allocation of resources, > 62 < Prez Diary.indd 62 8/26/2014 2:29:07 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution that is, who gets what, when, and how and, how much – a political game which inevitably assumes a consumerist dimension. Thus, political parties serve as nothing but political instruments for the continuation at all cost of an electoral warfare, in which the end justifies the means, fair or foul. In this regard, political parties are conceived as analogous to a private army or militia organized to fight an ominous electoral battle. Neither the constitutive nor regulative rules of politics or elections are valued or respected. Extra legal means become the permissive rule of elections. Billy Dudley (1982: 70) puts it poignantly, noting that the Election did show that for the political elite, power was an end in itself and not a means to the realisation of some “greater good” for the community and whatever instrumentalities employed in the pursuit of power, such instrumentalities were legitimate. It follows from this, that any talk about “rules of the game” must be irrelevant. For to talk about rules of the game is to presuppose some end or ends which rules are intended to sub-serve but there can be no such ends since power has been taken as an end in itself. The only possible kind of ethics thus becomes that of privatisation, the pre-occupation of the individual with his personal rather than his social solution. The electoral process, as observed by scholars, includes voter registration, political campaigns, voting, the declaration of election results, and post-election petitions and complaints. It also includes the electoral law itself. Many of these processes have been very controversial. Two major examples are instructive. In 2001, the INEC proposed an Electoral Bill to the National Assembly for consideration and passage into law. The bill was very controversial and elicited diverse negative reactions from civil society. On 21 July 2001, thirty-five Civil Society Organizations formed the Electoral Reform Network (ERN) to ‘coordinate their legislative advocacy on the draft Electoral Bill 2001 and to ensure that a level playing ground for the 2002 and 2003 elections is created (ERN, 2001). In a memorandum to the National Assembly on the Electoral Bill, the ERN (ERN, 2001: 1) noted: > 63 < Prez Diary.indd 63 8/26/2014 2:29:07 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution INEC draft Electoral Bill in its present form will definitely stultify the electoral process, instead of opening up the democratic space. Apart from the excessive powers conferred on INEC, there are many provisions which will not engender popular participation. It is with a view to liberalising the process that the following memorandum was arrived at. This made obvious that INEC did not relate with the Civil Society Organizations and other stakeholders before proposing the Electoral Bill. Consequently, the Electoral Bill generated serious controversy during the passage. Some provisions of the Electoral Bill and the politics that surrounded its passage exposed the plans of the power elite to limit democratic space, and pursue a narrow political agenda at the expense of the Nigerian people. Three controversial issues based on the recommendations of the Senate Committee on INEC emerged. First is the order of elections. The recommendation was that Presidential elections should be held first, followed by the National Assembly, Governorship and Local Government elections. The politics behind this was that both the President and the National Assembly wanted to secure their re-election before the turn of the governors; because the State Governors have become very powerful and if elected first might use their local political machinery to thwart the political ambitions of the National Assembly members and the President for re-election. The second controversial issue was the attempt to extend the life of Local Government Assemblies from three years to four by amending Section 7 of the 1999 Constitution which gave the States exclusive power to legislate on Local Government matters. The essence of it was to remove the control exercised by the States over Local Governments, and thereby open the local political arenas to political contestation and control by national level political actors (for example, members of the National Executive and National Assembly) given the crucial importance of Local Government structures as instruments for mobilising grassroots support for the electoral success of all politicians. > 64 < Prez Diary.indd 64 8/26/2014 2:29:08 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution The third issue centred on Clause 80(1) of the Electoral Bill. This clause was meant to limit the space for party registration. The draft provision reads ‘at the close of nomination for the general elections, any political party which fails to sponsor at least fifteen percent of the candidates for the Councillorship, Council Chairmen, and State Houses of Assembly respectively throughout the Federation spread among two-thirds of the States of the Federation and the Federal Capital Territory, shall not participate in general elections’. This provision was bad enough; however, before signing the bill into law the President unilaterally amended it to read as follows: A registered political party must win at least fifteen percent of the chairmanship and councillorship positions in the federation, spread among two thirds of the States and Federal Capital Territory to participate in general elections. This provision set new rigid conditions that virtually disqualified new political parties; because Local Government elections were to be held last; therefore setting performance criteria as condition for participation in higher level elections (Presidential, National Assembly, Governorship, and State House of Assembly) automatically disqualified most new parties from contesting the elections in 2003. It took a Supreme Court judgment in October 2002 to free the political space for new political party registration which immediately saw twenty-seven new parties registered. Evidently, parochial political interests dictated the passage of the Electoral Act 2001, (and its subsequent amendment in the form of the Electoral Act 2002) rather than genuine political commitment to enhance the electoral process and the growth of democracy in Nigeria (Agbaje and Adejumobi, 2006). Voter registration, as Jinadu (1997: 9) has observed, is a crucial phase in the electoral process which political parties in Countries like Nigeria view as a first step in positioning themselves to win elections. Consequently, they go all out to mobilise their cadres for the exercise. Indeed, the manipulation of the voter registration process either through multiple registrations, > 65 < Prez Diary.indd 65 8/26/2014 2:29:08 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution registration of underage persons, and denial of registration to opposition supporters or inflating the voters’ register constitute a major step in election rigging. In Nigeria voter registration exercises have often been utterly flawed. In September 2002, and January 2003, INEC conducted a computerised voter registration exercise which was riddled with poor organization and serious malpractices. According to LeVan, Pitso and Adebo (2004: 33), ‘voter registration suffered several setbacks that affected overall enfranchisement and therefore confidence in the electoral process. Problems included logistical delays, insufficient staff training, and lack of security at registration centres, poor voter education campaigns and other flaws’. Malpractices were rampant, including cases of hoarding of registration forms and cards with the aim of selling them to politicians, and creating artificial scarcity of registration materials. This situation was admitted by then Information Minister, Jerry Gana, who remarked that the exercise was plagued by ‘serious malpractices’ (ibid). After the registration exercise the voters’ list was not published as required by the Electoral Law, thus denying many Nigerians the opportunity of verifying their names. It was therefore strange, according to Peter Lewis (2003: 141) that ‘The Commission finally claimed to have registered 61 million voters, thereby crowning a glaringly troubled and tangled process with a success rate of 100 percent – improbable, to say the least’. It became obvious later that the voter registration exercise was a prelude to the grand electoral fraud that characterised the 2003 general elections. Political parties constitute another important institution in the electoral process. Historically, Nigeria’s political parties have been leaning towards ethnic sentiments, with the major parties having strong ethnic support. The Action Group (AG), Northern Peoples Congress (NPC) and the National Council for Nigerian Citizens (NCNC) which had emerged in the first Republic, metamorphosed in the second Republic as the Unity Party of Nigeria (UPN), National Party of Nigeria (NPN), and the Nigerian Peoples Party (NPP) respectively. However, in 1989 the Babangida regime dissolved > 66 < Prez Diary.indd 66 8/26/2014 2:29:08 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution all the political parties that had applied for registration under his transition programme, and imposed a two party regime – the Social Democratic Party (SDP) and the National Republican Convention (NRC) on the country. When that political transition programme collapsed with the annulment of the June12, 1993 Presidential elections, the cloned political parties followed suit. Subsequently, three political parties emerged from the General Abdusalami Abubakar political transition programme launched in 1999: the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP), the All Peoples Party (APP), which was later renamed All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP), and the Alliance for Democracy (AD). Significantly, these three parties reproduced the political tendencies of the two defunct parties that preceded them. The PDP turned out to be a party for retired military and Police officers, buccaneer capitalists, old politicians of the conservative NPN stock and former technocrats. The AD is led by remnants of the UPN, who are mostly ethnic ideologues and erstwhile pro-democracy activists, all of whom make claims to the Obafami Awolowo political dynasty. The ANPP on the other hand, has its origins and support-base in the North; it relies on ethnic and religious symbols for political support, and has in its leadership apologists of the Abacha regime, retired soldiers and religious irredentists. The nature of all three main political parties is captured by Lewis (2003: 134): The nebulous party system has little to do with any distinct ideologies, strategies, or sectional appeals. The major parties are relatively diverse in their leadership and constituencies, but remain focused on elite contention and patronage. Ethnicity is still a crucial vehicle for political mobilization. Personalities and clienteles’ networks predominate; internal discipline is weak; internecine battles are common. Politics is ‘winner-takes-all’ because public office is still a high road to personal enrichment by dubious means. The lack of internal democracy in these parties is most subversive of democracy in Nigeria, especially elections. Atiku Abubakar, a prominent > 67 < Prez Diary.indd 67 8/26/2014 2:29:08 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution member of the political class and the nation’s Vice President, apparently suffering from the torrents of ‘war’ and marginalisation in his own party, lamented the lack of internal democracy in Nigerian political parties generally, and within his own party in particular. He noted (Abubakar 2005: 4): An essential element in promoting free and fair elections in the country is the free and fair conduct of party nominations. Most elections are ‘rigged’ before they occur because candidates are eliminated through various methods. These include subverting party constitution and rules, the use of thugs, corrupting party officials to disqualify, or annul the nomination of some candidates and other illegal methods of distorting the wishes of the electorate (cited in Agbaje and Adejumobi, 2006: 36). Above all, Nigeria’s political parties are riddled with internal strife and multiple crises. The situation in the PDP exemplifies a general tendency. A manifestation of the crisis within the PDP is the high turnover of the party chairmanship. In six years, the party produced four party chairmen. The president is apparently the sole power in the party, and is referred to as the ‘party leader’, a position not provided for in the party’s constitution. With his position as the President of the nation and party leader, he could remove Party Chairmen at will. The October 2005 Congress of the PDP amply demonstrated the perfidy that characterises the internal organization of the party. In an unprecedented but questionable manner, a non-elective National Executive Committee of the party dissolved the membership of the Party and directed all members to re-apply. Evidently, the re-registration exercise was a power game by the President and the National Executive Committee to seize control of the party. Some members of the PDM (Peoples Democratic Movement – a caucus of the PDP), including the Vice President, were denied registration in the party. With what people believe to be questionable party membership list, the party proceeded to organize a party congress which was characterised by rancour and violence in virtually all the states of the federation (see Guardian, 21 October 2005; Madunagu 2005). Obi (2005: 56) > 68 < Prez Diary.indd 68 8/26/2014 2:29:08 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution summarises the picture that emerges of the PDP from its national congress: In the PDP of today, all known rules of democracy have been thwarted. The party does not care a hoot about the processes of election or selection. It violates them at will. In the party, it is not the people that make choice; it is the few who have seized the instruments of power that impose their will on the people. If democracy is to throw open the polity for mass participation in political affairs, the PDP has shrunk the political space, thus making democracy look like a closed shop. The sins of PDP against democracy are legion. The Guardian newspaper, Nigeria’s most authoritative national daily, summed it all up in an editorial in 2005 when it noted that ‘if the PDP cannot submit itself to the rule of law and due process, then it cannot be entrusted with the country’s constitution’ (Guardian, 21 October 2005). Therefore, in the context of a weak electoral body, a perverted electoral process and undemocratic political parties, the stage is set for flawed elections. Thus, the 1999, 2003 and 2007 elections, like virtually all the preceding elections in Nigeria’s post-colonial history, were classic cases of electoral fraud. The 2007 general election was generally perceived to be the worst in the history of election administration in Nigeria, with both local and international observers concluding that it was badly flawed. According to Ojo (2007), the beneficiary of the elections, Alhaji Umaru Yar’Adua, admitted that the nation’s electoral process lacked credibility and that the 2007 elections fell short of international standards. In the words of Yar’Adua, “The April elections were so heavily marred by vote rigging that European Union observers said they fell far below basic international standards and were not credible” (cited in Ojo, 2007: 21). This general opinion, as President Yar’Adua admitted, compelled the new Administration to inaugurate a 22-man Electoral Reform Committee headed by a former Chief Justice of the Federation, Mohammed Lawal Uwais. The Committee had one year to carry out its task and submit its > 69 < Prez Diary.indd 69 8/26/2014 2:29:08 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution report. However, there was criticism in the composition of the committee as some members of the public cried foul of non-inclusion of politicians in the committee to reform the electoral process in which the major actors are the politicians. As sensitive as this may be, President Umar Yar’Adua decided to put in place Inter Party Consultative Committee on Electoral Reform in 2008 chaired by the then Vice-President and now President and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, President Goodluck Ebele Jonathan. It is interesting to note that the Report of the Committee was submitted in December 2008. In spite of the fact that the Committee went round the country, collected and collated memoranda from a wide segment of the society and presented a detailed report that has been widely accepted as a credible alternative to revamp the nation’s electoral and political systems, observers continued to be shocked at unabated irregularities that had characterised all rerun and local elections conducted since the inception of the present Administration. President Yar’Adua’s rejection of the most critical and important recommendations of the Uwais’ Panel report also smack of gross hypocrisy on the part of the government. It thus appeared that once the Supreme Court had concluded that the April 2007 Presidential elections were ‘acceptable’ in law, President Yar’Adua acquired the legitimacy that was originally lacking and thus there need not be any commitment to electoral reforms as originally touted. SUSTAINING THE NIGERIAN DEMOCRATIC RENAISSANCE THROUGH TRANSPARENT ELECTORAL PROCESSES: THE WAY FORWARD It is no longer news that Nigeria operates a democratic rule having succeeded in transiting from one civil rule to another and with the democratic nuances operated in the country for over one and a half decades. This is not to say that there are no challenges to the present democratic rule in the country. Large scale corruption and lack of accountability on the part of the public office holders and the need to use military personnel to handle the task of Police in some parts of the country is still a problem. Meanwhile, it is > 70 < Prez Diary.indd 70 8/26/2014 2:29:09 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution commendable that the conduct of periodic elections and institutionalisation of democratic structures confirmed the existence of democracy in the country. The conduct of the 2011 general elections marked an important departure from the familiar trajectory of politics and elections in the country. Departing from Nigeria’s history of flawed elections and oligarchic control, the 2011 general elections offered a broadly credible and competitive exercise across most States of the Federation. Encouraged by national leaders, an increasingly able and autonomous Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) fostered watershed reform of the electoral process (Lewis, 2011). Popular engagement and the mobilisation of Civil Society enhanced the validity of the process. Elections for Legislative, Executive, and State-level offices fostered a more open political landscape that significantly eroded the dominance of the ruling PDP while enhancing the prospects for opposition parties (Ibid.). Attahiru Jega, INEC Chairman, and his team won plaudits for instituting important reforms, including the voting procedure; the introduction of the idea of Community Mandate Protection to prevent malpractice; and the prosecution and sentencing of officials, including the electoral body’s own staff, for electoral offences. There were also grounds for pessimism: the upsurge of violence in several States, encouraged by politicians and their supporters who feared defeat; an ambiguous and confusing legal framework for the elections; and a flawed voter registration exercise, with poorly functioning biometric scans, that resulted in an inflated voters roll. What this signifies is that the need to conduct free, fair and credible elections is a function of transparent electoral processes. This is important to sustain the little achievement the country has recorded in its democratic renaissance, especially through the unrelenting efforts of the Jonathan Administration, and to improve democratic consolidation. The question that readily comes to mind here is, how can this be done? > 71 < Prez Diary.indd 71 8/26/2014 2:29:09 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution In sustaining the democratic renaissance, it is important to understand that a transparent electoral process is a sine qua non to democratic consolidation. As observed by Ojo (2007), the electoral system in Nigeria is in dire need of reform, but if such reform is not to be a mere cosmetic exercise it must be profound and touch on virtually all aspects of election administration. How do we foster a transparent electoral process in Nigeria? First, there is the need for institutional reform. INEC must be independent and be seen to be independent, not merely in name but structurally, legally, and financially. To attain this, it must be detached from the apron strings of the executive arm of government. Appointment of the Commission’s Chairman and State Resident Electoral Commissioners should not be the exclusive preserve of the President, because he who pays the piper will definitely dictate the tune. To totally avoid partisanship a separate body has to be inaugurated that will recommend nominations to the National Assembly. Second, INEC personnel should have security of tenure once appointed, as does the Chief Justice of the Federation. Where it is difficult to ensure the security of the Electoral Commissioners, the Chairman of the Commission should be made to enjoy security of tenure. It is by so doing that the Chairman of the Commission can be trusted to carry out its function without any fear or favour. Third, the Commission’s financial autonomy is of paramount importance. It is no longer news that the delay in the release of fund for the Commission’s assignment, in most cases, is responsible for the failure of the Commission in ensuring promptness in the delivery of its services, particularly, election materials during voting, and voters’ registration materials which ordinarily should be done on a continual basis. Fourth, the Commission should be relieved of a number of functions, particularly the security and financial screening of candidates. As stipulated in the Uwais Report, there should be other institutions created to perform > 72 < Prez Diary.indd 72 8/26/2014 2:29:09 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution these functions in collaboration with INEC. For instance, countries where credible elections have been conducted have these functions assigned to other institutions of the State thereby allowing the election management body to concentrate fully on the assignment of conducting and administering elections. This can be seen in the case of Ghana and Sierra Leone. Fifth, the need to reform party politics is of essence if democracy should be sustained in the country. The present state of party politics is not healthy for the consolidation of democracy being advocated. To perform this, there should be a training ground for democrats. This process begins with the conduct of primary elections. At critical moments before the last election, most parties failed in the conduct of primary elections, causing disharmony among their members and unnecessarily heating up the polity. In terms of the mobilisation and sensitisation of the citizenry prior to election, the parties could not live up to expectations. If this is done, it will also put an end to the issue of cross-carpeting among members of different political parties who have been elected into positions on the platform of their original political party. It is important to stress that political parties follow specific ideological pattern that expose the members to the specific principles and programmes of the party. Sixth and complementary to the above, campaigns should be enlightened and issue-based, instead of being used to impugn other parties and their representatives. Interestingly, not many Nigerians can immediately identify the symbols of the 50 political parties, let alone describe their manifestoes or ideology. It is imperative that parties educate their members. Seventh, it could also be suggested that the judicial system must be altered to allow for speedy trials for electoral offences and hearings of grievances immediately after an election and before the inauguration of a new government. A system in which an interloper can hold sway for a lengthy period before justice is done is inadequate. > 73 < Prez Diary.indd 73 8/26/2014 2:29:09 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution Another important area where reform is imperative is security arrangements for elections. Security agents must be properly trained in the roles they are expected to perform both during and after an election. Security agents must be seen to be impartial and must resist being used for election rigging. In addition, the influence of money in politics should be reduced to the minimum. Such an influence for now is too pervasive and reform should focus on the phenomenon of vote buying and vote selling. CONCLUSION The paper has succeeded in extrapolating the problems associated with the political history of the country in terms of elections and election administration in the post-colonial Nigeria. It has been able to display the failure associated with the political environment as a result of the dysfunctionality of the electoral system. Beginning, particularly from the 1964 and 1965 general elections in the country, it was obvious that the misplacement of priority in terms of electoral activities was responsible for the failure of the polity. The role played by the military in this regard cannot be over-emphasized. The role of the military in the political history of the country turned the country into a pariah State. This image turned the back of the international community to the country, especially during the Abacha years. However, the inauguration of democracy in 1999 ought to have changed the political destiny of the country for better. Hence, this was not to be. Rather, the politicians have turned election issues into a do-or-die affair, that, hardly would there be any inroad into elections without political assassinations in different parts of the country. The Southwest was the most prominent for this in the event that led to the 2007 elections. The outcome of the 2011 general elections, which was regarded by all observers as relatively credible, free and fair, resulted in what brought the country into the list of terrorist countries of the world. The outrage of > 74 < Prez Diary.indd 74 8/26/2014 2:29:09 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution the Boko Haram sect became widely spread, particularly in the Northern part of the country, after the announcement of the 2011 general elections. Although, no one has been able to come to the public to explain the major interest of this sect and the basis for the various attacks the sect had inflicted on the country, in some quarters, it is believed that the sect wanted to Islamize the country while in some other quarters; it is believed to be a group against Western Education. One basic thing that is obvious in all these is that the group itself is confused and has become obscurantist. It is imperative, therefore, to understand that the quest for a transparent electoral process will not only guarantee the expression of the wish of the people, but it will also make manifest the principle of accountability upon which the pillar of democracy is built. The electoral process, as it is presently configured cannot totally guarantee the kind of democratic consolidation that the country hopes for. > 75 < Prez Diary.indd 75 8/26/2014 2:29:09 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution REFERENCES Abubakar, A. (2005). “Elections and the People’s Mandate” Keynote Address delivered at the National Conference on ‘Elections, 2007: Protecting the Peoples’ Mandate’ organized by the International Human Rights Law Group on 25 August. Adejumobi, S. (1997). “The Two Political Parties and the Electoral Process in Nigeria: 1989-1993” in Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja and Margaret C. Lee (eds.) The State and Democracy in Africa. Harare, AAPS Books. Pp. 1-232. Adejumobi, S. (2002).”Democracy and Good Governance in Africa: Theoretical and Methodological Issues” in Bujra, A. and Adejumobi, S. (eds.) Breaking Barriers, Creating New Hopes: Democracy, Civil Society and Good Governance in Africa. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press. Adejumobi, S. (2000). “Elections in Africa: A Fading Shadow of Democracy?” International Political Science Review. Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 59-75. Agbaje, A. and Adejumobi, S. (2006). “Do Votes Counts? The Travails of Electoral Politics in Nigeria” Africa Development. Vol. XXXI, No. 3, pp. 25-44. Agyeman-Duah, B. (2005). “Elections and Electoral Politics in Ghana’s Fourth Republic” Critical Perspectives. July 18, p.3. Ake, C. (2000). The Feasibility of Democracy in Africa. Dakar: CODESRIA. Dudley, B. (1982). Introduction to Nigerian Government and Politics. Lagos: Macmillan Electoral Reforn Network, (2001). Nigerian Civil Society Input into the Electoral Bill 2001. Abuja: ERN. Guardian Newspaper, 2005. “The PDP Congresses and Convention” Editorial, Guardian, Lagos, 21 October. Jinadu, L.A. (1997). “Matters Arising: African Elections and the Problem of Electoral Administration” African Journal of Political Sciences. Vol. 2, No. 1, pp.1-11. Joseph, R.A. (1987). Democracy and Prebendal Politics in Nigeria: The Rise and Fall of the Second Republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Lawal, A. (1997) “The Economy and the Electoral Process” in Oyin Ogunba (ed.) Governance and the Electoral Process: Nigeria and the United States of America. Lagos: ASAN LeVan, A., Pitso Titi C. And Adebo, B. (2004). “Elections in Nigeria: Is the Third Term a Charm?” Journal of African Elections. Vol. 2, No. 2, pp.30-47. Lewis, P. (2003). “Nigeria: Elections in a Fragile Regime” Journal of Democracy. Vol. 14, No. 3, July, pp. 131-144. Lewis, P. (2011). “Nigeria Votes: More Openness, More Conflict” Journal of Democracy. Vol. 22, No. 4, October, pp.60-74. Madunagu, E. (2005). “PDP and the Nation” Guardian. Lagos, 10 October. Mudasiru, S. (2005) “Political Conflict and the 2003 General Elections” in Godwin Onu and Abubakar Momoh (eds.) Elections and Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria. Lagos, NPSA, pp.476-488. Nzongola-Ntalaja, G. (1997). “The State and Democracy in Africa” in Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja and Margaret C. Lee (eds.) The State and Democracy in Africa. Harare, AAPS Books. Pp. 1-232. > 76 < Prez Diary.indd 76 8/26/2014 2:29:10 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution Obi, A. (2005). “DP Versus MDD”, Daily Sun Newspaper, Lagos, 14 November, pp56. Ojo, E.O. (2007). “Nigeria’s 2007 General Elections and the SuccessionCrisis: Implications for the Nascent Democracy” Journal of African Elections. Vol. 6, No. 2, pp.14-32. Olaitan, W.A. (2005). “The Making andUnmaking of Democracy” in Godwin Onu and Abubakar Momoh (eds.) Elections and Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria. Lagos, NPSA. Omotola, J.S. (2010). “Elections and Democratic Transition in Nigeria Under the Fourth Republic” African Affairs. Downloaded from http://afraf.oxfordjournals. org/atKwazulu-Natal University on June 24, 2014. Rokkan, S. (1970). Citizens, Elections, Parties. New York: David McKay Company Inc. Seteolu, D. (2005). “The Nigerian State, the Political Class and Histography of Elections in Nigeria” in Godwin Onu and Abubakar Momoh (eds.) Elections and Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria. Lagos, NPSA. > 77 < Prez Diary.indd 77 8/26/2014 2:29:10 PM > 79 < 4 Repositioning the Nigerian Civil Service with a Sharp Focus on Conduct and Practices Kunbi Ogunnaike INTRODUCTION F or their obeisance, every constituted authority over a group of people has a body of officials through which control and authority are exercised and services rendered. Similarly, every organization operates with a set of organizational culture and norms, embedded in the work ethics of the organization. In tandem with this claim, the class of officials appointed and paid to do government job and the various agencies in which they work are referred to as the Public Service. In terms of control and overall responsibility, the Public Service is an arm of the Executive branch of Government. To this effect, section 167 of the 1999 Constitution as amended, is captioned “The Prez Diary.indd 79 8/26/2014 2:29:10 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution Public Service of the Federation”, though it made provision for the Civil Service of the Federation. It is however important to note that the two terms are not synonymous, though they are often interchangeably used. The Civil Service is a sub-set of the Public Service which in essence is more comprehensive and all embracing. A Civil Servant is a Public Servant. But not all Public Servants are Civil Servants. The Nigerian Public Service evolved in the late 19th century, following the need of the colonial office to have some staff to assist with the maintenance of law and order. The body of officials that emerged in response to this need, was manned at the senior echelon by expatriates. Consequently the role of the Nigerian body was purely advisory. However, as from 1914, when the Northern and Southern protectorates were merged to form the nation called Nigeria, the Governor, General Sir Lord Fredrick Lugard introduced some changes that led to the emergence of a formal service. In 1954, following specific constitutional changes, the Public Service was regionalized. Worthy of note, on 1st April 1954 the Federal Public Service Commission was established with a mandate to handle staff matters in the areas of appointments, promotion and discipline. Public Service Composition The Public Service comprises: The Civil Service i.e. Ministries and Extra-Ministerial Departments Public enterprises and government owned companies The Teaching Services The para-military organizations i.e. Nigerian Prison Service, Nigerian Immigration Service, Nigerian Custom Services, the Federal Road Safety Commission, the Nigeria Security and Civil Defense Corps etc. The Nigerian Police Force The Armed Forces i.e. Army, Navy and Air force The Judiciary Certain Federal Executive bodies > 80 < Prez Diary.indd 80 8/26/2014 2:29:10 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution The Universities and Tertiary Institutions The Civil Service is indeed the hub of the Public Service around which the other components rotate (Adeyemi, 1999). Not only does it have direct access to the government, most of the other arms of the Public Service depend on it to reach the government. It further exercises supervisory functions over most of the other components of the Public Service. A Ministry has cabinet responsibility for parastatals and Agencies that it supervises. As an instrument of continuity in government, the Civil Service remains as government and political officers come and go after specific terms of tenure. Vacancy positions are declared and filled as Civil Servants exit for various reasons. The continuity of existence gives rise to a sense of stability, which keeps the nation going even in times of crisis and interregnum. In the light of the universalistic characteristics of the Civil Service, most governments try to create their own kind of Civil Service which varies according to the character and ideology of the regime. In a developing country such as ours, the Federal Government is a potent “Change Agent” of the nation and its instrumentality of office is the Civil Service, the nation’s bureaucracy. This being the agency that formulates and implements policies, the Civil Service is very important and strategic to the extent that other bodies such as the parastatals which are also used to implementing specific aspects of government policies are themselves guided, controlled and regulated through the Civil Service. Government-owned Companies and statutory Agencies are also usually attached to Ministries or the Presidency for the purpose of supervision and coordination. Nigeria being a developing nation that is grappling with basic fundamental aspects of life of its citizenry, targeted at improving the quality of life through better health care, living conditions, education, transportation and so on apart from others that are general, it goes therefore without saying that her Civil Service can best be described literally as the heart and life wire > 81 < Prez Diary.indd 81 8/26/2014 2:29:11 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution of government. It is the general, formal structural elements of government organization that makes it the bureaucracy as earlier said. In practice, the Civil Service is an important part of the collective decision-making process of the government, the Civil Servants who are a body of professional experts are legitimate participants in the policy making process. It should be noted however, that it is an added value if the legislature does not only make final decisions on policies but actually have primacy in the process of formulating policies using the Civil Service appropriately as a tool. The Government and the Civil Service expect a lot by way of conduct, behaviour, commitment and professionalism from Civil Servants. The fundamentals of service include subject matters such as the structure and functions of government as well as government revenue and expenditure. In view of the complexity and expectations of the nation, the Civil Service Handbook espouses in details and in simple language all aspects of public administration and the conduct of government business. A most important part of this publication is the categorical stand that defines to Civil Servants the Code of Ethics required in Government business, since Civil Servants have a major role to play in giving Government a good image and in the delivery of goods and services to the people. Irrespective of cadre, there are certain activities and functions which every Civil Servant must engage in, in the course of his/her career. Some of these are writing of minutes and letters, taking minutes of meetings and making use of the services of the registry, which makes it mandatory for all Civil Servants to be skilled in the various means of official communication in the Civil Service. It is therefore expected that the Civil Service Hand Book, the Public Service Rules (PSR) and the Financial Regulations would be some of the primary vehicles for enhancing professionalism and productivity in the Service as well as inculcating in all Civil Servants, the right attitude and inspiration. Regrettably, a good percentage of Civil Servants > 82 < Prez Diary.indd 82 8/26/2014 2:29:11 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution have never seen these publications. A few who have seen them only study some sections to prepare for promotion examination! If the fundamental and guiding principles and practices are not known and understood by the Civil Servants, how can there be efficiency in the discharge of duties?, and if these documents that should guide operations and generation of policies are only used for personal progress and not service delivery, could it be said that the officers are professional core career officers? And would the appraisal system be said to be appropriate and equitable? Further to these, diagnostic investigation of the Public Service in 2002 revealed the following: An aging service where about 60 percent of Staff are within the age bracket of 40 years and above. The preponderance of unskilled staff on grade levels 01- 06 that constituted about 70% of the work force. The prevalence of ghost workers, symptomatic of poor keeping of personnel records and payroll control system. Occurrence of stagnation at the higher level in particular the directorate cadre reflective of succession and career planning. Absence of mission and vision statements, work plan programme, corporate and individual schedules of function as well as target setting. Under-resourcing of key institutions Absence of working tools, materials and equipment Erosion of profession and esprit de corps Gross violation of extant rules, regulations and Peking order Abandonment of training to sharpen skills service wide, further complication by the decay of all training institutions Ad-hoc response to policy making, devoid of vigorous long term policy analysis, consultation, monitoring controls and enforcement. Lack of intellectual engagement, in particular by supervising directorate officers. > 83 < Prez Diary.indd 83 8/26/2014 2:29:11 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution Nepotism and abuse of office Near absence of an Information Technology (IT) enabled system of work operations in the age of globalization Mediocrity against merit Non-functional Meritocracy and Reward system An unproductive rule –based, hierarchical system which stifles individual and corporate creativity as well as accountability and A fundamentally flawed Performance Management System totally devoid of objectivity in measuring performance. In view of the above findings, the Civil Service was under-performing in spite of the various attempts by several governments at reforming in different directions, to the extent that the Public Service was berated for its impropriety, inefficiency, ineffectiveness and lack of commitment to promoting the public good. Nigerians felt that they have for long been short charged by the quality of Public Service, that our public offices have for too long been showcased for the combined evils of inefficiency and corruption, while being impediments to effective implementation of government policies. The Civil Service is a product of the society; therefore it will not suffice to reposition the Civil Service in isolation of the macro society. Therefore, a massive, well articulated and deliberate re-orientation programme that will impact on the citizenry should be put in place. The quality of education at all levels will be key in this regard. With the right orientation of the citizenry, change of attitude will engender the desired Nigeria and Civil Service of our dream. REFORM INITIATIVES The various strategies and reform initiatives of past and present administrations had been an attempt to institute: a competent, professional, development oriented, public – spirited and customer friendly Civil Service capable of responding effectively and promptly to the needs of the society. > 84 < Prez Diary.indd 84 8/26/2014 2:29:11 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution the restoration of the core values of the service such as political neutrality, impartiality, integrity, loyalty, transparency, professionalism and accountability. a Public Service that is guided by equity, where things are done with strict adherence to extant rules and regulations, but, with room for discretion exercised in the interest of the public. the creation of a conducive environment where Civil Servants are assured of protection and job security in the faithful discharge of their duties and responsibilities and a comparatively well-remunerated, motivated and empowered Public Service. If we can achieve the above lofty dream for the Nigeria Civil Service, Nigeria would be a reference point in the globe as all nations of the world are striving to reposition their Public Service. Imperatives of Repositioning To reposition the Nigeria Civil Service, our imperatives would be: Strengthening and enforcement of the ideals of the National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (NEEDS) as it affects the Civil Service components. Effective management of the persistent pressure for employment into the Federal Service by the Federal Civil Service Commission to ensure that only deserving and well qualified people are employed. If need be the recruitment procedure should be remodeled. Deliberate application of the dictates of the Scheme of Service. Massive capacity development targeting professionalism and operational skills of core transactions of service Work process re-design based on information systems / technology applications Value reorientation and ethics Institutionalization of Service Compact with all Nigeria’s in the Civil Service to model the initiative to the Public Service. > 85 < Prez Diary.indd 85 8/26/2014 2:29:11 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution SERVICOM: AN OVERVIEW Service Compact with all Nigerians. For the purpose of clarity, below is an overview of SERVICOM. The essence of this is the provision of basic services to which each citizen is entitled in a timely, fair, honest, effective and transparent manner The SERVICOM Principles are: Affirmation of commitment to the service of the Nigerian nation. Conviction that Nigeria can only realize its full potential if citizens receive prompt and efficient services from the State. Consideration for the needs and rights of all Nigerians to enjoy social and economic advancement. Dedication to deliver services to which all citizens are entitled, timely, fairly, honestly, effectively and transparently. In essence, SERVICOM Principles expects both Public and Private Organizations to set up SERVICOM Charters as premises upon which customers: can expect quality service delivery demand their right to good service have recourse when service delivery fails SERVICOM index is a yardstick for measuring the quality of service as delivery by government through its various ministries, department parastatals and agencies. This is predicated on the facts that: The ultimate purpose of governance is to serve the citizens Citizens have the right to be served right Service is well delivered only when the citizens are satisfied The Federal Government is committed to the provision of SERVICOM as a programme to improve service delivery throughout the country > 86 < Prez Diary.indd 86 8/26/2014 2:29:11 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution Briefly, the main objectives are to sensitize Nigerians on their right to obtain quality service delivery from Government / Public Offices/ parastatals as well as ways of seeking redress if not satisfied with the quality of service rendered to them. It is also the message of leading by example to sanitize our system morally, politically and economically in a manner to eradicate, eliminate man-know-man syndrome from our system. Eradicate bribery and corruption Stop the experience of official files getting missing and would surface after money has exchanged hands. Restore the integrity of the olden day when Civil Servants bent over double to deliver service. Stop waste and inefficiency Eliminate nonchallant attitude to work. The most demanding of these imperatives for repositioning the Civil Service is Work Ethics and this calls for deliberate attitudinal change from all Civil Servants, top to bottom. Ethics stands for what is morally correct and honourable; and acceptable rules of conduct. It is a set of norms of any society. It is a moral philosophy, defining what is right and wrong. It embraces virtues expected of all Public Servants for efficient performance. Closely tied to this is accountability which is the principle that makes Civil Servants responsible for their conduct. It simply means that Civil Servants must be prepared at all time to give account of their stewardship. Therefore, without any iota of doubt all Civil Servants must embrace the following ethical values: Discipline Honesty Courage Courtesy Cooperation > 87 < Prez Diary.indd 87 8/26/2014 2:29:12 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution Tact Industry Avoidance of delay Tidiness Helpfulness Kindness Further to this, the following vices must be eliminated at all cost: Negligence at work Insubordination or disrespect to senior officers or across board Impoliteness to colleagues and members of the public Corruption Malicious damage of Government property Indiscipline Interference of higher authority to undermine disciplinary procedures. Lack of job security. CONCLUSION In conclusion, to reposition the Civil Service depends largely on what type of Public Service the Government is seeking to drive the structural economic change and the transformation agenda. In the light of past reforms, national plans and strategies, what are the relevant and pertinent lessons from history that should be considered? What are the errors in past reforms that should be avoided? Attempts have been made in the past to institute what is called “ Best Practices” as done in some advanced economies. This has not worked and it will not work since the ideology of a nation plays a great role in this matter. It should be noted that the conventional approach now is “Good Practice” which can always be measured through a sound monitoring and evaluation. > 88 < Prez Diary.indd 88 8/26/2014 2:29:12 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution The Nigerian situation is not the worst and over time all factors militating against sanity and sanctity in the Civil Service have been x-rayed and brought to the front-burner. All that is needed is a bold attempt to tackle diligently the issues of corruption and other vices earlier identified. Once the instituted ethical values are embraced with vigour, and the wind of change will definitely blow on the targeted problems. The secret of repositioning the Nigeria Civil Service is therefore absolute respect and regard for rule of law. > 89 < Prez Diary.indd 89 8/26/2014 2:29:12 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution REFERENCE Adeyemi, F.A.O. (1999) Ethics in the Nigerian Civil Service. The Punch. Lagos. 6th January. Federal Republic of Nigeria (1999) The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Lagos > 90 < Prez Diary.indd 90 8/26/2014 2:29:12 PM > 91 < 5 Combating Unethical Practices in the Nigerian Public Service Sola Aina, PhD INTRODUCTION S ince the time of political independence in 1960, every successive Government has been wrestling with the problem of bribery, corruption, lack of transparency and general sharp practices. The first Executive President, Alhaji Shehu Shagari (1979-83) introduced the Ethical Revolution Committee which had a principal duty of guiding public officials against misdemeanour. After fifty-one months in office, the government was overthrown by a coup d’ etat. The succeeding military government of Generals Buhari and Idiagbon introduced the War Against Indiscipline (WAI). After eighteen months, the regime was toppled. The General Babangida administration, which took over in 1985 introduced Mass Mobilization for Social and Economic Recovery (MAMSER) Prez Diary.indd 91 8/26/2014 2:29:12 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution which was later renamed National Orientation Agency (NOA). In spite of NOA, the moral decadence in the polity and the entire public service remained unabated from one decade to the other. The Obasanjo Administration received the baton of leadership in May 1999 and lamented the state of corruption and the low level of transparency in the Public Service, in the following words: No society can grow and develop when corruption is allowed to progress undeterred as it has grown into a cancer in Nigeria. Government and its agencies became thoroughly corrupt and reckless. Members of the public had to bribe their way through Ministries and parastatals to get attention. Consequently, in year 2000, the President signed into law the enactment of the Independent Corrupt Practices Commission (ICPC). The objectives of this paper are as follows: a. Examine the roots and negative effects of corruption, b. Review the corrupt practices and other related acts, c. Review the code of conduct for public officials, d. Outline the aims and objectives of the Public Service, e. State some of the notable Government achievements in combating corruption and other unethical behaviour patterns among Public Office holders f. Highlight factors that are perpetrating corruption in the system, g. Suggest a way forward ROOTS AND CONSEQUENCES OF CORRUPTION To some extent, corruption exists in every society. What varies is the magnitude. The level of corruption that existed in the Nigerian bureaucracy between 1960 and 1970 could be described as a child play in that the opportunity for corruption was relatively limited. However, between 1970 to date, five main causes could be identified, namely: 1. A massive rise in the opportunities for corruption > 92 < Prez Diary.indd 92 8/26/2014 2:29:12 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution 2. Over-regulation of private activity 3. Expanded public sector procurement 4. Weakened scrutiny The opportunity to abuse power is created when public officials have power of regulation such as the issuance of passports, and foreign exchange allocation. Between 1970s and 1990s, there was an enormous expansion in public sector employment. The Growth of Public Sector Procurement This created an enormous opportunity to get percentage payments from the award of contracts. Enormous oil wealth and borrowings of the past thirty years financed a huge investment programme that has not, in aggregate, produced any output. Corruption in procurement directly leads to a loss of investment, as money that should have been used to buy capital goods is siphoned for other purposes as reported by Collins (1999). The main cost of corruption in procurement is probably not the 10 percent or whatever which the corrupt Minister makes on contract, but the diversion in public expenditure programmes towards those investments, which offer the best opportunities for kickbacks. Negative Effects of Corruption Corruption is morally wrong and economically harmful and costly. It is harmful for economic and political growth. Corruption is self-perpetrating; it is a mis-allocation of resources. Elegido (1997) listed eight ways in which corruption is harmful to societies as follows: Corruption causes a lowering of the quality of the goods and services available to the public. Corruption tends to discourage honest efforts; the rush for easy money makes fools of those who work honestly. Corruption tends to discourage economic initiative -the tangle of red tape strangles would be entrepreneurs and the economy suffers > 93 < Prez Diary.indd 93 8/26/2014 2:29:13 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution The more corruption becomes common, the more people tend to mistrust the motive of others and resistance to authority becomes inevitable. As corruption becomes prevalent, those in position of responsibility lose the ability to implement policies. A generalized climate of corruption encourages officials to misdirect scarce resources. Corruption tends to discourage investment. Corruption corrupts; it is a vicious cycle. CORRUPT PRACTICES AND OTHER RELATED ACTS The National Assembly enacted the Corrupt Practices and other Related Offences Act in year 2002 to prohibit and prescribe punishment for several acts of corruption throughout Nigeria. The Act also sets up the Independent Corrupt Practices Commission to administer and enforce its provisions. The Offence of Accepting Gratification The offence of accepting gratification is complete, once the essential conditions stipulated by the Acts are present - If a public officer corruptly asks for, receives, or obtains property, or benefit, or agrees to attempt to receive, or to do a favour or disfavour to any person in the discharge of his or her duties. Scope The Act covers a very wide area including: Making false or misleading statements Evidences of corroboration. Using one’s offices or positions for gratification Awarding contracts without cash backing Fraudulent acquisition or receipt of property Over-invoicing and under-invoicing > 94 < Prez Diary.indd 94 8/26/2014 2:29:13 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution Deliberate Frustration of Investigation It is a crime for anyone to: conceal a crime or frustrate the investigation. Concealment here means to destroy alter, mutilate or falsify. It also includes: making false statements or returns paying public officers to vote or to abstain at meeting of a public body The penalty carries five years of imprisonment with hard labour. The Act also forbids anyone from: using his office or position for gratification awarding contract without budget provision, approval and cash backing receiving bribery offers making false or misleading statements to the Commission. Who does the Act cover? The Act is in force and its validity is invoked throughout the country. The Act seeks to tackle corruption at all levels among officials both in the public and private sectors. The term official is used widely to mean: any director, functionary, officer, agent or employee serving in any capacity whatsoever in public organizations. CODE OF CONDUCT FOR PUBLIC OFFICIALS The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999 provides in its fifth Schedules Part I -Code of Conduct for Public Officers and part II -list of Public Officers for the purposes of the Code of Conduct. The Public Service of Nigeria comprises the organizations and institutions of government-the executive, legislature and judiciary. It excludes public liability companies, > 95 < Prez Diary.indd 95 8/26/2014 2:29:13 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution partnerships and single ownership. It also excludes voluntary and religious organizations and other interest groups. By this definition, the following would be under public service. The Civil Service; the Foreign services; the public corporation; fully owned public corporations; Primary And Secondary And Special Institutions, public funded Universities, Polytechnics and Teacher Training Institutions, Police, Prisons, Special Services, Customs And Excise. Civil Servants are mandatory to subscribe to the Code of Conduct summarized below: Avoid conflict of interest Not owning or running any foreign accounts In retirement, no! nave more than one remunerative office from which payment would come from; Retired President, Vice-President, Chief Justice of Nigeria, Governors and Deputy Governors are prohibited from employment in foreign companies or foreign enterprises: Public officers shall not receive gifts or benefit in kind, Public officers or specified officers are restricted from loans other than from sources; Public officers shall not receive property; gift or benefit of any kind as inducement. A public officer shall not put himself in a situation of abuse of power; A public officer shall not be a member of societies. which are incompatible with the functions of his office or the dignity of his office; A public officer shall declare his assets at such times and periods as stipulated by the Code of Conduct for Public officers. The Nigeria Public Service derives its authority, power and procedure from: the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, as enacted by the National Assembly, State Laws, Local Government Bye-laws; decisions of the courts of competence in any part of the Federation in as much as they effect matters under consideration; the Civil Service Rules; the Financial > 96 < Prez Diary.indd 96 8/26/2014 2:29:13 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution Regulations; the Civil Service Procedural Rules;. Government Circular on different subjects, as amended and replaced from time to time and the Code of Conduct of different professions and Associations employed by the Public Service. The Public Servant is bound by the Code of Conduct enshrined in the Constitution. Aims and Objectives of the Public Service The Nigerian Public Service is part of the Executive arm of government that is responsible for the effective administration of the laws and procedures of government. It is the arm that executes the laws, which have been passed by the Legislature. The arm deals with the day-to-day running of the government. Because of the strategic importance of the Public Service, Public Servants perform or should perform the following functions: The implementation of the general will as conceived by the representatives of the people. Government is a public trust to be used in the general interest and not for the benefit of a particular sectional interest. Public administration officials are servants of the public and not vice versa. Public officials should be the embodiment of all public virtues. They should be hard working, honest, impartial, wise, sincere, just, and trustworthy. Official conduct should be beyond reproach. Public Officials should obey their superiors and subordinate their personal interests to corporate goals, unless objection is based on conscientious grounds, whereupon they should leave public office before publicly declaring opposition to government policy. Public Officials should perform their duties efficiently and economically. Appointments to Public Office should be on the basis of merit of persons and not on the privilege of class. Public officials should be subjected to the law in the same way as other people. > 97 < Prez Diary.indd 97 8/26/2014 2:29:13 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution Most developing countries have accepted in principle this Public Service ideology. The objective of a Civil Service can be properly defined only in relation to the objectives and roles of the government as the principal instrument for the implementation of government policies and programmes. NOTABLE EFFORTS OF GOVERNMENT IN RECENT PAST IN COMBATING UNETHICAL PRACTICES IN THE PUBLIC SERVICE In 2004, Transparency International compiled a Corruption Index of 54 Countries and rated Nigeria as the third most corrupt country in the world, beaten only by Pakistan and Kenya. China was ranked number 5, Russia 8, Philippines 11, Uganda 12, Italy 21, USA 39, U.K. 42, Singapore 47 and Canada 49 (Collier 1999). Within the past one decade the Nigerian Government made some notable efforts towards the eradication of corruption in the society. Such efforts, to many observers of the system, are yielding desirable results. Some of such steps will be highlighted: i. The Independent Corrupt Practices Act and the I.C.P.C. was enacted into law, thereby giving the Commission a legal backing ii. The Economic and Financial Crimes Commission was also enacted iii. The setting up of the Agency for Monitoring and Due Process within the Presidency iv. The setting up of the Justice Esho Commission which looked into some specific cases of corrupt Judges within the Judiciary and the recommendation and subsequent implementation for the dismissal, retirement and demotion of Judges that were found to be corrupt. v. The investigation of the National Identity Scam and the prosecution of highly placed officials including the Minister of Internal Affairs, his Permanent Secretary, and other senior officials. vi. The impeachment of the then Senate President, the sacking of a Minister of Education and the prosecution of other Senators over an allegation of N55 million bribe involving some officials of the Senate. > 98 < Prez Diary.indd 98 8/26/2014 2:29:13 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution vii. The retirement and subsequent prosecution of the former Inspector General of Police (Mr. Tafa Balogun) over the lodgement of N7 billion traceable to his surrogate companies. viii. The creation of the Office of the Special Adviser to the President on Ethics and Values. ix. The recent remover of the former Aviation Minister over the procurement of two (2) bullet-proof vehicles without following the due process. x. The remover of the former Governor of Central Bank over controversial issues and for making false or mis-leading statements. Consequent upon these developments, critics of Government are now acknowledging the seriousness of the present administration in waging a war against the corruption menace. If’ nothing else, the war is making discernible effect on the morale and national psyche of the citizenry. The government should not relent, but the efforts should be comprehensive. FACTORS PERPETRATING BRIBERY AND CORRUPTION At least, even factors are responsible for perpetrating bribery, corruption and other unethical behaviour patterns in the Nigerian society: 1. Our Culture: We have now regarded corruption as a normal way of life. Our value system supports this. We now refer to corruption as “Family support”. By virtue of our culture; we usually over-protect the culprit. 2. Social Factors: We are living in a society where we have a high level of illiteracy and poor education amongst the citizenry. Bribery and corruption is difficult to eradicate or reduce in an environment where people are ignorant and are not prepared to fight for their rights. 3. Economic Factor: Poverty and corruption are closely linked; whether it is poverty that causes corruption or corruption that promotes poverty. The high level of unemployment in the country > 99 < Prez Diary.indd 99 8/26/2014 2:29:14 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution (more especially among graduates of tertiary institutions, is capable of promoting bribery, corruption and other unethical practices. 4. A Care-free Attitude: We are living in a society where care-free attitude is gaining currency. A person’s character does not matter anymore. If care-free attitude continues, Nigeria has a lot to lose in terms of values. 5. Unemployment: Unemployment is another basic factor that fosters unethical standards in our society. Millions of Nigerians, including family heads are unemployed, and practically have no source of income. Consequently, people are predisposed to offer bribes in order to be employed. 6. Changing Value System: Our value system has changed. The syndrome is “get rich first”. Public servants, just like other members of the society, now seek pride and status through the accumulation of material goods by whatever means: People are now respected by what they have - the “arrival syndrome”. This is promoting a meritless system where anything is based on connection. 7. Lack of Demand for Accountability: Until when the present Administration started Ministerial Accountability processes, which led to resignation or outright removal of some notable Ministers and top government machineries, bribery and corruption had continued to thrive in the Country as most leaders were too timid to demand for accountability from government officials. Other reasons include. a. Un-sanctioned fraudulent practices at high places. b. Poor budgetary practices and lack of transparency c. Insecurity of life and property d. General economic hardship > 100 < Prez Diary.indd 100 8/26/2014 2:29:14 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution THE WAY FORWARD Since unethical standards stand as a complex phenomenon, a multifaceted approach is called for: There must be general education of the mind, not by going back to school to receive a college diploma but the love and pride for one’s Country fellow men and women. There must be a call for social transformation. This is a form of social re-engineering or Cultural Revolution. Corruption, bribery and the like, cannot be wiped out in a day, but we must put a process in place. In the year 1983, the Sheu Shagari Administration proposed a full blown Ministry of Ethical Revolution and Better Behaviour. Such a Ministry may not come up at a better time than now. The enforcement of the anti-graft and anti-corruption law to the letter cannot be over-stressed. Public Servants must see by themselves, the need for them to preserve their integrity Respect for the provisions in Financial Regulations and code of conduct Sensitizing the people beyond the present NOA’ s approach. Purposeful and committed leadership must be put in place. Leaders must be made to live by example. There must be adequate compensation for public officials The “carrot” and “stick” approach to governance may have to be introduced- that is reward for conformity and sanction for deviant behaviour. The nation must create various educational and job opportunities for the citizens to reduce excessive competition amongst candidates. Other ways in which public-sector corruption can be fought In addition to some of the measures examined above, the following steps according to Elegodo (1997) are essential in order to combat corruption in the public service: > 101 < Prez Diary.indd 101 8/26/2014 2:29:14 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution (I) The first step is to remove temptations to act corruptly i.e. the need to pay public officials salaries that allow them to discharge their basic family responsibilities. (II) Introduce processes that are transparent, open and accountable. The introduction of the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission which makes it a crime for a person to own, possess or control money, property or resources disproportionate to his present or past emoluments or earnings, unless he gives a satisfactory account of how he came by same. (III) Corruption activities become more difficult and less attractive, if there is an effective judiciary which is capable of applying sanctions (IV) The need to create and reinforce a culture focused on customer service and professional excellence. (V) It is possible and useful for private organizations to come together in order to defend themselves from corruption in the public sector. Now that a number of agencies have been put in place to curb corruption, there is the need f or a big push with a coordinated front operating on several fronts at once. What we need now is a big massive move in form of a moral revolution; using all feasible strategies together. Many people still regard the input against corruption as that of the Presidency alone. Many Agencies and people have to agree that fighting corruption is a common goal involving a calculated programme of actions by all Agencies - the Police, the Army, Customs department, private sector, the individual public servant and individual citizens, the press, the educational system and other agents of socialization such as the churches, mosques as the Civil Societies, the organized private sector, working in unison. Unethical behaviour patterns operate in a vicious cycle. Unless we take a holistic approach in waging the war against it, development and growth will elude us as a nation. > 102 < Prez Diary.indd 102 8/26/2014 2:29:14 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution REFERENCES Adeyemi, F. A. O. (1999), “Resuscitating ethics in the public service” Nigerian Punch, 8th December. Aina, Sola (1982), “Bureaucratic Corruption in Nigeria: The continuing search for causes and cures: Administrative Sciences Review, Vol. 1, Page 470-477 Brussels. Collier, Paul (1999), (‘How to reduce Corruption; Lagos Business School Management Review, Vol. 2, p. 135 -147. Elegido, John M. (1997), Fighting Corruption in Nigeria, Lagos Business School Management Review. PP,. 49 -59. Federal Republic of Nigeria (2000) The Corrupt Practices and Related offences Act, Government Press,. Federal Republic of Nigeria (1999), The Constitution of the Federal Republic, Lagos. Guardian Newspapers (1999), “Olusegun Obasanjo’s Inaugural Speech as Executive President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria”. 30th May. > 103 < Prez Diary.indd 103 8/26/2014 2:29:14 PM > 105 < 6 Ethics And Academic Tradition in the Nigerian Education Sector T. A. Bolarin, PhD, FNAE, INTRODUCTION I n this paper an attempt is made to explain what we mean by ethics, corrupt/unethical practices at various levels of Education in Nigeria, causes of corrupt / unethical practices, and effects of unethical practices on Nigerian Educational system. The Concept of Ethics Webster’s American English Dictionary (2008) rightly explained ethics as the study of good and evil and moral duty; moral principles or practice. The discussion of ethics, be it ethics of a group or society, involves the study of knowledge of what members of the group or society consider to be good or bad. Prez Diary.indd 105 8/26/2014 2:29:15 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution Every society has its norms which are the parameters for the survival of the society. Norms as a sociological term refers to rules and regulations used as a tool to govern both the micro and macro society. In view of this, acceptable norms, perhaps, ethical principles that govern the society at large including the Education sector help to moderate the behaviour of people as any society that fails to hold on to tradition of a social institution (e.g. education), would breed abnormality and thuggery, which would lead to crisis. Thus, when the Education sector for example fails to embrace ethical principles; it will affect all levels of Education in the society. “Ethics is derived from the Greek word ethikos, which means “manners, traditions or norms” (Wainaina, 2006). It is a set of standards by which human actions are determined to be right or wrong (Nwajiuba, 2007). Blatner (2006) in the same fashion points out that ethics involves the sphere of interpersonal group, as well as community politics at the level of values. Based on the definitions above, it would be observed that the concept of ethics can be described as laid down rules and regulations which help to improve standard and to differentiate between good and bad; thereby protecting and promoting the interest of others in every organization. In other words, ethics are rules and regulations used to control how to behave in a community as well as a larger society. In any society, it is expected that every human being is capable of differentiating between good and bad; however, this depends on the soundness of moral standard and integrity of an individual (Stephen, 2007). Moral as used in this paper means the principle or standard of right behaviour. Thus moral principle is the general or fundamental character or will. It is the rule or code of conduct. Academic traditions as used in this paper refers to belief or custom passed down from one generation to the other in an academic setting such as the primary and secondary schools and also the tertiary institutions. > 106 < Prez Diary.indd 106 8/26/2014 2:29:15 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution For a better and clearer understanding of this paper, there is the need to discuss how far Nigeria as a country has gone in her attempt to curb corruption among her citizenry. In the course of discussing some unethical practices found among Nigerians generally, focus will be on those in the Education sector in particular. Introduction of the Independent Corrupt Practices and other Related Offences Commission (ICPC) On 29th May, 1999 the bill on the Anti-corruption Law was sent to the National Assembly by the Obasanjo Administration. It was signed into law on the 13th of June 2000, that is, fourteen years ago. Members of the commission were sworn in on the 29th September, 2000 with Hon. Justice M.M. Akanbi as the Chairman. The Commission was vested with the sole authority of enforcing the provision of the Act – Independent Corrupt Practice and other Related Offences Commission (ICPC). The Act is aimed at laying down and restoring the foundation of moral and ethical norms of every decent society. This is the bedrock on which a wholesome, efficient, just and prosperous entity like Nigeria can be built (Abeshi, 2012). Several offences dealing with corrupt practices such as using one’s office for pecuniary advantages; doing less than a full day’s work for a full day’s pay; gratification; influence peddling; insincerity in advice with the aim of gaining advantage and tardiness and slovenliness were listed in the Anti-corruption Law starting from Section 8 to Section 27. These offences as rightly stated by Abeshi (2012) have destroyed the foundations of our moral and ethical values on which Nigeria’s rich cultural heritage was founded. It has in addition eroded the long-standing regard that the world in general has for Nigerians and Nigeria as the “Giant of Africa”. Today, Nigeria is a lame giant as a result of the sharp practices which many of her citizens indulge in. > 107 < Prez Diary.indd 107 8/26/2014 2:29:15 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution Corruption in Nigeria as rightly pointed out by Abeshi (2012) is a major problem which many researchers have pointed out as an aspect of lives of many Nigerians individually, collectively, religiously, socially, economically, politically and educationally. It has become a household name in the Nigerian society and it is a thing of concern for those who still cherish the role of education in nation building (Mustapha 2005), Ortese (2009), Adamu (2002) and Vision 2010 Committee (1997). Similar view was confirmed by the Transparency International (TI) in 2000 when Nigeria was ranked as the most corrupt country among the 90 countries surveyed over a period of three years (1998-2000). The main focus of this paper is on corrupt practices/unethical practices in the education sector. Each level of education will be examined for unethical practices going on there. It is unfortunate to note there that unethical behaviour pervades each level of education and they are commonly found among staff and students, although such behaviour may be more pronounced in some cases than others (Bolarin and Pemede, 2014). It would be observed in the course of our discussion that the higher one goes in Nigeria in the level of education, the more serious the problem of unethical practices become. Ethics at Primary Level of Education At this level, unethical practices are not rampant. A major unethical practice at this level is Examination malpractice which occurs in some schools especially when and where common Entrance Examination takes place. Parents, guardians and teachers get involved in examination malpractice by giving money to teachers who will assist their children in the examination hall. This is unethical and it is unfortunate that those who should help the Nigerian society in raising honest and trustworthy children are the ones who get involved in examination malpractice. > 108 < Prez Diary.indd 108 8/26/2014 2:29:15 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution Ethics at Secondary School Level: All sorts of unethical and sharp practices are found at this level such as: i. Examination malpractice by parents, teachers, Examination Bodies, and students; ii. Sexual harassment of female students by teachers; iii. Stealing of equipments meant for improving the quality of academics; iv. Defacing and stealing library books (if available). Involvement in all the unethical practices listed above tends to lower the standard of Education nationwide and they make people especially foreign countries not to have faith in Nigerian system of Education. This is opposite of what used to be in some years back when the practice or rather the tradition in Nigerian Secondary schools was the laying of emphasis on hard-work and honesty for the purpose of achieving academic success at the end of one’s programme. Children then were encouraged to study very hard to achieve success in the West African School Certificate Examination (WASCE). That period witnessed some healthy competition among students and the brightest and most diligent ones were always found to have come out in flying colours. Then nobody doubted the results earned by students unlike what happens nowadays when aspersion and doubts are often cast on WASCE and NECO results as most Nigerians have the feeling that some cheating must have taken place. To curb the problem of examination malpractice, all hands must be on deck. Teachers, guardians, parents and Examination Bodies must be up and doing and be determined not to get themselves involved in examination malpractice. Above all, adults (parents, guardians, teachers) must live by example – they should do what they say, as adult population is often found to be head deep in corruption of all sorts. To show the seriousness of the problem, nowadays most parents and guardians in Nigeria before enrolling their children and wards in Secondary schools (especially Private > 109 < Prez Diary.indd 109 8/26/2014 2:29:15 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution Secondary Schools) often visit the Principals and teachers of the schools to find out if the success of the children in the external examinations can be guaranteed not through serious teaching, coaching and hard work, but rather through having access to life examination question papers (nick named ‘orijo’) for both theory and practicals. This is a shame and an end must be put to such sharp practice. Ethics at Post-Secondary (Tertiary) Level of Education: The post secondary level of Education in Nigeria experiences the worst form of corruption. At this level most parents and guardians are often jittery and worried about getting their children and wards admitted into the higher institutions of learning and as such they are ready to go any length to achieve their goal. The prospective candidates too are equally worried about gaining admission into higher institutions of learning especially the Universities. Though worried, most of them are not prepared to do any hard work or serious studying for the UTME examination. All sorts of malpractices are known to be taking place and as a result of this when most of them are admitted for the various programmes, they end up not being able to cope academically. They therefore have to seek some fraudulent ways to achieve their goals that is to pass well and obtain good degrees. Apart from the problem of examination malpractice, tertiary level of education is bedevilled with all sorts of corrupt practices including: i. Sexual harassment of female students by lecturers; ii. Sorting of lecturers by students and their parents; iii. Admission malpractice; iv. Lecturers enforcing the sale of their handout and textbooks on students and even pegging the students’ performance on it; v. Stealing of equipments meant for improving the quality of academics by students; vi. Defacing and stealing of library books (if available) by students > 110 < Prez Diary.indd 110 8/26/2014 2:29:15 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution vii. Students and lecturers getting involved in cultism. viii. Delay of students’ results; ix. Abuse of processes in student admissions; x. Manipulation and falsification of transcripts/certificates; xi. Plagiarism xii. Victimization of students and staff. The rate at which these corrupt practices are practised is very alarming. A major point to note is that individuals who fail to embrace ethics are always interested in the rewards or profits which could be in form of money or non-monetary rewards (Bolarin & Pemede, 2013). However, it is hoped that with the cooperation of parents, guardians, lecturers and non-academic staff in the higher institutions of learning to make up their minds to stop these unwholesome acts much will be achieved in terms of improvement of the quality of academic attainment in various Nigerian higher institutions of learning. CAUSES OF CORRUPT PRACTICES: Many factors have been identified as the cause of corrupt practices in Nigeria. The causes include: i. Poverty: Poverty has been identified as the major cause of corruption in the Nigerian society, institutions of learning inclusive. Most people who engage in corrupt acts do so in their attempt to make ends meet. However, this writer believes that there are more and better honourable ways to make ends meet than losing one’s integrity. ii. Change in Social Norms and Values: The change in social norms and values is another cause of corruption in Nigeria. Many years ago in Nigeria, people cherish hard work and they respect people for diligence. There was dignity of labour. In the traditional society, people are respected for their wisdom and old age not for their wealth. Today in Nigeria instead of integrity, money is the ultimate, as money > 111 < Prez Diary.indd 111 8/26/2014 2:29:16 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution commands respect. The oil boom of the late 1960s to early 1970s allowed huge amount of revenue to get into the pockets of some unscrupulous individuals to appropriate. Gradually as years go by Nigerians’ attitude started changing. Ill–gotten wealth and corruption in all its ramification became the order of the day. Today, corruption is now “legalized” in the country, the academic institutions inclusive. iii. Societal Reinforcement of corrupt practices and Corrupt People: Many years ago Nigerians used to frown at those found to have embezzled money or found to have been involved in corrupt practices. Today, things have changed as Nigerians known to have stolen government money are often applauded in the society, honoured and given chieftaincy titles. This indirectly encourages further, the problem of corruption. Generally, there are many examples of Nigerians who are known to have stolen or embezzled government money while in one position or the other. Rather than call them to order, the vogue now is to hail them and turn them to celebrities. Indirectly, this type of attitude encourages corruption and tends to tell young Nigerians that it pays to be corrupt and to accumulate ill-gotten wealth (Thompson, 1994 and Adamu, 2002)). As long as Nigerians with ill-gotten wealth (be it through pen-robbery, contract inflation, armed robbery and political fund robbery) are allowed to enjoy their ill-gotten wealth and are accorded recognition by members of the society, corruption and its other related evils cannot be checked. Nigerian Educational institutions cannot be detached from the main Nigerian society, as teachers, lecturers and non-academic staff buy from the same market that those with ill-gotten wealth buy from. Their needs ranging from basic psychological, sociological and aesthetic needs are the same. As rightly explained by Okun (1982), “people are continuously striving toward meeting their own needs”. This is also true of the people in the academic sector. As earlier mentioned in this paper, if corruption and other related > 112 < Prez Diary.indd 112 8/26/2014 2:29:16 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution sharp practices are to be eliminated or reduced in the Nigerian society, all hands must be on deck and all attempts must be made to condemn corruption in its entire ramification. EFFECTS OF UNETHICAL PRACTICES ON NIGERIAN EDUCATION SECTOR: Unethical practices in the Nigerian Education Sector have resulted in people (Nigerians and foreigners) not having any trust in the system of Education. The tendency, unless a check is put at reducing or eliminating the unethical practices as they relate to Nigerian system of education, is that the Certificates/Diplomas/Degrees issued by our various institutions of learning will not be reckoned with. This problem is already rearing its ugly head as many Nigerian parents now send their children and wards to educational institutions outside the shore of Nigeria such as Ghana and South Africa. This is very sad for “the Giant of Africa”. CONCLUSION In conclusion, attempt has been made in this paper to highlight the various unethical practices found in Nigeria and in our institutions of learning in particular. This writer is of the belief that if parents, guardians and teachers think about their integrity and decide to desist from the unethical practices, our young people will have people of integrity to emulate. RECOMMENDATION In order to reduce or get rid of unethical practices in the Nigerian Educational system, the following are recommended: i. Nigerian leaders in Government (Federal, State and Local levels) must live by example; ii. Nigerians in general must frown at corruption and all those who partake in corrupt practices must be penalized. Corrupt Nigerians must not be accorded any honour so as not to send out wrong signal > 113 < Prez Diary.indd 113 8/26/2014 2:29:16 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution that corruption pays. iii. As much as possible parents, guardians, teachers and all practitioners in the education sector must live by example. The Teachers Registration Council of Nigeria (TRCN) has a major role to play here in sanctioning teachers who have been confirmed to have fallen below professional expectations in terms of infamous conduct in a professional respect. The value system of olden-day Nigeria such as integrity, honesty, fair play, hard work, loyalty and diligence should be revisited and inculcated in Nigerians especially the young ones in our institutions of learning. Nigerians in whatever sector they find themselves but in particular the Educational sector must shift ground from fraudulent or sharp practices to positive values already identified above. Finally, Bolarin (2009) advised and is still advising that all attempts possible should be made to revive the country towards the path of honour. > 114 < Prez Diary.indd 114 8/26/2014 2:29:16 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution REFERENCES Abeshi, C.L. (2012) “Guidance and Counselling Service As a Tool for Eradicating corrupt practices in Nigeria”. In contemporary Issues in Education. Lagos, Destiny Ventures. Adamu, H. (20002). Corrupt practices in Tertiary Institutions in Nigeria: Challenges for Counsellor. Journal of Counselling and Human Development. ABU, Zaria. Blatner, A.M.D. (2006). Ethical Issue in contemporary Culture. Retrieved August 20th from NWW. Bolarin, T.A. (2009). Values Disorientation in the Nigerian System In UMO Ivowi’s Education for Value. Lagos, Foremost Educational Services Ltd. Mustapha, J. (2005). Perspective of Religious Corruption in Nigeria. Counselling and Human Development, 3(1) 18-26. Nwajiuba, C.A. (2007). Perception or Ethical Issues by Lecturers in Tertiary Institutions in Imo State. In Eke, E. and Ayodele – Bamisaiye, O. (eds) Blind Spots in Nigerian Educational system. Ibadan: The Nigerian Academy of Education 22nd Annual Congress proceedings. Okun, B.F. (1982). Effective Helping/Interviewing and Counselling Techniques, 2nd edition, Motercy/California Books. Ortese, P.T. (2009). Corrupt Practices in University Setting in Nigeria: Implications for Counselling. Counselling and Human Development 3(1) 63-71. Stephen, T. (2007). Cognitive Science, Social theory, and Ethics. An Interdisciplinary Journal 90 (Fau/Winter). 135-160). Thompson, A.C. (1994). Corruption in Public Life: Counselling as a Tool for Change. In Counselling Issues for the Nigerian Polity. Journal of Counselling Association of Nigeria, 20 P. 42-46. Wainaina, P.K. (2006). Axiology and Education. In Sifuna, D.N., Chege, F.N. and Oanda, I.O. (Eds.) Themes in the Study of the Foundations of Education. Nairobi: The Jomo Kenyatta Foundation. Webster’s American English Dictionary (2008). Massachusetts, Federal Street Press. > 115 < Prez Diary.indd 115 8/26/2014 2:29:16 PM > 117 < 7 Legal Ethics and the Sustenance of Democracy in Nigeria O. B. Akinola, PhD INTRODUCTION T he word ‘ethics’ is a generic one. It is simply a rule of conduct. It could also mean a branch of philosophy that seeks to determine the correct application of moral notions such as good and bad and right and wrong or a theory of the application or nature of such notions.1 Ethics is the science of morals; that branch of philosophy which is concerned with human character and conduct; a system of morals or rules of behaviour.2 It is the standard of appropriate conduct within the legal profession.3 It should be noted that ethics is not peculiar to legal practitioners; it is applicable to other professions and faiths for the sake of regulating human conducts. 1 Encyclopeadia Britannica Lite 2013. 2 The Chambers Dictionary, 10th Ed. P. 516 3 Garner B. A. Blacks Law Dictionary, 9th Edition, West Publishers, P. 976. Prez Diary.indd 117 8/26/2014 2:29:17 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution To succeed in any vocation or profession, an entrant must have the implements required to operate in it. The farmer must have his farmland, hoe, seedlings and manure and the teacher, his chalk, blackboard, and cane; the medical doctor must have his stethoscope, drugs and beds and the commercial driver his driver’s license, a roadworthy vehicle and sobriety. The priest cannot perform ecclesiastical rites without a Bible, a congregation and God’s anointing, the carpenter needs the nail, the wood and the saw.4 Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is retained and directly exercised by the people.5 The core of democracy is the people or their elected representatives. It is therefore a doctrine that the numerical majority of an organized group can make decisions binding on the whole group. A major component of this system of government is the observance of the tenets of the rule of law and supremacy of the law. The principle of separation of power is further deepened by interpretation of law in order to entrench democratic values. The legal profession is very vital to the promotion of rule of law which is a major catalyst for democratic practices. The legal profession dovetails into the bar and the bench. The profession thrives more on its ethics. The growth of any democratic culture is dependent on an ethically sound legal profession. THE CONCEPT OF LEGAL ETHICS Legal ethics refers to usages and customs among members of the legal profession, involving their moral or professional duties towards one another, towards clients, and towards the courts.6 By way of description, legal ethics refers narrowly to the system of professional regulations governing the conduct of lawyers. In a broader sense, legal ethics is simply a case of ethics in general, as ethics is understood in the central traditions of 4 Hon. Justice G. C. Nnamani The Imperatives of Professional Ethics in the Practice of Law. Chap 6. Contemporary Issues in Law and Jurisprudence: Selected Essays in Honour of Hon. Justice F. Ken Ezeike. (Snaap Press, Enugu) 2011 at P. 101. 5 The Free Dictionary online 6 Ibid. Hon. Justice G. C. Nnamani at P. 98. > 118 < Prez Diary.indd 118 8/26/2014 2:29:17 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution philosophy and religion.7 Legal ethics in the strict sense is applicable to the legal profession. The legal profession comprises the bar and the bench. The bar comprises the legal practitioners while bench has the judges and magistrates of superior and inferior courts respectively. Legal ethics connotes the duties, obligations and privileges of legal practitioners in the legal profession. It is the hallmark of the legal practitioner in terms of his etiquette, conduct, decorum and guide in his profession. A legal practitioner who lacks the requisite ethics cannot excel in the legal profession. It is therefore safer to assert that legal ethics is not inversely proportional to tenets of democracy. It rather compliments democratic norms. Be that as it may, the role of the legal profession to a vibrant and practicable democratic culture cannot be over-emphasised. The legal practitioner is a key player in the Nigerian justice sector. Therefore, he has a duty to keep the ethics of his profession sacrosanct. The legal practitioner has a duty to do the right thing even when he knows that no one is watching. A sound justice sector is a booster for the tenets of rule of law by any government. In effect, the rule of law is healthy for the healthy promotion of democratic norms and practices in a given state. The legal profession is a very versatile one. This is because the lawyer may be a judge, a teacher of law in a university, a company director or secretary, a civil servant, an administrator, legal adviser and a political office holder. In terms of his contribution to the political atmosphere of his constituency, a lawyer has the right to vote and be voted for once he meets the constitutional requirements for the political office. Therefore, it is apposite to state that a lawyer can function in a multi disciplinary capacity. The lawyer should therefore not forget that he is first and foremost a member of the community where he lives. The legal practitioner has a duty to guide the community to richer democratic practices using the instrument of legal 7 Ibid. > 119 < Prez Diary.indd 119 8/26/2014 2:29:17 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution ethics. THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR LEGAL ETHICS IN NIGERIA The legal profession in Nigeria evolved as far back as the 19th century. Charles Foresythe was the first self-taught attorney, the prototype of the modern lawyer. He was enrolled to practise law at the Supreme Court in Lagos in 1865.8 Although, history has it that Sapara William is the first indigenous Nigerian lawyer.9Section 87 of the Supreme Court Judicature Act of 1873 provides that all the solicitors and attorneys are to be addressed as ‘Solicitors of the Supreme Court of Judicature’. In the early part of the 19th Century, there were only two classes of legal practitioners i.e. the Barristers and the Solicitors. In January 1862, a Police Court was established to handle cases bothering on different commercial disputes. The Supreme Court Ordinance of 1863 provided for the Supreme Court of her Majesty’s settlement of Lagos colony. Two classes of persons were allowed to practise law in Nigeria by virtue of the Supreme Court Ordinance of 1876. They are: professionally qualified legal practitioners; those who had served Articles (Solicitors) and Local Attorneys. Between 1914 – 1962 legal practice was restricted to professionally qualified legal practitioners. The applicant must join one of the four Inns10 of Court in England. The barrister represents litigants in court. His business is advocacy. He also gives legal opinion on issues referred to him by solicitors. A person who desires to be a solicitor must be articled to a firm of solicitors in England for a period of four (4) years. The Solicitor draws up leases and conveyances, he drafts Wills, prepares commercial agreements and gives legal advice on all matters to clients. He also seeks legal advice from the barrister from time to time on behalf of his clients. By inference, the barrister is a legal adviser from time immemorial. He must therefore 8 Adewoye, O. The Legal profession In Nigeria, 1865 – 1962. Longman, Ibadan. P. 21. 1977. 9 Richard L. Sklar, Nigerian Political Parties: Power in an Emergent Nation. (Princeton) 1963 10 The four Inns are: the Middle temple, the Inner Inn, the Lincoln Inn and the Gray’s Inn. > 120 < Prez Diary.indd 120 8/26/2014 2:29:17 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution brace up and render his legal advice towards promoting democratic values at any given time. The Nigerian Law School was set up late 1962 and it ran its first 3 months Course for 8 students and the location was at a building at 213 Igbosere Street, Lagos which was acquired by the Council of Legal Education from January to April 1963. The Legal Education Act 1962 established the Council of Legal Education charged with the responsibility for providing suitable Legal Education for persons seeking to be admitted to practise Law in Nigeria. The Legal Education Act 1962 was repealed in 1976 and replaced by the Legal Education (Consolidation Decree) in 1976 which decree revised and consolidated previous Act(s) and amendments. The Act was repealed in 1975 and replaced by the Legal Practitioners Decree of 1975. It is now known as Legal Practitioner Act L.FN. 2010.11 The Legal Practitioner Act 1962 now known as Legal Practitioners Act12 makes provision for three categories of people to practise Law in Nigeria as legal practitioners. The 3 categories are: those entitled to practise generally, those entitled to practise for the purpose of any particular office e.g. Attorney -General, Solicitor-General and those entitled to practise for the purpose of any particular proceeding. Whoever practices as legal practitioner outside this purview is guilty of impersonation by virtue of section 22 of the LPA. However, the provision of section 22 (1) (d) of LPA ought to be reviewed because a fine of N100 or 2 years imprisonment for impersonating a legal practitioner is not punitive enough in the present day realities. This author’s take is that a fine of not less than N500,000 should be imposed on such a convict to deter such conduct in our society. This is because of the danger impersonation of a legal practitioner portends for the legal profession and our nascent democracy. The Rules of Professional Conduct 2007 is the extant rule which governs the conduct and ethical practices of a legal practitioner in Nigeria. It is an offshoot of section 12 (4) of the LPA. It is apposite to consider a few 11 Cap L.11 LF.N. 2010 12 Cap 207 1990 LFN now Cap L.11 L.F.N. 2010 > 121 < Prez Diary.indd 121 8/26/2014 2:29:18 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution of the provisions of the rules with emphasis on aspects that bothers on the legal ethics of the practitioner towards sustaining our democratic values. ETHICAL OBLIGATIONS OF A LEGAL PRACTITIONER IN THE SUSTENANCE OF DEMOCRACY The life of a legal practitioner is soaked in ethical practices throughout his career. The legal practitioner has a sacred duty towards the state, court, profession, colleagues and the client. The court is vital to any democratic society and the legal practitioner is a minister in the hallowed temple of justice. Legal practitioners are highly educated in a complex discipline; they are allowed the privilege of self-regulation. The profession insists that those uninitiated in the learning of the law are unsuited to regulate the profession.13 It apposite to state that the heights which great legal practitioners attained is not a product of accidental flight or sudden eruption into affluence and influence but by dint of hard work, discipline and strict observance of the rules of legal ethics. A successful legal practitioner is an asset to entrenching democratic values in any given society. i. The Legal Practitioner’s Ethics and the Society The calling of a legal practitioner is one with high level of collegiality, civility and mutual trust. In the same vein, law, when practised according to its ethics and tradition, is a most challenging, rewarding and sophisticated profession.14 Ethically, a legal practitioner is expected to give back to the society. Rule 1 of the RPC 2007 places a duty on the legal practitioner to uphold the rule of law. This must be obeyed even at the detriment of the client. In contrast with Rule 19 of the RPC 2007, the legal practitioner is expected not to preserve the confidence of the client where such privilege will aid in the commission of a crime or in furtherance of illegality.15 13 Ukattah F. I. E. Law in Action Gimset Publishers, 1998. P. 16 14 Reaching for the Stars, an autobiography of Folake Solanke (SAN) BookBuilders Editions Africa, P. 217 15 Rule 19 (3) (c) of the Rules of Professional Conduct for Legal Practitioners 2007. > 122 < Prez Diary.indd 122 8/26/2014 2:29:18 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution As of June 2014, Nigeria has not less than 5 governors who are lawyers by profession across the various states of the federation. The training and ethics of their profession should reflect on the delivery of democratic dividends to the inhabitants of their various states.16 Lawyers as politicians ought to play an important role in the political development of the country. There were intangible ways in which the forbears of the legal profession were instrumental in the political awakening of the country. The Nigerian lawyers of the colonial days challenged the actions of the colonialists in courts through their professional activities and thereby increased the people’s confidence in a just and egalitarian society.17 This is the conduct expected of the present day legal practitioners. They must be role models for nation building and vital tools in nation building. The legal practitioner must use his practice of law to challenge dictatorial traits in our nascent democracy. ii. The Legal Practitioner’s Ethics to Candidly Advise The legal practitioner has a duty to advise the courts as an advocate and in some instance as amicus curiae. The practice of amicus curiae is borne out of the need by the court to be properly guided by legal practitioners who are seasoned in a particular field of law. The objectivity of their input, though, not being parties in the case will help to make the court arrive at a very robust verdict. Therefore, the legal practitioner who does not prepare his brief before court appearance or who fails to give honest advice to his client or who seeks to deceive the court or neglects to keep abreast of the law, is definitely not conducting himself as a member of the legal profession. An unethical legal practitioner is a poison to a delicious democratic meal. 16 Akwa Ibom, Benue, Enugu, Cross River and Lagos. 17 Prof. O. Adewoye, Legal Profession and The Nigerian Nation in the 21st Century. Quoted from ‘The Legal Profession and The Nigerian Nation: Essays in Honour of Aare Afe Babalola (SAN)’ P. 13 > 123 < Prez Diary.indd 123 8/26/2014 2:29:18 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution In furtherance of the above, a legal practitioner enjoys ceaseless flow of clientele and resources; he has a duty to accept brief under the cab rank rule notwithstanding his personal opinion on the brief. This is a very unique provision in rule 24 of the RPC 2007. Rule 24 (2) places a duty on the legal practitioner not to be a mere mouthpiece of his client to vomit the client’s instructions to the court under any guise but to use his professional judgment to decode what constitutes unethical practice(s) which ought not to surface in the temple of justice.18 A legal practitioner must be courageous in and out of the courtroom. A legal practitioner cannot therefore succeed without total commitment to industry and research. He must possess an analytical mind. These identified tools are a sine qua non to rule of law which is a major tripod upon which democracy stands. In terms of good governance, a legal practitioner has a duty to candidly advise his client to toe the sacred path of rule of law. A legal practitioner who frankly advises a political office holder on the dictates and legislative intent of a statute is doing a great service to building a virile democratic culture in the nation. Where a legal practitioner does otherwise, he is contributing in ruining the labours of our heroes past. Therefore, a legal practitioner is protected from advising against the state under rules 1 and 21 (1) of the RPC 2007. He is further protected from advising a political office holder who desires to flout the provisions of the constitution and other statutes enacted for the sustenance of good democratic values. He must not turn a blind eye to corrupt practices by his public office holder client under any circumstance. He is protected and legally immune under rule 1 and 19 of the RPC 2007. iii. The legal practitioner’s etiquette at the bar In the courtroom, a legal practitioner must be guided by the ethical provisions of rule 36 (b) of the RPC which requires the legal practitioner to conduct himself with decency and decorum and observe the customs, 18 Rule 24 (2) of the Rules of Professional Conduct for Legal Practitioners 2007. > 124 < Prez Diary.indd 124 8/26/2014 2:29:18 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution conduct and code of behaviour of the court and custom of practice of the bar with respect to appearance, dress, manners and courtesy. The legal practitioner must be courteous in speech. His voice must be heard for the promotion of democratic norms and against totalitarian approaches in the practice of democracy. It should be noted that under the guidelines for the conferment of the rank of Senior of Advocate of Nigeria (SAN), good conduct by an applicant is a prerequisite for the conferment of the privilege. In the same vein, imbibing the correct mode of behaviour or comportment as a lawyer has been found to be of tremendous benefit to advocates who transmute to the bench as judges or magistrates. This attitudinal requirement of good conduct flows from the concept of ‘fit and proper’ which is a requirement for entry into the legal profession. iv. The Legal Practitioner’s Ethics on Corruption Issues It should be noted that corruption has inflicted a cancerous wound on the feet upon which the Nigerian state stands. The role played by lawyers in the locus classicus case of A.G. Ondo State v. A.G. Federation19 cannot be overemphasized. An ethically regulated legal profession will culminate in entrenching strong values of rule of law in the affairs of the society. The case of A.G. Ondo State v. A.G. Federation20 was so complex to the extent that the Chief Justice of Nigeria21had to invite amici curiae as friends of the court to file their briefs of argument and oral addresses in order to jointly tackle the innovations of the Corrupt Practices and other related Offences Act No. 5 of 2000. The Supreme Court courageously applied the blue pencil rule22in nullifying sections 26 (3) and 35 of the ICPC Act. The judgment has also 19 (2002) 6 S.C. (Part 1) 1. This case brought to the fore the need for all tiers of government to collectively conquer the monster of corruption. 20 Supra 21 Hon. Justice. M. L. Uwaise (Rtd) 22 Blue-pencil test is a judicial standard for deciding whether to invalidate the whole contract or only the offending words. Under this standard, only the offending words are invalidated if it would be possible to delete them simply by running a blue pencil through them, as opposed to changing, adding or rearranging words. > 125 < Prez Diary.indd 125 8/26/2014 2:29:19 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution enabled the anti corruption agencies created under the Obasanjo administration to initiate criminate proceedings against public office holders in all the tiers of government in Nigeria. This act of prosecution without recourse to the police has further acted as a check on the excesses of political office holders. The court23 opined further that corruption is not a disease which afflicts public officers alone but society as a whole. If it is therefore to be eradicated effectively, the solution to it must be pervasive to cover every segment of the society.24 PROFESSIONAL OFFENCES AND DISCIPLINE OF THE LEGAL PRACTITIONER The professional offences recognizable in the legal profession for which a legal practitioner may be sanctioned include infamous conduct in a professional respect,25 conviction by a court of law in Nigeria, conduct(s) incompatible with the status of a legal practitioner and obtaining enrolment by fraud. The appropriate body to sanction the commission of the above professional offences is the Legal Practitioners Disciplinary Committee (LPDC). The procedure for sanctioning a legal practitioner for breach of legal ethics is as contained in the Second Schedule to the LPA as amended Cap 20726; and LPDC Rules, 1965 but the applicable rule at the moment is the Legal Practitioners Disciplinary Committee Rules, 2006. However, paragraph 2 of the Second Schedule to the LPA 2010 provides that the Chief Justice of Nigeria shall make rules for the purposes of any proceedings and as to the procedure to be followed and the rules of evidence to be observed in 23 Per M. L. Uwais, CJN at page 28 (lines 31-34) 24 Ibid. Learned Justice A.B. Wali (Rtd) stated further that what the National Assembly did is the promulgation of the Act aimed at abolishing corrupt practices in all their facets throughout Nigeria. It is an effort aimed at promoting and enforcing the observance of the provision of section 15 (5) of the Constitution. Per A. B. Wali JSC ( as he then was) at page 35 (lines 37 – 40.). 25 J. Olakunle Orojo, Professional Conduct for Legal Practitioners in Nigeria (2008) Odade Publishers, P 362 This Rule has been repealed by the LPDC Rules 2006 26 > 126 < Prez Diary.indd 126 8/26/2014 2:29:19 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution proceedings before the disciplinary committee. The sanctions which may be meted out to a legal practitioner found culpable of breach of legal ethics are: striking the name of the legal practitioner off the roll, suspending the legal practitioner from legal practice for a specified period of time, admonishing the legal practitioner and refund of money, document or thing which was the basis of the complaint. It should be noted that the LPDC must live up to its expectations to flush out the bad eggs in the legal profession. Where this is done, the profession will bequeath to the nation an unblemished justice sector for sustenance of our democratic values. ETHICAL OBLIGATIONS OF A JUDGE IN THE SUSTENANCE OF DEMOCRACY The Bangalore Principles of Judicial Conduct emerged from the second meeting of the Judicial Integrity Group which held in Bangalore, India in February 2001. The core values recognized in the document are independence, impartiality, integrity, propriety, equality, competence and diligence. The identified principles are intended to establish standards for ethical conduct of judges. Anidi27 posited that the principles are meant to provide guidance to judges and to afford to the judiciary a framework for regulating judicial conducts. These principles are to the effect that judges are accountable for their conduct to appropriate institutions established to maintain judicial standards in order to achieve independence of the judiciary. Appointment of judicial officers must be based on merit in order to promote the rule of law, without which, no nation can progress. Unethical practices are usually sanctioned through a mechanism28 provided in the Third Schedule of the 1999 Constitution as amended. In a recent development, the Chief Justice of Nigeria has threatened to sack any judicial officer found 27 Hon. Justice A. O. Anidi, Achieving Judicial Excellence: From Rhetorics to Action; The Bangalore Principles of Judicial Conduct. Contemporary Issues in Law and Jurisprudence: Selected Essays in Honour of Hon. Justice F. Ezeike. P. 248 28 Establishment of the National Judicial Council for appointment, promotion and discipline of judicial officers in Nigeria. > 127 < Prez Diary.indd 127 8/26/2014 2:29:19 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution wanting in his judicial office.29 Judges are expected to abide by their oath of office.30 Although, the constitution appoints the Chief Justice of Nigeria as the Chairman of the National Judicial Council, the chairman of the NJC lacks the statutory powers to sack any judicial officer. The power vested in the NJC must be exercised by the NJC and not the CJN. In the same vein, the federal nature of the 1999 constitution makes it illogical for the body to preside over issues relating to the activities of State Judicial Service Commission (SJSC). One submits that the role of the NJC should be advisory. There is a need therefore to amend item 21 (c) (d) and (h) of the third Schedule, paragraph I made pursuant to section 153 and 154 of the 1999 constitution as amended. The powers stated therein ought to be exercised by the SJSC. In Okwueze v. State31 the respondent who commenced an action against the appellant, obtained an order of interlocutory injunction against the latter. The order was allegedly breached and respondent started committal proceedings against the appellant. The appellant raised preliminary objection challenging the competence of the proceedings in that forms 48 and 49 were not in conformity with the prescribed rules, especially form 48 and 49 where the word ‘not’ was omitted. The court over-ruled him where upon, the appellant appealed to the Court of Appeal. The Court of Appeal held that a court should always strive to do substantive justice to the detriment of technicality. A court can criticize the conduct of litigant.32In essence, a court which observes substantial justice in lieu of technicalities is an asset to democracy. However, the court has a duty not to visit the sin of a counsel on the client.33 The judiciary has a role to moderate the shape of politics for the common good. Therefore, a judicial officer as an arbiter must strive to hear 29 The Guardian, June 17, 2014 at P. 3 30 7th Schedule, 1999 Constitution as amended 31 (2001) FWLR (Pt. 48) 1277 at 1297 32 Dalfam Nig. Ltd. v. Okaku Int’l Ltd (2001) 15 NWLR (Pt. 735) 203 at 251 33 Ogolo v. Ogolo (2000) F.W.L.R. (Pt. 15) 2661 at 2670 > 128 < Prez Diary.indd 128 8/26/2014 2:29:19 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution the parties to a dispute courteously, answer wisely, consider soberly and not sanctimoniously and decide impartially. A judge should strive to uphold the legislative intent of the law without prejudice to judicial activism in promoting democratic norms and values for the betterment of the common man who sees the judicial arm of government as their last resort. A judge must be patient, assertive and operate with an eagle eye visibility in handling the fate of fellow citizens. Proper decorum by the judge restores public confidence in the judicial process. A sound judicial process is vital to enthronement of rule of law as a component of democratic system of government. The judiciary is bewildered with its own challenges such as poor funding, poor remuneration, lack of modern facilities, corruption among some judicial officers as well as inadequate staffing and training. The citizenry are aware of the fact that judges record their proceedings in long hand, courts are congested with both civil and criminal cases. Most judges sit in decrepit courtrooms, lacking basic facilities. A visit to High Court, Agbani Judicial Division in Enugu State as of June 2014 will reveal a very hot atmosphere without a single computer system. The Olympia typewriter in use is very old. The furniture in the courtroom are old and there is no trace of comfort for judicial work in the said High Court. In addition, the authority of the judiciary is being eroded on a daily basis. Court orders are sometimes not obeyed. The above and many more, compromise the independence of the judiciary which is a major threat to the sustenance of democracy in Nigeria. The process for administration of justice in Nigeria is very arduous. Most times, legal practitioners employ technicalities of the legal provisions and the court rules to frustrate the essence of justice. It is apposite to state that Nigeria has inherited many procedural rules from the British colonial rule. This has succeeded in slowing down the pace for adjudicating cases in Nigeria. The complexity of judicial procedures often leaves litigants baffled > 129 < Prez Diary.indd 129 8/26/2014 2:29:20 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution and frustrated. Certain procedures such as those relating to adjournment, allow for easy manipulation by litigants wishing to delay proceedings.34 For instance, the case Dielu v. Iwuno35lasted for 23 years. This portends a bad omen for the sustenance of democratic values in our country. In essence, procedural bottlenecks have succeeded in compounding the challenges which arose out of poor funding, inadequate facilities and threat to independence of judiciary. JUDICIAL CORRUPTION Judicial corruption is a system of crime which involves the litigants, their lawyers, the corrupt or corruptible arbiter and court officers or external agents with internal link. It should be noted that indolence and unethical vices on the part of the legal practitioner are factors which aid such a legal practitioner to implant his precious future into the seeds of judicial corruption. Section 9 of the 1999 constitution as amended vests judicial powers of the federation in the courts recognized under the constitution. These powers must be exercised fearlessly, courageously and with very high dose of judicial activism. Nigerian judges are not immuned from sanctions. The procedure for sanctioning a judge is via a petition written against the judicial officer to the National Judicial Council who shall cause such allegation against the judicial officer to be investigated and pass appropriate decision upon the observance of the principle of fair hearing as enshrined in the Constitution. The judicial officer being tried is given a copy of the allegation made against him and the petitioner must be able to substantiate his allegations as alleged with credible evidence. In recent times, judges of superior courts have been sanctioned for various offences from warning to outright dismissal from judicial duties.36 34 Federal Republic of Nigeria: Vision 2140 Final Report, Vol. 1 35 (1996) 4 NWLR (Pt. 445) 622 36 On February 21, 2013, the NJC decided that Justice T.D. Naron of the High Court, Plateau State, and Justice Charles Efanga Archibong of the Federal High Court Lagos, respectively be retired for abuse of judicial powers. > 130 < Prez Diary.indd 130 8/26/2014 2:29:20 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution LEGAL ETHICS AND ITS RELEVANCE TO THE SUSTENANCE OF DEMOCRACY IN NIGERIA In furtherance of the above, legal ethics is very germane to the legal profession in Nigeria. The legal profession appears to be a very vital conductor for transmitting democratic currents to the Nigerian populace. A stable and vibrant legal profession can never be achieved without adherence to the rules of professional conduct and code of conduct for judicial officers in Nigeria. By implication, adherence to legal ethics and principles promotes a healthy democratic culture. The judiciary is the only body saddled with the constitutional responsibility of interpreting the constitution. This arm of government is a vital force to reckon with in the preservation of the fundamental rights of the citizens and sustenance of democracy. The concept of human rights is sacred to any democratic society. The sanctity of the rights is on a continuous basis. Its continuity is in perpetuity. Observance of legal ethics is very vital to sustenance of democracy in Nigeria. Legal ethics is a connecting nerve for the smooth operation of the bar and the bench. It must be strengthened in order to have a smooth administration of justice for the sustenance of democratic values in the country. This paper reminds the legal practitioners of their social responsibilities towards the Nigerian populace at large in order to have robust democratic governance across all tiers of government. A legal practitioner who adheres to the ethics of his calling is an asset to a vibrant justice sector. In the same vein, the application of legal ethics to judicial conduct is imperative for adherence to rule of law and sound justice system. These are vital tools in the workings of a democratic society. The judge as the arbiter in societal conflicts must be above board. The right procedure and processes for sanctioning a judge must be strictly adhered to. Judges should not be sanctioned at the emergence of a flimsy petition by an aggrieved party who lost out in a legal battle in the courtroom. For further reading, see www.njc.gov.ng > 131 < Prez Diary.indd 131 8/26/2014 2:29:20 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution The Executive and the Legislature have a duty to ensure that the spirit and letters of the 1999 Constitution as amended is strictly adhered to by prompt release of funds to the National Judicial Council for onward disbursement to the appropriate courts. On no account should judges’ salaries and allowances be delayed due to the sensitive nature of their judicial functions. When this is done, financial autonomy which remains a key panacea to independence of the judiciary will give hope to the common man. The South African Complaint process against a judge is more detailed and legislated in the Judicial Service Commission Act No of 1994.37 It enhances transparency in the trial of judges for alleged judicial misconduct. In the light of this, one submits that disputes between the NJC and parties should be assigned by the second most senior Justice of the Supreme Court or representatives selected from the Court of Appeal. This is to further strengthen the entire judicial system and restore confidence in the judiciary. This is because appeals lie to the courts in which the heads of these aforementioned heads of courts presides and assigns cases between parties being the chief administrative officers of their various courts. The NJC ought to regulate the appointment of Federal Judges. One submits very humbly that there is need for the establishment of the State Judicial Council to regulate the appointment of State Judicial officers. The oversight function of the NJC over the affairs of the State Judicial Service Commission in a Federal Constitution appears to be a misnomer. It would have been apt to have the NJC if the nation is operating a unitary constitution. It is further recommended that the National Judicial Institute and the Mandatory Continuing Legal Education Institute of the NBA must set out a mechanism for constant reorientation and training of the bench and the bar respectively. These training outfits must emphasise the core values embedded in legal ethics and the dangers its constant violations portends for the sustenance of democratic governance in Nigeria. 37 This is the current legislation which regulates the appointment, promotion and discipline of judicial officers in South Africa. > 132 < Prez Diary.indd 132 8/26/2014 2:29:20 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution The judiciary must therefore rise up to the challenge of courageous interpretation of statutes no matter whose ox is gored. Judicial review must be highly applied in reviewing legislative and executive acts. Political cases such as A.G. Federation v. A.G. Abia State38 and Ors must be given the right judicial approach in the allocation of resources which is a catalyst for conflict in the federation. The court should be prepared for judicial activism even in electoral disputes against the ruling party where this will further deepen the tenets of our democratic values. On a final note, one submits that observance of legal ethics is directly proportional to the growth of democracy and development in Nigeria. CONCLUSION It could be decipher from above that legal ethics is the anchor of legal practice and the legal profession. The legal profession is central to a vibrant rule of law which is the heart beat of democracy as a system of government. By inference, legal ethics is an invaluable asset in the sustenance of democracy in Nigeria. The entire legal profession in Nigeria has a cardinal duty to promote the rule of law in order to dispense justice to all, without fear and favour, and regain the confidence of the people. The profession must tailor its ethics on focusing on the quality of its members and not the quantity. The addition of legal ethics to rule of law equals a sustainable democratic culture for the benefit of the Nigerian populace. 38 (2002) 27 WRN 1. > 133 < Prez Diary.indd 133 8/26/2014 2:29:20 PM > 135 < 8 Preserving the Fundamental Human Rights of the Nigerian Citizenry: The Extent of Advocacy vis-à-vis Cultural Norms and Traditions Tunde Akinshola INTRODUCTION E xplaining the tenets of Fundamental Human Rights to an average Nigerian has always been tasking. This is because of the average citizen’s traditional beliefs that human rights are those rights and privileges allowed you by the powers that be. Your rights, to them, are as dictated by the government in power, or the police, the society and persons in authority. Many Nigerians believe there is nothing like Fundamental Human Rights, in view of the daily travesty of justice in our society, while others believe it exists only in developed countries. Rather than seek to enforce his constitutional rights, an average individual will rather religiously Prez Diary.indd 135 8/26/2014 2:29:21 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution accept his fate as “the will of God”, or hurry to the next temple to give testimonies of how God wrought mightily to rescue him from the violators of his rights. In explaining the inalienable nature of Fundamental Human Rights to the man on the street however, one of the easiest references to which one has always found recourse is the song of the late Afrobeat maestro, Fela Anikulapo-Kuti: Human rights na my property So therefore, you can’t dash me my property Human rights na my property Dem wan dash us human rights…2 This song has contributed greatly in helping to explain to the populace what Fundamental Human Rights are. For those who believe in him, if Fela had said human right is my property, then so be it. (Of course, the cynics will still contend that Fela was vocal and exceptional; an “abami-eda” {the weird one} and activist who suffered in the hands of government because he wanted to enforce his rights). In any case, it gives one pleasure that never cloys to explain that Fundamental Human Rights are those basic rights that cannot be gifted. They are those rights that each individual is considered to be born with, and therefore cannot be given or taken away. These are rights that each individual is naturally endowed with, whether he/she realizes it or not, and whether or not he/she is willing to enforce them. One of the problems advocates like us face is that of incredulity by the local populace. Let us take, for instance, unlawful detention- a common occurrence in the land. You tell a victim, for example, that he is entitled under the law to apologies and monetary compensation in the case of illegal or unlawful detention. Such an individual will look at you and may tell you bluntly that you are “speaking in tongues”. How can police apologize to me? Me, Police! Working for government! How can a detainee be compensated > 136 < Prez Diary.indd 136 8/26/2014 2:29:21 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution for his detention, no matter how long and unjust? When you press on with your advocacy, the usual refrain is for that individual to tell you to “leave am for God”. If you make any further attempt after this statement, you may find yourself ridiculed and even avoided, like a plague. Travesty of human rights and the impunity associated with it is the result of many fundamental societal problems. The focus of this paper, however, is to examine the problems associated with the preservation of human rights vis-a-vis cultural norms and traditions. Preservation here suggests the likelihood of erosions. And the causes of erosions of fundamental rights via culture and traditions are multifarious, but one shall only seek to highlight the basic elements in this write-up. STATUTORY GUARANTEES OF FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN RIGHTS We may need to start by restating that human rights transcend every aspect of our individual and national lives. We shall, therefore, firstly seek to review the basic provisions on human rights, the violations of which we all witness from time to time and are traceable to our cultural norms and traditions. To start with, the Nigerian Constitution3 makes express and explicit provisions for the preservation of Fundamental Human Rights. The first of this is the right to life under Section 33. Here, the Constitution guarantees that every citizen is entitled to life. Hence, no individual or institution is allowed to take the life of any citizen. The only exception is if a court has found an offender guilty of a capital offence and sentenced him. Therefore, no policeman, soldier, thug, secret society, militant organization, traditional institution or practice, or anybody for that matter is allowed to intentionally take the life of a citizen. Exceptions are made for where another person dies in the course of self-defence, or while applying reasonable force during the course of lawful arrest or preventing his escape from lawful detention, or where death occurs > 137 < Prez Diary.indd 137 8/26/2014 2:29:21 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution in the course of suppressing a riot, insurrection or mutiny. It also includes deaths from accidents and mistakes. But even at these, the violator is under a legal obligation to prove that the force used was reasonable and justified in the circumstance. Section 34 guarantees you the right to the dignity of your person. This means that no act should be done to any citizen which will derogate or reduce the value attached to his human person, or degrade him/her. Such prohibited acts include torture in any form or manner, by anybody or institution whatsoever. Torture does not have to be physical alone. Emotional, psychological or mental torture is forbidden. This means no person or group of persons is allowed under the law to torture another. The police are not allowed to beat, punish, torture or unduly detain a citizen. This also means that OPC, Bakassi, or other traditional or religious institutions are not allowed to engage in any degrading or inhuman treatment of citizens. Degrading treatments include slavery or servitude. The Constitution likewise prohibits forced or compulsory labour except under constitutionally recognized situations like emergencies, natural disasters or as part of training, e.g., NYSC. We find under Section 35 one of the most important provisions as regards Fundamental Human Rights. This section provides that “Every person shall be entitled to his personal liberty and no person shall be deprived of such liberty”. This means that it is unlawful for anyone to detain another or hold him captive against his will. Building on this, the Criminal and Penal Codes make the following acts of felonies punishable upon conviction: kidnapping, abduction, hostage-taking, false imprisonment, etc. Section 35 further guarantees any citizen arrested or detained the right to remain silent or avoid answering any question until after he has consulted with a legal practitioner or any other person of his choice. Thus, it is unconstitutional to arrest or detain any individual and force him to make a confession, or deny him access to or audience with his lawyer and/or family > 138 < Prez Diary.indd 138 8/26/2014 2:29:21 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution members. In addition to this, the same section makes it mandatory for any person arrested or detained for committing an offence to be informed of his crime within 24 hours, and in a language such an individual understands. Every citizen is entitled to fair hearing. This is another important provision of the Constitution under Section 36. It says that where the civil rights and obligations of any citizen is to be determined, whether by or against any government or authority, that citizen is entitled to fair hearing within a reasonable time. In addition to this, the authority dealing with the matter, be it a court or tribunal must be established by law and constituted in such a manner that its impartiality or independence will be guaranteed. One of the most vital ingredients of the fundamental right of fair hearing, (but which, conversely, suffers more pronounced breaches in our cultural and traditional norms), is the presumption of innocence. Section 36 subsection 5 provides that any person charged with any criminal offence is presumed innocent until proved guilty. The elements of this presumption include giving the accused time and facilities to prepare his/her defence, to call any witness in his defence, etc. As a follow-up to the above, one must emphasize that another basic element of fair hearing in juxtaposition with traditional norms and customs is the provision in Section 36 subsection 12 that no person can be convicted of any criminal offence unless the following conditions are met, viz: i. The offence for which he/she is charged must be clearly defined; ii. The penalty for the offence must be prescribed in a written law. (Please note the emphasis on written law); iii. Such laws must be either an Act of the National Assembly, the law of a State, or of any subsidiary legislation or instrument as provided under the law.4 Under fair hearing, any crime of which a person is accused must be alive at the time it was committed. This means that before a person is held guilty of committing an offence, such an offence must exist at the time it was alleged to have been committed. No criminal law is allowed to have > 139 < Prez Diary.indd 139 8/26/2014 2:29:21 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution retroactive effect. We shall examine this in greater details in the next discussions. Under Section 37, the provisions on right to private and family life relevant to this topic is the constitutional guarantee that no one can deprive any citizen of the right to make or form a family of his/her own. Thus no one can deprive another of the right to have babies as long as the individual is an adult, doing it lawfully. No one can force another citizen into an undesired marriage or wedlock without the individual’s consent. No one can prevent a citizen from marrying the person of his/her choice, once they are of marriageable age. No individual is permitted to force another to live with him/her. Right to peaceful assembly and association is guaranteed under Section 40. Therefore, every citizen is entitled to assemble freely anywhere, be it for political, religious, social, economic, or cultural purposes. Any individual is entitled to join or belong to any club or association or freely associate with any other person or persons, for the promotion or advancement of any lawful purpose. Corollary to this is that freedom of association implies the freedom not to join or belong to any association; hence no citizen may be compelled to join any association. Section 41 guarantees freedom of movement, throughout Nigeria, subject to few constitutional limitations. Nigerians are free to move from one location, village, town, city or State to another without disturbance or hindrance from any quarters. Nigerians are entitled to move freely within their locality or travel from one point to another without anybody disturbing them. No citizen of Nigeria can be expelled from Nigeria, or prevented from travelling in or out of the country. No Nigerian is permitted to be discriminated against on the basis of his/her place of ethnic origin. Section 42 forbids discrimination because of religion, tribe, or on the basis of sex. No law of the government or any legislation can forbid a person from any particular section, religion, sex or > 140 < Prez Diary.indd 140 8/26/2014 2:29:22 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution place of origin from enjoying the same privileges enjoyed by others from a different community. In addition to this, Nigerians are forbidden from being discriminated against by virtue of the circumstances of their birth, specifically in the area of physical disabilities. The above represents the basic fundamental rights as enshrined in the Constitution. One must point out that notwithstanding these guarantees, the same Constitution makes provisions for the omnibus ground of exceptions, restrictions and derogations.5 These include where a law is made in the interest of defence, public safety, public order, public morality or public health, and where the law is made for the purpose of protecting the rights and freedom of other persons. Aside from the Nigerian Constitution however, several international declarations, covenants, treaties and agreements have been executed to further guarantee the rights of people worldwide, strengthening the universality of human rights. Nigeria is a signatory to, and has assented to or ratified many of these covenants and declarations. Some of those relevant to this discussion are as follows: a. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, introduced by the United Nations (UN) in 1966 and assented to by Nigeria in 1967. b. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights introduced by the UN in 1966 and assented to by Nigeria in 1993. c. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, introduced by the UN in 1979 and ratified by Nigeria in 1985. d. Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment introduced by the UN in 1989 and ratified by Nigeria in 1991. e. Convention on the Rights of the Child, introduced by the UN in 1990 and ratified by Nigeria in 1991. f. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, introduced by the UN in 2006 and ratified by Nigeria in 2010. > 141 < Prez Diary.indd 141 8/26/2014 2:29:22 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution Perhaps, the most notable international instrument which supports the preservation of fundamental rights is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR).6 Most relevant of its provisions are that everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of their persons (Article 3); that no one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment (Article 5); that no one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile (Article 9); presumption of innocence until proven guilty (Article 11); protection against arbitrary interference with an individual’s privacy, family, home or correspondence (Article 12); freedom of movement (Article 13); equal rights as to marriage or its dissolution (Article 16); freedom of association (Article 20); and duties to the community in which alone the free and full development of the individual’s personality is possible (Article 29). The African Charter on Human and People’s Rights (ACHPR)7 built on the foundation laid by the UDHR. A careful comparison of its provisions will reveal that both the Nigerian Constitution and the ACHPR are positive reflections of the provisions of the UDHR. Having considered the basic tenets of fundamental human rights as guaranteed by Nigerian and international statutes, we shall now proceed to analyze how these rights have fared in the courts of traditional norms and culture. HUMAN RIGHTS VS. CULTURAL NORMS AND TRADITIONS (0:1) – HALF-TIME As comical as this sub-title may appear, One stands afraid the curves of your smile may disappear sooner than you thought, after you have fully considered the outcome of the raging battle between human rights and tradition/culture, so far. At the risk of appearing judgmental, let it be stated that it is a sad commentary that in 21st Century Nigeria, traditional norms and culture still have the upper hand in this match. > 142 < Prez Diary.indd 142 8/26/2014 2:29:22 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution When we talk of traditional norms and culture, the aspects relevant to this discourse are those harmful traditional practices which derogate from the citizens human rights as enshrined in the Constitution and international treaties. These obnoxious practices are not limited to any particular community or ethnic group, and are present in every aspect of our lives: social, economic, educational, cultural, religious, etc. From the North to the South, each tribe has its full list of vile cultural norms and practices against which we daily advocate reforms to make them conform to the Constitution, and if not possible, abolish them. One of the commonest breaches of human rights is what the law refers to as trial by ordeal. This is a traditional judicial practice where the guilt or innocence of an accused person is determined if they survived a dangerous and unpleasant test of life and death. Under the penal codes, trial by ordeal implies “the trial by the ordeal of sasswood8, Esere bean9 or other poison, boiling oil, fire, immersion in water or exposure to the attacks of crocodiles or other wild animals, or by any ordeal which is likely to result in the death of or bodily injury to any party to the proceeding...”10. This law is an extension of the constitutional provision which prohibits any infringement to the dignity of the human person, including torture and degrading treatment. Our recent history is however replete with stories of trials by ordeal of supposed evil-doers. For example, it is the usual practice in some parts of the country for certain individuals to be branded witches or wizards, just by merely looking at them. Since there was no “modern” method of dealing with this phenomenon, recourse is had to traditional investigative and judicial processes. Some of the victims, including children, are thus tortured into admission and summarily exterminated. The methods of killing the victims are as horrible as the act itself. It occurred recently in Akwa, Akwa Ibom State. According to one of the witnesses, it was “a harrowing experience as the victims were beaten with sticks, rods, horsewhips, electric wire > 143 < Prez Diary.indd 143 8/26/2014 2:29:22 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution while intermittently burnt with fire using plastic bags and poured with soldier ants and also stripped naked, dragged on the road with bare-body and even forced to seat on cow dung…”. He narrated further that “one of the victims was a 14 year old girl named Nwaeka who had a six-inch nail driven into her head; and she became insane! …. I later saw the girl at an orphanage called CRARN Children Centre in Eket, a place where such children are kept, when our church visited the place during Christmas period to donate food items and toiletries in 2009, but I later learnt that she subsequently died as a result of brain injury after the nail was removed in the hospital.”11 In the above report, a Commissioner in the State Cabinet was reported to have said that “witchcraft trials are the exclusive reserve of the traditional rulers, and can only be handled at what he called “the custom and traditional court”. Well, he merely echoed the popular belief of the people. Reports have it that in the decade ending in 2009, over 1,000 children were murdered on suspicion of witchcraft.12 Thousands more were tortured and suffered permanent incapacitations and/or displacement. Some of these tortures and extra-judicial killings were carried out by pastors, who were actively urged on and were too willing to greedily feed on the belief of the host communities in witchcraft and wizardry, and that immediate death should be visited on culprits. The tortures were devised to extract information about the identity of other witches yet undiscovered. More worrisome now is the present trend where groups of individuals constitute themselves into adjudicatory bodies with the supposed aims of preserving our culture and tradition. (Incidentally, the group often times remain the accuser, prosecutor and judges in their own causes). In Nigeria of today, we have numerous socio-cultural groups (with assumed quasijudicial authorities) like the Oodua People’s Congress (OPC) in the West, Bakassi Boys in the East, Egbesu Boys in the Niger Delta, and the Yandaba in the North. (The current campaign of the dreaded Boko Haram sect who > 144 < Prez Diary.indd 144 8/26/2014 2:29:22 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution declared western education a taboo may fit in here squarely). These groups have inadvertently become the mirror of our traditional judicial systems, which adjudicate and punish offenders in accordance with unclear, undefined and unwritten laws and customs. Thus, there have been many reports of physical and emotional tortures, unlawful incarcerations in illegal cells, detention of victims incommunicado, etc. One of my clients a few years ago narrated his ordeal to me. He had issues with his friend about the purchase of a vehicle, and the latter reported him to OPC members in his local government. My client reported that he was detained in an unknown location, stripped naked, tied with ropes, flogged daily and dehumanized for about two weeks, before he was eventually released when he maintained his innocence. He reported seeing several other “detainees” at this location, while efforts to involve the security agencies yielded no fruit. He confirmed his story by stripping to show me the lacerations and stripes caused by lashes on his bare body. In view of constitutional provisions, trials by ordeal are not only diminishing, barbaric, wicked and mindless; they constitute flagrant violations of the fundamental human rights to fair hearing and dignity of the victim’s person. Lives are lost and/or routinely taken in Nigeria, as a result of harmful traditional practices. One of these is for money-making and other occultic purposes. The Soka incident in Ibadan, Oyo State (where the dungeon of death was discovered) is still very fresh in our memory. There, the rights to life, freedom of movement, dignity of the person and liberty of many victims were violated with impunity by kidnappers and ritualists. While some may attribute this to societal vices in the rat race for riches and power, the acts stem from traditional occultic beliefs which encourage the use of human parts for money making and other ritual purposes. It was (and possibly still is) commonplace in Nigeria for traditionalists to hunt down hunchbacks for purification rites, twins as sacrificial lambs to cleanse a community, > 145 < Prez Diary.indd 145 8/26/2014 2:29:22 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution strangers to bring peace and prosperity to the community, albinos for fame and powers, and dwarfs for rituals to attain political positions. These cultural absurdities mirror a communal belief that some of those individuals are harbingers of evils, who must be slaughtered for the benefits of others. And in cultures where they are spared, they are outcasts with whom nobody seeks to relate socially. This, however, is a violent derogation of their rights to freedom from discrimination by virtue of their circumstances of birth.13 It has been part of our common culture in many parts of Nigeria to herald the death of monarchs and prominent citizens in the community through the death of commoners. As part of the passage rites, citizens are randomly abducted and murdered to accompany the deceased to the great beyond, as servants and followers. With the advent of civilization, this practice seems greatly reduced, for no one can confirm with certainty that it has been entirely abolished. Some months ago, the rumours were rife that many citizens went missing during the traditional burial rites of a particular king, and were speculated to have been killed as part of the customary rites, to accompany the monarch in his journey. Of course, security agencies have debunked these allegations, but the truth remains unclear. The story of the four University of Port Harcourt students continues to leave bile in the mouth. Now famously referred to as The Alu 4, this was the case of four University students accused of stealing. They were apprehended, lynched and burnt to death alive. I watched the video clip online and immediately regretted my decision, as I continue to cringe and shudder at the depth of callous barbarity a whole community could descend. Call it mob action; yes. But The Alu 4 saga is a sad testimony of a people’s culture which believes in jungle justice for supposed offenders, even before their guilt is established. It is prevalent in every part of the country. Our societal norms encourage immediate punishment for anyone accused of crime, most times without any proper investigation. Little wonder the Yorubas came > 146 < Prez Diary.indd 146 8/26/2014 2:29:23 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution up with the saying that ori yeye ni mogun, t’aise lo po (literally translated while “many accused are punished, countless are innocent”). This practice is nothing but a travesty of the constitutional provision that presumes anybody accused of crime innocent until the guilt is proven. The law further forbids the killing of another human, except in the limited exceptions as we have discussed above. On the contrary, our societal norms and traditions presume an offender guilty, who must be tortured to extort the “truth” and killed to serve as a deterrent. In many cases, the “offender” is dragged to his family house where he is lynched and burnt to death in full public glare. In many socio-cultural settings in different parts of Nigeria, we witness flagrant display of human rights violations in the name of culture and traditions. A ready example is the plight suffered by widows who must undergo punitive, harrowing and degrading ordeals after the death of their husbands; one, to prove they had no hand in such death; and two, as part of the traditional rites of passage for the deceased. In many parts of the Southeast of Nigeria, the traditional rites of igu mmiri ozu is rife, in which widows are forced to drink the water used to wash the corpses of their husbands, or ige fe ukwu ozu, where she is made to crawl over the corpse of her husband or sleep next to the corpses for days, to prove her innocence. A wife who refuses to go through these rites is dragged along the streets to her father’s house, incurring public opprobrium and ridicule. Some other communities require the widow not to take her bath until after eight market days (one month), to sit on bare floor during the period of mourning, totally restrict her movement and social activities during mourning of up to one year in many instances; loss of right of inheritance if she has no male child; shaving of the hair by women group14, etc. In virtually all communities in Nigeria, women are by custom and tradition regarded as assets or properties, whose proprietary rights may be transferred upon the death of the deceased “owner” to another relation. Most often than not, the woman has no say in this matter, and is merely > 147 < Prez Diary.indd 147 8/26/2014 2:29:23 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution inherited along with the late husband’s properties. It doesn’t even matter that the woman was partly or solely responsible for the acquisition of those properties. Her inheritance rights are gone with the man! Resistance on the part of the woman may earn her severe sanctions and ostracization in the society. All these traditional practices constitute derogations of the Fundamental Human Rights of dignity to the person, as guaranteed by the Constitution. In many States of Southwest Nigeria, several customary rites and traditions unduly infringe on the constitutional rights of the citizens to freedom of movement, under the guise of culture. A classic example here is the Oro festival celebrated in many parts of the Southwest and Lagos, till date. During these festivals, movements of women are severely restricted no matter the urgency or emergency, as they must not see or be seen by the Oro masquerade. Women must stay in-door all through the day(s) of the celebration, notwithstanding their class or statuses. (As a legal practitioner, I have had court cases adjourned on Oro days in Ikorodu area of Lagos because the female judge or registrars could not ‘risk’ it). Transgressors of the custom are severely punished, at times with death. These aberrations in modern Nigeria are nothing but sad reminders of our dark past which we should hurry to erase, in view of constitutional guarantee of freedom of movement under Section 41, even if for nothing else. In many parts of Northern Nigeria, the tradition and culture encourages and sanctions the norm that girls as young as ten years be given out in marriage, often times to adults old enough to be their grandpas. This is the customary practice and refusals are frowned upon seriously. I personally witnessed an incident during my brief sojourn in Maiduguri, Borno State some few years ago when a girl of thirteen was considered “ill-fortuned” to still be living with her parents “at that age”. The girl in question became almost ostracized for being single. And in very rare situations are these girls permitted a say in the choice of partners. (In any event, what choices do you > 148 < Prez Diary.indd 148 8/26/2014 2:29:23 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution expect of a girl of ten or twelve years!). Aside from the health and medical consequences of early marriages and child-motherhood, these customary practices are contrary to the provisions of the right to private and family life in Section 37 of our Constitution. In addition, the norms and practices derogate from the provisions of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights on consensual marriage by a man and woman of full age.15 Worthy of mention here is another practice in the East of the Niger, popularly referred to as the Osu or Oru caste culture. Very popular amongst the Igbos of the Southeast, this caste system is a discrimination based on descent. An Osu or Oru is regarded as a person sacrificed or dedicated to the gods, a sacrificial lamb who though not for slaughter, is a child, slave or property of a god or deity. For example, ‘in the South-East, the people of Umuaka community in Imo State, categorized “Amafor” (one of the 10 villages in the community) as ‘Osu’. Some other minor lower caste groups found in many kindred are given the pejorative Ibo expression of ‘ndi ejiri goro ihe.’ This may be translated in English as “those who are sacrificial lamb to the gods.” Marriage and relationships of love with the rest of the community is abhorred. Those interested in public office are not getting the necessary support from the community. In other words, they are being denied the opportunity to fully participate in the affairs of the community. And this has hindered their social upward mobility in the community. Some avid supporters of the caste system would not even buy whatever they have for sale in the market.16 The Osu or Oru is an outcast, living in a special area of the village, close to the shrine; he/she cannot marry or be married by a freeborn, and generations after him/her would automatically inherit that stigma, without their slightest inputs. “The ‘Osu’ caste system, which is a legacy of our forefathers, is an ascribed status. It is Nigeria’s version of ‘Apartheid.’ This system which encourages segregation, is a threat to the democratic principle of freedom of association. And for this, it should be abrogated.”17 It is needless to add that this system of segregation and discrimination flies right in the face of Section 42 of the Constitution which > 149 < Prez Diary.indd 149 8/26/2014 2:29:23 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution prohibits discriminations in every form. One finds it impossible to reconcile this practice also with Section 34 which forbids any act to be done to any citizen which will derogate or reduce the value attached to his human person, or degrade him. I submit that the Osu caste system additionally constitutes torture, emotional and psychological, to the victims, contrary to the provisions against torture and debasing treatment. Closely linked to the above is the issue of excessive traditional bride price. While marriage in many parts of the country is encouraged, the price tags on available brides have become major hindrances to many a would-be suitor, whose lean resources have talked common economic senses into their brains. These high bride prices, rather than reduce, have skyrocketed with inflation, so much so that many qualified males have to adjust and re-adjust their budgets year in year out, to match the reality. To tackle this problem, the Bride-price Law of Eastern Nigeria 1956 was promulgated, which fixed the amount of money to be paid as bride-price. However, the law remains a book-law and ignored by many who see the girl-child as a veritable investment, to be taken on only by the bold and the rich. This harmful traditional practice has consequently left many a qualified spinster “stranded”, and eventually branded “old stock”, as it were. This is a blatant sacrifice of the constitutional right to marry and form a family on the altar of culture and tradition. Many other harmful traditional practices abound, including arbitrary arrests and punishments depending on the whims of the person in authority, cultural prohibitions of marriage to persons from other communities, being ostracized for not belonging to a particular cultural group, e.g., age-grade groups, banishment from the community, slavery, servitude, vicarious liability (culture of punishing the children and family for the sins of an individual), socio-religious prohibition of girl-education, women subjugation, female genital mutilation (supposedly meant to not only preserve the woman’s virginity and her purity, but also to control and void her sexual > 150 < Prez Diary.indd 150 8/26/2014 2:29:23 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution libido; and many other cultural vices which space will not permit mention. The above analysis has, therefore, highlighted the raging battle between human rights and tradition. Unfortunately, the reports, as at today, are not heart-warming as the protagonists of culture over human rights have not ceased to amaze us all with the volume of evil arsenals in their armoury. RIGHT TO CULTURE – A MYTH OR REALITY? Advocates of the right to culture are always quick to point out to you that several rights statutes guarantee the rights of a community or group of people to their culture. They remind us, as if we have forgotten, that the provision of Article 27 of the UDHR guarantees everyone the right to freely participate in the cultural life of the community. And that Article 1 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights18 (CESCR) expressly stipulates that all peoples have the right to self determination, including the right to freely pursue their social and cultural development. When confronted with the fact that some cultures are repugnant, the protagonists argue that the term “culture” is not clearly defined in human rights law. And that in any event, the theory of relativity of culture indicates that human values are culturally relative rather than universal, and varies from culture to culture. What is good or bad, right or wrong, is relative to culture and tradition. How a particular culture defines its beliefs and values makes it acceptable to that culture, while it may be totally repugnant to another culture. Morality to them, is a product of culture; and societies disagree widely about morality, hence we have no clear ways of resolving those differences.19 Well, this debate . . . sharpens a long-standing dilemma: How can universal human rights exist in a culturally diverse world? As the international community becomes increasingly integrated, how can cultural diversity and integrity be respected? Is a global culture inevitable? If so, is the world ready for it? How could a global culture emerge based on and guided by human > 151 < Prez Diary.indd 151 8/26/2014 2:29:24 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution dignity and tolerance?20 While it may be conceded that cultural relativism is a challenge, the duty of all is to recognize that “traditional culture is not a substitute for human rights. It is a cultural context in which human rights must be established, integrated, promoted and protected. Human rights must be approached in a way that is meaningful and relevant in diverse cultural contexts. Rather than limit human rights to suit a given culture, why not draw on traditional cultural values to reinforce the application and relevance of universal human rights?”21 Therefore, the task before us all, firstly, is to accept the universality of human rights. All human beings, wherever they live, are entitled to those fundamental and basic rights from which no derogation may be permitted vide culture and tradition. It is irrelevant here whether the individual recognizes the natural endowment of these rights or their inalienability. Those rights exist in us, whether the activation mode is engaged or not. Secondly, there is the need to appreciate that the right to tradition or culture is not unlimited. We must remember this in the context of the provisions of the same right statutes that stipulate that there are limits in the enjoyment of the right to culture. For instance, Article 30 of the UDHR clearly declares that nothing in the Declaration may be interpreted as giving any person or group of persons any right “to engage in any activity or to perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of the rights and freedoms set forth” in the Declaration. {This same provision was re-echoed in Article 5(1) of the CESCR}. If that wasn’t clear enough, Article 29(3) of the UDHR provides that the rights (including the right to culture) may in no case be exercised contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations. One of these principles is the promotion of universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms.22 > 152 < Prez Diary.indd 152 8/26/2014 2:29:24 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution INSTRUMENTS OF PRESERVING THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF NIGERIANS Now that we have recognized that cultural norms and traditions must integrate, promote and preserve human rights, what are the instruments of choice in this seemingly arduous task? The first, and most vital tool in this wise is education; the second is education, and the third is education. The role of education can never be overemphasized in the task of advocacy of human rights vis-à-vis our cultural norms. The Holy Writs had succinctly declared that the people perish for lack of knowledge. And there are no two ways to gain knowledge except through education, both formal and informal. We have been advocating that teachings on the basic human rights should be incorporated into our school curricula, right from the Nursery/Primary schools. Human rights should be made a compulsory subject in our Secondary schools while it should stand alone as a compulsory unit course in the tertiary institutions, just like we have the General Studies. With this knowledge, the awareness and enforcement of fundamental rights would be greatly enhanced, both by the violators and the victims. This is fast becoming the fashion, even in civilized countries.23 Closely linked to this is advocacy. We need more focused activities from our human rights groups, to intensify advocacy especially in our rural areas, because this is where the majority of these traditional and cultural practices are still predominant. Support groups should dedicate their efforts at reaching the nooks and crannies of the country, to advocate for the abolishment of harmful traditional practices. These will be done through public enlightenment campaigns and programs, village square meetings, radio and television jingles and advertisements, interactions with traditional and cultural institutions, etc. Such campaigns will enlighten the masses on the injustice and dangers inherent in traditions like child marriage, trials by ordeal, extra-judicial killings, abhorrent widowhood practices, etc. To overcome the problem of funding, volunteers at the local communities may > 153 < Prez Diary.indd 153 8/26/2014 2:29:24 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution be sought, tutored and sent forth to evangelize through the gospel of human rights. Advocacy must also emphasize the good and acceptable aspects of our culture and tradition. Thus, governmental and corporate support and active participation of the people must be encouraged in the celebration of the manifestly positive aspects of our culture and traditions. In this light, the efforts of the Lagos State Government must be commended in exposing the positive impacts of the celebration of the Eyo Masquerades. Government support has catapulted these events to internationally acceptable cultural festivals, with many tourists and active participation from home and abroad. In the same commendable group is the annual Ojude Oba celebration in Ijebu-Ode of Ogun State and Iwude in Ijeshaland, Osun State, which were hitherto restricted vicious traditional rites but have been modernized to emphasize the positive aspects of our culture. Advocates must ensure a greater liaison and cooperation with traditional institutions, first to enable them understand and distinguish amongst the good, the bad and the ugly of any culture. Secondly, this will enable them identify areas of cooperation. Most of us advocates are guilty of that fallacy of hasty generalization that anything traditional is evil. This should not be so. A “greater understanding of the ways in which traditional cultures protect the well-being of their people would illuminate the common foundation of human dignity on which human rights promotion and protection stand. This insight would enable human rights advocacy to assert the cultural relevance, as well as the legal obligation, of universal human rights in diverse cultural contexts. Recognition and appreciation of particular cultural contexts would serve to facilitate, rather than reduce, human rights respect and observance.”24 Means of handling opposition to human rights because of tradition and culture must be devised. Here is a classic example: the Catholic Women Organization (CWO), in anticipation of opposition from influential > 154 < Prez Diary.indd 154 8/26/2014 2:29:24 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution community leaders of Ozubulu, Anambra State devised a strategy in which some of the outspoken protagonists of tradition and critics of reforms were conferred with titles of patrons of the CWO. With this induction, these hitherto oppositions were won over as advocates and supporters of the efforts to reform the obnoxious traditional rites in respect of widowhood. This strategy helped in no small measure in forestalling resistance to change.25 Nigeria has abundance of laws promulgated for the protection of human rights and freedoms. The country is also a signatory to many multinational treaties in this respect. Our duty as advocates is to encourage the citizenry to take full advantage of these laws for the preservation of their rights. In addition to education and advocacy, victims should be encouraged and supported to enforce their rights and seek remedies where appropriate. This could be through the provision of free/subsidized legal services. We have collectively failed to activate the provisions of Section 46(4)(b)(i) of the Constitution which mandates the National Assembly to make provisions for rendering financial assistance to indigent citizens whose fundamental rights have been infringed. Our people should be encouraged to first exhaust the constitutional remedies available to them here on earth before hastily taking violators of their rights to “God’s Supreme Court”. After all, heaven will only help those who help themselves. The Nigerian Constitution has conferred special jurisdiction on the High Courts in human rights matters. To this end, special procedures for the enforcement of fundamental rights have been stipulated by the Chief Justice of Nigeria. This, to me, is unnecessary in view of the inordinate delays matters suffer in our High courts in places like Lagos. Secondly, human rights cases are not always against the government as oftentimes, violations occur between individuals. Issues of human rights are issues of facts and evidence. If dedicated courts cannot be instituted to solely handle > 155 < Prez Diary.indd 155 8/26/2014 2:29:24 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution human rights cases, then all Magistrate Courts should also be empowered to adjudicate on issues of human rights, to reduce the burden on the High courts. The task is for us to propose the necessary amendments to our legislators and put pressure on them for their implementation. CONCLUSION On effect of repugnant traditional customs, one has always found heartwarming the ratio of his lordship, Niki Tobi, JCA (as he then was) in the case of Mojekwu v. Mojekwu.26 While delivering judgment in a case involving the disinheritance of daughters and wives in Igbo culture, he had opined as follows: All human beings – male and female - are born freely, without any inhibition on grounds of sex; and that is constitutional. Any form of societal discrimination on ground of sex, apart from being unconstitutional, is antithetic to a civil society built on the tenets of democracy, which we have freely chosen as a people. We need not travel all the way to Beijing to know that some of our customs, including the Nnewi “Oli-Ekpe” custom, relied upon by the appellant, are not consistent with our civilized world in which we all live today, including the appellant. In my humble view, it is the monopoly of God to determine the sex of a baby and not the parents. Although the scientific world disagrees with the divine truth, I believe that God, the Creator of human beings, is also the final authority of who should be male or female. Accordingly, for a customary law to discriminate against a particular sex is to say the least an affront to the Almighty God Himself. Let nobody do such a thing. On my part, I have no difficulty in holding that “Oli-Ekpe” custom of Nnewi is repugnant to natural justice, equity and good conscience. This write-up has merely attempted to demonstrate that the result of the match between human rights versus cultural norms and traditions is barely worth its announcement. And that in spite of numerous > 156 < Prez Diary.indd 156 8/26/2014 2:29:25 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution constitutional, statutory, regional and international guarantees as we have seen above, fundamental rights have continued to under-perform on the field of play. Of course, the match is half-way and on-going. Perhaps, a substitution/ reinforcement is desired from our reserve bench of statutory instruments yet unutilized, to inject fresh ideas, energy and impetus into this encounter. Advocates, as the tacticians and chief coaches, are under obligations to identify the major areas of weakness and re-strategize to ensure a positive turn-around. My mind tells me this match will be won eventually; but my worry is, will this generation do the magic within regulation time? > 157 < Prez Diary.indd 157 8/26/2014 2:29:25 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution REFERENCES 1. Tunde Akinshola is a Barrister and Solicitor of the Supreme Court of Nigeria, and a Solicitor of the Supreme Court of England & Wales. He is the author of several books on the basic rights of Nigerians in every facet of their lives. 2. Album: Beast of No Nation 1989. 3. Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999, Chapter IV 4. I hasten to add here that the Constitution makes no provision for recognition of offences under our traditional norms and customs. Thus, most of the supposed offences punishable under our culture and traditions offend against the spirit and letters of the Constitution, as those offences do not meet the requirements of Section 36 subsection 12 5. Under Section 45 of the 1999 Constitution, derogations are permitted in two broad instances, as follows: fundamental rights to private and family life, of assembly and of movement may be restricted when it is reasonably justifiable in a democratic society. Secondly, right to life and personal liberty may be restricted in cases of emergencies like war, serious violence, armed revolt or riots. Even at this, stringent conditions are imposed by the Constitution before these rights could be infringed upon. 6. Adopted by the UN General Assembly on 10 December 1948. 7. The African Charter on Human and People’s Rights was adopted by the then Organization of African Unity on 27 June 1981 and entered into force on 21 October 1986. It was signed by Nigeria on 31 August 1982 and ratified on 22 June 1983. It became domesticated in Nigeria vide the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (Ratification and Enforcement) Act, Cap A9 Laws of the Federation. 8. The sassywood also known as “ordeal tree” is a toxin producing tree, and the defendant is required to drink a concoction of its bark. If he vomits it, then he is presumed innocent. 9. The Esere bean, also known as the “ordeal bean” or “Calabar bean” was commonly used in traditional trials where someone is accused of witchcraft. The defendant is presumed innocent if he vomits the beans. However, most defendants who ingested the beans were killed by its effects which are similar to that of nerve gasses. 10. See Section 207 of the Criminal Code, Laws of Lagos State. 11. Check http://news2.onlinenigeria.com/headline/172287-horror-as-innocentchildren-and-adults-accused-of-witchcraft-tortured-and-killed-in-akwa-ibomstate-photos.html for blood-chilling pictures and commentaries. 12. “Church Burns ‘witchcraft’ children”, The Telegraph, reported by Katharine Houreld, 20 October 2009. 13. S.42 of the Nigerian Constitution 1999; Article 7 of the UDHR; Article 2(2) of International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR); and Article 2 of the ACHPR. 14. Ironically, most of these offensive practices are enforced and perpetrated by women. In a study of Ozubulu, headquarters of Ekwusigo Local Government Area of Anambra State undertaken by the Catholic Women Organization (CWO) between January and December 2001, the CWO reported that “women are the victims, perpetrators and enforcers of the obnoxious traditional > 158 < Prez Diary.indd 158 8/26/2014 2:29:25 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution practices and sanctions. The Study found that the patrilineal daughters (Umuada) are the key perpetrators and enforcers who most of the times are prejudiced against their dead relations’ wives for past disagreements or misunderstandings. They see the widowhood period as a time for vendetta. It was likened to women fighting women and, therefore, they must collectively stop the practice for the benefit of every woman”. See for details http://www. nairaland.com/187778/evil-dirty-nigerian-cultures-should/9. 15. Article 16(1) of the UDHR expressly provides that “men and women of full age…. have the right to marry … (and) are entitled to equal rights as to marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution.” Article 16(2) provides that “Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of the intending spouses”. 16. Dike, Victor: “The ‘Caste System’ in Nigeria, Democratization and Culture: Socio-political and Civil Rights implications.” Published in Africa Economic Analysis 2000. 17. ibid. 18. The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights was adopted by the UN General Assembly on 16 December 1966 and entered into force on 3 January 1976. 19. Routledge 1998 20. Diana Ayton-Shenker, “The Challenge of Human Rights and Cultural Diversity”, published by the United Nations Department of Public Information DPI/1627/ HR--March 1995. 21. ibid. 22. Article 1(3) of the UN Charter 1945. See also the preamble to UDHR which pronounces that the recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family as the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world; Article 1 provides that “All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights…”; and Article 22 provides for the right of every member of the society to social security. 23. For instance, the British Prime Minister David Cameron, has recently advocated the teaching of the Magna Carter to children in the UK. See www. bbc.com/news/uk-27853591 24. Diana Ayton-Shenker. Ibid. 25. See note 12 above. 26. (1997) 7 NWLR (Pt. 512), 283. > 159 < Prez Diary.indd 159 8/26/2014 2:29:25 PM > 161 < 9 Road Ethics and Life Expectancy In Nigeria Akinpelu, Victor Ife-Oluwa INTRODUCTION R oad crashes have been noted to be one of the leading causes of death in the world, claiming about 1.2 million lives every year. This huge loss of mostly productive lives has drawn the attention of global, national and municipal organizations. This chapter elucidates the place of road ethics in achieving fuller lives and stemming the colossal loss of human resources to road carnages in Nigeria. Leading Causes of Death in the World Below is a report on the leading causes of death globally from year 2000 to 2012 Prez Diary.indd 161 8/26/2014 2:29:25 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution Source: World Health Organization (WHO) The chart above depicts road injury as the only non-disease factor that ranks amongst the leading causes of death globally. “Road traffic injuries are a major but neglected public health challenge that requires concerted efforts for effective and sustainable prevention. Of all the systems with which people have to deal every day, road traffic systems are the most complex and the most dangerous. Worldwide, an estimated 1.2 million people are killed in road crashes each year and as many as 50 million are injured. Projections indicate that these figures will increase by about 65% over the next 20 years unless there is new commitment to prevention. Nevertheless, the tragedy behind these figures attracts less mass media attention than other, less frequent types of tragedy” – WHO, 2014. > 162 < Prez Diary.indd 162 8/26/2014 2:29:25 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution LEADING CAUSES OF DEATH IN THE WORLD BY AGE GROUPS 1 Rank 2 3 0−4 years Lower respiratory infections 1 890 008 Diarrhoeal diseases 1 577 891 Low birth weight 1 149 168 4 5 5−14 years Childhood cluster diseases 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 178 856 Tuberculosis 390 004 1 043 978 5 812 863 7 153 056 Cerebrovascular Cerebrovascular Cerebrovascular disease disease disease Lower respiratory infections Road traffic injuries 127 782 251 806 285 457 4 685 722 Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases 2 396 739 Lower respiratory infections HIV/AIDS 1 395 611 Trachea, bronchus, lung cancers Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases HIV/AIDS Tuberculosis 1 098 446 108 090 245 818 Ischaemic heart disease Interpersonal violence 231 340 Self-inflicted injuries 216 169 230 490 Childhood cluster diseases 45−59 years ≥60 years All ages Ischaemic heart Ischaemic heart Ischaemic heart disease disease disease 302 208 Self-inflicted injuries Malaria Drowning 86 327 623 099 Tuberculosis 400 704 HIV/AIDS 390 267 Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases Birth asphyxia and Malaria birth trauma 76 257 729 066 Lower respiratory Interpersonal infections violence 92 522 165 796 309 726 Trachea, bronchus, lung cancers HIV/AIDS Fires Cerebrovascular disease 261 860 Cirrhosis of the liver 124 417 Cirrhosis of the liver 250 208 Road traffic injuries 370 706 8 30−44 years HIV/AIDS 707 277 219 434 Road traffic injuries Road traffic injuries 130 835 1 046 177 6 15−29 years HIV/AIDS Congenital heart anomalies 223 569 Protein–energy malnutrition Tropical cluster diseases 90 845 35 454 Fires Drowning 33 046 87 499 Tuberculosis War 32 762 71 680 138 197 STDs excluding HIV Protein–energy malnutrition Hypertensive disorders 67 871 Meningitis 30 763 Meningitis 64 255 30 694 61 711 Maternal haemorrhage 100 101 221 776 Lower respiratory Self-inflicted infections injuries 3 764 415 2 818 762 2 743 509 927 889 Diabetes mellitus Diarrhoeal diseases 1 766 447 749 977 Hypertensive heart disease Childhood-cluster diseases 732 262 1 359 548 Stomach cancer Tuberculosis 605 395 1 605 063 Tuberculosis Trachea, bronchus, lung cancers 495 199 67 511 189 215 1 238 417 Stomach cancer Colon and Malaria rectum cancers 1 221 432 185 188 476 902 Liver cancer Nephritis and Road traffic injuries nephrosis 180 117 1 183 492 56 233 Ischaemic heart disease Maternal haemorrhage Diabetes mellitus Road traffic injuries Falls 53 870 Poisoning 63 191 War 49 736 52 956 61 018 175 423 Lower respiratory infections Drowning Leukaemia 57 287 21 097 Endocrine disorders 20 084 Violence 98 232 Poisonings 5 489 591 Lower respiratory infections 81 930 Fires 42 619 Tuberculosis Poisonings Childhood cluster Drowning diseases 56 744 48 101 Abortion Liver cancer 40 574 18 529 43 782 18 551 55 486 440 708 Alzheimer and Low birth weight other dementias 1 149 172 382 339 Liver cancer Diabetes mellitus 367 503 982 175 147 489 Cirrhosis of the liver Hypertensive heart disease Hypertensive heart disease 366 417 Oesophagus cancer 903 612 Self-inflicted injuries 129 634 318 112 160 259 Breast cancer 874 955 Source: WHO Global Burden of Disease project, 2002, Version 1 > 163 < Prez Diary.indd 163 8/26/2014 2:29:26 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution The need for enhanced Road Safety advocacy, education and enforcement can therefore not be overstressed. The chart above reveals that road traffic carnage has its most victims amongst people between ages 5 to 14, 15 to 29 and 30 to 44 years. The negligence / vice attributable to road users of these age brackets would be explained later in this chapter. NIGERIA’S PUBLIC HEALTH PROFILE Total population (2012) Life expectancy at birth m/f (years, 2012) Probability of dying under five (per 1 000 live births, 2012) Probability of dying between 15 and 60 years m/f (per 1 000 population, 2012) Total expenditure on health per capita (Intl $, 2012) 169,000,000 53/55 124 371/346 161 Source: WHO It is therefore glaring that with a life expectancy of 53/55 years, about 12 percent of new born babies dying under 5 years and an additional 34 to 37 percent of the populace dying between 15 and 60 years, Nigeria needs more integrated efforts in boosting its public health profile. ROAD CRASH FATALITIES IN NIGERIA Below is a report of road traffic accidents from year 2007 to 2013 Year 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 TOTAL Number of Cases 8,477 11,341 10,854 5,330 4,765 6,269 13,538 60,574 Number Killed 4,673 6,661 5,693 4,065 4,327 4,260 6,544 36,223 Number Injured 17,794 27,980 27,270 18,095 17,464 20,752 40,057 169,412 Source: Federal Road Safety Corps (FRSC) > 164 < Prez Diary.indd 164 8/26/2014 2:29:26 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution More than thirty six thousand people have been killed in road mishaps while over one hundred and sixty nine thousand others sustained injuries in sixty thousand five hundred and seventy four road accidents in Nigeria between years 2007 and 2013. The casualties far exceed those of the Boko Haram insurgency! For instance, out of a total of 2,913 trauma patients who had attended the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital in Nigeria over a period of 15 months, 1,816, or 62.3%, had suffered road traffic injuries (Solagberu et al 2002) Road Ethics: The Way Out! Road crashes are very much avoidable; virtually every road crash is traceable to neglect of traffic law(s). The following traffic regulations are therefore germane to safe road use: Compliance with Speed Limits The huge loss of road users aged 15 to 29 and 30 – 44 years (as in chart 2 above) is largely traceable to over-speeding. The Federal Road Safety Corps has affirmed that more than sixty percent of road crash fatalities in Nigeria can be traced to over-speeding. A good driver should resist the temptation to over-speed. FRSC has continued to re-iterate the fact that the risk of a road crash and fatality increases with the speed of the vehicle. Below is a graphical representation of speed limits by road and vehicle type. SPEED LIMITS FOR DIFFERENT VEHICLES (km/hr) Types of Vehicle Town & City Highway Motorcycles 50 50 Private Cars 50 80 Expressway 100 Ta Xis & Buses 50 80 90 Tankers & Trailers 45 50 60 While Towing 45 45 45 While Not Towing 50 60 70 Tow Vehicle Source: Federal Road Safety Corps > 165 < Prez Diary.indd 165 8/26/2014 2:29:26 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution It has to be noted that violators of speed limits as shown above are liable to prosecution in a Court of Law or payment of fine. Over speeding and recklessness by motorcyclists is another major cause of road traffic injury. The onus lies on motorcycle passengers to caution over-speeding and errant riders. Speed-Limiting Devices: In September 2013, FRSC lunched the campaign for the introduction of speed limiting devices in commercial vehicles. This was borne after research findings by the Corps revealed that commercial vehicles account for 30 percent of crashes and 40 percent of fatalities in Nigeria with 65 percent of the total crashes caused by overspeeding. Speed limiting devices make it impossible to accelerate beyond a specified maximum. Private vehicle owners are also encouraged to key into the initiative. Compliance With Loading Regulations Every vehicle has a passenger / freight limit as specified on the Road Worthiness Certificate. Overloading makes a vehicle less balance, reduces its ability to manoeuvre when necessary and makes it more prone to a crash. The following are some indicators of an overloaded vehicle: One or more passengers cannot use the seat belt: Every occupant of a vehicle is expected to use the seat belt; this becomes impossible when the vehicle is overloaded. Visibly over-burdened tyres: When a vehicle is overloaded, the tyres carry a weight beyond what they are designed for. This weakens the tyres, makes them prone to a burst and endangers the occupants of the vehicle. Motorcycle overloading is a more dangerous road vice; Safety is totally jettisoned and there is a high tendency of the rider/passengers getting injured. > 166 < Prez Diary.indd 166 8/26/2014 2:29:27 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution Use of Seat Belt All occupants of a vehicle are to use seat belts. It becomes more imperative for the driver and the front passenger to use seat belts because of the hard surfaces (wind shield and dash board) they may collide with in case of a crash. “Every vehicle shall have fitted in the front and rear seats, seat belts and child safety seats which shall be securely worn by the driver and the other occupants of the vehicle while the vehicle is in motion” – National Road Traffic Regulation (2012), Section 126 (1) Breen (2004) also warned that: Failure to use seat-belts is a major risk factor for vehicle occupants. The most frequent and most serious injuries occurring in frontal impacts to occupants unrestrained by seat-belts are to the head. Seat belts are major life-saving vehicle paraphernalia. Failure to use seat belt is a traffic offence which attracts the payment of fine in lieu of prosecution in a Court of Law. Use of child-safety seats and proper positioning of children To further ensure the safety of children while driven in vehicles by adults, FRSC added two offences to its list of offences. The new offences as related to children are: Child Restraint Violation (CRV) Child Sitting Position Violation (CPV) While Child Restraint Violation (CRV) makes it an offence to put a child in a vehicle without using proper restraints, safety seats and seat belts; Child Sitting Position Violation (CPV) makes it an offence to put a child below twelve (12) years of age in the front seat. Each of the offences attracts a fine in lieu of prosecution in a Magistrate Court. > 167 < Prez Diary.indd 167 8/26/2014 2:29:27 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution Children strapped on child safety seats. Source: FRSC photo archive Non-compliance with this regulation is one of the major causes of child mortality on the road as shown in Chart 2 above. Adequate Visibility of Children by Motorists and Cyclists It has been observed that children are sometimes knocked down as a result of poor visibility by motorists and cyclists; this makes it important for children to always be guided by adults when using the road. The Zone 2 of the Federal Road Safety Corps comprising Lagos and Ogun States launched the Children Accident Prevention Initiative (CAPI) in the year 2011. CAPI had about one thousand five hundred school children across Lagos and Ogun States decorated with reflective jackets. The initiative which was tagged “be seen, be safe” was conceived to aid the visibility of school children by motorists and other road users. It is therefore advisable that children wear reflective clothing when using the road at early or late hours of the day. Drivers should also be sure of the location of children within the home premises before moving vehicles. > 168 < Prez Diary.indd 168 8/26/2014 2:29:27 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution No Phones While Driving Phones have become a major source of distraction to drivers resulting in road accidents and fatalities. Concentration of drivers is seriously reduced when using the phone. FRSC frowns at drivers and cyclists making use of the phone while in motion. Use of phone while driving is a traffic offence in Nigeria for which the violator could be fined or charged to Court. It is commonly said in road safety parlance that “you are four times more likely to have a crash when you are on a mobile phone.” For drivers who must receive a call, using the Hands-free mobile telephone (a mobile telephone device, usually fitted to the dashboard of a vehicle, which does not require manual operation) is advisable. Check Your Tyres A bad tyre is a crash waiting to happen; a driver must be sure of the reliability of the vehicle tyres each day; deflation, wearing and punctures must be checked daily. A driver must also bear in mind the maximum pressure and date of expiration of the tyres; the maximum pressure (max psi) and date of threading (DOT) are usually written on every tyre. The DOT is a four digit number; the first two represents the week while the last two digits represents the year of production after 2000. A tyre expires four years after the DOT. A tyre with DOT 0513 was manufactured in the fifth week of the year 2013 and will expire in the fifth week of the year 2017. Using expired or worn out tyre is an offence for which the driver could be charged to court or made to pay a fine. USE OF SAFETY HELMETS BY CYCLISTS “No person shall ride a motorcycle without wearing an approved safety helmet or carry a passenger who is not wearing an approved safety helmet” - National Road Traffic Regulation (2012), Section 194(c). > 169 < Prez Diary.indd 169 8/26/2014 2:29:27 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution The spate and fatality of crashes involving motorcycles has become a national health concern. This amongst other factors has moved some State Governments to ban the movement of motorcycles on certain roads. The safety helmet is the only safety apparatus on a motorcycle; the Law therefore makes it compulsory for riders and passengers to wear safety helmets. Bicycle riders are also expected to wear safety helmets when riding on public roads. Pedestrian Safety Pedestrians often fall victim of the recklessness of drunk and errant drivers. Cases where pedestrians become casualties of mechanical problems of moving vehicles such as steering lock or brake failure are also quite common. Pedestrians and cyclists are the most vulnerable road users; “Pedestrians have a 90% chance of surviving car crashes at 30 km/h or below, but less than a 50% chance of surviving impacts at 45 km/h or above” (Breen 2004). The following regulations/precautions are critical to the safety of pedestrians. Use The Pedestrian Lane: Standard roads especially those within towns and cities are expected to have pedestrian lanes. Pedestrian lanes are built to be higher than motor pavements preventing motorized traffic (vehicles and motorcycles) from coming in contact with pedestrians and bicyclists. Never Back Traffic: Many are still ignorant of this basic rule of pedestrian safety. Backing road traffic puts a pedestrian or bicyclist at a high risk, facing traffic leaves one with chances of spotting an errant driver and taking appropriate safety measures. Use The Foot Bridge Or Pedestrian Crossing: Foot bridges provide the safest means of crossing busy roads by pedestrians. In the alternative, Pedestrian Crossings with its unique black and white markings ensure the > 170 < Prez Diary.indd 170 8/26/2014 2:29:28 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution visibility of crossing pedestrians by motorists. Use Information And Communication Technologies (ICT) Communication is one of the reasons people travel, discussions that cannot be made over the phone are fixed for a date and venue. ICT however offers a veritable alternative for physical movement and convergence; teleconferencing, e-mails, social media and other ICTs reduces the need for embarking on trips, provides an economical and effective group discussion platform and eliminates the risks associated with physical travel. Organizations are to harness ICT to reduce long distance mobility of staff and the dangers thereof. United Nations Decade of Action for Road Safety In stemming the huge loss of lives to road accidents, United Nations launched a Decade of Action for Road Safety. This decade of action spans from year 2011 to 2020 and has the following pillars: Investing in safer roads Increasing road safety and mobility Developing safer vehicles Fostering safer road users Improving post-crash management Everyone holds a stake in ensuring the success of the Decade of Action for Road Safety; this is by complying with traffic regulations and joining the campaign for safe road use. CONCLUSION No person, age bracket, family or social class is spared from the disaster of road crashes. All persons, families, organizations and professional bodies must therefore show concern and involvement in eliminating road crashes and ensuring fuller lives for all Nigerians. > 171 < Prez Diary.indd 171 8/26/2014 2:29:28 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution REFERENCES: Breen J. (2004): World Report in Road Traffic Injury Prevention, Ed. M. Peden, R. Scurfield, D. Sleet et al; Geneva: World Health Organization. Federal Road Safety Corps (2014). Policy, Research and Statistics Archive. Accessed 24th June, 2014 National Road Traffic Regulation (2012); Federal Government Publisher, Lagos Solagberu B. et al (2002) Clinical Spectrum of Trauma at a University Hospital in Nigeria. European Journal of Trauma, 6:365–369. Accessed online on 21st June, 2014 World Health Organization (2014): The Top Ten Causes of Death. Accessed online at http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/index1.html on 21st June, 2014 World Health Organization (2014): Road Traffic Injuries. Accessed online at http:// www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/road_traffic/en on 21st June, 2014 World Health Organization Global Burden of Disease Project, 2002, Version 1. Accessed online at http://www.who.int/healthinfo/statistics/mortality/en on 21st June, 2014 > 172 < Prez Diary.indd 172 8/26/2014 2:29:28 PM > 173 < 10 Redefining the Nigerian Health Sector with a Sharp Focus on Professional Ethics, Practices and Conduct Dr. Abimbola O. Adewolu OVERVIEW E thics, otherwise known as moral philosophy, derives from the Greek word ethikos, which means “custom”. Ethics can be defined as the branch of philosophy which deals with the morality of human actions, human behaviour, the systematic study of the fundamental principles of the moral law. It is the normative science of human conduct —that is, concepts such as good and evil, right and wrong, virtue and vice, justice, etc. The term refers to a set of values, principles, and beliefs that guides the behaviour of a specified group, the Health Sector inclusive. For example, Prez Diary.indd 173 8/26/2014 2:29:29 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution is it right for a young 16 year old girl to have abortion after been raped? When we consider “Right of disclosure”, is it appropriate to tell the wife of an A.I.D.S. patient about the husband’s illness or not? A nation that will grow must exhibit high ethical standards. In America today, decisions are being made on stem cell transplantation, human cloning, abortion, euthanasia, homosexuality. Nigerians must decide their stance on these issues and many more. STANDARDS OF CONDUCT Morality is the general term for an individual’s or a society’s standard of conduct, both actual and ideal, and of the character traits that determine whether people are considered good or bad. The scientific study of morality is called descriptive ethics – In this case, a scientist describes the moral judgments, beliefs or actions of individuals or societies in empirical terms and the reasons given for actions and beliefs. Branches of Ethics i. Normative Ethics, also known as prescriptive ethics - This branch of ethics actually judges morality. This is an analysis of what the standards of moral judgment ought to be, a reflection on the kinds of actions and principles that will promote moral behaviour. Normative judgments are value judgments: they indicate whether something is good or bad. For example, to proclaim that abortion is right or wrong; that advanced directive is good or bad; that euthanasia is morally good or bad, etc. ii. Meta-ethics: This is the branch of ethics that concerns itself with the analysis or elucidation of ethical concepts or ideas, e.g., what do the terms “good,” “bad,” “right,” “wrong,” “evil,” “moral obligation,” etc, signify? How may we define a good action? Meta-ethics is also known as analytic moral philosophy, which refers to a critical analysis (meaning) of the methods, concepts and terms of > 174 < Prez Diary.indd 174 8/26/2014 2:29:29 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution reasoning. iii. Applied ethics: This is an attempt to apply ethical theory to real life situations. The discipline has many specialized fields, such as Engineering Ethics, Bioethics and Business Ethics. It involves the investigation of specific questions that have elicited ethical controversies, such as end of life issues, in vitro fertilization, environmental degradation, world poverty, how to deal with conflicts arising from our multi-cultural world, etc. Bioethics is a specific discipline that probes the reasoning behind our moral life within the context of the life sciences; how we decide what is morally right or wrong in Bioscience. (Ogundiran, 2012) Contemporary Medical Ethics A twelfth century Jewish physician in Egypt - Moses Maimonides, since advised “Don’t let desire for profit, fame, or admiration interferes with your work.” More specifically, Agulanna (2012) emphasize the following as general Ethical Principles in Medical Practice: Do no harm to your patients Be observant, kind and respectful Behave morally Have compassion Do not allow a desire for profit or fame to affect your judgment The patient is always equal to the physician The central hub around which the practice of health sciences revolves since the time of Hippocrates is the “hidden curriculum” which appeared as a recognizable academic discipline in the 19th century, as professional ethics and a compulsory part of Medical curriculum in the UK since 1993. William Osler (1892) noted “Medicine arose out of the primal sympathy of man with man and out of the desire to help those in sorrow, > 175 < Prez Diary.indd 175 8/26/2014 2:29:29 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution need and sickness” This is also the fountain from which medical research sprang forth – to cure plagues; to bring relief to those suffering and provide a dignified death. HISTORY OF RESEARCH ON ETHICS IN MEDICAL PRACTICE Max Bockhart inoculated a patient suffering with paralysis with a pure culture of gonococcus. The patient died ten days later. In 1887 Dr Stickler inoculated children with the blood of horses and cows and later inoculated them with blood from scarlet fever patients. These are ethical issues. Walter Reed’s “Yellow Fever Board” sketched some guidelines for research ethics including Self experimentation, Enrolment of only adults, Signed contract with sliding scale compensation. Going by the history of research ethics, the first “national guideline” on health research ethics was a ministerial directive issued by the Prussian Ministry of Health in 1900. The guideline was precipitated by the work of Professor Neisser of the Neisseria sp fame. In 1898, he tried to develop an anti-syphilis agent by injecting cell-free serum from syphilitic patients to other patients – mostly prostitutes – without their consent. Some of the participants developed syphilis as a result. In 1900, the Royal Disciplinary Court fined him the equivalent of 2/3 of his annual income. On February 28, 1931 Germany enacted the first national research ethics regulations titled – “Regulations on New Therapy and Human Experimentation”. This was largely in response to the increasing use of human participants in research being driven by the strength of the German Health Research and Chemical Industry. The very strict “Richtlinien” outlined how to conduct human experimentation and the use of innovative therapies in medicine. The Nuremberg trials that followed the Second World War experiments focused attention on the need for a code of research ethics. Prosecutors argued that the experiments violated fundamental ethical standards of > 176 < Prez Diary.indd 176 8/26/2014 2:29:29 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution civilized society. The defendants argued that voluntary participation by human subjects in medical experimentation was not the norm at that time. The judges agreed with the prosecution and in addition to sentencing the defendants also enunciated what is now known as the Nuremberg Code 1948. The main components of the code are-1. Requirement for voluntary participation 2. Informed consent 3. Favourable Risk/Benefit Analysis 4. Right to withdraw without penalty The scandals and the events thereafter led to some unique developments: - imperative to become sensitive and adherent to ethics of the profession; - decline of paternalism and the rise of liberalism, individual rights and autonomy - “socialization” of Medicine and the Biomedical Sciences Thus Bioethics was born as a child of necessity partly in response to unhealthy practices involving experimentation with human subjects with consequent development of regulatory policies and documents. However, its scope and horizon continue to expand in the face of the increasing complexities of societal dynamics, Medical Technology and Health-Care practices. ETHICAL THEORIES AND PRINCIPLES Ethical theories and principles are the foundations of ethical analysis. It is to them we turn to obtain guidance when seeking to make ethical decisions on any matter including health-related matters. However, in order for an ethical theory to be useful, the theory must be directed towards a common set of goals. > 177 < Prez Diary.indd 177 8/26/2014 2:29:29 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution Ethical principles are the common goals that each theory tries to achieve in order to be successful. These goals include beneficence, least harm, respect for autonomy and justice. General moral/ethical principles led to making some general statements about what is morally right or wrong, good or bad, or what we should or ought, or shouldn’t or ought not to do. Not all moral judgments are general principles. Some are about specifics. Deontological Theory Deontology (from Greek deon, “obligation, duty“) is an approach to ethics that focuses on duty, rules and the intentions of the person doing the act. Some features of an act other than its consequences makes it right or wrong, may be based in religious belief, “natural law,” common morality or other system. honesty beneficence fidelity nonmaleficence gratitude justice autonomy privacy RULES Rules of thumb Binding rules Absolute rules (eg, Duty/obligation Kantianism Kant’s ethics is an ethics of “respect for persons” One formulation of the CI that is crucially relevant in dealing with issues in Biomedical ethics is the one that tells us: > 178 < Prez Diary.indd 178 8/26/2014 2:29:30 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution “Act in such a way that you always treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, never simply as a means, but always at the same time as an end” Preliminary Questions What does it mean to treat an individual as an end? Is it always morally wrong for one person to use another as a means? Are there extenuating conditions to this rule? – explain what such conditions would look like. Kantianism Modern Kantians still stress the importance of generally living by moral rules or laws. However, unlike Kant, many are not absolutist in their application of moral rules or laws. Kant’s ethical ideas continue to have great impact in ethical thinking till date, the Health Sector inclusive. Mappes and De Grazia argue that his ethical theory remains “the underlying framework of much argumentation in biomedical ethics “today. For example, Kant’s theory is manifested in the idea of duties owed to a patient by the doctor and his team – the duty of care and the duty not to harm. Some difficulties Although deontology contains many positive attributes, it also contains its fair number of flaws: - Provides no rationale or logical basis for deciding an individual’s duties - Does not provide any guidance on how to resolve conflicting duties or obligations - Absolutism – a big problem Permissible murder? A doctor kills a deteriorating and suffering patient using an undetectable method. The patient’s family is relieved of financial and psychological > 179 < Prez Diary.indd 179 8/26/2014 2:29:30 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution stress, and the patient is relieved of suffering. Some questions become apparent- Who benefits? Who suffers? What is the balance? Permissible murder? However, except through an unlikely chain of circumstance, the doctor’s act is discovered. He goes to jail after a very painful trial. Who benefits? Who suffers? What is the balance? Is the morality or ethical value of the act altered by the outcome? Moral dilemma You are a 1940 doctor in charge of a hospital in which you are treating Jewish patients. Nazi soldiers come and ask you if you have any such patients. How do you respond if honesty is a “rule of thumb”? How do you respond if honesty is a “binding rule”? How do you respond if honesty is an “absolute rule”? Four Ethical Principles Earlier, we mentioned that in order for an ethical theory to be useful, the theory must be directed towards a common set of goals. Ethical principles are the common goals that each theory tries to achieve in order to be successful. In what follows, we discuss four important ethical principles: respect for autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence, justice. (1) Respect for autonomy - Respecting the decision-making capacities of autonomous persons - Tell the truth - Respect others’ privacy - Protect confidential information - allow individuals to make reasoned informed choices - Obtain consent for interventions > 180 < Prez Diary.indd 180 8/26/2014 2:29:30 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution (2) Non-maleficence: - Healthcare professional should avoid the causation of harm to patient - do not kill - do not cause pain or suffering to others - do not incapacitate others - do not cause offense to others - do not deprive others of the goods of life (3) Beneficence - This aims at providing benefits, and balance benefits against risks and harm. - Protect and defend the rights of others - Prevent harm to others - Remove conditions that will cause others harm - Help disabled persons - Rescue persons in danger Hippocratic Oath One basic principle in the Oath is:* do not harm* (4) Justice Distribute benefits, risks, and costs fairly to each on equal share; to each according to effort; to each according to need; to each according to contribution; to each according to merit Applying the Four Principles Mrs Y is 56 years old and has a learning disability. She is admitted to hospital with an ovarian cyst. The cyst is blocking her ureter and if left untreated will result in renal failure. Mrs Y would need an operation to remove the cyst. Mrs Y has indicated quite clearly that she does not want a needle inserted for the anaesthetic for the operation to remove the cyst- She > 181 < Prez Diary.indd 181 8/26/2014 2:29:30 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution is uncomfortable in a hospital setting and is frightened of needles. Applying the Four Principles The clinician is concerned that if the cyst is not removed Mrs Y will develop renal failure and require dialysis which would involve the regular use of needles and be very difficult to carry out given her fear of needles and discomfort with hospitals. The anaesthetist is concerned that if Mrs Y does not comply with the procedure then she would need to be physically restrained. Mrs Y’s niece visits her in the care home every other month. The niece is adamant that her aunt should receive treatment. Question Should the surgeon perform the operation despite Mrs Y’s objections? How would you apply the Four Principles to this case? DOCTOR–PATIENT RELATIONSHIP This involves Privacy, confidentiality, truth telling, autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence and justice issues. PROFESSIONALISM All we do is to retain authorization and self improvement as well as to translate these to the maximum advantage of the patients, general society and so our profession. Issues of profession: Knowledge, attitude and skills based on authorization by society; generally regard as good by society requiring and involving self control the engaging of humans as such, holistically. Notice that this requires possessing dynamic personal internal capability and external propriety and harmony within the body of professionals. A professional is what you are in the context of the professional body and not mere content of ability. [Goodness as continuing capability for proper and excellent improvement based on proper certification, admission and initiation]. The Doctor and the Patient: Legal Relations > 182 < Prez Diary.indd 182 8/26/2014 2:29:31 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution 1. Duty of Care (love thy neighbour) Defines the interests that are protected by the tort of negligence. Marks out the boundaries of what is or is not actionable. Modifies our behaviour to give thought and caution to our ‘neighbour’ – persons who are in the area of foreseeable danger. In certain circumstances, it imposes an obligation to exercise reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which can be reasonably foreseen to be likely to cause physical harm to persons or property. Where there is no duty to exercise care, there is no legal consequence. Negligence is the failure to exercise that care. Legal Test for Duty The test – “is there reasonable foresight of harm to persons whom it is foreseeable are likely to be harmed by my carelessness’? 2. Fiduciary Duty – Arises out of a relationship held or given in trust. Confidence by one in the other. Duty not to act in breach of trust and confidence. Doctors are in a fiduciary relationship with their patients and have an overriding responsibility towards their patient dependent on public confidence. ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION Organ donation is the process of transplanting an organ from one individual to another and typically occurs after the donor’s death. Organ and tissue donation involves making a decision about how someone’s body is to be treated after death. CERTIFYING DEATH Before organs are removed from any donor, the medically accepted brain death criteria must be applied. > 183 < Prez Diary.indd 183 8/26/2014 2:29:31 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution This is a legal pronouncement by a qualified person that further medical care is not appropriate and that a patient should be considered dead under the law. The specific criteria used to pronounce legal death are variable and often depend on certain circumstances in order to pronounce a person legally dead. W.H.O. GUIDING PRINCIPLES ON ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION (1991, updated in 2008) These revised guiding principles are intended to provide an orderly, ethical and acceptable framework for acquisition and transplantation of human cells, tissues and organs for therapeutic purposes. They address issues of access, quality, safety and ethics in transplantation. INCOMPETENT PATIENT A patient who is unable to take a decision for himself in relation to medical treatment because of an impairment of, or a disturbance in the functioning of, the mind or brain, e.g. a person with certain forms of mental illness or with significant learning difficulties as well as a person who is suffering from temporary concussion or loss of consciousness; One that lacks capacity for making autonomous choice. They are regarded as incompetent patients. CAPACITY – Individual’s ability to understand the significant benefits, risks and alternatives to proposed health care and to make and communicate a health care decision. A central point in law is that there is no proxy consent for an adult. Thus no person (for example the patient’s next of kin) can either give or withhold consent on behalf of a patient. An exception is the case of the incompetent adult. > 184 < Prez Diary.indd 184 8/26/2014 2:29:31 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution Unless there is in existence a valid and applicable AD or a lasting power of attorney, the decision on how and whether to treat an incompetent patient will be made by the relevant medical professional in accordance with what he considers to be in that patient’s best interest. In certain cases, for example where a patient is in a persistent vegetative state or in the event of a dispute, the decision will be made by the courts, who also have the power to appoint a proxy. HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE ISSUES Reproduction is the process by which organisms replicate themselves. In a general sense, reproduction means making a copy, a likeness, and thereby providing for the continued existence of species. REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH AND RIGHTS Reproductive health and rights form a foundation for satisfying relationships, harmonious family life and the dream of a better future. Reproductive Health and Rights are also keystones for meeting the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). It is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, in all matters relating to the reproductive system and to its functions and processes. It implies that people are able to have a satisfying and safe sex life and that they have the capability to reproduce and the freedom to decide if, when and how often to do so. WHAT IS REPRODUCTIVE RIGHT? Reproductive right are certain Human Rights that are already recognized in National Laws, International Laws and International Human Rights Documents and other consensus documents. They rest on the recognition of the basic rights of all couples and individuals to decide freely and responsibly the number, spacing and timing of their children and to have the information and means to do so, > 185 < Prez Diary.indd 185 8/26/2014 2:29:31 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution and the right to attain the highest standard of sexual and reproductive health. It also includes the right to make decisions concerning reproduction free of discrimination, coercion and violence, as expressed in Human Rights Documents. (ICPD Programme of Action, Paragraph 7.3) INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL PROVISIONS PROMOTE AND PROTECT REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS: THAT 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria International Convention on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) UN Convention the Rights of the Child (CRC) International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) African Union Protocol on the Rights of Women in Africa (AUPRWA) African Charter on Human and People’s Rights (ACHPR). The Human Rights Concerned: The Reproductive and Sexual Human Rights include: - Right to self-protection and to be protected against sexually transmitted infections and HIV/AIDS. - Right to Family Planning Education and to decide on the number and spacing of children. - Right to adequate, accessible and affordable health services including information, education and communication programmes to women especially in rural areas. The Right to Privacy. The right to freedom from discrimination and discriminatory social practices, including female genital mutilation, prenatal gender selection, and female infanticide. The right to freedom from coercion and violence, sexual exploitation, forced prostitution. > 186 < Prez Diary.indd 186 8/26/2014 2:29:31 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution These rights are inextricably linked to other Fundamental Human Rights guaranteed to all women, rights that are universal, indivisible, interconnected and interdependent, including: - The right to equality between men and women and to full and equal partnership in the family and society. - The right to full respect for the inherent dignity of the person. - The right to full and equal participation in all aspects of public life and decision-making. - The right to an adequate standard of living. REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS ISSUES Rape, including marital rape Incest Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) Vesico Virginal Fistula (VVF) Early/Forced marriage Unsafe Abortion Unwanted Pregnancies Bride Price related violence Maternal and infant mortality Nutritional taboos. SOME LEGAL CUM ETHICAL ISSUES IN MEDICAL PRACTICE ABORTION- Sections 228,297,230 CCA and Sections 232-235 PCA In Nigeria abortions are illegal regardless of duration of pregnancy, unless the abortion is performed to save a pregnant woman’s life. However, the laws do not clearly distinguish between abortions performed by registered Medical practitioners and unregistered ones, nor do they stipulate the kind of facility in which abortions may take place. Other abortion-related offenses include supplying materials knowing that they may be used unlawfully to procure the miscarriage of a woman; causing a miscarriage, or undertakes any act that causes a woman’s death. > 187 < Prez Diary.indd 187 8/26/2014 2:29:32 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution It is also unlawful for a person to use force on any woman and thereby unintentionally cause her to miscarry. Spousal consent is not a requirement for an operation necessary to save a woman’s life. The government does not subsidize abortion services. In 1973 the United States Supreme Court legalized abortion with its landmark Roe v. Wade decision. The court held that a woman, with her doctor, could choose abortion in earlier months of pregnancy without restriction, and with restrictions in later months, based on the right to privacy. 2. Contraception There is no law that explicitly regulates the sale or use of contraceptive drugs and devices. Nigeria does not have a Policy directed specifically at the safety requirements of contraceptive drugs and devices. CONCLUSION In conclusion, notable religions have consistently taught that ethical practice stands as an active submission to God by the community. Ethics deals with moral and ethical principles that apply values and judgement to practice of Medicine. One would advocate hard-work, forgiveness, and increased nationalism to redefine the Nigerian Health sector.5There should be respect for elders in the Profession. Older people should be given more responsibilities. Churches and mosques should be encouraged to own schools to meaningfully educate their membership on health-related matters. Churches and Mosques should be encouraged to associate with medical experts in the hospital. Issues of discipline should be taken more seriously in the Medical profession. The disciplinary tribunal of the Medical and Dental Council should meet more regularly, to treat cases of Immoral, unbecoming, unfit, irregular, unethical manners, behaviour or act. > 188 < Prez Diary.indd 188 8/26/2014 2:29:32 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution It is also suggested that the results of their meetings published in the daily newspapers. Wide publicity should be given to unethical practices in the field, together with possible sanctions that follow. Ethics and moral values should be taught to Medical students as a compulsory course in the University. Belief in God and practice of medicine cannot be separated. Nigerians should be encouraged and even assisted to see lawyers about unethical practices by medical personnel in Nigeria. > 189 < Prez Diary.indd 189 8/26/2014 2:29:32 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution REFERENCES Agulanna, O. Christopher (2012) Medical Ethics, West African College of Physicians. University of Ibadan, January 19. Ogundiran, O. Temidayo (2012) Bioethics, West African College of Physicians, University of Ibadan Osler William (1892) The principles and practice of Medicine. D Appleton New York) > 190 < Prez Diary.indd 190 8/26/2014 2:29:32 PM > 191 < 11 Developing Non-Oil Dependent Economy through Exploration and Marginal Utilization of Diverse Natural Resources Akanfe Kolapo Ige, PhD INTRODUCTION N atural resources, (both renewable and non-renewable), and ecosystem services are a part of the real wealth of nations. They are the natural capital out of which other forms of capital are made. They contribute significantly towards meaningful growth of fiscal revenue, income, and poverty reduction strategies. Sectors related to natural resources also stand as viable avenues to provide jobs and are often the basis of livelihoods in poorer communities. Owing to this fundamental importance of natural resources, they must be managed sustainably. Government plays the essential role in putting into place policies that ensure that resources contribute to the long- term economic development of Prez Diary.indd 191 8/26/2014 2:29:32 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution nations, and not only to short- term revenue generation. Non-oil dependent countries can utilize various natural resources to develop their economy and plan for the future, also turn the so-called “resource curse” into unique developmental opportunity. While being the foundation of economic activities and development, natural capital (encompassing natural resource stocks, land and ecosystems) is often undervalued and mismanaged. This imposes costs to the economy and society, which may sometimes be considerable, shaving off several digits of annual increase in the Gross Domestic Product of a country. Limited possibilities of substitution between natural and physical capital and the fact that the quality of natural capital can change abruptly also introduces the potential for bottlenecks which can sustainably reduce growth. Sustaining renewable resources largely concerns conserving the stocks of resources and their quality, as well as maintaining a quantity of steady flows over an indefinite period of time. Even though non-renewable resources cannot be sustained because of their finite stocks, countries using these resources can achieve sustainability by investing the revenues derived from them into other forms of capital. Many nations have experienced a resource-curse associated with poor development outcomes, though the causes differed. Poor economic performance in many natural resource-rich economies may have been caused by weak resource management institutions and imperfect structures of ownership and control in particular. Besides economic repercussions, the resource curse may also lead to governance problems by manifesting itself through rent seeking and corruption. Proper valuation and accounting of natural resources are necessary for robust development planning. Just as necessary are transparent institutions and good governance. Decisionmaking that is inclusive helps provide not only legitimacy for resource management policies, but also ensures that the range of knowledge and social interests and values are considered in policy-making. Managing natural resources generally entails also managing competing demands and multiple resources and values as well as providing for environmental > 192 < Prez Diary.indd 192 8/26/2014 2:29:33 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution protection, which requires an integrated approach. High- quality institutions that promote economic growth are at the heart of good governance. This includes regulatory authorities that are reliable and free of corruption, transparent and accountable; reliable property rights and functioning markets; the absence of harmful subsidies that interfere with sustainable resource use; the rule of law and adequate legal recourse. THE ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE OF NATURAL RESOURCES The economic significance of natural resources depends on the magnitude of two basic variables: current flows of income and potential future flows of income. The first is largely a function of production costs and market demand, and the second of natural resource endowments and management planning. In order to understand the true importance of natural resources, both current and future flows of income must be taken into account. The former can be a deceptive indicator of how natural resources will contribute to economic development over time if income is derived from the depletion of the natural capital. Managing natural resources sustainably- in case of renewable resources- and as sources of revenue for investment in future growth- in the case of non-renewable resource- allows resource rich countries to establish the foundation for long term development and poverty alleviation. CONTRIBUTION TOWARDS FISCAL REVENUE, INCOME AND POVERTY REDUCTION The wealth embodied in natural resources makes up a significant proportion of the wealth of most nations, often more than the wealth embodied in produced capital, therefore making natural resources management a key aspect of economic development. Many countries have seen significant rises in revenue from natural resourced due to rise in commodity prices. Natural resources such as oil, gas, minerals and timber are expected to continue to play a significant role in resource abundant economies, as demand form > 193 < Prez Diary.indd 193 8/26/2014 2:29:33 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution rapidly growing economies increases, and as supplies of non-renewable resources decline and renewable resource harvests approach maximum sustained yield levels. Not surprisingly, countries richly endowed with natural capital have the potential to derive significant current income from resources. In addition to providing revenues to resources rich countries, natural resources can play a central role in poverty reduction efforts. The poor generally depend upon natural resources directly for their livelihoods, especially the rural poor. Consequently, policies that improve natural resources management can have immediate and meaningful poverty reduction impact. Pro- poor natural resource management policies include, among others: Projects that improve the capacity of community based organizations to manage resources; Assuring access to resources by providing clear land tenure and resource use right; Promoting tools such as participatory rural appraisal, strategic environmental assessment, and poverty and social impact assessment. Natural resources and intact, functioning ecosystem provide a – safety net for the poor, particularly in times o financial crisis, providing food in the form of plant and animal wildlife and fertile soils for subsistence agriculture, and fuel wood. In order to benefit be able to rely on such- safety nets the poor must have access to resources and should also be involved in resource management decision- making, thereby gaining a stake in the resources sustainably and avoiding tragedies of the commons. Moreover, the revenues from natural resources, can contribute to the development of human capital through investments in education and job training. Especially during times when commodity prices are high, countries have the opportunity to use a portion of the additional profits realized from the sale of natural resources to support pro-poor policies and investments. > 194 < Prez Diary.indd 194 8/26/2014 2:29:33 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution Employment and Job Creation Potential Policy makers must generally choose between competing values in designing policies for natural resources management. If jobs are the highest priority, allocating quotas or harvesting rights to a large number of small harvesters may be the preferred option. If maximizing exports are the highest priority, a strategy of maximum sustained yield with a smaller number of large firms may be preferable. This trade-off often occurs with fisheries, where larger but fewer boats may be more efficient for harvesting fish for export, while a larger fleet of smaller boats will employ far more fishermen. In such situations, social considerations such as the value of communities and rural livelihoods must also be taken into consideration. Natural resources generally form the backbone of rural economies in low and middle income countries and, if managed wisely through sound policies and institutions, can be used to generate growth that benefits the most vulnerable parts of the population. Growth of rural economies can be promoted by governmental policies aimed at supporting small and medium sized enterprises, based in many places on use of local natural resources. A synthesis of objectives—growth, employment and long-term economic stability- can be found in adopting policies that put countries on the path towards green growth. Natural resources have the potential to provide a significant number of jobs. Even while the number of people employed in traditional extractive industries has declined steadily around the world due to mechanization and economies of scale, employment in the renewable energy sector has risen and has the potential to continue to rise over the long-term. In Germany alone, for instance, jobs in the renewable energy sector has risen from 66,600 in1998 to 259,100 in 2006. In 2007, renewable energy related industries provided nearly a million jobs. According to some estimates, environmental protection in Germany employs 1.8million workers. Similarly, Sweden have had a large and rapidly growing environmental industry for over a decade, > 195 < Prez Diary.indd 195 8/26/2014 2:29:33 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution which employed about 1.5% of the country’s labour force already in 1998. Green jobs in Agriculture are also on the increase, with studies showing that organic farms provide more jobs per unit of production and sales than conventional farms. Sustainable, organic Agriculture requires smaller scale farms and less reliance on machines, and therefore generates more employment. And while the prospects for job growth in the forestry sector are more mixed, forestry provides steady employment for some 1 to 2% of the world’s workforce, while over a billion people derive their livelihoods from forests. Aforestation initiatives linked to increasing demand for wood fibre as well as carbon sequestration to mitigate climate change will provide jobs in the coming decades. History shows us how many countries can use natural resources to jumpstart their economies and invest in the infrastructure, institutions, and quality public services needed to translate growth into human development. Unfortunately, the role of natural resources in advancing sustainable development is not so straight forward. Many studies suggest that countries endowed with natural resources actually- on –average- grow more slowly than countries without such resources. Many reasons are given, with emphasis on two of them: widespread corruption and patronage is widely recognized as an important reason. Corruption only denies countries and people much needed revenue- but can also undermine the legitimacy of governing systems and the stability of societies. Evidence suggests that where there is no public taxation, and rents are used to ‘buy public support’state- citizen compacts can fail to take root. The second reason to highlight is the lack of capacity and difficulty of adding value to natural resources exploitation. Where countries rely on its primary value, it can preclude the development of a wider production base for growth. This has also been associated with growth that fails to impact the lives of people- as fewer jobs are created and the poverty impact is muted. As natural resources play an essential role > 196 < Prez Diary.indd 196 8/26/2014 2:29:33 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution in supporting the livelihoods of the majority of the world’s poor, improvements in managing and extracting natural resources and practices can have huge repercussion on ecosystems, the environment they rely on, as well as a country’s potential to meet MDGs. Of course, it’s not all gloom and doom. What has been labelled a resource ‘curse’ is not insurmountable. History suggests that being rich in natural resources is, in fact, not “a curse” at all- but rather an opportunity that carries a risk- a risk that can be managed. Natural resources undoubtedly play an important role in the economy of many countries. Whether their contribution to development is positive or negative is, however, a contested and difficult question. Arguably, countries like Australia, Botswana and Norway have gained enormously over long period from their natural resources, others like Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Russia have gained in economic growth terms but maybe at the expense of institutional development, while in some countries, such as Angola and sierra Leone, natural resources have been at the heart of violent conflicts with devastating effects for society. With many developing countries being highly resource dependent, a deeper understanding of the sources and solutions to the potential problem of natural resources is highly relevant. “Having natural resources takes away incentives to develop other areas of the economy which are potentially more important for long run growth”; “Natural resource- income can cause corruption or be a source of conflict”, etc. Looking at some of the starkest cases, the ”benefits” of resources can indeed be questioned. Take the Democratic Republic of Congo for example. It is the world’s largest producer of Cobalt (49% of the world production in 2009) and of industrial diamond (30%). It is also a large producer of gemstone diamonds (6%), it has around 2/3 of the world’s deposits of coltan and significant deposits of copper and tin. At the same time, it has the world’s worst growth rate and the 8th lowest GDP per capita over the last 40 years. The > 197 < Prez Diary.indd 197 8/26/2014 2:29:33 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution picture for Sierra Leone and Liberia is very similar- they possess immense natural wealth, yet they are found among the worst performers in terms of both growth and GDP per capita. While the experiences of countries such as Bolivia and Venezuela are not as extreme, their resource wealth in terms of natural gas and oil respectively seem to have brought serious problems in terms of low growth, increased inequality and corruption. At the same time, there are numerous countries that provide counter examples to this idea. Being the second largest exporter of natural gas and the fifth largest of oil, Norway is one of the richest world economies. Botswana produces 29% of world’s gemstone diamonds and has been one of the fastest growing countries over the last 40 years. Australia, Chile, Malaysia are other examples of countries that have performed well, not just despite of their resource wealth, but, to a large extent, due to it. Given these examples, the relevant question becomes not “Are resources good or bad for development?” but rather “Under what circumstances are resources good and when are they bad for development?” The interesting question is why some resource rich economies are successful while others perform badly despite their immense natural wealth. The most well- known economic explanation of the resources curse suggests that a resource windfall generates additional wealth, which raises the prices of non-tradable goods, such as services. This, in turn, leads to real exchange rate appreciation and higher wages in the services sector. The resulting reallocation of capital and labour to the non- tradable sector and to the resource sector causes the manufacturing sector to contract (socalled “de- industrialization”). This mechanism is usually referred to as “Dutch disease” due to the real exchange rate appreciation and decrease in manufacturing exports observed in the Netherlands following the discovery of North Sea gas in the late 1950s. Of course, the contraction of the manufacturing sector is not necessarily harmful per se, but if manufacturing has a higher impact on human capital development, product quality > 198 < Prez Diary.indd 198 8/26/2014 2:29:33 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution improvements and on the development of new products, this development lowers long- run growth. Some theories focused on the problems related to increased volatility that comes with high resource dependence. In particular, it has been suggested that irreversible and long term investments such as education decrease as volatility as volatility goes up. If human capital accumulation is important for long run growth this is yet another potential problem of resource wealth. The empirical support for the Dutch disease and related mechanism is mixed. To some authors, a resource boom causes a decline in manufacturing exports and an expansion of service sector. But even the studies that do find evidence in the Dutch disease mechanism, usually do not analyze its effect on the growth rate. In principle, Dutch disease could be at work without this hurting growth. Another problem is that the Dutch disease theory suggests that natural resources are equally bad for development across countries. This means that it cannot explain why some countries fail and others succeed at a given level of resource dependence. The same goes for the possibility that natural resources create disincentives for education. Greater attention has been developed to the political- economic explanations of the resource curse. The main idea in recent work is that the impact of resources on development is heavily dependent on the institutional environment. If the institutions provide good protection on property rights and are favourable to productive and entrepreneurial activities, natural resources are likely to benefit the economy by being a source of income, new investment opportunities, and of potential positive spill-over to the rest of the economy. However, if property rights are insecure and institutions are “grabber- friendly”, the resource windfall instead gives rise to rent- seeking, corruption and conflict, which have a negative effect on country’s development and growth. In short, resources have different effects depending on the institutional environment. If institutions are good enough, resources have positive effect on economic outcomes; if institutions are bad, so are resources for development. In resource-rich countries with bad institution incentives > 199 < Prez Diary.indd 199 8/26/2014 2:29:34 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution become geared towards “grabbing resource rents” while in countries where institutions render such activities difficult resources contribute positively to growth. If a country’s institutions are bad, “appropriable” resources (i.e., resources that are more valuable, more concentrated geographically, easier to transport, etc.- such as gold or diamond) are more “dangerous” for economic growth. The effect is reversed for good institutions- gold and diamonds do more good than less appropriable resources. In turn, better institutions are more important in avoiding resource curse with precious metals and diamonds than with mineral production. If one concludes that natural resources differ across institutional environments it is an obvious possibility that natural resources /have an impact on the chosen policies and institutional arrangements. For example, access to resource rents may provide additional incentives for the current ruler to stay in power and to block institutional reforms that threaten his power, such as democratization. Several papers show that in bad institutional environment natural resources increase corruption. Various literature points to economic as well as political undertone connected to natural resources. Even if some issues remain contested it seems clear that many of the economic problems are solvable with appropriate policy measures and in general that natural resources can have positive effects on economic development given that right institutional settings are put in place. However, it seems equally clear that natural resource wealth, especially in initially weak institutional settings, tends to delay diversification and reforms, and also increases incentives to engage in various types of rent-seeking. In autocratic settings resources incomes can also be used by the elite to strengthen their hold on power. Successful examples of managing resource wealth, such as the establishment of sovereign wealth, funds that can both reduce the volatility and create transparency and also smooth the use of resources incomes over time, are not always optimal or easily implementable. Using the money for large investments could be perfectly legitimate and consumption should be skewed towards the present in a > 200 < Prez Diary.indd 200 8/26/2014 2:29:34 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution capital-scarce developing setting but no matter what we think we know about the optimal policy it still has to be implemented and if the institutional setting is weak the problems are very real. This is just because of potentially corrupt governments but also due to difficulty to make credible commitments even for perfectly benevolent politicians. Many political leaders in resource rich countries have pointed to the hopelessness of their situation and have expressed a wish to rather be without their natural wealth. Such conclusions are unnecessarily pessimistic. Natural resources have a tendency to impede good institutional development, there are possibilities. Some countries have succeeded in using their resources wealth to develop and arguably to strengthen their institutions. Even if it is often noted that Botswana had relatively good institutions already at the time of independence, it was still a poor country with no democratic history facing the challenge of developing a country more or less from scratch. And at the time of independence they also discovered and started mining diamonds that have since been an important source both of growth and government revenue. This development has to a large part been due to good, prudent policy. There is nothing inevitable about the adverse effects of natural resources but resource-high developing countries must face the challenges that come with having such wealth and use it wisely. A first step is surely to understand the potential problems and to be explicit and transparent about how one intends to deal with them. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES As a reading of the literature makes evident, the policy and research focus on urgent environmental issues has been marked by fluctuating patterns over the past few decades. The first wave of massive environmental concern in the 1990s, mainly called attention to negatives externalities and their social costs in the form of environmental pollution, and resource depletion (notably on the fields of energy resources, minerals and fisheries) connected with the industrial structure of our economies. This interest was further > 201 < Prez Diary.indd 201 8/26/2014 2:29:34 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution intensified by the heightened public awareness of the deleterious consequences of various specific chemical processes, technologies and forms of household consumption (for example, smoking and automobile use). In the past decade, however, a shift has taken place from partial environment analysis to a focus on, first, global-regional interactions and, second, economic-ecological interactions of environmental problems. There is an increasing recognition that a more coherent approach is needed in dealing with environmental issues, including land use, urban development, common property resources, spatial inequality, and intergenerational equity. Global-level environmental interactions have been marked by two features. One is the globalization of environmental impacts. The other is the regionalization of an often hardly visible but quite substantial decline in the quality of global environmental resources. The global effects of environmental decay- reflected among other things in alarming phenomena such as ozonization, desertification, and acid rain- came in most cases as scientific surprises and were hardly addressed in actual policymaking until recently. But especially since the publication of the report of the Brundtland Commission (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987 [WCED]), we have witnessed a significant increase in interest in global environmental problems. In addition to global issues, a large number of small-scale and marginal changes at the local or regional level have clear global dimensions. A wide variety of incremental pollution phenomena (for example, persistent micro-pollutants), seemingly, hardly important by themselves, have severe accumulative and synergetic environmental impacts. All such impacts call for more coherent local environmental planning. In this respect, local land use is becoming one focal point of concern for policymakers and researchers. The spatial issue can thus be examined from the viewpoint of local trends causing global effects and global trends leading to local effects. An > 202 < Prez Diary.indd 202 8/26/2014 2:29:34 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution illustration of the first type of problem is poor natural resource management in some countries, which threatens both the physical basis of these countries and also destroys the vulnerable ecosystem of the planet to an unprecedented extent. Other illustrations of local-to-global influence are cases of overgrazing and deforestation that may lead to wider soil-erosion, sedimentation, flooding, and salinization. The second type of problem concerns the local-scale environmental effects that emerge from global trends. Acid rain, erosion desertification, destruction of the ozone layer, eutrophication, ocean pollution, and resource extraction are taking place on a worldwide scale, but their effects can clearly be observed at a local or regional scale. Thus, the global-regional interdependence of environmental problems confronts us not only with quantitative changes but also qualitative (or structural) long-term changes at all places on earth (see Bartelmus 1986). This calls for a new view of spatial-economicenvironmental problems and policy issues. The economic-ecological interactions arise in general because concerted socio-economic development requires a compromise between material growth and environmental constraints, including environmental quality and vital natural resources. Albeit in different countries, the conditions under which a balanced development may come about will show much variation, the conflicting nature of the above objectives is evident in all countries. Especially in the short-run, the conflict between material growth and environmental quality may be rather severe; in the long-run, a mitigating effect may emerge, because continued economic growth needs a sound resource base, and structural protection and upgrading of environmental quality in turn presuppose economic growth. Such a co-evolutionary development (Norgaard 1984) in both the developed and developing world takes for granted that economy and ecology ultimately do not conflict with one another. But such a co-evolution- even one that is also based on equitable development options for present and future generations- does not > 203 < Prez Diary.indd 203 8/26/2014 2:29:34 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution necessarily require mutual positive spill-over effects between the economy and ecology. It is this latter idea that is more recently echoed in the motion of ecologically sustainable economic development. Given the growing prominence of environmental problems, it is no surprise that sustainable development has become a key catch phrase in economic planning and resource management. According to the Brundtland report (WCED 1987), the idea of sustainable development reaches far beyond environmental protection, as it means a process of change in which exploitation of resources, direction of investments, orientation of technological development, and institutional changes are made consistent with future as well as present needs. Consequently, sustainable development is not a fixed state of harmony but rather a balanced and adaptive process of change. This would then be characterized by a dynamic Pareto-optimal trajectory in which progress in one systemthat is, either the economic or the ecological- would not be to the detriment of the other systems. Sustainability takes for granted a balance between economic development; all quantitative and qualitative changes in the economy that offers positive contributions to welfare- and ecological sustainability- all quantitative and qualitative environmental strategies that serve to improve the quality of an ecosystem and hence also have a positive impact on welfare. It is noteworthy that the concept of welfare has to be understood here in broad sense as the individual or collective utility derived from the availability or use of scarce commodities, including environmental goods, whether such utility attributes can be measured in monetary terms or not (see Nrjkamp and Soeteman 1988). Consequently, toxic materials, ionizing radiation, the beauty of the landscape, well-preserved monuments, traffic safety, wholesome food, and availability of shelter all may be regarded in principle as arguments in a welfare function. > 204 < Prez Diary.indd 204 8/26/2014 2:29:34 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution For example, in the framework of agricultural land use, the welfare gains from agriculture should be measured by income or production generated in the agricultural sector, but they should also incorporate negative effects on the landscape, species diversity, or eco-stability. Clearly, various changes in land use patterns may be caused by factors outside the agricultural system itself, such as the climate. The fact that both convention at economic factors and environmental goods may contribute to welfare, must also be traded off against each other, does not of course imply that in an extreme case one of the two systems might be completely depleted. Both economic environmental systems need a certain minimum threshold value to survive. We advocate the use of a minimum bequest value in strategic environmental policies, in particular calling for the establishment of safe minimum standards for conservation by avoiding overexploitation of critical zones of the environment by limiting human activities that make it uneconomical to halt or reverse depletion. Thus, the idea of sustainable threshold levels for both economic and environmental systems. It is clear from the above remarks that sustainable development issues are manifesting themselves in various forms. Am extremely important form is land use and uses of land-related resource. For example, deforestation in Nigeria or in Brazil may be necessary for agriculture or energy supply in a regional economy, but it is extremely detrimental to global ecological stability. Housing construction in densely populated areas may be necessary from the viewpoint of a growing population and a decline in family size, but at the same time it may impair the visual beauty of an ecologically vulnerable area. Thus, to a large extent, land use may be regarded as a focal point of sustainable development policies in a special setting. This leads to the necessity to specify more precisely the interactions between different resource and land use options in a given area and spillover effect from, and to, other areas. Such a more local and regional orientation is mandated not > 205 < Prez Diary.indd 205 8/26/2014 2:29:35 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution only by the character of the economic and environmental interactions but also by the special orientation of policies concerned with land use. Our study focuses attention on non-oil dependent economy through exploration and marginal utilization of natural resources. In other words. We discussed the issue of sustainable development in the context of regional resource use affecting land use. SUSTAINABLE RESOURCE USE The broad recognition of resources and land use as an issue of scientific research is quite new in economics. Apart from the physiocrats, who regarded the productive capacity of the natural environment (mainly land) as the major source of welfare, economic thinkers until recently rarely paid due attention to land as an important production factor. For example, in classical economic, capital and labour, not land, were regarded as the main welfare generators. It is interesting to note, however, that the classical economists were aware of the possibility that an economy might stagnate as a result of lack natural-mainly agricultural-resources. In this context, planning regions may allow for the attainment of certain planning objectives in the most efficient way. A region is a geographical area that meaningfully may be regarded as a coherent entity from the viewpoint of description, analysis, administration, planning, or policy. Various types of regions are distinguished in the literature-for example, homogeneous or functional regions. Functional environmental regions are often based on intensive interaction within particular regions between environmental resources such as ground water, river, and meteorological systems. Homogeneous environmental regions are usually based on existence of common resources in the area concerned. Another typology distinguishes natural (ecological or environmental) regions, economic regions and administrative (or political) regions. Regional development is often critically dependent on the regional supply > 206 < Prez Diary.indd 206 8/26/2014 2:29:35 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution of resources. Many types of regional economic dependence on the resource base can be distinguished (see Van den Bergh and Nijkamp 1990). Some examples follow: A regional economic system may be directly dependent on the resources in the region. Usually in such the dependence is on resources that may serve as essential and cheap productive inputs to economic activities- for example, energy resources. Concomitantly, the environmental capacity as a sink for waste materials and pollution can restrict economic activity. Some regions may be dependent on export of resources as a main source of income- for example, energy-exporting hometowns in the province of Port Harcourt Nigeria. A regional resource sector may have many effects on other activities in a region, among other things as a result an increased demand for public services, utility, and infrastructure, demand for labour, capital and space, and spinoffs to other private sectors. Thus, the development of a resource sector may generate shift in sector allocation, income levels and distributions, and exchange rate. In the regional sustainable development analysis, the economic sector also has to be considered, economic activities that are directly dependent on the ground water resource include agricultural and municipal water supply. Other activities in the region are timber production, recreation, and natural conservation. Agriculture especially contributes significantly to regional income. For some activities a further subdivision is useful. For example, timber production is based on two three species- pine and Douglas fir, both of which are produced in plantations. Agricultures include livestock rearing (cattle, pigs and poultry) and crop cultivation (for livestock and human consumption). Livestock rearing can be intensive (for example, bio industry for meat and egg product) or extensive (for example diary and meat). > 207 < Prez Diary.indd 207 8/26/2014 2:29:35 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution The spatial distribution of activities in the region also affect their interaction and relationship with available resources. For example, ground water extraction for agriculture is shallow and widespread, whereas that of municipal supply occurs at a small member of sites and involves deeper. In view of the foregoing observation on regional sustainable development, the most important critical success factors associated with these resources may be summarized as follows: Maintaining the groundwater level. High water tables have been feature of the peel area and, together with the sandy soil and generally nutrient poor conditions; have led to the unique ecological communities. Widespread drainage of the land and increasing use of the groundwater resource (for irrigation and municipal supply) has lowered these water tables. Curtailing nitrogen pollution. Agricultural activities using fertilizers and producing excessive amount of manure are causing nitrate enrichment of soil and groundwater, leading to changes in the remnant fen and heat land vegetation as well as to decreasing suitability for human consumption. Agriculturally oriented ammonium emissions, in addition to nitrogen and sulphur oxides form various sources within and outside the region, affect the vegetation directly and contribute to the acidification of soils resulting in changes in natural vegetation and forest vitality. Regulating competitive demand for land. The present and expected future demand for land by the agricultural sector, nature conservation, and urban (including residential, industrial and tourist attractions) interest groups is conflicting and less sustainable. The analysis of regional system interactions in this area has resulted in the design of an explanatory dynamic simulation model. The sub-modules describe groundwater, nitrate, forestry and natural vegetation, agriculture and regional economic activities. The sub-modules that describe the > 208 < Prez Diary.indd 208 8/26/2014 2:29:35 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution economic activities record the profit overtime for each sector on the basis of development of quantities, cost, prices and technology. The time paths for quantities are most sectors based on changes in production capacity except for recreation, where demand for recreational activities determines the quantity. The development of the economic system is to a large extent determined by exogenous variables, for which the time paths were chosen on the basis a relevant development scenario. Models that include many interactions between sectors (for example, inter-industry supply, or competition On factor and final markets) usually have an economy wide rather than a regional orientation. DYNAMIC SIMULATION MODEL Based on the above discussion, the dynamic simulation model for the natural resources utilization (NRt) produces csf associated with the resources. The corresponding regional system interactions EA: XRtEA = csf NRtEA ε (rsd,csf) ………………………………………..(1) Where EA represents economic activities. The economic activities are expected to record profits overtime for each sector on the basis of development of quantities, costs, price and technology. Csf is the Critical Success Factors associated with maintenance of ground water level and the curtailment of nitrogen pollution over the period. CSFt = ƩcRsDc, c ε(RCDL) …………………………………………… (2) This is the level at which the exploration and marginal utilization of natural resources are regulated. The regulating policy of competitive demand for land is set equal to regional sustainable development, hence, RCDLT = RSDct ε(EAt) …………………………………………………..(3) > 209 < Prez Diary.indd 209 8/26/2014 2:29:35 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution Where EA represents activities occurring within the economy over the time/period. THE ECONOMIC DECISION CHAIN FOR TURNING NATURAL RESOURCES INTO SUSTAINED PROPENSITY. Successful resource management requires consideration of board range of issues when transforming natural assets into sustainable financial, physical and human assets. These issues create a decision chain that government must carefully navigate. This chain roughly follows the value chain of extractive and land-based industries, from the deal, to development, extraction or use, to downstream value added activities, and through to project closure and rehabilitation: all points at which government must act to capture and maximize values as well as to regulate on behalf of their citizens. The responsibility of government, however, extends beyond the industry value chain into how revenues are transformed into physical, social and human capital for sustained propensity of current and future generations. At the same time, governments alone cannot unlock the full development benefits of mining. The composition of effective governance in the resources sector illustrates how the common features of good governance are impacted by the presence of large-scale mining. There are roles and responsibilities for all concerned: governments, particularly at the sub-national level, local communities, companies, and development agencies. Pending the establishment of effective local capacity, such partnership can both tackle the negative impacts identified and enhance the positive impacts. Economic and social benefits at the sub-national level can be enhanced by linkages. In Chile, joint action by the regional government and the mining companies resulted in economic diversification that contribute to poverty falling by half between 1990-2003 and by over 60% in the Antofagasta Region, Chile’s mining region. > 210 < Prez Diary.indd 210 8/26/2014 2:29:35 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution RESOURCE–BASED DEVELOPMENT PLANNING Resource governance and development is challenging across all the links in the decision chain, and one weak link can undermine a country’s ability to benefit from its natural resources. For example, in the extractive industry, if exploration is limited, perhaps due to misallocation of exploration rights, a country may never know the extent of its wealth. Even if abundant wealth has been discovered, poorly structured concessions may yield little revenue. Similarly, government may raise large amount of revenue but then squander it on poorly selected projects or by subsidizing uncompetitive industries. Government should thus carefully consider all stages of the decision chain. Good governance and management of natural resources starts with the development of a shared national strategy or vision, with clear and realistic goals, timeline and indicators of achievement. Long term planning is particularly relevant in countries rich in gas and solid minerals, since extractive industry activities often span several decade with each stage of the project life-cycle-exploration, construction, production, beneficiation closure- having district implication for the host country and community, both in terms of impact (environmental, social, economic, and otherwise) and opportunities for spill-over benefits (including infrastructural expansion and training). A national strategy is more likely to be successful if it is the product of inclusive planning process that is transparent and participatory. Furthermore, a clear understanding of the challenges and opportunities assists government in transcending politically-driven shorttermism, managing expectation better and planning for legacy for the next generation. Such a shared national strategy or vision is premised on: Comprehensive understanding of the resources sector’s full economic and social impact- positive and negative, quantitative and qualitative, national and local, as well as the existing sector governance frame work > 211 < Prez Diary.indd 211 8/26/2014 2:29:36 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution A vehicle to communicating (beyond the narrow Project Impact Assessment) among all shareholders in all a country so that the success factors and failings underlying those impact- including governance factor, are well understood. A platform for development partners, and Civil Society Organizations to address capacity gaps and enhance inclusive sustainable development outcomes. This comprehensive plan should: 1. be cross sector, extending beyond resources issues alone. They should lay out the broad objective for natural resources use, including how revenue will captures, managed and used, and who are the intended beneficiaries. 2. Be emended in the boarder planning and budgeting tools of the government. 3. Create and institution framework for engaging and coordinating line ministries donors the private sector, labour and CSOs, which is focused on priority objective, velar accountabilities, and shared responsibility for outcome of all parties. 4. Including a public investing program to identify and cost strategic public investing projects and alum them with financing options (including through linkages with the industry or anticipated revenue flows). 5. Seek to utilize transparent budgeting and financial management tools that are; based on financial modelling of anticipated revenue flow over the medium and long term: tied to a strong and medium- term expenditure framework: and driven by development needs and coasted investment programs, as well as tools to improve budget execution. ACCOUNTABILITY STRUCTURES AND TRANSPARENCY Effective management of resources and resources revenge depend critically on decision making by government. Good decision are encouraged and sustained in an environment of accountability and scrutiny, supported by transparency and availability of information. Transparency throughout the decision chain facilitate government accountability to stakeholder. For transparency to lead to effective accountability, citizen- the ultimate > 212 < Prez Diary.indd 212 8/26/2014 2:29:36 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution beneficiary’s owners of a country natural asset must have the opportunity to use available information to monitor their government actions. Government should therefore create mechanism for meaningful engagement with stakeholders, monitoring of resources use, and for bringing claims regarding any negative impact of large-scale resources project. Strengthening relations with communities and civil society can have the added benefits of managing expectations more effectively. Access to information throughout project life cycle can ensure that government remains c=accountable to their citizens and investors, and companies to their stakeholders and other stakeholders and other shareholders. Improved information structures also assist all stakeholders in ‘following the money’, helping to ensure that resources are used efficiently. For transparency to be effective, information must be provided across the whole chain of decision, with a complete complementary set of information; for instance, revenue data might be accompanied by information on the appropriate tax rates, production volume and taxable income), and at appropriate level of disaggregate (such as location, project and product type). There is increasing evidence that disclose contacts, particularly biddable contracts, creates a race to the top instead of a race to the bottom. For example, since Peru adopted a transparent, public bidding system requiring disclosure of winning hydrocarbon contract, there has been a consistent increase in royalty rates bid by the companies. Keeping the contract confidential exacerbates the asymmetry of information between companies and government since company have access to contracts and fiscal regimes around the worlds through their network of experts, data bases, consultants and law firms and use those agreement as template for negotiation. Keeping the contract opaque generate mistrust, increase conflict at local level and pressure to renegotiate dues at the national level. GOOD GOVERNANCE OF LAND RESOURCES Land is but a natural resource that attracts investments itself and one that is significantly affected by other natural resource projects, such as those > 213 < Prez Diary.indd 213 8/26/2014 2:29:36 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution in the extractive industries. In many developing countries, lend possess complex problem. It is integral to the livelihood of hundreds of millions of people, including small holder farmers, pastoralist and individuals who depend on forest resources. Yet highly insure tenure rights, coupled with the fact that some government own the majority of land within their territories, means that many individuals who depend on land have no legal claim to it, and are thus vulnerable to dispossession at any time. Government should work proactively to ensure that the governance of land resources is allied with national SDGs. To this end, transparency in the land tenure system is essential including transparency over what types of large-scale tenure rights transactions are permitted and transparency in the decision making process regarding extracting or land investment that will affect the tenure rights. Government decision processes related to investment and their on land tenure should incorporate opportunities for citizen’s consultation and participation. Displacement from land can devastate livelihoods, so government must take steps to protect tenure righty holders that may be affected by investment. Given the outsized risked posed by large-scale land transactions, including for extractive projects governments should consider implementing. Explicit safe guards to protect land users whose interest may be affected. Among other measures, government should require robust due diligence by investors, while also permitting independence assessment of a proposed project potential impact on existing asset to land. Government should use these information in determining whether to grant contentions, and in planning how to minimize or avoid displacement form land when contention are granted. When displacement is necessary, government must compensate those affected according to accepted international human right norms, cash is not an acceptable form of compensation for forced eviction. Rather, individuals should be provided to land that is equal to that is better than the land taken in terms of quality, size and value. Land is a particularly important natural resource, serving as the foundation of many individuals’ livelihood strategies and food security. Good governance of land resources > 214 < Prez Diary.indd 214 8/26/2014 2:29:36 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution thus requires more than avoiding eviction; it also requires proactive efforts to improve tenure security many of the world poorest countries are facing the challenge of harnessing natural resources for suitable development. For developing countries rich in extractive resources, the revenue or rent available for resources extraction far exceed current or likely aid flows. The extent to which countries succeed in negotiating good deals, regulation them effectively, and allocating revenue appropriately will define their ability to achieve a sustainable development goals. Government face a complex set of interrelated decisions, form the design of legal and fiscal frame works that ensure that the benefit of resource based projects are realized and shared equitably, to the implementation of integrated rural development plans. Getting the basics and politics right- the rules the institutions and citizens’ accountability- can be as critical as making the right decision. A transparent and participatory environment, including an informant citizenry and opportunity for redress of grievance, ensure that decision makers are held accountable, policy choices are debated, and opportunities for populism or rent seeking are mitigated. While government play the most critical role in assuring the good governance of natural resources, inclusive social and economic transformation depends on all stakeholders playing their part. In particular, companies must act responsibly, earn and retain their social license to operate at the local, national and international levels. To do so, companies must take seriously their human right and environmental responsibilities as well as their commitment to be partners in development process with the countries and community in which they are operating. The international community also must uphold its end of the bargain by creating enabling international frameworks for good governance including the SDGs. Among other steps, he international community must coordinate to reduce and repatriate limited assets and illicit flows, and strengthen and institutionalize standard for transparency throughout the extractive and land sector. Strengthened International legal frameworks are necessary for moving forward effectively on suitable development goals. We therefore > 215 < Prez Diary.indd 215 8/26/2014 2:29:36 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution underscore the importance of transparent, corporative, equitable and sustainable policies and practices related to investment in extractive or land resources. Government and their private sector partners need to commit to the effective and transparent management of resources in order to support inclusive economic development and the achievement of all SDGs. Such effect resources management includes consulting with affected communities; strengthening governments regulatory and negotiation capacity to obtain fair deals; seizing opportunities for resources based industrialization; long term planning for leveraging the anchor investment to support inclusive development; maximizing opportunities for skill transfer; and establishing transparent platform for public participation, accountability and decision making. Strong governance of natural resources will facilitate more inclusive economic development and will be paramount to achieving the sustainable development goals. CONCLUSION This paper has focused attention on developing non-oil dependent economy through exploration and marginal utilization of diverse natural resources. Conceptualizing and analyzing sustainable development is clearly important at a regional level. Various advantages of resourcebased development planning as well as the economic decision chain for turning natural resources into sustained prosperity have been spelt out, for example, in relation to effect of environmental problems, the local character of economic processes, inter-regional interactions, and the possibility of operationalizing sustainable development on a regional scale. Sustainable resource use was presented as an important element of Regional Sustainable Development for adequate utilization of diverse natural resources. In discussing a regional resource base, we argued that the present and potential dependence of regional activities on the resource base as well as the specific characteristics of the resource base should be assessed. > 216 < Prez Diary.indd 216 8/26/2014 2:29:37 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution Various lessons and issues for further research can be drawn from the above exposition. Regional Sustainable Development refers to a systematic view of interacting regions of our world economy, not only in terms of economic linkages but also in terms of environmental interactions. Thus space and time are the two essential dimensions of Regional Sustainable Development. The openness of a spatial system evokes the question of environmental sacrifices in space and time. The issue of the substitutability of environmental decay (in other periods of time, in other regions) is at stake here; the related concept of weak and strong sustainability requires further exploration on the basis of a thorough investigation of underlying welfare concepts (and associated collective welfare functions). In order to find a balanced equilibrium of resources in space and time, much attention would have to be given to regional resource accounting. Efficiency, equity, and externality aspects of resources can be given due emphasis, while attempts at valuing un-priced resources may provide a sound basis for project appraisal. Geographic Information Systems may be helpful here to visualize all relevant policy aspects. Environmental externalities should be looked at only from the viewpoint of market failures (or signal failures) but also from the viewpoint of intervention (or response) failures. > 217 < Prez Diary.indd 217 8/26/2014 2:29:37 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution REFERENCES Aweto, A.O. 1990. Plantation forestry and forest conservation in Nigeria. The Environmentalist. 10 (summer): 127-34 Bartelmus, P. 1986. Environmental and Development. London: Allen& Unwin. Bhattarai, M., and M.Hammig. 2001. Institutions and the environmental Kuznets curve for deforestation: A cross country analysis for Latin America, Africa and Asia, World Development29 (6): 995- 1010. Capistrano A., and C. Kiker. 1995. Macro-scale economic influences on tropical depletion. Ecological Economics 14: 21- 29. Capistrano. A. D. 1994.”Tropical Forest Depletion and The changing Macroeconomy 1967- 85”. In The causes of Tropical Deforestation. The Economic and Statistical Analysis of Factors giving rise to the loss of Tropical Forest, ed. K. Brown and D. Pearce. London: UCL Press. 65-85. Ginsburgh, V. and M. Keyzer. 2002. The structure of applied general equilibrium models. Cambridge, Massachussetts: The MIT Press. Nijkamp, Peter, and Frits Soeteman. 1988. “Ecologically Sustainable Economic Development.” International Journal of Social Economics 15, no ¾: 88- 102. Norgaard, R. B. 1984.” Co- evolutionary Development Potential.” Land Economics 60, no.2: 160- 73. Van Der Bergh, Jeroen, and Peter Nijkamp. 1990” Ecologically Sustainable Economic Development in a Regional System: A case study in Agricultural Development Planning in the Netherlands.” Research Memorandum, Department of Economics, Free University of Amsterdam (Netherlands). WCED (World Commission on Environment and Development). 1987. Our common Future. New York: Oxford University Press. > 218 < Prez Diary.indd 218 8/26/2014 2:29:37 PM > 219 < 12 Securing the Nigerian State for Meaningful Growth and Development: Some Ethical Considerations Adele J. Bamgbose, PhD / Michael Lawal, PhD INTRODUCTION W ithout any shadow of doubt, the history of Nigeria shows that, the entity christened Nigeria today by Flora Shaw Lugard was in diverse communities or state-systems variously described as empires, caliphates, kingdoms, chiefdoms and village republics (Oyovbaire, 1981:356; Oyovbaire, 1983:60. Nwosu (1985;16) graphically stated that: ‘The Nigerian social environment is characterized by several traditional societies with ethnic homelands. These societies vary considerably in terms of their cultural heritage, language, patterns of western contact and population’. In another related development, Sotade et al (2013:20) expounded that Nigeria was: Prez Diary.indd 219 8/26/2014 2:29:37 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution made up of a number of large ancient kingdoms and other independent small scale societies. The nation’s boundaries were drawn as a result of trade and overseas territorial ambitions of some Western European powers in the nineteenth century. The territory was assigned to Britain. The British acquisition of Nigeria however was a piecemeal as the whole country was not taken over at once. Lagos was the first place of call as the area became ceded to Britain by 1861. Lagos was therefore proclaimed a Crown settlement rather than a Colony. As time went by, and following the myriads of events that took place (Olusanya, 1975:1; Okafor, 1985:1), Lagos settlement became Lagos Colony by 1886 and all the areas in the South-West with the exception of Egba Kingdom had become a protectorate and were attached to Lagos Colony. Thus by 1900, Northern and Southern Nigeria were declared protectorates and this scenario left the country in three entities, that is, Lagos Colony and Protectorate and the Protectorates of Southern and Northern Nigeria. This development therefore shows that Britain was moving towards developing Nigeria towards a nation-state which was contrary to earlier colonial motive of the British Government, because as Flint (1977:220) Stated ‘When the British began to extent colonial rule over Nigeria in the 1880s, they had no thought of creating a colony that would one day become a nation-state. With a change of British intention to continue ruling Nigeria, there came the establishment of British rule in each of these areas the creation of systems of government which not only conformed to the structure of the societies concerned but also to their legal positions. The British government devised further administrative developments in the evolution of the colonial state in Nigeria. (Tamuno, 1980:393). To this end, the British Government from 1898 adopted the policy of gradually amalgamating its various administrative units in Nigeria. Thus by 1906, the Lagos Colony and Protectorate was amalgamated with the protectorate of Southern Nigeria to form the new > 220 < Prez Diary.indd 220 8/26/2014 2:29:37 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution Colony and Protectorate of Southern Nigeria. The final phase to creating a Nigerian state was consummated in 1914 with a statement from Harcourt when he stated that: We have released Northern Nigeria from the leading strings of the Treasury. The promising and well conducted youth is now on an alliance on his own and is about to effect an alliance with a Southern lady of means. I have issued the special license and Sir Frederick Lugard will perform the ceremony. May the union be fruitful and the couple constant (Harcourt, 2014: 8 and 9) With this foregoing analysis, Nigeria moved from diverse entities to one formidable entity. This chapter examines securing the Nigerian state for meaningful growth and development with some ethical consideration. The chapter is therefore divided into four parts namely the amalgamation and the future prospects of Nigeria, the conceptual discourses, the Nigerian state and the viruses against growth and development and lastly, panacea for securing the Nigerian state for meaningful growth and development. THE AMALGAMATION AND THE FUTURE PROSPECTS OF THE NIGERIAN NATION With the amalgamation, one would have thought that, the diverse units of the country would have been unified. But this was not so, because, as Oyovbaire (1981: 358) has stated “The amalgamation of 1914 did not create a unitary system of politics and administration.” Similarly Afigbo (1991:21 and 22) has equally stated that: … by the time of the amalgamation of the two Nigerias in 1914, the country had not only two administrations with different traditions and temperaments, but also two rival administrations…. Ajayi (2002:54) maintained that: … the British kept the two people apart. Of particular significance was the encouragement of European missionaries and Western Education in the South and attempted exclusion from the North. > 221 < Prez Diary.indd 221 8/26/2014 2:29:37 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution Thus within the North, the administration of the North did not agree with the central Legislature. Within the leadership of Northern administration at that time were men like Palmer and Lethem who rejected the ideals of the nineteenth century British colonial policy of transferring British sociopolitical institutions to the colonies. For these men, the Legislative Council which had been in use in the South was both unsuitable for and incompatible with the philosophy of Indirect Rule practised in the North. This belief led to an increasing fear and suspicion within the ranks of the Northern administration that the jurisdiction of the Legislative Council could before long be extended to the North, and consequently undermine its native administration system. In furtherance to the policy of divide and rule, Lugard announced his over- all educational scheme for the North which included four types of schools namely schools to train Kuranic teachers as clerks to replace Southerners in the Northern services and also to serve as teachers in all primary schools; Schools for the instruction of the sons of the chiefs; schools to teach the children of the ordinary people primary education in the vernacular language ; and schools to educate the sons of Southern clerks who, as Christians, were kept separate from the Northern children so as not, perhaps, to contaminate the later (Ohonbamu 1966: 276). The continued severing of the North from the South in spite of the amalgamation did a devastating blow to Northern Nigeria because, ‘after two decades of British occupation, the Northern Provinces have not yet produced a single native from these provinces who is sufficiently educated to enable him to fill the most minor clerical post in the office of any government department’ (Ohonbamu 1966: 284). Further steps taken by these British bureaucrats in the process of governing Nigeria only induced in the Northern elite an abiding fear and suspicion of their Southern counterparts. The outcome of the amalgamation was that rather than completely bringing unity to the country it has been acting as a centrifugal agent > 222 < Prez Diary.indd 222 8/26/2014 2:29:38 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution because our past colonial leaders did not seize the goodly opportunity of the amalgamation to restructure the Nigerian state. Carefully designed by the colonial bourgeoisie and deliberately handed over to the Nigerian elite, this unrestructured colonial Nigerian state has continued to wallow in abysmal failure. Taiwo (2000:34) reiterated how this unbridled Nigerian state has continued to breed violence when he stated that : It is not an exaggeration to say that from 1914 when the colony of Lagos, the Southern Protectorate, and the Northern Protectorate were amalgamated to form the country now known as Nigeria, the relationship among its diverse units have been marked by tensions of different degree of severity. They did culminates in a bloody civil war that raged in the eastern part of the country between 1967 and 1970. The native bourgeoisie who took over from the colonial bourgeoisie rather than displaying concrete policies to foster national integration and development in the country engaged in brinkmanship, threatening the corporate existence of the country (Alkali, 2009: 7). Similarly Adeboboye (1998: 10) agreed that: Successive regimes of very selfish corrupt and inept leadership have dealt a devastating blow on the nation in all spheres, turning the richly endowed land into a place where people starve in the midst of plenty. This was how these leaders left Nigeria in a precarious situation with no attempt to bring new ideas for the growth and development of the country. CONCEPTUAL DISCOURSES In this section, and for the proper understanding of the topic, the following concepts will be discussed namely, State, Growth and Development. State represents an important entity in the political realm. It is defined as a people organized within a definite territory having a sovereign government. State sometimes accomplishes its goals and objectives, and sometimes, > 223 < Prez Diary.indd 223 8/26/2014 2:29:38 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution it does not . Nigeria as a state was able to play a formidable role in the liberation struggle in the 1970s as a result of her buoyant economy. The same could not be done as a result of a fall in her economy. Similarly, the state of Iraq was unable to annex Kuwait as a result of the heavy firepower of the Allied forces in 1991. For a state to qualify as a state, it must have some identifiable features such as a territorial base; Resident population, Government and Sovereignty. A territorial base is a land forming a division of a country. However, a territory or a territorial base has essential features such as location; size and shape; and boundaries. Location refers to the position or place, that is, position or place where the territory is situated. Thus we can say that Nigeria is located between latitudes 4o North and 14o North and longitudes 2 ½ 0 East and 150 East. Thus the perfect shape for a state should be a circular one, because a circular landscape combines maximum length of boundaries. Similarly, within the world system of today, countries are of various size. Thus while the Gambia is small in size, Mauritania has a very big size. Boundaries are man defined lines which mark the limits of states and determine the extent of their sovereign authority, while frontiers refers to zones of separation and conform more to nature. A second feature of a state is the resident population. Population ranks the second to territorial base. States vary greatly in terms of their population. Nigeria has a population of 140 million and is expected to double by 2017. However, when we talk of population, it should be borne in mind that we are not talking of sheer number of people but the effectiveness of the population in terms of its physical fitness, the skills it commands and the extent to which it is equipped to perform the various tasks. Government is the third and is the device through which the state accomplishes its objectives and goals. Since the name Nigeria has been coined, it has experienced different forms of government such as colonial, parliamentary, military and presidential. Without a government, no state > 224 < Prez Diary.indd 224 8/26/2014 2:29:38 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution can accomplish its numerous functions like maintenance of law and order, economic development and so on. A fourth feature is sovereignty which is defined as the supreme power over citizens and subjects unrestrained by the law (cited in Benn, 1955: 109). The concept of sovereignty was introduced into political theory by Jean Bodin (Appadorai, 1968: 48). He wrote during the latter parts of the sixteenth century at a time of religious war and civil disorder in France and Western Europe. He belonged to a movement in France called Politique which argued the need for a strong secular ruler as the solution to the apparent anarchy of the time. GROWTH This refers to the process of growing; the gradual increase of an animal or a vegetable body; the development from a seed, germ, or root, to full size, number, frequency, strength and so on with respect to Nigeria, it refers to how new things can be achieved. The concept of development is very difficult to define, because, it means different things to different scholars (Ojofeitimi 1987:34; Olojede, 1991:66; Mpolokeng; 2003:60) Fred Rigs sees development as any kind of change which in turn, is defined in terms of rising gross national product or increasing development as meaning creating conditions for the realization of human potential (cited in Ojofeitimi, 1987:34). Development on the other hand can be perceived as a process whereby the members of the society increase their personal and institutional capacities to mobilize and manage resources to produce sustainable and justly distributed improvements in their own aspirations (cited in Mpolokeng, 2003:60). It is also conceived as a process that denotes the transformation of social and economic relations through political actions and process, and by mobilizing and organizing of community resources to effect a shift in the balance of power between the developed elites and the developing and underdeveloped majority of society (cited in Mpolokeng, 2003:60). > 225 < Prez Diary.indd 225 8/26/2014 2:29:38 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution However, for meaningful development to take off, there must be devolution of power from the elite to the poor, government also must embark on meaningful projects to enhance the development of the entire country. The Nigerian State and the Viruses against Growth and Development. With the recalling of Lugard from Hong Kong having turned his back to Nigeria for six years and 22days (Anjorin, 1967:86), he came back by 1912 to join the two protectorates together. The ceremony that took place following this union formally gave birth to a Nigerian state. Since then, the different policies and factors that generated from both the British bureaucrats and the Nigerian elite greatly marred and retarded the growth and development of the Nigerian state. COLONIAL POLICIES THAT AFFECTED THE NIGERIAN STATE NEGATIVELY 1. Arbitrary grouping of Tribes and creation of separate abode. When the colonialists got to Africa, they categorized African linguistic groups into tribes and maintained that differences existed in culture and way of life of these tribes. The resultant effect of this was that every language group all over Africa became tribe. The colonialists having succeeded in turning the linguistic groups into tribes also went ahead to create separate abode for these people. It should however be pointed out that, before this obnoxious practice, the Easterners or the Westerners who travelled to the North lived harmoniously in the North. Following this practice, the British Government introduced the policy of separating the Hausa- Fulani from the Southerners because, the harmonious living of the Southerners in the North prior to the establishment of this policy was considered capable of causing conflict. As a result of this, Southern migrants to the North were forced to live in separate abode variously called Sabongari, Tudun Wada and Sarkin Arab ward (Nnoli, 1980: 234). Northern Emirs who did not agree with this > 226 < Prez Diary.indd 226 8/26/2014 2:29:38 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution discriminatory practice against the Southerners were not to be trusted. The result of this practice was that, it poisoned the minds of Nigerians against one another. In such atmosphere of rancour, no growth and development can be experienced. 2. Colonialists’ disposition towards the Intelligentsia Coleman (1958:145) has rightly pointed out that the characteristic attitude of resident European towards the educated African was one of contempt, amusement, condescension, or veiled hostility, depending upon the individual relationship. Similarly, within a few days of Lugard’s arrival in Lagos in 1912 to carry out the amalgamation scheme he expressed in his letter to his wife that he was ‘not in sympathy’ with the educated native whom he said that his ‘loud arrogant conceit’ was distasteful to him and his lack of ‘natural dignity and courtesy’ antagonized him (Olusanya, 1975:18 and 19). Many resident Europeans also felt that the educated African was dishonest and had failed to achieve the minimum standard of characters prescribed by the model of an acceptable European. Besides, Lugard even had the intention to replace Nigerians in the Railway and in the Civil Service by West Indians. Even though, the outbreak of the First World War prevented him to do this; many Africans found in the Service were downgraded and compelled to serve as chief clerks. This policy cannot lead to growth and development in the Service especially as the policy had impaired many Nigerians in the Civil Service. 3. Setting the Traditional Rulers against the Intelligentsia The desire to govern Nigeria by Britain was guided by the British Philosophy. This philosophy was contained in an instruction given in 1893 by the British Government to Sir Claude MacDonald and his successor. On the basis of this instruction, the Indirect Rule System emerged as the official administrative policy of the British colonial government in Nigeria. In the practice of this policy, educated elite were excluded. This was clearly > 227 < Prez Diary.indd 227 8/26/2014 2:29:39 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution brought out by Coleman when he stated that ‘Before World War II the educated elements, with few exceptions, were excluded not only from the central government but also from the native administration of Local government’ (Coleman, 1958:153). But the fact remains that educated Nigerians were absolutely needed not only for the government of the country but also for its development. 4. Ethnicity Ethnicity is Colonial in Origin. It is externally motivated. The British colonial administration encouraged communal sentiments among the people. When some of these bureaucrats visited Nigeria, they perceived that Nigeria could not be united as a country. Thus in 1920, Governor Sir Hugh Clifford contended that Nigerians were ‘separated from one another by great distance, by differences of history and traditions, and by ethnological, racial, tribal, political, social and religious barriers’ (cited in Nnoli, 1976:12).The belief of these British bureaucrats was that each ethnic group should develop on its own. Similarly, Bretton in 1964 observed that: There is no universally acceptable and understood rationale for the existence and functioning of a State called Nigeria … and efforts at an artificial creation of a national mythology, a Nigerian ideology, will be unproductive because of the overwhelming forces arraigned against it from the side of tribalism, regional diversities and cultural chasms… Neither the mass nor the elite of perspective-durable, constant and in-depth requiring and bringing forth sacrifices, intense devotion and loyalty, discipline, dedication and faith (cited in Bamgbose, 1998:82). With this kind of belief, Nigeria cannot achieve any growth or development; but rather stagnation. 5. Disarticulation of the transport system The haphazard development is well illustrated by the story of the transport system, especially railways. Thus the building of railways was > 228 < Prez Diary.indd 228 8/26/2014 2:29:39 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution dictated by the collection of export commodities. In Nigeria, the Kano-Apapa railway line was built to facilitate the collection of cotton, groundnuts and cocoa for export. The Enugu- Port Harcourt line was built to serve the oilpalm trade. These lines, did not constitute in any way a coherent system of communications. Neither did they contribute to the building of a coherent economy. POST-COLONIAL POLICIES THAT AFFECTED NIGERIA NEGATIVELY While it is not deniable that the colonialists took some inimical steps that greatly marred the growth and development of the country, the country’s (Nigerian ) bourgeoisie also perpetrated some ills that did not contribute to growth and development of the country. Some of these include: 1. Political corruption: Political corruption as Tignor (1993:82) has rightly observed is widespread in contemporary societies and has been regarded as the single most important obstacle to economic development. Diamond (1991:73) has equally pointed out that ‘No problem, however, it was more intractable and more threatening to the future of Nigerian democracy than political corruption.’ This phenomenon has become an evil that exists in every facet of our society. The inherent danger associated with this phenomenon has been delineated by Mr. M.A. Tokunboh when he stressed that “all efforts to establish a just and efficient administration have been frustrated by corruption” (cited in Adedeji, 1970:25). Political corruption has continued to cripple successive governments in Nigeria. From the First Republic to the present moment, many governments have been crippled as state contracts and loan programmes had been systematically milked by the politicians. With public funds diverted to private accounts and purses, no development can be experienced. 2. Political Conflict and Secession Threats: These ugly phenomena had threatened the unity of the country in the time past. Thus disagreements > 229 < Prez Diary.indd 229 8/26/2014 2:29:39 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution among political leaders in the First Republic resulted into breaking away of members from many of these political parties. Thus from the Action Group (AG) came the Nigerian National Democratic Party (NNDP) while from the National Council of Nigerian Citizen (NCNC) came United National Independent Party (UNIP). This political conflict perpetrated by Nigerian politicians moved the country to the brink of disaster until the Civil War took over. The Second Republic was equally crippled by political conflict. Political intolerance began to mar Nigeria’s political system till the present day. Besides, the virus of secession threats have continued since the amalgamation of 1914 to Nigerian Civil war era and even continued till the present era as diverse sections of the country have been complaining of marginalization in one form or the other. 3. Politicization of Religion: This has become a pervasive phenomenon in Nigeria. Many religious leaders have tended to politicise religion. Hardly does any issue be considered in the country without introducing religion into it. In a situation where people cannot live together as a result of religious differences, peace will elude such a society and one cannot then think of growth and development. 4. Inter-governmental Opposition: Suberu (1990:270) has rightly pointed out that the modality of the constitution’s construction of the legislative competence of the two spheres of government is often regarded as the most likely source of intergovernmental friction in federal systems. The Nigerian case is not far from this as the two levels of governments (State and Federal) engaged in ruinous party politics that nearly crippled both the Second and Fourth Republics. In an atmosphere where the important levels of government engage in rancour most of the time, genuine development cannot take place. It is not therefore an exaggeration that the combination of these factors will continue to affect the country negatively should there be no attempt to > 230 < Prez Diary.indd 230 8/26/2014 2:29:39 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution proffer solution to the country’s conditions. It is on the basis of reverting the country from this dangerous situation that we move towards solving the problem. PANACEA FOR SECURING THE NIGERIAN STATE FOR MEANINGFUL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT. To ensure growth and development, Churchil (2014:96) has rightly pointed out that: If we are to develop and grow, if we are to ensure an increase in the prosperity of the people, we have to start thinking. Our leaders have to start thinking. If they do not have the capacity for that, they should surround themselves with men who think. They should realize that the methods we have been using, has not, and is not going to produce any new result. On the basis of ensuring growth and development, we hereby suggest the following: 1. Increase and diversification of export commodities: One development strategy which was popular during the earlier years of Independence, and which continues to recur in development plans, is the expansion and diversification of agricultural export commodities. To earn foreign exchange for development projects, African countries were tempted to turn to the expansion of agricultural export commodities. Expansion of agricultural export commodities secured viable point of departure for dealing with the problems of disarticulation, narrow resource base and industrialization. 2. Import Substitution: By the late 1950s, import substitution became a popular approach to development. This approach also can be used especially in Nigeria. The approach became used by then as a result of a decline in the demand and earnings of primary products. With the fall of demand for primary products came a fall in foreign exchange earnings. Through import substitution; Nigeria can supply the market from local sources, save foreign exchange and promote domestic industrialization. To therefore encourage import substitution, Nigerian government should give all sorts of incentives to indigenous and foreign > 231 < Prez Diary.indd 231 8/26/2014 2:29:39 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution capital such as tax holidays for a certain number of years for pioneer industries, tariff protection, accelerated depreciation allowances among others. 3. Integrated Rural Development: This approach to development is better known among politicians and policy makers. This is an approach that is fully elaborated upon by the United Nations publication, that is, Integrated approach to Rural Development in Africa. Many Nigerian rural areas should be visited with rural development. Though, the government had embarked on this especially during the Babangida era, it was later abandoned. This is why government should revisit this programme and let it be a continual one. 4. Employment drive: This should be vigorously embarked upon by the government. Thousands of school leavers who are roaming the Nigerian streets have to be adequately catered for. The three arms of governments, Local, State and Federal be involved so that unemployed teeming Nigerian population can be provided with meaningful employment. 5. Reduction in the salaries and allowances of politicians: The salaries and allowances of the politicians have to be reduced and the excess be channelled to productive ventures. CONCLUSION This paper has considered some methods and approaches to securing the Nigerian State for meaningful growth and development with a sharp focus on some ethical considerations’. The paper began by seeing Nigeria as consisting of different communities. With the advent of the British Government several communities were divided and governed by Britain. Further British development resulted into the country’s amalgamation. However, both the British bureaucrats and the Nigerian bourgeoisie who took over power from the former introduced certain policies that hamstringed the growth and development of the country. For a proper growth and development, the paper suggested some critical areas of concern. > 232 < Prez Diary.indd 232 8/26/2014 2:29:40 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution REFERENCES Adeboboye, Tope (1998), “ A land ruined by its leaders,” National Concord (Lagos): October 1. Adedeji, Adebayo (1970), “Federal and State Civil Services”, The Quarterly Journal of Administration vol. No. 1 October pp. 7-32 Afigbo, Adiele (1991), ‘Background to Nigerian Federalism; Federal Features in the Colonial State”, Publius: The Journal of Federalism vol. 21 pp. 13-29. Ajayi, Ade (2002), “Danger Signposts in the evolution of the Nigerian State”, The Nigerian Social Scientist vol. 5 No. 1 March pp. 54-56 Alkali, Abdul- Majeed (2009), “Federalism in Nigeria: Historical antecedents and contemporary challenges”, The Constitution vol. 9 No. 4 December pp. 1-13. Anjorin, A. O (1967), “The Background to the Amalgamation of Nigeria in 1914” Odu Ife Journal of African Studies, vol. 13 No. 2 pp. 73-86. Appadorai, A (1968), The Substance of Politics London : Oxford University Press. Bamgbose J. Adele (1998), Fundamentals of Nigerian Politics Nigeria: Ijede Commercial Enterprises. Benn, S. (1955), “The uses of ‘Sovereignty’ ”, The Journal of Political Studies vol. 111 No. 2 pp. 109 -122. Coleman, J.S (1958), Nigeria: Background to Nationalism, Berkeley and Los Angeles, : University of California Press. Churchill, N.C (2014), “Specialization: Prerequisite for Nigeria’s development”, The Guardian (Lagos): June 19. Diamond, Larry (1991), “Political Corruption Nigeria’s perennial Struggle’, Journal of Democracy vol. 2 No. 4 pp. 73-85. Flint, John (1977) “Nigeria: the colonial experience from 1880 to 1914” Gann, L.H and Duignan .P (eds) Colonialism in African 1870-1960 London: Cambridge University Press pp. 220-259. Harcourt, L (2014), “The Centenary celebration” The Guardian (Lagos) : March 5. Mpolokeng, P.G (2003), “People’s Participation in Rural Development; The Examples from Mafikeng,” African Journal of Political Science vol. 8 No. 2 pp. 55-86. Nwosu, H. N (1985), Political Authority and the Nigerian Civil Service Nigeria: Fourth Dimension Publishers. Nnoli, O. (1976), “The Dynamics of Ethnic Politics in Nigeria’, Odu, vol. 14 pp. 3-21. Nnoli, O (1980), Ethnic Politics in Nigeria, Nigeria: Fourth Dimension Publishers. Ohonbamu, O (1966), “The Rise and Fall of Nigerian Federalism”, Africa Quarterly, vol. 5 pp. 276-285. Ojofeitimi, T (1987), “A systematic framework for undertaking rural development activities and projects in Nigeria”, Ascon Journal of Management, vol. 6 No. 1 April pp. 33-43. Okafor, S.O (1981), Indirect Rule The Development of Central, Legislature in Nigeria, Nigeria: Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd. > 233 < Prez Diary.indd 233 8/26/2014 2:29:40 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution Olusanya, G.O (1975), The Evolution of Nigerian Civil Service (1861-1960),The Problems of Nigerianization Nigeria; University of Lagos Press. Olojede, I.A (1991), “Rural Poverty and Grassroots Development in Nigeria’, LASU Social Sciences Journal, vol. 12 Nos I and II March pp. 66-77. Oyovbaire, S.E (1981), “The Nigerian Political System and Political Science”, The Nigerian Journal of Economic and Social Studies, vol. 23 pp. 355- 373 Oyovbaire, S.E (1983), Structural change and Political processes in Nigeria”, African Affairs vol. 82 No. 326 January pp. 3-28. Sotade, Nike et al (2013), Reflections on Unity as the nation approaches a milestone,” The Guardian (Lagos): February 8. Suberu, R.T (1990), “Political opposition and Inter-governmental relations in the Second Nigerian Republic”, The Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics vol. Xxviii No. 3 pp. 269- 287. Tamuno, T.N (1980), “British Colonial Administration in Nigeria in the twentieth Century” Ikime, O (ed), Groundwork of Nigerian History Nigeria: Heinemann Educational Books pp. 393-409. Taiwo, O (2000), “Citizens and Citizenship” The Post Express (Lagos): March 1. Tignor, R.L (1993), “ Political Corruption in Nigeria before Independence” The Journal of Modern African Studies, vol. 31 No. 2 pp. 175-202 > 234 < Prez Diary.indd 234 8/26/2014 2:29:40 PM > 235 < 13 Political Participation and the Continuous Existence of the Nigerian State: the Centrality of the Mass Media Ganiyu Olalekan Akashoro, PhD INTRODUCTION T here is no gainsaying the fact that the Nigerian mass media have passed through significant evolutionary changes. These phenomenal metamorphoses have moulded and put the mass media into such vantage and dynamic position from where they have had drastic and dynamic influences on the politics of the Nigerian State. The growth and proliferation of the media industry in Nigeria has been quiet impressive since 1859, making them so virile and vibrant, paving way for their irresistible and impactful effects on the development of all facets of the Nigerian State, particularly its political culture and landscape, to date (Aliede, 2003). Prez Diary.indd 235 8/26/2014 2:29:40 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution Similarly, the growth and advancement of the Nigerian mass media, as noted by Aliede (2003), has been so parallel and simultaneous with the evolution of the country’s political culture. This symbiotic parallel historical development, the separation of which would be fruitless, if attempted, is partly because the mass media were directly and indirectly utilized and manipulated to serve the interest and cause of the political class. This is despite the fact that the mass media had overwhelming private ownership and management dominance, yet till date, media owners, operators and practitioners still partly function to influence cause of events in Nigeria’s political arena. Putting this differently, the Nigerian mass media have, to a significant level, determined the growth, progress and direction of the country’s political system, just as its political dispensation has extensively actuated the performance and impact of the media. The pre and post-independence evolution of Nigeria has a very strong link with the mass media which can be reasonably considered to be one of the first professionalized industries in the country (Aliede, 2003). This is more so since, as far back as the era of colonized Nigeria, the mass media had attracted massive investment as a result of its peculiarity, functions and acceptance. As instruments for agenda setting, opinion leadership, persuasion and enlightenment, as noted by Aliede (2003), the Nigerian mass media (both print and electronic) became veritable instruments at the disposal of nationalists for the actualization of their dream of ousting the imperialists and securing for the country, its political independence. The strength the print media (the forerunner of the broadcast media), especially newspapers had to expend in assisting Nigeria’s advancement to full- fledged democratic governance after independence got a leverage with the advent of the electronic media: radio and television into the media sub sector. Their added uniqueness and attributes, like instantaneous effect, linguistic barrier breakage, audio-visual qualities for television and > 236 < Prez Diary.indd 236 8/26/2014 2:29:41 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution demonstration, dramatically uplifted media influence on Nigerian politics, for instance, in moments of significant political events such as elections (Aliede, 2003). Hence, the foregoing makes it logical to project the mass media, premised on their activities before and after Nigeria’s independence, as the pivot of the country’s political development and democratic advancement till date. However, despite the accolades showered on the mass media as being instrumental and central to the emergence and sustenance of independent Nigeria, to what extent have they faired ethically in the dispensation of their duties and responsibilities to the different facets of the Nigerian society? To what extent can they be exonerated from allegations of corruption in the performance of the key roles of environmental surveillance, events interpretation, information dissemination, citizenry education, entertainment etc.? These and other issues bordering on the ethical imperatives of the roles of the mass media in the preservation of the Nigerian State constitute the subject matter of this discourse. OVERVIEW OF THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE MASS MEDIA TO THE DEVELOPMENT AND PRESERVATION OF THE NIGERIAN STATE This is discussed from the perspective of the print (newspapers and magazines) and broadcast (radio and television) media. The Print Media Newspapers pioneered the emergence of modern journalism in Nigeria. Predating the emergence of modern Nigeria through the 1914 amalgamation, historically, newspapers debuted with the establishment of the Iwe Irohin (Fun Awon Ara Egba Ati Yoruba on December 3, 1859 by an Anglican Reverend, Henry Townsend. The newspaper, with a life span of eight years, was established primarily for evangelization but turned out to be more involved in information dissemination (including economic messages), enlightenment, socialization, as well as serving as a political > 237 < Prez Diary.indd 237 8/26/2014 2:29:41 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution instrument which, as noted by Aliede (2003, p. 17) “began the gradual and difficult process of preparing the mind of Nigerians to the eventual revolt which eventually ousted the British Colonial powers.” This it did by providing its audience the opportunity of contributing their views and opinions to the political events of the period. Other newspapers established after Iwe Irohin which either supported or opposed activities of the government of the day as well as encouraged political participation, included Anglo African – 1863 to 1865 (established by Robert Campbell) which concentrated on matters of public interest, social issues, economic events and government affairs; Lagos Times And Gold Coast Advertiser – 1880 to 1883 (established by Richard B. Blaize) which championed the cause of public rights, and was vocal on political matters such as social and political awakening, the non- existence of legislative authority in the country and the attempted imposition of water rate in Lagos; Lagos Standard – 1908 to 1920 (established by George Williams and S.H. Pearce); Nigerian Chronicle – 1908 to 1915 (published by Christopher Johnson); the Nigerian Times – 1910 to 1915 (published by James Bright Davies and Sapara Williams) during which one of its founders, Davies, became the first Nigerian to go to jail for seditious publication; Lagos Echo – 1892 to 1893; Lagos Weekly Reporter – 1898 to 1899 (established by V.C. Crissman); and Nigerian Pioneer – 1914 to 1937 (established by Barrister Kitoye Ajasa) which was used to counter the barrage of criticisms hauled at the colonial administration (Aliede, 2003; Duyile, 1987; Omu, 1978; Uche, 1989). Newspapers that were established during the nationalist era and which were at the forefront of political agitation, and some of which were tied to political parties included Daily Times established in 1926 principally to break the then government’s domination of Reuters’ news; Daily Service, (founded in 1933 by Ernest Ikoli and managed by H.O. Davies) the mouth organ of the Nigerian Youth Movement (NYM) which later changed to the > 238 < Prez Diary.indd 238 8/26/2014 2:29:41 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution Action Group; Daily News, political instrument of the Nigerian National democratic Party (NNDP); African Messenger – 1921 to 1926(published by Ernest Ikoli); Lagos Weekly Record (established by Thomas A. Jackson); Nigerian Spectator (established in 1923 by S. A. Savage); Nigerian Advocate (founded in 1923 by S.H. Braithwaite); Lagos Daily News – 1927 to 1936 (operated by Herbert Macaulay) used to champion the political agitations of Macaulay particularly against the British colonial administration and bore the stamp of Macaulay’s personality on its pages; and The Daily Comet – 1933 to 1945 (founded by Duse Mohammed Ali, an Egyptian African nationalist) which was barred in 1945 by the colonial authorities for its nationalistic posture when it praised striking workers for embarking on an industrial action. There were also West African Pilot – 1937 to 1947 (founded by Dr. Nnamdi Azikwe, who also had other newspapers in his group such as Eastern Nigerian Guardian, The Nigerian Spokesman, the Southern Advocate and Sentinel) through which he used his journalistic artillery (i.e. group of newspapers) not only to bombard the colonialists but also to keep them uneasy and uncomfortable; and Nigerian Tribune (established in 1949 by Chief Obafemi Awolowo) which represented the mouth organ of the Action Group party, and was, according to Daramola (2006, p.117), “vocal, aggressive, punchy, and pungent: it never pretended to be friendly with the colonial administration; each time, it came out with thunderous, fearless editorials, hitting decisively at the colonial masters.” There were other newspapers located in provincial cities such as The Dawn (1937) based in Aba, The Calabar Observer (1902), Nigerian Eastern Mail (1935 – 1952) located in Calabar, West African Advertiser (1935) based in Calabar, Nigerian Observer (1935), and the Echo (1932) located in Aba. As far as post-independence Nigeria is concerned, existing newspapers continued in political alignment and pursuits of the cause of their principals, while new ones were established to serve the political aspirations > 239 < Prez Diary.indd 239 8/26/2014 2:29:41 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution of their founders, including the governments of the day. Newspapers established in the 1960s included Morning Post and Sunday Post (established in 1961 by the then federal government) which were tailored to serve government’s political, social and economic interests; the Western Region came up with Daily Sketch, Daily Express, as well as Irohin Yoruba (under Samuel Akintola), in addition to Nigerian Tribune already in existence, during which all actively participated in festering and propagating the political interests of their principals; ditto for the Eastern Observer, Nigerian Spokesman, Eastern Sentinel and Nigerian Outlook for the Eastern Region; while the Northern Region established Nigerian Citizen and Gaskiya TafiKwabo to cater for the northern political aspirations (Daramola, 2006; Aliede, 2003). Other post-independence Nigerian newspapers which actively participated in nurturing the country’s democratic aspirations to an appreciable level (up to the fourth republic) are New Nigerian (founded in 1966 by the northern states government but which was taken over in 1975 by the Federal government under General Murtala Muhammed) which wrote many pungent and critical editorials many of which were against government policies, while also consistently reflecting the thinking of the masses; The Punch (which began as a Sunday publication was established in 1973 by Chief Olu Aboderin) was reported to have come out fearlessly with a crop of professional journalists, determined to defend the liberty of the people and act as the watchdog of the Nigerian society; National Concord (founded by Chief MKO Abiola in 1980) which served the political aspirations of its principal, attacking viewpoints of rival publications all through the period of its existence till its exit in 1998 after the death of its founder in political detention; The Guardian (established by Alex Ibru in 1983) which has, till date, maintained a journalistic tradition of lack of sensationalism in news reportage, lengthy, detailed and fleshy news stories; Vanguard Newspaper (established by Sam Amuka-Pemu in 1984) meant to serve in the vanguard for a better life for the people of Nigeria; Champion ( established in 1988 by Chief Emmanuel Iwuayanwun) meant to champion the ambition and help > 240 < Prez Diary.indd 240 8/26/2014 2:29:41 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution lubricate the political aspirations of its principal; and THISDAY (established in 1995 by Nduka Obaigbena) which was floated to provide information along the cardinal principle of free enterprise, democracy and social justice. Hard news Magazines were also not left out in active agitation for good democratic governance especially in post-independence Nigeria. Some of these magazines that significantly influenced the course of political events in Nigeria include Newswatch (founded by Dele Giwa, Ray Ekpu, Dan Agbese and Yakubu Mohammed in 1884 but hit the newsstand in 1985) which was established purposely as Nigeria’s weekly newsmagazine treating national and international news including politics, business and economy, education, science, lifestyle and sports; The News (established in 1993 by Bayo Onanuga, Seye Kehinde, , Babafemi Ojudu, Dapo Olorunyomi and Kunle Ajibade) which is known for its investigative journalism, punchy, pungent, radical and authoritative; and Tempo (established also in 1993 by Independent Communications Network Limited, publisher of The News) founded to “ help gauge the mood of the nation” (Daramola, 2006, p.171). The Broadcast Media The contributions of the Nigerian broadcast media to the emergence, preservation and sustenance of the Nigerian State are examined in periodic perspectives spanning the rediffusion era, the regional broadcasting era as well as broadcasting in post-independence Nigeria (covering broadcasting in the first republic, broadcasting during the period of the Nigerian civil war, and broadcasting during the post-civil war period). The Rediffusion Era (NBS and NBC Years): The Rediffusion Broadcasting System (RBS), relayed through the rediffusion Box on December 1, 1935, established by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) was colonial Nigeria’s first experience at witnessing broadcasting. It was a government-sponsored broadcasting Lagos radio network meant to disseminate a mixture of selected BBC materials and some colonial > 241 < Prez Diary.indd 241 8/26/2014 2:29:41 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution government programmes. A subscribed version of the rediffusion network, Radio Distribution Service (RDS)was extended between 1935 and 1950 to cater for more parts of Nigeria, particularly those identified as densely populated centers (Udeajah 2008); The Nigerian Broadcasting Service, the first public service broadcasting organization in British colonial territory, (a wireless service) was established in 1951 through a legislative ordinance to provide educational services, as well as independent broadcasting service; and based on the continued thirst for information by Nigerians besides political, economic and social developments as well as the increased struggle for political independence by the nationalists, the Nigerian Broadcasting Corporation was established in 1957 through an act of parliament. It was meant, among other provisions, “to ensure that the services which it provides, when considered as a whole, reflect the unity of Nigeria as a federation, and at the same time give adequate expression to the culture, characteristic, affairs and opinions of the people of each region or part of the Federation” (Obazele, 1996, pp. 146-147). The Regional Broadcasting Era: The idea of regional broadcasting predated the establishment of the NBC in 1957, having been constitutionally sanctioned through efforts of the nationalists in the McPherson constitution in 1954. Actual regional broadcasting did not commence until 1959 when, in response to the constitutional provisions of 1954, the Western Region established the Western Nigeria Radio-Vision Service and commissioned the Western Nigeria Television (WNTV). This was followed by the establishment of its radio complement under the auspices of the Western Nigeria Broadcasting Service (WNBS). This was again followed by the establishment of more regional broadcasting stations such as The Eastern Nigeria Broadcasting Service (ENBS) in 1960, “under the pressing need to air messages of political significance (Udeajah, 2005, p. 10). The Northern Region established the Broadcasting Company of Northern Nigeria (BCNN) in 1962 which set up the Radio Kaduna Television (RKTV) the same year. The essence of the creation of regional broadcasting institutions by the > 242 < Prez Diary.indd 242 8/26/2014 2:29:42 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution regional governments was to promote their political aspirations and this reflected in the programming of these broadcast stations. Broadcasting in Post-Independence Nigeria: This is examined in light of the following; Broadcasting in the First Republic (1963–1966): Following the trail of regional governments which had established television and radio stations, the Federal Government, as a matter of political necessity, established the Nigerian Television Service (NTS) to complement its pioneer radio station (NBS) which had been renamed Nigerian Broadcasting Corporation in October 1956. By the advent of Nigeria’s First Republic in 1963, from independence in 1960, the regionalization was maintained, with each region having and managing its broadcasting institution inherited before independence as well as the newly created NTS. The peculiarity of broadcasting during Nigeria’s First republic is aptly captured by Udeajah (2005, p. 48) as follows: The organization of broadcasting during the civilian rule in the First republic was the privileged responsibility of the political elite in power. All the broadcasting systems (radio and TV) were government-owned and controlled. Lagos city, for example, operated its radio system that largely served Federal Government interests. Similar situations were obtained in the regions. Broadcasting during the Period of the Nigerian Civil War (1967 – 1970): All the broadcast media during the Nigerian civil war (which began on July 6, 1967 and lasted till 1970) still maintained the status of government-owned institutions. They also vehemently promoted the interests of their owners. While the broadcast media from the Eastern part promoted the cause of Biafra with the theme “Broadcasting for Survival,” broadcast > 243 < Prez Diary.indd 243 8/26/2014 2:29:42 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution media owned by other regions and the federal government championed the Federal cause with the theme “Broadcasting to keep Nigeria One”. Painting the scenario of the broadcasting system during the Nigerian civil war, Udeajah (2005, p. 79) writes: In short, the broadcasting stations in the country were aligned into blocks as media practitioners spread propaganda in favour of their regional inclinations. Teaming up with the political elite, broadcasters took sides with their regions during the series of conferences that were organized to determine the supposedly new constitutional propositions for the country. With the declaration of the Republic of Biafra and the subsequent outbreak of war, therefore, there emerged a series of slogans from the opposing camps….Needless to state, in that context, that the broadcast media continued their political education, even in such a war situation. Broadcasting and the Postwar Government of Gowon (1970–1975): The Nigerian broadcast media during the remaining part of General Yakubu Gowon’s administration after the civil war in 1970 helped in propagating the Federal Government’s post war policy of rehabilitation, Reconstruction and Reconciliation. The broadcast media were particularly instrumental to the propagation of the essence, the ideals and the rudiments of the second national development plan (1970 – 1974). Broadcasting during the Murtala Muhammed Military Administration (1975–1976): The Nigerian broadcast media during the short-lived military administration of General Murtala Muhammed (July 29, 1975 – February 13, 1976) were characterized by complete subordination to the status quo. They propagated, defended and rationalized the policies and actions of the administration to the populace. These include: imposing uniform policies on the federal structure, undertaking a massive purge of the Nigerian Civil Service; increasing the number of status from 12 to 19, removing Governors from the Supreme Military Council, creating for them a third-tier Council > 244 < Prez Diary.indd 244 8/26/2014 2:29:42 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution of States; and removing the national Capital from the coastal city of Lagos to Abuja, Nigeria’s heartland (Udeajah 2005). Broadcasting during the Obasanjo Military Administration (1976 – 1979): During the military administration of General Olusegun Obasanjo, the broadcast media constituted Federal Government’s agent for mass mobilization on its transition to civil rule programme. Udeajah (2005, p.121) aptly captures the operations of the broadcast media in this respect: The broadcast practitioners manifested some general restraints in their selection of programmes transmitted during the period of the transition to democratic rule. It was feared at various levels that the slightest deviation from the norm would meet with devastating blow from the military government that structured the transition activities. Similarly, the broadcast media were actively engaged in the propagation and promotion of the federal government’s agricultural project – Operation Feed the Nation (OFN). Broadcasting during the Second Republic (1979 – 1983): The broadcast media, during the second republic federal civilian administration of Alhaji Shehu Shagari (October 1, 1979 – December 31, 1983), despite the euphoria on the country’s second attempt at democratic governance, operated in an autocratic setting. There was complete federal and state government ownership and monopoly of broadcast stations. Government censorship was more stringent under the regime than in preceding military regimes. This view is confirmed by Ogunsuji (1989) quoted by Udeajah (2005, p. 137) who observed that: Most newspapers and broadcast stations owned by government hardly carried negative or bad news concerning government activities. Media whose political learning favoured the governmental patronage through advertising avoided all damaging stories on government activities > 245 < Prez Diary.indd 245 8/26/2014 2:29:42 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution or policies. Rather, the editors tended to trim, kill, slant or display a reporter’s story in such a way as to support the official version. Thus, the Nigerian civilian government, at the federal and state levels, manipulated the media practitioners into cooperating in bending and blending public opinion to the taste of the political elite. Broadcasting during the Buhari Administration (1984 – 1985) The broadcast media, during the short-lived military administration of General Muhammadu Buhari (January 1, 1984 – August 27, 1985) actually contributed to the propagation of government’s developmental or character-moulding programme – War Against Indiscipline (WAI). Though short-lived, the Buhari administration left its mark on the broadcast industry. Its campaigns of War Against Indiscipline (WAI) were fully run by radio and television jingles and commercials on the queuing culture, one-after-the-other banking and monitoring and environmental sanitation were carried by the radio and television systems. Broadcasting during the Babangida Administration (1985 – 1993): The broadcast media, during the military administration of General Ibrahim Babangida participated more in political broadcasting than before. This was due to the state creation exercise which came with the consequential hype in political broadcasting occasioned by the desire of each newly created State to air its views to its own people in its own way and to compete with the federal stations in terms of ownership and operations. Furthermore, the broadcast media, as with previous regimes, operated as governments’ agents of public and political communication. They were actively involved in the propagation and promotion of governments’ developmental and political programmes such as MAMSER, DFRRI, Better Life for Rural Women programme, IMF Loan controversy, SAP etc. They also > 246 < Prez Diary.indd 246 8/26/2014 2:29:42 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution propagated the federal government’s initiated programme of transition to civil government including the activities of the institutions put in place to effect the programme. Broadcasting during the Period of Deregulation (1994–2014): The Nigerian broadcast media, at the onset of broadcasting deregulation, continued to act as government propaganda agents or megaphones, with their programming still subordinated to, and controlled by the government at the federal and state levels, despite the existence of the NBC and provisions of its Code. During the Abacha administration, most of the private radio and TV stations, for fear of possible destructive reprisal from the government, swallowed their pride and followed their governmentowned counterparts to promote government policies and programmes at the expense of objective and critical reporting. Also during this period, the Nigerian broadcast media industry witnessed a return of guerrilla (or illegal) broadcasting such as Radio Kudirat International Nigeria (RDIN) (floated and funded by pro-democracy groups and later renamed Radio Kudirat in June 1997 and which transmitted on short wave band and exited on December 31, 1998), as well as Radio Freedom Frequency (RFF) (which commenced operation between June and August 1995 on frequency modulation, FM) both of which resisted military dictatorship and championed the enthronement of democratic governance. Again, the broadcast media were actively involved in the propagation and promotion of the General Abubakar-organized short political transition programme which eventually led to the swearing in of General Olusegun Obasanjo (rtd) as the Executive President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, and ushered in Nigeria’s Fourth Republic on May 29, 1999. The broadcast media facilitated the political transition process promoting and disseminating information to Nigerians, particularly the electorate, on the activities of the major stakeholders in the transition. > 247 < Prez Diary.indd 247 8/26/2014 2:29:43 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution Furthermore, the broadcast media, particularly the privately-owned, during the successive administrations of Presidents Olusegun Obasanjo (1999 – 2007), Shehu Musa Yar’dua (2007 – 2010) and Goodluck Ebele Jonathan (2010 – 2014), assisted in enhancing personal influence and thereby achieving political power for individuals, political institution of interest to them, either through ownership, connection with ownership or through business patronage or association. What Udeajah (2005, p. 205) observed regarding the 1999 transition to civil rule politics, still played out in subsequent electoral processes. Udeajah observes: During the 1999 politics, the role of public service broadcasting became evident in reporting and interpreting political events; defining trends in the transition process and in educating the population politically through news and current affairs programmes. The private broadcasting stations become preoccupied with projecting the personalities of candidates through political advertising. This enabled some candidates of such political image-promoting adventure to gain some competitive advantage. ETHICAL DIMENSIONS TO THE FUNCTIONALITY OF THE MASS MEDIA IN THE PRESERVATION OF THE NIGERIAN STATE To underscore the ethical implications of mass media in the performance of their professional roles within the Nigerian context, this section of the discourse is presented from the following perspectives: Conceptualizing Journalistic Ethics According to Omoregbe (1993), ethics deals with fundamental principles of morality where some actions are labelled as good or bad; right or wrong; ethical or unethical and the various criteria of making such judgments. Moral historians opine that even if what is held to be right or good varies from society to society, the concepts of right and good are generally universal (Omoregbe, 1993). Academically, ethics is the systematic study of the norms of human behaviour. It is the discipline which studies > 248 < Prez Diary.indd 248 8/26/2014 2:29:43 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution the morality of human conduct and the principles of moral behaviour. It is the normative science of human conduct which has the purpose of guiding human conduct along the line of moral laws (Onabajo, 2002). Applied to journalism, Merrill and Barney (1982), as cited Onabajo (2002), are of the view that the basic problems of journalism have mainly been ethical and philosophical. Modern journalists, as noted by Merrill and Barney (1982) are increasingly at loggerheads with what they consider their rights as journalists and their responsibility to society or to various persons and groups within the society. Sometimes, journalists succumb to unethical demands from powerful opinion moulders from the government and the private sector, and as asserted by Onabajo (2002), “it does appear that unethical conduct is being rewarded instead of being despised.” Journalistic ethics, therefore, is the branch of philosophy which aids journalists in determining what is right to do, and it is ultimately concerned with providing moral principles or norms for journalistic action. Ethics is fundamental to journalism because, as noted rightly by Onabajo (2002), mass media practice is based on a set of essentially ethical concepts: trust, objectivity, honesty, privacy, freedom, among others. In any society, the role of journalism, as expected of the Nigerian mass media, is to provide information for the enlightenment, education and entertainment of the people and this raises ethical questions on the quality of intelligence disseminated, manner of its acquisition and the object for which it is used in the socioeconomic and political processes Theoretical Perspectives to Journalistic Ethics The origin of journalistic ethics, a relatively modern philosophy (Onabajo, 2002), has its root or basis in the normative theories of the press. The most relevant of these theories to journalistic ethics (which are its direct precursors) are the libertarian (or free press) and social responsibility theories of the press. Historically, the excesses of the extreme freedom > 249 < Prez Diary.indd 249 8/26/2014 2:29:43 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution implied from the libertarian press theory, which advocates that the press should be completely free to publish what it likes; and the abuse of this freedom believed to give rise most times to negative journalistic practices, led to the advancement of the social responsibility theory (McQuail, 1987; Okunna, 1995). According to Okunna (1995), the social responsibility theory of the press preaches the concept of a free but responsible press and this led to professional journalistic associations, (such as the Nigerian Press Council) coming up with codes of ethics (like the 1996 Code of Ethics for Nigerian Journalists) designed to encourage responsible behaviour by their members. The social responsibility theory stresses the need to reconcile the independence of the press with the obligation to society. This presupposes that in the various work places of the mass media, Nigerian media inclusive, certain standards of performance can be stated and should be followed. And, the theory, as noted by Moemeka (1987), places due emphasis on the moral and social responsibilities of the person who practices the media profession and the institutions which operate the mass media (that is, individual journalists and their respective media organizations). Put differently, the theory, as observed by Ojobor (2002), tries to reconcile three somewhat divergent principles: individual freedom and choice, media freedom, and media obligation to society. A fallout of its basic postulates is the implication of self-regulation of individual media practitioner or journalist in the process of achieving higher standards of performance. This self-regulation canvassed by the theory informs the codification of journalistic conduct through ethical codes prepared by journalists for themselves. The following are some of the principles of the social responsibility theory (McQuail, 1987; Ojobor, 2002; Okunna, 1995; Onabajo, 2002):1. Certain obligations to society should be acceptable and fulfilled by the media or press; 2. These obligations are mainly to be fulfilled through setting high professional standards of truth, accuracy, objectivity, balance and > 250 < Prez Diary.indd 250 8/26/2014 2:29:43 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution informativeness; 3. In the discharge of their duties and responsibilities, the media should regulate themselves (that is, be self-regulating) within the framework of law and established institutions; 4. Whatever might lead to crime, violence, civil disorder or offence to minority groups, should be avoided by the media; 5. The media should reflect its society’s plurality, giving access to various points of view and grant all the right to reply; 6. Based on the principle of accepting and fulfilling certain obligations, society and the public have the right to expect high standards of performance from the media, and intervention can only be justified to secure public good, since journalists should be accountable to the society; 7. To maintain high ethical standards, the press must be controlled either by itself (through self-regulation) or by the government. Deriving from the foregoing principles of the social responsibility theory, Lambeth (1986) cited by Onabajo (2002), advocated five principles of journalistic ethics. These include:1. The Principle of Truth Telling: This encourages the journalist not only to form the habit of writing accurate reports, but also to seek the larger truths behind the facts that he or she is presenting; 2. The Principle of Justice: Journalists must maintain a daily concern for fairness and news organizations must help to create a climate conducive to high ethical standards. The news media should take its watchdog role seriously and should guard against abuses of power by other societal institutions; 3. The Principle of Freedom: The individual media writer must be free and be disentangled from conflicting interests. In a democracy, the journalist is expected to guard the constitutional freedom that is granted to the press; 4. The Principle of Humanness: The media writer should not intentionally harm others. Instead, he or she should give assistance and prevent suffering where possible; and 5. The Principle of Stewardship: The media writer, as a caretaker or steward of free expression, must manage the resources of communication with due regard for the rights of others, the > 251 < Prez Diary.indd 251 8/26/2014 2:29:43 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution rights of the public and the moral health of his or her own occupation. Documented Abuses of Professional Ethics in Mass Media Practice in Nigeria Professional ethics in mass media practice in Nigeria is expected to be influenced by the Code of Ethics of Nigerian Journalists. The code expects all journalists to self-regulate themselves in adhering to its provisions in other to observe the highest professional and ethical standards in their conducts with a view to winning a high degree of public trust. Issues addressed in the provisions of the code relate to editorial independence, accuracy and fairness, privacy, privilege/non-disclosure, decency, reward/gratification, discrimination, violence, children and minors, access to information, public interest, social responsibility, plagiarism, copyright, as well as press freedom and responsibility. However, in the discharge of their duties and responsibilities, (particularly their documented contributions towards the emergence and preservation of the Nigerian State), many issues have been raised regarding the ethical conduct of the mass media, abuses of professional journalistic ethics, and by extension, violations of the provisions of their self-initiated code of ethics. This section provides an exposition of scholarly views regarding ethical lapses of mass media practice in Nigeria. From his own perspective, Pate (2003) identifies excessive materialism, acceptance of bribe from political sources, sycophancy, misuse of confidential sources, frequent sensationalization of reports, and unbalanced and unfair reporting, as common forms of ethical abuses perpetuated in Nigerian media practice. Pate (2003) is of the view that factors of pervasive poverty and the craze for material acquisition in the society drive media managers to compromise ethical code by sometimes, hiding “under the banner of commercialization to extort money from politicians for programmes and news coverage that should ordinarily be free of charge” (p. 131). > 252 < Prez Diary.indd 252 8/26/2014 2:29:44 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution Pate (2003) also considers worrisome the constantly repeated allegation of Nigerian journalists soliciting and accepting bribes from politicians in performing their normal duties. To Patte, “acceptance of bribes has become pervasive that it has been variously nicknamed ‘qua’, ‘up-sound’, ‘chopey’, ‘brown envelope’, ‘the last line’, ‘egunje’, ‘goro’, ‘quapane’, ‘energizer’, etc” (2003, p.131), asserting that the impact of bribe on objectivity in handling stories about politics is such that many journalists are tempted to slant, skew, distort or colour news, or in some cases, tell outright lies. On sycophancy, which Pate (2003) believes is more manifest in political reporting, stateowned media organizations, in particular, are said to be more guilty of the irritating art of praise-singing for governors and their officials, while members of the opposition are denigrated through character assassination, mudslinging and name-calling, with news about other parties being hardly given any serious consideration. Pate (2003) also identifies, as other forms of abuse of the ethical code, misuse of confidential sources to serve some unexplained political interests, where in some cases, inaccurate or false information are attributed to non-existing secret sources; frequent sensationalisation of news reports to attract more audience patronage, or high readership especially in the print media; as well as unbalanced and unfair reporting of political issues, most prevalent among many of the public-owned broadcast stations. Patte (2003), citing Agba (1997), identifies ways by which unbalanced political reporting is perpetuated to include: bias in the source of news, bias through selection of news, bias through omission of news, bias through placement in news, bias in the headlines, bias in the use of words, bias in news images, bias in the selection of photographs, bias in captions, the use of editorials or commentaries to distort facts, and the hidden editorials. Similarly, Galadima (2003) identifies some of the corrupt media practices (perpetuated by reporters or journalists) that fuel political violence to include: collection of bribes from political leaders in order to give them > 253 < Prez Diary.indd 253 8/26/2014 2:29:44 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution positive coverage; collection of parcels of land from political leaders such as governors, ministers etc. for continuous positive coverage of their activities in order to boost their electoral fortunes over their opponents; collection of gifts from prominent politicians with the aim of fostering good media publicity; conferring achievements and professional awards on political leaders with the aim of boosting their images; and, publicizing events, persons and issues from sectional or religious angles in other to sway public opinion in favor of such events, persons or issues. Galadima (2003) also identify ethical abuses perpetuated by editors and publishers of media organizations to include: organized visitations to governors and other political leaders with the aim of publicizing such activities; demanding and collecting money to kill and damage stories sent in by their reporters, with the intention of enhancing the political fortunes of such politicians; and engaging in media consultancy where they launder the images of the politicians by colouring the truth through manipulation of words. Furthermore, Christopher and Onwuka (2013)describe ethical lapses within the Nigerian media industry as “trimmings of journalism” and identify some of these to include situations: where information flow and prominence are controlled by people in influential positions, PR practitioners in government parastatals and big companies; where beat associations and news commercialization facilitate the suppression of real voices, thereby preventing the development of honest and diligent professionals capable of generating exclusive stories; where beat associations could dictate their terms thereby impeding access to information and providing cover for professional misconduct; where beat associations and trade unions, which should monitor and enforce media ethics, have established themselves as award-giving bodies; where public office holders award contracts to journalists and Nigerian Union of Journalists (NUJ) officials to ensure good press coverage, or where some of them are on the pay rolls of some governors and members of the House of Assembly; and, where journalists hobnob with politicians; and where many print media organizations nurture journalists > 254 < Prez Diary.indd 254 8/26/2014 2:29:44 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution in line with the owners’ partisan policies. Other breaches of journalistic ethics in Nigerian media practice, identified by Christopher and Onwuka (2013) include situations: where electronic media organizations render paid-for news as regular news, unknown to their audiences, (a form of news commercialization the authors consider to be different from news that sells); where newspaper journalists and editors match news coverage of companies with how much advertisement placement is made in the paper; where news is tailored to advertisers’ request or put differently, where news is no longer about reporting timely occurrences or events but about packaged broadcast, or reports sponsored or paid for by interested parties, the consequence of which include the constraining of any tendency toward critical presentation and evaluation of news issues and events, the thinning out of genuine and authoritative news, the abuse of news segments, as well as the presentation of distorted and one-sided views on critical issues; and, where journalists threaten their targets with the publication of unpleasant stories if they fail to pay up for stories to be killed. Putting the foregoing ethical lapses among Nigerian media operatives in perspective, Pate (2003), citing Nwosu (1987), Okunna (1995) and Karikari (1997), identifies factors considered motivators for constant violation of the professional code of ethics to include: lack of any adequate professional training; drive of publishers or owners for financial gain or political influence; partisanship and personal interest of individual journalists; political pressure from government or opposition; the precarious financial conditions of journalists; the fact that adherence to journalistic code of ethics is self-regulated; ignorance of the code of ethics; sheer contempt and disregard for rules and standards; neglect of, or laziness about basic professional demands of accuracy, thorough investigations and sensitivity to subjects and audiences; bankruptcy regarding social values and norms, including widespread corruption; the pressure and demands of time on the > 255 < Prez Diary.indd 255 8/26/2014 2:29:44 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution small staff of most newsrooms which undermine thoroughness in performance; and inadequate working tools and non-conducive environment in most print and broadcast media houses. Similarly, Galadima (2003) identifies factors predisposing Nigeria journalists to ethical abuses bordering on corruption to include: economic crunch pervading most developing societies where the cost of production for news media outfits has increased astronomically which leaves little margin for profits; low wages and salaries for journalists (more commonly known as ‘slave salaries’ or ‘ID card journalism’); fall in advertisement and readers’ patronage due to economic problems; irregular payment of reporters by employers; government policies and actions such as proscription and confiscation of media outfits and products as was the case during military regimes; as well as partisanship and bias/affiliation to groups and parties. SUGGESTED REMEDIES FOR ETHICAL LAPSES IN NIGERIAN MASS MEDIA PRACTICE To enhance the functionality and centrality of the mass media in the preservation of the Nigerian State, certain suggestions or recommendations have been advanced to address abuses of journalistic ethics by Nigeria journalists. These suggestions, which are presented under different headings, include the following:On Political Reporting: The following elements are suggested as guide towards ethically-driven political reporting: Accuracy and Fairness: Every journalist is enjoined 1. to uphold the belief that the public has a right to know. Factual, accurate, balanced and fair reporting is the ultimate objective of good journalism and basis of earning public trust and confidence; and 2. to refrain from disseminating inaccurate and misleading information, where such information has been mistakenly reported, prompt correction should be made; > 256 < Prez Diary.indd 256 8/26/2014 2:29:44 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution Opportunity to Reply: Every journalist, when inaccuracies are reported, is enjoined to give those who feel they have been fairly untreated the opportunity to respond appropriately. Individuals publicly accused should be given the earliest opportunity to respond; and, Impartiality: Every journalist should, at all times, use his or her professional judgment to distinguish between fact and opinion, and should ensure that listeners/viewers/readers are told where personal opinions, comments or conjecture are involved (Pate, 2003). Also included are: Privacy: Every journalist must respect the private life of individuals even if they are politicians. Except where strong relation to public interest could be established, the journalist should not use clandestine means to obtain information without the consent of those involved; Information: Every journalist, while protecting confidential sources of information, should be careful in receiving confidential information to avoid being implicated. But where an unidentified source must be used, the reason should be stated and the source should be described as fully as possible without identifying him or her so that readers are able to gauge credibility of sources; Bribery: Since the intention of every form of bribery is to influence news reports, every journalist should strive to decline gifts, favours, or compensation from those who might seek to influence coverage; Advertising: Every journalist should maintain a clear-cut delineation between advertising and editorial matters. While payments are made for advertised information, news is not expected to attract any fee (Pate, 2003) On ‘Brown Envelope’ Syndrome: The following recommendations are suggested as a way forward in dealing with the negative consequences of the brown envelope syndrome1. Media professional bodies should design frameworks that would checkmate ethical abuses and bring more assertiveness into strict adherence of members to the highest standards of ethics in the media > 257 < Prez Diary.indd 257 8/26/2014 2:29:44 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution industry by sanctioning defaulters of ethical breaches such as the collection of brown envelopes; 2. The Nigerian Union of Journalists (NUJ) and other professional bodies should ensure that there is vibrant unionism in the profession by ensuring that rights of journalists are not trampled upon or denied by putting in place a mechanism for the negotiation of a better pay package for journalists (Okoro & Chinweobo–Onuoha, 2013); and, to put more bite into the control and maintenance of highest ethical standards among media operatives, the NUJ and other professional bodies should seek for legislation-empowered status for the code of ethics for Nigerian Journalists, rather than expecting total adherence to same through self-regulation by members. Other recommendations include:1. To reduce ethical abuses, there is the need to encourage, among Nigerian journalists, situations that predispose them to applying ethical reasoning such as (a) concepts of self and others, as well as responsibility to society; (b) level of education and extent of professional development, meaning that journalists must be given adequate training in ethics; (c) instilling in journalists the consciousness or awareness that sound judgment is expected at all times; and, (d) instilling in journalists consciousness of the overriding concern when generating stories (that is, whether the story is meant to demean or eulogise an individual, people, political party, government, etc.) (Christopher and Onwuka, 2013). 2. To reduce ownership-related ethical violations, a. There is the need for mass media owners to pay healthy salaries to their media operatives so that they will be less susceptible to bribes and favours (implying that only individuals/organizations with sound financial footing need to establish media business); b. Existing media organizations can consider merging, or adoption by companies with strong financial footing to fund well-paid and responsible journalism; > 258 < Prez Diary.indd 258 8/26/2014 2:29:45 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution 3. c. Regulatory bodies and media associations should work out minimum standards for establishing and operating a media organization, including regular payment of workers’ salaries: d. Media owners, journalists, editors, media managers should keep themselves constantly abreast of development in the society and about international best media practices through regular training; e. Media owners can set up committees to monitor and manage implementation of outcomes of conferences and workshops with a view to increasing media owners’ capability to define and apply sound ethical principles in their daily practice; and, f. Since responsible and developmental journalism or media practice needs to be mostly society-driven, and not necessarily anti-government, print media owners, to ensure and enjoy wider circulation or access by readers, need to seek government support in cutting cost of production and distribution (since media products are imperative for information dissemination, promotion of literacy among Nigerians, and national development) (Christopher and Onwuka, 2013). On preparation of a new Code of Ethics, as rightly noted by Christopher and Onwuka (2003), the National Assembly can kick-start the process of designing acceptable code of professional ethics for mass media practice in Nigeria by inviting mass media organizations and all relevant groups to deliberate on the issue. This should be preceded by public debates in different fora to sensitize the society on the importance of ethical journalism in a developing economy with much ethnic diversity An act of parliament as the end product of such deliberations would not be seen as the government trying to suppress press freedom, but as a genuine effort at constitutionally empowering the relevant media associations to monitor and enforce strict adherence to the new code of media ethics. CONCLUSION This discourse has been able to establish the functionality and centrality of the Nigerian mass media in the development and preservation (or continued > 259 < Prez Diary.indd 259 8/26/2014 2:29:45 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution existence) of the Nigerian State. However, the accolades due to the mass media in their Tortuous journey towards helping Nigeria gain independence and survive turbulent periods towards the enthronement of stable democratic governance in its present fourth Republic, have been dampened by accusations of ethical breaches by media operatives, particularly journalists. As implied from Okunna’s (1995) submission, it is impossible to divorce ethical problems in journalism from those of the Nigerian society which, to a larger extent, manifests vices of excessive materialism, sycophancy, nepotism, character assassination, poor leadership, indiscipline, sensationalism, deviation from the truth (Pate, 2003). Hence, ethical breaches observed in Nigerian media practice are largely society-driven. This is why a composite remedial framework to address these breaches among media operatives (journalists, editors, media owners and managers), that would include sensitizing identified collaborators within the larger society is imperative, if the mass media are to continue playing their central role of preserving the Nigerian State. > 260 < Prez Diary.indd 260 8/26/2014 2:29:45 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution REFERENCES Aliede, J. E. (2003). Mass media and politics in Nigeria: A historical and contemporary overview. In I. E. Nwosu (Ed.), Polimedia; Media and Politics in Nigeria (pp. 16 – 37). Enugu: African Council for Communication Education (ACCE), Nigerian Chapter. Christopher, N. M., &Onwuka, O. (2013). Media ethics in the development of journalism in Nigeria. Central European Journal of Communication, Vol. 1. Retrieved June 20, 2014 from: http://cejc. wuwr.pi/catalog/34. Daramola, I. (2006). History and Development of Mass Media in Nigeria. Lagos: Rothan Press Limited. Duyile, D. (1987). Makers of Nigerian Press. Lagos: Gong Communications. Galadima, J. D. (2003). Mass media, corruption and violence in the Nigerian political system. In I. E. (Ed.), Polimedia: Media and Politics in Nigeria (258 – 265). Enugu: African Council for Communication Education (ACCE), Nigerian Chapter. McQuail, D. (1987). Mass Communication Theory. London: Sage Obasele, P. (1996). Challenges of radio journalism and management of broadcasting in Nigeria. In O. Dare and A. Uyo (Eds.), Journalism in Nigeria: Issues and Perspectives (pp. 45 – 67). Lagos: Nigerian Union of Journalism, Lagos State Chapter. Ojobor, F. J. (2002). Mass communication theories. In C. I. Okunna (Ed.) Teaching Mass Communication: A Multi-Dimensional Approach (pp. 3 – 26). Enugu: New Generation Books. Okoro, N. & Chinweobo-Onuoha, B. (2013). Journalists’ perception of brown envelope syndrome and its implications for journalism practice in Nigeria. Covenant Journal of Communication (CJOC), 1 (2), December. Okunna, C. S. (1995). Ethics of Mass Communication. Enugu: New Generation Books. Omoregbe, J. (1993). Ethics: A Systematic and Historical Study. Lagos: Jola Educational Research and Publishers Ltd. Omu, F. (1978). Press and Politics in Nigeria: 1880 – 1937. London: Longmans Group Limited. > 261 < Prez Diary.indd 261 8/26/2014 2:29:45 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution Onabajo, O. (2002). Essential of Media Law and Ethics. Lagos: Gabi Concept Limited. Pate, U. (2003). Media ethics in political reporting on the broadcast media in Nigeria. I. E. (Ed.), Polimedia; Media and Politics in Nigeria (pp. 129 – 135). Enugu: African Council for Communication Education (ACCE), Nigerian Chapter. Uche, L. U. (1989). Mass Media, People and Politics in Nigeria. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company. Udeajah, R. A. (2005). Broadcasting and Politics in Nigeria: 1963 – 2003. Nsukka: Mass Communication Department, University of Nigeria, Nsukka > 262 < Prez Diary.indd 262 8/26/2014 2:29:45 PM > 263 < 14 Ethical Considerations in Capital Market Operations: The Nigerian Experience Akinwunmi Kunle Onafalujo, PhD INTRODUCTION T he Nigerian Capital Market was established in 1960 but officially started business operation on its floors in 1961 with only 19 securities traded. Prior to December, 1977 it was called the Lagos Stock Market. Nigerian Capital market was acclaimed by 2007 as one of the leading global index performers until the market nose- dived in 2008 and has since then not fully recovered. Several rules were churned out in the wake of the turbulence to rescue the loss of confidence in the market as if non-compliance with existing regulations was the albatross. Even the two apex Director-Generals of the Capital Market –Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and Nigerian Stock Exchange lost jobs. The new managers Prez Diary.indd 263 8/26/2014 2:29:46 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution toyed with demutualization to no avail. During the market jamboree there were suspect transactions mimicking the characteristics of price manipulation referred to as ‘pump and dump’. This is where a group of informed investors take a long position in a security before recommending to other players. The result is a sharp spike in price followed immediately by a sharp decline (Soderstrom, 2011). The opposite of this market abuse is ‘trash and cash’. The market watchers are conned by the trickster when he does a huge short selling which causes a sharp price fall and then closes the position by buying back. These are myriads of unacceptable practices that could be described as market cheating, unprofessional acts or unethical behaviour. Making ethical business decisions consistently is a key to long-term success for any business, although ethical decision makers may, at times, achieve weaker short-term better financial results than their shadier counterparts. This is the conundrum. But on the long run operators and the economy might find it difficult adjust the indices. Knowing how to make ethical business decisions can help you set the standard throughout your organization, helping your company to garner a strong, positive reputation in the marketplace while securing a loyal customer base. Business ethical values are a set of guiding principles that encourage individuals in an organization to make decisions based on the company’s stated beliefs and attitudes toward business practices within its industry. Sticking to what is right even when it is painful is like taking an unpleasant medicine to gain healing from a terminal disease. Ethical considerations distil out the gray areas of ethical risks in capital market operations. Being an institutional framework, ethical risks by nature proliferate rapidly if unchecked because of the seeming short term ends. The Nigerian Capital Market operations may have suffered deep loss of confidence from ethical risks which unfortunately is being countered by less effectively by rules, compliance and risk management structures. The Nigerian Stock Exchange (2011) report says that the demands and sales for Initial Public Offers (IPOs) > 264 < Prez Diary.indd 264 8/26/2014 2:29:46 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution in 2007 were artificially simulated. Margin lending was unethically operated by banks and security firms. To push down lessons in ethics, DesJardins (2003) pinpoints the demonstration of ethos in the CEO of Malden Mills textile manufacturers whose factory was raised by fire. In the confusion the CEO, Mr. Feuerstein had business options to pocket insurance money collected or build another factory in another region with favourable taxes and labour price. But instead, Feuerstein took the bitter pill and rebuilt the factory in its current location and paid employees while the reconstruction lasted. On the other end of ethical considerations are business scandals such as Enron, WorldCom, Tyco International and the dissolution of Andersen, a globally rated audit firm, for their role in Enron. Following this in 2007 was the rapaciousness of lenders to borrowers in the US mortgage market sub-prime lending scam. There were miss-selling, over selling and churning (three critical unethical practices in finance) scandals in Europe popularly referred to as rip-offs (Plender, 2012). The argument in ethical considerations is that the law stands in a position to prevent social risks and what is wrong and ethics is sentimental approach to transactions (DesJardins, 2013). But the law does not promise to do more than prevention of breakdown of orderliness while ethics is more inclined towards morals-a gray area between what is acceptable and what is not. In examining the ethical risks in the capital market operations, the following are considered in this order: Do Business ethics Matter? Capital Market operations beyond rules and compliance, corporate governance and risk management, and Conclusion DO ETHICS MATTER? Ethics derived its origin from the Greek word ‘ethos’ which means a customary or conventional behaviour. However, the concept is being expanded theoretically to mean more than norms or convention. According > 265 < Prez Diary.indd 265 8/26/2014 2:29:46 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution to DesJardins (2003), ethics is the study of choices: What we should value? How to act? Who we should become? Where do we work? The Longman Dictionary of Cotemporary English (2007) gives two relevant definitions to ethics: i) the general idea or belief that influences behaviour, and ii) the moral principles or rules of behaviour for deciding what is right or wrong, that is, what is good or bad. Donaldson (2003) extends this to ethical considerations as being ‘a set of moral principles or values that binds a society together.’ Ethical considerations in Capital Market operations may then have to evolve over time based on the theory of ethics. Ethics builds trust and integrity which helps in competitiveness. Integrity refers to a belief in commitment to get a job done (Williams, 2001) or work in line with agreed rules even when there could loss or sacrifice from a person. Market integrity therefore means the belief to commitment to market principles, ideals and rules. Trust also, is evinced from integrity. The basis being perceived consistent behaviour of another person will keep to his or her words. This is why the credo of Stockbrokers is ‘My Word is my Bond’. When trust is present, communication and problem-solving are easier for people in ethical considerations (Rodgers, 2010). He further asserts that trust promotes information exchange and framing problems and hence ethical consideration policies in creating wealth, providing employment, paying taxes and generating returns. Kramer (1999) proposes three trust pathways of rational choice, rule-based, and category-based trust which relates to creating strong influence in information sharing. However, the implementation of the three trust pathways is dependent on level of professionalism, information asymmetry, rapidly changing environment, and time-pressure. Rodger (2010) says these influences are subjective in nature. The issue of morals being principle-based rather than rule-based introduces subjectivity into ethics conceptually. Feuerstein the CEO of Malden Mills cited earlier on became famous and was celebrated by President > 266 < Prez Diary.indd 266 8/26/2014 2:29:46 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution Clinton with invitation to the State of Union address and praised as a model of ethical business behaviour. Feuerstein seems to have demonstrated sacrifice of personal great benefit in the short run for the sake of collective good of others (DesJardins, 2003) which enhances good faith in the long run. Someone with high morals perhaps! It goes beyond compliance but the adoption of a hypernorm that generates a long term haul for the business (Skipton and Verreault, 2007). Financial crisis of 2008 which also engulfed Capital Market more than anything is a lesson in history, and experience of Nigerian capital market operations and the importance of understanding the long-term impact of investment decisions on market integrity and sustainability. The events have revealed unethical behaviour not just within investment firms, but also rating agencies, corporate boards, accounting firms, regulators, financial products and more. DO CAPITAL MARKET OPERATORS HAVE A CONSENSUS ON THE MEANING OF ETHICS? DesJardins (2013) claims that unethical actions such as the global financial scandals in Enron and World.com involve excessive risk taking and the actors did not set out to commit misdeeds. What went wrong was the lack of will to check and correct ethical lapses or grey areas. Socrates, 2000 years ago gave a credo that could guide ethical considerations that ‘a life not examined is not worth living. Ethical consideration in Capital Market operations is different from ethical investment which is the practice of some investors and investment managers deciding which financial securities to hold based, on whether the company that issued the securities is ethical in its operations in the eyes of the investor (Hudson, 2005). Some Muslim and Christian faithful frown at investment in the Brewery sector in Nigeria based on the fact that it promotes the habit of alcohol consumption. Likewise, companies noted for social responsibilities and upholding ethics of the society are considered by > 267 < Prez Diary.indd 267 8/26/2014 2:29:46 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution ethical investment-inclined investors to hold. They desire that managers of firms respond to the investor’s act by being more ethical in the view of the investor (or they may want managers simply to continue to follow ethical practices that, without the support of the ethical investor, they might have given up) (Cowton, 2003). Many other terms are used for ethical investing such as: social investing, value-based investing, green investing and missioninvesting Rivoli, (2003). 3.0 Capital Market Operations: Beyond Rules Compliance Trust is the life line of finance (Frankel, 2011). Financial market of which the capital market is centric to, constitutes the most vital economic institution in modern societies (Soderstrom, 2011). The financial markets facilitate the raising of capital (in the capital markets), the transfer of risk (in the derivatives markets) and the international trade (in the currency markets) ((Avgouleas, 2005). The capital market is to supply capital equally to the demand, that is, without shortages or surpluses by allocating capital efficiently such that marginal productivity of capital will be the same for all uses (Houthakker and Williamson, 1996). More succinctly in Aikhamiakhor (1996), the most important function of the capital market is, the ability to mobilise and channel savings into long term investment for commercial and industrial development through the issuance and sale of new securities. This is the basic function of the primary securities market, but the secondary market is a transfer market for existing securities providing much sought liquidity and returns for investors. The Nigerian capital market operations were thrown into ethical logjam probably in a different framework from Malden Mills. The ethical dilemma or aberration in the Capital Market operations are when things are good in the capital market, share prices are going up, every one smiles and no ethical questions are raised until when things go awry. There are two cyclical events in the capital market; the ‘Bear and the ‘Bull’ markets. Most market problems start with wild Bulls- a sudden burst of upward price > 268 < Prez Diary.indd 268 8/26/2014 2:29:47 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution movement transmitted from a socio-economic and political risk. Blackfriars LLP (2009) suggests sharp practices, weak regulations and corruption as the main causes of the bubble and burst. In five years market capitalization rose from N800 million in 2000 to N13.3trillion in 2008 (NSE, 2011). The monetary policy to raise the capital adequacy of banks and insurance companies led the institutions to seek capital from the stock market (Nigerian Stock Market, 2011). Then, at what cost of capital. The gale of public offer mechanisms filled the air. For example, Afribank PLC which was having average annual price of N6.6 for 10 years 1997-2005 suddenly moved up to N19.5 by 2007; a rise of 167%. Likewise, Oceanic bank price rose by 304%; Intercontinental bank by 222% and Guaranty bank by 122% all within the same period. This is reflected in figure one below on the growth of market capitalization 1981-2009: Figure 1: market capitalization of the Nigerian Stock Market 1981-2010 Market Capitalization (1981-2009) Axis Title 25 20 15 10 Market Capitalization/GDP (1981-2009) 5 2009 2005 2007 2001 2003 1997 1999 1993 1995 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 0 Source: Author (2014) > 269 < Prez Diary.indd 269 8/26/2014 2:29:47 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution The capital market efficiency theory thrives on information management, whether in the strong, semi or weak form of efficiency. The information transmitted to market operators was commonly understood that a higher level of capital adequacy will lead to higher performance. The driver of price distortion more or less referred to as price manipulation started to move. Market price manipulation is a form of abuse, e.g. spreading false information on the market, entering both a buy and a sell order for the same security at the same price, or concealing ownership when disclosure is required by law (Soderstrom, 2011). Market manipulation is seen as any activity, scheme or artifice that deliberately influences the price of a financial asset, resulting in a price other than the one that would have resulted in the absence of such intervention. California Law Review (1940) in Soderstrom (2011) Manipulation is here said to be ‘broadly defined as the effecting of changes in security prices by means of artificial stimuli, as opposed to the normal changes that occur in the free market subject only to the interplay of supply and demand. Market manipulation or abuse is seen as fraud and against moral standards which is repugnant to the societal wellness. Upon this ethics stand. The regulators cannot take a distance from the ‘sharp practices’ that dominated the capital market 2007-2008. It is either through negligence or incentivized by earnings they arose too late to the scene to stop poor professionalism (Nigerian Stock Exchange, 2011). There were rumours of ‘kick-backs’ in the process of getting approvals at SEC and listings at NSE. Kick-back is when someone paid gets back part of the payment. Margin trading is clearly well set with principles but, can a security dealer borrow from a bank and take risk in the same bank buying its securities. This was the practice that ruled the day. Obviously, profitability can only ensue when the price of the bank’s securities is continually moving up-a minefield for price manipulation. There were loud noises of price manipulations in the market without the regulators being able to successfully punish one offender from 2008 to date. Nnorom (2012) reports the comments of Shareholders > 270 < Prez Diary.indd 270 8/26/2014 2:29:47 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution Association that price manipulation is about rear its ugly head in 2012 as it was in 2008. He was reacting to appointment of Market Makers for some stocks which has impacted bullishness to some ‘yoyo’ stocks. He claims for instance, DN Meyer which had been flat at N0.5 for several months because the factory was burnt and insurance claims are yet to be paid, and with no potential of recovery have suddenly jumped to N3.40. Added to the perceived ‘wealth creation machine’ mentality of the capital market that pervaded the air that made investors rushed at yoyo stocks. There was a flurry of private placements approved by SEC with promises in the prospectus to list on the NSE. That promise in most cases never materialized. For example, Industrial General Insurance (IGI) and Tetrazine never succeeded to list. Those that were listed, their prices crashed to the nominal level of N0.50 and no investor can trade on them because of illiquidity. 80% of Insurance companies listed are in this category today. The regulators had always beamed the searchlight on Stockbrokers (dealing members of the NSE and professionally qualified investment analysts) on suspicion of poor professionalism, unethical considerations and non compliance with rules. Something akin to fix ethics and economy becomes healthy (Debinski, 2012). The capture theory of regulation predicts that regulations are more likely to produce market failure or exacerbate an existing one without any remedy. Popularly referred to in literature as Chicago capture theory, it says that the rules are captive to the interest and influences of the industry it seeks to protect (Stigler, 1971). The NSE and SEC are conceptually self regulatory and statutorily regulatory respectively. Indeed the major functions SEC enunciated in Aikhamiokor (1996) are to: ii) register and supervise stock exchanges, association of securities dealers, intermediaries, collective investment schemes, clearing and settlement companies (if separate from the stock exchange); iii) register all public offers of securities (i.e., distribution of securities); > 271 < Prez Diary.indd 271 8/26/2014 2:29:47 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution iv) protect the market from unfair practices such as illegal, deceitful and manipulative activities; v) promote market integrity, ethical and professional standards; vi) promote orderly growth and development of the market; vii) serve as chief adviser to government on matters relating to the securities market including appropriate legislative review of laws affecting the capital market viii) regulate corporate disclosure; and ix) enforce the securities law, rules and regulations. The third and fourth items are abstract and intangible in nature and lock into the heartbeat of the market. Ethical considerations is argued by this article enhance trust, a chain-value to building integrity. To promote market integrity, it is essential for regulators to tinker with ethical consideration policies more than rules and compliance. If rules and regulations and indeed compliance or enforcement can protect the market then, in the famous unanswered Roman question “Quis custodiet ipso custodes?”Who will watch the Watchmen? Since trust has three pathways, rational choice policies are keys and should compliment rule-based approach and compliance. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE Ethical considerations cannot be divulged from corporate governance. The system by which a company is governed and controlled is known as corporate governance. The Board of Directors appointed by the owners rule over the company. The importance of the board necessitated that the position of Chairman and CEO be separated so that conflict of interest in strategic decision making is reduced. It is how the board behaves that creates values and standards which inevitably points the way to how business should be done. Companies and Allied Matters Act (CAMA), 1990 lay down what has been described as the fiduciary duty of company directors. Directors are trustees of the company’s moneys, properties and > 272 < Prez Diary.indd 272 8/26/2014 2:29:48 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution their powers and as such must account for all the moneys over which they exercise control and shall refund any moneys improperly paid away, and shall exercise their powers honestly in the interest of the company and all the shareholders, and not in their own or sectional interest. A director may when acting within his authority and the powers of the company be regarded as agent of the company. Section 279 (3) of CAMA also says that a director shall act at all times in what he believes to be the best interest of the company as a whole so as to preserve its assets, further its business, and promote the purposes for which it is formed, and in such a manner as a faithful, diligent, careful and ordinarily skilful director would act in the circumstances. There are statutorily two types of stakeholders; external and internal. The main external stakeholders include shareholders, debt holders, trade creditors, suppliers, customers, and communities affected by the corporation’s activities. The internal stakeholders consist of the board of directors, executives, and other employees. Corporate governance is therefore the tool that catalyze the desired objectives and “cause of doing business” between the two groups. Corporate governance requires that directors manage risk to achieve objectives of the management which is maximization of shareholders’ wealth. The terrain of ethical considerations starts with ownership structure. Indirect ownership is being unethically used to present as if shareholding structure required for listing has been met. Some of the requirements for listings on First- Tier on the NSE are: • Number of shareholders must not be less than 300; • Audited reports for the last five years are submitted; and • After listing quarterly, half-yearly and full year must be submitted within the stipulated time. In effect it means owner-manager separation is not unstructured, another unethical minefield for insider dealings. It has no room for whistle > 273 < Prez Diary.indd 273 8/26/2014 2:29:48 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution blowing. A whistle blower is an employee or insider who informs the public or a regulator of an illegal or unethical activity done by their company or institution (DesJardins, 2003). Whistle blowing is from art of refereeing to stop play or call attention to an improper conduct. Insider trading refers to acting on privileged or non-public information to take undue advantage to make huge profit by buying and selling securities as an insider. There were suspected cases of pump and dump at the instance at the instance of insiders during the gale of pubic offers in 2007. Falcon Securities was accused of collecting billions of Naira to manipulate price for public offers. A simple logic to bad corporate governance of some listed companies and regulatory risk is that the price at which public offers were made could not be sustained by their corporate performance. Hence, it is natural that there will be price correction which was this time precipitous. Financial audit is the linchpin of corporate governance and ethical considerations. Since it is the duty of directors to prepare accounts, the auditors seem to enjoy this ethical consideration cover. The social responsibility of auditors and reporting accountants to check bloated figures may have been compromised in several instances in order to justify quotation or listing price. CONCLUSION By the words of Socrates, an unexamined life is not worth living. Ethical considerations in Capital Market operations require close attention because it falls within the grey areas of rules and regulations. Ethics engender trust which is the life wire of financial services. Trust and integrity are two sides of the same coin. A person is trusted based on the expectation of acting with integrity. Integrity is the delivery of commitment to values such as ‘My Word is my Bond’. Thus ethical consideration policies offers a better choice for promoting capital market integrity In the case of Enron the trader that initiated the unethical run started with excessive risk taking. Likewise the period of 2006-2009 in the Nigerian Capital Market witnessed excessive > 274 < Prez Diary.indd 274 8/26/2014 2:29:48 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution risk taking which eventually dovetailed into various unethical prices. The decision by monetary authorities to compel banks and insurance companies to raise capital statutorily pushed the institution to seek capital at a cheap cost. The only way out was to take excessive risk in the capital market which have crafted the ‘pump and dump’ or ‘trash and cash’ unethical considerations. Regulators must watch out for grey areas in rules and regulations because in-between lays ethical considerations. The crafting of monetary policies must manage systemic risk. Otherwise, the rational choice to comply may step on ethics. The way margin was traded between banks and stock brokerage firms had no professional ethics. Corporate governance was compromised in terms of ownership required for listing giving room for insider dealings and lack of whistle blowing. Ethics is as important as rules, regulations and compliance. It builds trust and is a veritable hedge against loss of confidence in Capital Market operations. Ethical consideration policies must be built into rules to win back investors which involve good corporate governance practices by listed companies. CEOs must possess ethos and business organization must have credos to sustain ethics. The Nigerian experience have shown that lack of ethical consideration leads to Capital Market and results in long drawn loss of confidence by investors. The economy will be worse for it. > 275 < Prez Diary.indd 275 8/26/2014 2:29:48 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution REFERENCES Akamiokhor, G. A. (1996). Building Capital Market Regulatory Institutions in Developing Special Monetary Studies Issue (Capital Markets in Regional Development), pp. 249-278, Sir Arthur Lewis Institute of Social and Economic Studies, University of the West Indies Avgouleas, E. (2005). The mechanics and regulation of market abuse, a legal and economic analysis, New York, United States: Oxford University Press Cowton, C. J., (1998), “Socially Responsible Investment,” in Ruth Chadwick, editorin-chief, Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics, San Diego: Academic Press, vol. 4, 181-90. DesJardins, J.R. (2003). An Introduction to Business Ethics, McGraw-hill Higherb Education, New York Debinski, Paul H. and Carol Cosgrove-Sacks (2012). Trust and Ethics in Finance Innovative ideas from the Robin Cosgrove Prize Donaldson, T., (2003), ‘Editors Comments: Taking Ethics Seriously- A Mission Now More Possible’, Academy of Management Review 28, pp. 363 Frankel, T. (2011). The Emilio Fontela Lecture, meeting on Ethics, Finance and Responsibility, Observatoire de la Finance and the Award of the Ethics in Finance Robin Cosgrove Prize 2011, Geneva. Houthakker, H. S. and Williamson, P. J. (1996). The Economics of Financial Market, Oxford Scholarship. Igbokwe, V., (2009). A Post-Mortem of the Meltdown of the Nigerian Stock Exchange: Are Weak Regulatory Frameworks and Corrupt Officials to Blame? Blackfriars L.L.P ,Vol. 22: Issue 5. Kramer, R. M., (1999) ‘Trust and Distrust in Organization: Emerging Perspectives, Enduring Questions’, Annual Review of Psychology vol. 50, pp. 569-598 Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (2007). The Living Dictionary, Pearson Education Limited, England. Nigerian Stock Exchange (2011). The Report : Nigeria 2011 Capital Markets: Tipping Point, Oxford Business Group, London. Nnorom, N. (2012). Shareholders raise concern over shares’ price manipulation – retrieved June 10,2014 from www.vanguardngr.com 2012/12/ shareholders-raise-concern-over-shares-price-manipulation Persaud, A. and Plender, J., (2007). All you need to know about Ethics and Finance, London: Longtail Publishing. Richard, H. (2005) Ethical Investing: Ethical Investors and Managers, Business Ethics Quarterly, Vol. 15, No. 4 pp. 641-657, Published by: Philosophy Documentation Center. > 276 < Prez Diary.indd 276 8/26/2014 2:29:48 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution Rivoli, P., (2003). “Making a Difference or Making a Statement? Finance Research and Socially Responsible Investment, “Business Ethics Quarterly 13(3): 271-87 Rodgers, W., (2010), Three Primary Trust Pathways Underlying Ethical Considerations, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 91, No.1, pp. 83-93, Springer Skipton, C. and Verreault (2007). “Business Ethics and Free Markets: A Social Contracts Perspective, Paper presented at the Academy of Economics and Finance Annual Meeting, Jacksonville, Florida, Friday, February 16, 2007. Soderstrom. R .(2011). Regulating Market Manipulation; An Approach to designing Regulatory, Principles; Uppsala Faculty of Law Working Paper. Stigler, G. J., (1971). The theory of economic regulation, Bell Journal of Economics, vol. 2, issue1,pages3-21. Available at: http://faculty.msb.edu/murphydd/CRIC/ Readings/StiglerWilliams, M., (2001), ‘In whom We Trust: Group membership as an Affective Context for Trust Development’, Academy of Management Review vol. 26, pp. 377-396 > 277 < Prez Diary.indd 277 8/26/2014 2:29:48 PM > 279 < 15 Religious Organizations and Peaceful Coexistence of the Nigerian State Olagunju, Isioma Stella, PhD INTRODUCTION: T he place of peace in the overall wellbeing, progress and development of any country cannot be over-emphasised. Therefore in the Nigerian State the role of religious organizations along this line cannot be downplayed. Asaju’s (2005) assertion on this aptly expressed this notion, when he said: I believe theology should intervene again in politics, in economics, in healthcare, in education, in international relations, for the pursuit of global and local peace and in the salvaging of our morals, in rescuing our youths from cultic Satanism, in arresting the drift of our churches (and also mosques), in recovering our genuine spirituality and in providing to hopeless man of all nations, a new hope for the ultimate good.1 Prez Diary.indd 279 8/26/2014 2:29:49 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution This same opinion was expressed by no less an eminent person than Al Sadiq El Mahdi, a Sudanese from a rich tradition of rebels whose generation fought the Turks and resisted British rule when he said unequivocally: After a long struggle in the West, secularism and materialism emerged victorious. In fact, the French Revolution actually abolished religion. The Communist Revolution in Russia nominated itself the vanguard of the future and assumed the passing away of both Capitalism and Religion. Modern science, psychology, sociology, and political science have all predicated their scientific rigour upon the eclipse of religion. Far from such assumptions being fulfilled, the highly trumpeted secularist ideologies have worked themselves out and before the end of the twentieth century discredited themselves. The importance of religions, civilizations, and cultures assumed prominence.2 In essence the influence of religion on the thought pattern, way of life of a people, conduct and character cannot be wished away. Religion therefore becomes the necessary life-wire of any society, which has the power to unify or do the otherwise as we are presently witnessing in Nigeria as a country. Questions that readily come to mind as a result of this apparent contradiction on the role of religion are: - Why should people in the guise of religion commit atrocities? - Instead of Religion to be used as instrument of peace, why is it always used to foment troubles and cause wars? - If truly all religions preach love, why is it difficult to practise what they preach? In the case of Nigeria, recent occurrences of bombings and kidnappings by a terrorist sect called Boko Haram in the name of religion has again brought the problem associated with the usage of religion to commit atrocities to the fore. Before now, Nigeria had witnessed series upon series of religious riots especially in the Northern parts of the country. In this connection we are not unfamiliar with Maitatsine,3 and the several Kano riots in the eighties and nineties during the military era and up to the present > 280 < Prez Diary.indd 280 8/26/2014 2:29:49 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution democratic dispensation in Nigeria.4 What measures can we as a nation put in place to make sure that such events are checkmated and stopped because of the grave consequences of such actions and its effects and threats on our common nationality and national security? RELIGION: MEANING AND IMPORTANCE IN THE LIFE OF EVERY NATION Religion thrives on the subjective. Therefore an objective all encompassing definition of Religion has posed a major challenge to scholars. Aderibigbe underscoring this fact said, Defining religion has never been a straight forward and uncomplicated task. In fact and strangely enough, it might be said that attempts to define religion have thrived on more controversies than those of the so-called worldly subjects.5 In view of the foregoing, there exist different definitions of religion, as religion means different things to different people, from different works of life. Immanuel Kant, defined religion from the moral angle, while the psychologist in J. B Pratt is brought to the fore with his definition of religion from the psychological perspective. According to him, religion is “service to and social attitude of individuals in community towards a power which they regard as having control over interest and destiny”6 A Philosophical minded person would therefore define religion from a philosophical perspective while a sociologist would define same from the sociological perspective. Suffice is to say that the definitions of religion are uncountable. The general consensus among scholars is that no definition is absolutely right or out rightly wrong. Despite this notion, for any definition of religion to be worthy of consideration, it must meet those standards set by Paul Tillich. According to him, any worthwhile definition must make God the centre of consideration, it must take into cognizance the whole personality of man, and it must > 281 < Prez Diary.indd 281 8/26/2014 2:29:49 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution satisfy the transcendent nature of religion. A good definition must finally satisfy the universality of religion.7 The standard for defining religion can by extension show that most religions of the world possess this features and therefore no religion should be considered out rightly bad, or good at the expense of the other especially in multi-religious country like ours in Nigeria (as discussed below). The onus lies with members of the different religions to have better understanding of what religion actually stands for. Having said the above, it is pertinent to point out that religion cannot be wished away in the life of a nation, it is important and a necessary tool for their existence. This fact was underscored by Noibi thus: Religion is a necessity for humanity. It would be futile to try to stamp out religion. Religion is not just good for its utilitarian values, I see it as something of a necessity. Human beings came to inhabit the earth as strangers. We did not create the earth, nor did we create the various things to which we relate, nor did we create ourselves. Religion is necessary and any attempt to relegate it to the background is to miss the way.8 RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS IN NIGERIA Religious organizations in Africa generally and in particular Nigeria have a tripod stand embracing the two imported faiths of Christianity, Islam and the indigenous belief of the people, that is African traditional Religion. Al Sadiq El Mahdi once wrote: Religion is a thriving political force in under-developed societies, and even in developed ones. The nation-state is a relatively new comer in the African political scene, the phenomenon of national integration could be helped or hindered by the way religious clout is articulated. Our societies in Africa today, are party to what Professor Ali Mazrui called A Triple Heritage: Traditional African cultures, Islam and Western Civilization including Christianity.9 > 282 < Prez Diary.indd 282 8/26/2014 2:29:49 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution The Constitution, which can be regarded as the grundnorm, also recognizes the above three types of religious organizations i.e. Christianity, Islam and Traditional Religion. In fact, to get into a public office in Nigeria you are either sworn in by the Holy Bible, the Holy Quran, or by affirmation. The latter is in recognition of African Traditional Religion or other existing beliefs. THE PLACE OF RELIGION IN THE LIFE OF THE NIGERIAN PEOPLE Without doubt Nigerians are a very religious people. In fact concerning this, Asaju re-echoing Bolaji Idowu again noted that “Nigerians are in all things religious.”10 This is not unconnected with the history and development of the people within the African Continent. It is therefore no gainsaying that, Nigeria as a Nation existed as a conglomerate of people with independent tribes and ethnic leanings centuries before the coming of the missionaries and the advent of colonialism. In the territory now called Nigeria, there existed the Yorubas, the Hausas, the Igbos, the Ijaws, the Ibibios, the Efiks, the Urhobos, the Ishans, the Eguns, the Aworis, Idomas, Tivs, the Fulanis, the Gwaris, etc. All these peoples speak several languages. Where there is similarity in language, the dialect is different. In Nigeria, there are at least over 400 ethnic nationalities. No wonder a popular musician in the 1980s sang thus: ‘half a kilometer means another language.’11 Since our interest is not in language, suffice to say that each of these ethnic groups also had their traditional belief systems and practices, and mode of worshipping the Supreme Deity. For example among the Yorubas, the propitiation of deities such as Ogun, Sango, Oya etc does not remove the potent belief in Olodumare or Olorun as the overall powerful God, the Omnipotent, the Omniscience and the Omnipresent. This same practice and belief goes for almost all the other remaining tribes in Nigeria. It is therefore no surprise when the white man came in the 16th and 17th centuries first as missionaries and later as colonialists in the 19th century with Christianity and Islam to supplant the people’s beliefs that they were able to adapt. Although there > 283 < Prez Diary.indd 283 8/26/2014 2:29:49 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution were initial rejection and indifference, with time it was easy for them to replace their intermediary deities with Jesus (in the case of Christianity) and Mohammed PBOH (in the case of Islam), while the Supreme God remains unchangeably the same. While Christianity became prevalent in the Southern part of the country, Islam was the dominant religion in the North. Gradually the people jettisoned their original religions and mode of worship which the missionaries erroneously referred to as “paganism.” One can assertively state therefore that religion as a potent factor in the lives of the Nigerian people has a firm hold on them. IMPACT OF RELIGION ON THE NIGERIAN PEOPLE That religion has impacted on the lives of the Nigerian people can be gauged by the number of believers that we have in the two religions which have the largest followership in the country. According to statistics, the number of Christians in Nigeria is about 48.2 per cent while that of Moslems is 50.4 per cent.12 The prevalence of different Islamic sects and different denominations in Christianity shows that these religions hold a pride of place within the Nigerian society, although it has been noted that some of the religious leaders choose to emphasize areas of differences rather than their similarities. This has more often resulted in subtle hatred which sometimes lead to full blown religious ‘wars’. While it is found that both major religions preach love, practitioners hardly practice same. In some churches, it is not uncommon to find pastors who tell the congregation ‘not to be unequally yoked with unbelievers.’ Unbelievers here referring to people of the same faith but different denomination and by extension people from other religions. Meanwhile what the message of Christ resoundingly preached in the Bible was that he came for the sinners not the righteous. Asaju, expressing his views on this anomalous development said: The paradigm shifts from Mission – Christianity to Pentecostalism may have its advantages, such as the reawakening of Christian self empowerment personally and economically, but it must not be carried far to > 284 < Prez Diary.indd 284 8/26/2014 2:29:50 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution produce fake Christians devoid of the cross, a life of power demonstration, to the utter detriment of character building.13 In the same vein it not also uncommon to hear preaching of some Islamic clerics full of hate and incitements. In fact recently, the Kaduna State Government announced that in view of the coming Ramadan (2014) celebration any Imam (preacher) who preaches hate or incitement will be jailed.14 What all this portends and portrays in our religious life as a nation is that there is so much religiosity without God. For how can the Holy books (both the Holy Bible and the Glorious Al-Quran) profess love and yet the people who interpret them mislead the people. And even if they do, how can the people be so gullible as to believe them hook, line and sinker? This takes us to the next discussion FOSTERING PEACEFUL RELIGIOUS COEXISTENCE IN NIGERIA: WHERE OR WHITHER? There is an upsurge in religious fundamentalism worldwide in recent times. This has been confirmed by a study of the American Academy for Arts and Science carried out not too long ago.15 In this, Nigeria is not left out. The recent Boko Haram insurgency is a fall-out of this upsurge. Before now we had the Al-Qaeda, Al-Shabab, Hezbollah, Harkat-ul-jiahad al-islami and a host of other religious terrorist groups tormenting the world in the name of religion. This work is concerned with what can be done to stem the tide of fundamentalism and atrocities perpetrated in the name of religion in Nigeria in order to achieve a peaceful coexistence in the country. The place of religion in fostering peace in the interest of our common statehood has always been an issue of great concern, to every citizen of Nigeria. Over the years Nigeria has had an unfair share of religious violence resulting in the loss of many lives and properties worth millions. For example, the Maitatsine disturbances in Kano (1977, 1979, 1980, 1982), in Zaria (1981), in Yola and Gombe of (1984); the most recent being the incessant > 285 < Prez Diary.indd 285 8/26/2014 2:29:50 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution Boko Haram attack on unwary innocent citizens every now and then. Reacting after the religious violence that erupted in Kaduna in March 1987, the former Sultan of Sokoto, Alhaji Abubakar III pointed out that Nigeria is a multi-religious nation therefore there was need for caution and harmony among all faiths.16 Over the years Nigeria has witnessed instability that has in one way or the other had religious underpinnings. Some of the reasons for these are not farfetched. They include, religious intolerance, fanaticism, religious bigotry, lack of understanding, particularism; i.e. overemphasis on peculiar features in a particular religion over another, indoctrination, lack of proper education, enlightenment and right exposure. In retrospect, if religion is to be used as a veritable agent for peace, there are some characteristic features of religion which are strong areas of cohesion. Some of this are a systematized belief that preaches good morals, love, general code of conduct, discipline and high ethical standards. There is hardly any religion that preaches hate or the killing of one’s brother or sister in the name of religion. Sadly this has been the case. What this therefore suggests is that religion can be used for negative purposes by those in positions of authority for their own selfish gains. It is on this note of the politicization of religion that Matthew Hassan Kukah said: . . . unfortunately religion in the hands of politicians sought the political kingdom, which is why religion has become a vehicle of disintegration.17 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS As a nation poised for great heights, it is important that areas of cohesion and unity in a multi religious society like ours be emphasized and stressed every now and then. The onus therefore lies with the National orientation agencies to evolve vibrant sensitizations and vigorous campaigns that are tailored towards this end. Political leaders should place the overall interest of our common heritage as Nigerians over and above their own interest. They should either > 286 < Prez Diary.indd 286 8/26/2014 2:29:50 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution directly or indirectly desist from acts capable of leading to religious crisis. Reiterating this point, Shittu Noibi has this to say. [r]eligion has been misunderstood and I think that the real problem we have had is that, the only solution is to really understand what religion stands for. For, religion is being used by various people to meet their own selfish ends.18 Education is of very great importance. The cure for ignorance is education and the panacea for darkness is unobstructed light. In this regard, our citadels/institutions of learning at all levels should evolve and include in their curricula, exchange programmes that encourage learning about other peoples’ beliefs and religions which is different from their own. This would go a very long way in fostering unity, greater understanding and by so doing, entrench lasting peace and also stem largely the tide of violence arising from religion. In such curricular, emphasis should be placed on the virtue of tolerance and love which the two religions with the largest followership preach. There is also the need to remind adherents to see themselves as Nigerian brothers not a southerner or a northerner, a kaffir or an unbeliever. > 287 < Prez Diary.indd 287 8/26/2014 2:29:50 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution REFERENCES 1. D. F. Asaju, Re-enthroning Theology as Queen of Sciences: Global Missiological Challenges of African Biblical Hermeneutics, 18th Inaugural Lecture, Lagos State University, (2005), 29. Words in bracket mine for emphasis. 2 Al Sadiq El Mahdi, Religion and National Integration, NIIA Lecture Series No. 79, 9 3 See “Mai Tatsine, Boko Haram and Can: The Bitter Truth, Testimony by Prof. Dauda Ojobi OON”, available online at newsrescue. com/mai-tatsine-boko-haram-can-bitter-truth-prof-daudaojobi/#axzz35Viwinku (accessed 26 June 2014). 4 See Umar Yusuf, Ethno-religious crisis: The North and the rest of Nigeria, available at www.vanguardngr.com/2009/08/ethno-religiouscrisis-the-north-and-the-rest-of-nigeria/ (accessed 26 June 2014). 5 Gbola Aderigbe, “Definition of Religion” in Aderibigbe, Gbola & Aiyegboyin Deji (eds.), Religion study & Practice, (Ibadan: Olu-Akin Publishers, 2001), 1 6 J. B. Pratt, The religious Consciousness (New York: Macmillan Press, 1958). 7 Gbola Aderibigbe & P. Johnson-Bashua, Readings in Concepts and Practices of Religion (Ibadan: Olu-Akin Publishers, 1999), 4. 8 Shittu D. Noibi, Religion and National Integration, NIIA Lecture Series No. 79, 24. 9 Al Sadiq El Mahdi, Religion and National Integration, NIIA Lecture Series No. 79, 7. 10 D. F. Asaju, Inaugural, 22. 11 Evi Edna Ogholi-Oghosi, a Nigerian Popular Musician in the Eighties. 12 See NIGERIAINFORMATION, Religion available at https://www.nigeriabusinessfile.com/information/people/religion (accessed 27 June 2014). 13 D. F. Asaju, Inaugural, 14 (words in bold for emphasis). 14 7. 00 AM News, Radio Lagos, Thursday, June 26, 2014. 15 Al Sadiq El Mahdi, Religion and National Integration, NIIA Lecture Series No. 79, 8. 16 C. E. Osume, “A Practical Way Forward to Religious Peace in Nigeria,” in I. A. B. Balogun, P. Ade-Dopamu, R. A. Akanmidu, & I. 0. Oloyede (eds.), The Place of Religion in the Development of Nigeria (Ilorin: Dept. of Religions, 1988), 300. 17 Matthew Hassan Kukah, “Role of Religion and Nations’ Destiny,” Religion and National Integration, NIIA Lecture Series No. 79, 20. 18 Shittu D. Noibi, Religion and National Integration, NIIA Lecture Series No. 79, 24. > 288 < Prez Diary.indd 288 8/26/2014 2:29:50 PM > 289 < 16 Social Media and Ethical Preservation of Nigerian Youths Alade Abimbade, PhD INTRODUCTION T he new trend in information and Communication Technology (ICT) has made it possible for a lot of people to engage in so many activities such as: sending files like videos, texts, audios, watch online activities, transact businesses, and receive useful learning materials and virtually all that could enhance intellectual and human capacity in various fields of human endeavour. The 21st century has seen development in new media technologies for social networking such as Facebook, MySpace, Twitter and YouTube began to transform the social, political and informational practices of individuals and institutions across the globe. It is an online media effort that takes communication beyond the limitations of the traditional media, which most often delivers content but doesn’t permit readers, or as the case Prez Diary.indd 289 8/26/2014 2:29:50 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution may be, viewers or listeners, to participate in the formation or development of the content. Before the deregulation of the Nigerian telecommunication sector in 1999, fewer Nigerians had access to computers while the lack of sufficient technological infrastructure such as the Internet and mobile phones constrained communication within the society. However, with the deregulation of the telecommunication sector, social network spread like wide fire in Nigeria. Today, all classes of Nigerians now have unlimited access to the social media. The youth, however, remains the most prominent users of the social media. This, of course, is not surprising as the digital age is widely believed to belong to the youth (Ogbe, 2014). No doubt, the phenomenon of the social media has, in no small measure, impacted positively on the development of the Nigeria youths and, indeed, Nigerians at large. For one, it has made the youths to become better informed and educated by being constantly abreast of global news and information. Similarly, it has also enhanced career and professional efficiency of the youths. Additionally, the social media has also offered the youth with a medium through which they could scrutinize the activities of those that are in government. From the foregoing, it is quite evident that the social media has greatly influenced the positive development of the Nigerian youth. Nevertheless, like it is in every sphere of life, the social media equally has negative influence on the youth, especially the unsuspecting ones. The obvious lack of security of the social media makes it dangerous to innocent youths. People have to sign up with these sites putting in their personal and sometimes professional information. As long as these details are safe, there is no threat in social networking with friends as well as strangers, you want to be friend with. But once your personal details like address, contact number, etc. get hacked by the unwanted strangers, you will be a soft target of these miscreants. > 290 < Prez Diary.indd 290 8/26/2014 2:29:50 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution As previously illustrated, the social media offers unlimited possibilities for the Nigerian youth. However, in view of its obvious shortcomings, some of which have been discussed above, it is important for governments, NGOs, youth-based organizations and other relevant stakeholders to regularly enlighten the youth on the good, the bad and the ugly aspects of the social media. This is essential if the youth are to properly harness the positive aspects of the social media for personal and societal development. Perhaps, more importantly, the youth should take responsibility on how to use the social media in a positive light. They should shun every negative tendency that the platform could provide in order not to become tools for societal disintegration. THE YOUTH: INFLUENCE OF TECHNOLOGY Technology as a whole has good and bad effects on the Nigerian Youth of today. Technology has helped make the erstwhile impossible become possible. Otherwise difficult tasks have become faster and easier to accomplish. It’s both a boon and a bane. Things such as posting of letters, getting information (research), getting in touch with people within and outside the country have become as easy as pressing a button or click of the “mouse”. The internet has also made it easier to see what’s happening in other parts of the world. We know what is happening everywhere- anything from current affairs, natural disasters, politics, latest treatments or innovation in medicine, invention of electronic gadgets, astronomical discovery etc. Internet has helped people to connect via emails for one-to-one interaction, blogs for expressing and discussing, groups for specialized discussion. These days, business is totally dependent on internet. For any company, there are offices globally and employees connect with each other, have video conferences, and have meetings on internet. Sales and marketing is highly efficient because the world meaningfully becomes a global village. Online shopping is the in-thing now. It saves time and energy. Again, people from one part of the world can order anything from a distant > 291 < Prez Diary.indd 291 8/26/2014 2:29:51 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution place. There are many more miscellaneous benefits, including tracking courier, online reservations, online examinations, and online lecture classes. While our culture heralds the Internet as a technological wonder, there are suggestions that Internet use has some negative influence on individuals and their social skills. Internet Addiction Excessive Internet use is emerging as one of the more negative aspects of young people’s online activities. Excessive internet use can be said to be synonymous with terms such as “compulsive internet use,” “problematic Internet use,” “pathological Internet use,” “Internet dependence,” “computer addiction” and “net addiction.” Internet addiction, as used here involves the continued use of the Internet to escape from negative feelings, continued use of the Internet despite the desire to stop, experience of unpleasant emotions when Internet use is impossible, thinking about the Internet constantly, and the experience of any other conflicts or self-conflicts due to Internet use. There is evidence that Internet addiction has a negative effect on academics (a drop in grades), family relations (having to hide their excessive Internet use from parents), physical health (sleep deprivation due to long hours of Internet use), mental health (depression), and finance (cost of accrued Internet expenses). Social networks and interactive communication applications such as chat rooms, instant messaging, e-mail, and online games have most commonly been associated with Internet addiction among Nigerian Youth. Online Risks Online risks facing young people include exposure to sexually explicit material as well as online harassment on the Internet. The Internet is so easily accessible these days in a blink of an eye, a “mis-click” somewhere can lead anyone to website that “stream” pornographic videos on the internet thus exposing children to things way beyond their age. Exposure > 292 < Prez Diary.indd 292 8/26/2014 2:29:51 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution to sexually explicit Internet material is an important concern as there is evidence that such exposure is related to greater sexual uncertainty and more positive attitudes towards uncommitted sexual exploration among the Nigerian Youth. Websites which showcase pornography make up more than 70% of the internet. Pre marital Sex, rapes, sexual abuse has consequently become increased. Kids at a very young age get exposed to experiences that are socially and emotionally unrewarding to their developmental needs. For instance, one can have multiple email addresses. People make fake addresses and misuse this independence. Kids keep on chatting with anonymous people the whole night. Their eyes are badly affected. Carpel Tunnel Syndrome is becoming too common. Online Harassment Online harassment is when ‘threats or other offensive behaviours (not sexual soliciting) are sent online to the youth or posted online about the youth for others to see’. Sexual Soliciting is when ‘requests to engage in sexual activities or sexual talk or to give personal sexual information that were unwanted or, whether wanted or not, made by an adult to younger ones. It must be pointed out that it is not the availability of identified information (personal info posted on social networks etc) that increases the risk for sex crimes, but rather the willingness of certain youth to respond to or partake in relationships with online strangers. It was found that youth who engaged in potentially risky online behaviours and who freely interacted with strangers online experienced significantly higher numbers of aggressive soliciting. There is also evidence that online soliciting is heightened for youth who have experienced high parental conflict, physical abuse, and/or sexual abuse. THE YOUTH: PREVALENCE OF SOCIAL MEDIA The present era is an information age with open access to all; anybody can access information anytime anywhere irrespective of age, purpose, colour > 293 < Prez Diary.indd 293 8/26/2014 2:29:51 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution or location. Because anybody can access information anytime places the youth at an advantage to explore for youths generally are curious to know. The adoption of social media technology now stretches across the globe, integrating into the lives of individuals of diverse social, national, racial and ethnic, cultural, and socioeconomic backgrounds. However, the pace of using social media sites appears to be different in different countries and among various user communities. Technologies have made the world even more interdependent; cultural awareness and collaboration among people of different ethnicities or geographic regions are becoming necessary skills. People have unhindered access to information from another country with their activities going on. The Internet is becoming an increasingly popular forum for communication and self-expression in today’s society. Its users span all generations, seemingly beginning at the age at which one masters the hand-eye coordination required to use a computer mouse. Internet use varies from “surfing the web”, buying and selling merchandise, and playing games, chatting on the social media to downloading music and watching television shows and movies. The Internet is also a source for social networking. This latest trend is becoming a cause for concern, however, as many Internet users do not apply the societal expectations of behaviour to their online postings of photos and videos, written communication, or self-representation. Online social networking is becoming increasingly popular. Researchers note that the use of the Internet for communication purposes supersedes music and film downloading (Shklovski, Kiesler, and Kraut, 2003).The use of social networking websites and online chat rooms is staggering. Using the online social media to communicate to individuals has become viral in nature especially the widely use of online social media call Facebook which was originally designed to connect students from Harvard (Stone, 2007). Its users make use of this social media for varieties of things ranging from social interaction to teaching and learning The younger generation seems to be inclined towards information through technology and they have their unique mind set, Social media > 294 < Prez Diary.indd 294 8/26/2014 2:29:51 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution is gaining its momentum at an unimaginable speed. It indicates that we, as social beings, need constant connection with each other and with the outside world. The world is more open than ever before with tremendous opportunities for exchanging of ideas, experiences, and intelligence due to the rapid advancement of technologies. Social media found its way quickly into the commercial world, at the same time youths are seeking possibilities of leveraging social media tools in every arena. Social media tools provide people with new opportunities to become independent in whatever they do. They encourage a wider range of expressive capacity. Social media seems to have a greater impact on the generality of people in the society of Nigerian; particularly, among the youth for creating different means of socializing. Social media is used by youth in different ways: collaborating, sharing and communicating among distributed themselves depending upon the quality and availability of technical infrastructure for having an access to use it. When used in day to day activities, it provides new and exciting opportunities. They facilitate convenience, flexibility, freedom of time and reduce demand on resources..Social media is Internet based technology which promotes opportunities for social interaction among its users. It is enhanced through new communication tools and sites that are called; social networking sites. Bradley (2010) says: Social media is a set of technologies and channels targeted at forming and enabling a potentially massive community of participants to productively collaborate. Social media has the six core characteristics of participative, collective, transparent, independent, persistent, and emergent that delivers the unique value of social-media and, in combination, set social media apart from other forms of communication and collaboration. Bryer and Zavatarro (2011), posit that: Social media are technologies that facilitate social interaction, make possible collaboration, and enable deliberation across stakeholders. These technologies include blogs, wikis, media (audio, photo, video, text) sharing tools, networking platforms (Facebook), and virtual worlds. > 295 < Prez Diary.indd 295 8/26/2014 2:29:51 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution Commonly, the phrase “social networking sites” is used as an umbrella term for all social media and computer-mediated communication, including but not limited to Facebook, Twitter, Naijalonge, Skype, LinkedIn, and Myspace, as well as the inaugural social networking sites of Cyber world, Bebo, and Friendster. Ellison and Boyd (2007) define social network sites as web-based services that allow individuals to construct profiles, display user connections, and search and traverse within that list of connections. The entire range of social media applications noted above share the innate ability to enable social behaviour, through dialogue—multiple-way discussions providing the opportunity to discover and share new information (Solis, 2008). The widely popular Facebook.com began in 2004 as a way to connect students at Harvard University (Stone, 2007). The website now boasts “more than 200 million active users” who collectively upload over “850 million photos and 8 million videos to the site each month” (Facebook. com). The leading US competitor for Facebook.com is MySpace.com, which reached just 125 million users worldwide in December 2008 (Arrington, 2009). Additionally, the Kaiser Family Foundation reported that “71% of 15-to-17-year-old Internet users participate in chat rooms” in 2001 (Greenfield, et. al, 2008). Before examining a lack of ethics, it is important to first develop a full understanding of social interactions and networking and then apply these to the realms of the Internet. According to one French analysis, social networking can be described as “a social system constructed by a collection of actors, relations among these actors (e.g., friendship, knowledge exchange), and possible attributes (e.g., age, sex) for each actor” (Assimakopoulos and Yan, 2006). Social networking in a physical sense may include attendance at church or school functions, book club meetings, carpooling, and playing or supporting games in a local sports league. Recently, social networking has transitioned from being centred largely in the physical community to the virtual world: instead of mailing letters and pictures or expending time and money to meet 66 others face-to-face, online > 296 < Prez Diary.indd 296 8/26/2014 2:29:51 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution communication has become a much more efficient media. Indeed, social interaction includes both the exchange of information among individuals and groups online and the influences of online interaction on offline communication. Online social networking allows for much quicker communication: individuals have the opportunity to send emails to local and long-distance friends, share pictures and videos online, send real-time instant messages, and create one’s own personal website or profile page. This type of communication often includes the use of popular websites such as Facebook and MySpace, as well as instant messaging programs and public forums. Online social networking is both a contemporary and widespread phenomenon. Indeed, research on the social consequences of the Internet is still in its relative infancy and what we know – and what we think we know – about the effects of online interaction is undergoing a constant state of revision and qualification (McKenna and Seidman, 2006). Accordingly. the ethics of behaviour pertaining to online social networking are largely undeveloped. One of the most popular – and, consequently, misused – aspects of online social networking is the sharing of photographs and videos. Before the phenomenon of personalized web pages, blog sites, and profiles, people shared a relatively low number of pictures in person or by sending them in an e-mail. Now, however, Internet users commonly document all aspects of social life. Due to the contemporary nature of online social networking, people often lack an ethical consideration of what behaviours should be displayed on the Internet. Many high school and college age students are not opposed to being “tagged” in pictures that portray behaviours they seek to hide from parents, church leaders, teachers, or coaches. The Internet is full of photos and footage exposing underage drinking, provocative clothing and behaviours, and questionable or illegal activity. Additionally, many Internet users do not censor their written conversations when communicating through online > 297 < Prez Diary.indd 297 8/26/2014 2:29:52 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution media such as e-mail, chat rooms, or so- The Lack of Ethical Standards of Online Social Networking social networking websites. The informal nature of e-mail leads many people to discuss things “they would never put in a letter” Without a doubt, the same observation can be applied to online social networking as well Those who socialize online should be aware that although one party may be entirely honest online, he or she cannot expect that a new online friend is using the same degree of sincerity. Finally, there is no definition of how far is “too far” in regards to exploring a new identity or pretending to be someone else on the Internet. The actions of a few people, however, indicate the wide range of problems that may arise from a disregard for the implications of unethical online portrayal. One small-town Missouri mother strained the social boundaries of online pretence in a story that ended tragically and gained national attention. While some exploration in an online identity is generally acceptable, it becomes a problem when it knowingly and intentionally leads another to believe misconstrued or false information. Another issue is encountered in cases of sexual predation, which has become much more prevalent with the recent introduction of social networking through the Internet social networking. Currently, there is very little recognition of the fact that use of the Internet for communication presents many of the same risks one might find if their actions were present outside of the virtual world. The current misuse of the Internet for photo and video postings of socially unacceptable behaviours, uncensored speech, and misleading self-representation exemplify the concern for a revision of behaviour in regards to online social networking. Ethical Preservation of Nigerian Youths What are values and ethics anyway? They are not fancy words to be thought of carelessly, or worse, not thought of at all! Family time, money, fame, religion, education, health, community service, independence, honesty are all values. There are other values, of course, depending on the individual. If > 298 < Prez Diary.indd 298 8/26/2014 2:29:52 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution becoming famous is not important to you then fame is not a personal value for you. Obviously, then, values differ with the person. We don’t always agree with others about the importance, or value, of some things in life. Family life is extremely important to some people; there are others who would rather be on their own and allow for very little family time. Ethics are also known as a “code of conduct.” Our personal values contribute to the strength of our ethics with positive behaviours and positive attitudes. Our values, and consequently our ethics, are in a continuous development or building cycle. We are confronted with choices every day. Most often we all make good choices. Sometimes we may falter. Sometimes we make a wrong decision or a wrong choice. Learning to make choices begins at birth and is a growing process. We begin practicing making choices—very simple at first. As we grow and get older, our choices become more important and become our patterns of behaviour. Our choices begin to shape our attitudes, our self-image, our lifestyle, and how we are perceived by others. Personal values and ethics can, at times, be in conflict. For example: If a person’s strongest personal value is to be rich, this value’s influence on his behaviour and decision making could be in conflict with society’s rules of behaviour. An individual wanting to be rich, may believe its okay to cheat people or lie to get what he wants, an ethical person is honest, diligent, respectful, trustworthy, and responsible. An honest person does not lie, cheat or steal, or try to achieve personal gain at the expense of others. It is never acceptable to break society’s code of conduct, or ethical standards, to achieve a personal value! Any individual, who breaks society’s code of conduct, even if he doesn’t get caught, loses integrity and self-respect. Cheating on school or work assigned tasks may lesson personal stress for the present but will eventually return to haunt you. Just as positive behaviours and attitudes become a way of life so do negative behaviours and attitudes. Do not fall into the trap of excusing away a breakdown of your ethical standards. An ethical person is a good citizen at home, at school or work, and in the > 299 < Prez Diary.indd 299 8/26/2014 2:29:52 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution community. The community is an individual’s neighbourhood, town/city, school or workplace, state, nation, and the world. An ethical person is caring. He cares about people, the environment, our planet and his behaviour supports society and our world. Personal ethics, school ethics, social ethics, computer ethics, workplace ethics are basically the same. Ethics are about the individual. Specialized groups or organizations generally follow the ethics of their leaders. Groups and organizations are made up of individuals. Each person in an organization must be ethical. If a student at school or an employee in the workplace believes someone around him is participating in unethical practices or promoting deceptive information, it is his responsibility to speak up. It takes courage to defend the rules of society. Courage means doing the right thing, even when it is scary. Students at school and employees in the workplace who are ethical have good reputations. They are respected, well-liked, admired, and trustworthy. They contribute to society by doing what is right. Right is right, and wrong is wrong. There are no gray areas. Doing what is right will always make you a stronger person and, most often, make your school or workplace a better place. An individual can make a difference. An ethical person chooses to be a positive, an ethical person chooses to think positively, speak positively, and behave positively. Another old saying: people may not believe what you say but they will always believe what you do! Ethical Preservation The preservation, management, and sharing of personal and societal values is crucial for social and economic development in Nigeria. The high rate of illiteracy (print-based) in Nigeria and rural Africa and the exclusion values from Western education add to the information gap experienced in rural Africa. Other challenges facing oral cultures are the disappearance of traditional values and skills due to memory loss or death of elders and the deliberate or inadvertent destruction of values. The rapidly increasing use of social media and mobile technologies creates opportunities to form local > 300 < Prez Diary.indd 300 8/26/2014 2:29:52 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution and international partnerships that can facilitate the process of creating, managing, preserving, and sharing of knowledge, values, ethics, norms, cultural heritage and skills that are unique to communities in Nigeria. Therefore, this treatise provides how social media could be used to provide ways of preserving our ethical standards. Social media technologies allow individuals and communities to create and share user-generated content (Kietzmann, Hermkens, McCarthy, & Silvestre, 2011). Internet penetration rates are estimated at 15.6% throughout the African continent and continue to grow (Internet World Stats, 2012). In East Africa, the penetration rates are 28% in Kenya, followed by Uganda (13%), Tanzania (12%), Rwanda (7%), and Burundi (1.7%). Interestingly, almost one-third of the Internet users in Africa are also Facebook users (Internet World Stats, 2012). Social media such as YouTube, Facebook, Google Docs, and Twitter can be used to create, access, and share information or skills within social and geographic communities in Nigeria and among wider audiences. Most social media do not require specialized skills or training; however, some social media technologies require reading and writing abilities, so they are accessible only to literate individuals and are, therefore, limited to urban and educated rural populations. YouTube allows users to upload, share, and view videos. YouTube is multimediabased and therefore can be employed by illiterate as well as literate users. Recorded videos of indigenous knowledge (music, dance, agricultural practice, cultural practices) can be uploaded on YouTube and viewed by local communities in a library setting. Facebook allows individuals to post videos, share interests, make connections, and join groups with similar interests. The number of African Facebook users now stands at over 17 million, up from 10 million in 2009. Social media and mobile technologies have changed the way people earn their livelihoods and live their lives. Google Docs allows users to create documents, spreadsheets, forms, and presentations within the application > 301 < Prez Diary.indd 301 8/26/2014 2:29:52 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution itself or to import them through a Web interface. It is also a collaborative tool for editing among users and nonusers in real time, and it can be shared, opened, and edited by multiple users simultaneously. Google Docs lowers barriers to collaboration and is a boon for people in Nigeria that may not have access to popular, but expensive, word processing packages like Microsoft Office. The Google Docs platform is popular with students and urban populations. Twitter is a real-time information network where individuals can send 140-character text messages (tweets) to their followers. In addition to connecting with families and friends, Twitter can be used by businesses and farming communities to broadcast their merchandise or commodities for sale, check prices, and interact with customers and suppliers. Access to an Internet-capable cell phone enables people to employ social media tools to connect with others who share their interests, experiences, and circumstances. Cell phones are ubiquitous in developing countries because they afford users portability, personal control, and flexibility (Castells, Fernández-Ardèvol, Qiu, & Sey, 2007). Obviously it is amazing that with a click one passes information to thousands of people in a second. This is the power of social media. According to Andres Kaplan, social media is a group of internet based applications that build on the ideological and technological foundations of wed and that allow the creation and exchange of user generated content (Andreas Kaplan, 2010). Put differently, social media is a means of interaction among people. This includes; Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, 2go, Foursquare, WhatsApp, Nimbuzz and so on. The power of social media has contributed positively to the development of Nigeria youths and the Nigerian populace. It has kept Nigerian youths more informed and up to date; it has opened up medium for job vacancy advert among youth, which has improved their unemployment situation, thereby pulling many out of the quick sand of poverty. It has also contributed to improved efficiency, as many tasks; intellectual and otherwise can now be completed within a shorter time-frame and with less error. In addition, the > 302 < Prez Diary.indd 302 8/26/2014 2:29:52 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution social media is gradually enabling Nigerian youth to more effectively put pressure on how Nigeria is governed as evidenced by the role it played in the long absence of former President, late Musa Yar’Adua from office during his sick days. It has also provided social critics with a platform to monitor, critic and expose illegitimate activities of government officials. Moreover, social media has helped in exposing some of the ills of the society. Through the power of social media the October 6, 2013, lynching and setting on fire of four students of the University of Port Harcourt in Aluu, a suburb of Port Harcourt (Aluu 4) was brought to fore front. With the advent of the social media in our country, the loss of the sense of dignity is on the increase. Young people in the name of being the first to know forget the sacredness of human life that we were known with. This is evident in the attitude of our young men and women towards life. One discovers nowadays that, in the face of a disaster in which people are maimed, injured or killed, youths rather than coming to their rescue only care about taking pictures or making recordings of the disaster and the victims with their phones and then upload the images to YouTube, Facebook or other online formats. This is very evident in the aftermath of the June 2012 Dana Airline crash in Iju-Ishaga, Lagos, when thousands of young people residing in the area rushed to the scene, but instead of rescuing the people in the plane, began using their phones to take images of the dying plane crash victims. A similar thing occurred when almost a hundred people were burnt to death after an oil tanker caught fire in Rivers State. The social media has equally provided the youth a medium to conduct fraudulent activities. Youths in this category go by a number of names include ‘Yahoo Boys’ and ‘419ers’. They derive pleasure in fleecing people of their hard earned cash and in most cases ending up killing their victims. The August 2012, defrauding and killing of Cynthia Udoka Osokogu, the Ex-General’s daughter is a practical example. Social media has equally become an avenue to some immoral youth of sharing nude or sexual images. Against all odds > 303 < Prez Diary.indd 303 8/26/2014 2:29:52 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution however, there is more to social media than its abuse. The social media if used responsibly would be an effective tool to promoting the human dignity, values, norms, ethics and rights. The success of Arab Spring phenomena wouldn’t have materialized without the role played by social media in sensitizing people and enrolling them. Social media equally played a great role in indicting Joseph Kony, leader of the Lord’s Resistance Army, for War Crimes and Crimes against humanity by the International Criminal Court in The Hague, Netherlands, in 2005. The social media could be a powerful tool for the promotion of human dignity and right, sustainable development, a vital avenue of disseminating information, which has the capacity of bringing about freedom to a greater number of persons. This is only possible only when it is used responsibly. Perhaps there will be no better time for youths to use the social media in their development than now, when everyone seems to be embracing digital technology. When the youths engage themselves in the positive use of the social media, possible abuse will become a thing of the past. CONCLUSION As previously illustrated, the social media offers unlimited possibilities for the Nigerian youth. However, in view of its obvious shortcomings, some of which have been discussed above, it is important for governments, NGOs, youth-based organizations and other relevant stakeholders to regularly enlighten the youth on the good, the bad and the ugly aspects of the social media. This is essential if the youth are to properly harness the positive aspects of the social media for personal development. Perhaps, more importantly, the youth should take responsibility on how to use the social media in a positive light. They should shun every negative tendency that the platform could provide in order not to become tools for societal disintegration. > 304 < Prez Diary.indd 304 8/26/2014 2:29:53 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution REFERENCES http://threesixtyjournalism.com/node/353>.11 November 2008. Arrington, Michael (2009): “Facebook Now Nearly Twice the Size of MySpace Worldwide.” TechCrunch 22. Assimakopoulos, Dimitris, and Jie Yan, (2006 ).“Social Network Analysis and Com-munities of Practice.” Encyclopedia of Communities of Practice in Information and Knowledge Management. Ed. Coakes, Elayne, Bi, Frank, (2002) “Many Teens Grow More Cautious About Facebook Postings.” ThreeSixty: Building Virtual Communities: Learning and Change in Cyberspace. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002. 191-214. Clarke, Steve. Hershey, (2006). PA: Idea Group Reference, 2006. 474–480. Robert Kraut, Malcolm Brynin, Sara Kiesler, Cary (2006): Computers, Phones, and the Internet: Domesticating Information Technology. NC: Oxford University Press, Incorporated, 2006. Depree, Jr., Chauncey M., and Rebecca K. Jude. (2006).“Who’s Reading Your Office E-mail? Is That Legal?” Strategic Finance 87.10 (April 2006): 44-47. Greenfield, Patricia M., Elisheva F. Gross, Kaveri, Subrahmanyam, Lalita K. Suzuki, and Brenda Tynes. (2008). “Teens on the Internet: Interpersonal Connection, Identity, and Information.” Computers, Phones, and the Internet: Domesticating Information Technology. Ed. Robert Sylvia A. Owiny, Khanjan Mehta, Audrey N. Maretzki, (2014). Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial No Derivatives (by-nc-nd). International Journal of Communication Kaplan and Haenlein., 2010. A Social Media Toolkit for Journalism Classroom. Rhodes Journalism Review. No. 30. July. Wadsworth Publishing Co. Katz, James Everett, and Ronald E. Rice, (2002). Social Consequences of Internet Use: Access, Involvement, and Interaction. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. Kyle. (2008). “Schools Creating New Rules for Social Networking Policies.” USA Today 28 July 2008. 12 November 2008. McKenna, Katelyn Y. A., and Gwendolyn Seidman.(2006). “Considering the Interactions: The Effects of the Internet on Self and Society.” Computers, Phones, and the Internet: Domesticating Information Technology. Ed. Robert Kraut, Malcolm Brynin, Sara Kiesler. Cary, NC, (2006). Oxford University Press, Incorporated, 279-295 Shklovski, Irina, Sara Kiesler, and Robert Kraut.(2006). “The Internet and Social Interaction: A Meta-analysis and Critique of Studies, 1995-2003.” Stone, Brad.(2007). “Facebook.” Mask and Identity. The Hermeneutics of Self-Construction in the Information Age.” Ufuoma Ogbe, 2014. Social Media and the Nigerian Youth. May 13, 2014 by admin pm news. > 305 < Prez Diary.indd 305 8/26/2014 2:29:53 PM Prez Diary.indd 306 8/26/2014 2:29:53 PM > 307 < 17 Giant Strides in the Social, Economic and Political Re-Engineering of the Nigerian State Biodun Akinpelu, PhD / Femi Adeyeye, PhD / Victor Akinpelu INTRODUCTION Nigeria can no longer continue to be a sleeping giant, we have to wake up. And if we wake up, we must begin to do things differently.” —President Goodluck Ebele Jonathan E thics and values are interconnected societal pillars, the abrasion of these pillars spell doom for any State. When societal values such as honesty, patriotism, discipline, accountability, integrity and diligence are relegated, vices and atrocities such as corruption, sabotage, nepotism and terrorism are enthroned. “The crisis of Governance over the past decades in Nigeria has been associated with the collapse of ethical and professional standards in Prez Diary.indd 307 8/26/2014 2:29:53 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution virtually every aspect of our national life. For example, the inability to maintain professional and ethical standards in the Armed Forces resulted in various military coups which adversely affected every stratum of the Nigerian society. It accounted for the near collapse of the educational system, the increased wave of crime, the decadence in the health sector and the pervasive culture of greed, indiscipline and corruption in the Public Service.” (Adegoroye 2005) This chapter will bring afore the journey of ethics and values in Nigeria since the beginning of democracy in the year 1999 and the feats of the President Goodluck Jonathan administration in preserving values and ethical conduct in the different sectors of the Nigerian State. WHAT ARE ETHICS AND VALUES? While ethics may be defined as a code of conduct as accepted by the society or a governing body, values may be explained to be life priorities, they are priceless intangibles held very high. An individuals’ behaviour is shaped by his values. The values of an organization or society, guides the establishment of its ethics. The request of American popular musician, 50 Cent to Professor Chinua Achebe to buy the latter’s popular book name cum brand “Things Fall Apart” would suffice in describing the place of values in the moulding of an individual’s behaviour. In 2012, 50 Cent considered naming his upcoming movie “Things Fall Apart.” He offered to buy the brand name from Prof. Achebe for a million dollars. Prof. Achebe in his blunt response described the offer as an insult affirming not to sell the name even for a billion dollars! Behaviour in all its ramifications is guided by values. A government that does not preserve the ideals and values of its society, caring less about the misdemeanour of its citizenry may not live to see the consequences. > 308 < Prez Diary.indd 308 8/26/2014 2:29:53 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution ANTECEDENTS; EFFORTS OF SUCCESIVE NIGERIAN GOVERNMENTS SINCE 1999 IN PROMOTING ETHICS AND VALUES Nigeria took a different turn with the advent of democracy in the year 1999. The two pre-Jonathan administrations made various efforts in establishing values and ethical conduct in the nations’ affairs. Below is a chronicle of the efforts of the Obasanjo and Yar’adua administrations vis-à-vis mainstreaming ethics and values in Nigeria. CHIEF OLUSEGUN OBASANJO LED ADMINISTRATION (1999 – 2007): The Olusegun Obasanjo led national government made a number of efforts in stemming corruption and driving in ethics and values into the various sectors of the Nigerian State. Germane amongst the strides creditable to the administration are: Establishment of Independent Corrupt Practices and other Related Offences Commission (ICPC) – The Commission was set up through the Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Act 2000, which was signed into law on 13 June 2000. The mandate of the agency is to prohibit and proscribe punishment for corrupt practices and other related offences. ICPC received a total of 1,500 petitions against public and private officers within its first five years of operation. Establishment of Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) – The passage into Law of the Economic and Financial Crimes Act (2002) paved way for the creation of EFCC. The agency became the vanguard of the Obasanjo Administrations’ fight against graft. The duo of EFCC and ICPC made great impacts in preserving values, bringing corrupt officers to book and heightening ethical conduct amongst private and public office holders in Nigeria. > 309 < Prez Diary.indd 309 8/26/2014 2:29:53 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution ALHAJI UMARU MUSA YAR’ADUA LED ADMINISTRATION (2007 – 2010) From the commencement of the administration on the 27th May 2007 till his death of the President on the 5th of May 2010, a number of social re-engineering efforts were made by the administration. Most notable amongst the efforts include the following: REBRANDING NIGERIA PROJECT Between March 2009 and December 2010, Prof. Dora Akunyili, (the then Minister for Information), operated her conceived “Rebranding Nigeria Project”. This project majorly sought to re-organize the manner in which Nigerians conduct professional and public affairs. The Rebranding project amongst other things kicked against using the slang Naija as an informal alternative to Nigeria, aimed at promoting patriotism, unity and cultural values amongst Nigerians. The project though enjoyed massive media projection, received high criticism, rejection and ended up a buried dream as many Nigerians saw the project as a self aggrandizing mission for the Minister. ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE GOODLUCK JONATHAN ADMINISTRATION (2011 – DATE) IN PROMOTING ETHICS AND VALUES IN NIGERIA Below are the achievements of the Jonathan led administration in re-defining practices, raising the bar of ethical conduct and promoting lofty values in different spheres of the life of the Nigerian State. POLITICS AND ELECTIONS: The President has been credited widely for his high political decorum and establishment of same in the nations’ elections. “We are in a democracy where the will of the people must prevail over the arbitrariness of a few” Dr. Goodluck Jonathan, September 8 2008, at the inauguration of the technical committee on the Niger Delta in Abuja > 310 < Prez Diary.indd 310 8/26/2014 2:29:54 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution “My political ambition is not worth the blood of any Nigerian” – Dr. Goodluck Jonathan, March 6, 2011during Presidential campaign rally in Uyo, Akwa Ibom State. “Our determination and insistence on credible elections is now a movement whose final destination is electoral justice” – President Goodluck Jonathan, March 16 2010, at the opening of a three-day national conference for stakeholders in the electoral process. President Jonathan cheerfully decorating General Muhammadu Buhari (rtd), his year 2011 Presidential election contender and major opposition leader during the nation’s February 2014 centennial celebrations in Abuja. The Presidency of Dr. Goodluck Jonathan passionately pushes for credible and decent elections. This is evident in the neat conduct of the year 2011 Presidential elections during which he acted as President. The gubernatorial elections in Ondo, Edo, Anambra and Ekiti States also show the non-partisan resolve of President Jonathan in making sure that the will of the people prevail in the election of public officers. > 311 < Prez Diary.indd 311 8/26/2014 2:29:54 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution (Left – Right) Governor Kayode Fayemi shaking hands with Governor-elect Ayodele Fayose 72 hours after losing his re-election to Fayose, photo taken 24th June 2014 FREEDOM OF THE MEDIA: Freedom is one of the core values of the Nigerian media which had remained caged by the government and powers that be. The signing into Law of the Freedom of Information (FOI) Bill by President Jonathan on the 28th May 2011, after about eleven years of its introduction at the National Assembly, is a milestone in the nation’s media practice. The objective of the Act amongst others is to make public records and information more freely available, protect serving public officers from any adverse consequence of disclosing official information. The FOI Act has undoubtedly raised the bar of ethical media practice in Nigeria. FOSTERING UNITY AND PROGRESS THROUGH NATIONAL DIALOGUE: Another major achievement of the Goodluck Jonathan administration in the furtherance of unity and progress is the launch of the national conference. > 312 < Prez Diary.indd 312 8/26/2014 2:29:54 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution “In demonstration of my vowed belief in the positive power of dialogue in charting the way forward, we have decided to set up an advisory committee whose mandate is to establish the modalities for a national dialogue or conference” – President Goodluck Jonathan, 1st October 2013 during Presidential Address. (Left – Right, first row) Chief Justice of the Federation Aloma Mukhtar, Vice President Namadi Sambo, President Goodluck Jonathan, Former Chief Justice and Chairman of the National Conference Idris Kutigi, Former Foreign Affairs Minister and Vice Chairman of the National Conference – Prof. Bolaji Akinyemi, Secratary of the National Conference Dr. (Mrs) Valerie Azinge and Deputy Senate President Ike Ekweremadu during the opening of the National Conference on 17th March, 2014 Session at the 2014 National Conference > 313 < Prez Diary.indd 313 8/26/2014 2:29:54 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution The establishment of the year 2014 national conference which had 492 nominated delegates has further cemented the fabrics of a united nation, enhanced the sense of belonging in all ethnic and professional groups and advocated dialogue as a major pillar in the continued existence of the country. POLICING: The Nigeria Police Force is a major stakeholder in the upholding of national values and ethics, no society develops beyond its policing system. The rot in the Nigeria Police Force over the years has cascaded into its inefficacy and resulted in a massive abrogation of ideals, values and ethical mannerism in the country. “Every time a police officer receives a bribe to cover up an issue, it encourages disobedience to Law which ultimately fuels the breakdown of law and order” (Adegoroye 2005) As highlighted by the Inspector General of Police Mohammed Abubakar at the January 2014 Police Service Commission Retreat in Markurdi, Benue State, the Police under his leadership has recorded giant strides and reforms. Notable recent Police reforms are: • Eradication of Police roadblocks • Provision of a total of 1,074 housing units for Police Officers nationwide as at December, 2013 with an additional 1,000 units starting in March, 2014 • Promotion of 18,838 Police operatives during the year 2013 • Upgrading of thirteen Police Training Schools nationwide • Creation of a Maritime Section headed by an Assistant Inspector General of Police • Split Airport Commands into two (Western and Eastern) for increased Police performance at the Airports • Injected 3,000 additional vehicles including armoured personnel carriers (APCs) into the Police fleet nationwide > 314 < Prez Diary.indd 314 8/26/2014 2:29:55 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution (left – Right) Minister of Police Affairs Capt. Caleb Olubolade (rtd), Oba Rilwan Akiolu of Lagos, President Goodluck Jonathan and Inspector General of Police Mohamed Abubakar during the commissioning of 200 units Goodluck Jonathan Police Housing Estate on 19th July, 2013 in Lagos Newly constructed Goodluck Ebele Jonathan Police Housing Estate, Idimu, Lagos The Goodluck Jonathan government has shown its commitment to ensuring that peace, justice, stability and other societal values reign in Nigeria by giving the Police Force the needed support for its growth and development. > 315 < Prez Diary.indd 315 8/26/2014 2:29:55 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution TELECOMMUNICATIONS, MOBILE NUMBER PORTABILITY: Telecommunication operators have been made to become more responsible and provide better services since the advent Mobile Number Portability. The scheme makes it possible for customers to switch from one telecommunications operator to another while retaining his mobile phone number. Mobile Number Portability has increased competitiveness amongst telecommunications companies and upgraded the ethics of the industry. EDUCATION: Since 2011 till date, the educational sector despite various challenges has witnessed remarkable improvements. The establishment of nine Federal Universities in the six geo-political zones, the launch of Almajiri Education, empowerment of the Teachers Registration Council of Nigeria (TRCN) and the sponsorship of teachers and outstanding students for overseas trainings and further studies are some points on the governments’ score card. Executive Secretary of the National Universities Commission, Professor Julius Okojie (left) watches as Supervising Minister of Education, Chief Nyesom Wike (middle) presents scholarship award for Masters and PhD degrees to one of the 104 first class students and beneficiaries of the year 2014 Presidential Special Scholarship Scheme for Innovation and Development (PRESSID) on Monday 9th June, 2014 in Abuja. > 316 < Prez Diary.indd 316 8/26/2014 2:29:56 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution University of Lagos produces Africa’s youngest PhD holder – Dr. Hallowed Oluwadara, 24 years old (middle) with former Head of State, General Yakubu Gowon (left) and Pro – Chancellor of University of Lagos, Professor Jerry Gana, 11th June 2014 President Jonathan flanked by the Sultan of Sokoto and the Minister of Education, Prof. Ruqayatu Rufai during the launch of the Almajiri School in Sokoto, 10th April 2012. > 317 < Prez Diary.indd 317 8/26/2014 2:29:56 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution HEALTH: Some of the achievements of the Jonathan – led government in the health sector is the improvement in maternal health care and an overall better access to primary health care. SUBSIDY RE-INVESTMENT AND EMPOWERMENT PROGRAMME (SURE-P): The initiative amongst others provides better access to primary and maternal health care. Over 519,563 pregnant women have received antenatal care from October 2012 till date while more than 11,028 health workers have been recruited and deployed to various health facilities nationwide. A cross section of SURE-P health workers during a training session AGRICULTURE: The Federal Government has indeed recorded giant strides in the agricultural sector. Of note are: • Electronic access to seeds and fertilizers by farmers • Major boost in rice production • Cassava revolution • Significant reduction in wheat importation > 318 < Prez Diary.indd 318 8/26/2014 2:29:56 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution Farmers access seeds and fertilizers through mobile phones President Jonathan launches 40% cassava flour bread, November 2011 ECONOMY: The emergence of Nigeria as the biggest economy in Africa after attaining a Gross Domestic Product of N80.3 trillion is another landmark success of the Goodluck Jonathan government. Under-listed are > 319 < Prez Diary.indd 319 8/26/2014 2:29:57 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution some of the various achievements of the administration which have added to placing Nigeria at the top of Africa’s economy. YOUTH EMPOWERMENT: The Youth Enterprise With Innovation in Nigeria (YOUWiN) has created over 26,000 jobs by training and mobilizing youths in different vocations. (Right – Left) President Jonathan observing products of YOUWIN entrepreneurs, others are Governor Gabriel Suswam (Benue State), Governor Godswill Akpabio (Akwa Ibom State), Coordinating Minister of the Economy and Minister of Finance, Dr. Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, Minister of State for Finance, Dr. Yerima Ngama, Chief of Staff to the President, Chief Mike Ogiadomhe, and Secretary to the Government of the Federation, Senator Anyim Pius Anyim during the launch of the third edition of YOUWIN on Monday 15th November, 2013 in Abuja TRANSPORT: President Jonathan has changed the status and the general opinion about the nations’ transport system. His commitment to adding value to Nigeria’s transport sector has culminated in the robust achievements in the sector. Below are pictures of some projects (completed and on-going) in the transport sector: > 320 < Prez Diary.indd 320 8/26/2014 2:29:57 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution Newly commissioned train coaches in Lagos (Right – Left) Vice President Namadi Sambo, Lagos State Deputy Governor Adejoke Orelope Adefulure, Transport Minister - Senator Idris Umar and Chairman Senate Committee on Land Transport – Senator Sahabi Yau taking a ride in one of the new coaches on 10th June 2014 > 321 < Prez Diary.indd 321 8/26/2014 2:29:57 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution Lagos – Kano rail line, commissioned December 2012 Newly repaired portion of the Apapa – Oshodi Expressway > 322 < Prez Diary.indd 322 8/26/2014 2:29:57 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution Dualisation of the Abuja – Abaji – Lokoja Expressway 10-lane Abuja Airport road > 323 < Prez Diary.indd 323 8/26/2014 2:29:58 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution Newly refurbished Benin – Ore – Shagamu Expressway Vom – Manchok road, Plateau State > 324 < Prez Diary.indd 324 8/26/2014 2:29:58 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution Uba – Mbala road Kano – Maiduguri road, Eastern Bypass > 325 < Prez Diary.indd 325 8/26/2014 2:29:58 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution President Jonathan flagging off the construction of the N117 billion second Niger Bridge on Monday 10th March, 2014 at Onitsha, Anambra State President Jonathan driving an earthmover during the flag off of the reconstruction of the Lagos – Ibadan Expressway on Friday 5th July, 2013 in Sagamu, Ogun State. > 326 < Prez Diary.indd 326 8/26/2014 2:29:58 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution CONCLUSION A good leader is a person who takes a little more than his share of the blame and a little less than his share of the credit—John Maxwell Leadership is never without challenges while followership is never without criticism; in between lies patriotism. The challenges notwithstanding, patriotic minds will not fail to commend the Goodluck Jonathan Administration for its dogged resilience and outstanding performance. Admittedly, no human being is perfect. Perfection and infallibility are divine concepts reserved only for the almighty God. The Nigeria Project remains a complex one. Its needs, wants, hopes and aspirations can only be perfected through divine intervention. Jonathan is human, hence he cannot do it all alone. Although Jonathan has not been able to fix all the “fixables,” his Administration will be written in the annals of Nigeria’s history as one with feasible and remarkable progress in every sphere of Nigeria’s social, economic and political endeavour. The name Jonathan would certainly be written with letters of gold on the list of Nigeria’s heads of state whenever it is formally documented. > 327 < Prez Diary.indd 327 8/26/2014 2:29:59 PM the president’s diary: nigeria’s ethical revolution REFERENCES Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (2014) – accessed via www.efccnigeria. org G. Adegoroye (2005) Mainstreaming Ethics and Professionalism in the Public Service: The Nigerian Experience; Paper Presented at the Conference on The African Charter and Related Reforms, Swakopmund, Namibia G. Jonathan (2013) Memorable Quotes of Goodluck Jonathan, Clear Coast Communications Ltd, Abuja M. Abubakar (2014) Sustaining Police Reforms in Nigeria, Retreat of Police Service Commission, Remark of Inspector General of Police, accessed via www.npf. gov.ng Nigeria National Conference (2014) – accessed via www.nigerianationalconference2014.org Nigeria Tribune (2012) why we jettisoned Federal Character on Scholarship Scheme, 10th June 2014 accessed online via www.tribune.com.ng/news/top-stories/ item/7513-why-we-jettisioned-federal-charcter-on-scholarship-scheme-fg-asfirst-class-graduates-bag-2014-awards Subsidy Reinvestment and Empowerment Programme (2013) Progress Report; A Publication of the Presidency, Abuja Sure and Steady Transformation (2012) Progress Report of President Goodluck Jonathan’s Administration vol. 1. Office of the Special Adviser to the President on Research, Documentation and Strategy, Abuja Sure and Steady Transformation (2014) Progress Report of President Goodluck Jonathan’s Administration vol. 2. Office of the Special Adviser to the President on Research, Documentation and Strategy, Abuja > 328 < Prez Diary.indd 328 8/26/2014 2:29:59 PM
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