Abstract Book - University of the Punjab

Transcription

Abstracts Booklet
(Oral and Poster Presentations)
th
14 International Conference of
Psychology (ICP 2015)
ICP 2015
“The Current Challenges for Psychology:
From Crisis to Sustainable Solutions"
19th-21st March 2015
Department of Press & Publications
th
14 International Cenference of
Organized by: Pakistan Psychological Association,
Institute of Applied Psychology, Center for Clinical Psychology
and Higher Education Commission of Pakistan
From Crisis to Sustainable Solutions”
th
st
19 - 21 March, 2015
Venue: Quaid-i-Azam Campus,
University of the Punjab, Lahore-Pakistan.
Table of Contents
Abstract of Oral Presentations
Abstract of Poster Presentations
Author Index
Pages
1-79
80-116
117-121
ABSTRACTS OF ORAL PRESENTATIONS
1
Abstracts of Oral Presentation ICP 2015
Keynote Address
Child and Adolescent Suicidal Attempts: General Hospital Admissions Over a 5 Year
Period in Durban, South Africa
Naseema Vawda, PhD
Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
Email: [email protected]
Child and adolescent suicide attempts are increasingly becoming a public health problem
worldwide but are under-researched. Estimated range of these attempts is between 1 to 3 %. There
is a downward trend reported in the age of patients presented to government funded hospitals in
South Africa. The aim was to undertake a retrospective chart review of all patients presenting to a
government run hospital to develop a better understanding of the demographics, methods used to
overdose, symptomatology and associated risk factors for suicide attempts. A chart review of all
inpatients aged 18 and under presented with suicide attempts at the Psychiatry and Psychology
Unit of a general hospital were analyzed over a 5 year period. Socio-demographic data and details
of the suicide attempts were gathered. The information was entered into the SPSS program. A
total of 74 inpatients were seen, with the mean age of 14.64 (SD = 2.25, age range 9 -17 years).
The majority were females (77%), Black (68.9%) and Christian (87.8%) while Muslims
constituted 6.8% of the sample. Past contact with a mental health professional was reported by
35.1% and 29.7 % were with or both parents deceased. Previous suicide attempts were reported by
37.8% and 4.1% reported a family history of suicide. Ingestion was the most common method
(74.3%) followed by hanging (10.8%). 9.5% prepared for the attempt with 13.5% notifying others
of the attempt. 14.9% reported using substances. Conflict with family (44.6%), perceived lack of
support by family (10.8%) and depression were other reported reasons for attempts.
Diagnostically 39.2% were V codes and 20.3% were with mood disorders. While some data, in
accordance with past research (e.g., gender), showed increase in past contact with mental health
professionals, death of parent/s and family history of suicide and use of substances.
Keywords: Suicidal attempts, family conflict, psychological disorders. muslims.
Impact of Dementia Progression on Food related Processes: A Caregivers’ Perspectives
Iliatha Georgina Papachristou, PhD
Department of Applied Health Research, University College of London, UK
As dementia progresses, one area that can help maintain social connections and memories with
others is within the food domain. There is little research in this area particularly from the informal
caregivers’ perspectives. Therefore, a qualitative study was conducted to explore the impact of
dementia progression on food-related processes from the perspectives of informal caregivers. The
aim of the study was to document the methodology used and to disseminate the findings to
researchers, care providers, and policy makers. A total of 10 men and 10 women caregivers of
those with dementia underwent a semi-structured interview. Transcripts were analyzed using
thematic analysis. The caregivers’ narratives indicated a set pattern of decline, with food shopping
being the first ability to decline, followed by food preparation and the ability to eat. Caregivers
adapted to their food roles, for example, by becoming responsible for financial issues. These
adaptations were described as stressful yet satisfying as food care was seen as an important social
time. Educating caregivers’ about the likely adaptations to food processes may increase food
satisfaction in both the parties.
Keyword: Caregivers, dementia progression, food processes, adaptation.
2
Ageing in Place at Home: Participatory Working towards Socio-Technical Systems in
Advanced Home Care
Judith Sixsmith
The University of Northampton, UK
The strength of a nation derives from the integrity of home. This Confusianism holds particular
resonance for older frail and disabled people whose care needs signal imminent loss of home.
Most older people want to remain at home for as long as possible where psychological, social,
emotional and symbolic meanings present strong ties across their life course. Declining health and
increasing care needs in later life, however, are often costly to us all as a nation and are most
conveniently delivered in health/care settings, separating people from their homes and
communities. As ageing population increases, new solutions for the care of older people have
taken a more technological turn whereby socio-technical systems are sought to enable older frail
people to remain at home for longer. Can we, using technology, support older people to age-inplace while enhancing health, safety, independence, well-being and quality of life and maintaining
the integrity of home? This paper presents the “Smart Distress Monitor” project which aimed to
develop a person centred monitoring system for use in everyday home environments. This system
was developed (in prototype) to detect activity/inactivity and provide alerts on deviations from a
person’s normal behaviour which could signal health or well-being problems as they occur to
healthcare providers and family members. To ensure a good fit between the technology and older
people and avoid a ‘technological push’ perspective, a user centred, participatory approach to
research was employed, focused on a very active advisory group of older people. Project findings
highlight the challenges of participatory working in the context of ‘technologizing’ domestic
environments as well as concerns related to privacy and the necessity of reaching holistic
understandings of home as a meaningful environment to embrace psychological, social, emotional
and symbolic components. When these latter components are incorporated into system design and
implementation, technology can become an advanced care instrument to enhance well-being,
autonomy and quality of life, maintaining the integrity of home and enabling ageing in place.
Keyword: Ageing, place in home, well-being, quality of life.
Peace in Consciousness
Debdulal Dutta Roy, PhD
Psychology Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India
Advocates of Peace psychology focus on the psychological aspects of the formation, escalation,
reduction, and resolution of conflicts in society at large. To Freud, peace is rooted from two
instincts – eros and thanatos. Eros leads to peace motivation and thanatos inhibits it. Throughout
history, above and beyond the fray of competing political parties or rival economic powers,
differences in race, gender, ethnicity, language, one constant force has remained: the enduring
strength of human values. No matter who we are, or where we come from, we seek to find
fulfilment and peace in life. Values on peace are our road markers. Value is "an enduring belief
that a specific mode of conduct or end state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an
opposite or converse mode of conduct or end state of existence" (Rokeach, 1973). One value
creates conflict with other values. This suggests presence of desirable and undesirable values.
Hofstede (2010) has noted differences in desirable and undesirable value preference by cultures.
Noble Laurate, Rabindranath Tagore suggested universal values in the songs. By analysis of his
songs, three layers of consciousness – murta (objectivism), raag (emotion) and saraswat (the
harmony with surroundings and the peace) are observed. This keynote address will focus on how
the word peace flows across layers of consciousness and how it changes to values. Dutta Roy and
Bandopadhyay (2010) by analysis of lyrics of Rabindranath Tagore explored 14 path and 14 goal
oriented values. This key note address will discuss how these values hierarchically differed
across people in different demographic conditions. Discussion will be useful to understand flows
in creation of peace values in consciousness besides resolution of violence in the society at large.
Keyword: Peace psychology, peace, consciousness, eros, thenatos
3
The Strengths of Pakistani Muslim Families
Iftikhar N. Hassan, PhD
Executive Director, Gender and Psychological Services Center, Islamabad
Email:[email protected]
The research focuses on the strength of Muslim families of Pakistan who makes us resilient to
survive in this increasingly dangerous world. The study was carried out in Punjab and capital
territory. The sample included both husband and wife of three socio-economic classes belonging
to joint families, extended families and one unit families. The instrument was developed and
standardized according to standard procedure. The findings are a pleasant surprise for the
psychologists’ community who are not very hopeful about the survival of our cultural values and
norms. Further implications of research findings are discussed along with limitations and
suggestions.
Keywords: Strengths, muslim, gender, Pakistani, families
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: Biological Concerns and Imposed Issues
Seema Munaf, PhD
Institute of Clinical Psychology, University of Karachi, Pakistan
Developmental phase of adolescence and emerging adulthood needs tremendous attention.
Physical, psychosocial, economical, educational, familial and cultural factors together with
interplay of individual cognitions, socio-emotionality, need for affectionate relationship,
personality, vulnerability to criticism, planning to enter in workforce, matrimony in future and
related variables are crucial during the stage of adolescence. As these features set priorities in
Emerging adulthood not only in Western culture but in Asian society as well. The present research
highlights various issues of these age groups and difficulties faced by them. This study would be
of great help for students in understanding nearly recent contribution in the field of psychology.
Keywords: Developmental phase, adolescence, emerging adulthood.
Impact of Terrorism Catastrophizing on the Mental Health of Rescue Workers
Rabia Waqar Khan and Ruhi Khalid, PhD,
Institute of Psychology Beaconhouse National University, Lahore
The current study examined the impact of terrorism catastrophizing on the mental health of rescue
workers. It was hypothesized that there exists a significant correlation between terrorism
catastrophizing, death anxiety and hopelessness among rescue workers. It was also hypothesized
that levels of terrorism catastrophizing, death anxiety and hopelessness will be higher in rescue
workers as compared to university students. The sample of this study comprised of 100 rescue
workers and 100 university students. The assessment of terrorism catastrophizing, hopelessness
and death anxiety was done using Terrorism Catastrophizing Scale (Sinclair & LoCicero, 2007),
Beck Hopelessness Scale Inventory (Beck, 1988) and Death Anxiety Scale (Templer, 1970)
respectively. Results of the study revealed presence of a significant relationship between terrorism
catastrophizing and hopelessness but at the same time were indicative of a weak relationship
between terrorism catastrophizing and death anxiety among rescue workers. Findings also
suggested significant differences in the level of terrorism catastrophizing, death anxiety and
hopelessness among rescue workers as compared to university students thereby suggesting that
rescue workers experienced higher levels of terrorism catastrophizing, death anxiety and
hopelessness as compared to university students.
Keywords: Terrosrism, catatstrophizing, death anxiety.
4
Moderating Role of Job Autonomy in Relation to Emotional Labor Strategies and Affective
Well-being in Bankers
Noreen Akhter
NUST Centre for Counseling and Career Advisory C3A, Islamabad
The objective of the present research was to study the relationship between three types of
emotional labor (surface acting, deep acting, and genuine expressions) with the affective wellbeing of employees. Moreover, job autonomy was also studied as moderator for relationship
between emotional labor strategies and affective well-being. The study was carried on the sample
of 145 bank employees with minimum 14 years of education and 6 months job experience.
Emotional labor strategies were measured by using emotional labor scale developed by
Diefendroff et al., (2005). Job related Affective Well-being Scale (Katwyk et al., 2000) was used
to assess the affective well-being. Job autonomy was measured by using subscale of work design
questionnaire (Humphrey, 2006). Results revealed negative relationship between surface acting
and affective well-being while there was positive relationship between deep acting, genuine
expressions and affective well-being. Results also indicated that job autonomy significantly
moderated the relationship of emotional labor strategies and affective well-being.
Keywords: Emotional labor strategies, affective well-being, job autonomy, genuine expression.
Moderating Role of Gender in the Relationship of Cognitive Errors and Anxiety
Tasnim Rehana and Rubina Hanif, PhD
National Institute of Psychology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad
A large body of research has dealt with the issues in adults, however, little is known about the role
of gender in adolescent psychopathology. The present study aimed to explain the moderating role
of gender in the relationship of cognitive errors and anxiety among adolescents and to raise some
recommendations stemming from this review to conclude the paper. A sample of 240 adolescents
aging 12-18 years was taken from the secondary schools of Islamabad with the consent of the
Directorate of Education, concerned authorities of the schools and the adolescents as well. Taylor
Manifest Anxiety Scale and Children Negative Cognitive Errors Questionnaire were used in the
spresent study. Reliabilities of the scales were .94 and .96 respectively. Gender explained
significant variance in the relationship between cognitive errors and anxiety among adolescents.
Mean differences were also significant as girls scored higher on cognitive errors and anxiety as
compared to their counterparts. The findings have important theoretical as well as practical
implications for researchers, school psychologists and clinicians working with youth at risk.
Keywords: Cognitive errors, anxiety, gender, anxiety
Title Role of Witnessing Domestic Violence in Aggression among University Students
Umbreen Feroz, Humaira Jami, PhD and Sobia Masood, PhD
National Institute of Psychology, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad
The present research was aimed to explore the relationship between witnessing domestic violence
and aggression among university students. A sample of 310 university students (Age range = 1830 years) was approached through purposive convenient sampling method for this research. A
detailed demographic sheet, Social Desirability Scale (Stober, 2001) translated by Masood (2014),
Child Exposure to Domestic Violence Scale (Edleson et al., 2007) translated by Masood (2014),
and Aggression Questionnaire (Buss & Perry, 1992) translated by Ashraf (2004), were used for
the data collection. Several variables and intervening risk factors were assessed through various
statistical analyses. Results showed significant positive correlation between witnessing domestic
violence and aggression. Results revealed the social sensitive aspect of the research i.e. 71.6 %
participants showed social desirable response. Among all the intervening risk factors, the most
significant predictor for aggression was found to be community violence exposure followed by
home exposure to violence.
Keywords: Domestic violence, aggression, community violence.
5
Psycho-social Risk Factors of Conduct Disorder
Khushbakht and Humaira Jami, PhD
National Institute of Psychology, Quaid-e-azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
The present study was conducted to explore the phenomenon of conduct disorder and to highlight
its psycho-social risk factors among children and adolescents. The study was conducted in two
phases; in Phase I, 25 children were selected from the Child Protection and Welfare Bureau.
These 25 children were administered Disruptive behavior Disorder Rating Scale translated version
(Urdu) (DBDRS) (Loona, 2011) for screening purpose to find out those participants who had high
delinquent behaviors. After the screening 10 participants were selected who met the complete
criteria of Conduct Disorder. Biographical follow-up interviews were conducted in Phase II.
Guidelines of these interviews were made in the light of the previous literature. Out of 10
participants, only 5 participants were those with parents available for verification of information.
Content analysis was done following line by line coding. Then various categories were produced
which were further rated by another judge who was the research supervisor of the same project.
After that, inter-rater reliability was checked where the total agreement between two judges was
83%. This study revealed important contributing factors to conduct disorder which are personal
factors, peer related factors, and familial factors. Personal factors include self-motivation,
cognitive deficits, media violence, urbanization, supernatural elements, and abuse. Familial
factors include various family influences i.e., inter-parental violence, marital discord, siblings
influence, large family size, low socio-economic status, presence of step mother, drug addiction in
family, lack of parental supervision, stressful familial situation, and maternal psychopathology.
Peer related factors included peer pressure, closeness with peers, and having no peers.
Keywords: Conduct disorder, risk factors, psychosocial factors, peer.
Body Dissatisfaction and Disordered Eating Behaviors among Mothers during Lactation
Period
Kashmala Zaman and Humaira Jami, PhD
National Institute of Psychology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
The present study was conducted to examine the relationship between body dissatisfaction and
disordered eating behaviors among women during lactation i.e., maximum two years after last
delivery. Multidimensional Body Self Relations Questionnaire Scale (Cash, 2002), Disordered
Eating Behavior Scale (Muazzam, 2011), and a detailed demographic sheet were used for data
collection from 100 mothers through convenience and snowball sampling. The results in present
study showed that body image appearance evaluation, overweight preoccupation, and appearance
orientation among domains of body image predicted disordered eating behaviors. However, selfclassified weight and body dissatisfaction domains had no predictive role in disordered eating.
Therefore, hypothesis that body image dissatisfaction leads towards disordered eating behaviors
was partially accepted. Overweight preoccupation, component of body image was the strongest
predictor for disordered eating behavior. Results indicated that pre-pregnancy weight concerns
were positively correlated with weight concerns after delivery, therefore hypothesis that there is a
positive relationship of weight related concerns before and after pregnancy, was accepted.
Exercise habit was one of the protective factors in engaging towards eating withdrawal and
overweight preoccupation. Results showed that women’s weight concerns during pregnancy were
positively correlated with body satisfaction. Results also indicated that lactation period had no
role in disordered eating behavior in the present sample, therefore, the hypothesis that the
presence of disordered eating behaviors and body image dissatisfaction is high during the first six
months postpartum was rejected. In our culture, disordered eating behaviors are discouraged for
mothers during lactation because they have to feed their babies, as the baby’s feed is based mother
diet.
Keywords: Body dissatisfaction, disordered eating behaviors, lactation period.
6
Sensation Seeking, Internet Gaming Disorder, and Callous-Unemotional Traits
Zainab Naseem Khan and Humaira Jami, PhD
The present research aimed at exploring the relationship between sensation seeking, internet
gaming disorder and callous-unemotional traits. A sample of 311 individuals comprising 154 male
participants and 157 female participants with age range 16-22 years was selected through
purposive and convenient sampling from schools, academies, colleges and universities of
Rawalpindi and Islamabad. The instruments used for data collection included a Demographic
Sheet for students, Sensation Seeking Scale (Zukerman, 1974), Gaming Addiction Scale
(Lemmens, Valkenburg, & Peter, 2009), and Inventory of Callous-Unemotional traits (Essau,
Frick, & Sasagawa, 2006). It was assumed on the basis of literature that sensation seeking,
internet gaming disorder tendencies, and callous-unemotional traits would have a positive
correlation. Results revealed that high sensation seeking among participants significantly
correlated with Internet gaming addiction. Moreover, Internet gaming was also significantly
positively correlated with callous-unemotional traits. A non-significant correlation was found
between overall callous-unemotinal traits and sensation seeking. Linear regression analysis
revealed that sensation seeking positively predicted Internet gaming and Internet gaming
positively predicted callous-unemotional traits and the domains of callous-unemotional traits
predicts domains of sensation seeking.
Keywords: Sensation seeking, internet gaming disorder, callous-unemotional traits.
Self-criticism, Self-silencing, Loneliness and Depressive Symptoms in adolescents and young
adults
Asnea Tariq and Aasma Yousaf
Centre for Clinical Psychology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
The present study aimed at examining the difference between adolescents and young adults in
terms of experiencing self-criticism, self-silencing, loneliness and depressive symptoms. It was
hypothesized that adolescents would be likely to report higher self-criticism, self-silencing,
loneliness and depressive symptoms as compared to young adults; there would be gender
differences on self-criticism, self-silencing, loneliness and depressive symptoms, (c) adolescents,
young adults and gender would differ in relation self-criticism, self-silencing, loneliness and
depressive symptoms. Between group research design was used in the study. A sample of 241
adolescents boys (n = 61) and girls (n = 60) of mean age 17.95 (SD = 1.09) and young adult boys
(n = 42) and girls (n = 78) of mean age 21.11 (SD = 1.42) were selected through non-probability
purposive sampling strategy from different government sector universities and colleges. The
English version of Depressive experience questionnaire (Blatt, D’Affliti & Quinlan, 1995),
Silencing the self scale (Jack & Dill, 1992), UCLA loneliness scale-version 3 (Russell, Peplau &
Cutrona, 1996) and Centre for epidemiological studies depression-Revision (Eaton et. al., 2004)
were administered to the participants. Two way analysis of variance showed significant main
effects of self-criticism and self-silencing while significant interaction effects of loneliness and
depressive symptoms on adolescents, young adults and gender. Pearson product moment
correlation showed a significant positive relationship among self-criticism, self-silencing,
loneliness and depressive symptoms. Regression analysis depicts that self-criticism and loneliness
were significant predictors of depressive symptoms. The findings of the present study will be
helpful for mental health professionals, student counselors and parents to understand the issues of
adolescents and young adults.
Keywords: Self-criticism, self-silencing, loneliness, young adults.
7
Adjustment Problems and Psychological Distress of Students with Visual Impairments
Zehra Mohsin and Adeela Khalid
The aim of the present study was to see the difference of adjustment problems and psychological
distress of students who were visually impaired by birth and those who acquired visual
impairment. It was hypothesized that students with acquired visual impairments would likely to
have a higher number of adjustment problems and high level of psychological distress than
students visually impaired since birth. A sample of 53 visually impaired students (M = 22.43, SD
= 2.57) was selected from four different universities of Lahore. For this purpose a demographic
form, self-constructed structured interview and Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-42)
by Lovibond & Lovibond (1995) were administered. The results showed that students who had
acquired visual impairments had adjustment problems and high level of psychological distress
than those students who were visually impaired by birth.
Keywords: adjustment problems, psychological distress, visual impairments.
Use of Defense Mechanisms and Self-Image among University Students
Nafeesa Irfani and Omama Tariq
Institute of Applied Psychology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
The present research was conducted to explore the relationship between use of defense
mechanisms and self-image among university students. It was hypothesized that there would be a
significant correlation between use of defense mechanisms and self-image among students of
university and that there was likely to be a gender difference regarding types of defense
mechanisms used. It was also hypothesized that there would be a correlation between different
facets of defense mechanisms and self-image. Purposive sampling technique for data collection
and Correlational research design was used to examine the relationship between defense
mechanisms and self-image. A sample of 100 students was taken from Government College
University. Self-image Profile for Adults (SIP-AD) and Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ) scale
were used for the assessment. Pearson-product Moment Correlation and Independent Sample ttest were used to analyze data. Non-significant correlation was found between four types of
defense mechanisms and self-image. A negative correlation was found among defense
mechanisms facets: undoing and somatization with self-image. Gender differences were found in
terms of types of defense mechanisms used. Self-image is influenced by social and cultural
factors. The findings of this research can be applied to solve problems students face with low selfimage and how to improve it. The self-reported measure of defense mechanisms can make
individuals aware of the type of defense mechanisms they used and switch to healthy defenses.
Also the students can reduce use of defense mechanisms and improve themselves using selfaffirmation theory.
Keywords: Defense mechanisms, self-image, self-affirmation, cultural factors.
Emotional Intelligence, Eudaimonic and Hedonic Well-Being among Students
Erum Rafique and Naeem Aslam
The present study was aimed to investigate the relationship between Emotional Intelligence,
Eudaimonic and Hedonic well-being among students. The sample comprised of 300 individuals,
taken from different universities and colleges of Islamabad and Rawalpindi. Emotional
Intelligence Scale (Wong & Law, 2002), Psychological well-being Scale (Ryff et al., 2007)
Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) (Watson, Clark, & Tellegan, 1988) and
Satisfaction with life Scale (SWLS) (Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffin, 1985) were used to
measure the Emotional Intelligence, Eudaimonic, Hedonic well-being and Life Satisfaction
respectively. The age range of participants was 16-25 years. The results showed a positive
relationship between Emotional intelligence, Eudaimonic well-being and Hedonic well-being.
8
Emotional intelligence has a negative relationship with negative emotions and a positive
relationship with positive emotions. Age had a significant positive relationship with education,
emotional intelligence and Eudaimonic well-being. Girls showed higher emotional intelligence,
Eudaimonic well-being, and hedonic well-being than boys. The higher education group showed
high level of emotion intelligence, Eudaimonic well-being, positive affect and satisfaction with
life than middle and lower education groups.
Keywords: Emotional intelligence, eudaimonic well-being and hedonic well-being.
Sex Differences in the Perception of Emotional and Sexual Infidelity: A Qualitative Study
Anum Urooj and M. Anis ul Haq, PhD
The current study was conducted to study the sex differences in the perception of meaning of
infidelity, emotional and sexual infidelity, responses to infidelity, most distressing form of
infidelity, factors affecting infidelity, commission, causes, approval, and consequences of
emotional and sexual infidelity among married couples. A qualitative approach was used for this
purpose to develop an indigenous understanding of the phenomenon. An interview guideline,
based upon literature review and committee approach, was used to collect data from married
participants in six focus group discussions (FGDs) and six in-depth interviews. Transcribed data
was analyzed through Hybrid Thematic Analysis. Results showed that participants considered
sexual/physical and/or emotional involvement with someone other than the spouse as infidelity.
Participants perceived men’s infidelity to be primarily sexual in nature and women’s infidelity to
be emotional in nature. Men considered sexual infidelity as the most distressing form of infidelity,
whereas, women considered emotional infidelity to be the most distressing form. Men perceived
both emotional and sexual dissatisfaction as the main causes of infidelity. On the other hand,
women perceived emotional dissatisfaction to be the primary cause of infidelity. Both men and
women disapproved of infidelity and the consequences of infidelity were considered to range
from divorce to murder.
Keywords: perception, emotional infidelity, sexual infidelity, married couples.
Self-esteem, Self efficacy and Career Decision Making in Students of Private and
Government Institutions
Zainab Javed and Omama Tariq
Institute of Applied psychology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
The present research was conducted to examine differences in self-esteem, self-efficacy and
career decision making among students of government and private institutions. 2x2 factorial
research design and non-probability purposive sampling technique were used. The results
highlighted that students of government institutions have increased career decision making
difficulties. Females had greater career decision making difficulties as compared to males and
males had higher self-efficacy than females. Self-esteem has a highly significant negative
correlation with subscales of career decision making difficulties including readiness, lack of
information and, difficulties related to inconsistent information. Self-efficacy has a significant
negative correlation with one facet of career decision making difficulties i.e.: lack of information.
The research will be helpful in improving educational system by making medium of education
similar for government and private institutions.
Keywords: career decision making, self-esteem, self-efficacy.
9
Cognitive Failure, Teacher’s Rejection and Interpersonal Relationship Anxiety in Children
with Dyslexia
Aneeza Habib and Fauzia Naz, PhD
Department of Applied Psychology, Queen Mary College, Lahore, Pakistan
Present research explored the relationship between cognitive failure, teacher’s rejection and
interpersonal relationship anxiety (IRA) and Signs of Dyslexia (SD) in children with Dyslexia. It
was assumed that teacher’s rejection, SD and IRA would likely to be the predictors of cognitive
failure and teachers’ rejection, SD and cognitive failure would likely be the predictors of IRA.
Gender differences and grade wise differences were also found regarding cognitive failure,
teachers’ rejection, SD and IRA in children with Dyslexia. The sample included 140 students (70
girls & 70 boys) with Dyslexia from different public schools in Lahore. Cognitive failure,
teachers’ rejection and IRA were assessed using Cognitive Failure Questionnaire (Broadbent,
Cooper, Fitz, Gerald & Parkes, 1982), Teacher’s Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire (Rohner,
2004) and Interpersonal Relationship Anxiety Questionnaire (Rohner, 2008) respectively. Results
revealed a significant positive relationship between cognitive failure, teachers’ rejection, SD and
IRA. Teachers’ rejection, SD, IRA emerged as significant predictors of cognitive failure while
and teacher’s rejection, SD and cognitive failure emerged as significant predictors of IRA. Boys
scored higher on cognitive failure, teachers’ rejection and IRA. Findings from the present research
have practical implications for parents, teachers, trainers, and health physicians to deal with
children with Dyslexia.
Keywords: Dyslexia, interpersonal relationship anxiety, teachers’ rejection.
Learning Approaches, Personality Traits and Academic Performance in University Students
Zakia Shahnaz and Naeem Aslam
The present study was conducted to examine the relationship between learning approaches,
personality traits and academic performance among university students. The study was carried out
with a sample of 300 students by using BIG- Five Factor Inventory (NEO- FFI; Mc Crea, 1992)
and Revised Two Factor Study Process Questionnaire (R-SPQ-2F; Bigg’s, 1975). The age range
of participants was 19-25 years. Sample was gathered from different universities of Rawalpindi
and Islamabad, by convenient sampling technique. Pearson correlation, t-test and one-way
ANOVAs were used to test hypotheses. The results demonstrated that there is significant positive
association between academic performance and deep learning approach, while academic
performance is negatively correlated with surface learning approach. Neuroticism has significant
positive relationship with surface approach. Extroversion, openness to experience and
conscientiousness had a significant positive relationship with deep learning approach. It was
concluded that deep approach to learning leads students to perform well academically while
surface learning approach doesn’t lead students to a good academic performance.
Keywords: Learning approaches, academic performance, personality traits.
Development and Validation of Risk Factors for Postpartum Depression Scale for Women
with Postpartum Depression
Alina Naveed and Fauzia Naz, PhD
Clinical Psychology Unit, Government College University, Lahore
*Queen Marry College, Lahore
Present study aimed to develop indigenous Risk Factors for Postpartum Depression Scale
(RFPPDS) for women with postpartum depression. Factorial validity and reliability of the newly
constructed RFPPDS was also established. The process involved an item pool generation from
clinical psychologists and women suffering from postpartum depression. A sample of 100 women
(Mean age = 27.31, SD = 5.20) diagnosed with postpartum depression were recruited. Screening
was done through the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (Cox, Holden & Sagovsky, 1987) to
10
measure depression. Multidimensional Scale for Perceived Social Support (Zimet, Dahlem Zimet
& Farley, 1988), IPIP Big Five Personality Measurement Instrument- Neuroticism Scale (Khan,
Khan, Ghani & Shafi, 2013) and Interpersonal Relationship Anxiety Questionnaire (Rohner,
2012) were used to measure social support, neuroticism and anxiety respectively. Factor analysis
showed RFPPDS as 46 items scale with 9 interrelated factors. Results showed a significant
positive relationship between risk factors for postpartum depression and interpersonal relationship
anxiety, neuroticism and postpartum depression while a significant negative relationship with
social support was observed.
Keywords: Risk factors, postpartum depression, factor analysis, interpersonal anxiety.
Work Stress, Mental Wellbeing and Functional Impairment in Medical and House Officers
Muqaddas Asif and Shahnila Tariq
The present research aimed to investigate the relationship between work stress, mental wellbeing
and functional impairment in medical and house officers. It was hypothesized that there would be
a relationship between work stress, mental wellbeing and functional impairment in medical and
house officers. The sample comprised (N =100) 50 medical officers and 50 house officers (50%
male and 50% female from each category), from different hospitals by using convenient sampling
technique. Professional Life Stress Scale (Fontana, 1989), the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental
Wellbeing Scale (Tennant et al., 2007), and the Weiss Functional Impairment Rating Scale SelfReport (Weiss, 2000) were used to collect data. Pearson product moment correlation analysis
revealed a significant positive relationship between work stress and functional impairment and a
significant negative relationship in mental wellbeing and functional impairment. Independent
sample t-test analysis revealed a significant difference of mental wellbeing of medical officers and
house officers but there was no difference in work stress and functional impairment in medical
officers and house officers. There was no gender difference found in work stress, mental
wellbeing and functional impairment in medical and house officers. The findings of the research
will provide guidelines to the medical and house officers to reduce the work stress in order to
improve their well-being and daily life functioning.
Keywords: Work stress, mental wellbeing, functional impairment, medical officers.
Translation and Validation of Interpersonal Relationship Anxiety Questionnaire (IRAQ)
Fauzia Naz, PhD and Rukhsana Kausar, PhD
Measuring anxiety in terms of interpersonal relationship is important because of the intricate link
between interpersonal relationship anxiety and parent-child relationships. A valid and reliable
measure to assess interpersonal relationship anxiety was needed. The Interpersonal Relationship
Anxiety Questionnaire (IRAQ) may be such a measure. The present study was carried out to
investigate the structural validity of the Urdu translated version of the Interpersonal Relationship
Anxiety Questionnaire (IRAQ; Rohner Research publications, 2012) in Pakistani sample (N =
300). The research comprised two studies. In study 1; the questionnaire was translated in Urdu
Language. In study 2, construct validity and factor structure of translated IRAQ were estimated by
performing exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Confirmatory factor analysis showed
good indices of fit with a single factor i.e., “Interpersonal relationship anxiety” with an excellent
alpha (α = .93). The discriminant validity revealed that IRAQ discriminates well between clinical
and normal population. Evidence was found for both convergent and divergent validity: The
measure was positively correlated with Personality Assessment Questionnaire and was negatively
correlated with parental warmth-affection. It is concluded that Urdu version of IRAQ is a reliable
instrument for assessing interpersonal relationship anxiety in clinical as well as non-clinical
samples in Pakistan.
Keywords: interpersonal relationship anxiety, adolescents, IRAQ, factor analysis.
11
Spiritual Intelligence and Religiosity with Life Satisfaction
Khadeeja Munawar and Omama Tariq
The present research was conducted to explore the relationship between spiritual intelligence,
religiosity and life satisfaction in older adults. It was hypothesized that there would be a
significant relationship between spiritual intelligence, religiosity and life satisfaction in older
adults. A non probability purposive sampling technique was used. A sample of 100 (50 males, 50
females) older adults was collected from different areas of Lahore. Satisfaction with Life Scale
(Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffin, 1985), Integrated Spiritual Intelligence Scale (Amram &
Dryer, 2008) and Religious Personality Scale of Muslim Religiosity-Personality Measurement
Inventory (Krauss & Hamzah, 2006) were used for assessment. Pearson Product Moment
correlation and Independent sample t-test were used to analyze data. A correlation was found
between spiritual intelligence, religiosity and life satisfaction in adults. Life satisfaction and five
facets of spiritual intelligence were negatively correlated. A positive correlation was found
between life satisfaction and two facets of religiosity. Gender differences were found in the terms
of spiritual intelligence and life satisfaction. Adults who attended religious organizations were
more satisfied with their lives, had more spiritual intelligence and had less religiosity as compared
to those who didn’t attend religious organizations. These findings have important implications for
providing better living conditions to the older people so as to improve and raise their standards of
living.
Keywords: Spiritual intelligence, religiosity, life satisfaction, older adults.
Social Support as a Moderator of Suicidal Ideation and Self-Destructive Behavior Among
Substance Abusers and Patients With Major Depressive Disorder
Sadaf Riaz
NUML, Islamabad Campus, Pakistan
The present study was conducted to explore the prevalence of suicidal ideation, self-destructive
behavior and depression among substance abusers and patients with major depressive disorder.
The study intended to explore the role of social support, as a moderator, in relation to suicidal
ideation and deliberate self-destructive behavior. For this purpose, a clinical sample of 100
respondents, 50 substance abusers and 50 patients of major depressive disorder, were approached
from different psychiatric departments of hospitals and rehabilitation centers situated in twin
cities. Urdu translations of Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation (BSSI), Deliberate Self-Harm
Inventory (DSHI), Provisions of Social Relations Scale (PSRS) and Beck Depression Inventory
(BDI) were used to collect data. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficients were found to be in the
satisfactory range for all the scales. The findings of the present study revealed that there is a
significant relationship between suicidal ideation, self-destructive behavior, depression and social
support. However, it was indicated that role of social support as moderator of suicidal ideation
and self-destructive behavior was not significant. The results also revealed a significant
difference between substance abusers and patients of major depressive disorder in relation to
suicidal ideation, self-harm and social support. The role of demographic variables i.e. education,
occupation, marital status and monthly income was also explored in relation to targeted study
variables. The findings of the study will have implications in designing intervention programs for
betterment of the health of substance abusers and patients of depression by enhancing the social
support available to them.
Keywords: Social support, suicidal ideation, substance abusers, major depressive disorder
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Dietary Habits, Self-esteem and Body Image Perception of Active and Obese Women
Zainab Javed and Rafia Rafique, PhD
The present research examined differences in body image perception, self esteem and dietary
habits of obese (active vs. sedentary) and non-obese (active vs. sedentary) women. 2x2 factorial
research design was employed. A sample of (n = 200) female participants (50 active obese, 50
sedentary obese, 50 active non obese and 50 sedentary non obese) was recruited through
purposive sampling technique. Self image profile for adults and frequency questionnaire were
employed. Multivariate analysis of variance and Mann Whitney test were used as statistical
analysis. Obesity had a significant main effect on body image perception and self esteem.
Interactive effect of obesity and activity was found on body image perception. Sedentary obese,
active non obese, non obese women reported higher body image perception compared to their
active obese, sedentary non obese and obese respective counterparts. Non obese women had
higher intake of healthy foods whereas obese women reported greater use of traditional junk foods
and tea. Sedentary obese women were found to consume more eggs and rice whereas active
people had higher scores on traditional and healthy foods. Sedentary non obese scored higher than
active non obese on intake of high carbohydrate diet. Health professionals can gather rich
information about the adverse affects of body image dissatisfaction, low self esteem and poor
dietary habits and with the help of media women can be psycho educated and advised that
physical activity and healthy dietary habits and can help to enhance body image satisfaction.
Keywords: Body image perception, self esteem, dietary habits, obesity, physical activity.
A Correlational Study of Test Anxiety and Self-Esteem of Secondary School Students in
Pakistan
Misbah Malik, Ghulam Fatima, Abid Hussain Ch., PhD, and Samra Bashir
University of Education, Township Campus, Lahore, Pakistan Email:
[email protected]
The purpose of this survey study was to identify the relationship between test anxiety and selfesteem in secondary school students. Population of the study included students of 9th and 10th
class in the city of Lahore. 300 students were selected through systematic sampling technique. To
assess the level of test anxiety Westside test anxiety scale developed by Driscoll (2004) was used
and to identify the self-esteem of students Roberson self-esteem Questionnaire developed by
Rosenberg was used. Results of t-test showed that there was significant difference in test anxiety
and self-concept of male and female students, furthermore female students had higher test anxiety
as compare to male students and male students had better self-concept as compare to female
students. Coefficient of correlation showed that there is significant correlation between test
anxiety and self-esteem of students at secondary level. In the light of results it is recommended
that students' self-esteem should be improved so that they may be able to reduce test anxiety and
show better performance in exams.
Keywords: test anxiety, self-esteem, self-concept.
Perceived Social Support, Perceived Stress and Anxiety in Pregnant Women
Iqra Ramzan and Omama Tariq
The study aims to investigate the relationship between Perceived Social Support, Perceived Stress and
Anxiety during pregnancy. The research focuses on difference between Perceived Social Support,
Perceived Stress and Pregnancy Anxiety in different trimesters. Furthermore the current study also
explores the relationship between perceived social support, perceived stress and pregnancy anxiety.
Between subjects research design was used for the study and the data was collected through purposive
sampling. The sample comprises of 142 pregnant women from three hospitals in Lahore with a mean
age of 23.68 (SD=3.22). Multidimensional Scale for Perceived Social Support (Zimet, Powell, Farley,
Werkman & Berkoff, 1990), Pregnancy Related-Anxiety Scale (Rini, Dunkel-Schetter, Wadhwa, &
13
Sandman, 1999) and Perceived Stress Scale (Cohen, 1989) were used in research. Pearson Product
Moment correlation, ANOVA and Regression were used for analysis. Results showed that Perceived
Social Support was negatively correlated with Perceived Stress and Pregnancy Anxiety. Result
revealed that there were significant differences in pregnancy anxiety and perceived stress during three
trimesters. The results revealed that perceived social support and perceived stress are significant
predictor of pregnancy anxiety. The study has important implication for hospital authorities to
organize the plans for pregnant women to minimize the adverse outcomes associated with low
perceived social support, high perceived stress and high anxiety during pregnancy.
Keywords: Social support, perceived stress, anxiety, pregnancy anxiety.
Emotional Suppression and Psychological Adjustment in Patients with Breast Cancer
Rakia Ashraf and Omama Tariq
The present study examined the relationship between emotional suppression and psychological
adjustment in patients with breast cancer. It was hypothesized that there would be a relationship
between emotional suppression and psychological adjustment as well as their subscales in patients
with breast cancer. Moreover, emotional suppression and its domains would be likely to predict
psychological adjustment and its domains. A Within group research design and purposive
sampling technique were used to collect a sample of 100 breast cancer patients with an age of 25
years and above (M = 45.76 and SD = 10.50) from governmental and private hospitals. Courtauld
Emotional Control Scale (Watson & Greer, 1983) and Mini-Mental Adjustment to Cancer Scale
(Watson et al., 1994) were used to assess emotional Suppression and psychological adjustment
respectively. Pearson product moment correlation and hierarchal regression were used for data
analysis. Results showed that emotional suppression was significantly related to psychological
adjustment. Anger, depression and anxiety were significantly correlated to
hopelessness/helplessness and depression was significantly positively correlated to anxious
preoccupation and fatalism. Moreover, anger negatively predicted fighting spirit and fatalism
while depression positively predicted anxious preoccupation and fatalism. It was concluded that
greater the emotional suppression, more will be psychological adjustment in patients with breast
cancer. The study has important implications in psycho-oncology, counseling and health care of
patients with breast cancer.
Keywords: Emotional suppression, psychological adjustment, fighting spirit, cognitive avoidance.
Bullying in Juvenile and Young Offenders: A study Conducted Exploring the
Physiognomies of Bully and Victim Confined in Prisons of Balochistan
Muhammad Azam Tahir, PhD
Department of Psychology, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan
Inadequate attention has been paid to bullying among juvenile and young offenders and on the
exploration of these characteristics in Pakistan. The present study aims to identify these
characteristics among a sample of young and juvenile offenders in Balochistan’s prisons. The
secondary aim of the study includes observing the nature and extent of bullying behavior. A total
sample of 133 offenders (102 Young and 31 Juvenile) was included in the study exhibiting
behavior indicative of bullying (Direct and Indirect Prisoner Behavior Checklist, Ireland, 1999).
As compared to young offenders, juvenile offenders were more likely to report “being bullied
physically” and were less likely to report “bullying others, overall, directly and
psychologically/verbally”. Juvenile offenders were less likely to be classified as “Bully/Victim”
than young offenders. In comparison to personal descriptive characteristics such as age, ethnic
origin, length of stay in prison, type of offense, and total time spent in prison, prison based
behavioral characteristics were more predictive in relation to the perpetrator and/or victim group.
There were no significant predictors for pure bullies. Findings of the present study suggest that
there are reliable predictors of involvement of juveniles and adults as perpetrators and victoms.
Keywords: Bullying, physical and psychological bullying, aggression, juvenile, young offenders.
14
Spousal Violence, Coping Styles and Psychological Well-Being in Married Women
Sana Meer and *Fauzia Naz, PhD
Clinical Psychology Unit, Government College University, Lahore*Queen Marry College, Lahore
The present research aimed to investigate the relationship between spousal psychological
violence, different coping strategies and psychological well-being in married women. A sample of
200 married women (100 working women & 100 non-working women) with mean age of 38 years
(SD = 9.40) was recruited by using purposive and convenient sampling. Profile of Psychological
Abuse (Sackett & Saunders, 1999), Coping Strategies Questionnaire (Kausar & Munir, 2004) and
Ryff Scales of Psychological Well-Being (Ryff, 1989) were used to assess spousal psychological
violence, coping strategies and psychological well-being respectively. Results showed a
significant negative correlation between spousal psychological violence and psychological wellbeing. There was a significant positive correlation between active-coping strategies and
psychological well-being while a negative relationship between avoidance coping strategies and
psychological well-being was observed. Sub-scales of spousal psychological violence i.e., ignore
and jealousy control emerged as significant predictors of lack of psychological well-being in
women. Results show that there was no significant difference in level of spousal psychological
violence between working and non-working married women.
Keywords: Spousal psychological violence, coping strategies, psychological well-being.
Emotional Intelligence and Self Efficacy as the Predictor of Psychological Well-Being
Iram Naz and Saadia Dildar
Department of Psychology, Hafiz Hayat Campus, University of Gujrat, Pakistan
The aim of this study was to measure emotional intelligence and self efficacy as predictors of
psychological well being. This was a cross-sectional study of 440 teaching faculty from two
newly developed and emerging universities of Pakistan. The sample of the study was a group of
teachers from the University of Gujrat (n =154) and the University of Sargodha (n = 286).
Proportionate stratified random sampling technique was used to select the sample. Various
Instruments were used to measure emotional intelligence, self-efficacy and psychological wellbeing of the teaching faculty. These included Self Report Measure of Emotional Intelligence
(Khan & Kamal, 2010, General Self Efficacy Scale (Schwarzer & Jerusalem, 1995) and Ryff's
Psychological Well-Being Scale (Ryff & Keyes 1995). Correlation and regression analysis were
used to analyze the results. Results revealed that emotional intelligence and self-efficacy were
predictors of psychological well-being. The results also explored the change in psychological
well-being as explained by the combination of both emotional intelligence and general self
efficacy. The role of general self efficacy found to be significant in relation to psychological wellbeing. However, emotional intelligence was non-significant in relation to psychological wellbeing in regression analysis. Implications of the findings suggest that the cognitive aspect of self
is dominant in enhancing psychological well-being rather emotional management alone. This
study highlights the significance of self-beliefs about the successful accomplishment of tasks and
better performance in the development of psychological well-being. The area of the emotional
intelligence also needs to be improved in the education sector.
Keywords: Emotional intelligence, self-efficacy, psychological well-being.
Relationship of Substance Use Coping with Psychological Distress, Social support and
Posttraumatic Growth among Flood Affected Individuals
Naeem Aslam and Anila Kamal, PhD
The aim of the present study was to see the relationship between substance use coping,
psychological distress, social support and posttraumatic growth in adults. The sample comprised
of 1862 men and women who have been exposed to flood conditions in 2010 in Pakistan. The age
15
range of the participants was 15 to 66 years (M = 28.25, SD = 9.59). Data was collected during
March 2013 to May 2013. Brief Cope inventory, Depression, Anxiety, stress scale (DASS),
Perceived Social Support Scale, and Posttraumatic Growth Inventory were used to measure
coping strategies, distress, social support and posttraumatic growth (PTG) respectively. Results
showed substance abuse coping was negatively associated with use of instrumental support
coping, positive reframing, planning, religious coping, posttraumatic growth and social support.
Moreover, substance abuse coping was positively associated with self distraction, denial,
behaviour disengagement, venting, humor, self blame and psychological distress. Men scored
higher on substance use and humor coping while women scored higher on active coping, denial,
acceptance and religious coping. Results suggest the utility of targeting maladaptive coping in
treatments for individuals with co-occurring psychological distress. Moreover, survivors of a
disaster need mental health and substance use services. Improvement of positive cognitive
adapting skills may prevent engagement in substance use as a stress response.
Keywords: Substance use coping, religious coping, perceived social support, posttraumatic
growth.
Psychosocial Correlates of Distress in Type I and Type II Diabetes Patients
Mahnaz Yousaf and Rukhsana Kausar, PhD
This study was conducted to observe the differences in type I and type II diabetic patients
regarding stress, personality domains (openness, extraversion, conscientiousness, neuroticism and
agreeableness), coping strategies, readiness to change, glycemic level, distress, self care and
quality of life. This study hypothesized that there would be significant differences in type I and
type II diabetic patients for these variables. It was also hypothesized that there would be a
relationship between stress, personality domains, coping strategies, readiness to change, glycemic
level, distress, self care and quality of life in both groups. It was considered that coping strategies
readiness to change, glycemic level, self care and quality of life would mediate between stress,
personality domains and distress. A sample of 250 diabetic patients was studied, with an age
range of 18-50 years. For this study Rahe and Holmes Stress Inventory (Holmes & Rahe ,1967),
Big Five Personality Inventory (Rammstedt & John (2007), Coping strategies Questionnaire
(Kausar ,1997), self constructed Readiness to change Questionnaire, Diabetes Distress Scale
((Polonsky, Fisher, Esarles, et al., 2005; Fisher, Hessler, Polonsky, & Mullan, 2012), The
Summary of Diabetes Self care Activities Scale ((Toobert, et al., 1985) and Quality of Life Scale
((Burckhardt, Woods, Schultz & Ziebarth, 1989; Burckhadt, Clark, & Bennett, 1993; Flanagan,
1978; Flanagan, 1982) research tools were used. The glycemic levels of patients were assessed
with a valid laboratory report from the last three months. There were no significant difference
found between diabetic patients type I and type II on these variables, except with regard to
Conscientiousness.
Keywords: Coping strategies, readiness to change, glycemic level, di, self-care, quality of life.
Work Aholism and Psychological Well-Being in Employees of Banking and Telecom Sector
Warda Sahar and Shaista Waqar
Quaid-i-Azam University, National Institute of Psychology, Islamabad, Pakistan
The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between workaholism and
psychological well-being among employees of the banking and telecom sector. The sample
consisted of 276 employees from both the public and private sector. Workaholism was measured
using the Work Battery Scale (Spence & Robbins, 1992) and psychological well-being was
measured using the Psychological Well-Being Scale (Ryff & Keyes, 1995). The results showed a
significant positive relationship between workaholism and psychological well-being. Group
comparisons revealed that employees working in banks exhibited higher levels of workaholism
than employees of the telecom sector. No gender differences were observed. Age was found to be
positively related with workaholism and psychological well-being.
Keywords: Workaholism, psychological well-being, employees, banks, telecommunication.
16
Personality, Procrastination, Self Efficacy, Anxiety and Academic Performance in
University Students
Aneeza Sarwar, Andleeb Zahra, and Rukhsana Kausar, PhD
Institute of Applied Psychology, University of the Punjab Lahore, Pakistan
Email: zahraandleeb1@gmail
This research examined the mediating role of self-efficacy on personality, procrastination, anxiety
and academic performance of university students. This study looked for personality traits
predicting procrastination among university students. It was hypothesized that; 1) self-efficacy
would mediate the relationship between procrastination, anxiety and academic performance; 2)
self-efficacy would mediate the relationship between personality, anxiety and academic
performance. Convenient sampling was used. The sample consisted of 100 students selected from
three different universities of Lahore. The age range of the students was 18 years to 22 years.
General Procrastination Scale, The Big Five Inventory-10, the General Self-Efficacy Scale and
State Trait Anxiety Inventory were used for assessment along with a demographic questionnaire.
The results of correlation analysis showed that there was significant positive relationship between
the personality trait of neuroticism and procrastination. Moreover significant negative relationship
was found between the personality trait of openness and procrastination. Regression analysis
demonstrated that personality traits (neuroticism and openness) predicted procrastination.
Mediational analyses revealed that self efficacy mediated the relationship between
procrastination, personality traits (Neuroticism and openness) anxiety and academic performance.
The findings of the present research highlight the significant role of self efficacy in increasing
academic performance, decreasing anxiety and management of procrastination in university
students.
Keywords: Personality, procrastination, self-efficacy, anxiety, academic performance.
Violence, Aggression and Insecurity through the Culture of Talibanization in
Pakistan and Its Impact on State and Society
A. Z. Hilali, PhD
Department of Political Science, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, KPK
The tragic incident of 9/11 in 2001 resulted in sweeping changes across the world and became a
turning point in the history of Pakistan as the “War on Terror” would go on to make the country
vulnerable and insecure. The global war on terror shaped a new political balance in international
politics and also gravely influenced Pakistan’s state and society. This is because the war on terror
created a culture of Talibanization, which promoted a negative image of the state religion (Islam)
and encouraged extremism in the country. This study will analyze the causes and nature of
proliferation of radicalism, violence and terrorism and will examine the ideology of fear and
repression that promotes lawlessness and aggression in the country. Moreover, the way the culture
of Talibanization expanded has led to many voicing concerns about their activities such as
systematically targeted, harassed and detained people. In the same way, the culture of violence
created socio-political and economic turmoil and humanitarian crises in the country. The
extremists violated basic human rights and destroyed schools (girls), sufi-shrines and tombs, and
smashed the basic infra-structure of society. Nevertheless, Talibanization has grave socio-cultural,
political, economic and strategic implications because the Taliban pose an existential threat to
Pakistan’s state and society.
Keywords: Global war on terror, Talibanization, violence, insecurity, humanitarian crisis.
Completed Suicide of a Peer and Personal Suicidal Behaviour in Grade 8 Learners in a
Developing Country
Naseema Vawda, PhD
Department of Behavioural Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
While there has been some research on the mental health concomitants of peer suicide among
adolescents, little research has been done on suicidal behaviour (ideas, plans, attempts, completed
17
suicide) among middle schoolers in developing countries. The aim of this study was to establish
what exposure middle schoolers in a community sample had to the suicide of a peer and what, if
any associations there were with their own personal suicidal behavior and mental health outcomes
including perceived stress. Grade 8 learners of non- White ethnicity were approached in a
government run coeducational school. Child assent and parental consent was obtained. IRB
approval was obtained from the University of California and the University of KwaZulu-Natal.
Socio-demographic questionnaire and self -report psychometric instruments were administered to
224 learners. While 63% of the sample knew of a peer who had committed suicide, there were no
significant associations between the completed suicide of a peer and personal suicidal thoughts,
suicidal plans or attempts. Findings on psychometric tests indicate that those who reported
knowing a peer having committed suicide had higher levels of perceived social support from
family and perceived social support from friends. Those who did not report knowing that a peer
had committed suicide, reported higher levels of perceived stress and hopelessness. The results of
this study indicate that while a significant percentage of youth are exposed to the suicide of a peer,
this does not appear to have any associations with their own suicidal behavior or perceived stress.
Perceived social support from family and friends could be a buffer. A real concern is the high
level of perceived stress and hopelessness in those who do not report the suicide of a peer.
Keywords: Suicidal behaviour, children, developing country, perceived stress.
Relationship of Emotional Intelligence with Leadership Behaviour
Amna Shamshad
Islamabad College for Girls F-6/2 Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
Although research on emotional intelligence, in the context of leadership has remained a recurrent
area of interest in theory and practice during the past decade, an ongoing debate continues
regarding the contribution of emotional intelligence to the understanding of leadership. The
current research seeks to investigate the relationship of Emotional Intelligence with leadership
behavior. For this purpose, a sample of 300 individuals, including 123 men and 127 women, were
selected who were administered two scales. Only those individuals identified as leaders were
selected in their current posts (e.g. heads of departments, managers etc). One scale used was a
version of the Leadership Behavior Description Questionnaire (Sergiouanni, Metzeus, & Burden,
1969) with its two subscales. The second scale used was Emotional Quotient (EQ) (Bar On,
1988). Selected participants were from public and private organizations in Islamabad and
Rawalpindi. Leadership behavior and emotional intelligence of individuals were assessed by
demographics. Findings reveal that there is a significant relationship between subscales of
leadership behavior description questionnaire and Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire. Results
suggest that older males with an age range of 40 to 60 years, along with work experience of 10 to
15 years show increased leadership behavior while younger individuals with an age range of 20 to
40 years showed higher Emotional Intelligence.
Keywords: Emotional intelligence, leadership behavior, work experience.
Social Support as a Determinant of Quality of Life in Patients With Schizophrenia
Umara Rauf and Uzma Ali, PhD
Institute of Clinical Psychology, University of Karachi, Karachi
The aim of this study was to explore the predictive relationship of social support and quality of
life among patients diagnosed with schizophrenia. It was hypothesized that social support would
predict quality of life among patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. A purposive sample
of 52 clients diagnosed with schizophrenia, ages ranging between 18 to 55 years (M = 36.63, SD =
9.37), and with different socioeconomic backgrounds, were collected from different psychiatric
hospitals and institutes in Karachi. Demographic information was taken through a self-developed
demographic form. Social support was measured through the Urdu Version of Multi-Dimensional
Scale of Perceived Social Support (Rizwan & Aftab, 2009) and quality of life was assessed
through the WHO Quality of Life-Brief Urdu Version (Khan et al., 2003). Descriptive statistics
18
and linear regression method were used for the analysis of data. Findings revealed that there is a
moderately significant positive relationship between social support and quality of life and social
support contributes 43% of variance in quality of life among patients with schizophrenia. The
findings have clinical implications for mental health practitioners specifically and for the public
generally.
Keywords: Social Support, quality of life, schizophrenia spectrum disorder.
A Comparative Study of Resilience, Perceived Social Support and Coping Strategies among
Flood Victims: Living in Camps and Personal Residence
Mussarat Jabeen and Najam-us-Sahar
Department of Behavioral Sciences, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi
The present study intended to examine the role of resilience and social support in coping with
natural disasters. A comparison was made on the basis of residence type (home and camp) after
the flood in the district of Muzaffarghar, Pakistan. The sample comprised 100 adults (age range
20-40) with equal proportion from camps and personal residences. Post Traumatic Growth
Inventory Scale, Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Scale and Coping Strategy
Questionnaire along with demographic sheet were administered in Urdu. A significant positive
correlation was found between resilience scores, perceived social support, and active practical
coping. Furthermore, using t-tests significant differences were found in resilience, social support
and active coping among participants living in houses and camps respectively. The research
highlights the role of psychological phenomenon in post-disaster management. People recover
gradually from traumatic events but still require a trained counselor to minimize psychological
distress.
Keywords: Resilience, perceived social support, coping strategies.
Self Esteem and Attitude toward Women in University Students
Syeda Razia Bukhari and Seema Munaf, Ph.D
Institute of Clinical Psychology, University of Karachi, Pakistan
This research aimed to determine the relationship between self esteem and attitudes towards
women among university students. It also focused on the effect of demographic differences on the
variables of self esteem and attitude toward women. The participants were 200 students from the
University of Karachi, with an age range of 18-30 years (M = 22.29, SD = 2.71).The participants
were requested to complete the Rosenberg self esteem scale and attitude toward women scale.
Statistical analysis clearly indicated a significant positive correlation between scores of self
esteem and attitude toward women among university students. This indicates that when self
esteem of a male and female sample of university students is high then their attitude towards
women is also more positive. Furthermore, girls’ self esteem and attitude towards women seems
to be significantly higher than male students but insignificant differences were noted with the
variable of family structure and birth order. Regarding financial position, students from middle
class backgrounds appear to have a more positive attitude towards women as compared to
students from the lower socioeconomic strata, in spite of similar levels of self esteem. This study
has positive implications as it highlights the importance of self esteem in determining positive and
negative gender perceptions. Hence university counselors may focus on enhancement of selfesteem of students.
Keyword: Self Esteem, attitude toward women, gender, birth order, family structure.
Family Functioning, Personal Growth Initiative and Psychological Wellbeing in
Postgraduate Students
Tabinda Masood and Tehreem Arshad
University of Management and Technology, Lahore
Centre for Clinical Psychology University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
19
The present study employed a correlation research design to explore the relationship between
family functioning, personal growth initiative and psychological wellbeing in postgraduate
students. Employing proportionate random stratified sampling, a sample of 198 postgraduate
students was recruited from four HEC recognized universities (117 Government, 83 Private).
Family Assessment Device, Personal Growth Initiative Scale-II and Ryff’s Psychological
Wellbeing Scale were administered to these students. Findings revealed a significant positive
relationship among family functioning, personal growth initiative and psychological wellbeing.
Also, Affective Involvement, General Family Functioning and Readiness for Change (subscale of
PGI) emerged as strong predictors of Psychological Wellbeing. Furthermore, significant gender
differences were found: women had a higher score on “affective responsiveness” subscale of
FAD. The present study highlights the importance of family functioning and personal growth
initiative in postgraduate students to promote psychological wellbeing. Counseling facilities in
universities can advocate the significance of personal growth initiative.
Keywords: Family Functioning, personal growth initiative, wellbeing, postgraduate students.
Parenting Styles and Expressed Emotions in Adolescents with Conversion Disorder
Zunaira Saleem and Faiz Younas
This study examined the relationship between parenting styles and expressed emotions in
adolescents with conversion disorder. It was hypothesized that (a) parenting styles and expressed
emotions would positively correlate with one another, (b) there would be gender differences in
parenting styles and expressed emotions. A cross-sectional research design and purposive
sampling technique was used to recruit a sample of 30 (7 boys, 23 girls) with conversion disorder
from Jinnah Hospital, Services Hospital and Mayo Hospital Lahore. Urdu version of Parental
Authority Questionnaire (Babree, 1997) and Urdu translation of Level of Expressed Emotion
(LEE) (Gerlsma & Hale, 1997) were used. Pearson’s Correlation and independent sample t-tests
were applied, revealing that parenting styles and expressed emotions were not significantly
correlated but subscales of both these variables had a positive relation with each other such as
permissive maternal parenting significantly related with criticism and irritability, authoritative
paternal parenting significantly related with positive criticism and authoritarian paternal parenting
had a significant positive relationship with criticism and lack of emotional support. There were no
gender differences in parenting styles and expressed emotions. The findings suggest that parental
educational programs can be developed for prevention and alleviation of conversion disorder in
adolescents.
Keywords: Parenting styles, expressed emotions, conversion disorder, adolescents
Burden of Care as Determinant of Depression and Quality of Life among Caregivers of
Patients with Alzheimer
Anam Khan and *Farah Malik, PhD
Department of Psychology, GC University, Lahore
*Institute of Applied Psychology, University of the Punjab, Lahore
The current study investigated the impact of burden of care on depression and quality of life
among caregivers of Alzheimer patients. A purposive sample of 50 caregivers of 50 patients with
Alzheimer was drawn from the psychiatry units of the public sector hospitals in Lahore, Sargodha,
Faisalabad and Multan. Age of caregivers ranged between 33 to 37 years (M = 37.14, SD = 7.27).
Burden of Care (Reinhard, Gubman, Horwitz, & Minsky, 1994), Depression Scale (Siddiqui &
Shah, 1992), and Quality of Life Scale (World Health Organization, 1998) were used. Pearson’s
correlation revealed that burden of care was positively correlated with depression and inversely
with quality of life. Multiple regression demonstrated burden of care as a significant positive
predictor of depression and a negative predictor of quality of life. Independent sample t-test and
MANOVA were used to evaluate the demographic differences.
Keywords: Burden of care, depression, quality of life, Alzheimer, care givers.
20
Perception of Friendship Quality and its Impact on Self-Concept in Adolescents
Hiba Kareem and Najam-us-Sahar
The present research aimed to investigate adolescent’s perception about friendship and its impact
on their self-concept. Friendship quality is defined as the quality of brilliance in friendship in
which either positive or negative outcomes occur. Self-Concept is defined as multiple sets of
thoughts, emotions & perception that every individual possesses about him or herself. A total of
120 early adolescents with age range of 12-16years, studying in different public schools of
Rawalpindi were approached. Revised friendship quality questionnaire, and multidimensional
self-concept along with a demographic sheet were administered in Urdu. The results reveal a
significant positive correlation between friendship quality scores and the multidimensional selfconcept scale. Furthermore physical self-concept, social self-concept and academic self-concept
were significantly related with friendship quality. Regression analysis indicated that friendship
quality makes a significant contribution in predicting self- concept. This research will be
beneficial for parents, educationist and social scientist in evaluating the role of socialization in
personality development.
Keywords: Perception, friendship quality, social self-concept, physical self-concept.
Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Cognitive Styles in University Students
Summaira Naz and Muhammad Jahazeb Khan, PhD
University of Sawat, Sawat, Pakistan
The current study found significant positive relationship between emotional intelligence (EI) and
cognitive style; additionally, it explored demographic differences on EI and cognitive styles by
administering the Self-Report Measure of Emotional Intelligence and Object-Spatial Imagery and
Verbal Questionnaire to 3500 students. Women show high scores on interpersonal skills,
emotional self-awareness, and verbal style; men show high scores on emotional self-regulation,
object style, and spatial style. Students of social sciences have higher levels of EI and cognitive
styles; students of management sciences have lower scores on EI and students of arts have lowest
scores on cognitive styles. Highly educated students have higher levels of emotional selfawareness, spatial, and object styles; less educated students have higher levels of interpersonal
skills and verbal style. Older students have significantly higher scores on emotional selfregulation and object styles; younger students show high scores on interpersonal skills and spatial
cognitive styles.
Keywords: Emotional intelligence, cognitive styles, verbal styles.
Role of Mindfulness and Psychological Wellbeing in Relationship between External Locus of
Control and Depression
Sadia Niazi and Adnan Adil
Department of Psychology, University of Sargodha
The present research examined the mediating role of mindfulness in external locus of control and
depression. Furthermore, this study assumed that this mediated relationship would be moderated
by psychological wellbeing. Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (Baer, 2003), Ryff Scale of
Wellbeing (Ryff, 1989), DAAS Depression Subscale (Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995), and Rotter’s
Locus of Control Scale (Rotter, 1950) were administered to a convenient sample of 304 adults of
Sargodha city to operationalize mindfulness, psychological wellbeing, depression, and external
locus of control respectively. Moderated mediation analysis was undertaken through PROCESS
macro for SPSS (Hayes, 2013) which revealed that mindfulness mediated between external locus
of control and depression and this mediation had second order moderation by psychological
wellbeing.
Keywords: Mindfulness, psychological well-being, external locus of control.
21
Level of Aggression among Students in Gilgit City, Pakistan: A Gender Focused Study
Hussain Ali and Sadiq Hussain, PhD
Behavioral Sciences Department, Karakoram International University, Gilgit-Baltistan
There are certain differences in aggression and its expression among males and females which
manifest during early childhood and later develop into more specific behaviors. Various studies
have been conducted but due to personal, social, cultural and psychological factors, prior studies
have a multiplicity of findings. This study tried to examine the levels of aggression among
students in Gilgit, Pakistan and also conducted a comparative analysis for proposed hypothetical
gender differences in aggression. A total of 120 students (60 men & 60 women) from Karakoram
International University were initially recruited as participants in the current study. The final
analysis was conducted on only 84 (44 males & 40 females) participants and data of other
participants were not included because of inconsistency in their responses as revealed by the
inconsistent responding index of the scale. The Aggression Questionnaire by Bus and Warren was
used to assess the level of aggression among students. The overall level of aggression in sampled
population of students of Gilgit: 46% students reported clinically not significant level of
aggression; whereas 54% students elicited clinically significant level of aggression. Thus, it is an
alarming proportion of the population which is affected by inert to overt aggressive forms of
behavior which need to be under the care of a counselor. Regarding gender differences, these
were insignificant.
Keywords: Aggression, student, gender comparison, Gilgit-Baltistan.
Mediating Role of Negative Career Thoughts in Relationship of Career decision Making
Self-efficacy and Outcomes
Muhammad Sohaib Haleem, Mohsin Atta and *Sultan Shujja
Department of Psychology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha
*University of Management and Technology, Lahore
The aim of the current study was to examine the role of career decision making self-efficacy in
negative career thoughts and its outcomes (i.e. depression, anxiety, and stress) among university
undergraduates. The data of 300 were collected through convenient sampling from students of
natural sciences (n = 150) and social sciences (n = 150). The age of the sample ranged from 18 to
23 years (M = 21.75, SD = 1.07). Career Thoughts Inventory (Sampson, Peterson, Lenz, Reardon,
& Saunders, 1996), DASS-21 (Lovinbond & Lovinbond, 1995) and Career Decision Making
Scale (Betz, Klein, & Taylor. 1996) were used to measure the constructs of the current study.
Pearson correlational analysis was computed to assess relationship patterns as variables. Simple
linear regression showed that career decision making self-efficacy was negative predictor of
negative career thoughts, whereas sub constructs of negative career thoughts were positive
predictor of depression, anxiety, and stress. Hierarchal regression analysis elucidated that negative
career thoughts partially mediated the relation of career decision making self-efficacy with
depression, anxiety, and stress.
Keywords: Negative career thoughts, career decision making self-efficacy.
Personality Traits, Emotional Expressivity and Prosocial Behavior in Rescue 1122 Workers
Farhana Nasim, Sumera Siddique, and Rukhsana Kausar PhD
Institute of Applied Psychology, University of the Punjab, Lahore
The present research explored the relationship between personality traits, emotional expressivity
and prosocial behavior in rescue 1122 workers. It was hypothesized that there would be a
relationship between personality traits, emotional expressivity and prosocial behavior among
rescue 1122 workers; personality traits would be likely to predict emotional expressivity and
prosocial behavior among rescue 1122 workers; emotional expressivity would be t a predictor of
prosocial behavior and emotional expressivity would be a mediator between personality traits and
22
prosocial behavior. A purposive sample of 100 rescue 1122 workers was taken from four
emergency centers (Emergency Services Academy Ferozpur Road Lahore, Head Office Muslim
Town, Rescue 1122 Thokar Niaz Baig, Rescue 1122 Township) in Lahore. Big five-Factor
Inventory (Rammstedt & John, 2007), Emotional Expressivity Scale (Kring, Smith & Neale,
1994) and Helping Attitudes Scale (Nickell,1998) were used for assessment. Pearson’s
correlation, hierarchical regression analysis and structured equation modeling were used to
analyze data. Results revealed that personality traits (extraversion and neurotisicm) have no
significant relationship with emotional expressivity. Personality traits (agreeableness and
conscientiousness) are significantly positively correlated with prosocial behavior among rescue
1122 workers. Personality traits (agreeableness and conscientiousness) are also significant
predictors of prosocial behavior among rescue 1122 workers. Emotional expressivity has positive
significant correlation with prosocial behavior and is a predictor of prosocial behavior. Emotional
expressivity emerged as a mediator between openness to experience and prosocial behavior. This
research has important implications for rescue 1122 for better recruitment of workers and to
improve quality of service provision.
Keywords: Personality traits, emotional expressivity, prosocial behavior.
Self-Disclosure, Peer Attachment and Loneliness among University Students
Dania Javaid and Rubina Hanif, PhD
National Institute of Psychology, Quad-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
The main objective of this study was to examine the relationship between self-disclosure, peer
attachment and loneliness among university students. A convenient sample of 363 students with
age range of 18-25 years (M = 21.77, SD = 1.80), was selected from different universities of
Rawalpindi and Islamabad. Three instruments i.e., UCLA Loneliness Scale (Ferguson, Peplau, &
Russell, 1978), Self-Disclosure Scale (Cuason, Figueroa, & Magno, 2008) and Peer Attachment
subscale of Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment Scale (Armsden & Greenberg, 1987), were
administered. Statistical analysis showed that self-disclosure has a significant positive relationship
to peer attachment and a significant negative relationship to loneliness. Additionally, peer
attachment and loneliness are negatively correlated. Results from simple linear regression suggest
that loneliness is significantly predicted by peer attachment and self-disclosure. Findings also
indicate that peer attachment significantly mediates the relationship between self-disclosure and
loneliness. Mean differences indicate that males have significantly higher score on loneliness, and
peer attachment in females is found to be significantly higher in comparison. Graduate students
have significantly higher scores on self-disclosure as compared to undergraduate students. Peer
attachment in students of nuclear family systems is significantly higher as compared to students
living in joint family systems.
Keywords: Self-disclosure, peer attachment, loneliness, counseling.
Mother’s Warmth and Depth of Relationship: A Relational Analysis
Farhan Kamrani and Anila Amber Malik, PhD
Department of Psychology, University of Karachi, Pakistan
E.mail:[email protected]
This study was an attempt to see the relationship between perceived mother’s warmth (an
important ingredient of maternal acceptance) and depth of relationship with mother. It was
hypothesized that perceived mother’s acceptance would be positively correlated with depth of
relationship with mother. A sample of 200 students (100 male, 100 female), of ages 20-25 years
was randomly sampled from educational institutions. The participants provided their consent and
demographic information and filled following questionnaires (1) Perceived Maternal Warmth
Sub-scale of Adult PAQR/CONTROL: Mother (Short form) (Rohner, 2004), (2) Quality of
relationship inventory (QRI, Pierce, Sarason, Sarason, Solky-Butzel & Nagle, 1994). Statistical
analysis reveals that perceived mother’s warmth is positively correlated to depth. Avenues for
future researches are also suggested.
Keywords: Mother’s warmth, depth of relationship, relational analysis.
23
Spiritual Intelligence, Happiness and Psychological Adjustment among University Students
Tehreem Arshad
The present study aimed to explore the relationship between spiritual intelligence, happiness and
psychological adjustment among university students. It was hypothesized that spiritual
intelligence and happiness would be related to psychological adjustment in university students. A
sample of 350 university students (175 men, 175women), age range 18-30 years (M =21.76, SD =
2.07), were collected from different universities in Lahore. The Spiritual Intelligence Self-report
Inventory (King, 2008, King & DeCicco, 2009), Subjective Happiness Scale (Lyubomirsky &
Lepper, 1999) and Psychological Adjustment Scale (Sabir,1999) were used to assess study
variables respectively. Results revealed that spiritual intelligence significantly positively
correlated with psychological adjustment whereas there was no significant correlation between
happiness and psychological adjustment among university students. Moreover, spiritual
intelligence significantly positively predicted psychological adjustment. Happiness was not found
to be a significant predictor of psychological adjustment. It was also found that women were more
spiritually intelligent and psychologically adjusted than men. Thus, it can be concluded that
students who have high spiritual intelligence are happier and are more psychologically adjusted.
In the future, spiritual intelligence fostering programs could be made available for students so as
to help promote spiritual intelligence among university students.
Keywords: spiritual intelligence, happiness, psychological adjustment, university students.
Gender Differences and Emotional Intelligence: A Case of Educational Leaders
Muhammad Zafar Iqbal and Jahan Ara Shams
University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan
The purpose of this study was to examine and compare the emotional intelligence of male and
female heads of departments at university level in Punjab. Eight universities were selected
conveniently and from these, sixty four heads of departments (four males and four females from
each public University and four males and four females from each private University) were
selected. A standardized questionnaire on emotional intelligence was distributed among the
respondents. The questionnaire used in this study was Santrock’s (2001) Self-Assessment (SA)
scale of emotional intelligence. It purportedly measures one's emotional intelligence in four
domains: emotional self-awareness, managing emotions, reading emotions, and handling
relationships. The data collected were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistical
techniques. It was concluded that male and female heads of the departments differ significantly in
their emotional intelligence. It was also found that the emotional intelligence of male heads is
greater than the female heads working at university level.
Keywords: emotional intelligence, gender differences, educational leaders.
Parental Acceptance–Rejection, Self – Perception and Coping styles of patients with
Depression
Maha Azhar and Tehreem Arshad
Centre for Clinical Psychology, University of the Punjab, Lahore
The present study employed a correlational research design to investigate parental acceptancerejection, self – perception and coping styles of patients with depression. A hundred patients of
aged between 19 – 45 years (M = 32.27, SD = 8.64) with depression were recruited from different
hospitals in Lahore. Short form of Parental Acceptance - Rejection Questionnaire Adult (Rohner,
2004), Personality Assessment Questionnaire (Adult; Rohner, 2004), Brief COPE (Carver, 1997)
and Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D; Radloff, 1977) were used to
assess parental rejection, self-perception, coping styles and severity of depression respectively.
Results revealed that parental rejection, self-perception (hostility/aggression, negative self-esteem
and negative self-adequacy) and coping styles (active coping, use of emotional support and
24
planning) had a significant positive correlation with depression. Maternal rejection, paternal
rejection, self-perception (negative self-adequacy, negative worldview) and coping styles (use of
emotional support, positive reframing, planning) emerged as significant predictors of depression.
Significant gender differences were found for maternal rejection: women perceive their mothers
more rejecting as compared to men. Present findings implicate the significance of parental
rejection, inadequate self-perception and certain coping styles in relation to depression that would
be helpful for mental health professionals and parents.
Keywords: parental acceptance-rejection, self-perception, coping, depression, adult.
Parental Training Program for Mothers of Children with Mental Retardation
Ume Habiba, Nazia Bashir, Rukhsana Kausar, PhD
The study aimed to develop and evaluate the efficacy of a parental training program centered on
the principles of behavior modification for parents of children with mild to moderate mental
retardation. An experimental research method was used. Six participants were recruited from three
institutions for children with special needs in Lahore. The parental training program consisted of
12 sessions with each session lasting for 2 hours, twice a week. Pre assessment of the participants
was completed by the administration of Parent Motivation Inventory (PMI), Parenting Stress
Scale (PSI), Parenting Sense of Competence (PSOS) and Questionnaire for assessing parent’s
knowledge about Behavioral Modification. Post assessment of the participants was completed by
applying the same instruments after 12 sessions. Paired sample t Test, Wilcoxon Sign Rank Test
and correlation analysis were applied. The results indicated that participants had higher levels of
motivation for treatment, increased parenting sense of competence, lower level of parenting stress
and increased level of knowledge about behavioral modification at post training assessment level
than pre training assessment level thus reflecting the efficacy of the parental training program.
Keywords: Parental training program, mothers, mental retardation.
Personality and Pathological Love among Young Adults
Azkaa Safdar and Rabia Dasti
The present research was a correlational study aimed at investigating the relationship of
personality and pathological love among young adults. It was hypothesized that (a) there would be
a relationship between personality and pathological love among young adults (b) personality traits
and sociodemographic variables would predict pathological love among young adults. The sample
comprised 120 males (M = 20.50, SD =1.60) and 227 females (M = 20.50, SD = 1.60) from six
different universities (three public, three private) with an age range of 18 to 24 years. The
participants were selected through convenient sampling. Urdu translated version of Big five
personality Inventory (John & Srivastava, 1999), translated by Dawood (2012) and Pathological
Love Scale (Safdar & Dasti, 2014) were used to collect the data. Results indicated that
extraversion, conscientiousness and neuroticism positively correlated with pathological love
while, agreeableness negatively correlated with pathological love. Furthermore, extraversion,
conscientiousness and neuroticism positively predicted pathological love whereas intimate
relationships in the past negatively predicted pathological love. The present research implicates
that serious steps should be taken at societal level to address the rising problem of pathological
love among youngsters and at clinical level to develop sensitive indigenous interventions for the
victim of pathological love.
Keyword: Personality, pathological love, young adults, love scale.
25
Perceived Parenting Styles, Personality Patterns and Symptom Dimensions in OCD
Anam Ali and Aisha Sitwat, PhD
Center for Clinical Psychology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
The present study aimed to explore the relationship between perceived parenting styles,
personality patterns and symptom dimensions in obsessive-compulsive disorder. It was
hypothesized that perceived parenting styles and personality patterns would predict symptom
dimensions in OCD. Furthermore, personality patterns would mediate between perceived
parenting styles and symptom dimensions in OCD. A purposive sample of 89 participants, already
diagnosed with OCD, with an age range of 18-57, were drawn from five hospitals and one
consultancy service. An Urdu version of the Parental Authority Questionnaire (Buri, 1991), NEOPI-3 (McCare & Costa, 2010) and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Symptom Checklist (Jabeen &
Kausar, 2008) were used to assess perceived parenting styles, personality patterns and symptom
dimensions in OCD respectively. Results showed that permissive parenting style was a significant
predictor of contamination obsessions and compulsions. Neuroticism was a significant predictor
of checking obsessions and compulsions, blasphemous thoughts and orderliness compulsions.
Agreeableness was a significant predictor of harm obsessions and openness a significant predictor
of checking obsessions and compulsions. Conscientiousness was a significant negative predictor
of checking compulsions. It was also found that domains of personality were not statistically
significant mediators between perceived parenting styles and symptom dimensions in OCD. Thus,
it can be concluded that more demanding and less responsive parenting was related to carelessness
in children which in turn can lead to obsessions or compulsions. The study has implications for
developing effective parent training program as a preventive measure against OCD
Keywords: OCD, symptom dimensions, parenting, personality.
Life Satisfaction and Happiness among the Teaching and Administrative Staff of University
Mahwish Saigol and Shaumila Asad, PhD
This study examined the interrelationship between life satisfaction and happiness and found
differences on life satisfaction and happiness among teaching and administrative staff of the
University of the Punjab. Purposive sampling technique and survey research design were used to
collect data from 100 university teachers and the administrative staff. To assess life satisfaction,
Diener, Emmons, Larsen and Griffin (1985) Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) was used and to
assess happiness, Oxford Happiness Inventory by Martin and Crossland (1989) was used.
Pearson’s correlation was used to analyze the link between life satisfaction and happiness.
Independent samples t-test was used to analyze the difference between the teaching staff and the
administrative staff on life satisfaction and happiness. The reliability of the life satisfaction scale
and Oxford Happiness Inventory was found to be significant. The findings revealed that there was
a strong positive association between life satisfaction and happiness. The results revealed that
there are significant differences in teaching staff and administrative staff on life satisfaction and
happiness as the level of life satisfaction and happiness was found to be higher among the
teaching staff. Keywords: Life satisfaction, happiness, teaching and administrative staff.
Effects of Displacement on the Academic Motivation of Post-Graduate Students of Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa
Zainab Qazi
Department of psychology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan
The current study investigated the effects of internal displacement on the academic motivation of
affected graduate students of Swat and Malakand districts. The sample consisted of 400 students
of which 100 were from the University of Malakand, 100 from the University of Swat and 200
from the University of Peshawar. The sample had equal numbers of male and female students.
Academic Motivation Scale was used to measure the level of academic motivation of students.
26
Results showed that there was a mean difference in the scores of academic motivation of affected
students as compared to unaffected students of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. In other words, those
students who had experienced the trauma of internal displacement had low academic motivation
level as compared to those who had not. Furthermore, significant differences were found between
male and female students’ academic motivation levels. Male students showed higher academic
motivation. Therefore, results indicate that internal displacement has adversely affected students’
motivation and that female students have been affected more than male students.
Keywords: Displacement, academic motivation, students, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
Relationship between Perceived Social Support and Psychological Distress Among Pregnant
Women
Hania Mubarak, Gulshan Parveen, and Saira Khan
National Institute of Psychology, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad
The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between perceived social support and
psychological distress among pregnant women. A sample of 151 pregnant women was taken from
hospitals in Islamabad and Rawalpindi with an age range of 16-40 years. Perceived social support
was measured using the translated version of Perceived social support scale with Chronbach’s
alpha of .84. Psychological distress was measured by using the translated version of Depression,
Anxiety, Stress scale, with Chronbach’s alpha .91. Results showed that perceived social support
negatively correlated with psychological distress among pregnant women. The results indicated
that perceived social support from relatives was higher among non-working pregnant women
whereas perceived social support from work environment was higher for pregnant working
women. Similarly, perceived social support from relatives was higher in women who belonged to
extended families whereas perceived social support from work environment was higher in women
who belonged to nuclear families. A significant positive relationship was found between
pregnancy trimester and psychological distress. Psychological distress also showed a significant
positive relationship with the number of previous miscarriages. There was no significant
relationship between psychological distress and pregnancy experience, work status and family
system.
Keywords: Perceived social support, psychological distress, pregnant women.
Emotional Maturity and Reaction to Frustration in Adolescents Living in Orphanages
Hina Noreen and Faiz Younas
The present study investigated the relationship between emotional maturity and reaction to
frustration in adolescents living in orphanages. It was hypothesized that there would be a positive
relationship between emotional maturity and reaction to frustration of adolescents living in
orphanages. Also, it was hypothesized that there would be a significant difference in emotional
unstability and aggressive reaction to frustration in males and females orphans. By employing a
correlational cross sectional research design, a sample of 80 (n = 40 males, n = 40 female)
orphans was recruited from Dar ul Shafqat, Lahore. Emotional Maturity Scale (Singh &
Barghava, 1971) and Reaction to Frustration Scale (Dixit & Sarisvastava, 1997) were used to
assess the study variables. Pearson Product Moment Correlation and Independent sample t-test
were used to generate results which showed that there was no relationship between emotional
maturity and reaction to frustration in adolescents while female adolescents were emotionally
unstable as compared to male adolescents who also showed more aggressive reaction to
frustration than female adolescents. These findings implied important aspects in dealing with
mental health of adolescents.
Keywords: Emotional maturity, reaction to frustration, adolescents, orphan
27
Functional Impairment and Religious Gratitude as Predictors of Life Satisfaction in Older
Adults
Wajeeha Mumtaz and Rafia Rafique, PhD
The present research was conducted to investigate predictors of life satisfaction in older adults. It
was hypothesized that functional impairment and religious gratitude would be the predictors of
life satisfaction in older adults. Correlational research design was used. The total sample consisted
of 100 participants, aged between 60-90 years. Functional Impairment Scale (Weiss, 2000),
Religious Gratitude Scale (Ahmed, 2010), and Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diner, 1985) were
administered after seeking official permission from the authors to infer the proposed hypothesis.
All the tools were translated through the procedure of forward and backward translation.
Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that religious gratitude and functional impairment are
significant predictors of life satisfaction in older adults. Identified predictors of life satisfaction
will help to formulate interventions for the promotion of religious gratitude that can eventually
help improve life satisfaction.
Keywords: Functional impairment, religious gratitude, life satisfaction
Bullying, Victimization and Life Satisfaction
Anum Nawaz and Aisha Ateeq
Forman Christian College, Lahore, Pakistan
This research study investigated the incidence of bullying and its relation with victimization and
life satisfaction among boys and girls studying in single sex schools. 238 girls and boys between
13-16 years of age were selected from private English medium schools in Lahore. The Adolescent
Peer Relations Instrument was used to explore bullying behavior and victimization with their subtypes (physical, verbal, social). Life Satisfaction Scale was used to access global wellbeing. The
findings indicated weak positive correlation between bullying and victimization. Both bullying
and victimization were negatively correlated with life satisfaction. However, the prevalence of
bullying and victimization among boys was greater than girls. Multiple regression analysis of the
three constructs revealed that victimization is a significant factor in determining life satisfaction.
The results imply that bullying and victimization are undoubtedly prevalent in our society and to
some extent affect life satisfaction. Accordingly, awareness and preventative measures are
required to be implemented in schools. Perhaps, a better representative sample could be taken to
explore these constructs further, also in light of the psychosomatic ailments associated with
bullying and victimization.
Keywords: Bullying, victimization, life satisfaction, peer relations.
Growing up with a Dark Complexion in Pakistan
Saira Maqsood and M. Asir Ajmal
Cantt, Garrison University, Lahore, Pakistan
The present study was conducted to explore the effect of a dark complexion on an individual’s
self-esteem, self-efficacy and level of confidence. It also explored the significance of complexion
in considering marriage proposals, marital adjustment and gender differences. A sample of six
individuals was included: 3 males and 3 females with dark complexions. Purposive sampling
strategy was employed to collect data. A qualitative research method was used and semi
structured interviews were conducted for data collection. Grounded theory was used to analyze
the results. Results revealed that females with dark complexion report higher self-esteem and selfefficacy as compared to males with dark complexion. Both dark males and females avoid social
gathering, adopt different coping strategies including positive approach toward life, altruistic
behavior, enhanced inner beauty and focus on education to compensate for the criticism of others.
Complexion also plays an important role in seeking marriage proposals and marital adjustment.
Males with dark complexion face less problems regarding marriage proposals as compared to
28
females with dark complexion. Research investigations will increase the acceptance of dark
individuals in our culture and identify the prejudice attitude of society toward dark individuals.
Keywords: self-esteem, self efficacy, dark complexion, grounded theory, prejudice.
Social Responsibility as a Predictor of Altruistic Personality among Adults
Misha Aziz and Momina Abid
Department of Applied Psychology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan
Social responsibility and altruistic behavior seems to be a part of human nature but in many
contexts it varies between individuals. Altruistic behavior creates altruistic personality types. The
present study explored the predictive relationship between social responsibility and altruistic
personality. A sample of 150 (63 males and 87 females) adults was randomly selected. The
Altruistic Personality Scale (Rushton, Chrisjohn, & Fekken, 1981) and social responsibility scale
subscale of Prosocial Behavior Battery (Penner, 2002) were administered. Results indicate that
there is a positive correlation between social responsibility and altruistic personality. Regression
analysis reveals that social responsibility had a significant impact on altruistic personality.
Research results also indicate significant gender differences in altruistic personality but no gender
differences in socially responsibility among adults.
Keywords: Social responsibility, altruistic behavior, prosocial behaviors, adults.
Attitude toward Taliban: Terrorism Catastrophizing and Death Anxiety among University
Students
Hina Haq and Ruhi Khalid, PhD
Beaconhouse National University, Lahore, Pakistan
The present study was conducted to investigate the attitude toward Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan
(TTP), terrorism catastrophizing and death anxiety among university students. The study was
based on a cross-sectional research design; 200 university students (male=100, female=100) from
the universities of Peshawar and Lahore were recruited through purposive sampling. Terrorism
Catastrophizing scale short form (Sinclair & Locicero, 2007), Death Anxiety scale (Templer,
1970) and a self constructed questionnaire to measure the attitude toward TTP were used.
Comparison was made among students regarding their gender and university. Descriptive
statistics, Independent sample t-test and multiple analyses of variance (MANOVA) were used to
analyze the data. The results showed that students of both universities had negative attitudes
towards TTP, and there were no significant differences in attitude between the gender, or between
students of Peshawar Universities and Lahore Universities. Death anxiety was higher among
females than males. Death anxiety was higher among the students of the Peshawar universities’ in
comparison to Lahore universities’ students. Terrorism catastrophizing is more prevalent among
university students from Lahore. Analysis of subscales of Terrorism catastrophizing (helplessness,
rumination and magnification) showed that the difference between the two groups of students was
more prevalent in the students from universities of Lahore compared to the students from the
universities of Peshawar. Findings have important implication for psychological well being of
university students.
Keywords: Attitude, Taliban, terrorism, catastrophizing, death anxiety
A Cultural Understanding of Help Seeking Behaviour: A South African Perspective
Naseema Vawda, PhD
Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal,
Durban, South Africa
Worldviews, spirituality and religion are making a comeback in the mental health professions.
Spiritualists, herbalists and healers offering services place through adverts in newspapers. This
paper analyzes the services offered in order to obtain an understanding of public concerns, the
methods used to diagnose and treatment offered for these conditions. Adverts were randomly
29
collected from two editions of one newspaper in South Africa and one in the United States). A
total of 17 adverts were analyzed for the South African papers indicating 128 services offered. For
the US newspaper, one edition yielded 3 adverts with a total of 29 services offered. The services
were themed and coded. South African adverts offered services for : relationship issues(such as
attracting a partner, stopping a partner from cheating, getting marriage proposals, etc at
22.65%),the prevention/resolution of financial or economic problems (12.50%), winning lotteries
(7.81%), getting jobs/promotion (7.81%), removal of bewitchment/bad luck (9.37%)and help
with medical problems such as infertility and addictions (7.82%). The US adverts offered the
following services: removal of witchcraft/bewitchment (31%), social and interpersonal
relationships (31%), legal and business problems ( 10.34% each), resolution of general problems
(10.34%),while finding employment and help with immigration related problems constituted
(3.45%)each. Despite modernization and immigration to developed countries, there is a segment
of the population which seeks help for a variety of psychosocial and medical problems from non medically trained individuals. The findings are contextualized within the South African
worldview which attributes causality of ill health or misfortune to bewitchment or witchcraft.
Keywords: Help seeking behavior, public concerns, treatment conditions.
"Yin-yang" of Social Networking: The Perspective of University Youth
Hira Jahangir and Syeda Shahida Batool, PhD
Department of Psychology, GC University, Lahore, Pakistan
The purpose of this research was examining the effects of social networking sites on the personal
and social life of the youth in Pakistan. The study sample included 24 undergraduate students (12
boys &12 girls). Age range of the participants was 20 to 25 years and they belonged to public and
private universities of Lahore. Content analysis was used to analyze the data. The results of this
study show that social networking had both positive and negative effects on the personal,
academic, and social life of the youth. Social networking appears to have positive effects on
identity, develop confidence, decrease tension, increase socialization, help develop understanding
among friends, and improve relationships with relatives. On the other hand the excessive use of
these sites appears to limit the activities of the youth in their family, and may cause physical
isolation. It has negative effects on their health. Social networking also causes academic
procrastination, and may decrease academic activities. Diverse effects of social networking across
gender were observed, and its misuses are also discussed.
Keywords: social networking, content analysis, positive and negative effects, physical isolation.
Social Support, Self Esteem and Suicidal Ideation in College Students
Farhana Kazmi, PhD, Sher Dil, and Fehmina Khan Niazi
Department of Psychology, Hazara University, Mansehra
Present study aims at finding social support and self-esteem in relation to suicidal ideation among
college students of Hazara. The main objectives of the study were to examine the relationship
among social support, self-esteem and suicidal ideation and assess gender differences in suicidal
ideation. A sample of 200 students (100 males and 100 females) was selected through convenient
sampling technique from Haripur, Abbottabad and Mansehra Districts. Three scales, Beck Scale
for Suicidal Ideation; Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965) and Multidimensional
Scale for Perceived Social Support (Zimet, Dahlem, Zimet, & Farley, 1988), were used in the
study. Results indicated that there is significant positive correlation between social support and
self-esteem among students. Suicidal ideation has a significant negative correlation with the
social support and self-esteem. Students with lower self-esteem and lower social support have
higher levels of suicidal ideation. Gender wise analysis indicated that males have higher suicidal
ideation as compared to females.
Keywords: Self-esteem, Social Support, Suicidal Ideation, Gender.
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Psychosocial Experiences of a Victim of Child Sexual Abuse: A Case Study
Arham Abtahi and Syeda Shahida Batool, PhD
Child molestation is a form of child abuse in which an adult or older adolescent uses a child
for sexual stimulation. The study of a young girl’s psychosocial problems offers an opportunity to
examine the links between childhood sexual abuse and the later maladaptive behaviour. The
article presents a case study of a 19-years old girl living in Lahore, who describes herself as a
transformed person after sexual abuse on several important dimensions; including, play,
academic, family and social life. The case study demonstrates how the reminiscence of the
episodes of molestation has engulfed the young girl life. The interpretative phenomenological
analysis (IPA) reveals six super ordinate themes related to dispassionate childhood, identity, wellbeing, social aversion, performance, and future goals. Short term and long term consequences of
sexual abuse in the life of a girl are discussed. It is concluded that child sexual abuse can result in
serious sequelae if unrecognized and untreated..
Keywords: child molestation, maladaptive behaviour, IPA, identity, well-being.
Development and Validation of Resilience Against Terrorism Scale
Rehana Ilyas and * Farah Malik, PhD
Department of Psychology Bhakkar Campus, University of Sargodha, Sargodha
The present study describes the development and validation of an indigenously developed scale
for Pakistani population to assess their resilience against terrorism. An extensive effort was done
to identify resilience related constructs particularly in Pakistani cultural context along with
considering its theoretical and literature background. Initially, a fairly large pool of 120 items,
ultimately reduced to 74, was generated out of 3 focus groups and in-depth interviews with
experts, university students, teachers, police, army and rescue personnel, common public
witnessing terrorist attack or being victim to it. Empirical evaluation was done on 435 men and
324 women from all walks of life throughout country. Principle component factor analysis was
used to determine construct validity that provided four factors solution with 52 items (loading
≤.40) labeled as Pessimism, Self efficacy, Optimism, and Religiosity/Education; all four subscales
showed significantly high reliability and for total RATS. Hence, the resilience construct for
Pakistani public fighting against war on terror were discussed in the international as well as
national context particularly.
Keywords: Resilience, pessimism, self-efficacy, optimism, spirituality and education.
Optimism and General Health Problems among University Students
Amber Zahra and Sidra Afzal
University of Management and Technology Lahore, Pakistan
This study attempts to explore the relationship between optimism and general health among
university students. Two hundred and eighty-three students were contacted in various Universities
of Lahore using the convenient sampling technique. The students with prior physical ailments
were excluded from the sample (N = 283). These students were administered General Health
Questionnaire-30 (Goldberg, 1978) and Life Orientation Test-Revised (Scheier & Carver, 1994).
The results showed a significant negative correlation-0.553 between optimism and general health.
Moreover, 35% of the sample was found to be optimistic and 30% was found to be suffering from
general health problems. No difference in the level of optimism was found on the basis of age and
gender. Apart from the validation with the previous research findings of linking optimism with
health, this research indicates a significant difference between private and public sectors in the
level of optimism and general health.
Keywords: Optimism, general health problems, university students.
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A Comparison of Coping Strategies among Caregivers of Psychotic and Neurotic Patients
Sameera Shafiq and Lubna Ghazanfar
Department of Psychology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat
The present study was conducted to find out if there is any difference in coping strategies among
caregivers of patients with psychotic disorders and neurotic disorders. Other hypotheses of the
study are that the caregivers of psychotic patients and caregivers of neurotic patients also differ in
using coping strategies with respect to their gender and family system. The sample of the study
comprised of 150 respondents (37 males and 113 females) including caregivers of patients with
psychotic and neurotic disorders. Sample was purposively selected from five different hospital
settings located in Jhelum, Kharian and Gujrat. Coping Strategies Questionnaire (CSQ; Kausar &
Munir, 2004) Urdu version was used. The α coefficient reliability of CSQ on the present sample is
0.758. Findings of the study showed that there are no significant difference in the coping
strategies used by the caregivers of patients with psychotic disorders and neurotic disorders.
Significant differences among caregivers existed on active-practical, active distractive and
avoidance focused coping strategies with respect to their gender whereas there is no significant
difference on religious coping strategies between male and female caregivers. Further, the
findings showed that there are significant differences in active-practical and avoidance focused
coping strategies among caregivers of patients with respect to their family system.
Keywords: Coping strategies, caregivers, psychotic, neurotic patients.
Obsessive Beliefs in Patients with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: The Role of Attachment
Styles
Sara Asad and Saima Dawood, PhD
The present study aimed to identify nature of relationship among attachment styles and obsessive
beliefs in patients with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD). Following cross sectional
research design, a sample of 90 patients (Men = 43; Women = 47) was taken with the age range of
18-50 years (M = 28.56; SD = 8.48). The assessment measures included Screening Questionnaire
for Psychiatric Disorders (Kausar & Dawood, 2013) to screen out patients with OCD and rule out
comorbid psychopathology, whereas, Urdu version of Revised Adult Attachment Scale (Collins &
Reed, 1990) and Obsessive Belief Questionnaire-44 (OCCWG, 2005) were also administered on
patients with OCD. Results revealed that attachment anxiety and avoidance had significant
positive relationship with obsessive belief of over importance/need to control thought (ICT) and
over responsibility/overestimation of threat (RT belief). Attachment anxiety emerged as
significant predictor of two obsessive beliefs: ICT and RT while controlling for the effect of
gender, age of onset of OCD, duration of illness, and depression. Results imply that
psychotherapists may need to work on attachment styles of patients with OCD along with
modifying their obsessive beliefs which may consequently reduce relapse rates in this population.
Keywords: attachment styles, obsessive beliefs, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder.
Motivational Factors behind Volunteer Activities
Faiza Niazi and Azher Hameed Qamar
University of Management and Technology Lahore, Pakistan
Several researches addressing the motivational factors behind volunteer activities provide rich
information about different volunteer goals; such as self-esteem, career, friendships, learning,
helping, and religious beliefs. This study aims to find out the factors that move people to
volunteer activities. Survey method was used. 120 respondents involved in volunteerism in
different organizations were approached using snow ball and convenient sampling techniques.
The Volunteer Function Inventory (VFI ) by Clary et al. (1998) was used to find out motivational
factors of volunteering which has six sub scales (Protective, Value, Career, Social, Understanding
and Enhancement). The results show that the main motives behind volunteer activities were
32
understanding, value and enhancement. The age has significant positive relationship with Value
and that of education with Value and Enhancement. No gender difference was found for all six
motivational factors. No significant relationship exists between age and education with other
subscales of VFI. This study helps the organizations to keep their volunteers engaged and create
incentive and reward programs to enhance motivational factors to volunteerism, and to recruit and
retain volunteers for a variety of volunteer-based organizations as well. This study also offers a
horizon for further research to find motivational factors behind volunteer activities at individual
level.
Keywords: Motivation, motivational factors, volunteering, VFI.
Diagnosis and Discrepancy of Mood Disorder in Third Trimester Pregnant and Postpartum
Women
Saira Javed, *Ashar Saeed, and Zahida Haq
Haq Clinic, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, *Punjab Regiment Center Mardan, KPK Pakistan
Study aims to estimate the rate of positive screenings, evaluate differences, and interrelationships
of symptoms for mood disorders in third trimester pregnant (3TP) and postpartum (PP) women.
35 3TP women and 35 PP women were participated in cross sectional study; they were selected
through random sampling technique from Haq Clinic Rawalpindi. Urdu translated Beck
Depression Scale and Mood Disorder Questionnaire with demographic sheet was used for data
collection. A principal component factor analysis and t-test was used for the analysis of data. The
mean age of the participants was 25.57 years. All participants belong to same socio-economic
class. The first factor analysis applied on the data of 3TP women revealed irritability, over
spending, hyperactivity and elevated mood as significant. Whereas, second factor analysis applied
on PP women revealed racing thoughts, self- confidence, decreased sleep, risky behavior and over
talkativeness significant and hence, difference between two samples were also proved by t-test. It
finds out significant differences in prevalence of bipolar disorder among PP women (54.3%) and
3TP women (25.7%) and similar were results of PP (37.14%) women and 3TP women (11.43%)
with family history of mood disorders at 0.05 significant level. The proximity of mood and
psychotic episodes during pregnancy and after delivery are brief high-risk period. Studies like this
are aimed for diagnosis of bipolar disorder, prevention of mood and psychotic episodes in order to
address timed treatment of emerging psychopathology which affect women, their babies and
families.
Keywords: Mood disorder, pregnant, postpartum women, trimester, high risk period.
Sexual Dyfunction and Psychiatric Morbidity in the Patients with Arthritis
Momna Saeed and Hina Javed Rana
Centre for Clinical Psychology, University of Punjab-Lahore, Pakistan
The aim of the present study was to find the relationship between severity of arthritis, psychiatric
morbidity (depression and anxiety) and sexual dysfunction in the patients with arthritis. It was
hypothesized that there is likely to be a relationship between severity of arthritis, psychiatric
morbidity and sexual dysfunction in the women with arthritis. Moreover, psychiatric morbidity is
likely to mediate between severity of arthritis and sexual dysfunction. Correlational research
design with purposive sampling strategy was used. Arthritis women with age range 30-50 years
(M = 38.98, SD = 6.9) were included in the sample. The data were collected from different public
and private hospitals of Lahore. Assessment measures used in the current research were
Depression Anxiety Stress Scale and Sexual Functioning Questionnaire. Results of the study
showed significant positive correlation between severity of arthritis and psychiatric morbidity
(depression and anxiety). It was also found that severity of arthritis and sexual dysfunction
significantly positively correlate with each other. Significant positive correlation was found
between psychiatric morbidity and sexual dysfunction. Moreover, regression analysis revealed
that severity of arthritis; depression and anxiety are the predictors of sexual dysfunction. Through
33
mediation analysis it was also found that psychiatric morbidity act as a mediator between severity
of arthritis and sexual dysfunction in the women with arthritis.
Keywords: Sexual dysfunction, psychiatric morbidity, arthritis.
Moderating Effects of Job Security and Advancement in the Relationship between Job
Overload and Emotional Exhaustion in Health-Care Professionals
Rafia Nauman, Anis ul Haque, PhD and Sobia Bashir
The study is intended to explore moderating effect of job resources in the relationship between job
demands and burnout among health care professionals, using the job demands resources model
(Demerouti, 2001). We assumed that job resources affect the relationship of job demands and
burnout (emotional exhaustion). Data was collected from a total of 250 health care professionals
including (61 women, 189 men) with an age range of 17 to 59 (M = 27.42, SD = 8.19). Results
suggested that job demands positively predict emotional exhaustion and organizational support
negatively predict emotional exhaustion. The effect of job demands is moderated by growth
opportunity explaining a total of 16.6% variance in emotional exhaustion. Job demands with low
level of growth opportunities tend more emotional exhaustion in health care professionals. Job
demand was positively predicted and the effect was moderated by job security explaining a total
of 1.4% variance in emotional exhaustion. Job demand was predicted and the effect was
moderated by advancement explaining a total of 3.1% variance in emotional exhaustion.
Implications of the results of the present study include the compensation of job demands of health
care professionals by provision of appropriate job resources to help prevent the development of
burnout.
Keywords: emotional exhaustion, job security, advancement, job demands resources model.
Meditational Role of Self-esteem in Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and life
Satisfaction
Umbreen Fatima and Saba Ghayas
Department of Psychology, University of Sargodha, Pakistan
The present study is aimed at examining the relation among emotional intelligence, life
satisfaction and self-esteem and to determine the mediating role of self-esteem in relation between
emotional intelligence and life satisfaction. The age groups were categorized as adolescence (1621), early adults (22-40), middle adults (41-57) and late adults (58-90). Men and women both
were given representation in the sample (men = 149, women = 165). Emotional intelligence was
assessed using Wong and Law emotional intelligence scale (Wong & Law, 2002), life satisfaction
through Trait well-being inventory (Fatima, 2004), whereas self-esteem was measured by Farida
Rifai Self Esteem scale (Rifai, 1999). Furthermore results yielded that emotional intelligence
positively predicted life satisfaction and self-esteem. The findings also revealed self-esteem as
significant predictor of life satisfaction. Results also supported the role of self-esteem as mediator
between emotional intelligence and life satisfaction. Results portrayed non-significant gender
differences in emotional intelligence, life satisfaction and self-esteem.
Keywords: Emotional Intelligence, self -esteem, life satisfaction, mediation.
Prevalence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in the Internally Displaced Students of Swat
and Malakand Districts
Zainab Qazi
Department of psychology, University of Swat, Saidu Shareef, Swat, Pakistan
The current study is to investigate the effect of terrorism induced internal displacement on the
mental health of students of Swat and Malakand districts. The sample consisted of N=400
students among which 100 were from University of Malakand, 100 were from University of Swat.
200 students have been chosen from University of Peshawar in order to compare the scores of the
34
displaced students with those of not displaced. It was hypothesized that displaced students will
show prevalence of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. The Impact of Event Scale has been used to
know about the prevalence of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. SPSS was used to analyze the scores
of the students. Results showed that there is a mean difference in the scores of Impact of Event
Scale-Revised of affected students as compared to the unaffected students. In other words, those
students who had gone through the trauma of internal displacement show symptoms of PTSD.
Keywords: PTSD, internally displaced students, symptoms, trauma.
Hope, Happiness, Health, Adults and Dynamic Life
Mafia Shahzadi and Shabbir Ahmad Rana, PhD
Government M.A.O. College, Lahore, Pakistan
Email: mafia.mahak@yahoo
The research concerns the importance of hope in everyday life. The main objective of this study is
to find out relationship between hope, happiness and psychological health of adults. The two
hypotheses of this study are; there will be a significant positive relationship between hope,
happiness and psychological health and there will be gender difference in level of hope, happiness
and psychological health of adults. Correlation design was employed and data were collected
through convenient sampling technique from 100 students of GC University and Punjab
University Lahore. Three research tools: Adult Dispositional Hope Scale Items (Snyder, et.al.
1991), Subjective Happiness Scale (Lyubomirsky & Lepper 1999) and General Health
Questionnaire (Goldberg & Williams 1988) were used for data collection. Data were analyzed on
the basis of Spss-16 and correlation and t-test were employed. Findings indicate that there is a
significant positive correlation between hope, happiness and psychological health of adults.
Stepwise Multiple Regression indicated that hope is a significant predictor of health. Furthermore
no significant gender difference was found in the level of hope, happiness and psychological
health of adults. The present findings are similar to many western findings.
Keywords: Hope, happiness, health, dynamic life.
Psychological Flexibility as Predictor of Mental Health Outcomes among Adults with
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Norma Shines, *Muhammad Akram Riaz, **Muhammad Naveed Riaz and Naila Batool
Royal Group of Colleges, Gujranwala, Pakistan, *International Islamic University Islamabad,
Pakistan, **University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
Prominent theory behind narcissistic personality disorder indicates that individuals with this
disorder lacks flexibility and as a result face more negative mental health consequences. On the
basis of these theoretical grounds, the present study has focused to examine the effect of
psychological flexibility on the prediction of mental health outcomes among adults with
narcissistic personality disorder. The sample of the present study consisted of 100 adults with
narcissistic personality disorder having age range of 19 to 30 years. Hypersensitive Narcissism
Scale, Acceptance and Action Questionnaire and Mental Health Inventory (MHI-38) were applied
for testing hypotheses. Results revealed that psychological flexibility was negatively predicted
anxiety, loss of behavioral emotional control, life stress, and distress, and positively predicted
general positive items, emotional ties, well-being and mental health. Gender differences revealed
that male were significantly higher on anxiety, loss of behavioral emotional control, psychological
distress and mental health whereas female were higher on emotional ties, life satisfaction and
psychological well-being. Non-significant results were found on psychological flexibility,
depression and general positive effect. The current study has implications in the field of mental
health system and treatment outcome research.
Keywords: psychological flexibility, mental health outcomes, gender.
35
A Call for Paradigm Shift in Pursuits of Psychologist, for the Mission of Liberating and
Transforming Social Anomalies
Raheemudheen, PhD
Department of Psychology, University of Calicut and
Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (IMHANS), Calicut, Kerala, India
Postmodernist intellectual movements encourages psychologist to shift their attention from over
preoccupation in closed cozy room model of treating mental patients to the grass root level of
society, to look into the social anomalies, and ponder to find out possible solution. It encourages
psychologist to realize that–the process of research (as a pursuit of knowledge) can't be limited to
a mere intellectual exercise. It should encompass the mission of liberating and transforming social
realities. The above line of thought offers a new paradigm of research approach i.e., "critical
participatory action research”. There are three major elements this approach, , First – Critical
(Reflexive turn), it introduce a new paradigm turn in the act of research- ‘Reflexive turn’, that is,
research is a two way focus– simultaneously looks in to what researchers are searching and what
changes are happening with in them. This situation, demands to involve in critically reflecting on
researcher own motives, commitments, positionalites, identities, inmate space, etc. Second key
element, This approach is Participatory (Restructuring the identities of researcher), because here
the researcher is attempting to develop critical knowledge with their fellow community members.
Working along-side destabilizes the notions of expertise such that the role of researcher
transforms in to that of a co-researcher and collaborator. Third highlight of this approach –It is
‘Action Oriented’ (to the social transformation).Any research can’t be true, if it has not attached
itself to the task of transforming reality. Research should focus on individual change,
interpersonal change, and social transformation.
Keywords: Research, critical, participatory, action.
Role of Psychological Ownership and Psychological Capital in the Relationship between
Authentic Leadership and Burnout among University Teachers
Adnan Adil and *Anila Kamal
*National Institute of Psychology, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad
The present study aimed at exploring the role of psychological capital and primary types of
psychological ownership in the relationship between authentic leadership and burnout in a
conveniently drawn sample (N = 500) of university teachers of the Punjab province and Islamabad
city. PsyCap Questionnaire (Luthans, Youssef, & Avolio, 2007), Authentic Leadership
Questionnaire (Walumba, Avolio, Gardner, Wernsing, & Peterson, 2008), Psychological
Ownership Questionnaire (Avey, Avolio, Crossely, & Luthans, 2009), and Maslach Burnout
Inventory-Educator Survey (Maslach, Jackson, & Leiter, 1996) were used for measuring
psychological capital, authentic leadership, psychological ownership, and burnout respectively.
The factorial structures of the aforementioned instruments were confirmed through confirmatory
factor analyses. Structural model yielded excellent fit to the data and revealed that authentic
leadership, psychological capital, and promotion focused psychological ownership were negative
predictors of burnout whereas prevention focused psychological ownership predicted burnout
positively. Both authentic leadership and psychological capital predicted promotion focused
psychological ownership positively, however the former had negatively predicted and the latter
did not predict prevention focused psychological ownership. Both types of psychological
ownership partially mediated the relationship between authentic leadership and burnout, however
only promotion focused psychological ownership partially mediated between psychological
capital and burnout. Furthermore, psychological capital moderated the relationship of authentic
leadership with burnout. Nested structural models were compared across gender, faculty, and
marital status where the proposed model remained invariant across various groups.
Keywords: Authentic leadership, psychological capital, prevention, psychological ownership,
burnout.
36
Vocational Interests among High School Students
Shoaib Kiani, PhD, *Sadaf Zahra, **Sumaya Batool and ***Asghar Ali Shah, PhD
Department of Behavioral Sciences, Pakistan Military Academy, Abbottabad, Pakistan
*Foundation University, Islamabad, Rawalpindi Campus, Pakistan
**Preston University Islamabad Campus, Pakistan
***Department of Psychology, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan
This study was designed to determine the preferences of vocational interests of high school
students by employing Holland’s Typology. The systematic random sampling technique was used
by employing Self Directed Search (Holland, 1985) translated by Naheed (1995). The general
pattern for the preferences for occupational types by the students (N = 596) was studied by
scoring the Self Directed Search summary codes. Mean differences between male and female
students as well as science and arts students were also determined. Generally the results are in
accordance with the existing literature. The results provide partial support for Holland model. The
students preferred Conventional types as 1st choice which entails clerical aptitude. Gender
differences showed well defined pattern in accordance with the existing literature. Realistic,
Investigative, Conventional and Enterprising traits are preferred by male students whereas Social
and Artistic types are more preferred by female students. Science and arts students’ preferences
are not fully supported in the study as per Holland’s classification. However scores on personality
types could be used along with other information to make decisions on the assignment of science
and arts tracks. The present study will be helpful for career counseling and policy maker in the
field of vocational psychology.
Keywords: Vocational interests, summary codes, Holland model, students, gender.
Workplace Harassment: Psychological Effects and Coping Strategies in Public and Private
Organizations
Nighat Yamin
Social Welfare and Bait-ul-Mal Department, Government of the Punjab, Lahore
Since last decade, more women have entered into work force. As their numbers surge, their
vulnerability to harassment has also increased. In Pakistan, working women are also facing
workplace harassment. In this regard, present study was conducted to examine the psychological
effects of harassment on women in public and private sector and to investigate coping strategies
used by them. For achieving objectives, data was collected through survey. A sample of 300
women working in Lahore was selected using multi-stage sampling method. Firstly, 50% quota
was assigned to both government and private sector. At second stage, data was collected from
government sector through probability sampling technique i.e. simple random sampling and from
private sector through non probability i.e. purposive sampling method. The results showed that in
private sector majority women were depressed and anxious at severe level and in public sector at
moderate level. Harassment is mostly avoided, ignored and not reported. Study revealed that it is
still a workplace problem in Lahore. Harassment is a serious problem that must be addressed by
the government in order to ensure a safe working environment for women.
Keywords: harassment, workplace, government, private, Lahore.
Spirituality and Psychological Well-Being among Young and Middle-aged adults
Rehana Mushtaq and Syeda Salma Hassan, PhD
The present study was aimed to investigate the Spirituality and psychological well-being of young
and middle aged adults. It also explored the gender differences in terms of spirituality and
psychological well-being and the relationship between these two variables. Sample of the study
consisted of 215 adults with a distribution of 115 young and 100 middle aged adults. Spiritual
Wellness Inventory (Ingersoll, 1996) and Psychological Well-being Scale (Ryff & Keyes,1995)
were administered to the participants. Purposive Sampling technique was used to draw the data.
37
Data was analyzed using Pearson Product Moment Correlation and Multivariate analysis.
Findings indicated that a significant positive relationship exists between spirituality and
psychological well-being. It also indicated that middle aged adults are more spiritual than young
adults and however they do not differ on psychological well-being. Moreover no significant
gender differences were found in terms of spirituality and psychological well-being. This research
has wide implications in the field of positive psychology.
Key words: Young, middle aged adults, spirituality, psychological well-being.
Self-efficacy, Academic motivation and Academic Integrity in Graduate Students with
Reference to Learning Management System
Nadia Ijaz and Afsheen Masood, PhD
The present research explored the domain of self-efficacy, academic motivation and academic
integrity among students, enrolled in different learning management systems, i.e. online vs. oncampus setup. It was hypothesized that the self-efficacy, academic motivation and academic
integrity of the students is likely to vary due to the adopted learning management system. The
sample of the study consisted of graduate students, i.e. 100 from online learning management
systems and 100 from regular-mainstream students. The questionnaires for collecting data
included The University Students’ Motivation Scale (James, 2008, v.3) and Learning Self-efficacy
Questionnaire (Neil, 2008), self-constructed Academic Integrity Scale in addition to an
indigenous demographic questionnaire. The reliability analyses were computed for all the
measures and were found to be significant. The independent sample t-test analyses revealed that
self-efficacy and academic motivation was significantly higher in students enrolled in online
program while academic integrity was higher for on-campus students. Regression analyses were
used to investigate the predictors of academic motivation in graduate students and gender, age,
socioeconomic background, and perceived self-efficacy emerged as significant predictors. This
research posits the further query for conducting research on the domain of academic integrity as
the current research has empirically contributed in unveiling its’ major dimensions.
Keywords: Self-efficacy, academic motivation, academic integrity.
Resilience, Subjective Well-Being and Happiness among Slum Dwellers
Amna Saeed and Shehla Ahmad
Lahore College for Women University, Pakistan
The present study was designed to investigate the level of resilience, subjective well-being and
happiness in slum dwellers and non-slum dwellers using a quantitative, cross sectional approach.
Through purposive sampling a sample of 100 (with equal number of slum dwellers and non-slum
dwellers) with age range of 16-50 years was selected from different areas of Lahore. Three scales:
Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) 10 (2003), Satisfaction with Life Scale (Pavot &
Dienner, 2006) and Subjective Happiness Scale (Lyubomirsky & Lepper, 1999) were used to
investigate the difference in resilience, subjective well-being and happiness among participants.
Analysis was made on the basis of gender, marital status, and age using two independent sample ttest and one-way ANOVA. Age and residential style created significantly higher difference in
resilience but gender, family system and marital status did not make any difference. There were
no significant differences seen in subjective happiness and life satisfaction of slum dwellers and
non-slum dwellers
Keywords: resilience, subjective well-being, happiness, slum dwellers.
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Moderating Effect of Psychache and Negative Life Events on Suicidal Ideation and
Hopelessness among Women
Summaira Naz Awan
Department of Psychology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar
The present study was carried out to explore the moderating effects of psychache and negative life
events on hopelessness and suicidal ideations among women; as well as to find out the
demographic differences (age, marital status, and qualification) on these variables. The data were
collected from 300 women (143 married, 147 unmarried) with the help of Suicidal Ideation Scale
(BSS; Beck & Steer, 1993), Psychache Scale (Holden, 2001), Life Events Questionnaire (LEQ;
Norbeck, 1984) and Beck Hopelessness Scale (Beck, Weissman, Lester, & Trexler, 1974).
Psychache, hopelessness, suicidal ideations, and negative life events had significant positive
relationships with each other. The findings indicated that both psychache and negative life events
had significant positive moderating effects on suicidal ideations and hopelessness. Married
women had higher tendencies to commit suicide and experience more negative life events while
unmarried women show higher levels of psychache and hopelessness than married women. Age of
the women had a significant positive correlation with scores on psychache, Hopelessness,
negative life events, and Suicidal Ideations. Significant education differences emerged on
psychache and suicidal ideations while non-significant differences occur on hopelessness and
negative life events.
Keywords: Psychache, suicidal ideation, hopelessness
Use of Sandbagging as a Social Tactic in Relation to Machiavellianism Personality Attribute
Tehzeeb Sakina Amir
Department of Business Psychology, Institute of Business Management, Karachi
The purpose of this study was to determine the preference for the use of Sandbagging as a social
tactic among people with low and high Machiavellianism personality attribute. For this purpose,
three hundred and thirty individuals having graduate and post graduate educational level coming
from different geographical background and having different socio-economic status were selected
randomly and administered the tests which included: Mach IV Scale (Christie & Geiss 1970) and
Sandbagging Scale (Gibson & Sachau 2000). The data has been statistically analyzed using
suitable descriptive statistics and measurement of correlation to determine the relationships that
exist between the two variables. Individuals high on Machiavellianism have shown a low
preference for use of sandbagging as a social tactic to influence the opponent by appearing less
competent as compared to people low on Machiavellianism. Alpha levels of used measures are
moderately high and have found to be significant. Correlation values are found significant. The
data analysis revealed that a negative correlation exists between Machiavellianism and use of
Sandbagging as a social tactic where low Machs prefer use of sandbagging to mislead their
opponent.
Keywords: Sandbagging, social tactic, machiavellianism personality attribute.
Validating the General Emotional Labor Scale-Urdu
Falak Zehra Mohsin
Department of Business Psychology, Institute of Business Management, Karachi
The aim of the current research was to conduct validity analysis for the General Emotional Labor
Scale – Urdu (GELS–U). Concurrent validity of the scale was established by correlating the
General Emotional Labor Scale – English (GELS–E) with the GELS–U. the validity of the GELS
– E had previously been established, therefore, it was assumed that a high correlation between the
results of GELS – E and GELS – U would be indicative of good concurrent validity. Discriminant
validity of the scale was established by correlating the results of the GELS – U with the Urdu
version of Ryff’s Psychological Well-being Scale translated by Ansari (2010). The results of the
study showed that the GELS – U was a valid scale that can be used as a measure of emotional
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labor. With the validation of this scale, a niche that had not been tapped previously can now be
assessed – i.e. the workforce of Pakistan that cannot read or speak English can be evaluated as
well.
Keywords: Validating, General Emotional Labor Scale, Urdu
Parental Involvement, Perceived Competition and Academic Performance of High School
Students
Syeda Shama Mazahir and Afsheen Masood
This research investigated parental involvement, perceived competition and academic
performance of Govt. high school students. It was hypothesized that parental involvement and
perceived competition are significantly associated variables that influence students’ academic
performance. The sample comprised of 300 school students, both male and female, age ranging
between 14-18 years, accessed from government schools of Lahore. The instruments comprised of
translated versions of Parental Involvement Scale (Voydanoff & Donnelly, 1999), Perceived
Competition Scale (Conde, 2003) in addition to a self-constructed demographic questionnaire
while academic performance was assessed through aggregate performance of last three exams.
The findings revealed that there is significant positive relationship in parental involvement,
perceived competition and academic performance of high school students. Stepwise regression
analyses revealed that gender, education level of the parents, parental involvement and birth order
were significant predictors of academic performance. There were significant gender differences in
perceived competition as girls exhibited significantly higher sense of competition than that of
boys. The findings carry strong implications for the academicians and educational psychologists.
Keywords: Parental involvement, perceived competition, academic performance of students.
The Effect of Terrorism on School-Going Children
Ammara Hashmi
Virtual University of Lahore, Pakistan
This research explores the effects of terrorism on school-going children. It takes into account the
perceptions of those children who indirectly faced the consequences of terrorism through news in
the media or events such as closing schools. The sample of children is collected by purposive
sampling strategy, wherein, six children were selected from a local school near a location subject
to more than one bomb blasts. The data were collected by conducting focus group study and is
analyzed using grounded theory. The findings are summarized into a theory suggesting that
terrorism has altered the perception of children regarding schools in a considerable way. It is
suggested that a feeling of fear is deeply induced in the children and they equate bomb blasts with
closing of schools. They believe that the main target of terrorism are schools and by implication,
education. Moreover, terrorism has become a concept inviting the imagination of children who
fantasize, in some degree, to look like a terrorist. This emerging practice has also become a source
of enjoyment for school going children. The study concludes that both these attributes namely,
fear and enjoyment, are fundamentally counterproductive in a child’s upbringing.
Keywords: terrorism, children, bomb, fear, school.
Perfectionism, Narcissim and Procratination in Young Adults
Samina Kouser and Najma Iqbal Malik, PhD
Department of Psychology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
The main objective of this study is to examine the relationship between perfectionism, narcissism
and procrastination among young adults. Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (Hewitt & Flett,
1991), Narcissistic Personality Inventory (Raskin & Terry, 1988) and Lay Procrastination Scale
(1986) were used to collect the information from participants. Sample consisted of purposively
selected 300 adults, further divided into female and male adults. The finding indicates that
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perfectionism was negatively correlated with narcissism but had significant positive correlation
with procrastination. Regression analysis also revealed perfectionism as a predictor of
procrastination. The findings of the present research also indicate that there were no significant
differences among young adults in terms of perfectionism, narcissism and procrastination with
reference to age, gender and education.
Keywords: Perfectionism, narcissism, procrastination, adults.
Perseveration of Negative Thoughts and Psychological Distress among Obsessive
Compulsive Disorder (OCD’s) Patients
Sehrish Khalid and Najma Iqbal Malik, PhD
The main objective of this study was to investigate perseveration of negative thoughts and
psychological distress among OCD patients. The study also aimed at investigating the state of
psychological distress among those who have obsessive compulsive disorder. The sample
consisted of 60 OCD patients and further divided into (n=30) male OCD patients and (n=30)
female OCD patients. The patients were taken from District Head Quarter Hospital, Sargodha,
through purposive sampling technique with the reference of Head of Psychiatry, DHQ Sargodha.
Urdu versions of Perseveration Thinking Questionnaire (PTQ), Psychological Distress Scale and
Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire (PDQ) were used to measure perseveration of negative
thoughts and psychological distress among OCD patients. The correlation analysis revealed a
significant positive relationship between Perseveration of negative thoughts and psychological
distress. The results further showed a significant negative relationship between disturbed thinking
pattern and psychological distress among OCDs. Linier regression analysis further revealed
preservation of negative thoughts as significant positive predictor of psychological distress among
OCDs. T-test analysis revealed that perseveration of negative thoughts was high in female OCD
patients as compare to male OCD patients.
Keywords: Perseveration of negative thoughts, psychological distress, OCD.
Prospective Teachers’ Emotional intelligence and Self-Esteem during pre-service Teacher
Education Program
Sadia Shaukat, PhD and *Sajid Ali Yousuf Zai
Faculty of Education, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan
*Teaching Assistant, University of Arkansas, USA
The ultimate objective of the study was to find out the relationship between emotional intelligence
and self-esteem of prospective teachers during pre-service teacher education program. Three
hypotheses were formulated for this study. The sample consisted of 253 participants enrolled in
the teacher education program from one public university. Data were collected by using two
already established scales: Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (1989) and Bar-On Emotional Quotient
Inventory (2002) that measured emotional intelligence and self-esteem of prospective teachers
respectively. Reliability for Rosenberg self-esteem scale and Bar-On EQ inventory was found to
be .82 and .81 respectively. Data was analyzed using SAS 9.4. Results indicated that significant
positive relationship between prospective teachers’ self-esteem and emotional intelligence was
found. Moreover, significant relationship was reported among five subscales of emotional
intelligence; interpersonal, intrapersonal, stress management, adaptability, and general mode
subscales. Two predictors ‘interpersonal’ subscale and ‘General mode’ subscale of emotional
intelligence demonstrated significant effects on the self-esteem of prospective teachers. Results
showed a significant multivariate effect in semester groups, Wilks’ λ = .68, F (35, 1016.2) = 2.79,
p <.001; concluded that 32% of the variability in the set of five subscales of emotional
intelligence is accounted for by the semesters of prospective teachers.
Keywords: Self-Esteem, emotional intelligence, prospective teachers, teacher education.
41
Perceived Responsibilities of Psychologists for Children with Special Needs
Amna Arif and Abdul Hameed, PhD
University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
The role of psychologists to children with special needs is very crucial but the description of their
responsibilities is vague. The objectives of the study were to highlight the perceptions of
psychologists and special education teachers about the responsibilities of psychologists to children
with special needs, to compare their perceptions, and underline the most favored roles of
psychologists. A self-developed scale consisted on 30 items covering seven subscales was used.
By using purposive sampling technique, 70 psychologists and 100 special education teachers were
selected from different districts of Punjab Province. Independent sample t-test was applied to
compare the perceptions of psychologists and special education teachers. The findings revealed
that both psychologists and special education teachers showed highest consensus on two subscales
i.e. assessment and interpretation and communication and relationship skills. The study found
some differences on the basis of areas the respondents belong while no difference was found on
the basis of income, age and type of disability the respondents served. The major implications of
the study: (1) there should be clear description of responsibilities of psychologists to children with
special needs (2) psychologists and special education teachers should work in collaboration for
the rehabilitation of children with special needs.
Keywords: Psychologists, special education teacher, children with special needs.
Effects of Infertility on Couples’ Marital Satisfaction and Locus of Control
Makiya Aslam and Shehla A. Yasin
Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
This study was conducted to measure effects of infertility on marital satisfaction and locus of
control of infertile couples. It was a quantitative research in which survey method was used. 60
infertile couples (N =120 with equal number of men and women) were selected from different
infertility clinics and hospitals of Lahore through Purposive sampling technique. Sample was
divided in three equal number groups of who: 1. Never conceived, 2. One miscarriage, 3. Frequent
miscarriages. Levenson’s locus of control questionnaire (Levenson, 1973) and Couple’s
satisfaction index (Funk & Rogge, 2007) were used as tools for data collection. Data was
collected individually from all participants. t-test, one way ANOVA and correlation were used for
statistical analyses. Results revealed significant gender differences on Internal locus of control
and powerful others (external locus of control) among infertile couples. On the other hand, Age,
educational, duration of marriage, number of miscarriages and duration after miscarriages have
significant effect on marital satisfaction and locus of control among infertile couples. Family type
and gender had no effect on external locus of control (Chance) and marital satisfaction of infertile
couples.
Keywords: Infertility, miscarriage, marital satisfaction, Locus of control.
Perception of School Students about Global and Local Terrorism
Amna Arif and Zahida Parveen, PhD
Lower Mall Campus, University of Education, Lahore
Pakistan is highly victimized country by terrorism in the world. School children are often hit by
terrorists, most probably for the reason of seeking knowledge. Recently brutal killing of 141
children of Peshawar has led an immense psychological impact on all children of country. This
article aims to investigate perception of school children regarding terrorism, terrorists, reasons of
terrorism, responsible groups and understanding intentions of terrorists. A scale comprising 10
closed ended questions was developed and its Cronbach’s alpha established through pilot study
was found 0.82. Two hundred school students from Lahore were selected for survey. The results
revealed that majority of adolescents define terrorism as killing of innocent people, terrorists as
bad people, and the intension of terrorists as to take over the country. The effect of demographic
42
variables was also analyzed. It was concluded that adolescents are in favor of abolition of
terrorism and they are well aware of the reasons. The study suggests that schools should set up
counseling centers to help students to overcome the terror phobia.
Keywords: Perception, global and local terrorism, students.
Pattern of Choice in Seeking a Friendship-Bond among Undergrads
Rameesha Nareen and Iftikhar Ahmad, PhD
Deaprtment of Psychology, University of Management and Technology, Lahore
Who we like to be friends with is a matter of great personal significance. This question is explored
in three dimensions: kin versus non-kin as friend, sex of the friend and attributes or qualities of
friendship. A total of 367 participants (173 male, 195 female) of 18-25 years were surveyed from
four universities using a self-constructed instrument named ‘Friendship Attribute Indicator (FAI).
It measured preference for (a) same-sex or opposite sex friend, (b) kin or non kin friend, and
attributes desired in a friend for a lifelong friendship connection. Items of the instrument were
generated through a focus group and these were later piloted on a separate sample of 100 under
graduate students. One of the findings of the study was that most men wanted to be friends with
men whereas most women wanted to be friends with men. Male led a clear preference for the
same sex friendship than opposite sex friendship whereas females preferred the other side.
Second, women valued characteristics of friend and friendship namely forming a lifelong, stable
and lasting relationship more than men. Third, both and men clearly preferred non kin friends
over kin friends. These trends speak of the social issues relevant to Asian cultures such as in
Pakistan. Whereas it is psychologically meaningful to find women as more sensitive to friend and
friendship attributes than men, it is interesting to find that more females look for men as friend
unlike men who mostly liked to be friends with men. It might be that they have stretched the
frontiers of friendship to life partnership which makes sense in the Asian context where women
get settled in life early by patriarchal necessity to be soundly protected by men. Non-kin friend
preference speaks of the change in the mind of educated youth, both men and women, to get out
of the family and blood bonds for seeking friend.
Keywords: Kin-Non-Kin Friend, friend attributes, friendship characteristics, educated youth
Effect of Gender, Voter Background and Voting Exposure on Voting Decision Making
Hasan Jabeer Muhammad and Syeda Salma Hassan, PhD
The study investigated the effect of gender, voter’s background and voting exposure on the vote
decision making. Sample of the study consisted of 115 participants with a distribution of 58 men
and 57 women. Vote decision was measured by voting decision making scale (Muhammad, 2013).
Purposive sampling technique was used to collect data. Two- way analysis of variance was used
to determine the effect of gender, voter’s background and voting exposure on voting decision
making behavior. Results revealed no significant differences in voting decision making in terms
of gender as well as between newly registered and previous voters. However, results showed
significant differences in rural and urban voters in terms of their vote decision making. This
research has wider implications for the political psychologists as it provides an insight about the
voting decision making of the Pakistani voters.
Keywords: Voting decision making, rural and urban voters, gender, newly and previous voters
Moderating Effects of Psychological Defense Mechanisms on Employee Attitude toward
Change and Organizational Commitment
Saira Irfan and Rizwana Amin, PhD
Department of Applied Psychology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Pakistan
The present study aims to explore the moderating effects of psychological defense mechanisms on
employee attitude toward change and organizational commitment in bank employees. A survey
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research design was employed in the study. 500 participants were selected through purposive
sampling technique from the banks of Southern Punjab. Defense mechanisms questionnaire
(Andrews, Singh, & Bond, 1993), Attitude toward Change Scale (Vakola & Nikolaou, 2005) and
Organizational Commitment Scale (Meyer & Allen, 1997) were used to assess the psychological
defense mechanisms, attitude towards change and organizational commitment respectively.
Descriptive statistics, independent sample t-test, one way ANOVA, correlation and hierarchical
multiple regression analysis were applied to analyze the data. Results suggested significant
relationship among study variables. Mature defense mechanisms are positively correlated with
attitude toward change and organizational commitment whereas immature defense mechanisms
are negatively correlated with attitude toward change. Results for moderation analysis showed
that mature defense mechanisms, neurotic defense mechanisms and immature defense
mechanisms moderate the relationship between employee attitude toward change and
organizational commitment. Finding indicated significant differences in relation to age, working
experience, salary and organization. The results highlighted the need to recruit employees with
positive attitudes and stressing the significance of the human factor in organizational change
process.
Keywords: Mature defense mechanisms, defense mechanisms, organizational commitment.
Job Burnout in Mediating the Relationship of Perceived Organizational Politics and
Turnover Intentions among High School Teachers
Irsa Fatima Makhdoom, Najma Iqbal Malik, PhD and Mohsin Atta
Present study was an endeavour to investigate the mediating role of job burnout in the relationship
of POP and turnover intentions among high school teachers (N = 329). The study was carried out
in two phases. Urdu translation and pretesting for Perception of Organizational Politics Scale
(Kacmar & Carlson, 1997), Maslach Burnout Inventory-ES (Maslach, Jackson, & Leiter, 1996),
and Turnover Intention Scale (Vigoda-Gadot, & Kupan, 2005), was carried in Phase-I. Phase-II
was conducted for hypotheses testing where multiple regression analysis and path analysis
revealed POP and job burnout as significant positive predictors of turnover intentions and job
burnout as a significant mediator for the relationship of POP and turnover intentions.
Keywords: Perceived organizational politics, job burnout, turnover intentions.
The Mediating Effect of Morale on Perceptions of Organizational Politics and Turnover
Intention Relationship
Faiza Rasul and M. Anis-ul-Haque, PhD
The present study was designed to examine the relationship of perceptions of organizational
politics and its factors (pay and promotion, going along to go ahead, and general political
behaviour) with turnover intention and to investigate the mediating effect of morale as a mediator
variable between this relationship. For this purpose, a purposive convenient sample of 265
employees from different Public Sector Departments from cities of Rawalpindi, Islamabad,
Lahore and Sukkar were approached. Perceptions of Organizational Politics Scale (Kacmar &
Baron, 1999), Job Satisfaction Questionnaire (Hackman & Oldham, 1975), Affective commitment
Subscale (Allen & Meyer, 1990), and Turnover Intention Scale (Konovsky & Cropanzano, 1991)
were used to collect the data. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficients were found to be in the
satisfactory range for all the scales. The findings revealed that perception of organizational
politics was negatively related with morale. Negative correlation was found between morale and
turnover intention and significant positive correlation between perceptions of organizational
politics and turnover intention. Furthermore, it was found that going along to go ahead, a factor of
perceptions of organizational politics, was the strongest predictor of turnover intention. The
relationship between perceptions of organizational politics (pay and promotion, going along to go
ahead, and general political behaviour) and turnover intention was mediated by morale. The
44
results revealed significant gender differences in relation to perceptions of organizational politics
and turnover intention. The findings of this study will help the top management in making
decisions that balance the costs and benefits of engaging in behaviours that may be perceived as
political.
Keywords: Morale on perceptions, organizational politics, turnover intention.
Subjective Severity of Acne, Appearance Distress and Social Anxiety in Individuals with
Acne Problem
Lamae Zulfiqar and Hina Javed Rana
Centre for Clinical Psychology, University of Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
The aim of the study was to evaluate the relationship between subjective severity of acne,
appearance distress, and social anxiety. The current study hypothesized that high subjective
severity of acne will likely to increase appearance distress and social anxiety in acne sufferers.
The sample comprised of 111 participants (88 women and 23 men) with age range of 15 to 40
years. Data was collected from different public and private hospitals of Lahore, Pakistan.
Correlational research design and purposive sampling was employed. Body Image Disturbance
Questionnaire and Social Interaction Anxiety Scale were used. Subjective severity of acne was
measured by devising a structured interview and a scoring key for relevant items. The results
revealed that there was a significant positive correlation between subjective severity of acne,
appearance distress and social anxiety. The results also revealed that high subjective severity of
acne predicts high appearance distress. However, subjective severity of acne was not found to be a
significant predictor of social anxiety. Furthermore results also indicated that more appearance
distress predicts social anxiety. These results will highlight the importance of psychological
treatment along with medical treatment for the acne sufferers.
Keywords: Acne, subjective severity of acne, appearance distress, social anxiety.
Role of Positive Psychological Capital in Prediction of Emotions and Subjective Well-being
among Adolescents
Anila Mughal, Mohsin Atta and Najma Iqbal Malik, PhD
The aim of current research was to investigate the prediction role of positive psychological capital
(PsyCap) in prediction of positive and negative emotions and subjective well-being (SWB) among
school adolescents. Present research was comprised of two phases. In 1st phase PsyCap scale was
developed and 2nd phase consisted of hypotheses testing on sample of 616 school adolescents. In
current study PsyCap scale was developed for adolescents and for that purpose data was collected
from 391school adolescents of rural and urban area. Factor analysis presented four factors of
PsyCap namely resilience, self-efficacy, hope and optimism. PANAS (Watson, Clark, & Tellegen
1988b) and Well-being Inventory by Fatima (2004) were used to measure the constructs.
Correlational analysis demonstrated the significant and positive relationship between all variables.
Multiple regression demonstrated PsyCap as positive predictor of positive emotions and inverse
predictor of negative emotions. Further multiple regression analysis portrayed that resilience,
hope and optimism were positive predictors of SWB.
Keywords: PsyCap, positive emotions. negative emotions, subjective well-being.
Political Comics: Emerging Trend in Social Media and its Impacts on Pakistani Youth
Aisha Parveen, Hira Farooq, and Saba Sadiq
Mass Communication Department, Virtual University of Pakistan, Lahore
Social media websites such as Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube etc. has great influence on youth
and it offers them with tremendous opportunities to learn. Present study aims to explore emerging
trends of political comics in social media and its impacts on Pakistani youth. This is a
triangulation research including both empirical data and interview material. This study completed
45
in two phases: First phase; survey research design was used for which survey questionnaire was
developed on the basis of existing litterateur and interview content. Data was collected from a
sample of 120 postgraduate students of Lahore district including an equal number of girls and
boys. Second phase; an interview has been conducted with an artist who develop political comics.
Qualitative data explored that although it has an element of entertainment but these comics
underlined the meanings which directly affect the viewers’ psychologically. t-test showed that
political comics have a tremendous impact on Pakistani youth. It included both positive and
negative impacts. Another important finding indicated that boys are more negatively impacted
than girls due to such emerging trends in social media. From this investigation, it is concluded that
a country’s political leaders’ negative image and reputation can have a large negative impact on
national brand equity. This may lead to more extremism in Pakistani youth that is a point of
serious concern and need to be handled carefully and wisely. This study also revealing the facts
that social media should play a healthy role as its impacts are widespread and long lasting. This
study will provide a guiding ground for government and other policies making organizations to
make strategies to promote a healthy role of social media and healthy political environment in our
society.
Keywords: Social media, political comics, impact, youth
Academic Self-Efficacy as Predictor of Dysfunctional Career Thoughts and Negative
Academic Outcomes in University Undergraduates
Tayyaba Fatima, Mohsin Atta and *Sultan Shujja
*University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
The present study was aimed at examining the academic self-efficacy as predictor of
dysfunctional career thoughts (DCT) and negative academic outcomes (i. e. test anxiety and
student stress) among university undergraduates. The data (N = 300) was collected through
convenient sampling method, which was further categorized in to male (n = 150) and female
(n = 150). The age of the sample ranged from 17 to 25. Career Thought Inventory (Sampson
et al., 1996), Academic self-efficacy scale (Chemers, Hu, & Garcia, 2001), West Side Test
Anxiety Scale (Driscoll, 2007) and Student Stress Scale (Adaptation of Holmes and Rahe's
Social Readjustment Rating Scale, 1967) were used to measure the constructs of current
study. Correlational analysis showed that academic self-efficacy was negatively correlated
with dysfunctional career thoughts, student stress and test anxiety, whereas student stress
and test anxiety were positively correlated with DCT. Simple linear regression analysis
showed academic self-efficacy as significant negative predictor of dysfunctional career
thoughts, student stress and test anxiety, while student stress and test anxiety as positive
predictors of dysfunctional career thoughts. Additionally t-test analysis was also computed
for all the variable of the present study. The study has worthy implications in career
development settings.
Keywords: Dysfunctional career thoughts, student stress, academic self-efficacy.
Positive and Negative experiences of Elderly Living in Old Homes and Living in Homes
Sammia Deen and Tehmina Saqib
Department of Psychology, University of Management and Technology, Lahore
The study explored positive-negative experiences of elderly men and women living in old homes
and homes. It was hypothesized that elderly living in old homes will show less positive
experiences. Concurrent research design of mixed method approach was used. For qualitative
interviewing 11 respondents provided data. Data was analyzed using grounded theory. Core
categories of family connectedness and mixed emotions emerged. For quantitative data, Scale of
Positive –Negative Experience (Diener et al., 2010 ) was translated and validated. Cross language
validity produced satisfactory results. Internal consistency and temporal stability was also
checked. For testing of hypothesis data of 120 elderly living in old homes and homes was
46
collected using convenient sampling. All respondents were above 60 years of age. Elderly living
in old homes showed less affect balance as compared to those living with families. Women on the
whole showed less affect balance. Demographic variables were also explored. Data from both
approaches was interpreted and it was concluded that psychological outcomes of living in old
homes are much more serious and better living arrangements in old homes can help improve the
psychological health of elderly.
Keywords: Positive and negative experiences, elderly, old homes.
Giving versus Receiving Social Support: An Analysis of What Contributes the Most to
Favorable Life Outcomes
Shahzad Gul, Azba Naz, Sarwat Sultan, PhD
Department of Applied Psychology, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan
This study calls for the question whether providing help to others is more beneficial than
receiving it. Thus the present study probed the relative contributions of giving versus receiving
social support to life satisfaction, marital satisfaction and distress in a sample of older married
adults aged 43-66 years. Baseline indicators of giving and receiving support were used to predict
the study variables. Adults also provided data on the measures of life satisfaction, marital
satisfaction, and distress. Results from regression analyses indicated that life and marital
satisfaction were significantly increased for individuals who reported providing instrumental
support to friends, relatives, and neighbors, and individuals who reported providing emotional
support to their spouse. Receiving support had no effect on life and marital satisfaction once
giving support was taken into consideration. The results pertaining to distress showed the opposite
findings for individuals who reported providing support than individuals receiving support. This
pattern of findings was further analyzed for gender differences and results indicated the
significant differences in male and female adults’ life and marital satisfaction in relation to giving
vs. receiving social support. These results have implications for understanding how social contact
influences life patterns, happiness, and mental health.
Keywords: Social support, contributes, life outcome, happiness.
Examining Job Attitudes through Upward Influence Tactics Used by Employees Perceiving
Organizational Politics
Frasat Kanwal and Isbah Saleem
Institute of Management Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan
Perception of politics at workplace always determines the behaviors of employees. Through the
present study, an attempt has been made to examine the job attitudes through upward influence
tactics used by employees perceiving organizational politics. Out of 592 employees, 432
employees having perception of politics were included in the study working in three
manufacturing organizations in Multan. A booklet consisting of five questionnaires; Perception of
Politics Scale, Upward Influence Scale, Job Satisfaction Survey, Organizational Commitment
Questionnaire, and Organizational Citizenship Behavior Scale along with a demographic variable
sheet was administered to the employees. Results indicated the existence of perception of
organizational politics among employees. Findings suggested that employees perceiving politics
used different upward influence tactics. Persuasion, exchange, and ingratiation tactics were found
more commonly preferred by employees for upward influence. Employees perceiving politics
reported low levels of job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and citizenship behavior as
compared to employees perceiving their organizations free from politics. Significant differences
were also found in the job attitudes of employees who used six different upward influence tactics.
Keywords: Job attitudes, influence tactics, organizational politics.
47
Relationship between Pro-social Behavior and Eudemonia Mediated by Subjective
Well-Being
Sadia Perveen and Rizwana Amin, PhD
Present study was done in order to study the relationship of pro-social behavior, subjective wellbeing and eudemonia in adults. The data consisted of 500 adults with the age range from 25 to 50
from several areas of southern Punjab, Pakistan. Pro-social behavior was assessed using a short
version of 30-item battery developed by Penner (2002). Level of eudemonia were assessed
through the Questionnaire for Eudemonia Well-Being developed by Waterman et al.(2010). For
the assessment of subjective well-being three scales were used given by Diener: Satisfaction with
Life Scale (1985), Scale of Positive and Negative Experience (20009) and Flourishing Scale
(2009). Findings revealed that pro-social behavior, subjective well-being and eudemonia were
positively correlated with each other. The findings showed that the pro-social behavior was
significant predictor of subjective well-being and eudemonia well-being. Subjective well-being
predicted the eudemonia. Subjective well-being was also found to mediate the relationship
between pro-social behavior and eudemonia.
Keywords: Pro-social behavior, eudemonia, subjective well-being.
Promising Impact of Social Support on Social Anxiety and Social Competence via
Alexithymia
Hadia Awan and Sarwat Sultan, PhD
This study extends the literature available on the connections between social support, social
anxiety, social competence, and alexithymia. The present research purported to explore the
mediating role of alexithymia in the relationship of social support with social anxiety and social
competence. 360 students evenly divided into gender; 180 female and 180 males, randomly
selected from social science departments of Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan composed the
sample for this study. Participants provided data on Toronto Alexithymia Scale, Social Anxiety
Scale, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, and Social Competency Inventory.
The results of path analyses computed through correlations, Linear Regressions, and Sobel-Tests,
indicated that (a) social support significantly predicted social anxiety and social competence, (b)
social support also significantly predicted the alexithymia, (c) alexithymia further predicted social
anxiety and social competence, (d) alexithymia mediated the relationship of social support with
social anxiety and social competence. These findings could be helpful in designing the
interventions for handling the impaired social functioning, social anxiety, and alexithymic
problems. Keywords: Social support, social anxiety, social competence, alexithymia.
Personality Traits and Religiosity as Predictors of Suicidality
Sadia Musharraf and Sarwat Sultan, PhD
Department of Applied Psychology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
The present research was conducted to examine the relationship and predictive effects of
personality traits and religiosity on suicidal ideation among psychiatric patients using cross
sectional survey research design. The sample comprised of 210 psychiatric patients ranging in age
from 22-32 years. Psychiatric patients diagnosed with Major Depression (n=84), Generalized
Anxiety Disorder (n=38) and Substance Abuse Disorder (n=88) were given the Urdu-version of
Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, Sahin-Francis Scale of Attitude toward Islam and Beck Scale
for Suicidal Ideation. Employing the Pearson Correlation, Simple Linear Regression and
Hierarchal Multiple Regression, results indicated significant positive relationship of suicidal
ideation with neuroticism and psychoticism, while significant negative relationship with
extraversion, social conformity, and religiosity. In addition, neuroticism and psychoticism were
found most significant predictors of suicidal ideation. Religiosity also negatively predicted
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suicidal ideation among psychiatric patients. The results of the study provided important
implications for the prevention of suicide, assessment and identification of individuals who may
be at high risk for engaging in suicide ideation.
Keywords: Personality traits, religiosity, suicidality.
Universality of the Perception of Punishment for Heinous Crimes
Amber Zahra and Azher Hameed Qamar
Department of Psychology, University Of Management and Technology Lahore
This study attempts to explore the universality of the perception of punishment against the people
committing heinous crimes. For this study, child rape was selected as a serious issue and heinous
crime where the victim is the most vulnerable and the voice is often unheard. The study aims at
finding out the perception of the people from different countries about the punishment for
committing this crime. Participants (N=170) from almost 30 different countries were contacted
through emails using the convenience sampling technique. They were requested to fill in an online
questionnaire comprised of one close ended question (type of punishment) and one open ended
question (comments) in addition to the necessary demographic questions. Participants were
allowed to select more than one option in close ended question. 49% of the respondents selected
death penalty and 32% selected life imprisonment. Whereas 26% also selected physical torture,
and 13% mentioned heavy fine. The content of the comments responded for open ended question
was descriptively analyzed. Most of the respondents expressed their concern about the seriousness
of the issue and asked for severe punishment. Few also asked for rehabilitation of such criminals
as they thought it a result of psychological problem. This study will help to address the debate on
capital punishment in connection with the right of the victims and perception of the people.
Particularly, the study concludes that death penalty should be seen in the context of the crime
committed and its long lasting influence on the victim and other society members.
Keywords: Heinous crimes, child rape, punishment, death penalty, capital punishment.
Exploring Psychological Experiences of IDPs in Bannu
Inam-ul-Haque, Zainab Javed, Rameesha Nareen and Tehmina Saqib, PhD
Department of Psychology, University of Management and Technology Lahore, Pakistan
The study explored psychological experiences of people displaced from North Waziristan as a
result of army operation against terrorists and currently taking shelter in Bannu. 12 in depth
interviews and IPA were used to draw out themes. 8 men and 4 women were the respondents.
Two focus groups were also conducted and data was analyzed for themes. The psychological
symptoms identified included deep anxiety, identity confusion, adjustment issues, depression and
a general feeling of uncertainty. Many people had been contemplating suicide, a clear reflection of
gloom and despair. Women expressed an even deeper level of despair and dependency. However,
a substantial number of people showed resolve to face the hardships and were very hopeful of
going back to their land soon. At the same time, economic difficulties were reported by every
individual ranging from soaring rents to preserving property back home. Overall, terrorism was
seen in a conflicting manner.
Keywords: Psychological experiences, IDPs.
Personality Traits, Uses of Music and Subjective Wellbeing in Musicology and Non
Musicology Students.
Muhammad Faran, Shiba Saeed, Ammara Sahar and Farah Malik, PhD
This study examined the role of different personality traits (openness to experience,
conscientiousness, agreeableness, extraversion, and emotional stability), uses of music (cognitive,
emotional and background) as predictors of subjective wellbeing (life satisfaction, positive and
negative experience). It was assumed that personality traits and uses of music will predict
49
subjective well-being. The sample was comprised of 150 students (50 musicology and 100 nonmusicology students) including both genders (men=79 and women=71) with age range 19-24
years (M=21.72, SD=1.98). Sample was recruited from four universities and Alhamra Art
Council, Lahore. Ten Item Personality Inventory (TIPI; Gosling, Rentfrow, & Swan, 2003), Use
of Music Inventory (UMI; Chamorro-Premuzic, & Furnham 2007), Satisfaction with Life Scale
(SWLS; Diener, Emmons, Larson, & Griffin, 1985) and Scale of Positive and Negative
Experience (SPANE; Diener et al., 2009) were used. The results of stepwise regression analysis
indicated that openness to experience positively predicted emotional and cognitive uses of music.
Extraversion positively predicted background use of music. Agreeableness and emotional stability
negatively predicted cognitive and emotional use of music, respectively. Extraversion positively
predicted satisfaction with life and positive feelings, whereas negatively predicted negative
feelings. Cognitive use of music predicted satisfaction with life, positive feelings and negative
feelings. The results of mediation analysis through AMOS indicated that cognitive use of music
work as bridge between personality traits (agreeableness and openness to experience) and all
components of subjective well-being. Finally personality traits are associated with uses of music,
and subjective well-being, whereas music played mediating role between personality traits and
subjective well-being.
Keywords: Well-being, musicology, life satisfaction, extraversion.
Impact of Conflict on Women and Role of Women in Peace building
Zille Zahra Naqvi
Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
The present study explores the factors behind on-going intrastate conflicts in Pakistan, which are
affecting the lives of women and also highlights women’s role in conflict resolution and
peacemaking. Though there are considerable concerns about violence against women in conflicts;
but the current study investigates other multilayered and multifaceted impacts which are often not
addressed. The study was qualitative; based on case studies of 4 women peace activists from
conflict sensitive areas of all provinces of Pakistan. Case studies were; identified through women
and peace groups functioning in those areas. An interview schedule was prepared to collect data
from participants. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) was used to analyze extracted
themes from the data. The results showed that nature of all conflicts are interlinked with each
other and couldn’t be understood in segregation; Pakistan is caught in political,
religious/sectarian, tribal, linguistic/ethnic, national struggle and terrorism/extremism conflict;
however political intentions are there triggering all conflicts. The worst impacts of conflicts on
women are numerous which are categorized as physical, social, economic and psychological
impacts; which are all interwoven influencing each other. The study concludes that inclusion of
women’s voices on peace table can ensures that women needs and demands will be addressed
during peace negotiations; and can improve the chances of its sustainability.
Keywords: Impact of conflict, conflict resolution, role of women in peace, women.
Uncertainty in Illness and Perceived Stress in Cancer Patients
Juwairya Nawaz and Bushra Naseem
Department of Psychology, Mandi Bahauddin Campus, University of Sargodha
Email: javerianawaz4135@gmail
The research was conducted to find out the relationship between uncertainty in illness and
perceived stress in cancer patients. It was hypothesized that there is likely to be a relationship
between uncertainty in illness and perceived stress in cancer patients. It was also hypothesized
that uncertainty in illness is likely to be a predictor of perceived stress. The sample was consisted
of 80 female cancer patients (N=80) of age range between 25-50 years from INMOL hospital
Lahore. In order to collect the data, non-probability purposive sampling technique was used. The
data was collected with the help of two scales, named Mishel uncertainty in illness scale (MUIS)
by Mishel (1990) was used to assess uncertainty in illness and perceived stress scale (PSS) by
Cohen, Kamarck and Mermelstein (1983) was used to assess perceived stress in cancer patients.
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Pearson product moment correlation was used to find out relationship between uncertainty in
illness and perceived stress. The findings revealed the significant relationship between uncertainty
in illness and perceived stress in cancer patients. Multiple Hierarchal regression was used to find
out the influence of uncertainty on perceived stress. The results were significant and revealed that
there is a statistically significant improvement in the relationship between the set of independent
variables and the dependent variable. This research has an important implication for the
psychological well-being of cancer patients.
Keywords: Perceived stress, uncertainty, illness, cancer, psychological well-being.
Construction and Validation of News Addiction Scale
Ghulam Ishaq and Saba Ghayas
Department of Psychology, University of Sargodha, Pakistan
The main purpose of the present study was to construct and validate News-addiction scale for
people of Pakistan. Initial pool of 41 items was generated and after scrutiny, 30 items were
carefully chosen for factor analysis. The factorial validity and internal consistency of News
Addiction Scale was determined on a convenient sample (age, M = 71.85, SD =15.21) of 248
subjects (men = 184, women = 63).All the participants of the study were interested in listening
and reading about news from various sources. 30 items were subjected to principle component
analysis and the resulting scree plot and Eigen values evidenced a 19 items one factor solution,
which accounted for 53.96% of the total items variance. The alpha coefficient (α = .95) supported
the internal consistency of News Addiction Scale. Positive correlation of news addiction with
narccissm and behavioral inhibition proved its convergent validity and divergent validity of News
Addiction Scale was proved by negative correlation with Conscientiousness. The results regarding
internal consistency and construct validity yielded News addiction scale as a promising
indigenous measure of news addiction.
Keywords: News-addiction, factor analysis, convergent validation, divergent validation.
Moderating Role of Physical Activity for Psychosocial Determinants of Eating Behaviors
Affecting BMI
Syeda Rabia Shaheen and Jamil A. Malik, PhD
The present study was undertaken to investigate role of physical activity affecting BMI, eating
habits and psychosocial factors among general population. Sample (N\= 366), age range 18-25
years, was collected from different universities and colleges of Rawalpindi and Islamabad. Data
was collected on Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (Karlsson, Persson, Sjöström, & Sullivan,
2000), alpha raging from .67 to .73, Depression, Anxiety Stress Scale (Lovibond & Lovibond,
1995) alpha raging .68 to .75, and International Physical Activity Questionnaire (Craig et. al.,
2003) test-retest reliability ranging . BMI was calculated by dividing one’s weight in kilogram to
height in meter square. Results showed that BMI positively correlated with psychological distress,
eating problems and sedentary behaviors i.e., sitting whereas it negatively correlated with physical
activity. Results also revealed that psychological distress significantly and positively correlated
with unhealthy eating behaviors and sitting behavior whereas significantly negatively correlated
with physical activity. Results further showed that vigorous physical activity only moderated
relationship between emotional eating and BMI, whereas sedentary behavior i.e., sitting
moderates effect of emotional eating, cognitive restraint, and uncontrolled eating on BMI. The
study concludes that avoiding sedentary behaviors is a better compensation to reduce risk of
unhealthy eating behaviors as compared to increase in physical activity.
Keywords: Physical activity, psychosocial determinants, eating behaviors affecting BMI.
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Frustration Intolerance Beliefs and Anger Expression in Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms
Shafaq Saeed and Aisha Sitwat, PhD
The present work aimed to study frustration intolerance beliefs, anger expression and symptoms
of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). It was hypothesized that the frustration intolerance
beliefs), anger expression and OCD symptoms will have a positive relationship and frustration
intolerance beliefs (emotional intolerance and achievement and control) and anger expressions
(anger and hostility) will likely to differentially predict OCD symptoms. A sample of adult
patients (N = 100) diagnosed with OCD with mean age of 28.3 years (SD = 8.41) was recruited
from both indoor and outdoor psychiatric units of government hospitals of Lahore city, Pakistan.
Measures used were Urdu versions of Frustration Discomfort Scale (Harrington, 2005),
Aggression Questionnaire (Buss & Perry, 1992), and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Symptom
Checklist (Jabeen & Kausar, 2008). Anger was found to be the predictor of controlling
compulsions while anger and discomfort intolerance predicted compulsions of harm avoidance.
Present study contributes to the current literature by supporting the theoretical proposition of
anger as predictor of OCD. The study has implications for the better understanding and
management of obsessive compulsive disorder with reference to its different symptoms.
Keywords: Frustration intolerance beliefs, anger expression, obsessive compulsive symptoms.
Influence of Personality and Group Dynamics on Social Loafing
Rabia Jaffar, Shabbir Ali Rashid and Anjumn Ara, PhD
Department of Psychology, University of Karachi, Pakistan
This study was conducted to understand the factors of personality and the group dynamics that
affect social loafing. The relationship of the Big 5 personality traits (agreeableness,
conscientiousness, neuroticism, extraversion and openness to experience) with social loafing was
assessed. Also, the effect of four group dynamics (namely: group size, identifiability of the
individual with the group, perception of co-workers and recognition of efforts of individuals in the
group) on social loafing was evaluated. The Big 5 traits were measured by the brief version of the
Big Five Inventory (Rammstedt, B & John, O. P.). Whereas, eight hypothetical scenarios were
constructed, depicting different situations related to the four group dynamics. Respondents were
asked to rate these on a Likert-type scale. The results showed a significant inverse relationship
between conscientiousness and social loafing. Moreover, (a) low identifiability of the individual
with the group, (b) worse than self, perception of the co-worker(s) and (c) recognition or
evaluation of efforts/role of individuals in the group; were seen to be a cause for social loafing.
These results will help understand the individual differences affecting social loafing, help in
forming more affective groups. Also, it will help supervisors manipulate the groups so as to
maximize the output and to avoid exploitation of a few members.
Keywords: Social loafing, personality, group dynamics.
Effect of Attachment on Social Network Satisfaction of Grandparents in Multigenerational
Families: The Amplifier Grandchild
Sumaira Manzoor and Jamil. A. Malik, PhD
The present study investigated relationship between attachment and social network satisfaction of
grandparents in combine family system. It was expected that grandparent’s satisfaction from their
social network is positively related to their attachment with family members from both
generations i.e., middle generations (their own children) as well with third generation (their grand
children). Further it was assumed that grandparent’s attachment with their third generation may
amplify the effect of their attachment with middle generation on satisfaction from their social
network. A total of 95 grandparents were approached from joint families. Inclusion criteria were
combine families sharing same house and constituting three generations i.e., grandparents,
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parents, and grandchildren and having at least one grandchild age≥13years. Grandparent’s
attachment with second and third generation was assessed on separate forms of Revised Inventory
of Parental Attachment (Armsden & Greenburg, 1987), and satisfaction from social networks was
assessed on Social Support Questionnaire (Sarason et. al., 1983). Moderation analysis was
conducted in SPSS using Process Macro (Hayes, 2014). Findings indicated that grandparent’s
attachment with third generation moderated effect of their attachment with second generation and
explained 5.2% additional variance in their satisfaction from their social networks. Further
analysis for pattern of the relationship indicated that grandparent’s attachment with second
generation has a non-significant effect on social network satisfaction of grandparents under low
levels of grandparent’s attachment with third generation whereas high levels of grandparent’s
attachment to their grandchildren amplified effect of attachment of second generation on social
network satisfaction of grandparents. It can be concluded that grandchildren have an amplifying
role in social heath of grandparents.
Keywords: Attachment, social network satisfaction, amplifier grandchild.
Rumination, Self-Compassion and Stress in Women Living in Shelter Homes
Tayyaba Mehboob and Iram Fatima, PhD
A co-relational study aimed to investigate the relationship between rumination, self-compassion
and stress in women living in shelter homes. It was hypothesized that there would be positive
relationship between rumination and stress, and there would be negative relationship between
self-compassion and stress. Moreover, rumination and self-compassion would interact to predict
stress. The sample consisted of 100 women (including unmarried, married, widows and divorced)
living in three different shelter homes of Lahore, Pakistan. The selected age range of women was
20-40 years (M = 26, SD = 5.65). Data were collected by using translated versions of three
different questionnaires including Ruminative Response Scale (Hoeksema & Morrow, 1991),
Self-Compassion Scale (Neff, 2003) and Perceived Stress Scale (Cohen, 1983). Out of 100
women, 34 women who were educated filled the questionnaires by themselves whereas; for 66
women oral administration was carried out by the researcher. Overall response rate was 83.33 %.
Data was analyzed by using Pearson Product Moment Correlation and Hierarchical Multiple
Regression (Moderation). The result showed that rumination had positive relationship with stress.
Whereas, self-compassion had no relationship with stress. Further it was found both rumination
and self-compassion, individually; positively predicted stress but interaction effect was not found.
Moreover, additional analysis showed that women who were living in shelter homes because of
domestic violence ruminated more as compared to those who were living there because other
reasons. The findings of the research highlighted the role of rumination, self-compassion in stress
level of women living in shelter homes. Women who faced domestic violence can be focused and
should learn other problem solving strategies, instead of ruminating on problems.
Keywords: Rumination, self-compassion, stress, shelter homes, domestic violence.
Internet Addiction and Psychological Well-being in Undergraduate Students
Beenish Najam and Iram Fatima, PhD
A correlational study was conducted to investigate the relationship of internet addiction and
psychological well-being in undergraduate students. It was hypothesized that internet addiction
would be negatively related to the psychological well-being of undergraduate students. It was also
hypothesized that internet addiction with high self-efficacy would be positively related to
psychological well-being and boys would be more internet addict than girls. Sample was
comprised of 200 undergraduate college students with age range 18-21 years (M=19.3, SD=0.98).
Internet Addiction Test (Young, 1998) was used to assess the level of internet addiction; Ryff
Psychological Well-being Inventory (Ryff, 1989) was used to assess psychological well-being and
General Self Efficacy Scale (Schwarzer & Jerusalem, 1995) was used to assess self-efficacy.
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Findings of the study showed that there was negative correlation between internet addiction and
psychological well-being while; there was a significant positive correlation between self-efficacy
and psychological well-being. Self-efficacy positively predicted psychological well-being while
internet addiction negatively predicted psychological well-being and no interaction effect was
observed between internet addiction and self-efficacy in predicting psychological well-being. No
gender differences were found in internet addiction, self-efficacy and psychological well-being.
Keywords: Internet Addiction, Self-efficacy, Psychological Well-being, Gender Differences.
Materialistic values and Compulsive buying: Pakistani Perspective
Halima Noon and Ruhi Khalid, PhD
Institute of A. Psychology, Beaconhouse National University, Lahore
The current study focused materialistic values and compulsive buying of young adults in Pakistan.
It was hypothesized that there is a significant positive relationship between materialistic values
and compulsive buying and materialistic values and compulsive buying is higher in women than
men. The sample of this study comprised of 150 private university students (75 men and 75
women) of high SES. The impact of materialistic values was assessed using Richins and
Dawson’s Material Value Scale (1992) and the Valence’s Compulsive Buying Scale (1988) was
used to assess compulsive buying. The sample was approached on campus and via email after
taking informed consent. The results revealed that there was a positive correlation between
materialistic values and compulsive buying supporting hypothesis 1. Men scored higher on
materialistic values than women rejecting hypothesis 2 however no significant difference was
observed between men and women for compulsive buying. Findings also show that young adults
who get income from parents scored higher on both scales than those who are working or
employed. This study can help marketers and enterpreneurs to consider these factors when
targeting consumers.
Keywords: Materialistic values, compulsive buying.
Development and Validation of Indigenous Stressful Life Event Scale for Children
Marium Gul and *Farah Malik, PhD
*Institute of Applied Psychology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
The aim of this study was to develop an indigenous, valid and reliable self-report measure to
identify stressors, and the level of stress in children with age ranging from 9 to 13 years (M =12.3,
SD = 0.88). An initial item pool of 112 items was generated through interviews from 3 children
and a preliminary questionnaire for identification of stressors in daily life of children, was
presented to 5 parents, 5 teachers and 3 child psychologists, asking them to identify stressful
events faced by children, based on their experience with children and, according to Pakistani
culture and insight. Initial sample data consisted of 1300 children and from that dropout rate was
12.9 %, finally a sample of 1132 children (632 boys and 500 girls) was drawn from 5 schools in
Lahore; 3 public and 2 private. Participants gave responses on 10 point rating scale ranging from
1 (no stress) to 10 (extreme stress). Principal Component Factor Analysis was used to determine
the construct validity along with computing item analysis which ended with 5 factors solution
explaining 29 % variance; the item selection criteria was factor loading of .45 and above. Five
factors were labeled as trauma related stressors, social stressors, family related stressors, concerns
and apprehension. Inter correlations among subscales indicated significantly high internal
consistency for Stressful Life Event Scale and its 5 subscales. Cronbach’s alpha for the total
Stressful Life Event Scale with 61 items .96 and five subscales ranged from .96 to .80. Therefore
the results indicated Stressful Life Event Scale is as a reliable and valid self-report measure for
assessing stressful life event in children which may lead to many psychological problems in them.
Keywords: Stressors, stressful life event scale, children, trauma, concerns and apprehensions.
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Emotion Regulation and Psycho-Social Well-Being in Social Workers
Saleha Younis, Zaeema Farooq, and Iram Fatima, PhD
Cross-sectional study was intended to explore the relationship between emotional regulation
(cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression) and psycho-social well-being (emotional,
social and psychological well-being) in students of social work (n=60, M=21.3 age & SD=0.90)
and the professional social workers (n=60, M=36.2 age & SD=10.99). It was hypothesized that
psycho-social well-being would be positively related to cognitive reappraisal and negatively
related to expressive suppression. It was furthermore hypothesized that the relationship between
emotion regulation and psycho-social well-being would differ in the groups. Emotion regulation
was assessed through Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Gross & John, 2003) and psycho-social
well-being was measured with Mental Health Continuum Short Form (Keyes, 2005). Results
indicated that cognitive reappraisal positively predicted psycho-social well-being in both students
and professional social workers. Cognitive reappraisal was positively related to social well-being
only in students.
Keywords: Emotion regulation, psycho-social well-being, social workers.
Academic Stress, Social Support, Cultural Adjustment and Academic Performance of Local
and Non-Local University Students
Muhammad Mazhar Saleem and Afifa Anjum
The current study was carried out to compare academic stress, social support, cultural adjustment
and academic performance in local and non-local university students. Local students belonged to
different cities of province Punjab, while non-local students included students from provinces
other than Punjab, i.e. Baluchistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, with n=50 in each group. It was
hypothesized that there is likely to be a difference in level of stress, social support, cultural
adjustment and academic achievement between local and non-local (intra-national) students.
Secondly, it was hypothesized that there would be significant relationship between all the above
mentioned study variables. Self-constructed Academic Stress Scale was used to measure academic
stress, Interpersonal Support Evaluation List (Cohen, 1985) to measure social support and Revised
Socio-cultural Adaptation Scale (Wilson, 2013) was used to assess cultural adjustment. Results
revealed no difference in local and non-local students in any of the study variables. GPA had
negative correlation with belonging support in both groups, while stress showed negative
relationship with ecological adjustment in local students. Cultural adjustment was also positively
related to social support. Stress showed negative relationship with social support and its
components.
Keywords: Academic stress, social support, cultural adjustment, academic performance.
Hope, Gratitude and Stress Appraisal in Primary Caregivers of Cardiovascular Disease
Patients
Uzma Sarwar, Marium Gul and Amina Obaid Khawaja
Department of Applied Psychology, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore
The purpose of the study was to identify the relationship of hope and gratitude with stress
appraisal in primary caregivers of cardiovascular disease (CVD) patients. Data was obtained from
150 primary caregivers of CVD patients (84 men and 66 women) through purposive sampling
from private and public sectors hospitals in Lahore. Participants were presented with a series of
questionnaires: Adult Dispositional (Trait) Hope Scale, the Gratitude Questionnaire-Six Item
Form (GQ-6) and the Stress Appraisal Measure (SAM). For data analysis descriptive statistics, ttest, correlation and regression analysis were used. The results indicated significant gender
differences: men were more hopeful than women. Hope and gratitude were found to be positively and
negatively related to different ways of appraising stress. Moreover a positive correlation between hope
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and gratitude was found. The findings highlight the importance of positive emotions in stress
management while caregiving and also point to the positive aspects of the caregiving experience.
Keywords: Hope, gratitude, stress appraisal, caregiving, CVD.
The Perceptions of Fear and Excitement among New Undergraduate Female Students
Taiba Javaid and Azher Hameed Qamar
Department of Psychology, University of Management and Technology Lahore
This study attempts to explore the perceptions of fear and excitement among new female students
enrolled in their first undergraduate program in a university. Using a qualitative approach this
study investigates the fear and excitement of the new female students on their first experience of
the university studies. Main objective of the study is to explore in-depth feelings of the students
that they experienced during their early days in the university. Eight participants who were
attending their first month (of the first semester) in a private university in Lahore were contacted
using the convenience sampling technique. Five participants agreed for in-depth interviews. The
interviews were recorded and transcribed. Using top-down and bottom-up approach
simultaneously, content analysis was conducted emerging thematic categories in connection with
the established perspectives of the feelings of fears and excitement. A close analysis of the content
provided different types of fears and excitement. Some fears, once overcome by the respondents,
turned into excitement. Analysis reported the fears related to the co-education, loneliness in new
setting, facing new people, male domination, physical appearance, bullying, personality issues,
and gender spaces. Analysis also reported the excitements related to university life, expectations,
freedom, having new friends, pleasant socialization, and new opportunities. With more experience
of university life and social adjustment, feelings of fear gradually reduced while excitement
increased. Offering a qualitative analysis this study provides comprehensive findings about the
feelings of fear and excitement experienced by new female university students in Pakistani
context where traditional boundaries are often visible. The study also gives way to further
qualitative research with diverse population and context.
Keywords: Fears, bullying, excitements, university life, female students, gender.
The Relationship between Emotional Intelligence, Eating Behaviors and Body Mass Index in
University Students
Fatima Abbas and Ruhi Khalid, PhD
Institute of Psychology, Beaconhouse National University, Lahore, Pakistan
The study explored the relationship between emotional intelligence, eating behaviors and body
weight. It was hypothesized that emotional intelligence, eating behaviors and body weight are
associated. A sample of 166 (103 males and 66 females) university students was taken.
Disordered Eating Behavior Questionnaire (Muazzam & Khalid, 2011) and Schutte Self-Report
Emotional Intelligence Test (Shutte, et. al., 1998) were administered to the participants. Body
mass index was calculated using self-reported data of weight and height. The results showed that
(1) emotional intelligence had a negative relationship with overeating. (2) Managing others
emotions was found to be negatively related to disordered eating behavior and body weight. (3)
Body weight had significant positive relationship with disordered eating behavior. It was
concluded that certain aspects of emotional intelligence may be related to eating behaviors. To
overcome the present obesity plague, it is vital to concentrate on emotional intelligence and eating
behaviors and they should be incorporated in developing effective interventions.
Keywords: Emotional intelligence, eating behaviors, body mass index.
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Consumer Socialization, Psychographics and Post-Purchase Dissonance in Working and
Non-Working Women
Sania Habib Kayani and Tahira Mubashir
The present research aimed to investigate relationship in consumer socialization, psychographics
and the post-purchase dissonance. It was hypothesized that; there is likely to be relationship in
consumer socialization, psychographics and post-purchase dissonance in working and nonworking women; consumer socialization and psychographics are likely to predict post-purchase
dissonance in working and non-working women after controlling demographics; there is likely to
be a difference in consumer socialization, psychographics and post-purchase dissonance in
working and non-working women. Correlational research design was used. The sample consisted
of N = 160 (80 working and 80 non-working women). Elliot’s Scale (2000), Bearden, Netemeyer,
and Teel’s Scale (1989) and Churchill’s Scale (1979) were used in the study. Data was analyzed
by Pearson product moment correlation, Hierarchal regression and Independent sample t-test.
Findings showed that peer in consumer socialization and the psychographics had positive
significant relationship with post-purchase dissonance in working women and in non-working
women parents and peer in consumer socialization had positive significant correlation with postpurchase dissonance. Peer and working status were the predictors of post-purchase dissonance.
The results also revealed that non-working women have higher post-purchase dissonance than
working women. The current study has important implications in consumer psychology and will
be helpful in understanding role of consumer socialization and psychographics in determining
consumption patterns.
Keywords: Socialization, psychographics, post-purchase dissonance.
The Moderating Role of Gender between Face Book Addiction and Development of Stress,
Anxiety and Depression among University Students
Rubab Ayesha, Ejaz Khan, Muhammad Aqeel, Waqar Hussain, Ph.D, Syeda Hafsa,
Fizza Khan
Department of Psychology, Foundation University, Rawalpindi campus
This study was conducted to investigate the role of gender, six core elements of face book
addiction(salience, mood modification, tolerance, withdrawal, conflict, and relapse) and
development of stress, anxiety and depression among university students (N = 200) age ranged
from 18-30.Purposive sampling technique was used based on cross-section design. Two scales
were used to evaluate the six core elements of face book addiction (salience, mood modification,
tolerance, withdrawal, conflict, and relapse) and stress, anxiety and depression. This study
revealed that gender was significant moderator between withdrawal core element of face book
addiction and anxiety, stress, and depression among university students. This study further shows
that gender was significant moderator between conflict core element of face book addiction and
anxiety and depression among university students. The results suggested that gender is moderator
between two important elements of face book addiction (withdrawal and conflict) and
development of stress, anxiety and depression among university students. Recommendations of
the study are that it would be helpful for clinical and pedagogical settings to prevent development
of psychological problems such as stress, anxiety, depression and resolve conflict for university
students.
Keyword: Facebook addiction, stress, anxiety and depression.
War on Terror and Peace Psychology
Mahrukh Mustansar
National Defence University, Islamabad
The study was conducted to investigate the relationship between psychosocial stressor and
depression along with their qualitative analysis among the survived suicide bombing victims in
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Pakistan. It is a retrospective research. The purpose of the study was to measure the depression
level through an internationally valid psychological test BDI (Beck depression inventory, Aaron
T. Beck, 1963) and to measure their current psychosocial stressors through the criteria of DSM IV
and interviews respectively and then to explore the relationship between depression and
psychosocial stressors as which of the victims are more vulnerable to the severity of depression by
keeping in view the psychosocial stressors because at the time of incidence everyone fall in
depression but the study inquires the prioritization of victims that what steps should be taken to
resolve the inner conflict and to build peace by the local governing body to make the decision of
allocation of resources and funding to the victims to have peace in the society. The sample was
taken from Hospitals in Rawalpindi, Peshawar, Lahore, Karachi, Islamabad, Quetta through
various sources. Sample consisted of armed officers, junior commission officers, civilians and
students with age ranging from 18-74, including 70 survivors of suicide bombing; Data from the
non-victims was also conducted. The results showed that most of the victims in Pakistani
population are more prone to the severity of depression due to non-availability of rehabilitation
services. More over the psychosocial stressor related to economic problems elevates the level of
depression in the survivors of suicide bomb attack than any other psychosocial stressor like
occupational problems, housing problems etc.
Keywords: Psychosocial stressor, depression, survived suicide bombing victims.
Effect of Mood on Emotion Recognition among School Bullies and Victim
Rabia Khawar and *Farah Malik, PhD
Department of Applied Psychology, GC University Faisalabad
The study examined the impact of mood states on identification of facial expressions of six basic
emotions among school bullies and victims. A total of 372 boys and girls studying in 4th, 5th and
6th grade with an age range of 9-12 (M = 10.75, SD = 1.1) years took part in this study. They were
categorized into four bullying roles i.e. pure bullies (n = 91), pure victims (n = 77), bully/victims
(n = 109) and uninvolved (n = 95) by using Urdu version of Olweus Bully Victim Questionnaire.
Participants were randomly assigned to happy, sad and neutral mood conditions. Following a
combined mood induction procedure by means of standardized music excerpts and set of affect
laden pictures developed by the authors; participants completed a computerized emotion
recognition task, Facially Expressed Emotion Labeling (FEEL) test. Ottawa Georgia Mood Scale
was employed before and after mood induction as manipulation check. Repeated measures
Analysis of Variance suggested significant effectiveness of all the three mood inductions.
Multivariate Analysis of Variance demonstrated poor emotion recognition skills of students
involved in bullying as compared to the uninvolved group. Gender and age did not significantly
affect emotion recognition ability. Findings further revealed that emotion recognition was not
significantly affected by either of the mood states, hence supporting the mood incongruence in
attention bias. Results are discussed for effective intervention strategies focusing on social
cognitive abilities of bullies and victims.
Keywords: Bully-victim, mood induction, emotion recognition, mood congruence.
Gender of the Infant and Interpersonal Relationship correlates of Postpartum Depression
among Women in Gilgit, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan
Humaira Mujeeb and *Farah Qadir, PhD
Behavioral Sciences Department, Karakoram International University, Gilgit-Baltistan,
Pakistan , *Behavioral Sciences Department, Fatima Jinnah Women University, the Mall,
Rawalpindi, Pakistan
The present study aimed to explore gender of the infant and interpersonal relationship
correlates of postpartum depression among women in Gilgit. It was a correlational study with a
cross-sectional study design. The target population was women between six weeks to six
months after the delivery of a baby. The sample size of 158 women was selected non-randomly
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according to fixed quota. Urdu version of Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and
questionnaire including demographic and interpersonal relationship variables was used. The
data was analyzed using SPSS 16.0. A statistically significant association between attachment
with husband in women having a female infant and postpartum depression has been found. The
association between the husband’s emotional and physical support in women having a female
infant and postpartum depression had also been found significant. In case of women having a
male infant, the association between support of in-laws and postpartum depression is
statistically significant. An association between the violence/discrimination based on the basis
of infant's gender in women who had a female infant and postpartum depression is also found.
These findings suggest that when exploring correlates of postpartum depression, it is imperative
to consider gender of the infant especially in societies where strict gender preference exists.
Keywords: Infant, gender, attachment, husband, in-laws, support, violence, discrimination.
The Psycho-social Impact of Haemodialysis on Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease
Saira Javed and Ashar Saeed
Pakistan Kidney Patients Association, Islamadab
The study aims to investigate the relationship between quality of life, depression, perception of
illness and adherence to treatment among patients of haemodialysis of Pakistan Kidney Patients
Association Rawalpindi, Pakistan. The study was carried out using descriptive and correlation
statistics. Random sampling technique was used for data collection, 38 participants were recruited
for recent study. Self-report questionnaires included personal profile, Illness Perception Scale,
Quality Of Life and Beck Depression and Treatment Adherence Rating Scale was used. Results
revealed negative correlation between depression and quality of life. Further demonstrated quality
of life is significantly associated with illness perception related to seriousness of disease.
Haemodialysis is a fundamental treatment for patients with ESRD; though, at times it adversely
affects patients’ mental health. In order to get healthier treatment outcome and improved quality
of life, a comprehensive management plan need to be design irrespective of pharmacological
interventions that would include all psychological interventions.
Keywords: Haemodialysis patients, depression, illness perception, quality of life and adherence to
treatment.
Relationship between Parental Bonding and Curiosity in Adolescents
Shazia Jabeen and Anjum Ara Jahangir, PhD
Department of Psychology, University of Karachi
This study was designed to investigate the relationship between parental bonding and curiosity.
Keeping in view the two components of parental bonding, the care and control, it was
hypothesized that “parental care would be positively related to curiosity and parental control
would be negatively related to curiosity”. Parental Bonding Instrument Brief Current Form (PBIBC) and Curiosity and Exploration Inventory Revised (CEI-II) were administered to 167
adolescents (76 boys & 91 girls) of ages from 16 to 19 years old, studying in different government
institutions of Karachi, Pakistan. Results showed that paternal care and paternal control were
positively related to curiosity however maternal care and maternal control were not related to
curiosity in boys. Paternal control was negatively related to curiosity in girls though paternal care,
maternal care and maternal control were not related to curiosity in girls. Moreover boys perceived
their fathers as more controlling compared to girls. Findings of study suggested that parental
bonding play an important role in development of curiosity that is crucial in enhancing human
motivation. Findings would help the professionals to consider the role of parent-adolescent
relationships in enhancing adolescents’ motivation.
Keywords: Parental bonding, curiosity, adolescents.
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Coping Strategies and Social Support as Predictors of Stress among Mothers of
Mentally Retarded Children
Noreena Kausar and Syed Sohail Imam, PhD
Department of Psychology, University of Gujrat, Pakistan
Research literature shows that parents of children with disabilities experience higher level of
stress hardship almost in all cultures as compared to parents of children without disabilities
(Dervishaliaj, 2013; Lessen berry and Rehfeldt, 2009;Sajjad, 2010).Present study focused mainly
on the relationship among problem based coping strategies, social support and perceived stress
among mothers of children with mental retardation. Secondly, it explored differences in levels of
maternal perceived stress with respect to children’s categories of disability. Across sectional
survey research design was used to collect data from a purposive sample of 100 mothers having
mentally retarded children.Problem-Based Coping Strategies Scale(Noreena, 2010), Perceived
Social Support Scale (Zimet, Dahlem, Zimet& Farley, 1988) and Perceived Stress Scale (Noreena,
2010) were used to measure coping strategy, social support and stress of the respondents
respectively. Data analyses showed that problem based coping strategies significantly predicted
perceived stress and explained 36 % of variance in stress scores. Results of one way analysis of
variance indicated significant difference in mothers’ perceived stress in relation to the severity of
children’s mental retardation.
Keywords: Coping strategy, social support, stress, mothers of retarded children.
Somatic Symptoms Scale: Psychometric Properties in Clinical and Normal Sample
Fauzia Naz, PhD and *Rukhsana Kausar, PhD
The present research was designed to develop Naz & Kausar Somatic Symptoms Scale (NK-SSS)
based on the criteria of symptoms as described in DSM-IV-TR2 (2000) and DSM-V1 (2013).
Further, the psychometric properties of the newly constructed scale were also examined through
exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Sample included 150 female diagnosed with somatic symptoms
(Mean age = 15.55, SD = 1.65) and 150 normal females (Mean age = 15.45, SD = 1.66) with
minor medical problems. Results endowed with four inter-correlated factors keeping in touch with
the classification of somatic symptoms (previously described as somatoform disorders in DSMIV-TR) The Cronbachs’ alpha reliability of the sub-scales (factors) was good to excellent.
Criterion as well as discriminant validity was substantiated: the measure was highly correlated
with Screening for Somatoform Disorders Scale (SOMS-7; Reif& Hiller)10, the NK-SSS
significantly differentiated clinical versus normal sample on all four factors. The NK-SSS is
recommended as screening instrument for non-clinical population and as a diagnostic measure in
clinical population.
Keywords: Somatic symptoms disorder, exploratory factor analysis, criterion validity.
Parental Neglect, Negative Self-Esteem, Emotional Instability and Depressive Symptoms in
Adolescents with Somatic Symptoms
Fauzia Naz, PhD and *Rukhsana Kausar, PhD
Present study aimed to explore parental neglect, negative self-esteem, emotional instability and
depressive symptoms in adolescents with somatic symptoms. The assumptions included that (a)
there will likely to be positive relationship between parental neglect, negative self-esteem,
emotional instability, depressive symptoms and severity of somatic symptoms in adolescent with
somatic symptoms, (b) parental neglect, negative self-esteem, emotional instability will likely
predict depressive symptoms in adolescents and (c) parental neglect, negative self-esteem,
emotional instability and depressive symptoms will likely predict somatic symptoms in
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adolescents. A sample of 150 female adolescents was recruited from different public hospitals.
These adolescents were already diagnosed with somatic symptoms disorders by hospital
psychiatrists. The mean age of the sample was 15.95 (SD=1.79) years. Screening for Somatoform
Symptoms Scale (SOMS-7; Reif& Hiller, 2003), Personality Assessment Questionnaire (Rohner,
2004) and Center for Epidemiological Depression Scale (CES-D; Radloff, 19) were used to
measure somatic symptoms, negative self-esteem, emotional instability and depressive symptoms
respectively. Results revealed significant positive relationship between parental neglect, negative
self-esteem, emotional instability, depressive symptoms and somatic symptoms. Negative selfesteem, parental neglect and emotional instability emerged as significant predictors of depressive
symptoms whereas depressive symptoms, emotional instability and negative self-esteem emerged
as significant predictors of somatic symptoms in adolescents. Results have important implications
for parents and counselors who deal with children.
Keywords: Parental neglect, self-esteem, emotional instability, depressive symptoms, somatic
symptoms.
Mirror Mirror on the Wall can’t see Myself at all: Experiences of Living with Alopecia
Universalis
Rafia Rafique, PhD and *Nigel Hunt, PhD
*University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
Visible difference in appearance can have diverse psychological and social impact. Alopecia
Universalis (AU) is a disfiguring condition resulting in complete loss of hair on scalp and body.
We explored experiences and lived journeys of men with A across two cultures; United Kingdom
and Pakistan. Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis was employed to unravel the psychosocial
experiences of men with AU. We conducted face to face in-depth semi-structured interviews with
a volunteer sample of twelve respondents. Five super ordinate themes emerged:1) Reactions
(personal and social)2) Impact (psychological and social) 3) Coping (cognitive and behavioral 4)
Adjustment and Rehabilitation and 5) Growth. Men from UK reported experiencing stronger
personal reactions. Pakistani men reported experiencing social reactions like stares, giggles and
point blank questions from the public. Long term impact, coping process, adjustment and
rehabilitation period reported by men with AU was quite similar across cultures. Having lived
with AU for some period of time; men from UK recounted getting more empathetic and
compassionate, Pakistani men said they had developed gratitude over the years. Dermatologists
need to be sensitive about the psychosocial needs of people with AU. Healthcare providers
especially psychologists can provide support through the use of psychosocial interventions.
Keywords: Psychological and social impact, alopecia universalis.
Pattern of Choice in Seeking a Friendship-Bond among Undergrads
Rameesha Nareen and Iftikhar Ahmad
Who we like to be friends with is a matter of great personal significance. This question is explored
in three dimensions: kin versus non-kin as friend, sex of the friend and attributes or qualities of
friendship. A total of 367 participants (173 male, 195 female) of 18-25 years were surveyed from
four universities using a self constructed instrument named ‘Friendship Attribute Indicator (FAI).
It measured preference for (a) same-sex or opposite sex friend, (b) kin or non kin friend, and
attributes desired in a friend for a lifelong friendship connection. Items of the instrument were
generated through a focus group and these were later piloted on a separate sample of 100 under
graduate students. One of the findings of the study was that most men wanted to be friends with
men whereas most women wanted to be friends with men. Male lead a clear preference for the
same sex friendship than opposite sex friendship whereas females preferred the other side.
Second, women valued characteristics of friend and friendship namely forming a lifelong, stable
and lasting relationship more than men. Third, both and men clearly preferred non kin friends
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over kin friends. These trends speak of the social issues relevant to Asian cultures such as in
Pakistan. Whereas it is psychologically meaningful to find women as more sensitive to friend and
friendship attributes than men, it is interesting to find that more females look for men as friend
unlike men who mostly liked to be friends with men. It might be that they have stretched the
frontiers of friendship to life partnership which makes sense in the Asian context where women
get settled in life early by patriarchal necessity to be soundly protected by men. Non-kin friend
preference speaks of the change in the mind of educated youth, both men and women, to get out
of the family and blood bonds for seeking friend.
Keywords: Kin / non-kin friend, friend attributes, friendship characteristics, educated youth.
Personality, Self-consciousness, Locus of Control and Assertiveness in Housewives
Huma Hassan and Naumana Amjad, PhD
The present research was designed to find out whether personality, self-consciousness and locus
of control are correlates/predictors of assertiveness in housewives. It was hypothesized that there
is likely to be a positive relationship between extroversion, internal locus of control and
assertiveness, and there is likely to be a negative relationship between self-consciousness (private
and public), neuroticism, external locus of control and assertiveness, Personality (extroversion and
neuroticism), Self consciousness and locus of control are likely to predict assertiveness. Within
Group research design was used in the study. A sample of 120 housewives was recruited from
Lahore, Punjab through convenient sampling. Demographic questionnaire was used for
demographic information. The simple Rathus Assertiveness Schedule (McCormick, 1984) was
used to assess assertiveness. The Revised NEO Personality Inventory (Costa & McCrae, 1992),
The Self-Consciousness Scale (Fenigstein, Scheier& Buss, 1975) and Levenson Multidimensional
Locus of Control Scale (Levenson) were used in the research. All scales were translated into Urdu
as per standard procedure. Results revealed that there is a significant positive correlation between
internal locus of control and extroversion. There is a significant negative correlation between
neuroticism and assertiveness. External Locus of Control (powerful others, chance) also showed a
significant negative correlation with assertiveness. Subscales of Self Consciousness (public self
consciousness and private self consciousness) also revealed a significant negative correlation with
assertiveness. Lastly, extroversion positively predicts assertiveness. External Locus of Control
(powerful others) negatively predicts assertiveness. External Locus of Control (Chance) positively
predicts assertiveness. Extroversion and internal locus of control positively predicts assertiveness
whereas external locus of control (chance and power) and self consciousness negatively predict.
The research helps to understand facets of assertiveness and can be used in assertiveness training.
Keywords: Personality, self-consciousness, locus of control, assertiveness in housewives.
Level of Frustration Tolerance and Coping Strategies Used by Women with Conversion
Disorder VS Those with General Medical Conditions
Sara Asad, Shafaq Saeed, and Rukhsana Kausar, Ph.D,
In this study, women with conversion disorder were compared against women with general
medical conditions (GMC's) on level of frustration tolerance and coping strategies. It was
hypothesized that women with conversion disorder are likely to experience lower level of
frustration tolerance and use more avoidance focused and active distractive coping strategies.
Method: 50 female patients were recruited from three teaching hospitals of Lahore, Pakistan. The
assessment measures included Level of Frustration Scale of Symptom Checklist-R and Coping
Strategies Questionnaire. Results: Results showed that women with conversion disorder had
significantly lower level of frustration tolerance and used more avoidance focused coping
strategies than women with GMC's who on the contrary used more active practical and active
distractive coping strategies. A significant positive relationship was found between low level of
frustration tolerance and avoidance focused coping as well as negative relationship between low
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level of frustration tolerance and active practical and active distractive coping. Level of frustration
tolerance was significant predictor of conversion disorder symptoms. Research findings have
implications for formulation of therapeutic management plan for women with conversion
disorder.
Keywords: Conversion disorder, general medical conditions, coping strategies.
Employees Organization Commitment and its Effect on Turn Over Intention
Nida Bangash
Department of Psychology, Peshawar University, Peshawar
Commitment has greater importance for organization to sustain its position in competitive world.
No organization can achieve its goal and reach to its peak without existence of committed
employees, as they are the real assets of the organization. For retaining key employees and reduce
turnover, organizations facilitates their employees by good environment, handsome salaries,
understandable job design but still employees are not committed to the organization. The aim of
this study is to identify the effect of employee’s organizational commitment and its effect on turn
over intentions, the association between three types of commitment and turn over intentions and
the difference between doctors and teachers on commitment. To achieve the objective of the study
a research was conducted on the sample of 300 subjects that comprises of 150 doctors and 150
universities teachers. Sample was drawn through convenient sampling from different hospitals
and universities of Peshawar. Allen & Meyer Commitment Scale and Turn Over Intention Scale
were used in the study. This study found that commitment has great effect (R = 0.624) on turnover
but it also highlighted three types of commitment and their effect on turnover. This study was
conducted with the hypothesis that Commitment has higher effect on turnover. Although from the
results it is quite obvious that all types of commitment including affective commitment,
continuous commitment, normative commitment has effect on turnover of doctors and universities
teachers however affective commitment is the strong predictor of turnover among selected
hospitals and universities.
Keywords: Organizational commitment, turnover intention, affective, continuance.
The Impact of Personality Traits and Sleep Pattern on Mood Swings across Male and
Female University Students
Rabia latif, Muhammad Aqeel, Waqar Hussain, Dur-e-Nayab, Nayab Kazmi, Sarah Saddique
Department of Psychology, Foundation University, Rawalpindi
The current research aimed to investigate the impact of sleep pattern and personality traits on
mood swings across male and female university students. Sample was comprised of 200
university students (female =100, male =100) age ranged 18-30 in Pakistan. Purposive sampling
technique was used based on cross-section design. Three scales were employed to assess the sleep
pattern, personality traits and mood swings (positive affect, negative affect). This study revealed
that sleep pattern was significantly predicted negative affect for female students and male students
respectively).This study further shown that conscientiousness traits of personality was
significantly predicted positive affect for female students and male students respectively), and
sleep pattern for female students and male students respectively. This study also revealed that
extrovert traits of personality was significantly predicted positive affect for female students and
male students respectively), and negative affect for female students and male students
respectively. This study revealed that openness trait of personality was a non-significantly
predicted Positive Affect for female students and male students respectively. This study exposed
that neurotic traits of personality was significantly predicted negative affect for female students
and male students respectively. Recommendations of the study are university students can equally
be benefitted by an intervention addressing delinquent activities however; female students can get
more benefit by addressing sleep pattern. This current study is that it would be helpful for clinical
and pedagogical settings to improve sleep pattern of university students.
Keywords: personality trait, sleep pattern, mood swings, positive affect, negative affect.
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Performance Anxiety and Sleep Problems as Predictors of Academic Achievement
Namra Shazadi and Syed Sohail Imam, PhD
Department of Psychology, University of Gujrat
The present study investigated performance anxiety and sleep problems as predictors of academic
achievement among a convenience sample of 100 university students (Male = 43, Female = 57).
The participants, aged 18 to 25 years, were selected from three different departments of
University of Gujrat. Hamilton Anxiety Scale (Hamilton, 1959) and Pre Sleep Arousal Scale
(Nicassio, Mendlowitz, Fussell, & Petras, 1989) were individually administered to the participants
in their respective departments. Academic achievement was measured in terms of GPA of
previous semester of each respondent. The Cronbach Alphas for both the scales for the present
sample fell in acceptable range (α = 0 .84 - 0.87). Linear regression analyses indicated that
performance anxiety significantly predicted (p <.01, p<.001) low academic achievement among
university students. It was also identified that the higher level of performance anxiety was also a
strong predictor (p < .0.001) of sleep problems among students. Discussion includes implications
for future research and practices with reference to Pakistani culture.
Keywords: performance anxiety, sleep problems, academic achievement, university students.
Predicting Effect of Aggression and Hostility on Happiness among University Students in
Terms of Gender and Family System
Nouman Iqbal, Ghulam Ishaq, Sumaya Batool and Nayab Gohar
The present study was intended to find out the predicting effect of aggression and hostility on
happiness among university students. The sample of the study comprised of (N= 250) university
students with equal number of male and female students. The age of sample ranged from 18 year
to 30 years. Modified Overt Aggression Scale was used to measure the aggression and State
Hostility Scale was used to measure Hostility and Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS) was used to
measure happiness. Psychometric analysis showed high reliability of all the scales used in the
study. Multiple regression analysis revealed that aggression and hostility emerged as significant
negative predictor of happiness. Results also revealed that there is significant mean difference in
terms of gender and family systems. The study will have strong implications for teachers and
counselors working with adults in order to improve their subjective well-being which in turn can
improve their performance in social and academic networks.
Keywords: aggression, hostility, happiness, university students, family system.
Dynamics of Resilience among Adolescents with Disabilities
Misbah Shafique Abbasi and Rubina Hanif, PhD,
Keeping in view the suffering of person with disabilities, a dire need was realized to look at the
positive aspects of lives of person with disabilities. Resilience as the ability to bounce back from
adversity and purposeful engagement in life extract the attention of researcher to be explored in
indigenous culture (Bronfenbrenner, 1989). The present study aimed to identify the dynamics of
resilience (intrinsic and extrinsic factors) among adolescents with physical and sensory disabilities
from adolescents who were studying in segregated and integrated schools. A qualitative research
design was opted to study adolescents with physical and sensory disabilities selected as
participants from segregated (n = 9) and integrated schools (n = 4). Semi structured interviews
protocol was prepared by following standard guide line (Seidman, 2006). The interviews were
conducted to explore the realities related to resilience. Interpretive phenomenological analysis
technique (Smith, 2009) was utilized. Analysis revealed recovery and sustainability as major
dynamics of resilience. In-depth analysis of data explored the reasons for major dynamics of
resilience as problem faced due to disability, factors helping in recovery, active coping, positive
emotionality, cognitive reappraisal, purpose in life, social support and sense of self. Concluding
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the findings of present study it is evident that resilience of adolescents with disabilities constitutes
both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. The findings are supported by Ecological Model
(Bronfenbrenner, 1989). Interesting finding regarding rehabilitation centers as source of resilience
by providing support mark the way towards new perspective emerging in the society and
extending their social support groups. This study will help to change the attitude of society for
adolescence with disabilities and to make them productive member of society.
Keywords: dynamics of resilience, adolescents, disabilities.
Causes of Suicidal Ideation in Adolescents: A Qualitative Study
Anum Javed and Rukhsana Kausar, Ph.D,
The growing incidence of suicide behavior among adolescents has heightened awareness to find
out reasons of suicidal behavior in adolescents therefore, the present research was conducted to
find out causes of suicidal ideation in adolescents. Sample size was 23 (students = 6, teacher = 6,
parents = 6) and counselors = 5). Interpretative phenomenological analysis was used to analyze
the transcribed data of all respondents. Results found that academic problems were the main
reason of suicidal ideation. 66 % reasons were pressure of grades, fear of failure and burden of
studies force adolescents towards suicidal thoughts. Interpersonal relationship problem with
parents and teachers was another reason of suicidal ideation. 49 % reasons are related to lack of
parental attention, inability to meet parental expectations and teacher rejection. Personal problems
emerged as major reason of suicidal ideation. 76 % personal problems which include pessimistic
approach, hopelessness, future insecurity, low frustration tolerance were the causes of suicidal
ideation. Financial issues and role of media also increase the likelihood of suicidal ideation.
Societal problems also play a role in emerging suicidal thoughts. Societal problems include
unjustice in society, future insecurity, corruption and terrorism. The findings will help in
developing positive attitude of parents and teachers towards adolescents so they can refrain from
the suicidal thoughts.
Keywords: suicidal ideation, academic problems, interpersonal relationship problems.
Child Maltreatment, Self-Compassion, Empathy and Emotional Dysregulation in Destitute
Adolescents
Khalid Ghaffar and Farah Malik, PhD
The aim of the study was to validate indigenous Child Abuse Scale (Revised) for13-18 years old
(M = 15.06, SD = 1.42) adolescents. Initial item pool consisted of 43 items was subjected to the
empirical evaluation for a sample of 400 adolescents. Data were drawn conveniently from Child
Protection Bureau (N = 100) and from 4 colleges and high schools (N = 100) in Lahore. Principal
Component Factor Analysis was used to determine the construct validity. Analysis was restricted
to the original picture of CAS-R for 3 factors labeled Physical and Emotional Abuse, Physical and
Emotional Neglect and Sexual Abuse. These 3 factors explain cumulative variance of 43.91%.
Inter-correlations among subscales indicate significant relationship among sub-scales. Cronbach’s
alpha for the total CAS-R was .94, and for sub-scales range from .7 to .93. Results indicated that
CAS-R is a reliable and valid self-report measure for assessing abuse and maltreatment. Fathers
were perceived to be more abusive as compared to mothers, boys reported high abuse than girls
and destitute adolescents score higher on CAS-R than home-living adolescents.
Keywords: child abuse, adolescents, emotional, physical abuse, neglect and sexual abuse.
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Attachment Pattern and Anxiety disorders in adolescents
Humaira Naz and Saima Dawood, PhD
Centre for Clinical Psychology, University of the Punjab
The objective of the present study was to see the relationship between attachment patterns and
anxiety disorders in adolescents. For this purpose, corelational research method and purposive
sampling was used. The study included a sample of 630 adolescents (336 girls & 294 boys) with
mean age 16 years and age range (13-19 years). The sample was collected from government and
private schools, colleges of Data Gunj Baksh Town, Lahore. The research instruments included
personal history questionnaire; Inventory of Parent Attachment (IPPA-R) for Attachment
relationship with father and mother (Gullon & Robinson, 2005); Attachment Style Classification
Questionnaire (ASCQ) (Finzi Cohen , Copier & Weizman, 2000). Symptoms of Anxiety
Disorders were assessed by Screen for child anxiety related emotional disorders SCARED-R
(Muris, Merckelbach, Schmidt & Mayer, 1999). All the questionnaires were translated in Urdu.
Correlation Analyses showed negative significant relation of Trust toward both father and mother
and secure attachment style with anxiety. Signifant positive relation was found between anxiety
and alientation (Insecure attachment), anxious and avoidant attachment styles. regression analyses
indicated alienated attachment to father and mother; ambivalent and avoidant attachment styles as
predictors of anxiety. gender differences revealed showed that girls reported high scores on
avoidant attachment style and anxiety disorders. Boys reported high scores on trust toward
mother. It is concluded that adolescents who develop healthy attachment relation with parents and
secure attachment styles are less vulnerable to anxiety symptoms. Present study will have social
and clinical implication in providing counseling to provide guidelines for planning intervention
strategies for anxiety management of adolescents with dysfunctional attachment alliances.
Keywords: Attachment pattern, anxiety disorders, adolescents.
Negative Life Events as Mediator in Relationship between Anxiety Sensitivity and
Symptoms of Anxiety among Adolescents
Nadia and Sadia Malik, PhD
This present research has been conducted at the aim to examine the relationship between anxiety
sensitivity, negative life events and symptoms of anxiety among adolescents. Moreover, this
research was conducted to examine the mediating role of negative life events in the relationship of
anxiety sensitivity and the symptoms of anxiety among adolescents. Study was conducted with the
320 adolescents (160 males and 160 females) ranging from 13-19 years Sample was taken through
the purposive sampling technique from the different govt. and private institutes of Gujranwala
region, Pakistan. To measure the symptoms of anxiety, negative life events and anxiety
sensitivity; a subscale of Four Dimensional Symptoms Questionnaire (Terluin, et al., 2006),
Negative Life Events Scale ((Lazarus & Folkman, 1984), and Anxiety Sensitivity Index-R (Taylor
and Cox, 1998) were individually administered. To investigate the relationship among anxiety and
anxiety sensitivity and to ascertain the mediation of negative life events Pearson Product Moment
Correlation analysis and regression analysis were used. Results showed significant positive
correlation among anxiety, anxiety sensitivity and negative life events; furthermore, results
showed that anxiety sensitivity significantly predict anxiety. Results further indicated that the
negative life events significantly mediate the relationship between anxiety and anxiety sensitivity
among adolescents. The present research concludes that the individual with anxiety sensitivity
experience more negative life events and develop anxiety symptoms in later life.
Keywords: Anxiety sensitivity, anxiety, negative life events, adolescents.
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Relationship between Emotional Maltreatment and Mental Health Problems among
Adolescents: State Resilience as Mediator
Aneeqa Kaiser and Sadia Malik, PhD
The present research was conducted with the aim to examine the mediating role of state resilience
in the relationship between emotional maltreatment and mental health problems among
adolescents. Questionnaire on Seven Dimensions of Emotional Maltreatment at Home (Gesinde,
2010), Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (Lovibond&Lovibond, 1995),and State-Trait Resilience
Inventory, (Hiew, Mori, Shimizu, &Tominaga, 2000) were administered to 400 adolescents (girls
= 200, boys = 200) with the age range 14 to 18 years. Results showed that emotional maltreatment
isa significant negative predictor of state resilience and mental health problems; state resilience is
also a significant negative predictor of mental health problems.Results also revealed that state
resilience partially mediated the relationship between emotional maltreatment and mental health
problems. Implications of study will be helpful in educational and clinical settings for adolescents.
Keywords: Emotional maltreatment, state resilience, mental health problems.
Body Esteem and Experiences in Close Relationships: A Correlational Study
Aneela Ramzan and Hina Imran, PhD
Institute of Clinical Psychology, University of Karachi
An individual’s perception of self (positive, negative or ambivalent) dictates his/her way of
dealing within interpersonal relationships. Body esteem has been found to be related to one’s
assessment of self, thereby, also affecting how individuals experience their close relationships.
The aim of this research paper is to determine the relationship between an inividual’s body esteem
and the extent to which they experience attachment related anxiety or avoidance in close
relationships. It is hypothesized that an increase in body esteem will decrease attachment related
anxiety as well as attachment related avoidance. The sample consists of 120 males and females
with an age range of 16 to 37 years. Along with demographic information form, The Experiences
in Close Relationships-Revised Questionnaire (Fraley, Waller, and Brennan, 2000) and The
Body-Esteem Scale were administered to assess attachment related anxiety and avoidance, and
body esteem, respectively. The Body Esteem Scale further provides the facets of Physical
Attractiveness, Upper Body Strength and Physical Condition for males, and Sexual
Attractiveness, Weight Concerns and Physical condition for females. Pearson’s Product Moment
Correlation was computed to assess correlation between a) body esteem and attachment related
anxiety, and b) body esteem and attachment related avoidance. Correlations were also computed
(separately for males and females) between attachment related anxiety and avoidance, and each
facet of body esteem as measured by the scale. Statistically significant negative correlation was
found between body esteem and attachment related anxiety, while no significant correlation
existed between body esteem and attachment related avoidance. Furthermore, individual analysis
of males and females revealed significant negative correlations between facets of body esteem and
both attachment related anxiety as well as avoidance. The results have been discussed with respect
to relationship dynamics and perception of self and others. The results of this research paper may
be useful in the field of clinical psychology, particularly couple or marital therapy. Also, through
association of body esteem with eating disorders, preventive measures may be devised in this
regard as well.
Keywords: Body esteem, close relationships
Demographic Correlates of Poly-Victimization in Street Children of Lahore City
Zohaib Bashir and Rabia Dasti
Centre for Clinical Psychology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
The purpose of the study was to determine the prevalence and demographic correlates of polyvictimization in street children of Lahore city. Through purposive sampling a sample of 77 street
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boys was collected from Lahore city, with the help of 3 government and private organizations
working with street children. Sample included only boys with in the age range of 9 to 13 years (M
= 10.66, SD = 1.26) who have been residing on streets for more than one month. Juvenile
Victimization Questionnaire (Hamby & Finkelhor, 2004) and Demographic Questionnaire were
used for assessment of poly-victimization and its correlates respectively. The results indicated the
most common type of victimization was Conventional Crime and it was found that there is a
significant relationship of poly-victimization with physical health of street children. These
findings highlight the importance of research on the prevalence of poly-victimization and have
implications for the policy makers to develop improved services for this vulnerable group.
Keywords: Poly-victimization, demographics, street children.
Behavioral and Psychological Outcomes of Peer Victimization during Early Adolescence
Samia Saeed, Numaira and Rabia Khawar
Department of Applied Psychology, GC University, Faisalabad
The study examined internalizing and externalizing behavioral outcomes of peer victimization and
its relationship with psychological adjustment among school children studying in grades 6th to
8th. A sample of 155 students including 60 boys and 95 girls (M = 12.7, SD = .98) was drawn
from public and private schools of Faisalabad. The Olweus Bullying Victimization Questionnaire
Child Behavior Checklist and Personality Assessment Questionnaire were used to measure the
variables. Multivariate analysis of variance and Post Hoc Analysis showed that bullies, victims,
bully-victims and uninvolved group significantly differed on externalizing and internalizing
domains of CBCL. Bullies predominantly demonstrated more problems than other groups. Bullies
also scored higher on hostility/aggression and negative self esteem subscales of PAQ, while
victims were found to be more dependent and emotionally disturbed compared to other
children.Bully-victims experience higher negative self adequacy, emotional unresponsiveness and
negative world view. Moreover, boys were significantly involved in bullying others more often
than girls. Gender differences were not significant for internalizing/externalizing behavior
domains and psychological adjustment. Contrary to the postulation, behavioral problems did not
significantly moderate the psychological adjustment of students involved in bullying behaviors.
Results are discussed with reference to cultural scenario.
Keywords: Peer victimization, internalizing, externalizing, psychological adjustment.
Emotional Intelligence: as Determinant of Job Satisfaction and Psychological
Ownership among Public and Private Employees
Sumaira Naz and Sidra Liaquat
Emotional Intelligence is the most important construct of Industrial Psychology, which can affect
organizational outcomes employees’ performance; psychological ownership and job satisfaction.
This study investigates the relationship between emotional intelligence (EI), job satisfaction, and
psychological ownership among employees of different public and private organizations. The
randomly selected sample consisted of 175 employees, 100 from public and 75 from private
organizations. Emotional Intelligence (EI) Scale (Cheema, 2005), Psychological Ownership Scale
(James, Bruce, Craig, And Fred, 2009), and Job Satisfaction Scale (Hackman and Oldham, 1975)
were used. Results of the study indicate that job satisfaction, emotional intelligence (EI), and
psychological ownership are correlated with each other. Income level differences were significant
that indicate job satisfaction, and psychological ownership is high among employees with high
level of income but emotional intelligence (EI) does not vary in terms of income level of
employees. Research findings suggest that employees should be motivated and encouraged by
improving coworker relationships, healthy communication through social skill trainings,
conducting seminars, fulfilling their needs and dealing their concerns at work.
Keywords: emotional intelligence, job satisfaction, psychological ownership, public, private
employees.
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Family Functioning and Parenting as Predictor of Delinquent Behavior and Mental Health
among Adolescents
Hira Riaz and Najma Iqbal Malik, PhD
The main objective of this study was to examine the family functioning and parenting as predictor
of delinquent behavior and mental health among adolescents. ICPS Family Functioning Scale,
Parental Authority Questionnaire, Self Report Delinquency Scale and Warwick-Edinburgh Mental
Well-being Scale were used. Sample of (N=370) adolescents which was selected through
convenient sampling technique was made part of the study. The findings indicated that family
functioning has significant negative effect on delinquent behavior and has significant positive
effect on mental health of adolescents. Whereas, Authoritative-parenting style was found to have
significant negative effect on delinquent behavior and has significant positive effect on mental
health. Authoritarian parenting style has significant positive effect on delinquent behavior and has
significant negative effect on mental health. Permissive parenting style has non-significant effect
on delinquent behavior and has significant negative effect on mental health. Results further
revealed that family functioning significantly moderates the relationship between authoritative
parenting style and mental health. Gender comparative analysis revealed that male adolescents
significantly scored high on delinquency there was no significant difference on mental health with
respect to gender. The findings have implications in positive, health, developmental and clinical
psychology.
Keywords: family functioning, parenting styles, delinquency, mental health.
Ascendance and Intelligence Among the Male Students from HEC-Recognized Institutions
and Deeni Madaris in Punjab
Muhammad Riaz, PhD and Muhammad Hamid Sheikh, PhD
Department of Applied Psychology, Government Postgraduate College, Jhang
The main focus of the present study was on analytically studying the temperament dimension of
ascendance and I.Q level of male students enrolled with HEC-recognized institutions and HECrecognized Deeni Madaris at post-graduate level. The “Goodness of fit” model of temperament by
Thomas and Chess (1977) was used as theoretical frame of reference that acknowledges the role
of environment of educational institutions and cognitive processes in the development of
temperament traits. A convenient total sample of 700, (350 representing each of two sub. samples)
meeting the criterion, was tested. The participants were administered Demographic Information
Performa (DIP), Jaiza Mizaji Kafeyaat (Urdu adaptation of Thorndike Dimensions of
Temperament by Sheikh et al, 1990) and Zahanat Paima (Urdu adaptation of ‘Otis Tests of Mental
ability’ by Sheikh et al, 1979). The data thus obtained was statistically analyzed using SSPS. t-test
for independent samples was run to find the difference between the students of HEC-recognized
institutions and Deeni Madaris on ascendance and I.Q level. The findings of the study revealed
that students of HEC-recognized institutions are more ascendant as compared to the students of
HEC-recognized Deeni Madaris. No significant differences were found between the students of
HEC-recognized institutions and Deeni Madaris on I.Q levels. Regression analyses were also
done to estimate the contribution of demographic variables, I.Q level, and educational institutions
in the variance of ascendance. The independent variable of educational institutions proved to be
the strongest significant contributor. Father education and monthly family income were weakbut
significant predictors. Moreover, the findings suggested a significant positive relationship of
mother education, father education and I.Q level with temperament dimension of ascendance. The
results are very important for policy makers, educationist, and teachers in order to redesign the
environments of educational institutions to foster desired temperamental traits in the students.
Keywords: HEC-recognized institutions, deeni madaris, temperament, ascendance, IQ.
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Rejection Sensitivity, Social Connectedness and Divorce Adjustment among Early Divorced
Individuals
Sehrish Farooq and Najma Najam, PhD
Divorce is one the biggest social crises in Pakistan so this study aims to explore this problem
within the Pakistani context. This study was carried out in 2 phases. In phase I scales were
translated into Urdu language to overcome language barriers whereas in phase II, Sample
comprised of (N = 95) early divorced males and females and approached through non-probability
snowball sampling from various areas of Lahore. It was hypothesized that there is likely to be a
relationship among rejection sensitivity, social connectedness and divorce adjustment. It was also
hypothesized that rejection sensitivity and social connectedness will predict divorce adjustment.
Rejection Sensitivity Scale for adults by Downey and Feldman (1996), Social Connectedness
Scale by Lee, Draper and Lee (2001), and Fisher Divorce Adjustment Scale by Fisher and
Bierhaus (2004) were used. Results revealed significant positive relationship between social
connectedness and all the dimensions of divorce adjustment whereas significant negative
relationship was found between rejection sensitivity and the dimensions of divorce adjustment
except the component of anger at former love spouse. Additionally, significant negative
relationship was found between rejection sensitivity and social connectedness. When analyzed for
prediction, social connectedness significantly and positively predicted overall divorce adjustment
and it dimensions i.e., social self-worth and grief related adjustment but it did not predict other
dimensions of divorce adjustment. Rejection sensitivity significantly and negatively predicted
overall divorce adjustment and two of its dimensions i.e., re-building of social trust and
disentanglement from love relationships. Moreover, males reported better divorce adjustment as
compared to females. Findings of the research have important implications for the practitioners,
researchers, social workers and the divorced families.
Keywords: divorce adjustment, early divorce, rejection sensitivity, social connectedness.
Perceived Organizational Justice, Trust and Employee Engagement in Bank Employees
Seemal Mazhar Khan and Tahira Mubashar
The present research aimed to investigate the relationship in perceived organizational justice,
organizational trust and employee engagement in bank employees. The sample consisted of (N=
150) bank employees (n = 50 for government, n = 50 for private and n= 50 for privatized banks)
selected from different banks in Lahore. Correaltional research design was used to conduct this
study. Perceived Organizational Justices Questionnaire by Niehoff and Moorman's (1993),
Organizational Trust Questionnaire by Paliszkiewicz (2010) and Employee Engagement Scale by
Saks (2006) were used in this research. Pearson product moment correlation, hierarchical
regression and multivariate analysis of covariance were applied. Results showed a positive
significant relationship in perceived organizational justice and organizational engagement and
there was also a positive significant relation between organizational trust and job and
organizational engagement. Results showed that organizational trust predicts organizational
engagement after controlling the effect of age, marital status and socio-economic status and there
was a significant interaction effect of bank type and designation level on organizational trust in
bank employees.The findings of the research can serve as a platform for the awareness of
important antecedents of employee engagement and organizations can inculcate trust for better
and improved engagement of its employees, thereby, enhancing the productivity of their
employees.
Keywords: perceived organizational Justice, organizational trust, employee engagement.
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Students’ Concerns about Terrorism in Pakistan: Views from Madrassahs, Private and
Public Schools
Sadia Shaukat, PhD, *Fariha Gull and A.W. Pell, PhD
University of Education, Lahore, *Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab,
Lahore, Cambridge Consultant, UK
Terrorism has cast a spell of fear on the nation of Pakistan. It has influenced every walk of life,
but specifically it has had an horrific impact on educational institutions. The current research
study was aimed at examining the concerns of students about terrorism. It was hypothesized that
there was no significant difference in students’ concern about the influence of terrorism in
different educational streams: Madrassah, Private and Public or between the genders. The study
used descriptive research with a questionnaire survey-type design. A random sampling technique
was employed to collect data from 180 students belonging to Madrassahs, and Private and Public
schools in the urban and rural areas of Lahore District. A 24-item Students’ Concerns about
Terrorism (SCT) scale was developed to provide measures of terrorism, peace and social context
(Attitudes to modern female emancipation). Alpha reliabilities of subscales of SCT for the
indigenous sample were satisfactory at 0.82, 0.75 and 0.84. Uni-dimensional factors provide
evidence of validity. There are highly significant inter-correlations of the three factors for females
in public schools, indicating a liberal, mental stability in an otherwise highly conservative
Pakistan. This is in contrast to the lack of any significant inter-correlations for Madrassah students
and males in Private schools. Anti-terrorism scores are significantly lower in Public and in urban
institutions. Peace scores are significantly higher for females in Madrassahs and males in Public
institutions. A significant gender/institution interaction shows the context of modern female
emancipation is strongly supported by females in Private institutions but not by males in
Madrassahs.
Keywords: terrorism, concerns, madrassah, private, public, school.
Attitudes of Cricketers and Coaches towards Seeking Sport Psychology Consultation
Vicar Solomon, Shahnaz Bano and Farah Malik, PhD
The current research was conducted to investigate the attitude of cricketers and coaches toward
seeking sport psychology consultation. It was a comparative study in which Cross sectional
research design was used. The purposive sample was composed of 45 cricketers and 30 coaches
from National Cricket academy Lahore, Pakistan. Sport Psychology Attitudes - Revised (SPA-R)
Form by Martin, Kellmann, Lavallee and Page (2001) and Sports Psychology Attitudes Revised
Coaches-2 questionnaire by Zakrajsek and Zizzi (2008) were used to access the attitude of
cricketers and coaches respectively. The findings showed positive attitude of cricketers but
coaches showed no positive attitude toward SPC. Independent sample t-test revealed that
cricketers have more favorable attitude toward SP as compared to Coaches. Results also indicated
that females tend to have more positive attitude toward SP. In addition cricketers playing at
international level have more stigma tolerance. Results of One way ANOVA indicated that
cricketers with more playing experience have more positive attitude toward SP. There wasn’t any
significant difference between characteristics of coaches and their attitude toward SP. This
research would be helpful for Pakistan Cricket Board and National Cricket Academy to initiate
awareness programs about sport psychology and educational courses for cricketers and coaches to
improve players’ psychological abilities during field along with physical fitness with the help of
sport psychology consultation.
Keywords: sports psychology consultation, national cricket academy.
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Mental Toughness and Competition Stress in Cricketers
Vicar Solomon and Tahira Mubashir
The present research aimed to investigate relationship between mental toughness and competition
stress among cricketers. It was hypothesized (a) there is negative relationship between mental
toughness (reboundability, ability to handle pressure, concentration, confidence and motivation)
and competition stress (b) there is main effect of playing levels (NCA, National and International)
and different playing positions (opener, middle order, all-rounder and bowler) on mental
toughness and competition stress among cricketers and (c) there are interaction effects of playing
levels (nca, national and international) and different playing positions (opener, middle order, allrounder and bowler) for mental toughness and competition stress among cricketers. Correlational
research design was used. The sample comprised of (N=60) National Cricket Academy (NCA)
cricketers, national and international cricket players. For assessment purposes, Mental Toughness
Questionnaire (Goldberg, 2012) and Sports Competition Anxiety Test (1990) were used. Pearson
product moment correlation and two way analysis of variance were performed to analyze the data.
Results revealed that there was non-significant relationship between mental toughness and
competition stress among cricketers. Moreover, national players have higher level of
reboundability than that of international players. It was also revealed that middle order players
and all-rounder’s have ability to handle pressure during match than that of openers and bowlers.
This research would be helpful for Pakistan Cricket Board and National Cricket Academy to
initiate mental toughness training programs for cricketers to enhance their performance by
initiating educational courses for academy players to improve players’ psychological abilities.
Keywords: Mental toughness, competition stress, national cricket academy.
Organizational Culture, Work Stressors and Coping as Predictor of Job Autonomy
Mehar Tariq Bokhari and *M. Kashif Fida, PhD
Institute of Information Technology, COMSATS, Lahore
E.mail: [email protected]
The present study investigated how organizational culture, work stressors and coping predict job
autonomy among employees of industrial sector of Lahore. The correlational research design was
used. Through purposive sampling, data was collected from 210 male employees of industrial
sector, particularly manufacturing factories. Their ages ranged between 23 to 55 years.
Demographic Form, Denison Organizational Culture Survey (DOCS), Work Stressors and Coping
Scale (WSCS), and Fida and Najam’s Job Autonomy Scale (F&NJAS) were used for data
collection. The data was analysed by employing Pearson’s Product Moment Coefficient of
Correlation and Multiple Regression. Significant relationships were found between the scores of
organizational culture, work stressors, coping and job autonomy. Significant predictive
relationships were also found between organizational culture and job autonomy, and work
stressors and job autonomy. It was found that organizational culture and work stressors predict
employees’ job autonomy. However, coping strategies were not found to predict employees’ job
autonomy. Furthermore, the findings of the present study can help educate employees about how
to cope with work stressors through effective coping strategies.
Keywords: organisational culture, work stressors, coping, job autonomy.
Human Resource (HR) Practices Scale: Construction and Factorial Validity
Ahmed Bilal and *M. Kashif Fida, Ph.D
*Institute of Information Technology, COMSATS Lahore
The basic aim of this study was to construct the standardized and valid HR practices scale. For
this purpose, interviews of HR managers from different organizations were conducted. Interviews
were transcribed, content analysis was applied and categories were generated. Exploratory factor
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analysis was used to extract the factors of the HR practices scale. Eight factors were extracted as
training and development, promotion, recruitment and selection, recognition, empowerment,
benefits and compensation, motivation and employee care. Results further indicated that all
subscales have significantly reliability. The total scale reliability is .94 which depicts that HR
practices scale is significantly reliable and valid measure of human resource practices in Pakistan.
Keywords: human resource, practices scale, construction, factorial validity.
Personality Traits and Work Motivation: Impact on Organizational Citizenship Behavior
Amina Riaz *M. Kashif Fida, Ph.D
This research investigated the relationship between personality traits and work motivation and to
see its impact on organizational citizenship behavior. Non- probability purposive sampling was
used to draw the sample. The sample consisted of textile industr employees taken from five
textiles mills from different cities of Punjab. Standardized questionnaire Five Factor Inventory
(NEO-FFI), Motivation Source Inventory (MSI) and Organizational Citizenship Behavior check
list (OCB-C) were used. Pearson product moment correlation showed that high level of
organizational citizenship behavior with low level of neuroticism, high level of organizational
citizenship behavior with high level of extroversion, high level of organizational citizenship
behavior with high level of agreeableness, high level of organizational citizenship behavior with
high level of conscientiousness and high level of organizational citizenship behavior with high of
work motivation. Regression analysis was also used. Result showed that neuroticism,
extroversion, agreeableness and work motivation are significant predictor of organization
citizenship behavior. This research can also direct future research that is attempting to investigate
the in detailed demographic variables in sub-scales items.
Keywords: personality traits, work motivation, organizational citizenship behavior.
Perceived Role of Industrial Psychologist by Recruiters, Middle and Top Managers
Ammarah Faiz and *M. Kashif Fida, PhD
Industrial psychology has been expanding at a rapid pace since the span of the past few decades.
The same goes for the roles of industrial psychologists which are more diverse than ever.
However, the same cannot be said for the research conducted in Pakistani organizational and
business settings. Most companies and industries in this region do not have an accurate and
detailed understanding of having Industrial Psychologists as HR managers and executives. The
purpose of this qualitative research was to deeply explore the perceived roles of industrial
psychology in the eyes of recruiters, top and middle managers from selected companies. The data
was collected through the use of semi structured interviews. For the analysis of the data,
Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) was used. The results of the study indicated that
recruiters and managers do have some understanding of the roles of I/O psychologists as per
mentioned by the international organization of I/O Psychology. It is recommended that future
researches and studies should overcome some of these drawbacks.
Keywords: Recruiters, managers, role of I/O psychologists, industrial psychology in Pakistan.
Knotting the Talent: an Organizational Commitment Strategy
Syed Mohsin Raza and *M. Kashif Fida, PhD
The purpose of this research was to explore the relationship between talent management
organizational commitment and employee retention among organizational employees. Correlation
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research design was followed to explore the variables. Purposive sampling technique was used to
collect data from the organizational employees. Sample was consisting of 211 participants and
comprised managers (n = 59), talented employees (n = 77) and general employees (n = 75). Talent
Management Scale (Richardson, 2011), Organizational Commitment Scale (Meyer, Allen, &
Smith, 1993) and Employee Retention Scale (Kyndt et al., 2009) were used to collect the
responses. In the present study, it has been found that there is significant positive correlation
between income and total experience, talent management and overall commitment. Total
experience is positively correlated with talent management and commitment total. Talent
management is positively correlated with overall commitment and retention. Overall commitment
is positively correlated with retention total. It has been also found that all commitment subscales
and retention are found significant predictors of talent management. Talent management
categories (managers, talented employees and general employees) are significantly different with
respect to overall talent management. It has been found that mangers are better than talented and
general employees, and talented employees are better than general employees in overall talent
management.
Keywords: Talent management, organizational commitment, employee retention.
Role of Parenting Styles in Emotional Adjustment and Quality of Life among Young
Adolescents
Qudsia Aslam and Talat Sohail
Department of Applied Psychology, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore
Adolescence as a transitional period brings about a variety of developmental changes in the life of
an adolescent and it’s most common label “period of stress and storm’’) is undoubtedly a
consequence of significant physical, psychological, emotional and social developments. Present
research examining the parental roles in adolescent’s emotional adjustment and quality of life has
indicated that some factors (e.g., parenting styles, gender) are crucial determinants. The purpose
of the research was to find out the particular dimension of parenting styles (authoritative,
authoritarian and permissive) that have significant influence on emotional adjustment and QoL
during adolescence. In addition, it explored that EA and QoL are associated with each other as
well as how a difference can be perceived in QoL multiple aspects with two EA levels (i.e., high
and low). A sample of 300 secondary school students (140 boys and 160 girls) from six different
govt. schools, completed the measures (PAQ, EAB and WHOQoL-BREF) assessing the above
mentioned constructs. Findings revealed statistically significant correlation between each QoL
dimension and adolescent’s emotional adjustment. Important QoL differences were indicated by
including high and low emotional adjustment levels as well as boys and girls illustrated significant
differences in relation to emotional adjustment and social relationships. Parenting style’s findings
suggested authoritative style as a most promising parenting as it appeared with higher scores
regarding EA and all QoL dimensions in the comparison of two other styles i.e., authoritarian and
permissive.
Keywords: Parenting styles, emotional adjustment, quality of life.
Using Emotional Intelligence Tool for Boasting-up Workers’ Organizational Commitment
and Work Motivation during an Organizational Change
Faheem, PhD
Engineering Management Department Center for Advanced Studies in Engineering, Islamabad
Organizational downsizing becomes inevitable sometimes, for competence improvement, output
augmentation or cost cutback but the results may be in the form of negative impacts on survivors’
thoughts, moral, and insights, if the technicalities of survivors’ psychological attitudes are not
considered by the corporations. Emotional intelligence has been useful in the prediction of
effective leaders in the workplace. It may be utilized as a tool to boast up morale of downsizing
survivors by knowing the exact nature of employees’ behavioral state and formulating an
intervention planning accordingly. The current study uses experimental type-retrospective study
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design and investigates whether emotional intelligence can predict employees’ organizational
commitment and work motivation just before an organizational change like downsizing.
Emotional intelligence was assessed using the Swinburne University Emotional Intelligence Test
and it was hypothesized that emotional intelligence would be positively related to work
motivation and organizational commitment.A pre-formulated and pre-tested research
questionnaire measuring emotional intelligence, affective organizational commitment, work
motivation, and downsizing was circulated. Disproportionate stratified random sampling
technique was adopted to collect the data from 299 respondents before downsizing (72.93%
response rate from the four organizations throughout Pakistan; two from secondary and two from
tertiary sector. Data collected was examined employing explanatory statistics and ANOVA at 0.05
alpha levels. The results were further verified using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and
Path Analysis techniques. This study provides a mean to academicians, researchers, and policy
makers to understand the influence of downsizing and its extent on survivors’ selected attitudes in
secondary and tertiary economy sectors of developing countries and how to nullify these affects
using emotional intelligence.
Keywords: Emotional intelligence, organizational commitment, work motivation , organizational
change.
Quality of Life and Mental Health Among University Students: A Comparison Of Sports
Participants And Non-Participants
Sheeraz Ilyas Shaikh and *Muhammad Tahir Khalily, PhD
Department of Psychology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan
*Islamic International University, Islamabad
One of the most interesting themes regarding the holistic concept of well-being is the quality of
life and happiness and its relationships to mental health. Mental well-being is now largely
accepted as covering two perspectives: (1) the subjective experience of happiness (affect) and life
satisfaction; and (2) positive psychological functioning, good relationships with others and selfrealization. Quality of life (QoL) is the general well-being of individuals and societies. It has a
wide range of contexts, including the fields of international development, healthcare, politics and
employment. Researchers have begun in recent times to distinguish two aspects of personal wellbeing: Emotional well-being and life evaluation. The present research aims to examine the
relationship between quality of life and productivity in the context of mental health among Sports
participants and non-participants. Quality of life is something that people aspire to have and,
while it's not easy to quantify, you know when you have the quality of life that makes you feel
good. Sports can make a significant contribution to your quality of life, and numerous academic
studies show it can impact physical and mental health, social life and life opportunities. It’s a
correlational study that seeks to find the strength of relationship between two characteristics/
variables viz. Quality of Life and Mental wellbeing among Sports participants and nonparticipants at university level. Quality of Life Inventory (QOLI), The Warwick-Edinburgh
Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS) instruments would be applied to the participants. It would
be conducted at University of Sindh, Jamshoro. Male and female graduate and post graduate
students (age range from 18 to 22 years) will be classified according to their orientation and
participation in sports.
Keywords: Quality of life, mental health, university students sports participants.
Marital Adjustment and Life Satisfaction among Working Couples
Farhana Shah and Rabia Hussain Kanwal
Behavioural Sciences Department, Karakoram International University,
Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan
The present study was conducted to assess the marital adjustment and life satisfaction among
working couples residing in Gilgit. Sample of 35working couples (35 husbands and 35 wives)
participated in the study, age ranged between 20 to 65 years and graduated. Research measures,
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Satisfaction With Life Scale, Revised Dyadic Adjustment Scale and Relationship Structure
Questionnaire and its subscales Attachment Related Anxiety and Attachment Related Avoidance
Partner and Friend version were used to collect data from working couples. The alpha reliability
for all measures on the said population was range from .550 to .84. Findings revealed highly
satisfaction and greater relationship satisfaction in their married lives. However, Both couples
scored higher on the consensus and satisfaction subscales of RDAS indicating decision making,
values and affection, and satisfaction in the relationship with respect to stability and conflict
regulation while poor scores on cohesion subscale shows relationship distress following activities
and discussion. This study can contribute in redefining the responsibilities of both husbands and
wives as the patterns of economic growth are changing in Gilgit. The working wives are acting as
change agent (both bread-earners and home managers), are being influential while managing their
houses.
Keywords: marital adjustment, life satisfaction, working couples, Gilgit.
Psychological Well-Being, Social Support and Self-Efficacy: A Comparison of Non-Resident
Adolescents of Religious and Non-Religious Schools in Lahore
Zubia Bano and Aisha Sitwat, PhD
This study compared non-resident adolescent from the religious schools & non-religious schools
on psychological well-being, social support and self-efficacy assuming that group from religious
schools will have lower social support, psychological well-being and self-efficacy. Moreover, this
study not only investigated the relationship of social support with psychological well-being and
self-efficacy but also explored important demographic variables of the adolescents from religious
schools for the first time. The study had an ex post facto design. Sixty non-residents from
religious schools and 65 non-residents from non-religious schools with age range 16-19 were
taken with purposive sampling. Subjective Happiness Scale, Satisfaction with Life Scale and Well
Being Affectometer-2 Scale were together used to measure psychological well-being in positive
terms, while Social Support Questionnaire and Generalized Self Efficacy Scale were used to
measure social support and self-efficacy respectively. The findings indicated evidence of
differences in that the group from religious schools scored higher on number of people providing
support and satisfaction in life and lower on self-efficacy as compared to group from nonreligious schools. Perceived availability of supporting people and satisfaction with that support
both predicted psychological well-being in religious group but only first predicted psychological
well-being in non-religious group.
Keywords: Positive psychology; psychological well-being; self-efficacy; social support; religious
school.
Parental Rejection and Psychological Adjustment among Adolescents: Does the Peer
Rejection Mediate?
Sultan Shujja & *Farah Malik, PhD
*Institute of A. Psychology, University of the Punjab, Lahore
The study examined the mediating role of peer rejection in direct relationship of parental rejection
and psychological adjustment among adolescents. Researchers used self-report measures e.g.,
Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire (PARQ), Children Rejection Sensitivity
Questionnaire (PARQ), and Personality Assessment Questionnaire (PAQ) to assess perception of
parent-peer rejection, psychological adjustment among adolescents (14-18 years). Findings
revealed that peer rejection did not mediate the parental rejection and psychological adjustment
whereas parental rejection emerged as strong predictor when demographic variables were
statistically controlled. On average, girls were psychologically less adjusted than that of boys.
Despite of equal perception of peer rejection, girls more anxiously anticipated peer rejection than
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did the boys. It is suggested that peer influence on adolescents, specifically girls, should not be
underestimated.
Keywords: Peer relationships, parental perception, Psychological adjustment.
A Comparative Study on the Self Concept and Self- efficacy of Married and Unmarried
Working Women
Saima Kalsoom and *Anila Kamal, PhD
Department of Psychology, Hamdard University, Islamabad
*National Institute of Psychology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad
The present study aimed at investigating the married and unmarried working women on the
perception of self-concept and generalized self-efficacy measures. The sample comprised of 100
working women divided into two categories (married=50) age range of 45 to 56 (M=47.78) and
(unmarried=50) age range (M= 46.88). The positive (PSSC) and negative (NSSC) scale of
(Ansari, 1982) of self-concept was used to measure the self- concept and generalized self-efficacy
(GSES) scale (Nawaz, 2004) was used to measure the self-efficacy of married and unmarried
working women. The findings revealed satisfactory reliability for both scale of self-concept and
the generalized self-efficacy. The results showed non-significant differences between the
perception of positive and negative self-concept of married and unmarried working women. The
married working women perceived themselves higher on positive and negative self-concept
measures as compared to the unmarried working women. However significant differences were
found on family system among unmarried working women.
Keywords: self-concept, married, unmarried, working women, self-efficacy.
Protective and Risk Factors of Marital Quality among Parents of Children with ADHD
Hira Jahangir and Syeda Shahida Batool, PhD
Department of Psychology, GC University Lahore
The study aims to examine the role of coping strategies and parental stress in marital quality
among parents of children having Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD). A mixed
method approach was used. For the quantitative analyses, a sample of 300 parents of children
having ADHD with the age range between 4 and 12 years was engaged. Conner’s Parent Rating
Scale (Conners, 1997), Ways of Coping Questionnaire (Folkman & Lazarus, 1998), Parental
Stress Index (Abidin, 1995), and Couples Satisfaction Index (Funk & Rogge, 2007) were
administered on parents. The value of R2 proposed that 20% of variance in marital quality was
accounted by coping strategies, parental stress, SES, birth order, and child’s gender. A purposive
sample of 8 parents with the age range of 29-36 was interviewed for qualitative analysis. Content
analysis unveiled seven major themes contributing stress and resulted poor marital quality (e.g.,
family warmth and support, spousal detachment, lack of communication among couples, social
inquisition, personal characteristics of parents, child’s characteristics, and financial difficulties).
Some of the themes supported our quantitative results.
Keywords: Coping strategies, parental stress, marital quality, ADHD.
Caste and Marriage: A Qualitative Study of Four Castes From City of Lahore
Huma Aly, M. A. Ajmal, and M. F. Munir
Clinical Psychology, Kinnaird College, Lahore
The present study explored the role of caste system in determining and understanding the positive
and negative impact of within caste marriages. It analyzed various rituals and concept of dowry
system across castes. Reasons for the emphasis on within caste marriage were identified.
Qualitative research method was used and for this purpose semi structured interviews were
conducted across four castes namely Arains, Jutts, Sayyads and Kakezais. The sample consisted
of eight individuals including a male and female from each caste. Grounded theory method was
used to analyze the results. Codes, categories and themes were formulated. Findings revealed that
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marriage rituals and dowry system varied across biradries. Parents and grandparents still feel
reluctant to marry outside their own caste. One major reason which appeared was that while
marrying across castes, individuals feel reluctant to marry in Jutts and Kakezais. On the contrary,
modernization, education and urbanization is changing the mindset of new generation and some of
them want to eradicate the negative aspects of this system. This study will play a significant part
in changing the traditional viewpoint of majority of elders of our society who still have immense
association with the caste they belong to.
Keywords: Caste, codes, categories, themes, Pakistan.
Drug Addiction, Crime and Psychopathy in Jail Inmates
Malik Abid Ayub and *Farah Malik, PhD
Department of polygraph, Punjab forensic science agency Lahore
*Institute of Applied Psychology University of the Punjab, Lahore
The present study investigated the psychopathic trends, type of crime and drug addiction among
jail inmates. A sample of 200 jail inmates (100 drug addicts and 100 non-drug addict jail inmates)
was drawn from District Jail Lahore. Age range of participants was 20 to 65 years (Mean age for
drug addicts was =34.85, SD=11.97 and non-drug addicts, it is 37.05, SD=8.79). Two measures
were used; Semi-structured Interview Form and Psychopathy Checklist Revised PCL-R (Hare,
1991). Psychometric properties of PCL-R were determined for the present sample. 2x2 betweenwithin ANOVA showed significant main effect of groups (drug addicts vs non-drug addicts jail
inmates) and also within subject main effect for its subscales. Interaction between groups (drug
addict and non-drug addict jail inmates) across subscales was also highly significant. When data
was broken down into t-test it showed significant differences between drug addict and non-drug
addict jail inmates on total PCL-R score and its subscale; the drug addicts scored high on factor 2
of PCL-R depicting more psychopathic trends in drug addict jail inmates than non-drug addict jail
inmates. When analyzed otherwise the results showed significant difference between psychopath
and non-psychopaths groups of respondents on total PCL-R score and its subscales. The results of
MANOVA also strengthened the findings. When looked into the predictors of psychopathic
trends, the results of stepwise regression analysis showed the comparison groups (drug addicts
and non-drug addict jail inmates) and level of education as the significant predictors of PCL-R
total scores. Results further indicated most of drug addicts were poly drug users and drug addicts
committed more drug related crimes as compared to non-drug addicts. Type of crime was
different for both comparison jail inmate groups; drug addicts were involved in drug keeping,
multiple crime and non-drug addict jail inmates involved in fight, decoity, murder types of crime.
The findings may be helpful for the professionals working to help for jail inmates for devising the
intervention strategies inside the prison for drug addicts and non-drug addict jail inmates.
Keywords: Psychopathic trends, crime, drug addiction, Psychopathy Checklist Revised.
Construction and Validation of Self Silencing Scale for Married People of Pakistan
Nazia Naheed and Saba Ghayas
The main purpose of the present study was to construct and validate Self-silencing scale for
married people of Pakistan, constructed on the basis of silencing the self model (Jack, 1991) and
existing literature on self-silencing. Initial pool of 102 items was generated and after scrutiny, 89
items were carefully chosen for factor analysis. Pilot study excluded 5 items due to non-normality.
The factorial validity and internal consistency of SSS was determined on a convenient sample
(age, M = 32.50, SD = 15.43) of 531 subjects (men = 260, women = 271), consisted of all married
people. Eighty four items were subjected to principle component analysis and through Varimax
rotation method. The resulting scree plot and Eigen values evidenced a 22 items and five factors
solution, which accounted for 37.55% of the total items variance. The five factors were named as
a) Negative self-appraisal, b) Relationship maintenance, c) Divided self, d) Conflict avoidance
and e) Spouse characteristics’ based self-silencing. The alpha coefficient (α=.80) supported the
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internal consistency of SS scale. The convergent validity of SSS was by correlating it with
translated Silencing the self-scale (Jack, 1991). The results regarding internal consistency and
construct validity yielded SSS as a promising indigenous measure of Self-silencing.
Keywords: Self Silencing, exploratory factor analysis, validation, married people.
Urdu Translation and Initial Psychometric Properties of Olweus Bully Victim
Questionnaire
Rabia Khawar and *Farah Malik, PhD
Department of Applied Psychology, GC University Faisalabad
*Institute of Applied Psychology University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
The present study aimed at translating the Revised Olweus Bully Victim Questionnaire
(OBVQ; Olweus, 1996) into Urdu and adapting it for Pakistani children and adolescents. The
OBVQ was translated from English into Urdu by using the standard procedure of forward and
backward translations followed by expert committee review. Translating the word “Bullying”
remained contentious and further investigation was suggested by the experts. Authors employed
recall method to investigate the phenomenology of bullying from students’ perspective in a brief
qualitative investigation. Content analysis discovered the terms “Dhouns Jamana” and Had say
Zayada Tang Karna as the most suitable alternates to the word Bullying. Cognitive debriefing was
conducted with 10 students to evaluate the efficacy of these terms within OBVQ Urdu version. A
field trial was also conducted with 40 bilingual students from an English medium school to
determine the initial technical equivalence of the questionnaire. Strong correlation coefficients,
ranging from .77 to .96 were found between the items of English and Urdu versions of OBVQ.
Moreover, non significant results of repeated measures t-test supported the concurrent validity of
the questionnaire. Initial psychometric properties were determined with a sample of 150 students
(M = 12.7, SD = .98). Exploratory Factor Analysis with Varimax Rotation resulted in two factor
solution for set of items measuring bullying and victimization. Cronbach alpha was .92 and .94 for
bullying and victimization scales respectively. The statistical indices supported the construct
validity of Urdu version of OBVQ in the Pakistani sample. The study provides ground for
launching school-based bullying prevention campaigns.
Keywords: Bullying, Victimization, Pakistan, Construct Validity, OBVQ, Qualitative
Investigation.
Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence And Anger
Anila Sadaf Mubashir and Saima Dawood, PhD
Center for Clinical Psychology, Punjab University. Lahore
The aim of the present study was to explore the relationship between emotional intelligence and
anger. The sample included 700 participants (350 boys & 350 girls) of 13 to 19 years recruited
different schools and colleges of Lahore through purposive sampling. Scale for Emotional
Intelligence-Adolescent version was sued to measure emotional intelligence and State Trait Anger
Expression Inventory-I (STAXI-I) was used to measure experience and expression of anger
among adolescents. The data was analyzed through Pearson Product Moment Correlation
Coefficient to examine the relationship between emotional intelligence and anger. Analysis of the
results showed a strong negative relationship between emotional intelligence and anger. Further,
through regression analysis it was found that emotional intelligence is a strong predictor of anger.
There is no significant gender difference in the emotional intelligence and anger. The findings of
present study can be helpful in devising self-awareness programs for parents and adolescents.
Future research suggests more exploration of components of emotional intelligence and its
relationship with depression, anxiety, fear, happiness, personality traits, disappointment, grief etc.
Keywords: Emotional Intelligence; anger; adolescents; Pakistani.
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Personality Traits, Gratitude and Religiosity as Predictors of Marital Happiness among
Spouses
Ghazal Zaidi and Naumana Amjad, Ph.D
Institute of Applied Psychology, Uniersity of the Punjab, Lahore-Pakistan
The purpose of this research was to investigate association of personality dimensions, religiosity
and gratitude with happiness among married couples. The present study argued that a married
person’s personality dimensions (Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Openness), religiosity
(religious belief, religious practice, religious altruism, Religious Enrichment), gratitude has
positive relationship with his/her partner’s happiness and his/her own happiness, whereas other
personality dimensions have negative relationship. There is a significant difference in happiness
in term of education, employment status and type of marriage (own choice or arrange). For this
purpose a sample of married couple (N=150) from different areas of Lahore city were assessed on
happiness, personality, religiosity and gratitude scales. Non-probability snow ball sampling
technique and Survey research design was used for present research. The Oxford Happiness
questionnaire by Hills and Argyle, (1998) was used for measuring happiness, TheTen-Item
Personality Inventory-(TIPI) by Rammsted and John, (2007) was used to assess personality
dimensions, complete measure of Islamic religiosity (CMIR) by Tiliouine and Belgoumidi, (2009)
was used to measure religiosity and The gratitude questionnaire (GQ-6) developed by
McCullough, Emmons, and Tsang (2000) was used to assess gratitude. Wife’s happiness showed
significant positive relationship with her owns gratitude, various dimensions of religiosity and
extroversion moreover her happiness has positive relationship with her husband’s happiness,
various dimensions of religiosity, gratitude and openness. Husband’s happiness has significant
positive correlation with his own gratitude, various aspects of religiosity, openness and
extroversion. Husband’s happiness also has positive relationship with his wife’s happiness,
various aspects of religiosity, gratitude, conscientiousness and extroversion. The results of the
regression analysis indicated the predictors explained 76% of the variance. Neuroticism is a
negative predictor of person’s own happiness and his/her partner’s happiness. Present research
will help to learn the art of building a happy marriage. Good, effective habits like religious
practice, religious altruism and gratitude will help to married couples to easily and painlessly get
the most of their marriage. When both spouses are highly skilled at relationships, and each is
working on improving himself/herself, both the marriage and happiness level will flourish.
Keywords: Personality traits, gratitude, religiosity, marital happiness.
ABSTRACTS OF POSTER PRESENTATIONS
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Work-Family Conflict and Career Orientation amongst Employed Women: Evidence from
Pakistani Banks & Hospitals
Muhammad Yousuf Sharjeel, PhD and Hareem Siddiqui
Institute of Business Management, Karachi
Work-family conflict has been a serious concern for social and psychological researchers and
organizational behaviorists particularly in the context of exploring the ways to enhance
performance and retention of full time female employees. This research is aimed at observing and
exploring the relationship between the two constructs of career orientation of full time employed
females in banks and hospitals. The research is carried out in the banking sector as well as the
hospitals of Karachi where female employment ratio is increasing as it offers a challenging
environment for females to work. The purpose of the study is to unleash the concealed and
unvoiced consequences of increasing conflicts among families in terms of complaints, family
fights, poor health, neglected children and ultimately broken relationships. The study employed
the survey methodology comprising N = 120 randomly selected full time female banking and
hospital workers. Self-administered questionnaire, interviews and field observations comprised
the major components of data analysis. The study finds that female employees of these two
sectors are crucial to the development of economy so they must be appreciated for their talents
and their domestic responsibilities must be shared with their male members too.
Keywords: Work-family conflict, career orientation, employed women
Self-Esteem of Male and Female Adolescents
Syeda Razia Bukhari
The aim of present study is to examine the level of self-esteem among male and female
adolescents. A total of 200 participants (100 male and 100 female) with age limit 11 years to 15
years were selected from different schools of Karachi, Pakistan, through convenient sampling
technique. First they were ensured about the confidentiality of their demographic information then
Urdu version of Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale was administered on them. Statistical Analysis (tTest for independent) was computed to found the difference of male and female self-esteem
adolescents. There is difference in the level of self-esteem of male and female adolescents (198) =
2.837, p< .05).We concluded that there is gender difference in the level of self-esteem of male and
female adolescents. The finding of present research can interpreted in terms of personality
dynamic that has contribution in formation adolescents’ self-esteem. Some implications are
required for enhancement of self-esteem.
Keywords: Self-esteem, male, female adolescents
Effect on the Mental Health of Children who are Edged in the Labor Work
Ahmad Ali Ansari, Ahmad Ali Khan, and Adnan Raza
International Islamic University, Islamabad
Child labor is a kind of an issue which was found all over the world, but now the first world
countries like countries in Europe and America (USA) got hold of it up to a large extent but
underdeveloped or the developing countries including Pakistan are still a victim of this issue. The
following attempt has been made in this research article to figure out the main reasons of child
labor in underdeveloped countries and mental health of these children especially in Pakistan and
also some of the issues are discussed which are hindering the solution of child labor in Pakistan.
In this research we interviewed 70 working children in the area of Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Taxila
and Hatar who belonged to the different parts of the country and figured out the basic causes of
the child labor in Pakistan, what are its bad effects on the young one who is a victim of it and we
also put a light on what the government of Pakistan is doing in this context and what the
government still have to do.
Keywords: Child labor, mental health, Pakistan, children
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Parental Acceptance Rejection and Eating Patterns in Obese and Non Obese Adolescents
Ayesha Abdul Khaliq and Omama Tariq
Current research studies the relationship between parental acceptance rejection and eating patterns
in obese and non-obese adolescents. A sample of 160 participants with an age range of 13-19
years (Age M = 14.91, SD = 1.49) was taken from different government and private sector
schools. It was hypothesized that obese adolescents are more likely to experience parental
rejection in comparison to non-obese adolescents. Obesity was measured by using BMI calculator,
parental rejection by Parental Acceptance Rejection Questionnaire (Rohner, 1980) and to assess
eating patterns of adolescents Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (Strien et al, 1986) was used.
The results revealed that there are no significant differences in parental rejection in obese and
non-obese adolescents. Moreover, obese adolescents showed more disturbed eating patterns as
compared to non-obese adolescents. Further findings approved the hypotheses that obese
adolescents are more likely to experience disturbed eating patterns in comparison to non-obese
adolescents. The findings of this research will be beneficial for the betterment of the adolescent’sparent relationship. Furthermore, research will provide guidance to deal the sensitive issues of
adolescents like parental rejection and health related issues like obesity or disturbed eating
patterns in adolescents.
Keywords: Parental acceptance rejection, obesity, eating patterns
Self-Control, Narcissistic Tendencies and Internet Addiction in Adolescents
Maryam Iftikhar and Shahnila Tariq
The present research aimed to investigate the relationship between self-control, narcissistic
tendencies and internet addiction in adolescents. It was hypothesized that there is likely to be a
positive relationship between self-control, narcissistic tendencies and internet addiction among
adolescents. Between group correlational research design and convenient sampling technique was
used to collect the data of 100 adolescents (50 male and 50 female) with the age range from 15 to
19 years from different educational institutes. To assess the self- control, Brief Self-Control Scale
(Maloney, Grawitch & Barber, 2012), to measure narcissistic tendencies Narcissistic Personality
Inventory (NPI-16) (Ames, Rose & Anderson, 2006) and to assess internet addiction short version
of Young’s Internet Addiction Test (Pawlikowski, Altstötter-Gleich, & Brand, 2013) were used.
Research results proved that there was a positive relationship between self- control, narcissistic
tendencies and internet addiction in adolescents. Western and indigenous researches support our
research results. Further analysis revealed that significant gender differences in self-control,
narcissistic tendencies and internet addiction. Present research findings will help the parents and
therapist in revealing different contributing factors and will also help the adolescents in getting
back to normal life functioning.
Keywords: Self-control, narcissistic tendencies, internet addiction
Inappropriate Sexual Behaviors in Adolescents with Autism and Mental Retardation and
Stress in Mothers
Saira Jabeen, Asma Yousaf and Rukhsana Kausar, Ph.D
The study was aimed to determine the differences in inappropriate sexual behaviors exhibited by
adolescents with autism and mental retardation and stress experienced by their mothers. It was
hypothesized that adolescents with autism and mental retardation will likely to differ in
inappropriate sexual behaviors and mothers of adolescents with autism and mental retardation will
likely to differ in stress. Research was carried out through between group research design. Sample
was collected through purposive sampling technique. Sample consisted of 2 groups, 40 mothers
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and teachers of adolescents with autism and 50 mothers and teachers of adolescents with mental
retardation. Childhood rating scale for autism, Slosson intelligence test, and Sexual behaviors
scale and Parental stress scale were administered to collect data. Independent sample t-test was
used. Results indicated that adolescents with autism showed more inappropriate sexual behaviors,
have low knowledge of privacy, and low socialization in comparison with mental retardation. No
significant differences were found in stress experienced by mothers of adolescents with autism
and mental retardation.
Keywords: Sexual behaviors, stress, autism, mental retardation
Dispositional Optimism, Pain Coping Strategies and Pain Threshold in Patients with
Migraine
Sumrah Noreen and Omama Tariq
Current research investigated the relationship between dispositional optimism, pain coping
strategies and pain threshold in patients with migraine. A sample of 60 migraine patients was
taken from different Hospital of Lahore. It was hypothesized that there is likely to be relationship
between dispositional optimism, pain coping strategies and pain threshold in patients with
migraine. Pain coping strategies and dispositional optimism will predict the pain threshold in
patient with migraine. Life Orientation Test Revised, Pain Coping Inventory and Short form
McGill Pain Questionnaire were used to collect data. The results showed that dispositional
optimism is positively related to the pain coping strategies. Pain coping strategy is positively
related to the pain threshold. Catastrophic cognition pain coping strategy is the only variable
which is predicting pain threshold. The findings of the research will be helpful for the physicians,
clinicians and counselors who deal with migraine patients, to realize that it were not only
important to treat the physical manifestations of the diseases but also to enhance in them an
awareness of the psychological implications of the disease.
Keywords: Dispositional optimism, pain coping strategies, pain threshold
Effect of Organizational Commitment on Leadership Behaviour
Amna Shamshad
Islamabad College for Girls F-6/2 Islamabad
E.mai: [email protected]
Current research investigated the effect of organizational commitment of leaders on their
leadership behaviour. After completing a pilot study, a sample of 300 individuals (123 males and
127 females) were selected from both public and private organizations of Islamabad and
Rawalpindi and two scales were administered on sample. One scale is version of Leadership
behaviour description questionnaire by Saleem, which was originally developed by Sergiouanni,
Metzeus and Burden's revision of Leadership Behavior Description questionnaire (1969) with
their two subscales. Second scale is Organizational Commitment Questionnaire (Allen & Meyer,
1990), which was modified leaving the 19-item measure anchored with 5-point Likert format with
three subscales. Leadership behaviour and organizational commitment of individuals were
assessed by taking demographical data under consideration e.g. age, gender and work experience.
Findings of this literature reveal that there is significant relationship between subscales of
leadership behaviour description questionnaire and organizational commitment questionnaire.
Results suggested that older males with age range of 40 to 60, with time period of 10 to 15 years
shows high leadership behaviour but on other hand younger individuals with age range of 20 to 40
shows high organizational commitment.
Keywords: Leadership behavior, organizational commitment
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Relationship between Components of Self-consciousness and Decision Making Styles among
University Students
Ghulam Ishaq and Adnan Adil
[email protected]
The present study was intended to find out the relationship between different components of selfconsciousness and different styles of decision making among university students. The sample of
this study comprised of (N= 300) university students whose age ranged from 18 years to 30 years.
English versions of General Decision Making Style Questionnaire (Scott & Bruce, 1995) and
Self-Consciousness Questionnaire (Fenigstein, Scheier & Buss, 1975) were used to collect data
concerning decision making style and component self-consciousness, respectively. Multiple
regression analysis revealed that private self-consciousness and public self-consciousness
predicted rational decision making and intuitive decision making in positive direction whereas
dependent decision making, avoidant decision making, and spontaneous decision making had a
negative relationship with these predictors. Social anxiety negatively predicted rational decision
making and intuitive decision making and it had been a positive predictor of dependent decision
making, avoidant decision making, and spontaneous decision making styles. Implications of these
findings along with the recommendations for future research have also been discussed.
Keywords: Self-consciousness, decision making styles, social anxiety
Comparative Evaluation of Motivation among Doctoral Students of Natural and Social
Science from Private and Government Universities
Meroona Gopang
Department of Psychology, University of Sindh Jamshoro
The present study aimed to determine differences among motivation level of Doctoral (PhD)
students who are in continuation phase of their doctoral studies belonging to different disciplines
of natural and social science from private and government universities. After literature review it
was hypothesized that doctoral (PhD) students from natural science and social sciences belonging
to government universities have more mean value as compare to doctoral (PhD) students
belonging to natural and social science from private universities”. To test this hypothesis the
sample of 200 subjects (100 government universities and 100 from private universities) was
selected. To measure motivation level Motivational Questionnaire, English version constructed by
author and administered on selected sample. For statistical analysis of collected data a t-test was
applied. Results point out that hypothesis is statistically proved; it indicates that Doctoral students
of natural and social science from government universities have higher level of motivation level
as compare to doctoral students of natural and social science from private universities
Keywords: Motivation, doctoral students, natural science, social science, private universities,
government universities
Emotional Intelligence and Decision Making Styles among Managers
Nazish Shabbir and Shazia Khalid
The study examined the relationship between emotional intelligence and decision making styles
among private organizations managers. It was hypothesized that there is a relationship between
emotional intelligence and decision making styles. Purposive sampling was used to collect data
the sample was selected from telecommunication organization managers, and their age ranges
between 20-60 years with a mean age of 36 (SD = 8). Schutte Self Report Emotional Intelligence
Test (Schutte, Malouff, Hall, Haggerty, Cooper, Golden & Dornheim, 1998), and Decision
Making Styles Inventory (Nygren &Thomas, 2000) were used. The results revealed that all
dimensions of emotional intelligence (perception of emotions, managing own emotions, managing
other’s emotions and utilization of emotions) had positive relationship with decision making
styles (analytical, intuitive and regret). Moreover analytical, intuitive and regret decision making
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style were positive predictors of all dimensions of emotional intelligence. However, managing
own emotions was negatively predicted regret decision making style. The present research will be
useful for organizations as training programs should be arranged in organizations to enhance
emotional intelligence in managers so that it may facilitate decision making styles.
Keywords: Emotional intelligence, decision making style.
Gender Difference on the Variables of Loneliness and Compulsive Use of Internet
Nida Anwar and Afreen Naseem
This research was meant to study the gender difference on the variables of loneliness and
compulsive use of internet. It was hypothesized that: “females are less lonelier and compulsive
user of internet as compare to males”. For this purpose 300 university students (150 males and
150 females) were selected through convenient sampling from the University of Karachi,
Pakistan. After taking verbal and written consent from the heads of faculties, participants were
approached. To evaluate the reliance of oneself on internet, the Compulsive Internet Use Scale
(CIUS) was used. Differential Loneliness Scale-short student version (DLS) was used to measure
one’s societal seclusion. After scoring, t-test was applied for statistical analysis of the data. Result
indicated that there is an insignificant gender difference in the mean scores of loneliness and
compulsive use of internet. This indicates that both male and female experience the same level of
loneliness and compulsive use of internet irrespective of their gender. The current research
findings would be helpful for mental health professionals and general public.
Keywords: Compulsive use of internet, loneliness, gender difference, university students
Sexual Harassment and Coping Strategies: The moderating role of Perceived Social Support
in working women
Zahra Jaleel Qureshi, Zehra Keshf and Naumana Amjad, Ph.D
The present research aimed to investigate the relationship among sexual harassment, perceived
social support and coping strategies (emotion-focused, problem-focused and dysfunctional coping
strategies) in working women. It was hypothesized that there will be relationship among sexual
harassment, perceived social support and coping strategies (emotion-focused, problem-focused,
and dysfunctional coping strategies). Also perceived social support is likely to moderate the
relationship between sexual harassment and coping strategies (emotion-focused, problem-focused,
and dysfunctional coping strategies). Correlational research (cross-sectional research design) was
used. The sample comprised of 80 working women (N=80). Data was collected through nonprobability purposive sampling technique. Sexual Harassment Experiencing Questionnaire
(SHEQ; Kamal & Tariq, 1997), The Multidimensional Scale for Perceived Social Support
(MSPSS; Zimet, 1988), and Brief COPE (Carver, 1997) were used. Data was analyzed using
Person Product Moment Correlation and Moderation through Process. The results of correlation
analysis indicated that sexual harassment was significantly correlated with emotion focused and
problem focused coping strategies. The perceived social support was significantly correlated with
emotion focused and problem focused coping strategies. The results of moderation analysis
through Process indicated that perceived social support had significant moderating role in the
relationship between sexual harassment and all three coping strategies (emotion focused, problem
focused, and dysfunctional). The importance of this study lies in revealing significant paths that
can help to develop the strategies for increasing perceived social support and capability of coping
with sexual harassment.
Keywords: Sexual harassment, perceived social support, coping strategies
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Impact of Teacher’s Self-Efficacy on Job Stress in Female School Teachers
Sumaya Batool, Mohsin Atta, and Umer Farooq
The study intended to investigate the impact of teacher’s self-efficacy on job stress in female
school teachers working in Public Sector Schools of Punjab, Pakistan. It also examined
differences in self-efficacy and job stress level in married and unmarried teachers. A sample of N
= 203 female school teachers was selected through purposive sampling. Sample was further
divided into Married (n = 115) and Unmarried (n = 88) female school teachers. Teacher’s selfefficacy was measured through Kass’s Teacher’s Self-efficacy Scale while Job Stress was
measured through The Workplace Stress Scale. Results indicated that Teacher’s self-efficacy is a
significant predictor of job stress having inverse correlation. Results also revealed that unmarried
female teachers have high job stress as compared to married teachers while no difference was
found in terms of teacher’s self-efficacy. The study has significant implications in organizational
settings as well as it will help counselors to support teachers with high levels of stress and low
levels of self-efficacy.
Keywords: Self-efficacy, job stress, school teachers, marital status, females
Illness Perception, Perceived Control and Adherence to Treatment in Patient with Diabetes
Afshan Sahar and Omama Tariq
Present research studied illness perception, perceived control and adherence to treatment in
patients with diabetes. It was hypothesized that there is likely to be a positive correlation of illness
perception and perceived control with adherence towards treatment in patients with diabetes.
Correlational research design was used. The sample included 100 diabetic patients that were taken
from government hospitals. Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (Broadbent, Petrie, Main &
Weinmen, 2005), Diabetes Locus of Control Scale (Ferraro, Price, Desmeond & Roberts, 1987)
and Summary of Diabetes Self Care Questionnaire (Toobert, Hampson & Glasgow, 2000) was
used for assessment. Results revealed that residence, smoking, duration of medication; gender and
diagnosis of diabetes are emerged as strong significant predictors of adherence. There was a
significant positive correlation between illness perception, perceived control and adherence.
Illness perception was significant and positively related to internal locus of control, chance locus
of control, blood pressure and foot care. Illness perception predicted the level of adherence. The
findings have important implication for diabetic patients visiting various hospitals and it also
highlights the importance of counseling and educating them that would enhance the adherence
level of the patients.
Keywords: Illness perception, adherence, perceived control
Work Place Stressors and Psychological Distress in Police Personnel
Syma Akram and Tehreem Arshad
The present study aimed to explore the relationship between work place stressors and
psychological distress in police personnel. Sample of 150 police personnel of age 22-52 (M =
32.06, SD = 5.80) from Constable to Station House Officer (SHO) were collected from Capital
City Police Office (CCP0=75) and Police Line Qilla Gujjar Singh (QGS=75) of Lahore. Police
Stress Questionnaire (PSQ; McCreary & Thompson, 2006) & Depression Anxiety Stress Scale
(DASS; Lovibond & Lovibond,1995) were individually administered. Findings revealed moderate
depression in 60 % police personnel. Severe, extreme severe anxiety and severe stress was found
41.3%, 43.3 % and 71.3% respectively. Significant positive correlation was found between work
place stressors and psychological distress (depression, anxiety and stress). Significant positive
correlation between operational police stress and organizational police stress was also found.
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Operational police stress emerged as strong predictor of psychological distress. Overall, findings
of the present research highlighted the dire need to enhance the well-being of police personnel.
Keywords: Work place stressors, operational police stress, psychological distress
An Assessment of Pakistan’s Defense Doctrine of Militant Culture and its
Psychopathological Effects on Society
Asif Salim
Department of Political Science, University of Peshawar, Peshawar
In the contemporary time, asymmetric strategies of warfare are the most popular and effective
way for weak states to minimize the external threats and using different means to manage
territorial security. This situation normally appeared where global institutions and great powers
seem to be failed to provide guarantee of state security from the perceived greater aggressor. In
this context, Pakistan born in a hostile environment and no power come forward to resolve
Kashmir problem with its adversary India and even international community failed to prevent its
dismemberment. In the circumstance, guardian of the state changed their traditional policy and
adopted offensive policy to protect the national interest of the country. For this purpose, they have
taken the shelter of militant groups and given logistical and operational support to pursue political
and strategic objectives. No doubt that the state vanguard seems to be successful against the
adversary but never given second thought about the negative impact of their offensive adventure
which has created severe long-term complication and catastrophic implications for the state and
society. Nevertheless, the culture of militancy has created socio-economic turmoil and
humanitarian crises in the country. The image of the country damaged and also hurt economic
development in the country. Moreover, the culture of violence diminished the values of tolerance
and patience and promoted extremism which is the most serious threat for harmony and for the
survival of the country.
Keywords: Warfare, socio-economic turmoil, humanitarian crises
Exploring the Attitude of Pakistanis towards Political Parties
Amn Haseeb and Afifa Anjum
This study explored the attitude of Pakistanis towards political parties. Main aim of the study was
to understand how they maintain or change their attitudes. Purposive sampling strategy was used
to select the sample (N = 10) including participants with attitude maintenance (n = 5) and attitude
change (n = 5) consisted of students and young professionals from general population. Age of the
participants ranged from 25 to 35 years. Semi-structured interview method was used to collect
data. Content Analysis was used for analysis of data and themes were identified. Results indicated
various aspects of attitudes of people towards political parties including both positive and
negative. The analysis revealed that although all participants with attitude maintenance and
attitude change had same perceptions about parties, but the participants who changed their attitude
held an optimistic point of view regarding the situation and believed that the new party can bring
about a change. Whereas the participants who maintained their attitude held a pessimistic point of
view and as a result had developed the feelings of hopelessness and believed that all political
parties are alike. This research serves as a basis for exploration of political attitudes and
perceptions of people in Pakistan and proposes ideas for future research.
Keywords: Political parties, attitude maintenance, attitude change.
Psychological Correlates of Distress in Rescue 1122 Workers in Pakistan
Sahrish Ahmad, Tehreem Rana, and Rukhsana Kausar, Ph.D
Center for Clinical Psychology, University of the Punjab, Lahore
The present research aimed to explore the psychological correlates of distress in Rescue 1122
workers. Relationship between emotional empathy, coping strategies, compassion fatigue and
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psychological distress was hypothesized. In addition, it was hypothesized that emotional empathy,
coping strategies and compassion fatigue would predict psychological distress. By employing
purposive sampling, 150 participants were selected from four Rescue 1122 stations in Lahore.
Emotional Empathy Scale (Ashraf, 2004), Coping Strategies Questionnaire (Kausar & Munir,
2004), Compassion Fatigue Short Form (Adam, Figley & Boscarino, 2006) and Depression,
Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS: P. F. Lovibond & S. H. Lovibond, 1993) were used for
assessment of the variables. Low tendency to be moved by other people emotional experiences
and use of avoidant focused coping were found to predict depression, anxiety and stress. Less
utilization of active focused coping was also found to be a predictor of anxiety while high level of
burnout emerged as a predictor of stress. From demographics, exposure to traumatic events before
joining service, high level of perceived support from workmates predicted depression, anxiety and
stress. The research signified that Rescue 1122 administration needs to address these factors
contributing towards psychological distress by enhancing training methods and providing
psychological support to workers.
Keywords: Psychological distress, depression, compassion fatigue, empathy, coping strategies
Association of Self-esteem and Loneliness among Adolescents
Roya Shahhiman Zada
University of Swat, Saidu Shareef, Swat
The present study is an attempt to measure the attitude of adolescents and adults of university of
Peshawar towards loneliness and relationship of loneliness with self-esteem. It was hypothesized
that female BS student have favorable attitude towards loneliness and adolescents scored high on
self-esteem than adults. For selection of items, pilot study was conducted and after item analysis
30 items were selected. For loneliness the already established De Jong Grieved scale was adapted.
The sample for final study included 50 students of University of Peshawar (25 BS) and (25 MSC).
Results were tabulated and hypothesis1 was supported as there was no such difference on
loneliness scale among adolescents and adults with a probability of p<.05which says that selfesteem and loneliness are negatively correlated with correlation of -.211.The mean, was recorded
as 6.64 and 6.36 , standard deviation was recorded as 1.67 and 2.17 while t-value showed no such
difference between adults and adolescents with a value of .512 on loneliness while adolescents
scored high on self-esteem than adults. This showed that as loneliness is common to American
and European adolescents it is not so common to adolescents in University of Peshawar.
Keywords: Adolescents, loneliness, self esteem
Living with a Kidney Transplant: Perceptions and Experiences
Fatima Kamran, PhD
The qualitative study was carried out as a part of a larger longitudinal study on renal transplant
recipients (RTRs) following a successful transplant in Pakistan. The aim was to explore why
recipients with similar physical health status and healthy kidney functioning, differ in perceptions
of Quality of life. Using in depth interviews the study participants with the highest and lowest
scores on a standardized QoL index were asked to describe their experiences and attributions
regarding kidney failure and to describe their health status pre-and post-transplant. The themes
emerging from the analysis related to individual differences in the ‘impact’ of transplant on
‘relationships’ with significant others, (family, work and social life) ‘self-identity’, ‘social
comparisons’, perceptions of ‘health care and medical professionals’, adjustment, acceptance and
‘coping’ with a transplant. It seems that the recipients with a positive perception and experience in
these aspects tend to report a more satisfied QoL.
Keywords: Renal transplant recipients (RTRs), quality of life, psychosocial, life orientation,
relationships, thematic analysis
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Psychosocial Experiences of a Victim of Child Sexual Abuse: A Case Study
Arham Abtahi and Syeda Shahida Batool, PhD
Child molestation is a form of child abuse in which an adult or older adolescent uses a child
for sexual stimulation. The study of a young girl’s psychosocial problems offers an opportunity to
examine the links between childhood sexual abuse and the later maladaptive behaviour. The
article presents a case study of a 19-year-old girl living in Lahore, who describes herself as a
transformed person after sexual abuse on several important dimensions; including, play,
academic, family and social life. The case study demonstrates how the reminiscence of the
episodes of molestation has engulfed the young girl life. The interpretative phenomenological
analysis (IPA) reveals six super ordinate themes related to dispassionate childhood, identity, wellbeing, social aversion, performance, and future goals. Short term and long term consequences of
sexual abuse in the life of a girl are discussed. It is concluded that child sexual abuse can result in
serious squeal if unrecognized and untreated. Implications for parents, paediatric nurse
practitioners (PNPs) and psychologists are also discussed.
Keywords: Child molestation, maladaptive behaviour, IPA, identity, well-being.
Mental and Physical Health Issues faced by Female Inmates in Mirpur Jail: A Pilot Study
Sobia Masood and Faiza Basit
This study explored mental and physical health problems faced by female inmates in jail and
sought parallels between the nature of crime and the symptoms reported at the time of interview
after inmates had spent a number of months in jail. Multiple qualitative tools such as case profiles
and semi structured interviews were used to collect data from ten female inmates (N=10), two
female constables and one male medical officer from the Central Jail of Mirpur, Azad Kashmir,
having 21-50 years age range. Quantitative tools were used such as the General Health
Questionnaire and Cohen-Hoberman Inventory of Physical Symptoms to assess mental and
physical health of the inmates. It was concluded that due to the low number of female prisoners in
jails, the authorities were unable to accurately identify their physical health problems, the inmates
were uncomfortable in reporting their health concerns to a male medical officer, and most of them
were suffering from chronic physical health problems which were not properly screened before
their imprisonment. Lack of physical activity within the facility contributed to their mental health
problems. Steps have to be taken by the government if the female inmates in jails across the
country are to be given adequate health care.
Keywords: Female inmates, mental and physical health problems, Pakistan Jail, mixed
method study, qualitative tools
Interpersonal Communication and Marital Adjustment in Nuclear and Joint Family
Couples
Ayesha Saddiqa and Omama Tariq
The present research was conducted to find out relationship between interpersonal communication
and marital adjustment in couples living in nuclear and joint families. It was hypothesized that
there is likely to be relationship between interpersonal communication and marital adjustment in
couples living in nuclear and joint families. It was also hypothesized that interpersonal
communication predicts marital adjustment in nuclear and joint family couples and there is
difference in interpersonal communication and marital adjustment in couples living in nuclear and
joint families. Sample was comprised of 100 married couples by using snowball sampling
technique. The assessment measures used were Relational Communication Scale and Marital
Adjustment Scale to assess interpersonal communication and marital adjustment in married
couples. Significant correlation was found between interpersonal communication and marital
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adjustment in couples living in nuclear and joint families. It was also found that interpersonal
communication predicts marital adjustment in couples living in nuclear and joint families.
Findings revealed that facets of interpersonal communication i.e. intimacy and composure are
significant predictors of marital adjustment. Significant differences were found in interpersonal
communication and marital adjustment in couples living in nuclear and joint families.
Keywords: Interpersonal communication, marital adjustment, nuclear, joint family
Indigenization of Postnatal Blues in Pakistani Context
Sidra Afzal and Ruhi Khalid, PhD
Department of Psychology, Beaconhouse National University, Lahore
Postnatal Blues is one of the common psychological conditions faced by mothers in the first one
to two weeks postnatal. This condition, if not addressed timely can lead to a mood disorder named
Postnatal Depression which ultimately can develop a more serious psychological disorder named
as postpartum psychosis. Therefore it is indispensible for every new mother to be screened for the
signs and symptoms of postnatal blues. Unfortunately no indigenous assessment tool exists that
screen mothers for postnatal blues in indigenous context. Hence there is a dire need of a
development of an indigenous tool to screen females for postnatal blues. This paper talks about
the development of the scale for screening Postnatal Blues among Pakistani mothers. A list of
twenty five items was generated from ten newly delivered mothers depicting the signs of Postnatal
Blues and twenty five experts of the field through semi structured interviews. The number of the
items was systematically reduced to twenty one while testing the scale through empirical
validation and pilot study on fifteen newly delivered mothers with postnatal Blues (N = 15). The
questionnaire was simple to administer and was well received by the mothers.
Keywords: Postnatal blues, Pakistani mothers, postnatal depression
Relationship of Academic Perfectionism with Depression and Self
Concealment: A Mediational Model
Salma Malik and Saba Ghayas
The present study was aimed to find the relationship of Academic Perfectionism with Depression
and Self-Concealment. Sample comprised of 200 students taken from different departments of
University of Sargodha. Self-Concealment Scale (SCS; Larson & Chastain, 1990), academic
perfectionism (Malik & Ghayas, 2014) and Depression subscale of DASS (Farooqi & Habib,
2010) were used to measure the self-concealment, academic perfectionism, and depression
respectively. Results revealed that academic perfectionism was a significant positive predictor of
self-concealment and depression. Moreover data analysis indicated that self-concealment was a
positive predictor of depression among university students. Results of the present study also
supported the role of Self concealment as a mediator in relating perfectionism with depression.
Current study yielded non-significant gender differences in depression and perfectionism among
university students. Furthermore results revealed that level of self-concealment was higher among
boys as compared to girls.
Keywords: Academic perfectionism, depression, self-concealment, mediation, university students
Estimates of Sexual Functioning in Married Individuals
Tehreem Arshad
The present study aimed to investigate the sexual functioning of married individuals.
Proportionate stratified random sampling was employed to select representative proportion of
community sample from Data Ganj Bukhsh Town, Lahore Pakistan. A sample of 300 married
individuals (150 men & 150 women), having age range of 25 to 60 years were recruited. Sexual
Functioning Questionnaire (Syrjala et al., 2004) along devised demographic information sheet
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was administered to assess the sexual functioning of sample. Findings revealed that almost one –
half of the men (41%) and women (32%) participants were having adequate sexual functioning. In
the same manner, certain men (10.1 %) and women (23.5 %) had better and more than adequate
sexual functioning. However, most of the men (49%) and women (47.4%) had poor interest in
sexual activity. Similarly, most of the men (54.6 %) and women (43.5%) lack the desire towards
sexual activity. It was also explored that 56 % men and 56% women showed lack of satisfaction
towards sexual activity. Present study highlights the importance of awareness campaigns and
therapeutic interventions for sexual problems that could otherwise hamper the well-being of
married individuals.
Keywords: Sexual Functioning, married individuals, sexual problems, community sample
Impact of Sense of Humor on Perceived Stress among Undergraduate Medical Students: A
Gendered Perspective
Ghulam Ishaq, Adnan Adil, Omerzeb Khan, and Faizan Rasheed
The present study was intended to find out the relationship between different factors of sense of
humor and perceived stress among undergraduate medical students. The conveniently drawn
sample of this study comprised of (N = 220) undergraduate university medical students whose age
ranged from 18 year to 30 year. Multidimensional Sense of Humor (James, Thorson, & Powell,
1991) scale was used to measure the different factors of sense of humor and Perceived Stress
Scale (Sheldon Cohen, 1983) was used to collect data concerning perceived stress. Linear
regression analyses revealed that negation to use humor and attitude toward humor predicted
perceived stress in positive direction whereas appreciation of humor, adaptive humor, and
production and social use of humor emerged as negative predictors of perceived stress.
Independent sample t-test revealed that female students had significantly higher levels of
perceived stress and they had significantly higher levels of negation to use humor and attitude
towards humor. In contrast, male students endorsed significantly higher levels of appreciation of
humor, adaptive humor, and production and social use of humor.
Keywords: Perceived stress, sense of humor, gender.
Gender Differences in the Transformational and Transactional Leadership and Decision
Making Style among University Professors
Sadaf Zahra, *Sumaya Batool and **Shoaib Kiani, Ph.D
General Head Quarters (GHQ) Rawalpindi, *Department of Psychology, University of Sargodha,
**Pakistan Military Academy, Abbottabad
This study was aimed to explore the gender differences in the transformational and transactional
leadership and decision making styles among university professors. The survey research method
was adopted by employing two instruments i.e. Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire by Bass &
Avolio in 1990 and General Decision Making Styles Questionnaire by Scott & Bruce in 1995.
Part I of the research was a try out, on a small sample to find out any flaws that may interfere in
the findings. Part II of the research was main study, carried out on a relatively large sample to
have more authenticity and generalizability of the research. Sample was comprised of 40 male and
60 female professors from the government universities of the Rawalpindi and Islamabad. The
results showed differences in practices of the leadership styles and decision making styles among
male and female professors, but non-significant. The statistical analysis revealed that leadership
styles are significantly correlated with decision making styles, as some dimensions of leadership
style are positively and others are negatively correlated with the dimensions of the decision
making styles. The present study will be a foundation for the future researches which should
consider diverse and greater number of variables in order to understand their relationship.
Keywords: Leadership styles, decision making styles, university professors.
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Aggression as a Predictor of Psychological Distress among Adolescents
Rabia Kausar and Najma Iqbal Malik, PhD
Department Of Psychology, University Of Sargodha, Sargodha
The present study aimed to investigate aggression as predictor of psychological distress among
adolescents. Sample consisted of conveniently selected 300 adolescents, further divided into (N =
150) female and (N= 150) male adolescents. Urdu versions of Depression Anxiety Stress Scale
(DASS), Aggression Questionnaire and Psychological Distress Scale were used to assess variable
of study. The result revealed that aggression was a predictor of psychological distress among
adolescents. The correlation analysis revealed that there is a significant positive relationship
between aggression and psychological distress. The results of t-test analysis revealed a significant
difference between male and female adolescence with reference to psychological distress.
Furthermore, psychological distress was high in early adolescent as compared to late adolescents.
Linear regression analysis revealed that aggression was the significant positive predictor of
psychological distress, depression and anxiety among adolescents.
Keywords: Aggression, psychological distress, adolescents
Relationship between Moral Disengagement and Religious Orientation among Addicts and
Non-Addicts
Saira Irfan and Aneela Shoukat
Department of Applied Psychology Bahauddin Zakariya University, Sub Campus Sahiwal
The present study aims to explore the relationship between moral disengagement and religious
orientation among addicts and non-addicts. A survey research design was employed in the study.
150 participants were selected through purposive sampling technique from the different hospitals
of Southern Punjab while non-drug addicts were selected from the normal population whose age,
education and income were matched controlled with the drug- addicts. Moral disengagement scale
(Caprara, Bandura, Barbaranelli, &Vicino, 1996) and religious orientation scale (Allport and
Allport& Ross, 1967) were used to assess the moral disengagement and religious orientation.
Descriptive statistics, correlation, independent sample t-test and one way ANOVA were applied to
analyze the data. Results suggested significant relationship among study variables. Extrinsic
religious orientation was positively correlated while intrinsic religious orientation was negatively
correlated with moral disengagement among addicts. Correlational analyses revealed that in non
addicts extrinsic religious orientation was significantly positively correlated with moral
disengagement. Findings also revealed that intrinsic religious orientation was significantly
negatively correlated with moral disengagement in non-addicts. Results also indicated that there
were significant differences in moral disengagement, extrinsic religious orientation and intrinsic
religious orientation among addicts and non-addicts. Findings indicated significant differences in
variables in relation to age, income and education.
Keywords: Moral Disengagement, Extrinsic religious orientation, intrinsic religious orientation,
drug addicts
Relationship Strengths and Values in Same Sex and Cross Sex Friendships
Ayesha Yousaf and Faiz Younas
Present research compared same sex and cross sex friendships in the context of relationship
strength and values. It was hypothesized that relationship strength and values would have
significant difference between same sex and cross sex friendships. The sample was composed of
N = 100 employees (males = 50, females = 50) with age range between 20 to 37 years (M = 26.58,
SD = 3.87). Cross sectional research design was used. Sample was drawn by using convenient
sampling strategy from different companies of Lahore. Relationship strength and relationship
values sub scales of The Acquaintance Description Form-F2 (Wright, 1997) were used to collect
data. Paired samples t test was conducted through SPSS and results were generated which shows
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that there is no significant difference in relationship strength and values between male’s same sex
and cross sex friendships while there was a significant difference in female’s same sex and cross
sex friendships. The current research has implications in the field of Social Psychology and
Gender Studies.
Keywords: Relationship strength, relationship values, same sex friendship, cross sex friendship
Emotional Intelligence, Employee’s Commitment, Organizational Conflict and
Organizational Citizenship Behavior
Arifa Siddiqui and Afsheen Masood, PhD
This research study focused on relationship among emotional intelligence, organizational conflict,
employee’s commitment and organizational citizenship behavior. A cross-sectional research
design was used to generate data and quantitative methodology was used in analyzing the
relationships in study variables. The sample consisted of 300 managers, age ranging between 25
to 55 years taken from managers of public and private sectors. The questionnaires used for data
collection included an indigenously constructed demographic questionnaire, Bar-On Emotional
Quotient Inventory (Bar-On EQ-I, 2004,), Rahim Organizational Conflict Inventory-II (Rahim,
1983), Employees’ Commitment Scale (Meyer and Allen, 1996) and Organizational Citizenship
behavior Scale by Podsakoff et al. (2000). A regression model was used to determine the degree
to which the predictors which were, emotional intelligence, Organizational Conflict and
Employee Commitment could explain the dependent variable i.e., Organizational Citizenship
Behaviour. The findings showed that there is no significant relationship between organizational
Conflict and Employee Commitment. There is a positive and significant relationship between
emotional intelligence, employee’s Commitment and OCB. Emotional intelligence was found to
be a better predictor for OCB than employee’s commitment. The findings carry strong
implications for organizational psychologists and management professionals.
Keywords: Emotional intelligence, organizational conflict, employee commitment, citizenship
behavior
Relationship between Forgiveness, Psychological Well-being and Psychological Distress in
Married and Unmarried Old Age Females
Momina Abid, Shamsa Hussain, Madiha Rubab and Samreen Javed
Department of Applied Psychology Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan
The present study aimed to explore the correlational aspects of forgiveness, psychological wellbeing and psychological distress among married and unmarried old age female. The sample of
research was comprised of 120 females (85 married and 35 unmarried), was taken from different
places of Multan, Muzaffargarh and kabirwala through simple random sampling. Heartland
Forgiveness Scale (Thompson et al., 2005) were used to measure dispositional forgiveness.
Mental Health Inventory (Viet & Ware, 1983) was used to measure psychological well-being and
psychological distress. Result indicated that forgiveness has significant positive correlation with
psychological well-being, and negative correlation with psychological distress. Findings of the
research revealed that forgiveness is high in married old age females as compare to unmarried old
age females. Results indicated that there are no significant differences in married and unmarried
old age females on psychological well-being and psychological distress. This study implies that
embrace forgiveness can lead to peace, happiness and psychological well-being and defeat to
negative emotions and psychological distress. The core component of psychological well-being is
forgiveness and psychological distress is due to unforgiveness.
Keywords: Forgiveness, psychological well-being, psychological distress, peace, old age
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Relationship between Academic Procrastination, Self-Regulation and Performance of
Students
Fariha Gul
Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore
Procrastination is habitual delay in work or making decisions, this has a direct influence on
achievement, health and employment condition of the individual. This inclination can be
controlled by adopting self-regulated strategies. Major aim of this study is to identify relationship
between academic procrastination, self-regulated strategies adopted by student and academic
performance of students. Population of the study includes all university students enrolled in final
semester of all courses in public and private universities of metropolitan city of country. Sample
will be selected through multistage sampling technique; at first stage three, three public and
private universities will be selected by ratio, while at second stage cluster sampling technique will
be used to collect data from students. In total, sample of 600 will be chosen. Two instruments will
be used to collect data, first is academic procrastination scale and second is Self-regulation scale,
while performance will be measured in terms of GPA in previous semesters. Data will be
analyzed by using appropriate statistics; the proposed tests include correlation and regression.
Suggestions will be made on the basis of results.
Keywords: Academic procrastination, self-regulation, performance
Motivation to Exercise and Subjective Well-Being of Sports Students
Muhammad Zubair Ilyas and Shabbir Ahmad Rana, PhD
Institute of Applied Psychology University of the Punjab, Lahore
The purpose of this research was to find out relationship between motivation to exercise and
subjective wellbeing of sports students. The two hypotheses state that there will be a positive
relationship between motivation to exercise and subjective well-being of sports students and there
will be a significant gender differences in the level of motivation to exercise and subjective wellbeing of sport students. Co-relational research design was used and data were collected from 100
students (50 boys and 50 girls) through convenient sampling from Punjab University and G.C
University, Lahore. Two tools; Behavioral Regulation Exercise Questionnaire and Subjective
Happiness Scale were used for data collection. The findings of the research indicate a significant
positive relationship between motivation to exercise and subjective wellbeing of the sports
students. Regression analysis indicates that a motivation and introjected regulation are the
significant predictors of subjective well-being of sports students. Furthermore, significant gender
difference was found in level of motivation to exercise, but no significant gender difference was
found in the level of subjective well-being. The present findings are similar to the findings of
other earlier researches. The indigenous findings will have important implication in the field of
sports psychology, social psychology and positive psychology
Keywords: Motivation, subjective well-being, sports students
Emotional Intelligence, Perceived Organizational Justice and Job Satisfaction
Arifa Siddique, Ayesha Mansoor, and Afsheen Masood, PhD
This research aimed to study the relative association among emotional intelligence, organizational
justice and job satisfaction of bank managers, working in private vs. public sector. It was
hypothesized that there is significant positive relationship between emotional intelligence and
organizational justice and these study variables act as strong predictors of job satisfaction. The
sample for the current research comprised of 150 bank managers both male and female, between
the age ranges 25-45 years, taken from public and private sector banks of Lahore. The data was
collected through purposive sampling. The instruments for the current research comprised of a
demographic questionnaire, Emotional Intelligence Scale by Schutte's (1990), Organizational
Justice Scale by Colquitt (2001) and Job Satisfaction Scale (Spector, 1985). The data was
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analyzed at descriptive and inferential level. Pearson product moment correlation revealed
significant positive relationship in emotional intelligence, perceived organizational justice and job
satisfaction. There were significant gender differences in emotional intelligence and perceived
organizational justice but significant differences did not exist in reported job satisfaction levels of
male and female bank managers.
Keywords: Emotional intelligence, perceived organizational justice, job satisfaction
Correlates of Attitudes towards Visiting Shrines: A Stigma in Society
Mehr Khadija and Usman Ahmad
History of visiting shrines in different religions addresses about different attributes of people who
likely to visit shrines. The aim of this research was to examine the different correlates of people’s
attitudes towards visiting shrines. The research is a descriptive scanning model type of research.
The sampling of the research consists of 429 individuals (men = 238 & woemn = 191) who were
chosen conveniently. The data of the research were collected with the Attitudes towards Visiting
Shrines Scale and a detailed demographic variables sheet. Employing correlation, ANOVA, and
regression analyses, results indicated the significant gender differences and determined that
females positively visited more shrines compared to males. Individuals belonging to rural areas
reported more positive attitudes towards visiting shrines than individuals from urban areas. People
within later age group of 41 – 60 years showed that visiting shrines is a healthy activity.
Education was another significant determinant of attitudes towards visiting shrines. Findings
revealed that individuals with matric and graduation were found with more positive attitudes
towards visiting shrines than illiterate or with minimum qualification. Finally people regularly
visit shrines showed strongest positive attitudes towards the practice of visiting shrines than
people who don’t use to go to shrines.
Keywords: Attitudes, shrines, stigma
Combined Effect of Gender and Personality Traits on Risk Propensity
Sadia Batool and Sajida Batool
This study aims to see the effect of gender in conjunction with personality traits on risk
propensity. The findings explored the main and combined effects of gender and personality on
risk propensity separately. The sample consisted of 300 employees evenly divided into gender;
150 males and 150 females approached at different organizations of Multan through convenient
sampling. Big Five Personality Inventory (Oliver, Naumann, & Soto, 2008) and Risk Taking
Index (Nicholson, Soane, Fenton-O'Creevy, & Willman, 2005) were used to measure personality
traits and risk propensity respectively. Results indicated that there is no significant main and
combined effect of gender and four personality traits (extraversion, conscientiousness,
neuroticism and openness to experience) on risk propensity. However, findings postulated that
there is significant main effect of gender and agreeableness personality trait on risk propensity
both in now and past. Findings of present study also indicated that there is no significant
difference found between male and female employees in relation to their risk propensity in now
and past.
Keywords: Personality, risk propensity, gender
A Probe into the Emotional Problems of Psychologists Committing Suicide through their
Piece of Writings
Nimrah Ishfaq and Sarwat Sultan, PhD
This qualitative research was planned to identify the emotional problems of psychologists who
committed suicide. Utilizing purposive sampling two books written by two renowned
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psychologists; Herbert Silberer and Richard A. Gardner were chosen as sample. This study was
completed in three phases through qualitative research design including key word analysis,
identification of emotional problems and patterns of their writing through content analysis.
Coding method was used to identify the emotional problems and to specify the themes from the
content written by these psychologists. Key word analysis showed that there was less use of
negative words as compared to positive words and mild feeling words were used more as
compared to intense feeling words. Results showed that emotional problems like anger, anxiety,
depression, frustration, grief, guilt, lack of confidence, self-esteem, and stress were found in the
content of those psychologists. Common patterns emerged in both writings were extremism,
distrust on peer's opinion, contradiction and conflicts. Content analysis also indicated material
linked to their own way of committing suicide. Implication of the study was to highlight the need
to address and develop some plans to stabilize mental health of psychologists.
Keywords: Emotional problems, suicide, psychologist
A Comparative Study of Behaviour Problems in Physically Ill and Physically Healthy
Children
Tehmina Saqib
The present study was designed to explore behavior problems in children with physical illness in
comparison to physically healthy children. The study consisted of 100 children, out of which 50
were physically healthy and 50 were physically ill. Data was collected from different hospitals
and homes in Islamabad. Further, in this sample of 100 children 54 were girls and 46 were boys,
belonging to different hospitals and homes of Islamabad. The age range of these children was 1015 years. These two samples were matched on various dimensions. Child Problem Check List
(Hanif & Tariq, 2007) was used to measure externalizing, internalizing and somatic problems of
children to be reported by mothers. The results revealed that physically ill children showed more
behavior problems as compared to the physically healthy children. Overall, physically ill children
were perceived to have highest intensity of internalizing problems.
Keywords: Behavior problems, children, physical illness, healthy children
Burden of Care in Mothers of Intellectually Disabled Children
Sairah Akram Rana and Tanveer Nasr, PhD
Centre for Clinical Psychology University of Punjab, Lahore
The present study is to investigate the effect of the severity of the intellectual disability on the
level of burden of mothers of intellectually disabled children in joint and nuclear family systems.
A total 100 participants, (100 intellectually disabled children and 100 their mothers) from
different private and Govt. special education institutes of Lahore, Pakistan were randomized for
this research. Family Burden Interview Schedule (FBIS) by (Pai and Kapur’s, 1981) was used to
measure mothers’ burden and Slosson Intelligence Test (SIT) in 1990 was used to assess the
intelligence level of the children. MONOVA was carried out. Results revealed that there was a
statistically significant difference in the level of burden among mothers who are taking care of
mild intellectually disabled children as compared to moderate and severe intellectual difference in
the level of burden of mothers. It was concluded that burden in mothers’ increase with the severity
of intellectual disability of children.
Keywords: Intellectual disability, mothers’ burden
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Emotional Intelligence and Job Tenure as Predictor of Job Satisfaction among UOG
Administrative Staff
Razia Anjum and Syed Sohail Imam, PhD
Department of Psychology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat
The present study investigated emotional intelligence and job tenure as predictors of job
satisfaction among administrative staff of university of Gujarat. The age of the convenience
sample (n= 84, male = 54, female = 30) ranged from 22 to 63 years, their current job tenure range
was 1-7 years, including gazette and non gazetted staff. Data was collected from different
administrative departments of UOG, Hafiz Hayat Campus, including, Registrar Office, Student
Service Counsel Center, Establishment Office, HR department, Treasurer Office, Administration
& Coordination Department, Planning & Development department, Office of Research Innovation
and Commercialization, Software Development and Examination Cell. Convenience sampling
technique was used to collect data with minimum job tenure of 6 months. Emotional Intelligence
Scale and Job Satisfaction Survey Scale were administered individually to the participants in their
respective offices. Results of independent samples t-tests indicated absence of significant
differences in mean job satisfaction and emotional intelligence scores of male and female staff
members. However, on the average, men reported significantly greater job tenure than women.
Analysis revealed gazetted staff more satisfied as compare to non-gazetted staff. Standard
multiple regression analysis revealed that emotional intelligence and job tenure did not
significantly predicted job satisfaction of administrative staff of university of Gujrat.
Keywords: Emotional intelligence, job satisfaction, job tenure, administrative staff
The Relationship of Social Intelligence and Loneliness among Adolescents having
Problematic Internet Use
Asma Riaz and Samia Khalid
Government College University Faisalabad
The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship of social intelligence and
loneliness among adolescents with problematic internet use. Data was obtained from 200
adolescents having problematic internet use from the public and private universities of Faisalabad.
All the participants were undergraduate university students which were taken by purposive
sampling technique with Internet addiction test (Young, 2006) and then further divided into 100
girls and 100 boys. Subjective measures included interpersonal sub scale of Baron Emotional
Quotient Inventory and UCLA loneliness scale for the measurement of social intelligence and
loneliness. The result showed that problematic internet use has a negative relationship with social
intelligence and a positive relationship with loneliness among adolescents while loneliness and
social intelligence was negatively correlated among them. These findings also indicate that
loneliness and social intelligence also predicted problematic internet use in adolescents. The
results also explained that more boys have problematic internet use as compare to girls as well as
their social intelligence and loneliness were also significantly different. It also explains that social
intelligence and loneliness were significantly different in adolescents with the difference of their
socioeconomic status however education level and age group have no significant difference
among them.
Keywords: Social intelligence, loneliness, problematic internet use, adolescents
Perceived Parenting Styles and Assertiveness in College Students
Aqsa Latif, Sumera Siddique and Iram Fatima, PhD
The present research was carried out to explore the relationship between perceived parenting
styles and assertiveness in college students. It was hypothesized that there would be a positive
relationship of perceived authoritative and perceived permissive parenting styles to assertiveness
and negative relationship between perceived authoritarian parenting style and assertiveness;
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similarly they would predict the assertiveness. It was also hypothesized that there would be
gender differences in perceived parenting styles and assertiveness in college students. The sample
comprised of 100 students (n=50 males, n=50 females) with the mean age range (M=17.66 &
SD=1.09) using purposive sampling technique from different colleges of Lahore. Parental
Authority Questionnaire (Buri, 1991) and Rathus Assertiveness Schedule (Nevid & Rathus, 1978)
were used for assessment. The results from correlation analysis depicted that father’s perceived
authoritative parenting style and mother’s perceived permissive parenting styles were positively
related to assertiveness in college students. Regression analysis revealed that father’s perceived
authoritative parenting style positively predicted the assertiveness. Independent samples t-test
depicted that boys perceive their parents more authoritarian than girls. The results have important
implications. The current study can be used to educate the parents to imply authoritative parenting
style for positive development of their children.
Keywords: Perceived parenting styles, assertiveness, control, warmth
Neuroticism, Perfectionism and Coping Strategies among Patients with Depression and
Anxiety Disorders
Nida Munir and Tehreem Arshad
Present study aimed to explore relationship between neuroticism, perfectionism and coping
strategies among depression and anxiety patients. 110 participants (Depression = 60, Anxiety =
50) were selected from psychiatric wards of hospitals in Lahore. Neuroticism Scale of Eysenck
Personality Questionnaire (EPQ), Almost Perfect Scale (APS) and Brief COPE were administered
to assess study variables respectively. According to findings of the study neuroticism had positive
relationship with maladaptive perfectionism and with religious/denial and avoidant coping
strategies positively whereas maladaptive perfectionism had positive relationship with avoidant
coping. Moreover perfectionism was found as significant predictor of anxiety whereas
maladaptive perfectionism was found as predictor of depression. Depressed patients scored higher
on religious and denial coping strategy and ranked higher on maladaptive perfectionism as
compared to patients of anxiety. On contrary anxiety patients scored significantly higher on
avoidant coping strategies. This study highlighted perfectionism as one of the leading factors in
the development of anxiety and depression. So by providing proper therapeutic interventions like
CBT for changing beliefs related to perfectionist approach future risk of the development of
anxiety and depression can be reduced.
Keywords: Neuroticism, perfectionism, coping strategies, depression, anxiety.
Perceived Stigma as Predictor of Self-Concept, Self-Esteem and Social Isolation
Rabia Fatima and Najma Iqbal Malik, PhD
The present study was aimed at studying the impact of perceived stigma on self-concept, selfesteem and social isolation of epilepsy patients. The present study was carried out using purposive
convenient sampling technique and the sample consisted of (N=186) epileptic patients. Results
revealed that perceived stigma had significant negative correlation with self-esteem and social
isolation, however non-significant relationship with self-concept was found. Regression analysis
yielded that perceived stigma is significant negative predictor of self-esteem and social isolation.
Additional analysis were also carried out which revealed that there were non-significant gender
differences, non-significant differences were also found in education except social isolation i.e.
feelings of social isolation were highest among uneducated epilepsy patients. Differences between
socioeconomic status were also analyzed which indicated non-significant results except gifted
subscale of self-concept i.e. individuals with low socioeconomic status had highest level of
giftedness. The present study was an effort to highlight the psycho-social issues which play an
important role in the life of those living with epilepsy. It can also help clinical psychologists and
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psychiatrists to have better understanding and it can also be helpful in increasing awareness about
the strong impacts of stigma.
Keywords: Epilepsy, perceived stigma, self-concept, self-esteem, social isolation
The Mediating Role of Aggression Behaviour between Aggression towards Parents and
Development of Delinquency Across Male and Female University Students
Anum Khalid, Muhammad Aqeel, Waqar Hussain Ph.D, Hafsa Shams, Huma Nawab, Syeda
Sania Safdar, Tania Tasawar, Naila Akhtar, Momina Khan
The current research aimed to investigate the mediating role of aggression between aggression
towards parents and development of delinquency across male and female university students.
Sample comprised in 558 university students (Female = 285, Male = 273) age ranged 18-30 in
Pakistan. Purposive sampling technique was employed based on cross-section design. Three
scales were used to assess the aggression towards parents, aggressive behavior and delinquent
activities of person with his/her friends’. This study revealed aggression towards parents was
significantly predicted aggressive behavior for female students and male students respectively. In
turn, aggressive behavior was significant predicted delinquent activities for female students and
male students respectively. The results suggested that aggression towards parents is indirectly
(through aggressive behavior) effected by delinquent activities. It also suggested that though
indirect effect is approximately equal for both female students and male students yet female
students are more vulnerable to direct effect of aggression towards parents on delinquent
activities. Recommendations of the study are that both female university students and male
university students can equally be benefit by an intervention addressing delinquent activities. It
would be helpful for clinical and pedagogical settings to prevent delinquent activities of university
students and resolve conflict for university students.
Keywords: Aggression towards parents, aggressive behaviour, delinquent activities
Awareness of Child Sexual Abuse among Parents: A Qualitative Study
Fahad Riaz Choudhry and *Saira Javed
NIP Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, *Pakistan Kidney Patients Association, Rawalpindi
The aim of the present study is to investigate the level of awareness among parents about child
sexual abuse. Sample was taken from Rawalpindi, Pakistan that consists of 5 mothers and 5
fathers of different families. Age range was 25-37 only volunteer parents were interviewed. The
research was qualitative in nature and content analysis method was used. Semi structured
questionnaire was used to conduct interviews in order to collect data, responses were jotted down
exactly as narrated and themes were generated. Results revealed that with advancement of
technology and awareness programs most of the parents were aware about child sexual abuse; no
doubt they are not fully aware but they know more than half of the situation and have knowledge.
Keywords: Sexual abuse, child, parents
Personality Type and Work-Family Conflict in Women Doctors
Mehreen Gulzar and Shazia Khalid
This research has investigated the relationship between personality type and work-family conflict
in154 women doctors (M= 30.56, SD= 5.96) from different hospitals of Lahore, Pakistan. It was
hypothesized that there would be a relationship between personality type and work-family
conflict. Type A/B behavior pattern scale (Dhair & Jain, 2001) and work-family conflict scale
(Carlson, Kacmar & Williams, 2000) were administered. Correlation analysis showed that there
was a significant positive relationship between personality type A and work inference with family
plus family inference with work. Linear Regression analysis showed that personality type A was a
significant predictor of work inference to family and family inference to work. Implementation of
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this research was more important for medical doctor’s organization and career guidance. Being
adapting behaviors of type B personality, they experience less work family conflict and work for
the betterment of society as well as personal self. They work effectively and increase their
productivity in respective department. When the working efficiency would be increased then
satisfaction level of employees at workplace should be improved.
Keywords: Personality types, Type A Personality, Type B Personality, work inference to family.
Recidivism and Personality Traits in Juvenile
Mubashir Anwar, Muhammad Usman, Hafiz Faisal Yaseen, Bilal Haneef and Shahnila Tariq
Institute of Social and Cultural Studies, University of the Punjab, Lahore
Research was conducted in order to investigate the relationship between recidivism and
personality traits. It was hypothesized that there is likely to be a relationship between recidivism
and personality traits. It was also hypothesized that there is a likely to be a difference in rural and
urban juveniles’ recidivism. Sample was comprised (N=100) recidivist juveniles’ males (N=75)
from Borstal Institute and Juvenile Jail Faisalabad and District Camp Jail Lahore. Ten Items
Personality Inventory scale of Gosling, S.D, Renfrew, P.J. & Swann, W.V., Jr. (2003), used for
evaluation of juvenile's personality. Self-Constructed Recidivism Scale used for measure
recidivism. Regression revealed there was a significant relationship between recidivism and
personality traits. Simple linier regression test results shown there were no significant
relationships among recidivist personality traits and age, education, number of siblings, birth
order, number of family members and total family income. Independent sample t-test analysis
denoted that there was no difference between recidivist personality traits and area type. Research
is helpful to understand the juveniles’ behavior, personality traits and the causes of recidivism.
Study will help to parole and probation mechanism, parents, Borstal institutions, community
policy makers, NGOs and also for juveniles to control their anti-social behavior and delinquency.
Keywords: Juvenile, personality traits and recidivism
The Moderating Role of Gender between Health Locus of Control and Development of
Stress, Anxiety and Depression among University Students
Ejaz Khan, Muhammad Aqeel, Waqar Hussain, PhD, Rubab Ayesha, Syeda Hafsa,
Fizza Khan, Zahra Batool and Zain Malik
Department of Psychology, Foundation University, Rawalpindi Campus
This study was conducted to investigate the moderating role of gender between health locus of
control and development of stress, anxiety and depression among university students (N = 200)
age ranged from 18-30. Purposive sampling technique was employed based on cross-section
design. Two scales were employed to assess external health locus of control, internal health locus
of control, psychological problems such as stress, anxiety and depression. This study revealed that
gender was significant moderator between external health locus of control and stress among
university students. This study further shown that external health locus of control was significant
predictor for stress and depression among university students. This study further shown that
internal health locus of control was non-significant predictor for stress, anxiety and depression
among university students. The results suggested that gender is moderator between external health
locus of control and development of stress among university students. Recommendations of the
study are that it would be helpful for clinical and pedagogical settings to prevent development of
psychological problems such as stress, anxiety, depression and resolve conflict for university
students.
Keyword: External and External health locus of control, stress, anxiety and depression
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Impact of Self Stigma and Social Stigma of Mental Illness on the Attitude of People towards
Seeking Psychological Help
Capt. Nazia Mustafa and Midhat Farzeen
Armed Forces Institute of Mental Health (AFIMH), Rawalpindi
The aim of the present study is to determine the prevalence of self/social stigma of mental illness,
attitude of people to get psychological help and the impact of self/social stigma of mental illness
on the attitude of people towards seeking psychological help. To see the impact of demographics
on study variables was also the objective of study. The sample comprised of 200 participants (men
= 68 and women = 132) between the age range of 20 to 60 years. Data was collected through
convenient purposive sampling from Rawalpindi and Islamabad. Attitude toward Seeking
Professional Psychological Help Scale (Fischer and Farina, 1995), Self-Stigma of Seeking Help
Scale (Vogel et al., 2006) and Social Stigma for Receiving Psychological Help Scale (Komiya et
al., 2000) were used. Psychometric properties of scales indicted moderate reliability. Results
showed that prevalence of attitude towards seeking psychological help was 50%, self-stigma was
53 % and social stigma was 44% in the entire sample. There was significant negative correlation
between Attitude towards seeking psychological help with self-stigma and social stigma. Further
results indicated the impact of demographic variables (age, education, gender and marital status)
on study variables were non-significant.
Keywords: Attitude towards seeking psychological help, self-stigma, social stigma
Emotional Intelligence and Conflict Resolution Behavior among Pakistani Couples
Saba Sajjad and Anila Kamal, PhD
This study was aimed to assess the relationship between emotional intelligence (EI) and conflict
resolution behavior (CRB) among Pakistani married couples. A purposive sample of 160 married
couples (N= 320) was collected from different cities of Punjab and administered by Self-Report
Measure of Emotional Intelligence (Khan & Kamal, 2010) and Conflict Resolution Questionnaire
(Kousar & Khalid, 2003; McClellan, 1993). Findings showed that emotional intelligence and
conflict resolution behavior scores were positively correlated within couple. Furthermore, 2×2
multiple analyses of variance assessed how conflict resolution measures differed across four
different types of couples (high-EI female/high-EI male, low-EI female/low-EI male, etc.). Result
indicated that a couple with high EI husband/high EI wife contributes in effective conflict
resolution of wives only. Non-significant differences were observed in emotional intelligence and
conflict resolution behavior of husbands and wives. Findings have a profound implication in the
marriage settings for marital counselors and for designing marital education programs.
Keywords: Emotional intelligence, conflict resolution, married couples, marriage, interpersonal
relationships
Health Related Optimism and Adherence to Treatment in Women with
Postmenopausal Osteoporosis
Amber Gizaal Roshan and Omama Tariq
Institute of Applied Psychology University of the Punjab, Lahore
Research investigated Health Related Optimism and Adherence to treatment in postmenopausal
osteoporotic women. It was hypothesized that health related optimism is positively related with
adherence to treatment in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Moreover, health related
optimism is a predictor of adherence to treatment in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis.
Within group research design was used and sample consisted of 60 postmenopausal osteoporotic
women taken by using non probability sampling technique. Health related Optimism was assessed
using Life orientation Test Revised (Schizer & Carver, 1994) and adherence towards treatment
was assessed by using Morisky Medication Adherence Scale Urdu version (Morisky, 2008).
Results showed that health related optimism was not significantly related with adherence to
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treatment in postmenopausal osteoporotic women. Health related optimism was not a predictor of
adherence to treatment in postmenopausal osteoporotic women. Family genetics and family
system emerged as a predictor of adherence to treatment in postmenopausal osteoporotic women.
There were differences in adherence to treatment on the basis of family genetics and family
system. The study has practical implications for the patients and health professionals for creating
insight about the importance of Adhering to medications and keeping an optimistic view of health,
in order to spend a better life.
Keywords: Health related optimism, adherence, postmenopausal osteoporosis
Association between Post-partum Depression and Types of Pregnancy
among women in Danyore, Gilgit, Baltistan, Pakistan
Khalida and Humaira Mujeeb
A study was carried out to explore an association between post-partum depression and types of
pregnancy among women in Danyore, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. It was correlative study with a
cross- sectional study design. The target population was women of Danyore within age limit of 15
to 40 years old and between 6 weeks to 6 months after delivery of a healthy baby. The snow-ball
sampling technique was used to take a sample of 100 women meeting the inclusion criteria.
Demographic questionnaire and Urdu version of Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale was used
to collect the required data. Descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages were
calculated for demographic variables. Chi-Square test was used to explore an association between
the variables. The results show a statistically non-significant association between postpartum
depression and a wanted pregnancy (χ2 =7.74, p > .05), an unwanted pregnancy (χ2 =7.24, p> .05)
as well as wanted but mistimed pregnancy (χ2 =5.42, p > .05). As a result, no association between
the types of pregnancy and post-partum depression has been found. However, these findings
substantiate further inquiry as some other researches have established a statistically significant
association between types of pregnancy and post-partum depression.
Keywords: Postpartum depression, types of pregnancy, Edinburgh postnatal depression scale
Parental Distress and Coping of Parents of Children with Autism, Down Syndrome and
Cerebral Palsy
Jaleesha Abdul Hafeez Butt and Afsheen Masood, PhD
Current research explored differences in nature and extent of stress in parents of children with
autism disorders (AD), Down syndrome and cerebral palsy. The stress associated with tending
and caring demands of the children was also focused. The current study presents a preliminary
attempt at measuring the subjective experience of crisis in the form of stress and distress in 100
parents of children with above mentioned disorders. It was hypothesized that parents of children
with autism would emerge as most significantly distressed among all categorized groups. The
sample was taken from various special needs institutes. The self-constructed Brief Family Distress
Scale was used in addition to Brief Cope (Carver, 1997) and self-constructed demographic
questionnaire. The BFDS was negatively correlated with adaptive coping mechanisms and
positive adjustment, and it was positively correlated with known stressors and problematic coping
and outcomes. There was significantly reported caregivers’ distress and marked levels of negative
affect. Some of the demographics emerged as strong predictors of active coping like
socioeconomic status, education level and joint family system. Identifying the scenarios where
families are in terms of distress and crisis can be helpful for researchers and family therapists and
clinicians alike.
Keywords: Autism disorders, coping, parental distress
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Suicidal Ideations in Young Females of Ghizer, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan
Nadia Iqbal and Humaira Mujeeb
A research has been conducted to explore “suicidal ideations in young females of Ghizer District,
Gilgit-Baltistan. It was a correlation study and had a cross-sectional design. The target population
was college female students between 15 to 25 years of age. The sample size was forty-four which
was taken through non-random purposive sampling technique. Information regarding
demographic variables including age, relationship status, sibling order, family system and
monthly income were taken. The Urdu translated version of Beck Suicidal Ideation scale was
administered. Descriptive statistics including frequencies and percentages were calculated for the
demographic variables. Chi-square has been calculated to assess the level of association between
suicidal ideations and demographic variables. The findings indicate that there is no statistically
significant association between level of suicidal ideation and the demographic variables.
However, there is preponderance of participants (43.2%) who scored between 14 -21 on Beck
Suicidal Ideation Scale which indicates presence of suicidal. The present findings and the
increasing rate of suicide in Ghizer creates a mandate for conducting further research in this area
in order to expand an understanding of the underlying factors that contribute towards development
of suicidal ideations among youth.
Keywords: Suicide ideation, beck suicidal ideation scale, females, demographic variables
Impact of Interpersonal Problems and Psychological Distress among Adolescents: Exploring
the Role of Self-Silencing and Social Skills
Nida Munir and *Rubina Hanif, PhD
*National Institute of Psychology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad
The present study aimed to investigate the impact of interpersonal problems on psychological
distress among adolescent and the mediating role of social skills and self-silencing was also
explored. A sample of 700 adolescents (344 = boys, 354 = girls) was approached through
convenient sampling from different cities of Pakistan. Self-reported measures Index of Family
Relations, Index of Peer Relations, Depression Anxiety Stress Scale, Scale of Emotional
Intelligence and Silencing the Self Scale were used. The findings of the study revealed that
psychological distress was positively predicted by interpersonal problems and self-silencing
whereas social skills were negatively associated with psychological distress. Social skills partially
mediate the link between interpersonal problems and psychological distress. High social skill
reduces the strength of relationship between interpersonal problems and distress. Regarding
gender-wise comparison girls scored higher in Self-silencing than boys and self-silencing was
negatively related to family problems in boys and mediates the link between family problems and
psychological distress whereas in girls self-silencing is positively related to peer relationship
problems and mediates the link between peer problems and psychological distress.
Keywords: Interpersonal problems, psychological distress, self-silencing, social skills, adolescent.
Perceived Parenting and General Self-Efficacy of Young Adults
Syeda Ayesha Sheeraz and Ruhi Khalid, PhD
Institute of Psychology, Beaconhouse National University, Lahore
The present research was conducted to examine how different parenting styles adopted by both
the parents during the child rearing process impacts the self-efficacy of young adults in our
culture. It was hypothesized that adults with high self-efficacy would perceive their parents
parenting to be authoritative. A sample of 134 participants between the age range of 17 & 20 were
selected from different private sector Institutes of Lahore city. Two instruments were used for the
collection of the data: Parental Authority Questionnaire (Buri, 1991) to assess the parenting styles
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adopted by fathers and mothers individually and General Self-efficacy Scale (Jerusalem &
Schwarzer, 1979) was used to assess self-efficacy of participants. The results indicated significant
positive impact of authoritative parenting, especially of mother’s on the young adult’s selfefficacy. Moreover demographic variables such as academic performance of participants and high
educational level of parents were also found to be significant predictors of self-efficacy among the
respondents. These findings have highlighted which style of parenting adopted by the parents in
our culture is beneficial or detrimental as those who perceive their parents authoritative, generally
have positive perception about their abilities as compared to those with authoritarian and
permissive parents.
Keywords: Self-efficacy, authoritative parenting, authoritarian parenting, permissive parenting
A Qualitative Study Investigating impact of Hostel Life on the University Students of
Lahore, Pakistan
Amina Iftikhar, Asir Ajmal and Maryum F. Munir
Garrison University, Lahore
This qualitative study explored the impact of hostel life on hostel students. Hostel life
affects the behavior, and personality of the students. A sample of 10 hostel students was
taken through purposive sampling for in-depth interviews. Open ended questionnaire was
constructed for in-depth interviews. Grounded theory was used to conceptualize the
findings, that revealed during hostel stay students develop positive behavioral changes by
observing other students. Hostel life expands the social circle of the hostel students. The
personality characteristics associated with the hostel students are confident, punctual,
social, realistic, compromising, responsible, and sharp. During hostel stay, students learn
to live with different types of individuals, and hostel life also increases the students’ level
of patience. It prepares students to accept challenges in practical life. Hostel life also
effect students negatively as most of the male hostel students are indulge in drug
addiction, and also suffer from health issues. The findings of the study will help to
promote positive image of hostels in Pakistani society.
Keywords: Hostel, impact, Pakistan, qualitative research.
Level of Spirituality and Life Satisfaction among University teachers
Saba Ehsaan and Shabbir Ahmad Rana, PhD
Department of Applied Psychology, Govt. M. A. O College, Lahore
This research concerns the importance of spirituality in life. The main objective was to investigate
the relationship between level of spirituality and life satisfaction among university teachers. It was
hypothesized that there will be a significant positive relationship between level of spirituality and
life satisfaction and there will be a significant gender difference in the level of spirituality and life
satisfaction. Correlation research design was employed and data were collected from 100 teachers
(Men=50 and Women=50) through convenient sampling technique from GC University and
Punjab University Lahore. Two tools: The Daily Spiritual Experience Scale (Underwood, 2002)
and The Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener, 1985) were used for data collection. Correlation and
t-test were employed to investigate the hypotheses. No significant relationship was found
between level of spirituality and life satisfaction. Furthermore, no significant gender difference
was found in the level of spirituality and life satisfaction among university teachers. These
findings are different from the western findings conducted in this area. The indigenous findings of
this study will contribute in adding to our existing knowledge about the importance of spirituality
in life satisfaction and also it will contribute to the subject of positive psychology.
Keywords: Spirituality, spiritualization, religion, healing, life satisfaction
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Delay of Gratification in University Students
Mubeena Munir and Faiz Younas
The study investigated gender differences in delay of gratification among university students. It
was hypothesized that there will be significant gender differences on the delay of gratification in
university students. By employing between group research design and purposive sampling
technique, a sample of (N = 100) university students (including n=50 male, n=50 females) was
recruited. Delaying Gratification Inventory (Hoerger, Quirk & Weed, 2011) was used to assess the
research variable. Results were generated by using independent sample t-test which showed that
there were significant gender differences in delay of gratification while female students have more
control over their gratifications than male students. The findings implied a better understanding of
gratification on the basis of gender in personality development.
Keywords: Gender, delay of gratification, university students
Job Stress, Psychological Capital and Turnover Intentions in the Employees of Hospitality
Industry
Namra Rehman and Tahira Mubashir
The present research investigated relationship in job stress, psychological capital and turnover
intention in employees of hospitality industry. Correlation research design was used. The sample
comprised of N=200 employees from seven different hotels of Lahore, Pakistan. Professional Life
Stress Scale (Fontana, 1989), Psychological Capital Questionnaire (Luthans, Avolio, Avey, &
Norman, 2007) and Michigan Organizational Assessment Questionnaire (Camman, Fichman,
Jenkins & Klesh, 1979) were used. Pearson product moment correlation, moderation analysis and
multivariate analysis of variance were applied. Findings showed that job stress and psychological
capital are positively correlated with turnover intentions and job stress was found to be negatively
correlated with psychological capital in employees. Psychological capital (hope and resilience)
moderated relationship in job stress and turnover intentions in employees. Results also showed
that organization star has a significant effect on job stress, hope and resilience and type of
designation has a significant effect on job stress, psychological capital and turnover intentions in
employees. An interaction effect of type of organization star and designation was found on
turnover intentions in employees. This research has an implication in hospitality industry for
building positive psychological capital of employees and improving stress management strategies
that will help in reducing turnover intentions in employees.
Keywords: Job stress, psychological capital, turnover intention, hospitality industry employees
Personality Traits in Relation to Job Performance of Police Officers
Ali Ijaz and Afsheen Masood, PhD
Personality Traits not only plays an effective role in society in relation to Job Performance of
Police officers but also it can be vary from individual to individual as the past researches had
proved its effective role and the present study also investigated that personality traits had a
significant relationship with job performance of the police officers. 100 police officers age ranged
from 18-58 years completed Big Five questionnaire and self-constructed Job Performance
Appraisal was conducted on the supervisors of the participants for the assessment of their job
performance. Correlational research design was used to investigate relationship among various
personality traits and job performance of police employees. Secondly, regression analysis was
employed which showed that Openness proved to be the highest predictor of job performance.
The results revealed that Job Performance had significant positive relationship with Extraversion,
Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Openness to experience and negative correlation with
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Neuroticism. Further research implications and suggestions are discussed to make the police
performance better according to their personality traits.
Keywords: Big five personality traits, job performance appraisal, openness to experience
The Mediating role of Emotional Intelligence between Personality Traits and Development
of Delinquency across Male and Female University Students
Tayyaba Fida Kayani, Muhammad Aqeel, Waqar Hussain, PhD, Rubab Mehboob Raza, Amna
Riaz, Aiman Pervez, and Sadeeda Nisar
The current research aimed to investigate the mediating role of emotional intelligence between
personality traits and development of delinquency across male and female university students.
Sample consisted of 558 university students. Purposive sampling technique was employed based
on cross-section design. Emotional intelligence scale, personality traits and delinquent activities
of person with his/her friends’ were used in this study. The results suggested that extrovert traits
of personality trait are indirectly (through emotional intelligence) affected by delinquent activities.
It also suggested that indirect effect is approximately equal for both female students and male
students. The results suggested that an openness trait of personality trait is indirectly (through
emotional intelligence) affected by delinquent activities. The results suggested that a
conscientiousness trait of personality trait is indirectly (through emotional intelligence) affected
by delinquent activities.
Keyword: Personality traits, emotional intelligence, delinquent activities
Effect of Depression on Psychological Adjustment among Patients and Caregivers of
Thalassemia
Zaib Kanwal and Najma Iqbal Malik, PhD
University of Sargodha, Sargodha
Present study investigates the effect of depression on quality of life, coping strategies and life
satisfaction among caregivers and patients of thalassemia. Study was carried out in two phases.
Phase–I consisted of two steps i.e. step-I deals with scale translation and their tryout on patients
(N = 30) and caregivers (N = 30). DASS, Brief-COPE Scale, WHOQOL-BREF Scale and Life
Satisfaction Scale were used in the study. Results revealed satisfactory psychometric properties of
translated scale for both samples. Phase-II was carried out to test the hypotheses, on sample of
patients (N = 58) and caregivers (N = 58). Regression analysis on patient’s data showed that
depression was significant negative predictor of quality of life, while depression positively predict
coping among patients of thalassemia. Furthermore it was found that depression was a negative
predictor of life satisfaction in patients. On the other hand, results of caregivers study revealed
that depression was significant negative predictors of quality of life among caregivers of
thalassemia patients. Moreover, depression predicted adaptive coping negatively in caregivers.
Furthermore depression was revealed as positive predictors of life satisfaction among caregivers
of thalassemics.
Keywords: Thalassemia, depression, quality of life, coping, life satisfaction
Personal Attributes and Academic Achievement in University Students
Syeda Shama Mazahir and Faiz Younas
The present study aimed to explore the relation between personal attributes and academic
achievement of University Pupils. It was hypothesized that personal attributes would have
positive relation with academic achievement of pupils. Also, it was hypothesized that personal
attributes would predict academic achievement of pupils. Employing a within subject design, a
sample of (N=100) pupils were recruited by random sampling from Institute of Applied
psychology in an ongoing class of perspective in psychology. Personal attributes (that includes
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academic attitude towards specific course, academic efforts put in specific course and academic
self-efficacy) were measure through a tool developed by Lilian (2010) and academic achievement
referred to their final grade points in specific course. Pearson product moment correlation was
employed, which indicated that personal attributes had significant positive relation with academic
achievement. Multiple regression analysis was also used. It results showed that academic selfefficacy is a strong predictor of academic achievement of pupils. Thus, improvement in academic
self-efficacy leads to enhancement in pupil’s academic achievement. The study has implications
in educational settings as it not only identifies reason of student’s low academic achievement but
also provides guideline for improving their performance.
Keywords: Academic attitude, academic efforts, academic self-efficacy, academic achievement
Impact of Hope on Depression and Life Satisfaction among University Students
Nayab Gohar, Ghulam Ishaq, Sumaya Batool, Nouman Iqbal and Sadaf Zahra
The present study was aimed at studying the impact of hope on depression and life satisfaction
among university students. The sample of the study comprised of (N = 200) university students, in
which male participants were (n =94) and female participants were (n = 106). The age ranged
from 18 year to 30 years. Hope was measured through adult dispositional hope scale (Synder et
al., 1991), life satisfaction was measured through satisfaction with life scale (Diener, 1985) and
depression was measured through DASS-42 (Lovibond, S.H, & Lovibond, P.F., 1995). Linear
regression analysis revealed that hope emerged as significant negative predictor of depression and
a significant positive predictor of life satisfaction.
Keywords: Hope, life satisfaction, depression, university students, gender
Psychosocial Predictors of Psychological Health among Pregnant Women
Aqsa Shahid and Najma Iqbal Malik, PhD
Current study aimed to see the relationship of anxiety proneness, marital satisfaction and
perceived social support with childbirth fear and depression among pregnant women. Purposive
convenient sampling technique was used and the sample consisted of (N=136) pregnant women.
Regression analysis revealed that anxiety proneness was the significant predictor of high
childbirth fear and depression. Marital satisfaction and social support was significant predictor of
low childbirth fear and depression. Education had strong effects on study variables as level of
anxiety proneness, childbirth fear, depression increased due to low education whereas marital
satisfaction and perceived social support increased with high education. Result also showed that
women experienced highest anxiety proneness, childbirth fear and depression during 9th month.
Comparison on the basis of urban and rural residents showed non-significant differences whereas
comparison of nuclear and joint family system showed that marital satisfaction and perceived
social support were high among pregnant women who belonged to joint family system. Moreover,
there were non-significant differences with relevance to anxiety proneness, childbirth fear, and
depression.
Keywords: Anxiety proneness, marital satisfaction, social support, childbirth fear, depression
Perceived Social Support, Sense of Coherence and Psychological Well-Being of Divorced
Women
Saira Afzal, Khalid Ghaffar, Maira Saeed and Rukhsana Kausar, PhD
The present study examined the relationship between perceived social support, sense of coherence
and psychological well-being of divorced women. Correlational research design was used in this
study. Population of the study consisted of 65 divorced women age ranged from 25 to 50 years.
Snowball sampling procedure was used to collect the data. Perceived social support scale, Sense
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of Coherence Scale and Psychological Well-being questionnaire were used to collect the data.
Descriptive statistics was used for the calculation of demographic variables, and for testing
hypotheses correlation was computed by using Pearson product moment correlation analysis.
Mediation analysis was also carried out. The results showed significant relationship between
perceived social support, sense of coherence and psychological wellbeing of divorced women.
Mediation analysis showed that, sense of coherence mediated the relationship between perceived
social support and psychological well-being. Findings of the research can be implicated by
explaining to the respected participants to enhance their psychological health.
Keywords: Perceived social support, sense of coherence, psychological wellbeing, divorced
women
Emotional Expressivity and Marital Happiness in College Teachers
Khalid Ghaffar and Amjad Tufail, PhD
Department of Applied Psychology, Government M.A.O College, Lahore
This research was conducted to understand the relationship between emotional expressivity and
marital happiness in college teachers in Pakistani culture. Marital happiness is most important
component of successful life goal for both men and women. Sample of present research was
consisted of 50 male and 50 female college teachers. Cross sectional survey method was used in
this study. Two scales (emotional expressivity scale and marital happiness scale) were used.
These scales were translated into Urdu and expert validation was conducted. Cronbach’s Alpha
for both scales was above .80. Demographic information was also collected. Three hypotheses
were formulated in present research. Emotional expressivity is positively correlated with marital
happiness in college teachers, female teachers are expected to be more emotionally expressive as
compare to male teachers, female teachers are expected to be experience/feel more marital
happiness as compare to male teachers. For analysis descriptive statistics, Pearson product
moment correlation, regression and t-test were used. All hypotheses were supported by research
data. The results of study were consistent with previous researches and support them.
Keywords: Emotional expressivity, marital happiness, college teachers
The Mediating Role of Job Stress between Social Support and Development of Stress,
Anxiety and Depression across Educators and Health Professionals
Areeba Amanat, Muhammad Aqeel, Waqar Hussain, PhD, Hira Amin and Eisha Sana
The current research aimed to investigate the mediating role of job stress between social support
and development of stress, anxiety and depression across educators and health professionals.
Sample was comprised in 231(Health Professional =100, Educators =131) age ranged 20-65 in
Pakistan. Purposive sampling technique was employed based on cross-section design. Three
scales were used to assess job stress, social support, stress, anxiety and depression. This study
revealed that social support was significantly predicted stress and job stress. In turn, job stress was
significant predicted stress. This study further revealed that social support was significantly
predicted for anxiety and depression among health professionals. Recommendations of the study
are that both educators and health professional can equally be benefitted by an intervention
addressing job stress however; educators can get more benefit by addressing social support and
job stress. This study would be helpful for clinical and pedagogical settings to prevent job stress
of educator’s employees and resolve conflict for educator’s employees.
Keyword: Social support, job stress, stress, anxiety and depression
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Impact of Religious Practice on Academic Success among Students
Ghazal Andleeb and Sadia Malik, PhD
The present research was conducted with the purpose to examine the relationship between
religious practice and academic success. It was hypothesized that: there is a relationship between
religious practice and academic success; there is a positive impact of religious practice on
academic success. Academic success inventory for college students (Welles, 2010) and
Psychological measure of Islamic religiousness scale (Pargament, 2008) were used to measure
academic success and religious practice respectively. Study was carried out on 150 participants
ranging in ages between 18-23 years. It was found that there is a positive relationship between
religious practices and academic success. Results further revealed that religious practice has
significant impact on the academic success of students. The present research implies that
religiousness is a factor helps in academic success but there would be other factors that play
important role in academic success.
Keywords: Academic success, religious practice, religiousness
Self-Efficacy, Self-Esteem and School Social Behavior among Students of Public and Private
Schools
Samia Shoukat and Sadia Malik, PhD
The present study aimed to compare self-efficacy, self-esteem and school social behavior of
students belonging to public and private schools. Further it aimed to find out gender differences in
students. It was hypothesized that self-esteem and self-efficacy will be positively correlated with
school social behavior among students. Private sector school students will score high on selfesteem, self-efficacy and school social behavior as compared to public sector school students.
Sample consisted of 160 students from public and private schools, among which there were 80
boys and 80 girls. Self Esteem scale (Rosenberg, 1965), generalized self-efficacy (Tabassum,
Rehman, Schwarzer& Jerusalem 2003) and school social behavior scale (Ismail, 2002) was used.
Convenient sampling technique was used to collect data. Pearson Correlation, Regression analysis
and t-test were used to analyze the data. Results indicate positive relationship between study
variables. Results further indicated that self-efficacy and self-esteem are significant predictors of
school social behavior among students. Furthermore, significant difference in self-efficacy, selfesteem among students belonging to public and private schools and gender significant difference
was found on basis of school social behavior. Finally, limitations, suggestions and conclusion of
the study were mentioned.
Keywords: Self-esteem, self-efficacy, school social behavior
The Relationship between Conflict Management, Social Support among University Students
Sehrish Hassan, Muhammad Aqeel and Waqar Hussain, PhD
This current study was conducted to investigate the role of conflict management, social support
among university students (N = 200). Sample was collected 200 university students (Female
=100, Male =100) age ranged 18-30 from four universities of federal area which are Quaid-EAzam University, Bahria University, Air University and NUST in Pakistan. Purposive sampling
technique was employed based on cross-section design. Two scales were used to asses’ social
support and conflict management. The result revealed that social support was not significantly
correlated with conflict management styles. The result revealed that females’ university students
were more shown social support as compare to male students. Recommendations of the study are
that both male and female can equally be benefitted by an intervention addressing conflict
management however; female can get more benefit by addressing social support. This study
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would be helpful for pedagogical and clinical setting for university students. Non-significant
results are discussed.
Keyword: Conflict management, social support
Gender Differences in Coping Styles among Divorced Working People
Sehrish Fatima and Fozia Akram
Department of Applied Psychology,
Government College University, Faisalabad
The present study aims to explore gender differences in coping styles in the context of
demographic variables among divorced working people. The sample consisted of 120 divorced
working people (men = 60, women = 60) with age range from 30 to 45 years. Purposive sampling
technique was used to select the sample from Dar-ul-Aman, Marriage Bureaus and Civil courts of
Lahore and Faisalabad. Coping responses inventory (Urdu version) by Mahmood and Sheraz
(2012) and demographic sheet were used for assessment. The major finding of this study was that
there was no difference between the define groups on approach coping styles and avoidance
coping styles. It also revealed that educated divorced working women scored high on approach
coping responses inventory as compared to the uneducated divorced working women. It was
found that educated divorced working men scored high on approach coping responses inventory
as compared to the uneducated divorced working men. The divorced working women from high
socioeconomic status used more approach coping styles as compared to the divorced working
women from low socioeconomic status and divorced working men from high socioeconomic
status used more approach coping styles as compared to the divorced working men from low
socioeconomic status.
Keywords: Coping styles, divorced working people, approach coping styles, avoidance coping
styles.
The Mediating Role of Job Stress between Social Support and Turn Over Across Educators
and Health Professionals
Ayesha Gull, Muhammad Aqeel, Waqar Hussain, PhD, Sukoon, PhD, Maryam Javaid, and
Rabeeah
The current research aimed to investigate the mediating role of job stress between social supports
and turn over across educators and health professionals. Sample was comprised in 231 (Health
Professional =100, Educators = 131) age ranged 20-65 in Pakistan. Purposive sampling technique
was employed based on cross-section design. Three scales were used to assess job stress, social
support, turn over. This study revealed that social support was significantly predicted turn over
and job stress. In turn, job stress was significant predicted turn over. Recommendations of the
study are that both educators and health professional can equally be benefitted by an intervention
addressing job stress however; educators can get more benefit by addressing social support and
job stress. This study would be helpful for clinical and pedagogical settings to prevent job stress
of educator’s employees and resolve conflict for educator’s employees.
Keyword: Social support, job stress, stress, anxiety and depression
Social Support and Marital Adjustment of Women with First versus Subsequent
Pregnancies
Amina Sadia and Rukhsana Kausar, PhD
Institute of Applied Psychology, University of the Punjab, Pakistan
This research intended to investigate the perceived social support and marital adjustment of
women with first versus subsequent pregnancies. The sample of 105 pregnant women was taken
from the outdoor of gynecology of public and private sector hospitals of Lahore. It was
hypothesized that there is likely to be a positive relationship between social support and marital
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adjustment of pregnant women; women with first pregnancy are likely to have more social
support than those with second and third pregnancy; and gender of earlier child has influence on
social support and marital adjustment in subsequent pregnancies. Dyadic Adjustment Scale
(Spanier, 1976) and Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Scale (Zimet, Dhlem, Zimet &
Farkly, 1988) were used for assessment. Results revealed that marital adjustment had significant
positive relationship with perceived social support of pregnant women. Women conceiving first
and second time did not differ in social support and marital adjustment. Social support of women
conceiving third time was less than those conceiving first and second time. Sex of the first child
had effect on dyadic satisfaction and sex of second child had effect on dyadic cohesion.
Keywords: Social support, marital adjustment, first pregnancy, subsequent pregnancies,
sex of child.
Demographic Correlates of Poly-Victimization in Street Children of Lahore City
Zohaib Bashir and Rabia Dasti
The purpose of the study was to determine the prevalence and demographic correlates of polyvictimization in street children of Lahore city. Through purposive sampling a sample of 77 street
boys was collected from Lahore city, with the help of 3 government and private organizations
working with street children. Sample included only boys with in the age range of 9 to 13 years
who have been residing on streets for more than one month. Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire
(Hamby & Finkelhor, 2004) and Demographic Questionnaire were used for assessment of polyvictimization and its correlates respectively. The results indicated the most common type of
victimization was Conventional Crime and it was found that there is a significant relationship of
poly-victimization with physical health of street children. These findings highlight the importance
of research on the prevalence of poly-victimization and have implications for the policy makers to
develop improved services for this vulnerable group.
Keywords: Poly-victimization, demographics, street children
Psychological Need Satisfaction: Arising Subjective Well-Being among University Students
Rabia Muneer, Manika Arbab and Monaza Muneer
Need satisfaction is essential for human beings to achieve well-being. This research was
conducted on students of Bahauddin Zakariya University to explore psychological need
satisfaction and subjective wellbeing. In non-probability technique convenient sampling was used
to collect data. The age of sample was early adulthood; 18 to 26. The sample of 200 students (100
male and 100 female) was selected. Two instruments were used to collect data: Psychological
Need Satisfaction Scale (Brewer, Deci and Ryan, 2004) and Subjective wellbeing (Rup and
Helmet, 1985). The results of the study showed that there was a significant positive correlation
between psychological need satisfaction and subjective wellbeing. Psychological need satisfaction
varied in male and female students. In subjective wellbeing no gender difference was found.
Psychological need satisfaction was high in people with moderate socioeconomic status and high
socioeconomic status and low with student of low socioeconomic status. Subjective well-being
was high in students with high socioeconomic status. Results imply that students should be
motivated and encouraged in improving relationships, healthy communication, the social skills by
conducting seminars, training sessions and workshops to enhance their subjective wellbeing and
psychological need satisfaction in their lives.
Keywords: Psychological need satisfaction, subjective well-being, improving relationships,
healthy communication
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Optimism in Relation with Positive and Negative Affect of Life among Adults
Shumaila Khalid, Manika Arbab and Sidra Liaquat
This research was conducted to explore the optimism and positive, negative affect among adults. In nonprobability technique convenient sampling was used to collect data. The sample comprised on 200
adults (100 male, 100 female). Revised Life Orientation Test, Positive and Negative Affect Inventory
were used to collect data. The results of study showed that there was a positive correlation between
optimism and positive affect and negative correlation between optimism and negative affect. There was
significant difference on positive affect and no significant difference on negative affect and optimism
among male and female adults. There was significant difference in socioeconomic categories of adults
on optimism, positive and negative affect. The implications of the study suggested that training sessions
and workshops are helpful to enhance the optimism and positive affect among male and female adults to
ensure their wellbeing.
Keywords: Optimism, positive affect, negative affect, wellbeing.
A Study of Gender Differences in Science Concept Acquisition and Related Variables in
Secondary School Students
Madiha Rauf and Sarah Shahid, PhD
Department of Gender and Development Studies, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore
There is widespread concern about the outcomes of science education in schools. Conceptual
learning is expected as an important academic construct in the process of education. The present
study was conducted to study gender difference in science concept acquisition and related
variables in secondary school students from districts of Punjab Province. A purposive sample of
720 enrolled male and female students of class 9thin both science and humanities group were
selected from the government schools in six districts of Punjab covering the central, southern and
northern region of the province. The Science Concept Acquisition Test and self-constructed
questionnaire were used for data collection. The findings of this study revealed the gender
differences in test scores and variables like class size, teaching methodology and academic group
were found important to determine the performance of students in the science subject. In the
future, it is suggested that the government and schools should take steps to improve the quality
and learning outcome of science education at schools in Pakistan.
Keywords: Concept acquisition, rote memorization, gender, teaching methodology, academic
group.
Humor Styles and Interpersonal Relationships among University Students
Ayesha Idrees, Saira Batool, and Rukhsana Kausar, PhD
The purpose of the present research was to find out the relationship between humor styles and
interpersonal relationships among university students. It was hypothesized that (a) there is likely
to be a relationship between humor styles and interpersonal relationships among university
students; (b) Humor styles are likely to predict interpersonal relationships in university students;
(c) There are likely to be gender differences in humor styles and interpersonal relationships. The
sample comprised of (N=196) students from two Universities of Lahore. Humor Style
Questionnaire was used to assess humor styles and Interpersonal Relationship Questionnaire was
used to assess interpersonal relationships. Pearson product moment correlation, hierarchical
regression analysis and independent sample t-test were applied for data analysis. Results revealed
a significant relationship between humor styles and interpersonal relationships. Affiliative humor
and self-defeating humor significantly predicted interpersonal relationships. Male use more
aggressive humor styles as compared to females. These findings would be helpful for government
and private academic institutions to enhance the sense of humor to minimize academic stress
among students and improve their quality of interpersonal relationships for their peace of mind.
Keywords: Humor styles, interpersonal relationships, university students
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Family Disruptions, Family Environment and Adolescents’ Depression
Arifa Siddiqui and Afsheen Masood, PhD
This research investigates role of family disruptions and family environment in adolescent’s
depression. It was hypothesized that family disruptions and family environment are associated
with adolescents’ depression. The sample for the current research comprised of 80 adolescents
between the age ranges of 13-18 years, taken through snowball sampling procedures. The
participants were from such families where the parents had gone through either separation or were
in the process of divorce and this was the operationalized criterion of family disruptions. In order
to collect the data, an indigenous demographic questionnaire was used in addition to Family
Environment Scale (Singh and Sinha, 1971) and Adolescent’s Depression Inventory (Kutcher,
2002).The findings from simple bivariate analysis revealed that the mean level of depression for
adolescents who experienced divorce of their parents was higher than adolescents whose
biological parents were still in intact married life. There was significant negative relationship in
effective family environment and adolescent’s depression. Significant gender differences were
found in adolescents’ depression as girls reported higher rates of depression than that of boys. The
length of family disruption processing time, and family environment score emerged as strong
predictor of adolescent’s depression. This research carries strong implication for family
counselors and developmental psychologists.
Keywords: Family disruptions, family environment, adolescents, depression
A Comparative Study of Perceptions of Runaway and Home Living Children
Syeda Mehreen Zahra
Clinical Psychology Unit, G.C University, Lahore
The study explores the perceptions of runaway and home living children on five domains of
family, school, self, future and world and also studies the difference between the two groups on
these five domains. Data was collected individually by administration of a sentence completion
test. The test was developed during the process of this research keeping in mind the characteristics
of runaway children. The sample consisted of 80 boys of age 12-16 and 40 children were taken
from Runaway and 40 were taken from Home living group. The sampling strategy adopt for data
collection was Convenience sampling. Chi square and frequencies were calculated to analyze the
results. The significant values of chi square indicate that there is a difference between the
perceptions of runaway and home living children. Furthermore the results of distribution of
frequencies show that runaway children have negative perceptions on these five domains as
compared to home living children. Findings of the present study are effective for reducing the
runaway behavior of children by working on the perception of children especially on these five
domains.
Keywords: Perceptions, family, school, self, future, world
Just World Belief and Attitude towards the Jirgah System
Saad Shaheed and Ruhi Khalid, PhD
Beaconhouse National University, Lahore
This study aimed to investigate the role of Just World Belief and its impact on the opinion
towards the Jirgah system among genders. It was based on survey research design. The sample
consisted of 206 university students from two universities in Peshawar, out of which there were
103 males and 103 females. Purposive sampling technique was used to recruit the sample. The
scale of General Belief in the Just World, Dalbert, Montada, and Schmitt (1987) and a selfdeveloped questionnaire was used to measure the attitude towards the Jirgah. Comparison was
made among students regarding their gender. Descriptive statistics, independent sample t-test,
correlation and regression were used to analyze the data. Results indicated that female have more
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negative attitude toward Jirgah and male have more positive attitude. The overall attitude was
inclined towards negative opinion about the Jirgah among genders. There was significant positive
correlation among the level of Just World Belief is higher among male students in comparison to
female students. Findings have important implication for psychological wellbeing of university
students.
Keywords: Just world belief, attitude, jirgah system
Time Management and Happiness in Working and Non-Working Women
Shazia Irfan and Sidra Sana
The present research was conducted to investigate the time management and happiness in working
and non-working women. The research aimed to explore the relationship between time
management and happiness in working and non-working women and for this purpose correlational
research design was used. Purposive sampling technique was used to collect data of working and
non-working women. Sample composed of two groups. Sample size comprised of 50 married
working women related to teaching and paramedical profession and 50 non-working women were
house wives. Structured questionnaires were distributed among the population. The results
revealed that there was a correlation between time management and happiness in non-working
women. Results further revealed that there was is significant difference between working and nonworking women on time management. The findings of the present research were helpful for the
society to deal with women’s issues of time management and to elevate the happiness in better
way.
Keywords: Time management, happiness, working & non-working women.
Understanding the Perception of Social Support in Adolescents with and without
Disabilities
Kiran Bashir Ahmad, PhD and Zainab Bhutto Zadeh, PhD
Institute of Professional Psychology, Bahria University, Karachi
The present research examined the variable of perceived social support in adolescents with and
without disabilities using a cross sectional design and the assumption that there would be a
significant difference in the levels of perceived social support in both groups. A data sample of
200 adolescents was included with 100 adolescents with disabilities (40 blind, 34 deaf and 26
physically disabled) and 100 adolescents without disabilities. A demographic information form
and a measure of perceived social support was completed by all the participants. The results
indicate that there is no significant difference between the levels of social support as perceived by
the adolescents with and without disabilities as shown by the p value; p>.05. The findings of this
research are interesting in terms of their implications toward caregiver strengths along with the
adolescents’ positive perception related to familial support in Pakistan. Living in a collectivistic
society this lends credibility to the idea of interdependence and fostering cohesive growth in the
community.
Keywords: Adolescence, community, disability, family, social support.
Public Perception of Pakistani Police
Urooj Fatima and Affaf Amjad
Department of Psychology, Virtual University of Pakistan,
The current hour in Pakistan is facing zillions of law and crime related issues escalated by terrorist
activities. Every day we hear the news of policemen being martyred in different police-criminal
encounters. We commonly hear folks complaining about the inefficient and corrupt behavior of
the police and raising serious questions on their work ethics. The current research is an attempt to
explore that how Pakistani policemen are generally being perceived by the common citizens and
what are the reasons behind their thinking patterns. Convenient sample of one hundred and fifty (n
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= 150) individuals will be surveyed and brief semi-structured interviews will be carried out from
the participants followed by questionnaire filling. To view the other side of the story, three
policemen will also be interviewed to explore their self-perception and how their understanding
about their impression in the society affects their duty of crime controlling. Data analysis will be
done by employing grounded theory approach (Straus & Corbin, 1998). Emerged major categories
will be further calculated by using descriptive statistics. The study had important implications for
policy makers, forensic psychologists and media. Police stress management and counter terrorism
plans may also get benefit from findings of this research.
Keywords: Perception, policemen, work ethics, police integrity
Implicit Relationship Beliefs and Conflict Resolution Styles Predicting Marital Satisfaction
Alishba Hania and Naumana Amjad, Ph.D
Institute of Applied Psychology,
University of the Punjab, Lahore
The purpose of the study was to explore how implicit relationship beliefs and conflict
resolution styles influence marital satisfaction. The sample comprised of 65 couples i.e. 130
individuals (husbands = 65, wives = 65). Implicit relationship beliefs were measured through
Implicit Theories of Relationships Scale, Conflict resolution styles through Thomas-Kilmann
Conflict Mode Instrument and Marital satisfaction through Marital Adjustment Test.
Correlation analysis was carried out to find correlation among study variables; Path analysis was
performed through AMOS to validate the mediating relationship of conflict resolution style and
implicit beliefs in predicting marital satisfaction. Results showed that among five conflict
resolution styles only accommodating and competing style was significantly correlated with
Marital satisfaction. While AMOS showed a partially mediating path between implicit beliefs
(destiny), competing conflict resolution style and Marital satisfaction. This approves presence
of mediating relationship between implicit beliefs and conflict styles in predicting
marital satisfaction.
Keywords: Implicit relationship beliefs, conflict resolution styles, marital satisfaction.
Relationship between Family Environment and Perceived Social Support among Female
Adolescence in Pakistan
Farzana Ashraf
Department of Psychology, University of Management & Technology, Lahore
The role of family environment in development of perceived social support has intensively been
examined in the scientific literature in relation to adolescents’ development (Estevez, Musitu &
Herrero, 2005; Murray & Murray, 2004). The quality of provided family environment for
adolescent development is directly and indirectly important in relation to perceived social support.
The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between social support and various
dimensions of family environment among female adolescents in Pakistan. Participants of research
were 71 females age range from 16-21 (M=18.28, SD=1.22). The sample was collected through
systematic random sampling technique. By applying correlation research design, various
dimensions of family environment and social support system were assessed using the Family
Environment Scale ([FES], Moos & Moose, 1994) and Social Support Scale (n.a) respectively.
Pearson Product Moment Correlation Analysis was applied to examine the proposed directions.
Findings revealed that friend’s support was seen positively correlated to relationship dimensionFES (r = .36**) and acceptance & care (r =.36**). Independence within the family system was
seen positively correlated to sister’s support (r = .23). Overall, the results highlighted the
significant role of the family environment in perceived social support among female adolescents
in Pakistan.
Keywords: Family environment, perceived social support, female adolescents
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Depression, Anxiety and Sexual Dysfunction in the Women with Arthritis
Momna Saeed and Hina Javed Rana
Centre for Clinical Psychology, University of Punjab, Lahore
The aim of the present study was to find the relationship between psychiatric morbidity
(depression and anxiety) and sexual dysfunction in the patients with arthritis. It was hypothesized
that psychiatric morbidity is likely to predict sexual dysfunction in the women with arthritis. In
the current study, correlational research design and purposive sampling strategy was employed.
Sample of arthritis women with age range 30-50 years (M=38.98, SD=6.9) were included in the
study. The data (N=88) were collected from different public and private hospitals of Lahore.
Depression Anxiety Stress Scale and Sexual Functioning Questionnaire were used for assessing
psychiatry morbidity and sexual functioning in the sample. Results of the study showed that
depression and anxiety are the predictors of sexual dysfunction. The research highlights the
importance of psychological treatment along with the medical treatment for women with arthritis.
Through the results of this study psychologists can also suggest effective management plan for the
women with arthritis who also suffering from any psychological illness that is causing problem in
their sexual life.
Keywords: Arthritis, depression, anxiety, sexual dysfunction
Acid Attacks on Rise in Pakistan: Socio-psychical Impact and Consequences
Sonia Omer and Sadia Jabeen
Department of Social Work, University of the Punjab, Lahore
Women all over the world have been striving hard for their rights since long. In today’s modern
world, the status of women doesn’t yet depict a very positive picture, specifically in underdeveloped countries like Pakistan. The incidents of acid throwing in the name of honor not only
bringing depraved and bad name for a country globally but it shows the existence of barbarism in
a country where weak social values have added troubles for women. The current study has been
conducted on one of the very serious issue that is acid victims. The study has highlighted the issue
in terms of knowing the actual causes behind these brutal acts specifically the study has focused
on social and psychological impacts on the respondent after this incident. Five in-depth interviews
were conducted by applying purposive sampling method. The study found poverty, drug
addiction, gender discrimination, illiteracy and old traditions and values that are harmful to
society as one of the common factors behind all the cases. Serious depression and post incident
trauma was reported as an outcome of the attacks by husband and families.
Keywords: Acid victim, discrimination, socio-psychological impact, depression, human rights
Human Rersource Practices as Predictors of Organizational Commitment
Ahmed Bilal and M. Kashif Fida, PhD
COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore
In Pakistani organizations there leaves a question that how employees can become committed to
their organizations or how organizations can make their employees committed. More specifically,
what are those HR practices which lead towards organizational commitment? In this current
study, the researcher explored the HR practices which are directly associated with organizational
commitment. The main targets of the researcher are to explore HR practices being practiced in
Pakistani organizations, to develop a scale on HR practices and then to see the relationship of HR
practices with organizational commitment of employees. Total 189 employees were selected as
sample through purposive sampling technique. Standardized scales were used to measure the HR
practices and organization commitment. Correlations and regression analysis were carried out.
The results show that compensation and training and development positively and significantly
predict organizational commitment.
Whereas, employee care negatively predict the
organizational commitment among employees. The rest of the HR practices (promotion,
116
empowerment, recognition, recruitment and selection, motivational practice) remained nonsignificant.
Keywords: HR practices, empowerment, recognition, compensation, organizational commitment.
Employee Engagement and Its Relationship with Emotional Intelligence and Personality
Syed Muhammad Qasim Bukhari and *M. Kashif Fida, Ph.D and
*COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore
The purpose of this research was to explore the relationship between employees’ job engagement
and emotional intelligence. Correlation research design has been followed to explore the
variables. Purposive sampling technique has been used to collect data from the bank employees.
Sample size was N = 203 including 164 men and 39 women, taken from Lahore. Participants’ age
range was 20 to 40 years. Employee Engagement Scale (Rich, Lepine, & Crawford, 2010),
Emotional Intelligence Scale (Schutte et al., 1998), Myer-Briggs type indicator (Myers,
McCaulley, & Most, 1985) were used to collect the responses. It has been found that there is a
positive correlation between emotional intelligence and employee engagement (γ = .35, p<
.001).There is a significant difference found on age groups with respect to emotional intelligence.
Similarly, more experience contributes to all sub scales of emotional intelligence and employee
engagement. Results indicate that extroverts are better on total employee engagement, and
introverts are better on total emotional intelligence. It has been found that age, total experience
and Judging/Perceiving significantly predicts emotional intelligence. It has been also found that
age, introversion/extroversion and thinking/feeling significantly predict employee engagement.
The current study has important implications in banking sectors and a resource for trainers.
Keywords: Employee engagement, emotional intelligence, personality
Experience with In-Laws, Husband’s Supportive Attitude and Marital Satisfaction
Sana Lashari and Naumana Amjad, Ph.D
The present study investigated experience with in- laws, husband's supportive attitude and marital
adjustment among married women. Marital adjustment was likely to be predicted by husband's
supportive attitude and experiences with family in laws. A sample of 100 married women was
selected. The duration of marriage range from newly married up to 10 years. To assess husband's
supportive attitude and experience with in laws indigenous scales were developed keeping in
mind Pakistani cultural context. Marital adjustment was assessed through marital happiness
questionnaire (Hassan & Amjad,2014). Pearson Correlation was used, results of which indicated a
positive correlation between experience with in laws, husband's supportive attitude and marital
adjustment. Regression analysis showed that husband's supportive attitude was predicting marital
adjustment. The present study can provide useful guidance for marital counseling.
Keywords: Experience, Supportive Attitude, Marital Satisfaction.
Perception of Successful Marriage- An Exploration
Fasseha Hassan, Adnan Rafiq and Naumana Amjad, Ph.D
The study qualitatively explored the criteria of a successful marriage as described by a diverse
sample of men and women. Overall 30 men and women were given open ended questions about
what is meant by a successful marriage. The answers were content analysed. There is previously a
theoretical study that suggests that Pakistani model of ‘happy’ marriage has some unique cultural
components (Fatima & Ajmal, 2012). The themes from previous study and our study had some
overlap and thus verified the suggested model. The responses were also used to construct a scale
for Marital Success Quotient. This was further used with a sample of 200 married men and
women and psychometric properties were ascertained.
Keywords: Perception, successful, marriage
117
Author Index
A
Abid, M.28, 92
Abtahi, A.30, 88
Adil, A.20, 35, 83, 90
Abbas, F.55
Abbasi, M. S.63
Afzal, S. 30, 89, 106
Ahmad, S. 37, 86
Ahmad, U.94
Ahmad, I.42, 60
Ahmad, K. B. 113
Ajmal, A.103
Ajmal, M.A.27, 76
Akhter, N.4, 98
Akram, F.109
Akram, S.85
Ali, A. 25
Ali, H.21
Ali, U.17
Aly, H.76
Amanat, A.107
Amin, H.107
Amin, R.42, 47
Amir, T. S.38
Amjad, A.113
Amjad, N.61, 79, 84,
114, 116
Andleeb, G.108
Anis-ul- Haque, M.8,
33, 43
Anjum, A. 54, 86
Anjum, R.96
Ansari, A.A.80
Anwar, M.99
Anwar, N.84
Aqeel, M.56, 62, 98, 99,
105, 107, 108, 109
Ara, A. 51
Arbab, M.110, 111
Arif, A.41
Arshad, R.
Arshad, T.18, 23, 85,
89, 97
Asad, S.25, 31, 61
Ashraf, F.114
Ashraf, R. 13
Asif, M.10
Aslam, M. 41
Aslam, N. 7, 9, 14
Aslam, Q.73
Ateeq, A.27
Atta, M. 21, 43, 44, 45,
85
Awan, H. 47
Awan, S.N. 38
Ayesha, R. 56, 99
Ayub, M.A.77
Azhar, M.23
Aziz, M.28
B
Bangash, N.62
Bano, S.70
Bano, Z. 75
Bashir, N. 24
Bashir, S. 12, 33
Bashir, Z. 66, 110
Basit, F.88
Batool, N. 34
Batool, S.36, 63, 85, 90, 94, 106, 111
Batool, S.S.29, 30, 76, 88
Batool, Z. 99
Bhutto, Z.113
Bilal, A.71, 115
Bokhari, M.T.71
Bukhari, S.M.Q.116
Bukhari, S.R. 18, 80
Butt, J.A.H.101
C
Choudhry, F.R.98
D
Dasti, R.24, 66, 110
Dawood, S.31, 65, 78
Deen, S.45
Dildar, S.14
Dur-e-Nayab.62
E
Ehsaan, S.103
F
Faheem.73
Faiz, A.72
Faran, M.48
Farooq, H.44
Farooq, S.69
Farooq, U.85
Farooq, Z.54
Farzeen, M.100
Fatima, G.12
Fatima, I.52, 54, 96
Fatima, R.97
Fatima, S.109
Fatima, T.45
Fatima, U.33, 113
118
Feroz, U. 4
Fida, M.K. 71, 72, 115, 116
G
Ghaffar, K. 64, 106, 107
Ghanzanfar, L. 31
Ghayas, S.33, 50, 77, 89
Gohar, N.63, 106
Gopang, M.83
Gul, A. 109
Gul, M.53, 54
Gul, S.46
Gull, F.70, 93
Gulzar, M.98
H
Habib, A.9
Habiba, U.24
Hafsa, S.56, 99
Haleem, M.S.21
Hameed, A.41
Haneef, B.99
Hania, A. 114
Hanif, R.4, 22, 63, 102
Haq, H. 28
Haq, Z.32
Haseeb, A.86
Hashmi, A.39
Hassan, H.61
Hassan, I. N.3
Hassan, F.116
Hassan, S.108
Hassan, S.S.36, 42
Hilali, A.Z.16
Hunt, N.69
Hussain, A.12
Hussain, S.21, 92
Hussain, W.56, 62, 98, 99, 105, 107, 108,
109
I
Idrees, A.111
Iftikhar, A.103
Iftikhar, M.81
Ijaz, A.104
Ijaz, N.37
Ilyas, M.Z.93
Ilyas, R. 30
Imam, S.S.59, 63, 96
Imran, H.66
Inam-ul-Haque.48
Iqbal, M.Z.23
Iqbal, N.63, 102, 106
Irfan, S.42, 91, 113
Irfani, N.7
Ishaq, G.50, 63, 83, 90, 106
Ishfaq, N.94
J
Jabeen, M.18
Jabeen, S.58, 81, 115
Jaffar, R. 51
Jahangir, A.A.58
Jahangir, H. 29, 76
Jami, H. 4, 5, 6
Javaid, D. 22
Javaid, M.109
Javaid, T.55
Javed, A.64
Javed, S.32, 58, 92, 98
Javed, Z.8, 12, 48
K
Kaiser, A. 66
Kalsoom, S.76
Kamal, A.14, 35, 76, 100
Kamran, F.87
Kamrani, F.22
Kanwal, F.46
Kanwal, R.H.74
Kanwal, Z.105
Kareem, H.20
Kausar, N. 59
Kausar, R.10, 15, 16, 21, 24, 59, 61, 64, 81,
86, 91, 106, 109, 111
Kayani, S. H. 56
Kayani, S. 36, 90
Kayani, T.F.105
Kazmi, F. 29
Kazmi, N. 62
Keshf, Z.84
Khadija, M.94
Khalid, A.7, 98
Khalid, R.3, 28, 53, 55, 89, 102, 112
Khalid, S.40, 83, 96, 98, 111
Khalida.101
Khalily, M.T. 74
Khaliq,A.A.81
Khan, A. 19
Khan, A.A.80
Khan, E. 56, 99
Khan, F.56, 99
Khan, M. J.20, 98
Khan, O.90
Khan, R. W.3
Khan, S. 26
Khan, S.M.69
Khan, Z.N. 6
119
Khawar, R.57, 67, 78
Khushbakht.5
Khwaja, A.O.54
Kouser, S. 39
L
Lashari, S. 116
Latif, A.96
Latif, R. 41, 62
Liaquat, S.67, 111
M
Makhdoom, I.F. 43
Malik, A.A.22
Malik, F. 19, 30, 48, 53, 57, 64, 70, 75, 77,
78
Malik, J.A.50, 51
Malik, M.12
Malik, N.I.39, 40, 43, 44, 68, 91, 97, 105,
106
Malik, S.65, 66, 89, 108
Malik, Z. 99
Mansoor, A.93
Manzoor, S.51
Maqsood, S.27
Masood, A.37, 39, 92, 93, 101, 104, 112
Masood, S.4, 88
Masood, T.18
Mazahir, S.S.39, 105
Meer, S.14
Mehboob, T.52
Mohsin, F.Z.38
Mohsin, Z. 7
Mubarak, H. 26
Mubashar, T.56, 69, 71, 104
Mubashir, A. S. 78
Mughal, A. 44
Muhammad, H.J.42
Mujeeb, H. 57, 101, 102
Mumtaz, W.27
Munaf, S. 3, 18
Munawar, K.11
Muneer, M.110
Muneer, R.110
Munir, M.104
Munir, M.F.76, 103
Munir, N.97, 102
Musharraf, S. 47
Mushtaq, R.36
Mustafa, N.100
Mustansar, M. 56
N
Nadia.65
Naheed, N.77
Najam –us-Sahar.18, 20
Najam, B. 52
Najam, N.69
Najeeb, M.
Naqvi, Z.Z.49
Nareen, R.42, 48, 60
Naseem, A.84
Naseem, B.49
Nasim, F.21
Nasr, T.95
Nauman, R.33
Naveed, A.9
Nawab, H.98
Nawaz A. 27
Nawaz, J.49
Naz, A.46
Naz, F.9, 10, 14, 59
Naz, H.65
Naz, I.14
Naz, S.20, 67
Niazi, F.31
Niazi, F.K.29
Niazi, S.20
Nisar, S.105
Noon, H.53
Noreen, H.26
Noreen, S.82
Numera.67
O
Omer, S.115
P
Papachristou, I.1
Parveen, A.44
Parveen, G.26
Parveen, Z.41
Pell, A.W. 70
Perveen, S.47
Pervez, A.105
Q
Qadir, F.57
Qamar, A.H.31, 48, 55
Qazi, Z. 25, 33
Qureshi, Z. J.84
R
Rabeeah.109
Rafique, A. 116
Rafique, E.7
Rafique, R.12, 27, 60
120
Raheem-udh-Deen.35
Rahman, N.104
Ramzan, A.66
Ramzan, I. 12
Rana, H.J. 32, 44, 115
Rana, S.A.34, 93, 95, 103
Rana, T.86
Raseed, F.90
Rashid, S.A.51
Rasul, F.43
Rauf, M.111
Rauf, U.17
Raza, A.80
Raza, R.M.105
Raza, S.M. 72
Rehana, T. 4
Riaz, A. 72, 96, 105
Riaz, H.68
Riaz, M. 68
Riaz, M.A.34
Riaz, M.N. 34
Riaz, S. 11
Roshan, A.G.100
Roy, D. D.2
Rubab, M.92
S
Saddiqa, A.88
Sadia, A.109
Sadiq, S. 44
Saeed, A.32, 37, 58
Saeed, M.32, 106, 115
Saeed, S. 48, 51, 61, 67
Safdar, A.24
Safdar, S. 98
Sahar, A.48, 85
Sahar, W. 15
Saigol, M. 25
Sajjad, S.100
Saleem, I.46
Saleem, M.M. 54
Saleem, Z. 19
Salim, A.86
Sana, E.107
Sana, S.113
Saqib, T.45, 48, 95
Sarwar, A.16
Sarwar, U.54
Shabbir, N.83
Shafiq, S.31
Shah, A.A.36
Shah, F. 74
Shaheed, S.112
Shaheen, S.R. 50
ShahhimanZada, R.87
Shahid, A.106
Shahid, S.111
Shahnaz, Z.9
Shahzadi, M.34
Shahzadi, N.63
Shaikh, S.I. 74
Shams, H. 98
Shams, J.A.23
Shamshad, A.17, 82
Sharjeel, M.Y.80
Shaukat, S.40, 70
Sheeraz, S.A.102
Sheikh, M.H. 68
Sherdil.29
Shines, N. 34
Shoukat, A.91
Shoukat, S.108
Shujja, S. 21, 45, 75
Siddique, S.21, 62, 96
Siddiqui, A.92, 93, 112
Siddiqui, H.80
Sitwat, A. 25, 51, 75
Sixsmith, J. 2
Sohail, T.73
Solomon, V.70, 71
Sukoon.109
Sultan, S. 46, 47, 94
T
Tasawar, N. 98
Tahir, M.A.13
Tariq, A.6
Tariq, O.7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 81, 82, 85, 88, 100
Tariq, S.10, 81, 99
Tufail, A.107
U
Urooj, A.8
Usman, M.99
V
Vawdaw, N. 1, 16, 28
W
Waqar, S.15
Waqar Khan, R.
Y
Yamin, N. 36
Yaseen, H.F.99
Yasin, S.A.41
Younas, F. 19, 26, 91, 104, 105
Younis, S.54
121
Yousaf, A.6, 81, 91
Yousaf. M. 15
Yousafzai, S.A.40
Z
Zahra, A.16, 30, 48
Zahra, S.36, 90, 106
Zahra, S.M.112
Zaidi, G.79
Zaman, K.5
Zulfiqar, L.44
Abstracts Booklet
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th
14 International Conference of
ICP 2015
From Crisis to Sustainable Solutions"
19th-21st March 2015
Department of Press & Publications

Abstract Book - University of the Punjab

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