Hu Ke HIST 3029: Transnational History The University of Hong Kong

Hu Ke
HIST 3029: Transnational History
The University of Hong Kong, Spring 2014
Book Review
Kurlansky, Mark. Salt: a world history. New York: Walker and Co., 2002.
From prehistory to industrialization, from Africa to Europe, America to Asia, the salt in
the dish in front of you possesses a history much longer than you would expect. While
someone might think that this common flavoring is too ubiquitous to be researched
academically, a mature historiography of salt already exists.1 The most representative salt
history works include S. A. M Adshead’s Salt and Civilization,2 Jean-François Bergier’s Une
histoire du sel3 as well as Robert P. Multhauf’s Neptune’s Gift,4 which all appear in Salt: A
World History’s bibliography. However, apart from the general introduction of salt history,
Mark Kurlansky also cites various works focusing on a specific time period or geographical
area to expand the narrative. For instance, there are Jacques Nenquin’s Salt: A Study in
Economic Prehistory5 and A. R. Bridbury’s England and the Salt Trade in the Later Middle
1
WilliamD.Phillips,“ReviewofMarkKurlanskySalt:AWorldHistory,”Itinerario28(2004):111,accessedMarch26,
2014,doi:10.1017/S0165115300019343.
2 S.A.M.Adshead,SaltandCivilization(NewYork:St.Martin’sPress,1992). 3 Jean‐FrançoisBergier,Unehistoiredusel(Paris:PressesUniversitairesdeFrance,1982).
4 RobertP.Multhauf,Neptune’sGift:AHistoryofCommonSalt(Baltimore:JohnsHopkinsUniversityPress,1978).
5 JacquesA.E.Nenquin,Salt:AStudyinEconomicPrehistory(Brugge:DeTempel,1961).
©2015TheMiddleGroundJournalNumber10,Spring2015http://TheMiddleGroundJournal.org SeeSubmissionGuidelinespageforthejournal'snot‐for‐profiteducationalopen‐accesspolicy
2
Ages.6 It also encompasses Zhong Changyong, Huang Jian and Lin Jianyu’s China’s Zigong
Salt7 and Paul E. Lovejoy’s Salt of the Desert Sun: A History of Salt Production and Trade
in the Central Sudan.8 Just by scanning the bibliography, readers can already conjecture the
length, breadth, and complexity of the history of salt shown in Salt: A World History, which
then fashions itself as a necessary reference for future publications.
More importantly, though, instead of purely collecting bits and pieces, Kurlansky
manages to weave all these disparate pieces of historical knowledge into a smooth narrative.
Although the whole book is divided into three sections and twenty-six chapters, they are all
connected with each other through the chronology; the fluent shift between subjects and
activities makes the overall storytelling more comprehensible and convincing. Part of the
reason that Kurlansky is able to write this history book in such an engaging way is owing to
his long-time experience as a journalist. The constant writing for newspapers and magazines
enables the author to spot the most attractive information and transform it into an interesting
story easily. In addition, Kurlansky’s work demands that he travel around the world to
investigate. It is this experience that offers him a world vision, and the capability to link
various parts of the world together. Nonetheless, although Kurlansky is able to tell a very
interesting story, his journalistic experience might not be helpful in terms of crafting a clear
and argumentative thesis. In Salt: A World History, a conclusive thesis is completely missing,
6
A.R.Bridbury,EnglandandtheSaltTradeintheLaterMiddleAges(Oxford:ClarendonPress,1955).
中国自贡盐 [ZhongguoZigongyan;China’sZigongSalt](Chengdu:
SichuanPeople’sPublishingHouse,1993).
8 PaulE.Lovejoy,SaltoftheDesertSun:AHistoryofSaltProductionandTradeintheCentralSudan(Cambridge[UK];
NewYork:CambridgeUniversityPress,1986).
7 ChangyongZhong,JianHuang,andJianyuLin,
3
whose influence on the book will be carefully discussed in the evaluation.
Apart from the introduction of salt history as well as the author’s experience, this book
review is structured to summarize the main points of Salt: A World History and evaluate its
strengths and weaknesses, which disqualify this publication as a world history narrative.
In the first section, the book talks about the production and use of salt in ancient civilizations, from China to Africa and Europe. While it pays more attention to the political states
and public constructions at the very beginning of feudal China, it focuses more on markets
and economic activities around salt in Africa. Then it turns to the legendary Celtic salt miners,
who only appear in Greek and Roman historical records as terrifying giants. They are
followed by a historical account of the Mediterranean, from the rise and fall of the Roman
Empire to the emergence and expansion of Venetian salt production and trade. It also traces
major Italian ports and traders like Marco Polo traveling across continents via the Silk Road
for goods like salt, as one of the reflections of early cross-cultural exchange.
The following section covers Medieval Europe, from Sweden to England, Holland,
France and Germany, as well as Poland and Russia. It talks about their environmental
conditions, natural resources, and recipes of salted fish. More importantly, the section also
sheds light on how salt as a crucial means for storage caused competition and conflicts
among neighboring countries. After introducing the urgent need for more and cheaper salt in
Western European countries, the book turns its attention to the voyages of discovery, before
which there is a half-chapter reference to Native Americans. It mainly talks about how the
4
colonizers cooperated in the exploitation of local salt production, but also about how the salt
trade greatly accelerated the independence of the United States, the French Revolution, and
the American Civil War.
The last section begins with scientific breakthroughs related to salt in the industrial era,
which heavily influenced the development of transportation, technology, and geology in
Europe and North America. It also looks at how salt is related to liberation movements in the
Third World and to the commercialization of salt in America and post-Cultural Revolution
China, which led to the fading of many traditions. How modernity changed people’s attitudes
toward food and popular taste is carefully meditated in these chapters. Finally, the author
ends the book by pointing out a continuing confusion towards the true value of salt in human
society.
All in all, the book presents a chronological account of salt’s economic, political and
cultural impacts on the world, which perfectly visualizes this human necessity in human
history. Furthermore, this food history also involves other historical approaches including
colonialism, industrialization, independence movements and scientific progress in order to
expand and enrich the whole narrative.
When it comes to the strengths of this book, there are three significant points. First of all,
the book contains graceful language and interesting story telling, which could draw common
readers’ attention to serious historical issues. To explain, as a gift from past journalistic
experience, Mark Kurlansky possesses his own writing style and characteristic storytelling.
5
His language is described as “breezy and comfortable;”9 his writing skills and fame have
made all of his works attractive to mainstream readers. As a consequence, the author’s
reputation and abundant experience in journalistic writing grants this book not only a
beautiful narrative style, but also a huge readership among the mainstream public.
Secondly, it is undeniable that this book gathers a huge amount of diversified facts about
salt throughout history. The narrative mentions most continents and historical eras. The
comprehensive collection of information not only gives readers a wonderful experience
traveling around the world while reading a four-hundred-page book, but also a world vision
and consciousness. If such a common and subtle object is able link most parts of the world
together, what and who can be totally isolated from the others in contemporary society? As a
result, the book presents more than the history of salt, but also the history of communication
or even globalization, from the Silk Road to the voyages of discovery, and on to the present.
The reason for this integration is also pellucid: humans cannot live without salt, and humans
have reached out and interacted in order to gain more salt.
But most importantly, the superiority of this historical account comes from its special
perspective into common people’s mentality. To be more specific, apart from the macro
narrative, which mainly focuses on decision makers and their decisions, the author also
includes common people who were directly influenced by these decisions and whose
reactions affected the implementation of these monumental policies. As a matter of fact, on
9
Phillips,ReviewofSalt,111.
6
the one hand, the real state of these lay folks is mostly ignored in the hegemonic narrative
because it is hard to measure and somewhat subtle; on the other hand, it is the everyman’s
mentality that reflects the realities in the community and explains the reasons for many social
events, especially in food history. For instance, when the story comes to China, the author
constantly quotes his conversations with local people to reveal ideas existing in Chinese
society today. For example, one Chinese cook said that “MSG, or monosodium glutamate,
was needed because Chinese food does not directly use salt.”10 This preference sets Chinese
habits of eating and consuming salt apart from the rest of the world. In a more representative
example, the author records the life of a soy sauce trader sticking to an old-fashioned life
style. He also observes that “most Chinese still eat the old foods.”11 As a sharp contrast to
the modern image of new China, the author manages to show the nostalgia of these people
towards a more traditional life style and the cultural heritage that was strong in the past but
has been enduring huge shocks from a modern market economy. This special sentiment can
only become apparent after in-depth communication with the most anonymous people. And
this is precisely the way to include the multiple voices from among the “invisible and silent”
masses that have the greatest power towards the development of history.
Nonetheless, apart from the advantages of this narrative, its weaknesses should also be
recognized. Most significantly, there are two major problems with the book: its lack of
argumentation and its Eurocentric point of view.
10
11
MarkKurlansky,Salt:AWorldHistory(NewYork:WalkerandCo.,2002),395.
Ibid.,398.
7
For one thing, this history book is more descriptive than argumentative. Although the
story is told in the chronological order, which makes the narrative appear coherent and
structured, it does not have a thesis to link all these diversified facts together spiritually.
Hence, it is more like a primary text presenting a compilation of historical knowledge about
the history of salt. Without an argumentative introduction or conclusion, it is really confusing
what the message that the author wants to tell through this book is. Furthermore, this absence
of argumentation confines this book within the circle of popular writing and leisure reading,
rather than an academic publication with a clear educational purpose.
Although some reviewers understand the sentence that “salt has been important
throughout history” as the main thesis, the statement does not require much argumentation in
its support when society has already admitted its validity in daily life.12 However, seldom do
the critiques go one step further to discuss the book’s connotations in terms of these basic
facts. Though they recognize that the book aims at revealing the continual significance and
discontinuous valuation of salt in different periods of human society, they fail to ask what
this continuity and discontinuity signify. However, in my opinion, the book deserves further
elaboration and deeper exploration because there are coherent and profound themes hidden
behind the factual display.
On the one hand, in terms of why salt could push all this economic and political progress, the power of human desire should be fully realized. Salt, as a human necessity,
12
Phillips,ReviewofSalt,111.
8
automatically becomes one of the basic and fundamental material desires of human beings.
According to the book, because of salt, ancient Egyptians started markets and Roman
merchants fostered trade between continents with the byproduct of a cultural exchange. It is
also disclosed in the book that salt is one of the crucial reasons for the independence of the
United States and Gandhi’s Liberation Movement. Although slogans of these revolutions
were gradually polished into advanced catchphrases like “human rights” and “freedom,” the
book actually uncovers that part of the essence of these rebellions was still the fighting over
the distribution of salt to fulfill human desire. Hence, through tracing the crucial role of the
symbolic salt in some of the most decisive events in human history, the author points out
directly that to a great extent, it is the desire of obtaining and preserving basic material
necessities, including salt, that motivates humans to push the progress of history. A similar
argument has been made about spices by Jack Turner in Spice: The History of a Temptation.13
On the other hand, although salt has played a crucial role throughout history, this
chronological account stages the transformation of its value over time. While ancient Chinese
theorist Laozi treated the possession of salt as the major indicator of a country’s wealth and
medieval Norwegians were dreaming of a salt cake every day, nowadays, possessing and
storing salt is being taken for granted internationally and salt is even used to “blanket
highways and support the cult of the car.”14 Moreover, the book points out that it is the
13
JackTurner,Spice:TheHistoryofaTemptation(NewYork:Knopf,2004).
ReginaSchrambling,“NaCl,”reviewofSalt:AWorldHistory,byMarkKurlansky,WalkerandCo.,NewYorkTimes
BookReview,February24,2002.
14
9
progress of economic infrastructure that caused the transformation of understanding and
value. The book constantly stresses the discovery of new locations and technologies, and
especially industrialization, which completely changed the modes of production and
increased productivity. And just because this economic progress enhanced supply to the point
that it exceeded demand, contemporary society was enabled to use salt to fulfill secondary
needs: instead of worshiping salt, people began to take its abundance for granted. Hence, by
describing the history and development of this natural resource comprehensively, the book
highlights how the progress of the economic infrastructure influences common people’s
mentalities via the lens of salt.
The second drawback of the book stems from its Eurocentric perspective. Most representatively, this so-called “world history” of salt is entirely structured along a Western
timeline. To be more specific, with a brief introduction of ancient civilizations at the
beginning, Mayan culture in the middle and the Salt March in India as well as Cultural
Revolution in China at the end, the book seems to offer information kaleidoscopic enough to
paint a world pattern. However, it becomes obvious that the author first constructs a complete
narrative from the Roman Empire to medieval Europe, and then to the new continent where
the current United States are located. The final step is to add anecdotes from other places to
diversify the overall storytelling. As a result, whenever readers need to be challenged and
exited, there appears a certain amount of writing on exotic subjects. But it seems that the
Middle Ages only happened in Europe, while all other civilizations totally disappear after the
10
prosperous exordiums. Although some of the “exotic” cultures come back at the end, the
author presents how the modernity and commercialization inevitably assimilated
non-Western countries despite local people’s adherence to traditional lifestyles. As a
consequence, it is very clear that the main subject of the book is salt in Western history. And
even though there are some delineations of salt in non-western cultures, the way that the
book presents and structures them makes these inclusions and descriptions of exotic countries
an attractive showcase only.
Furthermore, according to the book, when white conquerors arrived, they brought and
invented new and effective ways to produce salt for the whole population, which reinforces
the stereotype of the invaders as the bringers of civilization. Consequently, America is later
depicted as a place occupied by those white people who had resided there for a “long” time,
contributed enormously to its progress, and had to fight on their own land for their own rights,
such as salt. Native Americans, on the other hand, completely disappear from the narrative
after the Great Discovery, and it is implied in later depictions that these natives should
always be grateful for what the white conquerors brought: a new way to make salt and an
imposing modernity.
Reasons for this Euro-centrism may be partly attributed to the book’s target audience:
Western mainstream readers. After all, it is written as popular non-fiction book, with all the
economic concerns that come with this particular kind of publication; to attract readers is one
of its primary tasks. However, I am very skeptical whether the book should be exempt from
11
the critique of Euro-centrism because of this excuse. There are two main questions
concerning this inquiry.
On the one hand, should different standards be applied to evaluate academic and nonacademic world-history narratives? Namely, should the public be more tolerant toward
nonacademic books’ Euro-centrism because it is not that serious? Or should we be even more
critical about these popular narratives because they could reach and influence a wider public,
who may possibly have less of a critical attitude and are vulnerable to implied and unspoken
ideas? I believe the latter.
On the other hand, with the publisher and potential audience mostly residing in the West,
how can the mainstream Western writer take the other part of the world seriously? And how
can the narrative attract readers without using exotic stories as a selling point? In other words,
how can popular writing with an educational mission, especially when borrowing the term
“world history,” magnetize readers but avoid appealing to Euro-centrism, when these two
tasks seem to be quite incompatible? For me, the most important thing is to clarify that it is
the respectful attitude toward other cultures and voices that matters the most in world history
rather than any amount of factual collection. And only with this attitude can any writing
become really attractive because it stages the real world history. Only if the author bears the
danger of a possible unconscious Euro-centrism in mind, could he or she avoid the trap of
Western hegemonic narrative when claiming the book as world history research. But based
on this criterion, strictly speaking, Salt: A World History is not qualified as a world history
12
book for its obvious Eurocentric and hierarchical point of view.
To conclude, although the lack of argumentation could be refuted by visualizing profound themes hidden in the book, it is the Eurocentric tone that calls into question its
fundamental status as a world history narrative. Furthermore, what I am criticizing is more
than the fact that the author does not include enough about non-Western cultures, but the fact
that his Eurocentric perspective reflects a prevalent attitude. It is the attitude of general
readers to search for texts which confirm their previous knowledge, but who are not willing
to have their ideas challenged by a book. It is also this attitude, cultivated in larger social
contexts, that determines and limits readers’ angles in which to perceive the world, which
world history really wants to cast doubts on, and change. As a result, the book provides an
opportunity to examine and discuss the responsibility of nonacademic historical writing,
especially when it calls itself world history. Rather than merely collecting more diversified
facts, it is more significant to bear this message in mind: everyone is born equal and every
culture is equally important in the framework of world history. All in all, although whether
the book is really a world history book can be widely debated from various aspects, the
discipline can learn abundant lessons from this book regarding how to extend their narrative
into the public sphere.
13
Bibliography
Adshead, S.A.M. Salt and Civilization. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1992.
Bergier, Jean-François. Une histoire du sel. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1982.
Bridbury, A. R. England and the Salt Trade in the Later Middle Ages. Oxford: Clarendon
Press, 1955.
Kurlansky, Mark. Salt: A World History. New York: Walker and Co., 2002.
Lovejoy, Paul E. Salt of the Desert Sun: A History of Salt Production and Trade in the
Central Sudan. Cambridge [UK]; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986.
Multhauf, Robert P. Neptune’s Gift: A History of Common Salt. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins
University Press, 1978.
Nenquin, Jacques A. E. Salt: A Study in Economic Prehistory. Brugge: De Tempel, 1961.
Phillips, William D. “Review of Mark Kurlansky Salt: A World History.” Itinerario 28 (2004):
110-111. Accessed March 26, 2014. doi:10.1017/S0165115300019343.
Schrambling, Regina. “NaCl.” Review of Salt: A World History, by Mark Kurlansky. New
York
Times
Book
Review,
February
24,
2002,
http://www.nytimes.com/
2002/02/24/books/nacl.html.
Turner, Jack. Spice: the history of a temptation. New York: Knopf, 2004.
Zhong, Changyong, Jian Huang, and Jianyu Lin. 中国自贡盐 [Zhongguo Zigong yan;
China’s Zigong Salt]. Chengdu: Sichuan People’s Publishing House, 1993.