Evaluation and Comparison of the Effects of Time Perspective

© Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology
2015, Vol. 41, No.3 (Special Issue), 148-155.
Evaluation and Comparison of the Effects of Time Perspective Therapy,
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Narrative Therapy on Severity
of Symptoms of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Mehdi Esfahani, Mohammad Bagher Kjbaf and Mohammad Reza Abedi
University of Isfahan, Iran
Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a relatively common disorder and due to its debilitating
nature, many studies have been conducted to reduce its symptoms. The purpose of this
study was to evaluate and compare the effects of time perspective therapy, acceptance
and commitment therapy, and narrative therapy on severity of symptoms of obsessivecompulsive disorder. The study sample consisted of 60 patients selected by accessibility
method from all clients from Isfahan psychological and psychiatric services in 2013,
and the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale was administered on them. Results
from multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) showed that differences between
obsessive-compulsive severity symptoms in post-test and follow up stages in study
groups were significant (p<0.0001). Also, there were significant differences in mean of
obsessive-compulsive symptoms severity between therapy groups with control group,
except for time perspective therapy.
Keywords: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Time Perspective Therapy, Acceptance
and Commitment Therapy, Narrative Therapy.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a
relatively common disorder and due to its
debilitating nature, it causes serious problems
for the patient, and his/her family. Some of
its repercussions are loss of self-confidence,
disappointment, reduction in educational and
professional performance, personal failure in
social relationships. According to Diagnostic
and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5
(DSM-5), OCD is classified as a separate class
of psychological disorders; while it has been
classified under anxiety disorders in the DSM-IV.
According to DSM-5, observance of both or each
one of obsession and compulsion symptoms
is enough to diagnose OCD. Obsession
refers to an uncontrollable frequent mental
image, thought, unwanted desire that cause
uncomfortable condition to the patients. The
patient is not able to stop thoughts such as
fear of air pollution, harming others or oneself,
and expression of natural/sexual immoral
desires. OCD is the fourth most common
psychological disorder and is also a clinical
challenge. In recent years, several medical and
psychological treatments have been conducted
to treat the disorder (Sadok & Sadok, 2007).
Behavioral approach and other effective ways
to encounter and prevent OCD responses are
the first treatment options that help controlling
the symptoms to a great extent. Nevertheless,
the notable achievement regarding treatment
of the disorder is undeniable, there are still
cases that have no or negligible response to
the treatment. However, there are patients who
cannot approbate encountering methods and
don’t execute homework or the tasks (Sookman
& Steketee, 2010). Although CBT is successful
in treating OCD, many researches have been
conducted to find out other methods with more
efficiency (Rees & Vankoesveld, 2008). One of
these approaches is time perspective therapy,
that is rooted in social psychology and it is
extending to clinical and psychological fields. It
has to do with the way that people connect their
behavior with the past, present and future and
at the same time mirroring viewpoints, beliefs,
and values pertinent to time. It also takes time
as a quasi-trait structure constituted of several
aspects including past positive, past negative,
present fatalist, and present hedonist, and the