Mat 357 Assignment 5 solutions
Transcription
Mat 357 Assignment 5 solutions
Mat 357 Assignment 5 solutions Jordan Bell April 14, 2015 6.8 (i) Suppose that m∗ (A) < ∞. If you can completely digest this argument, you can probably do the case of m∗ (A) = ∞. (And probably use the result for finite outer measure, rather than having to rewrite the argument from scratch.) Let A ⊂ R. Because outer measure is defined as an infimum, for each n 1 ∗ there is Tnan open set Un containing A such that m(Un ) ≤ m (A) + n . Let Vn = i=1 Ui , each of which is an open set containing A and which satisfies T∞ m(Vn ) ≤ m(Un ) ≤ m∗ (A)+ n1 . Let H = n=1 Vn , which is a Gδ set that contains A, and for each n, m(H) ≤ Vn ≤ m∗ (A) + n1 . Because this is true for all n it follows that m(H) ≤ m∗ (A). But because A ⊂ H, m∗ (A) ≤ m∗ (H) = m(H), so m(H) = m∗ (A). If E is a measurable set such that A ⊂ E, m(H \ E) = m(H ∩ E c ) = m(H) − m(H ∩ E) = m∗ (A) − m(H ∩ E). Because H and E both contain A, m(H ∩ E) ≥ m∗ (A), hence m(H \ E) = m∗ (A) − m(H ∩ E) ≤ m∗ (A) − m∗ (A) = 0, hence m(H \ E) = 0. If H1 is a hull of A and H2 is a hull of A, then, because H1 is a hull and H2 is a measurable set containing A, m(H1 \ H2 ) = 0, and because H2 is a hull and H1 is a measurable set containing A, m(H2 \ H1 ) = 0, so H1 and H2 differ by a set of measure 0, showing A has a hull and that modulo sets of measure 0 it has a unique hull. (ii) This is like (i), except we use m∗ rather than m and we use closed sets instead of open sets and unions instead of intersections. 6.54 (a) If fn : [a, b] → R converge almost uniformly to f , then there is a set S ⊂ [a, b] with m(S) = 0 such that fn converge uniformly to f on [a, b] \ S. Thus, for any > 0 we have m(S) < , which shows that fn converges nearly uniformly to f . Let fn = χ[1/n,2/n] . fn converges pointwise to 0 (for any x, eventually x is not in the window [1/n, 2/n]). Thus if fn converges almost uniformly, its limit is 0. Suppose by contradiction that there is some S ⊂ [a, b] with m(S) = 0 such that for any η > 0 there is some n0 such that if n ≥ n0 and x ∈ [0, 2] \ S then |fn (x)| ≤ η (namely, that fn converges uniformly to 0 on [0, 2] \ S). Take η < 1. Because m(S) = 0, for each n the set [1/n, 2/n] \ S has positive measure 1 so is nonempty; let xn be an element of it. In particular, xn0 ∈ [0, 2] \ S and |fn0 (xn0 )| = 1 > η, a contradiction. On the other hand, let 1 > > 0 and let S = [0, /2], so m(S) < . For n ≥ 2 we have [1/n, 2/n] ⊂ S, and so for x ∈ [0, 2] \ S we have |fn (x)| = 0, which shows that fn converges uniformly to 0 on [0, 2] \ S. That is, fn converges nearly uniformly to 0. In summary, if a sequence converges almost uniformly to f then it converges nearly uniformly to f , but there are sequences that converge nearly uniformly and not almost uniformly. (b) (i) It is apparent that for a fixed k, X(k, 1) ⊃ X(k, 2) ⊃ · · · and that for a fixed l, X(1, l) ⊂ X(2, l) ⊂ · · · . The set E = {x ∈ [a, b] : fn (x) does not converge} is measurable, and we are given that m(E) = 0. For x ∈ [a, b], x ∈ E if and only if for there is some l ≥ 1 such that for all k ≥ 1 such that x 6∈ X(k, l). That is, E= ∞ ∞ \ [ X(k, l)c . l=1 k=1 Because m(E) = 0 and E is aTunion, each of the sets in the union has measure ∞ 0. HenceSthe complement of k=1 X(k, l)c differs from [a, b] by a measure zero ∞ set, i.e. k=1 X(k, l) differs from [a, b] by a measure zero set. (ii) Because X(1, l) ⊂ X(2, l) ⊂ · · · , we have X(1, l)c ⊃ X(2, l)c ⊃ · · · , and T T∞ ∞ c c so k=1 X(k, l) = liml→∞ X(k, l) . And since the measure of k=1 X(k, l)c is 0, the measure of X(k, l)c tends to 0 as k → ∞. Thus, for > 0 there is some kl (depending on and l, where we only indicate the dependence on l) such that m(X(kl , l)c ) < 2l . T∞ (iii)SWe continue to use the same as above. Let X = l=1 X(kl , l). Then ∞ X c = l=1 X(kl , l)c , and so m(X c ) ≤ ∞ X m(X(kl , l)c ) < l=1 ∞ X = . 2l l=1 Now we show to fn converges to f uniformly on X. Let η > 0. For kl ≥ and n ≥ kl and for x ∈ X, because x ∈ X(kl , l) we have |fn (x) − f (x)| < 1 η 1 ≤ η. l That is, fn converges to f uniformly on X. 56. (a) If x ∈ Q, for sufficiently large n we have cos(πn!x) = 1, hence limk→∞ limn→∞ (cos(πn!x))k = 1 = χQ (x). If x 6∈ Q, then for each n we have | cos(πn!x)| < 1, for which lim lim (cos(πn!x))k = 0 = χQ (x). n→∞ k→∞ 2