Annual Report 2010-11

Transcription

okf"kZd izfrosnu
jk"Vªh; lesfdr uk'khtho izcU/ku dsUnz
yky cgknqj 'kkL=h Hkou] iwlk ifjlj
ubZ fnYyh
110 012]
Hkkjr
Compiled & Edited by
:
D.B. Ahuja
S. Vennila
Technnical Support
:
Neelam Mehta
Citation
:
Annual Report 2010-11
National Centre for Integrated Pest Management
LBS Building, Pusa Campus
New Delhi
Published by
:
Dr. O.M. Bambawale
Director
LBS Building , Pusa Campus
New Delhi- 110 012
Telephone No.
Fax No.
E-mail
Website
:
:
:
:
91-11-25843936, 25740951
91-11-25841472
[email protected]
http://www.ncipm.org.in
Printe at
:
M/s Royal Offset Printers
A-89/1, Naraina Industrial Area, Phase-I, New Delhi-28
CONTENTS
Preface
v
dk;Z lkjka'k
1
Executive Summary
6
Introduction
11
Development, validation and dissemination of location specific
IPM strategies in different ecosystems
Rice
13
Cotton
18
Oilseeds
28
Vegetables
38
IPM Under Protected Cultivation
46
Biological Control
49
Pest scenario, surveillance and forewarning
54
Development of databases on major pests and elecvtronic networking
67
Socio-economic issues and impact assessment of IPM technology
72
Human resource development in IPM
Facilities
73
jktHkk"kk fgUnh
75
Research Projects
76
Publications
78
Trainings and Awards
83
Participation in Seminars, Symposia, Workshops, Conferences
84
Budget
85
Personnel
86
PREFACE
National Centre for Integrated Pest Management (NCIPM) has been playing pivotal role in the arena of
plant protection to limit yield losses due to pests across agricultural and horticultural crops of the country.
While validation and popularization of integrated pest management (IPM) among crops of rice, pulses,
cotton, oilseeds and vegetables at famers’ fields over years have been regularly tuned to the changes of crop
cultivation and environmental scenarios, the Centre strengthened its interface with Agricultural Universities
and Department of Agriculture of different States to implement IPM on an area wide basis during the past
two years. Systematic surveys and surveillance supported by information technology integrated with crop
and pest management advisory, and effective and extensive implementation of IPM among crops of rice,
pulses and cotton had paid dividends in terms of improved yields and need based use of pesticides. Crop of
rice at Orissa, soybean and cotton at Maharashtra, pigeon pea and chickpea across five States viz., Uttar
Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh were brought under the web enabled
area wide real time surveillance based pest management advisory system. Development of data logger for
use with field surveillance and of geographic information system (GIS) for depicting pest hot spots are the
improvements demonstrated by the centre for rapidly expanding IPM implementation. More than 6000 soybean
and cotton pest management advisories were disseminated through more than 112 lakh short message services
to farmers in Maharashtra. Thirty six thousand hectares of pigeon pea across five states were used for IPM
demonstrations. Development of patentable mechanical devices such as light trap safer to beneficial insects
and a ‘bracon kit’ for enhancement of beneficial insects brought in renewal of interest in the use of mechanical
devices under IPM. During the year, the Centre also addressed the legislative measure of label claims and
licenses for sale of pesticides for use on different crops to enhance effective use of pesticides within IPM. It
is notable that NCIPM is coordinating strategic research for pest and diseases dynamics in relation to climate
change across crops of rice, pigeonpea, groundnut, tomato and mango under the ‘ National Initiative on
Climate Resilient Agriculture’. The brain storm meeting on ‘Making IPM More Effective’ and efforts towards
development of infrastructure at the Centre’s site at ‘Mehrauli’ are fulfilling events of the year in addition to
the implementation of mega IPM programmes across regions.
I am pleased to see the visibility and strength of NCIPM and appreciate the great compliments it gained
in the recent past for gearing up the paradigm shift of nation’s IPM. I am thankful to Dr. S. Ayyappan,
Secretary DARE and Director General, Dr. S. K. Dutta, DDG (Crop Sciences) and Dr. T.P. Rajendran,
Assistant Director General (Plant Protection) for their supportive guidance and their leadership and vision
to consolidate plant protection in the country.
I appreciate the hard work of all my scientific, technical, administrative and supporting staff at the
Centre for their involvement in successful execution of the exceptional programs taken up during the year.
Editorial job of the annual report done by Drs. D.B. Ahuja and S.Vennila and the technical assistance
provided by Ms. Neelam Mehta are gratefully acknowledged.
(O.M. Bambawale)
Director, New Delhi
Mandate
•
To develop and promote IPM technologies for
major crops to sustain higher crop yields with
minium ecological implications.
•
To develop information base on all aspects of pest
management and to advise on related national
priorities and pest management policies
•
To establish linkages and collaborative
programmes with other national and international
institutes in the area of IPm
•
To extend technical consultancies
dk;Zdkjh lkjka'k
xSj cklerh /kku esa eq[; dhV uk'khtho vkSj jksxksa esa
ruk Nsnd] iÙkh eksMd
+ ] xa/kh cx] >qylk] i.kZPNn vaxekjh
vkSj Hkwjs /kCcs FksA vkbZ-ih-,e- çfr:idksa esa dfydkvksa dh
dVkbZ&N¡VkbZ] xzh"edkyhu tqrkbZ vkSj Qly vo'ks"kksa dks
u"V djuk] e`nk mipkj] Hkyh&Hkk¡fr ls e¡pk, x, [ksrksa esa
le; ij vuqeksfnr nwjh ij jksi.k ¼15 tqykbZ ls igys½]
jksi.k ls igys ikS/k 'kh"kksZa dks drjuk] [kjirokj çca/ku]
moZjdksa dk larfq yr vkSj ftad ds lkFk mi;ksx] mfpr ty
çca/ku] lkIrkfgd varjky ls uk'khtho çdksi dh fuxjkuh]
çdk'k iksf"kr uk'khthoksa dh fuxjkuh ds fy, Qsjkseksu ik'kksa
vkSj çdk'k ik'kksa dh LFkkiuk] vkSj ruk Nsndksa ds fy,
Vh- ts i ks f udk dks Nks M + u k vkS j uk'khthouk'kdks a dk
vko';drkuqlkj mi;ksx 'kkfey FksA cklerh vkSj xSj cklerh]
nksuksa /kku esa vkbZ-ih-,e- viukus ds ifj.kkeLo:i fdlkuksa
dh çFkkvksa dh rqyuk esa uk'khthouk'kd fNM+dkoksa esa 50&60
çfr'kr deh vkSj ykHk esa c<+kÙs kjh çkIr gqbAZ fdlkuksa dh
çFkkvksa dh rqyuk esa vkbZ-ih-,e- [ksrksa esa çk—frd 'k=qvksa dh
vf/kdrk vkSj dhV ihM+dksa dh deh ntZ dh xbZA
iatkc esa /kku mxkus okys 14 fofHkUu~ {ks=ksa esa ç{ks=
los{Z k.k fd;k x;k vkSj irk pyk fd ifV;kyk esa i.kZPNn
vaxekjh vkSj ve`rlj] lax:j vkSj ifV;kyk esa Hkwjk i.kZ
Nsnd dh cgqr de ek=k rFkk Qrsgiqj lkfgc esa thok.kq i.kZ
/kCcs dk çdksi 5 çfr'kr gSA vf/kdka'k LFkkuksa ij i.kZPNn
vaxekjh vkSj ikn xyu cgqr de ls ysdj 20 çfr'kr rd
ik, x,A vkHkklh daM vkSj >qylk jksx fQjkstiqj] tkya/kj]
Qrsgx<+ lkfgc vkSj eksxk esa ntZ ugha fd;k x;k tcfd
vkHkklh daM vU; LFkkuksa ij 5 izfr'kr ¼yqf/k;kuk½ vkSj 10
izfr'kr ¼lax:j vkSj HkfVaMk½ ntZ fd;k x;kA
chVh dikl esa ç{ks= ij ikfjfe= vkbZ-ih-,e- çFkkvksa ds
fodkl vkSj lR;kiu ds fy, mÙkjh dikl mitkus okys {ks=
¼fljlk] gfj;k.kk½ esa ck;ks&6488 chVh ds mi;ksx us nks xquk
ykHk ¼:- 1]23]750@gS-½ fn;k vkSj fdlkuksa dh çFkkvksa dh
rqyuk esa dhVukf'k;ksa ij [kpZ dks de ¼:- 85]534@gS-½
fd;kA bl {ks= esa fefjM] dSehyksek fyfoMk ds çdksi vkSj
xksyd fodflr gksrs le; mlls gksus okyh gkfu ds dkj.k
jk”Vªh; lesfdr uk'khtho çca/ku dsæa jkT;~ ljdkjks]a
jkT; —f"k fo'o fo|ky;ks]a —f"k foKku dsæa ks]a Loo;alos h
laxBuks]a vkSj cht o uk'khthouk'kd m|ksxksa ds lg;ksx }kjk
bZ&uk'khtho fuxjkuh djus] uk'khtho ijke'kZ tkjh djus]
uohu [kkstijd midj.kksa dh fMtkbu] vkbZ-ih-,e- fu.kZ;
ç.kkyh ds fodkl vkSj ekuo lalk/ku fodkl esa layXu gSA
blds vykok ;g dsæa eq[; Qlyksa ds fy, vkbZ-ih-,erduhdksa dk fuekZ.k] lR;kiu vkSj mUgsa c<+kok nsus esa lfØ;
:i ls tqVk gSA lu 2010&11 ds nkSjku bu {ks=ksa esa gkfly
miyfC/k;ksa dks çLrqr fd;k x;k gSA
Hkkjr ds fofHkUu~ /kku lac/a kh —f"k&ikfjra=ksa esa cklerh
vkSj xSj&cklerh nksuksa /kkuksa ds fy, LFkku&fof'k"V vkbZ-ih,e- ;qfä;k¡ fodflr] çlkfjr vkSj mUgsa yksdfç; cukus dk
dk;Z fd;k x;kA cklerh /kku esa vkbZ-ih-,e- lR;kiu
lac/a kh ijh{k.k cackokM+ ¼mÙkjçns'k½] flckSyh ¼gfj;k.kk½ vkSj
nw/kkyh ¼mÙkjk[kaM½ vkSj cksyus k vkSj iVkjk xkao] tkya/kj
ftyk ¼iatkc½ esa yxk, x,A bl vkbZ-ih-,e- çfr:id ds
eq[;s vax <sp
a k dh gjh [kkn yxkuk] dkcZUMkfte }kjk
chtksipkj] flMkseksukl ¼5 feyh-@yhVj ty½ esa ikS/k tM+kas
dks Mqcksuk] 2&3 ikS/k@fgy jksi.k djuk] moZjd dh b"Vre
[kqjkd ¼60 N:50 P:40 fdxzk çfr gS-½ vkSj ftad lYQsV 25
fdxzk@gS-] ihyk ruk Nsnd fujh{k.k ds fy, Qsjkseksu ik'kksa
dh LFkkiuk] dhV&ihM+dksa ds fy, Øec) fuxjkuh] jksxksa
vkSj çk—frd 'k=qvksa] uk'khthouk'kdksa ¼>qylk ds fy,
VªkbflDyktksy] ch-,y-ch- ds fy, LVªks IVksl
~ kbDyhku] ch-,pih- ds fy, cqçksQfs tu½ vkSj tSodkjdksa VªkbdksMjek gjft;kue
dk vko';drkuqlkj mi;ksx] [kjirokjksa dk gkFkksa ls çca/ku
vkSj iqvky caMyksa ¼20@gS-½ dh LFkkiuk djuk gSAa xSj cklerh
/kkuksa ds fy, vkbZ-ih-,e- çfr:idksa ds lR;kiu dk dk;Z
lg;ksxkRed çfØ;k ds varxZr ,u-Mh-;w-,-Vh-] QStkckn]
ih-,-;w-] yqf/k;kuk ¼iatkc½] lh-vkj-vkj-vkbZ-] dVd] lh-vkj;w-vkj-vkj-,l-] gtkjhckx] vkSj oh-ih-ds-,-,l- vYeksM+k
¼mÙkjk[kaM½ esa pyk;k x;kA cklerh /kkuksa esa eq[; uk'khtho
leL;kvksa esa ihyk ruk Nsnd iÙkh eksMd
+ ] cdkuh] i.kZPNn
vaxekjh] Hkwjk /kCckk vkSj >qylk FksA
1
NCIPM ANNUAL REPORT 2010–11
xksydksa ds otu vkSj dVkbZ ds le; çkIr gksus okys
chtks@
a xksydksa dh la[;k esa deh vkbZA blls bl ckr ij
cy feyrk gS fd chVh dikl dh fuxjkuh vkSj çca/ku dh
vko';drk gSA lh-,y-lh-oh- xzLr ikS/kksa esa dVkbZ ds mijkar
çkIr xksydksa dh la[;ka jksxeqä chVh ikS/kksa dh rqyuk esa
80&85 izfr'kr jghA lkFk gh] chVh dikl ds [ksrksa esa
[kjirokjksa ij LiksMksIVsjk fyVwjk vkSj gsfydksoikZ vkehZtjs k
iuirs gSa tks dqN le; ckn dikl ij pys tkrs gSAa bl
dkj.k Hkh chVh çfrjks/k çca/ku vko';d gksrk gSA LiksMksIVsjk
fyVwjk ds çca/ku ds fy, ik'k Qly ds :i esa vjaM dk
mi;ksx mÙkjh dikl —f"k&ikfjra=ksa esa mi;qä ugha çrhr
gksrk D;ksa fd ,sfd;k tukVk bl ikS/ks dks iw.kZRk% dadky cuk
nsrk gSA
lksyfs uifll ds ijiksf"k;ksa dh la[;k vR;ara xaHkhj çkIr gqb]Z
tks Øekuqlkj e/; ¼37½ > nf{k.k ¼19½ > mÙkj ¼17½ jghA
fQukdksdl lksyfs uifll ds oSdfYid ijiks”kdksa dk LFkkfud
forj.k e/; esa fc[kjs {ks=ksa esa jgk] mlds ckn mÙkj vkSj
nf{k.kh {ks=ksa esa jgkA [ksrksa ds 13 vkSj lM+d fdukjs fLFkfr 10
ijiks"kh ikni dh ekStnw xh lHkh {ks=ksa esa ikbZ xbZA fQukdksdl
lksyfs uifll s ds vklku vkSj çHkkoh çca/ku ds fy, lkekU;
vkSj {ks= fo'ks"k dh j.kuhfr;k¡ cukbZ xbZa vkSj ns'k Hkj esa
ehyhcx çca/ku ds fy, lcls egRoiw.kZ ijiks"kh ikniksa ds
:i esa vkB ikniksa dh igpku dh xbZA
ewx
a Qyh ds fy, LFkku fof'k"V vkbZ-ih-,e- rduhdh dk
fodkl vkSj lR;kiu lu 2010&11 esa jktLFkku ds gquekux<+]
mn;iqj ftys vkSj vka/kzçns'k ds dkfnjh ftys esa yxkrkj
nwljs o"kZ Hkh tkjh jgkA ;g dk;Z fdlkuksa ds ç{ks= fo|ky;ksa
vkSj —"kd ç{ks= fnolks]a –';&JO; çn'kZu vkSj v[kckjksa
vkSj bysDVªfud ehfM;k ds tfj, çpkj&çlkj }kjk fd;k
x;kA ntZ fd, x, eq[; jksxksa esa xzhok foxyu] ruk
xyu@'k"d xyu@ih-,l-,u-Mh-] vxsrh i.kZ /kCck vkSj iNsrh
i.kZ /kCck] fFkzIll] 'osr xzc vkSj nhed jgsA vkbZ-ih-,eçfr:idksa dk ikyu djus ds dkj.k lHkh LFkkkuksa esa uk'khtho
çdksi de gq, vkSj vkfFkZd ykHk vf/kd gqvkA guqekux<+]
oYyHkx<+] mn;iqj vkSj dkfnjh eaMy esa vkbZ-ih-,e- ç{ks=ksa
esa ewx
a Qyh dk dqy vk; ¼:-@gS-½ Øe'k% 76]076] 52]465]
29]669 jgh tcfd fdlkuksa dh viuh çFkkvksa esa 44]252]
36]696 vkSj 24]518 jghA
jktLFkku ds uoxkao vkSj vyoj ftys esa ljlksa esa lu
2007&08 vkSj 2008&09 ds nkSjku viuk, x, vkbZ-ih-,erduhdksa ds LFkkf;Ro vkSj çHkkoksa ds v/;;u lu 2010&11
esa fd;k x;kA bu xkaoksa esa mu 144 fdlku ifjokjksa dk
los{Z k.k fd;k x;k tks jch ekSle esa 142 gS- {ks= esa ljlksa
mxkrs gSAa bl xkao esa 90 çfr'kr fdlkuksa us ljlksa Qly dh
cqvkbZ vuq'kaflr le; ij] ;Fkk 15 ls 25 vDVwcj 2011 ds
chp dh] 55 çfr'kr fdlkuksa us VªkbZdksMekZ ohjhMh }kjk 10
xzke@fdxzk cht dh nj ls chtksipkj fd;k vkSj 10 çfr'kr
ls vf/kd fdlkuksa us [ksrksa dh esM
a k+ as ls psia k çHkkfor Vgfu;ksa
dks gkFkksa ls Hkh fudkykA
jktLFkku ds dksVk ftys esa Mqx
a jtk xkao esa 50 gS{ks=Qy esa [kjhQ lks;kchu ds fy, ,d ikfjfe= vkbZ-ih-,eçfr:id dk fodkl fd;k x;k vkSj mls lR;kfir fd;k
x;kA bl çfr:id esa ikS/kksa ds chp dh nwjh fdlkuksa dh
lu 2010&11 esa dikl [kaMok ¼e/; çns'k% e/; {ks=½]
ckalokM+k ¼jktLFkku% mÙkjh {ks=½ vkSj vkuan ¼xqtjkr% e/;
{ks=½ dh Qly dh vxsrh] e/; vkSj iNsrh fodkl voLFkkvksa
ds nkSjku Qqndk ,d uk'khtho ds :i esa LFkkfir gks jgk gSA
ns'k ds dikl mitkus okys rhu {ks=ksa esa lHkh 14 dsæa ksa ij
fFkzIll vkSj lQsn eD[khA tSls vU; jl pw"kdksa dh la[;k
vkfFkZd gkfu Lrj ls de jghA e/;~ Hkkjrh; ckjkuh dikl
es]a chVh diklksa esa ikjaifjd ladjksa dh vis{kk xksyd 'kyHk&{kfr
esa vkSlru 45 xquk deh vkbZ gSA iwo&
Z chVh dh rqyuk esa chVh
ij fefjM~l ds vykok vU; jl pw"kdksa esa dksbZ mYys[kuh;
varj ugha vk;k gS] rFkk lkekU; ijHkf{k;ksa dh la[;k esa
c<+kÙs kjh ns[kus dks feyh gSA dikl jl pw"kdksa ¼Qqndk]
fFkzIld vkSj fejM~l½ dk cnyrk ifj–’; vkSj e/;k Hkkjrh;
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa e/;e vof/k ds ekSleh mrkj&p<+koksa ls irk
pyk gS fd bu dhVksa ij ekSleh mrkj&p<+ko dk dksbZ çR;{k
çHkko ugha iM+rkA
dikl ehyhcx fQukdksdl lksyfs uifll ds ijik"kh
ikniksa lac/a kh ifj–'; ls irk pyk gS fd Hkkjr esa dikl
mitkus okys mÙkjh] e/; vkSj nf{k.kh vkSj lHkh {ks=ksa esa
Øe'k% 27] 45] 43 vkSj 50 ikni dqVcaq ksa esa 71] 141] 124 vkSj
194 mitkfr;k¡ ekStwn gSaA fQukdksdl lksyfs uiflls ds
ijik"kh ikniksa dh _rqvksa us n’kkZ;k fd mudh la[;k csekSel
esa mPp ¿e/; ¼73½] nf{k.k ¼52½] mÙkj ¼26½À gksrh gS] mlls
de Qly esa vkSj csekSle esa lHkh rhuksa {ks=ksa esa mlls Hkh de
jghA ns’k Hkj esa Lrj 1 ds ijiksf"k;ksa dh rst c<+kÙs kjh
¼81 la[;k½ crkrh gS fd fQukdksdl lksyfs uifll ds vkxs
QSyus vkSj iuius esa mudh D;k Hkwfedk,¡ gSAa fQukdksdl
2
dk;Zdkjh lkjka'k
vke çFkkvksa 22-5 ls-eh- dh rqyuk esa 30 ls-eh] chtnj vke
çFkkvksa 100 fd-xzk-@gS- dh rqyuk esa 80 fd-xzk-@gS-]LiksMksIVsjk
fyVwjk dh uj vkcknh dks Qalkus ds fy, ;kSu Qsjkseksu@ 5
ik'k@gS-] ,l,y,uihoh dk vuqç;ksx vkSj vis{kk—r lqjf{kr
jklk;fud dhVuk'kdksa dk vko';drkuqlkj mi;ksx 'kkfey
FkkA vkbZ-ih-,e- ç{ks=ksa esa mit fdlkuksa dh vke çFkkvksa
¼11-5 fDo@gS-½ dh rqyuk esa vf/kd ¼13-03 fDo-@gS-½
gkfly gqbAZ
vkbZ-ih-,e- D;kfj;ksa esa vkSlr mit 30-70 fDoa-@gS- rFkk
'kq) ykHk :- 261204@gS- jgh tcfd xSj&vkbZ-ih-,e- esa
mit 25-0 fDoa-@gS- lw[kh fepZ rFkk 'kq) ykHk :- 200956@gSçkIr gqb]Z vr% :- 60248@gS- dh c<+kÙs kjh feyh] blds
ifj.kke Lo:i vkbZ-ih-,e- ç{ks=ksa esa xSj vkbZ-ih-,e- dh
rqyuk esa vf/kd lh-ch-vkj- çkIr gqvkA blh çdkj] mÙkjk[kaM
esa iÙkkxksHkh ds fy, tM+hikuh xkao] dSfIlde ds fy, pksifM;ky
xkao vkSj vnjd ds fy, ikyh rFkk xSna xkao ds fy,
vkbZ-ih-,e- rduhdh dks lR;kfir fd;k x;kA bl rduhdh
esa uhe vk/kkfjr nokvks]a Vh- gkjtsfu;e vkSj ih- Qyksfjlsl
a
tSo dkjdksa dk mi;ksx] ,l- fyVwjk vkSj ih- tkbZyksLVkbZyk
dh vkcknh dh fuxjkuh] uk'khtho {kfr dh ns[kHkky] jksx
vkSj dhVxzLr ikS/kksa dks m[kkM+dj u"V djuk] eSUdksttsc
vkSj uhe vk/kkfjr nokvksa dk ç;ksx 'kkfey FksA vkbZ-ih-,erduhdksa dks viukus ij dSfIlde ¼339150 :-@gS-½] iÙkkxksHkh
¼91078 :@gS-½ vkSj vnjd ¼486688 :-@gS-½ esa ykHk çkIr
gqvkA ;g fdlkuksa dh çFkkvksa ls çkIr gksus okys ykHk ¼dSfIlde
151940@gS] iÙkkxksHkh 67704 :-@gS] vnjd 323248@gS-½
dh rqyuk esa vf/kd jgkA
jktLFkku ds Jhxaxkuxj] gquekux<+] vyoj] Hkjriqj]
nkSlk vkSj t;iqj vkSj gfj;k.kk ds egsæa x<+] jksgrd vkSj
xqMx
+ kao ftyksa ds fofHkUu xkaoksa esa ljlksa esa Ldysjksf'k;e ruk
xyu ds fy, ,d ç{ks= los{Z k.k fd;k x;kA bl los{Z k.k ls
Kkr gqvk fd los{Z k.k okys lHkh ftyksa esa LdysjksVfs u;k
Ldysjksf'k;e ljlksa dh [ksrh ds fy, xaHkhj [krjk gS vkSj
dqN LFkkuksa esa psrkouh dh fLFkfr ntZ dh xbZ gSA blds
çdksi vkSj rsth Øe'k% 1-0&90 çfr'kr vkSj Lrj 1-0&4-0 ds
chp jgkA Jhxaxkuxj ftys esa pd 2 ,e-,e- /khjaxokyh] 25
,Q- xqykbZcos kyk vkSj 40 ,Q ukudlj] vyoj ftys esa
eksgEetniqj] Vhdjh] /kku[ksMk+ ] cknyh dh /kkuh] flgkyh
[kqn]Z vkSj >kM+kns k] nkSlk ftys esa ukxyeh.kk] t;iqj ftys esa
ds'kokuk vkSj Hkjriqj ftys esa lsoj dh igpku blds eq[;
dsæa ds :i esa dh xbZA bldh Hkh"k.krk ;g n'kkZrh gS fd
jktLFkku esa ljlksa dh [ksrh ds fy, Ldysjksf'k;e ruk xyu
,d xaHkhj [krjs ds :i esa mHkj jgk gSA izfrjks/kh {kerk
vkdyu es]a 10 fdLeks]a uker% ,u-ih-lh- 9] fdj.k] iwlk
dfj'ek] ih-vkj- 45] iwlk fot;] ,p-lh- 2] iwlk ljlksa 21]
iwlk ljlksa 24] ck;ks okbZ-,l-vkj- vkSj vkj-th-,u- 48 esa 5
çfr'kr ls de çdksi ns[kk x;k vr% bUgsa çfrjks/kh
dgk x;kA
gfj;k.kk ds lksuhir esa iyMh xkao esa ifj;kstuk dh
lekfIr ds ckn QwyxksHkh vkbZ-ih-,e- rduhdh ds fofHkfUu
?kVdksa ij fdlkuksa dh çfrfØ;k ds ;g v/;;u ls ;g Kkr
gqvk fd xkscj dh [kkn 'kks/ku ds tfj, e`nk esa Vh- gkjtsfu;e
ds vuqç;ksx vkSj ikS/k Mqcksus ls çkIr gksus okys ifj.kke dkQh
mRlkgtud jgsA fdlku ulZjh dh rS;kjh ds fy, Å¡ph
D;kjh cukus ij jkth Fks rkfd o"kkZ esa tyHkjko u gks ldsA
dhVuk'kdks]a tSls fLiukslkM] uksokyqj‚u vkSj baMksDldkcZ dh
ilan 90 çfr'kr FkhA dsoy 10 çfr'kr fdlku uhe vkSj 40
çfr'kr yksx ,l,y,uihoh dh {kerkvksa ds çfr lger FksA
mÙkjk[kaM ds e/; x<+oky igkM+h {ks= esa vusd lfCt;ks]a
tSls iÙkkxksHkh] dSfIlde vkSj vnjd] gfj;k.kk jkT; esa
f'keyk fepZ vkSj dukZVd jkT;] esa yky fepZ ds fy, vkbZih-,e- çfr:idksa dk fodkl vkSj lR;kiu fd;k x;kA
f'keyk fepZ ds fy, vkbZ-ih-,e- çfr:idksa dks viukus ij
fNM+dko dh la[;k xSj&vkbZ-ih-,e- ds 13&14 dh rqyuk esa
?kVdj 5&6 jg xbZ] vkSj mit fdlkuksa dh vke çFkkvksa
¼180-0 fDoa@gS-½ dh vis{kk vf/kd ¼216 fDoa@gS-½ çkIr gqbAZ
usykgy] jk;pwj] dukZVd ¼2010&11½ esa fepZ ds fy, vkbZ-ih,e- çfr:idksa dks viukus ij Hkh fNM+dko dh la[;k xSj&vkbZih-,e- ç{ks=ksa ds 25&30 dh rqyuk esa ?kVdj 13&15 jg xbZA
lu 2010 esa egkjk"Vª ds lkr laHkkxksa esa 28 ftyksa esa
QSyh bZ&uk'khtho fuxjkuh vkSj uk'khtho çca/ku lykg
lsokvksa dks yxkrkj nwljs [kjhQ Qlyks]a tSls lks;kchu]
dikl vkSj vjgj vkSj jch dh Qly esa pus ds fy, ykxw
fd;k x;k Fkk] ftlls dqy vkenuh 738 yk[k :- jghA
th-vkbZ-,l- vk/kkfjr ekufp=ksa dks 'kkfey dj osc vk/kkfjr
fuxjkuh fof/k;k¡] VªSfdax vkSj fjiksfVax
Z ç.kkyh dks vf/kd
mUur cuk;k x;kA blesa lks;kchu] dikl] vjgj vkSj pus
dh Qly ds Øe'k% 26] 39-7] 13-8 vkSj 13 yk[k gS- dks
'kkfey fd;k x;k gS tks [kjhQ dh mit {ks= dk 52-8
çfr'kr Hkkx FkkA lks;kchu] dikl] vjgj vkSj pus ds Øe'k%
3
¼,u,Q,l,e½ vkSj jk"Vªh; lesfdr uk'khtho çca/ku dsæa
¼,ulhvkbZih,e½ us uk'khthoksa vkSj jksxksa ls gksus okyh gkfu
dks jksdus dh igy dh gSA ,d çeq[k igy ds rkSj ij
uoksUesr"kh rduhdh ^^bZ&uk'khtho fuxjkuh ç.kkyh** dk mi;ksx
vkSj vkbZ-ih-,e- ds ?kVdksa dh miyC/krk c<+kus dk dk;Z
fd;k x;kA ;g dk;ZØe Hkkjr ds 5 jkT;ksa esa jkT; ljdkjksa
vkSj jkT; —f"k fo'ofo|ky;ksa ds lg;ksx ls 36]000 gS- esa
{ks=&O;kih lesfdr uk'khtho çca/ku ç.kkyh ds vk/kkj ij
ykxw fd;k x;kA blds eq[; mís'; 10 p;fur ftyksa esa
fdlku lgHkkfxrk ls mudh Qly ç.kkfy;ksa ds vuqdy
w
vkbZ-ih-,e- çfr:idksa dk çn'kZu djus ds fy, ^^dsæa h;
e‚My xkao** fodflr djuk] vkbZ-ih-,e- j.kuhfr;ksa }kjk
LoLFk Qly mRiknu dh fn'kk esa rduhdh lgk;dks]a ftyk
fodkl[kaM Lrj ds vf/kdkfj;ksa vkSj fdlkuksa dh {kerk c<+kus
ds fy, {kerko/kZu] ijaijkxr ¼v[kckj½ vkSj bysDVª‚fud
ehfM;k ds tfj, tkx#drk vfHk;kuksa dk vk;kstu vkSj
uk'khtho funku ç;ksx'kkykvksa dks lq–<+ cukus ds lkFk&lkFk
nygu mRikndksa ds usVofdax
Z ds tfj, dsæa h—r ^^jk"Vªh;
uk'khtho fjiksfVax
Z vkSj psrkouh ç.kkyh** dh LFkkiuk djuk
gSaA bl ^^bZ&jk"Vªh; uk'khtho fjiksfVaZx vkSj psrkouh
flLVe** dks http://www-ncipm-org-in/A3P/UI /HOME/
Login-aspx ij ns[kk tk ldrk gSA bl v‚uykbu fjiksfVax
Z
ç.kkyh dh lajpuk —f"k ra= esa miyC/k fu.kZ; leFkZu
ç.kkyh ¼Mh,l,l½ dh leh{kk vkSj {kerkvksa rFkk eksckby
lapkj rduhdksa ij vk/kkfjr gSA blesa mi;ksx esa vkbZ lwpuk,¡
lh/ks fdlkuksa ds [ksrksa ls ,d= dh xbZ gSa vkSj bl ikbyV
dsl esa rkRdkfyd MsVk ds p;u esa lko/kkuh cjrh xbZ gS]
rkfd bl flLVe dk rRdky mi;ksx Hkkjrh; fdlku gh
ugha] cfYd feyrs&tqyrs leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djus okys —
"kd lekt ds yksx Hkh dj ldsAa bl ç.kkyh esa rhu Lrjh;
vkfdZVDs pj gS ftuesa v‚uykbu MsVk çfof"V] fjiksfVax
Z vkSj
y?kq lan's k ç.kkyh ¼,l,e,l½ }kjk fdlkuksa dks ijke'kZ lsok
'kkfey gSA
4] 5] 4 vkSj 2 ihM+dksa dh fu;fer :i ls fuxjkuh dh xbZA
ç{ks= MsVk ,d= djus vkSj ,u-lh-vkbZ-ih-,e- dh osclkbV
ds tfj, viyksM djus ds fy, Øe'k% 551] 64 vkSj 64
uk'khtho ns[kHkkydrkZ] uk'khtho fuxjkuh drkZ vkSj MsVk
çfof"V v‚ijsVj j[ks x,A tcfd 3 jkT; —f"k fo'o fo|ky;ksa
us jkT; —f"k foHkkxksa dks 5960 ijke'kZ tkjh fd,A ;s ijke'kZ
747351 y?kq lan's k lsokvksa ¼,l,e,lbZ,l½ ds tfj, fn,
x, FksA ykrwj laHkkx ds ykrwj ftys] ukxiqj laHkkx ds
x<+fpjkSyh ftyksa ds lkFk gh vejkorh laHkkx ds ikap ftyks]a
cqy<kuk] vdksyk] vejkorh] okf'ke] vkSj ;oreky esa e/;
tqykbZ vkSj e/; vxLr ds chp lks;kchu esa lsehywij vkfFkZd
gkfu Lrkj ¼> 5 la[;k @eh- iafä½ ls Åij ik, x,A ykrwj
ds dsoy dqN rkyqdkvks]a x<+fpjkSyh vkSj vgenuxj esa
LisMksiVsjk dk çdksi vkfFkZd gkfu Lrj ls Åij ik;k x;kA
xMZy chVy Ng ftyks]a cqy<kuk] uanjckj] ukxiqj] /kqy]s
HkaMkjk vkSj o/kkZ esa fdlh&fdlh txg ns[kus dks feys FksA
LisMksiVsjk dk çdksi fiNys [kjhQ dh rqyuk esa bl ckj de
LFkkuksa vkSj le; ds fy, jgkA flracj ds nwljs lIrkg ds
nkSjku o/kkZ ftys ds lsyq ds f'koksx
a kao esa gsfydksoikZ vehZtjs k
vkfFkZd gkfu Lrj ls Åij ik;k x;kA dikl es]a jkT; Hkj esa
leLr pw"kd ihM+dksa dh fLFkfr vkfFkZd gkfu L=j ls de
jgh] ijarq vejkorh ds o/kkZ rkyqdk esa vkSj cqy<kuk] ukxiqj
vkSj vkSjx
a kckn ds xkaoksa esa dqN&dqN frfFk;ksa ij LisMksiVsjk
dk çdksi dHkh&dHkkj ns[kus dks feykA tyxkao] ukfld
vkSj vgenuxj esa vxLr ds rhljs lIrkg esa vkSj o/kkZ]
vkSjx
a kckn] vdksyk] cqy<kuk] fgaxksyh] ukxiqj vkSj vgenuxj
esa e/; flracj dks Qqndk dk çdksi vkfFkZd gkfu Lrj ls
Åij jgkA iÙkh yky gksus ds dkj.k dikl esa vkfFkZd gkfu
Lrj ls Åij okys xkaoksa dh la[;k mÙkjksÙkj c<+h gSA
egkjk"Vª esa vjgj vkSj pus esa uk'khtho fuxjkuh okyh
48 bdkb;ksa ls Kkr gqvk gS fd vejkorh laHkkx ds lHkh
ftys bu nksuksa Qlyksa esa gsfydksoikZ vehZtjs k ds eq[;; dsæa
gSAa pus ij gs- vehZtjs k çdksi lac/a kh vkfFkZd gkfu Lrj dk
egRo ds vk/kkj ij ;g Øe jgk% vejkorh > ukxiqj >
dksYgkiqj > ykrwj > vkSjx
a kckn > iq.ks > ukfldA pus ds
mdBk jksx ds fy,] egRo dk Øe vejkorh > ukxiqj >
ukfld > vkSjx
a kckn > iq.ks > dksYgkiqj > ykrwj jgkA
nygu ¼vjgj vkSj puk½ mit esa LFkk;h :i ls c<+kÙs kjh
fd, tkus dh vfuok;Zrk dks ns[krs gq, —f"k vkSj lgdkfjrk
foHkkx ¼Mh,lh½ ds varxZr jk"Vªh; [kk| lqj{kk fe'ku
ekSle çR;kLFkh —f"k ij jk"Vªh; igy ¼,uvkbZlhvkj,½
ds varxZr ^êkSle ifjorZu ls lacfa /kr uk'khtho vkSj jksx
xfrdh ij ;qfäiw.kZ vuql/a kku** dh 'kq:vkr 5 lg;ksfx;ksa
¼,u-lh-vkbZ-ih-,e-] ubZ fnYyh] lh-vkj-vkbZ-Mh-,-] gSnjkckn]
Mh-vkj-vkj-] gSnjkckn] vkbZ-vkbZ-,p-vkj- caxyksj] vkSj vkjlh-bZ-vkj- ¼vkbZ-lh-,-vkj- ifjlj½] jkaph½] lg;ksxh laLFkkuksa
¼Mh-th-vkj-] twukx<+ vkSj vkbZ-vkbZ-ih-vkj-] dkuiqj½] vkSj
4
dk;Zdkjh lkjka'k
5 y{; Qlyks]a /kku] vjgj] ewx
a Qyh] VekVj vkSj vke ds 37
,-vkbZ-lh-vkj-ih- dsæa ksa ds lkFk dh xbZA
nygu vkSj frygu dks 'kkfey fd;k gS rFkk 6 jkT;ksa esa
fuxjkuh ds ?kVdks]a ekLVj çf'k{kdks]a ç{ks= LVkQ vkSj uk'khtho
lykg lsok ds çcq) fdlkuksa ds fy, uk'khtho ns[kHkky]
fuxjkuh vkSj MsVk çfof"V lac/a kh çf'k{k.kksa dk vk;kstu fd;k
gSA jk"Vªh; —f"k foKku vdkneh ¼,u,,,l½ dh ,thl vkSj
Hkkjrh; —f"k vuql/a kku laLFkku ¼vkbZlh,vkj½ ds lg;ksx ls
^^Hkkjr esa vkbZ-ih-,e- dks çHkkoh cukuk** ij ,d fopkjkos'k
cSBd dk vk;kstu fd;k x;kA ;g cSBd 29 flracj 2010
dks ,u-,-,-,l] ifjlj ubZ fnYyh esa vk;ksftr dh xbZ vkSj
blls uhfrxr nLrkost vkSj flQkfj'ksa çkIr gqbAaZ vkbZ-,-vkjvkbZ- ds LukrdksÙkj Nk=ksa dks f'k{k.k rFkk lHkh i.k/kkjdksa ds
lkFk lac/a k lqpk: j[ks x,A bl dsæa us bl o"kZ ds nkSjku]
vusd xq.koÙkkiw.kZ 'kks/ki= vkSj cqyfs Vu fudkys] vkSj oSKkfudksa
us laxksf"B;ks@
a lEesyuksa esa Hkkx fy;kA le;≤ ij laLFkkku
vuql/a kku vkSj vuql/a kku lykgdkj lfefr dh cSBds]a lewg
vkSj leh{kk cSBds]a vkSj fofHkUuk cká foÙkiksf"kr ifj;kstukvksa
dh dk;Z'kkykvksa dk vk;kstu fd;k x;kA laLFkku çca/ku
lfefr dh cSBd] fganh dk;Z'kkyk vkSj LVkQ dY;k.k
xfrfof/k;ka Hkh vk;ksftr dh xbZAa bl o"kZ ds nkSjku] êsgjkSyh*
LFky dsæa esa pkjfnokjh dk dk;Z iwjk dj mls fodflr fd;k
x;k] vkSj vk'kk gS fd 12oha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa bldk
fuekZ.k iwjk gks tk,xkA
vkbZ-ih-,e- midj.k] tSls & ^^ykHkdkjh dhVksa ds fy,
lqjf{kr çdk'k ik'k**¼isVVas vkosnu Øekad 1822/DEL/2010½
¼vkfo”dkwjd: lqjsaæ dqekj flag vkSj vks-,e- cackokys½]
^^ykHkdkjh dhVksa ds fy, midj.k** ¼isVVas vkosnu Øekad
1137/DEL/2010½ ¼vkfo"dkjd% lqjæ
as dqekj flag vkSj vks-,ecackokys½ vkSj ^^dhVksa ds çca/ku ds fy, çdk'k ik'k**
¼vkfo"dkjd% lqjæas dqekj flag vkSj vks-,e- cackokys½ dh
fMtkbu dh xbZ vkSj bUgsa fodflr fd;k x;kA çdk'k ik'k
uj vkSj eknk] nksuksa dhVksa dks lewg esa Qalkdj uk'khtho
çca/ku djrk gS] ogha nwljh vksj ;g ykHknk;d dhVksa ds fy,
lqjf{kr gSA ^^ykHkdkjh dhVksa ds fy, midj.k** ykHkdkjh
dhVksa ds laj{k.k vkSj o/kZu ds fy, mi;ksxh gSA ,u-lh-vkbZih-,e- us lkoZtfud&futh lgHkkfxrk ds varxZr bu midj.kksa
ds O;kolkf;d mRiknu djus vkSj ljdkjh ,oa vU; futh
{ks=ksa dks vkiwfrZ djus ds fy, ykblsl
a ^êSllZ Qkbu VªSi
¼bafM;k½] 6] lkojdj ekdsVZ nÙkk pkSd] ;oreky] egkjk"Vª]
fiu dksM 445001** dks tkjh fd, gSAa
bl o"kZ ds nkS j ku] ,u-lh-vkbZ - ih-,e- us viuh
tkx#drk&,oa&fuxjkuh dk;ZØe dks foLr`r dj /kku] dikl]
5
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
trimming of bunds, summer ploughing and destruction
of crop residue, seed treatment, timely planting
(before 15th July) in well puddle fields at recommended
spacing, clipping of seedling tips before planting, weed
management, balanced use of fertilizers including Zn,
proper water management, monitoring of pest
incidence at weekly interval, installation of pheromone
traps and light trap to monitor the phototrophic pests
and need based release of T. japonicum for stem borer
and need based application of pesticides.
Implementation of IPM in both basmati and non
basmati rice resulted in 50-60 per cent reduction in
pesticide sprays and higher economic gains as
compared to farmers practice. Higher incidence of
natural enemies and lower incidence of insect pests
and diseases was recorded in IPM fields as compared
to Farmers’ Practices (FP).
is actively engaged in evolving, validating and
promoting IPM technologies for major crops besides
concentrating on e pest surveillance, issuing pest
advisories, designing innovative gadgets, developing
IPM decision making systems, and human resource
development in collaboration with state governments,
state universities, KVKs, NGOs and seed and pesticide
industries. The achievements made in these areas
during 2010-11 are presented.
In rice, development, dissemination and
popularization of location specific IPM strategies were
undertaken for both basmati and non basmati rice in
different rice agro-ecosystems of India. IPM validation
trials in Basmati rice were conducted at Bambawad
(Uttar Pradesh), Sibouli (Haryana) and Doodhali
(Uttrakhand) and at Bolena and Patara villages of
Jalandhar district (Punjab). Major components of the
IPM module included planting of ‘Dhaincha’
(Sesbania) for green manuring, seed treatment with
carbendazim, seedling root dipping in Pseudomonas
(5ml/litre of water), planting of 2-3-seedlings/ hill,
optimum dose of fertilizer (60 N:50 P:40 K kg per ha)
and ZnSO4 @ 25 Kg/ha, installation of pheromone
traps for YSB monitoring, systematic monitoring for
insect pests, diseases and natural enemies, need based
application of pesticides (tricyclazole for blast,
streptocycline for BLB, buprofezin for BPH) and
bioagents (Trichogramma japonicum), manual weed
management and installation of straw bundles (20/ha).
Validation of IPM module for non Basmati rice was
undertaken in collaborative mode with NDUAT,
Faizabad, PAU, Ludhiana (Punjab), CRRI, Cuttack,
CRURRS, Hazaribagh and VPKAS, Almora
(Uttarakhand). Major pest problems of basmati rice
were yellow stem borer, leaf folder, Bakanae , sheath
blight, brown spot and blast.
Field survey undertaken for rice diseases across 14
different rice growing regions of Punjab indicated trace
incidence of sheath rot in Patiala and of BLB at
Amritsar, Sangrur, and Patiala and 5% incidence of
bacterial leaf spot at Fatehgarh Sahib. Sheath blight
(SB) and Foot rot (FR) were found at most of the
locations ranging from traces to 20%. Incidence of
False smut (FS) and Blast was not recorded at Ferozpur,
Jalandhar, Fatehgarh Sahib and Moga whereas at other
locations FS was noted up to 5% (Ludhiana) and 10%
(Sangrur and Bathinda).
On farm development and validation of the eco
friendly IPM practices on Bt cotton using cv. Bio-6488
Bt in North cotton growing zone (Sirsa, Harynana)
had given twice the monetary benefits (Rs 1,23,750/
ha) and reduced insecticide use over farmer practices
(Rs 85,543/ha). In this region, incidence of mirids,
Campylomma livida and damage caused by it during
the boll development period resulted in significant
reduction of boll weight and the number of seeds/
boll at harvest, emphasizing the need for its monitoring
and management on Bt cotton. CLCV infested plants
had 80 - 85% reduced number of harvestable bolls over
Major insect pests and diseases in non basmati rice
were stem borer, leaf folder, gundhi bug, blast, sheath
blight and brown spot. IPM interventions included the
6
Executive Summary
identified as crucial for mealybug management across
the country.
disease free plants of Bt cotton. Also, the perpetuation
of Spodoptera litura and Helicoverpa armigera on weeds
of Bt cotton fields and their movement later on to
cotton requires Bt resistance management put in place.
Use of castor as a trap crop for management of S. litura
appears unsuitable in the North cotton
agroecosystems, because of its complete de
skeletonization by Achaea janata.
Development and validation of location specific
IPM for groundnut was taken up for the second
consecutive year during 2010-11 at Hanumangarh,
Udaipur districts in Rajasthan and Kadiri in AP
through Farmer’s Field Schools (FFS’s) and Farmer
Field Day, display of Visual- Aids and publicity through
print & electronic media. Major diseases recorded were
, Collar rot, stem rot/dry rot/PSND, early leaf spot
and late leaf spots , leaf miner, thrips, white grubs and
termites. Implementation of IPM module resulted
lowering of pest incidence and higher economic returns
at all the location. The total returns (Rs/ha ) for IPM
fields of ground nut were76,076, 52,465 and 29,669
at Hanumangarh, Vallbhnagar, Udaipur in Kadiri
mandal , respectively as compared to 44,252, 36,696
and 24,518 in FP.
Jassids attaining pest status at Khandwa (MP:
Central zone), Banswara (Rajasthan: North zone) and
Anand (Gujarat: Central zone) during early, mid and
late crop growth phases was noted for cotton season
2010-11. Population of other sap feeders viz., thrips
and whiteflies were below economic threshold levels
across all the 14 centres of three cotton growing zones
of the country.
In central Indian rainfed cotton, the mean
reduction of bollworm damage was 45 times on Bt over
conventional cotton hybrids. Non significant
differences for sap feeders but for mirids, and increased
population of general predators for Bt over pre Bt
periods were observed. Changing scenario of cotton
sap feeders (jassids, thrips and mirids) and effect of
medium term climatic variability under central Indian
conditions revealed absence of direct effect of climatic
variability on these insects.
Sustainability and impact studies of IPM
technology (mustard) implemented in villages of
Navgaon and Alwar districts of Rajasthan during 200708 and 2008-09 were conducted during 2010-11. One
hundred and forty four farmer families in the villages
who grow mustard in Rabi season in 142 ha area were
surveyed. In this village, 90 per cent farmers had sown
mustard crop at recommended time of sowing i.e.,
between 15th to 25th Oct., 2010, 55 per cent farmers
used seed treatment with Trichoderma viride @ 10 gm/
kg seed and more than ten per cent farmers have also
done handpicking of aphid infected twigs from border
of the field.
Scenario of host plants of cotton mealybug
Phenacoccus solenopsis revealed 71, 141, 124 and 194
species of plants belonging to 27, 45, 43 and 50 families
in respect of North, Central, and South and across all
cotton growing zones. Seasonality of host plants of P.
solenopsis showed their higher number during offseason
(Central (73) > South (52) > North (26)), followed
by crop and off seasons across all three zones. Severity
of Grade 1 hosts across the country (81 nos) indicated
their role towards carryover and then perpetuation of
P. solenopsis. The number of hosts of P. solenopsis with
extreme severity was of the order Central (37) >South
(19) >North (17). Spatial distribution of alternate
hosts of P. solenopsis was at diverse locations at Central
followed by North and South Zones. Thirteen of field
and 10 of roadside located hosts were common across
all zones. General and zone specific P. solenopsis
management strategies were evolved for easy and
effective management and eight host plants were
An eco-friendly IPM module comprising of the
proper spacing of 30 cm as compared to 22.5cm
(general farmers’ practices) and proper seed rate 80
kg/ha against 100 kg/ha in FP, use of sex pheromones
@ 5 traps/ha for mass trapping of adult population of
S. litura, application of Sl NPV and need based
application of safer chemical insecticides was
developed and validated in 50 ha area of soybean in
village Dungerja in Kota district, Rajasthan for soybean
cultivated during Kharif. The higher yield (13.03 q/
ha) in IPM fields was obtained over farmers’ practices
(11.5 q/ha).
A field survey was conducted in different villages
of Sriganganagar, Hanumangarh Alwar, Bharatpur,
7
Adoption of the IPM technology resulted higher
economic gains in capsicum (Rs 339150/ha) cabbage
(Rs 91078/ha) and ginger (Rs 486688/ha) over farmers
practice (capsicum Rs 251940/ha, cabbage Rs 67704/
ha, ginger Rs 323248/ha).
Studies on farmers’ response to various
components of the IPM technology in cauliflower in
Palari village of Sonipat of Haryana after withdrawal
of the project showed overwhelming response to
adoption application of T. harzianum in soil through
FYM amendment and as seedling dip. Farmers were
convinced with the preparation of the raised bed for
preparation of nursery to avoid water logging
conditions during rains. Choice of insecticides such
as spinosad, novaluron and indoxcarb was 90 per cent.
Only 10 per cent farmers were convinced about the
efficacy of the neem and use of Sl NPV was up to 40
per cent.
E pest surveillance and pest management
advisories across 28 districts among seven divisions of
Maharashtra was implemented during 2010 for the
second consecutive season on Kharif crops viz.,
soybean, cotton and pigeon pea, and Rabi crop of
chickpea with a total outlay of 783 lakhs. The web
based surveillance methods, tracking and reporting
systems have been improvised with integration of GIS
based maps. An area of 26, 39.7, 13.8 and 13 lakh ha
of soybean, cotton, pigeonpea and chickpea was
covered representing 52.8% of the Kharif cropped area.
Four, five, four and two pests in respect of soybean,
cotton, pigeon pea and chickpea were monitored
regularly. Pest scouts, pest monitors and data entry
operators numbering 551, 64 and 64, respectively were
engaged for field data collection and uploads via
NCIPM’s website. While three State Agricultural
Universities (SAUs) issued 5960 advisories the State
Department of Agriculture disseminated the advisories
through 7487351short mail services (SMSes). Above
economic threshold occurrence of semilooper (> 5
nos/ m row) on soybean was observed among five
districts of Amravati division viz., Buldhana, Akola,
Amravati, Washim and Yeotmal besides Latur and
Gadchiroli districts of Latur and Nagpur divisions
between mid July and mid August. Spodoptera
incidence above ETL was noticed only at some talukas
of Latur, Gadchiroli and Ahmadnagar. Girdle beetle
Dausa and Jaipur districts of Rajasthan and
Mohindergarh, Rohtak and Gurgaon districts of
Haryana for Sclerotinia stem rot of mustard. The survey
revealed that Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a serious threat
to mustard cultivation in all surveyed districts and
alarming situation has been recorded at some places.
Incidence and severity ranged from 1.0 – 90 per cent
with 1.0 - 4.0 grades, respectively. Chak 2MM
Dhirangawali, 25F Gulaibewala and 40F Nanaksar
Srikaranpur in Sriganaganagar district, Mohmmadpur,
Teekari, Dhankhera, Badli ki dani, Sihali Khurd and
Jharodain Alwar district, Nagalmeena in Dausa district
Keshwana in Jaipur district and Sewar in Bharatpur
district were identified as hot spots. The severity shows
Sclerotinia stem rot is emerging as a serious threat to
mustard cultivation in Rajasthan. In virulence
assessment, ten varieties namely NPC 9, Kiran, Pusa
Karisma, PR 45, Pusa Vijay, HC 2, Pusa Mustard 21,
Pusa Mustard 24, Bio YSR and RGN 48 showed less
than 5 per cent incidence were termed as resistant.
Development and validation of IPM Module in
several vegetables viz., cabbage, capsicum and Ginger
in Mid Garwal hill area of Uttrkahnd, for bell pepper
in state of Haryana and hot pepper in state of
Karnataka was conducted. The adoption of IPM
technology in bell pepper resulted in reduction of the
number of sprays to 5-6 from 13-14 in non-IPM fields
, higher yields of 216 q/ ha in IPM over Farmers’
practices (180.0 q/ ha ). Implementation of IPM
technology in chillies in Nelahal, Raichur, Karnataka
(2010-11) also helped in reduction of number of
chemical pesticide sprays to 13-15 as against 25-30 in
non-IPM fields. IPM plots recorded an average yield
of 30.70 q/ha with a net profit of Rs. 261204/- as against
25.0 q/ha of dry chilli with a net profit of Rs. 200956/
-, a gain of Rs. 60248/- over non-IPM resulting in the
higher CBR in IPM as against non-IPM fields,
respectively. Similarly, adoption of IPM technology
comprising of application of bio agents T. harzianum
and P. fluorescence,on of neem based formulation,
monitoring of population of S.litura and P.xylostella,
scouting of pest damage, uprooting and destruction of
diseases and insect infected plants need based
application of mancozeb was validated for cabbage in
Jadipani village, for capsicum in Chopdiyal village and
for ginger in Pali and Gaind villages of Uttrakhand.
8
Executive Summary
was sporadic and occurred at six districts viz.,
Buldhana, Nandurbar, Nagpur, Dhule, Bhandara and
Wardha. The incidence of Spodoptera was minimal
over space and time during current Kharif over the
previous season. Helicoverpa armigera was observed
above ETL at Sheongaon village of Selu in Wardha
district during second week of September. In cotton,
overall sucking pest situation was below ETL across
the state but for occasional incidence of Spodoptera
on few dates at Warud taluka of Amravati and rarely
at villages of Buldhana, Nagpur and Aurangabad.
Jassid incidence was above ETL in Jalgaon, Nasik and
Ahmednagar districts during third week of August and
in Wardha, Aurangabad, Akola, Buldhana, Hingoli,
Nagpur and Ahmednagar during mid September. The
progressively increasing number of villages above ETL
for cotton has exclusively been due to the leaf
reddening.
capacity building of technical assistants, district/block
level officers and farmers to enhance their capabilities
towards healthy crop production through IPM
strategies, awareness campaigns through conventional
(print) and electronic media and establishment of
centralized “National Pest Reporting and Alert System”
through networking of pulse growers, in addition to
strengthening of pest diagnostic laboratory. The “eNational Pest reporting and alert system” can be
accessed at http:// www.ncipm.org.in/A3P/UI/HOME/
Login.aspx. The structure of this online reporting
system is based on review and capabilities of available
Decision Support System (DSS) in agricultural system
and mobile communication technologies. The
information used has been collected directly from the
farmer’s fields and real time data have been selected
carefully in the pilot case so that the system can be of
immediate use not only by Indian farmers but also
members of the farming community facing similar
problems. The system has three tier architecture with
facilities of online data entry, reporting, and advisory
to farmers through short messaging system (SMS).
Pest surveillance through 48 units at Maharashtra
on pigeonpea and chickpea indicated all districts of
Amravati division to be hotspots for Helicoverpa
armigera on both the crops. The order of importance
based on H. armigera ETL based incidence on chickpea
was: Amravati > Nagpur > Kolhapur > Latur >
Aurangabad >Pune > Nasik. For chickpea wilt
occurrence, the order of importance was Amravati >
Nagpur > Nasik > Aurangabad > Pune > Kolhapur
> Latur.
“Strategic Research for Pest and Disease dynamics
in relation to climatic Change” under National
Initiative on Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA)
has been initiated with five partner institutions
(NCIPM, New Delhi, CRIDA, Hyderabad, DRR,
Hyderabad, IIHR, Bangalore, and RCER (ICAR
complex)), Ranchi, collaborating institutions (DGR,
Junagadh and IIPR, Kanpur) and thirty seven AICRP
centers of the five target crops viz., rice, pigeonpea,
groundnut, tomato and mango.
Visualizing the emergent need to increase pulse
production (pigeon pea and chick pea) in a sustainable
manner, National Food Security Mission (NFSM) and
(NCIPM) under the ambit of Department of
Agriculture and Co-operation (DAC) took the
initiative to prevent losses due to pests and diseases.
Major initiative was use of innovative technology “ePest Surveillance system” and facilitating the
availability of IPM components, The porgramme was
implemented on 36,000 ha based on Area-wide
Integrated Pest Management System in collaboration
with state governments and state agricultural
university in 5 states of India. Major objectives were
to develop “Nuclear Model Villages” in 10 selected
districts for demonstrating IPM modules in farmers’
participatory mode to suit their cropping systems,
The IPM tools viz., - “Light trap safer to beneficial
insects” (Patent application No. 1822/DEL/2010)
(inventors: Surender Kumar Singh and O.M.
Bambawale), “Device for beneficial insects” (Patent
application No. 1137/DEL/2010) (inventors: Surender
Kumar Singh and O.M.Bambawale) and “Light trap
for managing insects” (inventors: Surender Kumar
Singh and O.M.Bambawale) were designed and
developed. Light trap manages the pest by mass
trapping of both the sexes and on the other hand it is
safer to the beneficial insects.The “Device for
beneficial insects” is helpful for conservation and
enhancement of the population of beneficial insects.
9
NCIPM has issued the licenses of these equipments
to “M/S Fine Traps (India), 6 Sawarkar Market Datta
Chowk, Yavatmal, Maharashtra, Pin code 445001”
under Public-Private Partnership for commercial scale
production and marketing to Govt. as well as private
sector.
During the year, NCIPM expanded its awarenesscum-surveillance programmes covering crops of rice,
cotton, pulses and oilseeds, and organized trainings
for pest scouts, monitors and data entry operators on
components of surveillance, and to master trainers,
field staff and elite farmers on pest advisory
dissemination across six States. A brainstorm meeting
on “Making IPM Effective in India” was organized
under the aegis of National Academy of Agricultural
Sciences (NAAS) in association with Indian Council
of Agricultural Research (ICAR) was held on
29th September 2010 at the premises of NAAS,
New Delhi and brought out policy document and
recommendations. Teaching of post graduate students
of IARI and linkage with all the stakeholders of public
and private institutions was maintained. During the
year, the centre has brought out many quality research
papers and bulletins, and the scientists participated in
symposia/conferences. Institute research and
research advisory committee meetings, group and
review meetings and workshops of various externally
funded projects were held from time to time.
Institute management committee meeting, Hindi
workshops and staff welfare activities were also held.
During the year, centre development at the ‘Mehrauli’
site took place with completion of fencing, and awaits
to take its full fledged structure during the XII five
year plan.
10
INTRODUCTION
conservation of natural enemies (spiders) by providing
hiding places was further demonstrated and
disseminated at farmer’s fields.
Deployment of crop varieties with little or no
resistance to pests, among other reasons, during the
past decades has resulted in our witnessing a large
number of epidemics of pests and enlargement of
endemic and chronic pest problems across different
geographic regions threatening the food and livelihood
security of the country. The current declining trends
of agricultural production need to be sloped up in the
face of not only the increasing demands from
burgeoning population but also global consciousness
on account of quality food supply. The present level of
food grain production requires at least 30% increase
to meet the need for food grins by the end of 2030.
This is attainable through multisectoral efforts
including the mitigation of pre- and post production
stress from abiotic and biotic factors. Among biotic
factors the losses due to pests amounting to
approximately 18% can be brought down by at least
10% through pragmatic handling of the pest situations.
Problem of emerging pests in Bt cotton is another
area that needed attention in order to sustain the
present level of cotton productivity or make
accelerated efforts to achieve higher level of growth
in productivity. Seasonality studies of host plants of
cotton mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis revealed
presence of a large number of host plants in the cotton
growing season in all the three zones warranting
sustained efforts to keep a check on its population and
prevent its cross over to cotton crop during the season.
It has also been found to possess diversified niche.
Mirid (Campylomma livida) is another important pest
of Bt cotton found to cause substantial damage to
developing bolls in North zone states as well. Studies
also revealed that CLCV infested plants had 80 - 85%
reduced number of harvestable bolls over disease free
plants of Bt cotton.
National centre for integrated pest management
is paving the way to evolve pest management strategies
for important crops such as rice, cotton, pulses, oilseeds
and vegetables using proven technologies which are
economically viable and easily adoptable. IPM in each
of these commodities is being taken forward
systematically involving rigorous farm level validation
and then area wide promotion.
Vegetables form important components of the diet
of majority of Indians and their farm gate samples have
been reported to be laced with pesticide residues. The
problem of pesticide residues is more serious in the off
season cultivated vegetables. It needed due attention
and in this context pest management strategies for
important vegetable such as cauliflower cultivated in
rainy season in Palari village of Sonipat district of
Haryana were developed, validated and disseminated.
In the state of Uttrakhand, which has been declared
organic state, IPM technology was validated for
important vegetables like ginger, capsicum and cabbage
in different villages of Ranicahuri district in
collaboration with GBPUA&T Pant Nagar Hill
campus, Ranichauri. Similarly, location specific IPM
technology for spice crop chili was validated in Nelahal
(Raichur Distt.), Karnataka. Major thrust of IPM
technology was on raising nursery on raised bed, use
of bio agents, scouting of pest damage and replacement
In rice, development, dissemination and
popularization of location specific IPM strategies was
undertaken for both basmati and non basmati rice in
different rice agro-ecosystem of India spreading in UP,
Punjab, Haryana, Uttrakhand and Orissa. There was
around 50-60 per cent reduction in pesticide sprays in
IPM as compared to the farmers’ practices (FP).
Implementation of IPM in both basmati and non
basmati established that it has the potential of
providing higher economic gains as compared to
farmers practice. Straw bundle technology for
conservation of spiders in rice that facilitated the
11
of old insecticides to which the pest has developed
resistance with new and effective insecticides.
From ecological perspective, pest scenario is fast
changing due to change in climate, technological
innovations of crop production and plant protection
technologies in manmade agro ecosystems which are
governed by market forces, interests of consumers and
producers. In the current context of changed climate,
technological innovations, including those of pest
management and their implementation is undergoing
fast transformations. To capture such changes in pest
scenario and for development of strategies for reducing
pest densities, increased surveillance of the pests across
the length and breadth of the country is essential for
implementing various pest management options. It is
the one area that can have pervasive and all-cascading
effect. Pest-surveillance based decision making systems
for pest management would help not only in addressing
the regions with serious and specific problems but
would help in convergence of all the resources
including involvement of the state government
personnel in addressing such problems in a focused
manner. The Maharashtra CROPSAP (Crop Pest
Surveillance and Advisory Programme under RKVY)
was successfully implemented for the second year of
2010-11 and is likely to be a regular feature of the
State’s efforts in the coming years. CROPSAP of
Maharashtra became a role model for its adoption in
other States. Awareness-cum surveillance programme
for the management of major pests of rice such as the
swarming caterpillar sponsored by RKVY was
successfully carried out in 2010 Kharif season in 13
districts of Orissa jointly by State Agriculture
Department (Orissa), Institute of Management of
Agricultural Extension (Orissa), NCIPM (New Delhi),
Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, CIPMC,
Bhubaneshwar and Orissa University of Agriculture
and Technology, Bhubaneshwar. DAC, GOI gave a
major responsibility of developing a model system of
pest management in pulses to NCIPM in 2010-11
under Accelerated Pulses Production Programme
(A3P) with a goal to create a common national
surveillance platform to identify trends, formalize
known thumb rules, and target information collecting
to identify ‘hotspots’.
Introduction of exotic pests, changing host
preference, development of new biotypes and altered
response of the pest management options, are some of
the effects of climate change. To capture the changes
in pest dynamics, new research initiative “Strategic
Research for Pest and Disease dynamics in relation to
climatic Change” has been initiated with five partner
institutions (NCIPM, New Delhi, CRIDA, Hyderabad,
IIHR, Bangalore, DRR, Hyderabad and RCER (ICAR
complex), Ranchi, three collaborating institutions
(IARI, New Delhi, DGR, Junagadh and IIPR, Kanpur)
and thirty seven AICRP centers of the five target
crops viz., rice, pigeonpea, groundnut, tomato and
mango under National Initiative on Climate Resilient
Agriculture (NICRA).
With the initiatives of high order successfully
carried out, NCIPM needs to develop its own logistic
support as well. The Centre has already taken
possession of the allotted land at institutional area near
Mehrauli and with a boundary wall in place and a semipermanent farm office and training facility to come
up by the year 2011 end, the Centre is all set to take
on further additional responsibilities in plant
protection.
12
RICE
Development,
dissemination
and
popularization of location specific IPM
strategies in different rice agro-ecosystem of
India
Validation of IPM technology was undertaken for
both bansmati as well as non-Bansamti rice. The results
obtained are presented as follows.
Basmati rice
IPM validation trials in Basmati rice were conducted
at Bambawad (Uttar Pradesh), Sibouli (Haryana),
Doodhali (Uttrakhand), Bolena and Patara (Punjab).
(tricyclazole for blast, streptocycline for BLB,
buprofezin for BPH) and bioagents (Trichogramma
japonicum) and manual weed management. In addition
to these components installation of straw bundles (20/
ha) for enhancing spider population was also involved
at Sibouli. The farmers’ practices involved no green
manuring and no seed treatment, planting of 7-8
seedlings /hill, higher doses of fertilizer (220 N: 40 P:
0 K kg per ha), no pest monitoring and 3-5 application
of chemical pesticides.
Bambawad (UP) and Sibouli (Haryana)
Bambawad village is situated about 90 km away
from IARI, New Delhi. Rice and wheat are the major
crops of the village and majority of the farmers grow
Pusa 1121 (yet to be declared as basmati variety)
followed by Sharabati and Pusa Sugandh of Basmati
rice in the village. Major pest problems of rice are
yellow stem borer, leaf folder, Bakanae and blast.
Farmers make 3-5 sprays of chemical pesticides
(endosulphan/phorate/monocrotophos/cartap
hydrochloride) for containing damage due to insect
pests and diseases. Higher doses (220 kg N, 40P) than
the recommended doses of nitrogenous fertilizers are
applied by the farmers.
The results indicated reduced incidence of insect
pests and diseases in IPM as compared to Farmers’
Practices (FP) (Table 1). There was reduction in
pesticide sprays in IPM as compared to FP.
Implementation of IPM resulted in higher spider
population (beneficial), paddy yield and benefit/ cost
(B/C) ratio as compared to FP (Table 2).
Validation trial for IPM in farmers’ participatory
mode in Pusa Basmati 1121 was conducted in 40 ha
and 50 ha in Bambawad and Sibouli, respectively
involving 25 farmer families in each village. Major
components of the IPM module included planting of
‘Dhaincha’ (Sesbania) for green manuring, seed
treatment with carbendazim, seedling root dipping in
Pseudomonas (5ml/litre of water), planting of 2-3seedlings/ hill, optimum dose of fertilizer (60 N:50
P:40 K kg per ha) and ZnSO4 @ 25 Kg/ha, installation
of pheromone traps for YSB monitoring, systematic
monitoring for insect pests, diseases and natural
enemies, need based application of pesticides
Doodhli (Uttarakhand)
IPM validation trail was taken up in 20 ha area at
village Doodhli near Dehradun (Uttarakhand) with
variety Type 3 (Dehraduni Basmati) and Kasturi. Stem
borer and blast were the major pests. IPM interventions
included planting of ‘Dhaincha’ for green manuring,
seed treatment with carbendazim, planting of 2-3seedlings/ hill, judicious application of fertilizer (60 N:
50 P: 40 K kg/ ha) and ZnSO4 @ 25 Kg/ha, monitoring
for insect pests, diseases and natural enemies, need
based application of pesticides (Tricyclazole for blast,
13
Table 1. Pest incidence (Range) in rice in IPM and Farmers’ Practices (FP) at Bambawad and Sibouli
Pest
Insect pests
Stem borer (%)
Leaf folder (%)
BPH (/leaf)
Diseases
Neck Blast (%)
BLB (%)
Sheath Blight (%)
Bakanae (%)
IPM
FP
Bambawad (Location I)
2.1-6.4 (4.5)
5.4-21.3 (14.5)
4.5-15.6 (8.7)
10.2-32.a5 (21.3)
4.5-15.6 (7.5)
12.5-103.6 (35.5)
2.3-5.8 (4.5)
2.3-6.5 (4.2)
Tr-3.3 (1.2)
Tr.
8.5-15.4 (12.3)
5.4-14.5 (11.3)
3.2-8.7(6.5)
10.2-51.2 (28.3)
IPM
FP
Sibouli , Haryana (Location II)
Tr. -4.5 (1.87)
4.3-14.5 (9.6)
3.2-6.5 (4.5 )
3.4-10.8 (8.6 )
Tr.-13.2 (7.78 )
10.2-52.6 (32.5 )
2.1-5.6 (3.46)
2.3-7.6 (4.9 )
Tr.
Tr.
3.5-9.4 (7.85 )
4.5-15.2 (12.6)
1.2-5.9 (4.6)
5.3-40.3 (23.4 )
(Figures in parentheses indicate mean values)
Table 2. Mean number of spiders, number of pesticide application, economics and seed yield of rice in IPM and Farmers’
Practices (FP) at Bambawad and Sibouli villa
Variables
IPM
FP
Bambawad (Location I)
12.5
4.5
1
3.6
20880
21305
33.15
16.15
79560
38760
58680
17455
3.81
1.82
Spiders (no. per hill)
Pesticide sprays (No.)
Total Cost (Rs./ha.)
Mean Yield (q/ha)
Total returns (Rs./ha.)
Net returns (Rs./ha.)
Benefit /Cost Ratio
IPM
FP
Sibouli , Haryana (Location II)
7.4
2.3
1.5
4.6
20050
22850
48.50
38.50
116400
92400
96350
69550
1:5.80
1:4.04
Market Rate of paddy Rs. 2400/- per q
streptocycline for BLB) and bioagents (T. japonicum
for YSB) and manual weed management. The FP
involved no green manuring and seed treatment,
planting of 7-8 seedlings /hill, low doses of fertilizer
(20 N: 40 P: 0 K kg/ha) and no monitoring of insect
pests, beneficial organisms and diseases. IPM
interventions resulted reduction in the incidence of
insect pests and diseases (Table 3) with an increase in
the yield as well as B/C ratio in both the varieties
(Table 4).
Table 3. Pest incidence in IPM and Farmers’ Practices (FP) at Doodhali
Pest
Stem borer
Leaf folder
Neck Blast
Brown spot
IPM Range (Av.)
Kasturi
Type 3
1.8-4.2 (3.15 )
2.9-6.7 ( 4.25)
1.4-4.7 ( 2.7)
3.7-6.2 (4.8 )
3.2-9.7 ( 8.25)
3.1-8.9 (7.15 )
3.1-9.2 ( 7.45)
4.8-9.8 (8.35 )
FP Range (Av.)
Kasturi
Type 3
4.9-8.7 (6.85)
5.6-12.7 (9.15 )
3.6-8.2 (5.4)
4.8-11.4 (8.9 )
8.5-18.9 13.15)
7.5-17.8 ( 14.25)
4.6-13.5(11.85)
7.2-16.9 (14.75 )
Table 4. Number of spiders, pesticides application, yield and economics in Type - 3 and Kasturi varieties of rice in IPM and
Farmers’ Practices (FP) at Doodhali
Variables
Spiders (per hill)
Pesticides spray
Total Cost (Rs. /ha.)
Mean Yield (q/ha)
Total returns (Rs. /ha.)
Net returns (Rs. /ha.)
Cost Benefit Ratio
IPM
Type-3
4.6
1.3
16005
32.20
80500
64495
1:5.03
FP
Kasturi
4.2
1.0
16705
65.15
85040
68335
1:5.09
Type-3
5.2
1.0
18245
27.85
69625
51380
1:3.85
Kasturi
4.3
18950
46.00
74560
55610
1:3.93
Rate of paddy: Type 3 -2500/q and Kasturi Rs. 1600/
14
Rice
and in 5.2 ha at Masera village (Faizabad district).
Termites, mole cricket, stem borer, blast and sheath
blight were the main pests of the area. IPM
interventions included the trimming of bunds, summer
ploughing and destruction of crop residue, seed
treatment, timely planting (before 15th July) in well
puddle field at recommended distance, clipping of
seedlings tips before planting, weed management,
balance use of fertilizers including Zn, proper water
management, monitoring of pest incidence at weekly
interval, installation of pheromone traps and need
based release of Trichogramma japonicum for stem borer
and application of insecticide for Gundhi bug. Result
of the trial indicated higher yield and economic gains
in IPM as compared to FP at both the locations
(Table 6).
Bolena and Patara (Punjab)
IPM interventions for bansmati rice validated at
Bolena and Patara villages of Jalandhar district
(Punjab) included the use of healthy disease
free seed, seed treatment with Bavistin (0.1 %) +
Streptocycline (0.01 %), seedling dip treatment with
fungicides, roughing of foot rot infected seedlings in
nursery, application of recommended doses of
fertilizers, monitoring of diseases and need based
application of fungicides and insecticides. IPM
components helped in reducing disease and insect pest
incidence and provided higher yield in Pusa Basmati1121 (36.75 q/ha) as compared to FP (34.25, q/ha)
(Table 5).
Table 5. Pest incidence and yield (per ha) in Basmati rice
cultivated under IPM and Farmers’ Practices (FP) in Bolena
and Patara villages of Jalandhar district (Punjab)
Parameters
Sheath blight
Brown spot
False smut
Bakanae
Yield (q/ha)
PAU, Ludhiana
IPM validation trial was conducted at Bolena and
Patara villages in Jalandhar district with PR 120 (non
Basmati) in 40 ha involving 40 farmers. IPM
interventions included the use of healthy disease free
seed, seed treatment with Emisan-6 (0.05 %) +
Streptocycline (0.01 %), application of recommended
doses of fertilizers, monitoring of diseases and need
based application of fungicides and insecticides. IPM
components helped in reducing disease and insect pest
incidence and provided higher yield (70.10 q/ha) as
compared to FP (67.77 q/ha) (Table 7).
PUSA 1121
IPM (%)
FP (%)
Tr.
13.43
Tr.
13.75
Tr.
3.15
36.75
34.25
Non-basmati Rice
Validation of IPM module for non Basmati rice was
undertaken in collaborative mode with NDUAT,
Faizabad, PAU, Ludhiana (Punjab), CRRI, Cuttack,
CRURRS, Hazaribagh and VPKAS, Almora
(Uttarakhand) The results are presented centre wise
VPKAS Almora
IPM validation trial was conducted in 5 ha with
four verities i.e. Taichang, Thapachini, Pant Dhan12
and local at village Raulshera. Major insect pests and
diseases were stem borer, leaf folder, blast and brown
spot. IPM interventions included the application of
recommended doses of fertilizers both in nursery and
NDUAT, Faizabad
Validation of IPM module was undertaken with
Hybrid Pioneer 6444 and Swarna Mansuri varieties in
5.5 ha in village Gaura Bara Mau (Sultanpur district)
Table 6. Yield and economics (per ha) in IPM and Farmers’ Practices (FP) at Gaura Bara Mau and Masera villages
Variables
Total cost (all inputs)
Mean Yield (q/ha)
Total Returns
Net Returns
Cost Benefit Ratio
IPM
Gaura Bara
21237
79.6
80396
59159
1:3.78
FP
Masera
19544
82.5
83325
63781
1:4.26
15
Gaura Bara
17400
64.2
64842
47442
1:3.72
Masera
17140
68.0
68680
51540
1:4.00
(Granular formulation) are the major pesticide used
by the farmers. Literacy rate is 53 per cent and
population of the village is 3791. Yellow stem borer
(YSB) was the main insect pest while blast, sheath
blight and BLB were the main recorded diseases.
Average productivity of rice is 34.7 q/ha. Average
knowledge about IPM scored 30%. Farmers applies 80
kg N, 40kg P and Zn 5 kg/ha. In IPM, insect pests and
diseases were effectively managed (Table 10) by seed
treatment, application of Zn sulphate and application
of pesticides (Cartap granules for YSB). Substantially
higher yield of 47.8 q/ha was obtained in IPM as
compared to 34.7 q/ha in FP. B/C ratio also remained
higher in IPM (3.14) compared to FP (2.82)
(Table 11).
Table 7. Mean Pest incidence and yield of rice cultivated
under IPM and Farmers’ Practices (FP) in Bolena and Patara
villages of Jalandhar district (Punjab)
Parameters
Sheath blight
Brown spot
False smut
Yield (q/ha)
IPM (%)
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
70.10
PR 120
FP (%)
11.47
6.67
1.09
67.77
main fields, seedlings dipping in chlorpyriphos @
0.02% for overnight before transplantation, installation
of a light trap to monitor the phototrophic pests,
application of pesticides twice based on the %
incidence of blast/ brown spot (Table 8), release of
Trichogramma twice at 10 days interval @ 1,00,000
soon after the appearance of adults of stem borer and
leaf folder, collection and destruction of egg masses or
pest-infested plant part throughout the crop stage and
harvesting close to the ground level to avoid the
carryover of the pest to the next generation. Incidence
of insect pests and diseases was lower in IPM fields
and these also recorded higher yield. (Table 9)
Field survey for pests in Punjab
Field survey was undertaken for rice diseases in
different rice growing region of Punjab (Amritsar,
Sangrur, Ludhiana, Patiala, Ferozpur, Jalandhar,
Gurdaspur, Faridkot, Hoshiarpur, Bathinda,
Kapurthala, Nawanshehar, Fatehgarh Sahib and
Table 8. Application of pesticide against blast and brown spot in IPM at Raulshera village (Almora)
S. No
1
2
Pesticide applied
Tricyclazole 75% WP
Mancozeb M-45 75% WP
Dosage
600g/ha
2.5kg/ha
Disease incidence (%)
4% (Blast)
5% (brown spot)
Crop stage
Mid tillering
Panicle initiation
Table 9. Insect pests and diseases (%) and grain yield in IPM and FP at Raulshera village (Almora)
Pest
Stem borer
Leaf folder
Leaf blast
Neck blast
Brown spot
Grain yield (q/ha)
Taichung
IPM
FP
1.2
5.2
0.5
2.1
2.1
12.4
5.2
30.4
2.3
25.6
32.2
26.3
Thapachni
IPM
FP
1.0
5.4
5.2
1.1
3.1
15.3
5.2
35.7
2.1
30.3
35.4
28.2
CRRI, Cuttack
Singhampur village in Cuttack was selected for
conducting IPM validation trial in rice in 20 ha area
with variety Pooja. Rice is the main crop that is grown
around the year in this village. Farmers use either his
own seed or block seed or procure from CRRI, Cuttack.
Soil of the village is clay loam. Canal is the main source
of irrigation. Bavistin and the cartap hydrochloride
Pant Dhan - 12
IPM
FP
1.0
4.1
5.3
2.1
2.1
10.5
3.3
25.3
5.1
20.4
36.3
30.6
Local
IPM
1.2
5.3
5.1
5.2
5.6
20.0
FP
5.2
2.3
20.4
35.1
30.7
20.4
Table 10. Pest incidence in IPM and Farmers’ Practices (FP)
at Singhampur village, Cuttack, Orissa
Parameters
YSB
Sheath blight
BLB
False smut
Leaf blast
16
IPM (%)
1.99
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
FP (%)
12.6
9.71
9.19
6.82
4.35
Rice
Table 11. Yield and Economics (per ha) in IPM and Farmers’
Practices (FP) at Singhampur village, Cuttack, Orissa
Parameters
Total Cost
Yield (q/ha)
Total Return (Rs/ha)
Net-Return (Rs./ha)
C:B Ratio
IPM
15188
47.8
47800
32612
1:3.14
Validation and promotion of IPM strategies for
nematode hotspots in different agro-climatic
regions of India
FP
12288
34.7
34700
22412
1:2.82
IPM involving focus on the nematode management
under participatory approach of multi-stakeholders was
taken up in active collaboration with AICRP
(Nematodes) co-ordinating unit and its centre at
Locations Viz. University of Agricultural Sciences
(UAS) Bangaluru, Directorate of Rice Research
Hyderabad, State Agricultural Department, AICRP
(Rice) Mandaya and Assam Agricultural University
(AAU), Jorhat, Assam.
Moga). Sheath rot (SR), Bacterial leaf (BLB) and
Bacterial leaf spot (BLS), in general, were absent at
most of the locations surveyed, except incidence of
SR recorded in traces in Patiala and that of BLB at
Amritsar, Sangrur, and Patiala and 5% incidence of
BLS at Fatehgarh Sahib. Sheath blight (SB) and Foot
rot (FR) were found at most of the locations ranging
from traces to 20% (Fatehgarh Sahib) and traces to
10% (Gurdaspur), respectively. Incidence of False smut
(FS) and Blast was not recorded at Ferozpur, Jalandhar,
Fatehgarh Sahib and Moga whereas at other locations
FS ranged from traces to 5% (Ludhiana) and Blast
from traces to 10% (Sangrur and Bathinda).
Location 1 : Akki hebal ( K.R. Pet, Mandya,
Karnataka)
IPM module was implemented in 437 acres area
covering 167 farmers’ families where rice is grown in
4000 acre area. It was estimated that majority of the
rice fields were infested with Meloidogyne graminincola
with initial population 320N/200cc and 18galls/plant.
For management of insects chloropytiphos or
imadochloprid, and for diseases, carbendazim or
tricyclozole was sprayed. Components of IPM, and
pest incidence and yield and economics is given in
table. Number of galls/seedling and nematode
population were greatly lowest in treatment number 1
followed by treatment 2 and 3. Treatment no. 1 also
provided higher yield and economic returns (Table 12).
Estimation of pesticide residues in Basmati Rice
Thirty samples each of rice grain and soil and eight
samples of water were collected in triplicate from IPM
and non-IPM fields of Saboli village in Sonepat and
Doodhli village in Dehradun region, for their pesticide
residue analysis. These samples were processed for
extraction, liquid-liquid partitioning and clean up
using various solvent systems and adsorbents. These
extracted samples were analyzed for; tricyclazole,
propioconazole, chlorpyrifos, hexaconazole,
pertialachlor, carbendazim and l-cyhalothrin, in
collaboration with AINP for pesticides residues. All
pesticides used at both the locations were found below
detectable limits in both.
Location 2: Danichapori, Kocharipam dergoan
(Golaghat), Assam
IPM module as tested in location 1 was also
validated in the second location Danichapori and
Kocharipam, dergoan villages covering 15 and 20
hectare area, respectively. M. graminicola among the
nematode, whorl maggot, gundhi bug and stem borer
among insects, blast and BLB among the diseases were
the major pests.
Similar results were obtained as stated under
location 1.
Table 12: Growth parameters, Pest Severity and yield in IPM nursery and main field at Akki hebal during 2010-11
Treatment
T1 = Nursery bed treatment with carbofuran
@0.3 gm/sq m followed by the field application
@ 1.0Kg a.i/ha at 40 days after transplanting
T2= Application of Pseudomonas fluorescence
@20gm/m2 in nursery beds.
T3 T. viride-(10g/kg of seed as seed treatment)
T4 Untreated control
Nursery
FNP/200cc
in Nursery
135
Galls/20
No. of
seedlings Tillers/Pl.
15.66
15
No. of
galls/20
100
Main field
Pl. height 1No. of dried
(cms)
shoots/m2
75
8.25
Yield
q/ha
47
ICBR
1:1.16
165
17.41
14
80
72.5
8.60
47
1:1.20
192
320
27.16
66.45
12
12
90
440
70.2
68.0
7.39
18.00
43
38
1:1.10
-
Varieties viz. MTU1001, Thanu, Jyoti were taken up for the trial in all the above three treatments, O ther practices adopted were, Planting of 2-3 seedlings / hill,. Application of fer tilizers (N;P;K; 60:50:40: kg/ha) and use
of 25 kg / ha ZnSO4whereever possible, pheromone traps for YSB,release of .T. joponicum. 1 due to shoot borer
17
COTTON
Development and validation of IPM
strategies for Bt cotton in North
and spiders did not differ between IPM and FP farms
in spite of the two additional systemic chemical sprays
in the later. However, the occurrence of mirids
Campylomma livida Reuter was noted at both IPM and
FP farms. Mirid damage during the boll development
stage resulted in significant reduction in boll weight
and the number of seeds/ boll at harvest (Table 2).
IPM Module
On farm validation of the eco friendly IPM
practices on Bt cotton was done at Sirsa district of
Haryana of North cotton growing zone using cv. Bio6488 Bt. Two rows of non Bt cotton as refugia, one
border row of castor as an indicator crop for Spodoptera
litura, and pheromone traps for monitoring pink
bollworm (2 traps / acre) in IPM field were used. A
farmer’s field with the same hybrid was also monitored
for comparison. While the IPM farm required one
chemical and two botanical sprays against sap feeders,
farmer had used five chemical sprays with three
different chemicals. For management of S. litura at
IPM farm required single chemical spray, the farmers’
practice (FP) had mixture of insecticides. The plant
protection interventions of IPM and FP fields are
summarized in Table 1.
During the season eight and five per cent incidence
of cotton leaf curl virus (CLCV) was observed in
respect of IPM and FP farms and all the CLCV infested
plants had highly reduced (80 - 85%) number of
harvestable bolls over CLCV free plants.
Castor plants grown around the IPM fields to serve
as trap crop for Spodoptera litura were completely
deskeletonized by the semi looper Achaea janata even
before the initiation of S. litura in the ecosystem
(Fig 1). Hence there is need to revise the
recommendation of castor as indicator crop for the
region.
Status of pests and natural enemies
The movement of the polyphagous noctuids viz.,
S. litura and Helicoverpa armigera feeding on weeds viz.,
janglee chauli (Amaranthus viridis L.) and sunberry
Incidence of the sap feeders viz., jassids, thrips
and whiteflies and the natural enemies viz., chrysopids
Table 1. Details of IPM and farmers’ practices on Bt cotton
Particulars
Refugia
Indicator crop
Pest monitoring tool
Spray details
Sucking pests
IPM
2 rows non Bt around Bt cotton
One row of castor around the field
PBW Pheromone traps @ 5/ha
Spodoptera litura
Spray for disease
No. of sprays
Novuluron
Nil
Four
Neem Oil ( 2 sprays) Acetamaprid
Farmers’ practices (FP)
Nil
Nil
Acetamaprid (2 sprays) Thiomethoxam
( 2 sprays) Imidacloprid
Acephate + Novuluron
Blue copper+ Streptocycline
Seven
Table 2. Effect of mirid damage on harvestable bolls of Bt cotton
Field/ Crop
details
Bt IPM
Bt FP
Boll weight (g)
Normal
Mirid infested
4.56
3.26
3.87
2.31
Prob.(T< = t)
one-tail
0.004
4.81E-05
18
Seeds/boll (nos)
Normal
Mirid infested
30.6
23.7
26.8
23.6
Prob. (T< = t)
one-tail
0.003
0.032
Cotton
Fig. 1. (a) Semi looper larvae feeding on castor plant; (b) Deskeletonized castor plants along Bt cotton field borders of
(Physalis minima L.), respectively onto Bt cotton was
noticed during 2010 cotton season. S.litura larvae were
observed developing on A.viridis from July till second
week of August causing complete defoliation. Later,
larvae of S. litura moved to adjacent cotton plants
between third week of August (2 larvae/10 plants) and
first week of September (9 larvae/10 plants). Larvae
fed upon foliage, squares flowers and green bolls of Bt
cotton (Fig. 2). On the other hand, H.armigera feeding
on berries of P. minima moved onto Bt cotton and
B
A
C
D
Fig 2. Damage by S. litura to Bt cotton (a) leaves (b) squares (c) flower and (d) bolls
19
Need for developmental interventions in terms of
pest management advisory to farmers were inferred to
avoid “pesticide treadmill” setting for Bt cotton.
damaged the fruiting bodies during second week of
September. In both the noctuids, the non-availability
of the food from the weed hosts had caused the
movement indicating the continuing perpetuation of
these two noctuids during the cotton season in the
agroecosystem besides its potential threat to Bt cotton
crop.
IPM dissemination
For dissemination of IPM technology a total of 706
Group Meetings and 59 Farmers’ Training were
organized at different centres (Table 4) which were
attended by 8986 and 2298 farmers, respectively.
Dissemination of the information was also carried out
through by news paper (83 clippings) and radio talks
(23) by different centres. A photo library was also
established containing about 1795 photographs and
167 video clippings of different insect pests and
diseases.
Yield and economics of IPM on Bt cotton
The validated IPM practices had reduced three
pesticide sprays, yielded 8 q/ha more of seed cotton
and fetched 1.5 times higher cost benefit ratio over
FP (Table 3).
Table 3. Details of plant protection, yield and economics of
Bt cotton IPM
Socio economic studies and Impact analysis
S.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Under socio economic studies a total of 2367 ha
was covered under IPM programme in Bt cotton by
1392 IPM farmers in 280 villages. Area under IPM
was further increase by addition of 7102 ha by 4878
motivated farmers (Table 5 ) . Impact analysis indicated
that average number of spray carried out by IPM
farmers were 3.8 against 6.4 by non IPM farmers. Cost
of the spray per ha was Rs. 2436/- in IPM farmers
against Rs.4437/- in non IPM farmers (Table 6).
Particulars
No. of sprays
Plant protection cost (Rs/ha)
Cost of IPM tools (Rs/ha)
Yield (q /ha)
Gross income (Rs /ha)*
Cost of cultivation (Rs/ha)
Net profit (Rs/ha)
Cost benefit ratio
IPM
FP
4
3617
1500
35.9
1,53,772
30,022
1,23,750
1: 4.12
7
4357
500
27.0
1,15,650
30,107
85,543
1: 2.84
Table 4. Group meetings, field visits, farmers’ trainings, new paper coverage and radio talks organized at different NISPM
centres for dissemination of IPM technology
S. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Centre
Faridkot
Hisar
Banswara
Anand
Rajkot
Khandwa
Akola
Jalna
Karimnagar
Guntur
Belgaum
Perambalur
Ahmednagar
Mysore
Total
Village Group
Meeting (No.
of farmers)
60 (652)
40 (965)
09 (315)
2 (80)
13 (326)
236 (1250)
28 (316)
88 (1631)
44 (1018)
40 (370)
40 (480)
68 (978)
20 (227)
18 (378)
706 (8906)
Group meeting/Training & Farmers’ participation
No. Of field
Farmers’
News
visits
Training (No.
Paper
Of farmers)
coverage
30
8 (438)
15
80
3 (300)
08
25
8
8 (350)
5
120
1 (22)
1
78
1 (52)
10
74
02 (105)
02
125
02 (89)
06
23
7 (100)
6
50
1 (30)
3
19
3 (277)
1
122
3 (175)
24
04
12
20 (360)
02
770
59 (2298)
83
20
Radio
talks
05
1
04
——
1
4
2
—
2
2
2
23
Cotton
Table 5. Socio economic studies in IPM and non IPM farmers under NISPM
S.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Districts
Faridkot
Hisar
Banswara
Anand
Rajkot
Khandwa
Jalna
Buldana
Guntur
Belgaum
Karimnagar
Perambalur
Ahmednagar
Mysore
Total
No. of
villages
No. of IPM
farmers
Area under
IPM (ha)
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
280
92
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
1392
100
563
52
186
55
562
40
165
150
61
273
40
80
40
2367
No. of
motivated
farmers
235
615
465
115
100
243
500
280
150
329
362
798
500
186
4878
Area increased
by motivated
farmers (ha)
378
1300
213
85
10
1234
320
115
200
274
781
1828
290
74
7102
Table 6. Impact of IPM over non-IPM
S. No.
District
No. of sprays
IPM farmers
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Faridkot
Hisar
Banswara
Anand
Rajkot
Khandwa
Jalna
Buldana
Guntur
Belgaum
Karimnagar
Perambalur
Ahmednagar
Mysore
Average
4.0
2.6
3.4
3.4
3
4.3
4.0
3.6
8.0
3.0
5.0
2.5
4.0
3.0
3.8
Cost of Spray (Rs/ha)
Non-IPM farmers
7.0
4.8
6.5
6.3
5.0
6.4
7.0
4.2
12.0
4.2
9.0
4.8
6.0
6.0
6.4
IPM fields
Non-IPM fields
2000
963
1315
1974
1400
4200
2000
1539
8000
1445
3125
1819
2590
1740
2436
4375
2519
3125
3317
1620
6300
3500
2110
18000
1954
4570
3748
3478
3508
4437
Reduction in cost of
spray by IPM farmers
compared to non IPM
farmer (Rs)
2375
1556
1810
1343
220
2100
1500
571
10000
509
1445
1929
888
1768
2001
and Yavatmal and two at Kanheri Sarf. Trial at each
location included five treatments (Table 8).
Contribution of chemical and biological pesticides was
66.9 and 39.1 and 94.5 and 5.5 per cent by IPM and
non IPM farmers, respectively (Table 7).
Results of the trial indicated that out of six
locations, treatment T1 showed lowest per cent
intensity of red leaf whereas treatment T 3 and T 4
indicated lowest intensity at one location only i.e.
Kanheri 1 and Yavatmal, respectively. In general,
treatments T1 to T4 indicated low red leaf intensity
as compared to control (T1) (Table 9).
It was interesting to note that the highest yield
Demonstration of red leaf management
strategies in the red leaf prone areas of Buldana /
Akola (Akola centre) Dr. PDKV, Akola (Buldana
centre)
Trial on demonstration of management of leaf
reddening in Bt cotton was successfully conducted at
total six locations, one each at Akola, Bhaurad, Alanda
21
Table 7. Contribution of chemical and biological pesticides by IPM and non IPM farmers
S. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Name of District
Faridkot
Hisar
Banswara
Anand
Rajkot
Khandwa
Jalna
Buldana
Guntur
Belgaum
Karimnagar
Perambalur
Ahmednagar
Mysore
Average
Percent spray in IPM farmers
% spray chemical
% spray with bio
insecticide
agents/
botanicals
100.0
0.0
86.7
13.3
75.0
25.0
77.0
23.0
24.3
75.7
80.0
20.0
60 .0
40 .0
88.6
11.4
50.0
50.0
82.2
17.8
75.0
25.0
51.0
49.0
50.0
50.0
30.0
70.0
66.9
33.1
Percent spray in Non-IPM farmers
% spray
% spray with
chemical
bio agents/
insecticide
botanicals
100.0
0.0
98.5
1.5
100.0
0.0
100.0
0.0
90.5
9.4
95.0
5.0
90 .0
10 .0
98.5
1.5
100.0
0.0
94.3
5.7
100.0
0.0
82.0
18.0
80.0
20.0
90.0
10.0
94.5
5.5
Table 8. Treatments under red leaf management strategies
Treatment
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
Interventions
MgSo4 @ 1 % Three sprays - Pre flowering , flowering and boll setting
KNO3 @0.05 % Three sprays- Pre flowering , flowering and boll setting
Basal dose: Humic Acid, 50 Kg /ha, Calcium nitrate 25Kg/ha, sulphur 25 Kg/haThree applications of Humic
acid liquid 2.5 lit/ha/375 lit water + Calcium nitrate 2.5 at 21 days interval
DAP @2% Three sprays - Pre flowering , flowering and boll setting
Control
Table 9. Per cent Red leaf intensity ( %) under five treatments at different locations
Treatment
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
Akola
40.04
52.43
45.63
40.59
72.49
Bhaurad
42.50
60.65
56.30
55.20
80.60
Kanheri 1
43.13
53.42
50.63
52.18
55.63
Kanheri 2
57.81
58.23
53.51
60.63
60.81
Alanda
44.52
51.25
49.67
50.30
58.67
Yavatmal
48.40
46.30
44.67
39.33
52.21
0- No red leaf incidence; 1-Red leaf covering 1 or less than 1% leaf area ; 3-Reddning covering >1to 10% leaf area covered; 5-11-25 % leaf area covered ; 7- 2650 % leaf area covered; 8- More than 50 % leaf area covered
Collection of real time weather data and
development of weather maps (CRIDA)
The centre has already collected weather data from
online and data bank and the information have been
shared with other centres from August onwards. Weatherpest map for Maharashtra State has also been developed.
(kg/ha) at most of the locations were observed in
treatment T3 except at Bhaurad where T4
indicated the highest yield (Table 10). Treatments
T1 to T4 indicated higher yield as compared to
control (T1).
Table10. Yield (kg/ha ) under five treatments at different locations
Treatment
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
Akola
1617
1583
1677
1656
1498
Bhaurad
2925
3142
3542
3600
2765
Kanheri
1674
1643
1775
1712
1440
22
Kanheri
1545
1441
1607
1583
1304
Alanda
2542
2447
2687
2614
2327
PULSES
growers, in addition to strengthening of pest
diagnostic laboratory.
Enhancing Pigeonpea and Chickpea
Production through intensive adoption of
IPM
IPM nuclear model villages have been established
in numerous districts of 5 major pulse growing states
(Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh,
Maharashtra and Karnataka) and plant protection
activities implemented in farmers’ participatory mode
covering 76,000 ha to meet the challenge based on
“National e-pest surveillance system”.
The incidence of insect pests and diseases has led
to shortage of the pulses and import of 1.5-2.8 MT
from neighbouring countries at higher rates to meet
national demand. The reasons for shortage were
coupled with various factors starting from
technological barriers, inadequate rains and upsurge
in pests hitherto unknown. The impact of climate
change has resulted in resurgence of pests with varying
intensity. Visualising the emergent need to National
Food Security Mission (NFSM) and National Centre
for Integrated Pest Management (NCIPM) took the
initiative and decided to explore all possibilities to
increase pulse production in a sustainable manner so
as to meet immediate and future needs under the ambit
Department of Agriculture and Co-operation (DAC).
Since the developing high yielding varieties or
combining pest resistance with high yielding varieties,
would have taken years, it was decided to increase the
yield by reducing yield losses with the help of “e-Pest
Surveillance system” and implement IPM in 36,000
ha based on Area-wide Integrated Pest Management
System in collaboration with 6 Co-PI’s located in 5
states. NCIPM started the project from June 2010 with
following objectives:
• To develop “Nuclear Model Villages” in selective
districts for demonstrating IPM modules in farmers’
participatory mode to suit their cropping systems.
• Capacity building of technical assistants of different
blocks, district/block level officers and farmers to
enhance their capabilities towards healthy crop
production through IPM strategies.
• To develop and carryout awareness campaigns
through conventional (print) and electronic media,
to reach areas not covered under this programme.
• To establish centralized “National Pest Reporting
and Alert System” through networking of pulse
National Pest Reporting and Alert System success
in “e-pest surveillance” in Cotton and Soybean by
joint collaboration of Maharashtra State and NCIPM
had led to minimizing yield losses by defoliators’ in
soybean covering Vidharbha region. Encouraged with
these experiences DAC implemented Electronic
Pest Surveillance “e-National Pest reporting
& alert system” ( http://www.ncipm.org.in/A3P/
UI/HOME/Login.aspx) as a major component of the
Accelerated Pulse Production Programme (A3P) of
NFSM with a goal to create a common national
surveillance platform to identify trends, formalize
known thumb rules, and target information collecting
at regular ‘hotspots’. System has converged effort of
State Govt agencies and State Agricultural
Universities (SAU) to have reliable and timely
information on the real time pest status and send
related information (advisory) in regional languages,
based on sound agro-ecological principles of IPM in
pigeonpea and chickpea. Reporting system provides
real-time information of pests along with temporal data
(option for choosing to & from dates) combined with
Geographical Information System (GIS) enabled
mapping system for easy understanding and visual
interpretation. The data is currently available to
registered policy makers, state agencies involved in pest
surveillance and progressive growers on the click of
the mouse. Queries can be used for an effective
adoption of preventive and corrective measures at
local, state or national level apart from mobilising
23
resources from one to another place. State based A3P
co-operators (UP, MP, AP, Mah & Karnataka) have
used it to convey their advisories to the farmers
through SMSs to 3545 number of farmers of 592
villages covering 36000 ha at national level. The
software can be used by any authorised person after
online registration at NCIPM home page.
Above system also represents Temporal reports
(graphical horizontal bars & tabular) and map based
report using Geographic Information System (GIS). It
combines the pest incidence information and depicts
affected areas with different colours representing
severity of incidence. The GIS reporting has been
implemented using Google map for geographical
objects and spatial data manipulation. GIS reporting,
aims to be used by policy makers and research manages
and extension workers to forewarn the likelihood of
pest spreading in adjoining areas.
The”e-National Pest reporting and alert system”
can be accessed at http://www.ncipm.org.in/A3P/UI/
HOME/Login.aspx (Fig 1). The structure of this online
reporting system is based on review and capabilities of
available Decision Support System (DSS) in
agricultural system and mobile communication
technologies. The information used has been collected
directly from the farmer’s fields and real time data have
been selected carefully in the pilot case so that the
system can be of immediate use not only by Indian
farmers but also members of the farming community
facing with similar problems. The above system was
developed using, three tier architecture with facilities
for “online” data entry, reporting and Advisory to
farmers through short messaging system (SMS) in their
own language.
Near about 25000 farmers are registered for
receiving SMS advisories. Total SMS send during 2010
are 9530. Currently, potential beneficiary of the this
system can be at least 25000 (Table 1) farmers that
have been selected by NCIPM as well as the 90% of
the farmers that own a mobile phone.
Mobile services are implemented using SMS
gateway communicating directly with an SMS centre
responsible to store and forward messages to and from
a mobile phone. Fig. 2 represents a screenshot for the
sending of an SMS to a farmer. More specifically, the
Fig. 1 Home page of “e-National Pest reporting & alert system
24
Pulses
Table 1. Adopted area and no. of benefited farmers under National Electronic Pest Surveillance
State / Districts
Pigeonpea
No of
No of
villages
Farmers
34
3301
26
5017
25
482
316
2967
69
3000
470
14767
Karnataka (Gulbarga)
Maharashtra (Badnapur, Parbhani, Osmanabad, Nanded)
Andhra Pradesh (Anantapur)
Madhya Pradesh(Chindwara & Narsimpur)
Uttar Pradesh (Hamirpur & Banda)
Total
Chickpea
No of
No of
villages
Farmers
23
1529
20
3587
12
1000
55
1708
12
557
122
8381
Fig. 2 View & Send Advisory in regional languages
pest expert logs in the system and selects the SMS
recipient(s). Then a pop-up window emerges where
the SMS is written. The SMS can be written in English
as well as regional languages (Hindi, Marathi,
Kannada, and Telgu).
Similarly, podborer infestation across Gulbarga
(Karnataka) could be managed with renaxypyr
(Table. 2). In case of Nanded (MS) flower drop
could be stopped by timely spread of message to
spray NAA.
This has benefited 3545 farmers, 10 agronomists/
entomologists and 6 researchers in various terms. Post
evaluation suggests that the system has met their basic
requirements in terms of preparing themselves to
manage pest incidences in manners that are more
effective.
•
Training of technical assistants (123) as well as
state officials (5) were also carried out with an aim
to get online data of pest dynamics and real time
pest information.
•
Transmission of forewarning messages through
SMS has led to less use of pesticides starting with
eco-friendly ones and their number has been
reduced to 3 from 6 in Gulbarga district.
•
Use of above technology (e-pest surveillance) has
benefited the farmers in terms of lesser pest
incidence vis-a-vis conservation of beneficial
insects because of timely action (Fig. 3) with ecofriendly management practices.
Benefits accured
•
E-Pest Surveillance Systems has enabled collection
and monitoring of real-time pest data for trend
interpretation and/or outbreaks leading to action
in initial stage itself. This has happened in Kamasin
Block of Banda (UP) wherein podborer epidemic
could be controlled with emammectin benzoate.
25
Table 2 . The impact of “e-National Pest Reporting & Alert System” on pesticide use (2010-11
Ovicide
Bio-insecticide
A3P Farmers
Total sprays used (4)
Propenphos
Neem (Azadirictin)
Microbial insecticide
Green labeled insecticide
OC compounds
OP compounds
HaNPV
Rynaxypyr
Carbamates
Pyrithroids
Dusts
New molecules
Implementation of A3P programme in general has
proved very successful and yielded in 3 million tonnes
more of pulses in comparison to previous years. The
e-pest surveillance system has also enabled to identify
the potential areas wherein yield can be increased by
minimizing losses caused by proliferating pests (Maruca
web, Pod bugs and Pod fly) as well as identification of
endemic areas of Sterility mosaic virus and leaf spot
diseases(Cercospora and Powdery mildew). The
structure of this online reporting system is based on
review and capabilities of available Decision Support
System (DSS) in agricultural system and mobile
communication technologies. The information used
has been collected directly from the farmer’s fields and
Non-A3P farmers
Total sprays used (6)
Endosulphan
Monocrotophos, Chlorpyriphos DDVP,
Propenphos, Quinalphos, Acephate
Methomyl, Thiodicarb, Carbaryl
Alphamethrin, Fenvalrate, Cypermethrin
Melathion, Quinalphos, Fenvalrate,
Endosulphan
Indoxacarb, Spinosad, Emamectin
benzoate
real time data have been selected carefully and can be
used not only by Indian farmers but also by members
of the farming community facing with similar problems.
Transmission of forewarning messages through SMS
has led to less use of pesticides starting with eco-friendly
ones and their number has been reduced to 3 from 6
in Gulbarga district. The system “e-Pest Surveillance”
has been evaluated for functionality and the user
friendliness by stakeholders (farmers, agronomists,
researchers’ & pest advisors) resulted in one-on-one
testing. Post evaluation suggests that the system has
met their basic requirements in terms of preparing
themselves to manage pest incidences in more manners
that are effective.
Fig 3: Pest scenario at Parbhani (Mah) showing difference between IPM vis-à-vis conventional practices (2010-11)
26
Pulses
Badnapur (13-14th Oct, 2010)
Gulbarga (12th Dec, 2010)
Pictures of field visit
Press release
27
OILSEEDS
Groundnut
crop (Table 2). It reached up to 31.78 per cent in FP
as compared to a low incidence in IPM (7.84%).
Development and validation of location specific
Integrated Pest Management technology
Early leaf spot (Cercospora arachidicola) and late
leaf spots ( Phaeoisariopsis personata)
Early leaf spot infection appeared during third
week of August, 2010 in IPM as well as in FP. Crop
remained free from early and late leaf spot diseases up
to 20-40 and 40-60 DAS in both IPM as well as FP.
Early leaf spot appeared at 60-80 DAS and reached
up to 10.24 per cent disease index (PDI, 1-9 score
scale) one week before the harvest of crop in IPM
whereas in FP, the PDI of early leaf spot was 36.0
(Table 2). Crop remained free from late leaf spot (LLS)
in both IPM and FP up to 80 DAS. The PDI of LLS
was 6.50 as compared to 17.72 in FP one week before
the harvest of crop.
Validation of IPM technology in groundnut was
taken up for the second consecutive year during 201011 at Hanumangarh, Udaipur districts in Rajasthan
and Kadiri in AP through Farmer’s Field Schools
(FFS’s) and Farmer Field Day, display of Visual- Aids
and publicity through print & electronic media and
by visiting regularly the adopted villages. Report of the
various trials is presented centre wise below
Centre: Hanumangarh
Validation of IPM module was carried out in
Mirzawali Mer (Teh. Tibbi) and Bharusari (Rawatsar)
villages of Hanumangarh district in 25 ha area during
Kharif 2010. Groundnut crop was sown from 10th June
to 5th July, 2010 using variety HNG-10 and TG-37A
with application of recommended dose of fertilizers (N
40, P60). Details of IPM and Farmers’ Practices (FP)
intervention are given in Table 1.
Termite
IPM field remained free from termite attack at
20-40 DAS as compared to FP where 5.02 per cent
termite attack was recorded. Termite incidence
Table 1. IPM and Farmers’ Practices (FP) in interventions Groundnut at Hanumangarh
Module
IPM
Variety
Growing of variety
HNG-10, TG-37A
Farmers’
Practices
(FP)
Growing of
variety HNG-10,
TG-37A, TBG-39
Treatment
Soil
1. Soil amendment with Neem
cake @ 250 kg/ha
preferably 15 days before sowing.
2. Soil application of Trichoderma
harzianum @ 4.0 kg/ha incubated
in 50 kg FYM for 15 day applied
before sowing.
Nil
Pest Incidence
details
Seed
1.Imidacloprid
@ 2 ml/kg seed.
2. Trichoderma
harzianum @10
g/kg seed
Some farmers used
Carbendazim @ 2.0
g/kg seed
Spray
Foliar spray of
mancozeb @ 2.0 g/litre
at the time of 1st
appearance of
leaf spot disease.
Nil
increased in both IPM and FP 40-60 DAS. At this
stage, termite incidence was 5.40 per cent in IPM and
11.74 per cent in FP. After 60-80 DAS the termite
incidence reached up to 7.70 per cent in IPM and
Collar rot: Observation of collar rot incidence was
recorded at 20-40 days after sowing (DAS), 40-60
DAS, 60-80 DAS and a weak before the harvest of
28
Oilseeds
Table 2. Pest incidence in IPM and FP fields of groundnut at different DAS (Hanumangarh
Collar rot (%)
IPM
FP
Early leaf spot (ELS) PDI (1-9 scale)
IPM
FP
Late leaf spot (LLS) PDI (1-9 scale)
IPM
FP
% plant damage due to termite
IPM
FP
20-40 DAS
40-60 DAS
60-80 DAS
1 Weak before harvest
MEAN
4.32
21.23
6.30
29.00
7.38
31.60
7.84
31.78
6.46
28.40
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
6.72
20.18
10.24
36.00
4.74
14.55
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
6.50
17.72
2.38
5.18
0.00
5.02
5.40
11.74
7.70
21.80
9.96
24.38
5.77
15.74
21.80 per cent in FP. A week before harvest of crop,
the termite incidence was 9.96 per cent in IPM as
compared to 24.38 per cent in FP (Table 2)
Centre: Udaipur
Validation of IPM module was undertaken in
farmer’s fields in Udaipur district of Rajasthan. The
major IPM components and interventions used are
presented in Table 5. In FP, farmer grew only local
recommended varieties JL 24 and TAG 24 (Table 4).
Groundnut crop was sown at different locations in
Navania area of Vallabhanagar and Bhagtal villages
crop was sown from 22 to 24 June, 2010 in Udaipur
district.
Yield and economics
The mean yield was higher in IPM (29.26 q/ha) as
compared to FP (17.02 q/ha). The total return was
Rs. 76,076 in IPM as compared to Rs. 44,252 in FP.
Total cost of material and labour was higher in IPM
but net returns were Rs. 50,736 in IPM and Rs. 23,852
FP. The cost benefit ratio was also calculated and it
was 1:3.00 in IPM as compared to 1:2.16 in FP
(Table 3).
Table 4: Main components of IPM during Kharif 2010
IPM Module
•
Table 3. Yield and economics of groundnut production (Rs/
ha) in IPM and FP at Hanumangarh, Rajasthan in Kharif 2010
Variable
Means Yield (q/ha)
Total Cost (all in puts)* (Rs)
Total Returns (Rs)
Net Returns (Rs)
Benefit-cost ratio
Rate of groundnut = Rs. 2600/q.* Cost
IPM
29.26
25,340
76,076
50,736
3.00
of all inputs
•
•
FP
17.02
20,400
44,252
23,852
2.16
•
•
•
•
•
Summer ploughing/ Plough the fields 2-3 times during AprilMay (before sowing) to expose the hibernating pests
Growing of recommended/ local varieties JL 24 & TAG-24
Seed treatment with imidaclorpid @ 2ml /kg seed +
Trichoderma harzianum @ 10gm/kg seed.
Soil application of Trichoderma harzianum @ 4kg/ha +50
kg FYM (15 DBS)
Soil amendment with Neem cake @ 250 kg/ha preferably
10-15 days before sowing.
Application of fungicides @ (0.05% carbendazim +
mancozeb 0.2%) at 45 and 60 DAS against early and late
leaf spots and rust.
Application of anisole (methoxybenzene) on trees for the
control of white grub.
Installation of pheromones traps for Helicoverpa armigera
and Spodoptera litura @ 5 traps/ha. Installation of T shaped
wooden bird perches @ 10/ha
Farmers’ Practices (FP)
•
Growing of local variety (RC-24)
Farmers’ Field Schools (FFS)
Farmers’ field schools (FFS) were organized at
IPM and FP fields in Mirjawali Mer, Hanumangarh Kharif 2010
29
return was Rs. 52,465 in IPM as compared to Rs.
36,696 in FP and net returns were Rs. 32,725 in IPM
and Rs. 22,216 in FP. The benefit cost ratio was also
calculated and it was 2.66 in IPM as compared to 2.53
in FP (Table 6).
Vallabhnagar, Udaipur by NCIPM and Maharana
Partap University of Agriculture and Technology,
during the crop season. About 20-25 farmers including
farmwomen participated in the FFS. Farmers were
educated about principles of eco-friendly IPM
technologies and conservation of bio-control agents,
use of aggregate pheromone (Anisole methoxybenzene) for the management of white grub,
use of Trichoderma as seed and soil treatment and use
of neem cake as soil treatment. Identification of pest
and its developmental stage were undertaken in
farmers fields. Extension education materials like
leaflets were distributed to the farmers ‘White grub
life cycle and its management’ and ‘Natural enemies
of groundnut crop’. IPM farmers narrated the success
of IPM in their fields and strongly emphasized on
summer ploughing, use of Trichoderma and imidacloprid
for seed treatment and mixing of Neem cake in the
fields.
Table 6. Yield and economics of groundnut production (Rs/
ha) in IPM and FP in Vallbhnagar, Udaipur, Rajasthan
Kharif 2010
Variables
IPM
FP
Mean yield (q/ha)
14.99
11.12
Total Cost (all inputs*) (Rs.)
19,740
14,480
Total Returns (Rs.)
52,465
36,696
Net Returns (Rs)
32,725
22,216
Benefit-cost ratio
2.66
2.53
Rates of groundnut in IPM = Rs. 3500/q and in FP 3300
Centre: Kadiri
Fifteen farmers families were selected to implement
the programme covering 6 ha area at Gangasanipalli,
Veeraiah pallipeta and Yetigadda thanda villages in
Kadiri mandal (A.P) . Soon after the rains, groundnut
seeds were treated first with imidacloprid @ 2ml/kg
and later with Dithane M-45 @ 3 g/kg seed and kept
overnight. The treated seeds were sown by majority of
farmers during 2nd and 3rd week of June and a few
remaining farmers had sown during 2nd and 3rd week
of July in the field with 11: 1 ratio i.e., 11 rows
groundnut and 1 row red gram as inter crop. Sorghum
was sown as border crop (4 rows) and cowpea was sown
as trap crop with sufficient moisture in the field.
Twenty-five days after sowing, pheromone traps @ 5 /
ha, and bird perches @ 10/ha were installed in the
IPM field. In FP, farmer grow only local recommended
varities TMV 2 and JL 24 (Table 7).
Pest incidence
For the management of white grub (Holotrichia
consanguinea) most of the neem trees were pruned
before onset of monsoon and 2-3 small trees were
sprayed with 0.2% quinalphos and on the same tree 23 swabs of cotton (dipped in anisole) were hanged in
the evening hours. The mean pest incidences are
presented in Table 6. Low collar rot incidence (10.17
per cent ) was observed in IPM as compared to 15.95
per cent in FP. The early and late leaf spot were also
lower in IPM (per cent disease index 5.72 & 4.45) as
compared to FP (PDI 13.20 & 5.55), respectively. Plant
mortality due to white grub was 1.8 per cent in IPM as
compared to 6.41 per cent in FP (Table 5).
Table 5. Mean disease and insect pest incidence in groundnut in IPM and FP at Vallabhnagar, Udaipur, Rajasthan,
Kharif 2010
Module
Disease
% collar rot
IPM
FP
10.17
15.95
Insect
Av. Disease Index
Early leaf spot
Late leaf spot
(ELS)PDI
(LLS) PDI
5.72
4.45
13.20
5.55
Yield and economics
Pest Incidence
The mean yield was higher in IPM (14.99 q/ha) as
compared to FP (11.12 q/ha) (Table 7). The total
Diseases
Plant mortality
due to whitegrub (%)
1.8
6.41
The incidence of dry root rot in IPM plots ranged
30
Oilseeds
Table 7. Main components of IPM and FP during Kharif 2010
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Five pheromone traps /ha were installed for
monitoring the male moth catches of S.litura in IPM
plots to time the application of insecticide for
protecting the crop from its damage. The maximum
moth catch was observed in 40th standard week (1-7
Oct.) and minimum moth catches were noticed from
24th standard week (25th June – 1st July) to 30th standard
week (23-29 th ) and after 45 th standard week
(5-11Nov.). Based on moth catches in pheromone
traps (Fig. 1), spraying of Neem oil at 45 days after
sowing and quinalphos @2.0 ml/1 spray, 70 days after
sowing in IPM fields protected the crop from insect
pests and recorded less incidence of leaf miner as
well as defoliators damage than farmers’ practice fields.
IPM Module
Seed treatment with Imidacloprid @ 2 ml/kg + Dithane
M-45 @ 3 g/kg seed.
Soil application of FYM (100 kg) augmented
withTrichoderma viride @ 2 Kg/ha
Pheromone traps @5/ha for S. litura
Border crop with sorghum/Pearlmillet
Trap crop with Cowpea/Castor.
Inter crop with Redgram 11:1 ratio.
Need based pesticide application (NSKE 5% or Neem
oil 5%).
LLS control at 70 DAS.
Variety: K-6
Farmers’ Practices (FP)
Farmers use mancozeb and monocrotophos if subsidy is
provided by the government ,otherwise the crop remains
unprotected.
from 1.5 to 5.0 % where as in farmers’ practice fields
the incidence varied from 3.0 to 11.0 %. With respect
to stem rot, the incidence in IPM fields ranged from
1.5 to 4.0% where as in farmers’ practice it varied from
4.2 to 11.0 %. The PSND incidence in IPM fields
varied from 0.5 to 4.0 % whereas in farmers’ practice
it varied from 4.0 to 13.0 %. The late leaf spot was
recorded at 90 days after sowing, its incidence varied
from 22.5 to 44.0 scale in IPM fields, whereas in
farmers’ practice the incidence varied from 71.0 to 90.0
scale (Table 8).
Fig. 1 Male mouth catches of S. litura in grount nut fields
Insect Pests
Seed yield
Data on other insect pests are presented in Table
8. Thrips incidence ranged from 13.2-22.8% at 30 DAS
and 22.6 -40.5% at 60 DAS and mean was 25.28 %
in IPM as compared to 29.4 – 58.3% at 30 DAS,
48.0- 76.5% at 60 DAS and mean of 57.59% in FP .
Leaf miner damage ranged from 4.7-12.1% with a mean
of 9.99% in IPM and 9.5-43.4% with a mean of 20.54
% in FP. Defoliators incidence range were observed
from 4.6-12.1% (mean 7.97%) in IPM as compared to
11.4- 25.3% (mean 18.42%) in FP.
In general, high yields were recorded in June sown
crop, due to dry spells occur at early stage of the
crop which favours more flowering, peg penetration
and at pod maturity stage and also implementation
of IPM modules to protect the crop from insect
pests and diseases. While July sown crop experienced
with continuous rainfall at early stages, which
causes lanky growth of the crop with less flowering,
and peg penetration and also the crop was
affected with high incidence of leaf miner and
Table 8. Mean pest incidence in Groundnut in Kadiri mandal during kharif 2010
Module
Collar rot
IPM
FP
0.51
3.43
Disease incidence (%)
Dry root rot
Stem rot
PSND
2.82
7.01
2.63
6.67
2.18
7.50
31
Late Leaf spot
35.53
79.22
Insect damage (%)
Leaf miner
Defoliators
damage
25.28
9.99
7.97
57.59
20.54
18.42
Thrips
defoliators damage. The mean yield was superior
in IPM practices (7.83 q/ha) as compared to
farmers’ practices (6.49 q/ha). The total return was
Rs. 29,669 in IPM as compared to Rs. 24,518 in FP
and net returns were Rs 13,661 in IPM and Rs 9,419
in FP. On these lines, the cost benefit ratio was also
calculated and it was 1:1.85 in IPM as compared to
1:1.71 in FP (Table 9).
per cent & 1.0 - 4.0 grades, respectively. The mean
incidence and average severity of Sclerotinia stem rot
Zone 1b ranged from 1.5 - 35 per cent and 2.3 - 4.0
grades, respectively. Hot spots were identified at
Srikaranpur (Chak 2MM Dhirangawali, 25F
Gulaibewala and 40F Nanaksar), Raisinghnagar
(57RB), Padampur (26BB and 37BB) and
Sriganganagar (Rohirawali 1P, 15Z) Tehsils in
Sriganganagar district, Sangariya (8PTP), Pilibanga
(12MoD) and Hanumangarh (Dabli Rathan
Chak1DBL) in Hanumangarh district of Zone Ib of
Rajasthan, where incidence and severity ranged from
10-90 per cent and grades 3 to 4, respectively.
Maximum mean incidence (35%) was recorded in
Srikaranpur followed by Raisinghnagar (20.5%) and
Padampur (15%), whereas maximum average severity
grade was in Srikaranpur (4.0) followed by
Sriganganagar (3.65) Tehsil (Table 10). Overall mean
incidence and average severity grade in Zone 1b were
found 18.33 per cent and 3.44, respectively. The survey
further revealed that SSR is emerging as a serious
threat to mustard in Zone 1b of Rajasthan.
Table 9. Yield and economics of groundnut in IPM and
FP in Kadiri mandal during Kharif 2010
Variables
Groundnut Mean Yield (q/ha)
Total Cost (all inputs) (Rs)
Total Returns (Rs)*
Net Returns (Rs)
Benefit-cost ratio
IPM
7.83
16,008
29,669
13,661
1.85
FP
6.49
14,354
24,518
9,419
1.71
* Cost of Groundnut - Rs. 3500/q, * Cost of Red gram -Rs. 4000/q
(Yields red grams in IPM 64.7/q & in FP 31.7/q
Mustard
Surveys of incidence and severity of Sclerotinia
stem rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) of Brassica
juncea
In Zone 3b, hot spots were identified at
Mohmmadpur, Teekari, Dhankhera, Badli ki dani,
Sihali Khurd and Jharoda in Alwar, Nagalmeena in
Dausa, Keshwana in Jaipur and Sewar in Bharatpur
districts. Maximum mean incidence (30%) and
average severity (4.0) was in Lachhmangarh followed
by Mandawar, Tehsil, 21.2 per cent incidence and grade
3.5, respectively (Table 11). Nagar Tehsil in Bharatpur
has minimum mean incidence (1.33%) and average
severity (grade 2.5). Overall, mean incidence and
average severity in Zone 3b were found 12.35 per cent
Random survey of 130 locations in nine mustard
growing districts viz., Sriganganagar and
Hanumangarh in Zone 1b, Alwar, Bharatpur, Dausa
and Jaipur in agro climatic Zone 3b of Rajasthan and
Mohindergarh, Rohtak and Gurgaon of Haryana was
conducted for Sclerotinia stem rot of mustard. The
survey reveals that Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a serious
threat to mustard cultivation in all surveyed districts
and alarming situation has been recorded at some
places. Incidence and severity ranged from 1.0 – 90
Table10. Incidence and severity of Sclerotinia stem rot in Zone 1b of Rajasthan
District
Shriganganagar
Shriganganagar
Shriganganagar
Shriganganagar
Shriganganagar
Hanumangarh
Hanumangarh
Hanumangarh
Overall Zone 1b
Tehsil
(No. of villages/
locations)
Shriganganagar (20)
Srikaranpur (11)
Sadulshahar (8)
Padampur (4)
Raisinghnagar (4)
Hanumangarh (2)
Pilibanga (4)
Sangariya (4)
55 locations
Incidence
range (%)
2-55
10-90
1-10
10-20
5-50
5-15
1-5
1-15
1-90
32
Sclerotinia stem rot
Mean
incidence (%)
18.85
35.00
5.88
15.00
20.50
3.00
7.00
10.00
18.33
Average Severity on the
basis of 0-4 grade
3.65
4.00
3.00
3.50
3.30
2.50
2.30
3.0
3.44
Oilseeds
Table 11. Incidence and severity of Sclerotinia stem rot in Zone 3b of Rajasthan
District
Alwar
Alwar
Alwar
Alwar
Alwar
Alwar
Alwar
Alwar
Bharatpur
Bharatpur
Bharatpur
Bharatpur
Bharatpur
Bharatpur
Dausa
Jaipur
Overall Zone 3b
Tehsil
(No. of villages/
locations)
Alwar (3)
Tijara (3)
Bahror (5)
Kisangarh (5)
Ramgarh (4)
Lachhmangarh (1)
Rajgarh (4)
Mandawar (6)
Bharatpur (1)
Dig (1)
Kumher (2)
Nadbai (1)
Nagar (3)
Weir (2)
Dausa (7)
Kotputli (4)
55 locations
Incidence
range (%)
2-15
10-25
2-20
2-15
5-40
30
5-20
2-70
10
2
1-2
2
1-2
2-5
10-30
1-10
1-70
and 3.31, respectively. The severity shows Sclerotinia
stem rot is emerging as a serious threat to mustard in
Rajasthan.
Mean
incidence (%)
5.7
18.3
11.4
6.8
20.0
30.0
11.3
21.2
10.0
2.0
1.5
2.0
1.33
3.5
16.4
2.75
12.35
basis of 0-4 grade
2.7
4.0
3.6
2.4
3.6
4.0
3.5
3.5
4.0
4.0
2.5
3.0
2.67
2.5
3.7
3.25
3.31
Harsaru (Gurgaon), Bhansru Kalan (Sampla), Jant Pali
(Mohindergarh) and Sehlang (Kanina), where severity
ranged from 10-30 per cent and grades 3 to 4, respectively.
Overall mean incidence and average severity in Haryana
were found 12.7 per cent and 3.5, respectively. The
severity shows Sclerotinia stem rot is also emerging as a
serious threat to mustard in Haryana (Table 12).
Field survey was also conducted during March and
April in three-district viz. Mohindergarh, Gurgaon and
Rohtak of Haryana consisting 20 locations for
Sclerotinia stem rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) in Indian
mustard. The incidence and severity of SSR ranged
from 1-30 per cent and grade 2.3 to 4.0, respectively.
Evaluation of biorationals for management of of
Sclerotinia stem rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) on
Brassica juncea
In Haryana, severe incidence was observed at Pali,
Dholi and Jant Bhurjat and Sehlang in Mohidergarh,
Bhansru Kalan, Sampla in Rohtak and at Patli and
Sampka in Gurgaon district. Hot spots were identified
at villages Sampka (Pataudi), Patli (Farukhnagar),
Field experiment consisting of 9 different
treatments on the basis of biointensive Trichoderma (3
treatments), garlic bulb extract (2 treatments),
standard fungicide control, carbendazim (two
Table 12. Incidence and severity of Sclerotinia stem rot in Haryana
District
Gurgaon
Gurgaon
Gurgaon
Mohindergarh
Mohindergarh
Rohtak
Mean
Tehsil
(No. of villages/
locations)
Gurgaon (4)
Farukhnagar (2)
Pataudi (4)
Mohindergarh (4)
Kanina (4)
Sampla (2)
20 spots
Incidence
range (%)
1-10
15-20
5-15
8-30
10-15
15-25
1-30
33
Mean
incidence (%)
5.3
17.5
10.0
17.0
12.5
20.0
12.7
basis of 0-4 grade
2.3
4.0
3.3
4.0
3.8
4.0
3.5
treatments) along with untreated controls (2,
inoculated control 1 and uninoculated control 2) was
conducted in randomized block design (plot size 5x3m)
with 3 replications using variety varuna at IARI
Research Farm, New Delhi. Artificial inoculation of
soil @100ml liquid broth culture per kg FYM was done.
Sclerotinia rot incidence (Table 13) was minimum
(0.54%) in biointensive Trichoderma harzianum based
treatment, T 3 (seed treatment @ 10g/kg, soil
application @ 2.5 kg/ha & two spray @ 0.2%) at 50
and 70 days after sowing, which reduced the disease
incidence over all other treatments, increased the seed
yield (2873 kg/ha) over controls (inoculated and
uninoculated). Seed yield and seed test weight were
reduced in inoculated control 1 from all others
treatments. Garlic bulb extract based treatment (T5)
was found inferior to standard fungicide carbendazim,
seed treatment and two spray @ 0.2 per cent (T7) and
two Trichoderma based treatments (T2 and T3) for
disease incidence. Inoculated soil control, T8 (7.8%)
differed from uninoculated soil control, T9 (3.45%)
for disease incidence and seed yield i.e. 2036 and 2361
kg/ha, respectively. In biopesticide-botanical
evaluation, minimum incidence (0.54%) was recorded
in Trichoderma based treatment, T3 in comparison to
garlic bulb extract, T5 (3.57%) and inoculated control,
T8 (7.8%) under sick field conditions.
Varietal screening of Brassicas: Field trial on
virulence assessment of 50 varieties of Brassicas (sown
in paired rows along with susceptible check) was
conducted at IARI, Research Farm, New Delhi.
Artificial inoculation of soil with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
(100ml liquid broth of fungus/ kg FYM) by adding 100g
FYM / M2 was done. Artificial stem inoculations were
also done. Final observations on virulence assessment
of Sclerotinia stem rot were recorded at the time of
maturity. Out of 50 varieties assessed no variety show
immune to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Table 14). Ten
varieties namely NPC 9, Kiran, Pusa Karisma, PR 45,
Pusa Vijay, HC 2, Pusa Mustard 21, Pusa Mustard 24,
Bio YSR and RGN 48 showed less than 5 per cent
incidence were termed as resistant, whereas seven
Table 13. Efficacy of a biopesticide and a botanical on incidence of Sclerotinia stem rot and seed yield of Brassica juncea
Sr.
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Treatment
T1= Seed treatment with Trichoderma harzianum @ 10g / kg
T2= T1 + Soil application of Trichoderma harzianum @ 2.5 kg/ha
T3= T2 + spray of Trichoderma harzianum @ 0.2% at 50 and 70 day
after sowing (DAS)
T4= Seed treatment with garlic bulb extract @ 2% (W/V)
T5= T4 + spray of garlic bulb extract @ 2% at 50 and 70 DAS
T6= Seed treatment with carbendazim @ 2g/kg
T7= T6 + spray of carbendazim @ 0.2% at 50 and 70 DAS
T8= Inoculated soil, untreated seed and water spray at 50 and 70
DAS (control 1)
T9= Uninoculated soil, untreated seed and unsprayed (control 2)
Disease
Incidence (%)
4.37
2.97
0.54
Seed
Yield (Kg/ha)
2433
2736
2873
Seed test
weight (g)
4.762
4.986
5.221
3.88
3.57
5.87
3.10
7.80
2264
2617
2186
2800
2036
5.060
5.246
4.521
5.029
4.287
3.45
2361
5.077
Table 14 Disease reaction of released varieties of Brassicas against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum under artificial disease
development conditions
Disease reaction
R= < 5% disease
incidence
MR= 5 - 10% incidence
MS= 10.1 - 20.0%
incidence
No. of varieties
10
S= 20.1 - 30% incidence
HS= > 30% incidence
08
01
07
24
Name of varieties
NPC 9, Kiran, Pusa Karisma, PR 45, Pusa Vijay, HC 2, Pusa Mustard
21,
Pusa Mustard 24, Bio YSR, RGN 48
Pusa Jagannath, Geeta, PAC 401, RLM 619, BEC 286, IGC 01 and
Kranti
Pusa Agrani, Pusa Mahak, Pusa Bold, Pusa Jaikisan, RGN 13, RGN 73, RN 393,
CS 54, NRCDR 2, GM 1, GM 2, Pusa Mustard 22, Durgamani, Vasundhra, BEC
144, JM 1, JM 2, JM 3, RH 781, RH 819, Swarnjyoti, PBR 91, PBR 97 and PBR 210
CS 52, PCR 7, RH 30, Laxmi, TERI M21, Vardan, Rohini and RL 1359
Varuna
R= Resistant, MR= Moderately resistant, MS= moderately susceptible, S= Susceptible and HS= Highly susceptible.
34
Oilseeds
cultivars viz., Pusa Jagannath, Geeta, PAC 401, RLM
619, BEC 286, IGC 01 and Kranti showed 5-10 per
cent incidence were moderately resistant. Eight
varieties showed disease incidences between 20-30 per
cent were found susceptible whereas one (varuna)
having > 30 percent incidences were termed as highly
susceptible.
(Gurgaon) in collaboration of RAU, ARSs, Navgaon
(Alwar), Sriganganagar and IARI, New Delhi. The
crop under two IDM modules was sown in mid October
in three large size plots measuring 5000 sq. meter.
Different locations served as replications. Treatment
details of two IDM modules of Sclerotinia rot of Brassica
juncea presented in Table 15.
Validation of Integrated Management of Sclerotinia
stem rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) of Brassica
juncea
Centre: Sriganganagar and Hanumangarh
Module I rendered average yields of 24.39 q/ha
and exhibited minimum (6.0%) sclerotinia rot
incidence. Maximum monitory returns were also
obtained under Module I, which rendered ICBR
(Incremental Cost Benefit Ratio) of 4.61. Module II
Multilocational field trials of two IDM modules
were conducted at farmers’ field in Alwar,
Sriganganagar-Hanumangarh and village, Sampkan
Table 15. Treatment details of various IDM modules of Sclerotinia stem rot of mustard
Module
Pre sowing
I
(Biointensive
Trichoderma
based , IDM)
* Deep summer ploughing.
* Preparation of leveled &
well drained field.
* Clean cultivation-Removal
of debris and residue of
previous crop.
* Crop rotation with non
susceptible host
* Balanced fertilization: N60,
P40, K40, S40
Sowing
*
*
*
*
*
II (Botanical
based IDM)
* Deep summer ploughing
* Preparation of leveled &
well drained field.
* Clean cultivation-Removal
of debris and residue of
previous crop.
* Elimination of broad leaf
weed
( Chenopodium
album)
* Fertilization: N100, P40.
Farmer’s
practices
(Control)
* No summer ploughing
* No clean cultivation and
removal of debris.
* Fertilizer as per farmer’s
practices.
Seedling & vegetative Flowering & Pod
stage
stage
of * Foliar spray of Trichoderma
Sowing from 16 th – * Maintenance
optimum
plant
31st Oct.
mixture ( T. viride + T.
population with wide
hamatum) @ 0.2% at early
Use of clean, certified
spacing.
bloom stage i.e. 50 and 70
seed devoid of
* Judicious use of
days after sowing.
sclerotinia.
irrigation depending * Rogueing out of infected plant
Seed treatment with
upon crop stage, soil
before formation of sclerotia.
Trichoderma mixture
type , rainfall etc.
( T. viride + T.
* Collection and burning of
hamatum) @ 10 gm/
infected stem, stubbles etc.
kg seed.
Soil application of
Trichoderma mixture
( T. viride + T.
hamatum) @ 2.5 kg/
ha pre incubated in 50
kg FYM.
Avoidance of narrow
spacing/ heavy seed
rate.
* Sowing from 16 th – * Irrigation and plant * Foliar spray of aqueous garlic
population as per
31st Oct.
bulb extract @ 2% (w/v) at
farmer’s practices.
early bloom stage i.e. 50 and
* Use of clean, certified
70 days after sowing.
seed devoid of
sclerotinia.
* No rouging of infected plants.
* Seed treatment with
* Collection and burning of
aqueous garlic bulb
diseased stubbles.
extract @ 2% (w/v)
* No foliar spray against stem
* Sowing from 16 th – * Irrigation and plant
rot.
population
as
per
st
31 Oct.
* No rouging of infected
farmer’s practices.
* No seed and soil
plants.
treatment.
* No collection and burning of
diseased stubbles.
35
studied. Screening of Brassicas coordinated (07) and
Station (5) trials and germplasm (57 lines) against
white rust, Alternaria blight and Sclerotinia stem rot
of rapeseed- mustard was done. Promising genotypes
identified could be utilized in development of varieties
and hybrids in rapeseed –mustard. New sources of
resistance for white rust and Alternaria blight were
explored. Pusa Mustard 26 (NPJ – 113) released for
late sown conditions of North West Plain Zone
(NWPZ) from our on going project on “Development
of varieties and hybrids tolerant to biotic and abiotic stresses
in rapeseed-mustard” in Genetics Division of I.A.R.I.
New Delhi. It yields 16.0q/ha in November sowing
and matures in 126 days. It is tolerant to major diseases.
was next with average yields of 19.23 q/ha and
sclerotinia rot incidence of 14.0 per cent. Module II
was next in terms of monitory returns. The ICBR under
this module was 1.92. In Farmer’s practices minimum
average yield of 15.28 q/ha was obtained and maximum
sclerotinia rot incidence (25.7%) was observed.
Centre: Alwar
Validations trials were also conducted under
Navgaon, Alwar (Kherli Sayad MIA, Behror and
Teekari) region. Module I besides rendering maximum
average yield of 24.0 q/ha, also exhibited minimum
(8.0%) Sclerotinia stem rot incidence. Maximum net
returns (Rs. 40,882/-) were also obtained in Module I,
which rendered B/C ratio of 3.12. Module II was next in
terms of net returns (Rs. 35362/-) with B/C of 2.80. In
farmer’s practices, minimum average yields of 20.6 q/
ha and disease incidence of 24.5 per cent was recorded.
Sustainability and impact studies
IPM in mustard was validated during Rabi 200708 and 2008-09 in the villages in Navgaon area of
Alwar district of Haryana. During Rabi 2010-11,
impact studies were conducted to find the
sustainability of the technology. There are around 144
farmers families in the village who grow mustard in
Rabi season and mustard crop is spread in 142 ha area.
In this village, 90 per cent farmers had sown mustard
crop at recommened time of sowing i.e. between 15th
to 25th Oct., 2010, the remaining farmers could not
sown during this time due to un-availability of irrigated
water or timely rain (Table 16). In this villages, 55 per
cent farmers had sown the mustard crop after doing
seed treatment with Trichoderma viride @ 10 gm/kg
seed. Remaining farmers also wanted to do seed
treatment with Trichoderma viride but could not
acccomlish the seed treatment due to its non
availability in the local market. More than ten per cent
farmers have also done handpicking of aphid infected
twig from border of the field.
Centre: Sampka (Gurgaon)
Module I gave maximum average yields of 26.1 q/
ha and also exhibited minimum (2.75%) sclerotinia
rot incidence. A maximum net return (Rs. 39,480/-)
was also obtained under Module I, which rendered B/
C ratio of 2.92. Module II was next in order of
production rendering average yields of 20.0 q/ha. The
sclerotinia rot incidence under this module was 8.37
per cent. Module II was next in terms of net returns.
The B/C ratio under this module was 2.19. Farmer’s
practices field gave minimum average yields of 18.5 q/
ha, and had Sclerotinia rot incidence of 10.0 per cent.
Development of varieties and hybrids tolerant to
biotic and abiotic stresses in rapeseed-mustard
Genetics of new sources of resistance for white rust
(WR) Alternaria blight (AB) and identification of
QTLs/gene tags for marker-assisted selection was
Table 16. Technology adoption Index (%) of different component of IPM at Mohammadpur, Alwar, Rajasthan
S. No.
1.
2.
3.
Technology
Seed treatment with Trichoderma viride
Sowing of mustard crop between period 15th to 30th Oct., 2010
Handpicking of aphid infected twigs
36
Adoption Index (%)
55
90
10
Oilseeds
IPM adopted Farmer’s Mustard crop field in Village Mohammadpur, Navgaon ( Alwar)
Soybean
The sowing of soybean crop in the village was done
during July 10-14, 2010. The varieties used by the
farmers were JS- 335 and JS 93-05. Due to delayed
and erratic monsoon during the crop season, crop
growth was poor. Incidence of S. litura on the soybean
crop was too low and sporadic.
However, there was severe infestation of green
semilooper (Chrysodeixis acuta) on the crop. The girdle
beetle infestation was comparatively low that was
observed at pod formation stage of the crop. Farmers were
advised for timely application such as triazophos against
defoliator. Population of this defoliator remained under
control after the insecticide application and there was
no further defoliation by this insect pest. The higher
yield (13.03 q/ha) in IPM fields was obtained against
farmers’ practices (11.5 q/ha). Natural enemies’ records
are presented in Table 17.
Development and validation of IPM module for
Soybean
An eco-friendly IPM module consisting of the
proper spacing of 30 cm as compared to 22.5cm
(general farmers’ practices) and proper seed rate 80
kg/ha against 100 kg/ha in FP, use of sex pheromones
@ 5 traps/ha for mass trapping of adult population of
S. litura, application of Sl NPV and need based
soyabean cultivated application of safer chemical
insecticides was developed and validated in 50 ha area
in village Dungerja in Kota district, Rajasthan for
soyabean cultivated during Kharif season. Regular
visits and interaction with the farmers of the village
were done to educate them about the eco-friendly
integrated pest management technologies.
Table 17. Natural enemies of S. litura in soybean crop
Natural enemy
NPV
Carcelia illota Curr.(Tachinidae: Diptera)
Cantheconidia furcellata Wolff.
(Pentatomidae: Hemiptera)
Cotesia flavipus(Braconidae: Hymenoptera)
Stage of pest attacked
caterpillar
caterpillar
caterpillar
caterpillar
37
Period of activity of natural enemy
During last week of August to 2nd week of September.
During last week of August to 2nd week of September.
During 3rd week of August to 2nd week of Sept.
During 3rd week of August to 2nd week of Sept.
VEGETABLES
IPM in Vegetable Crops
termite was recorded in storage condition which was
controlled by dipping of ginger seed in solution of
Chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 2.0 ml per liter of water.
Training was provided through farmers field schools
for implementation of IPM technology. In both villages
rhizome rot and leaf spot are the major diseases of
ginger. The average incidences of leaf spot and rhizome
rot in IPM adopted field were 11.15 and 9.88 percent
as compared to 17.11 and 16.99 per cent in non IPM
field, respectively (Fig 1). The result indicated that
implementation of IPM module in above villages
helped in reducing the incidence of pests and
diseases.The data on rhizome seed yield and its
economic analysis is given in table 1. The data shows
that total cost of production of ginger, gross returns
and net returns and cost benefit ratio were higher
under IPM practice than under farmers practice.
Development and validation of IPM Module in
cabbage, capsicum & Ginger in Mid Garwal hill
area of Uttrkahnd
Ginger
It is one of the major horticultural crop cultivated
in mid Garhwal hills of Uttarakhand state that fetch
higher economic returns to farmers. The IPM
technology comprised of soil application of Trichoderma
@250g/q enriched FYM /vermicomost and
chlorpyriphos, seed Rhizome treatment with mancozeb
(2.5gm)+ carbendazim (1gm)+ chlorpyriphos(2ml) /
liter water for 0.5 to 1 hr, spraying of mancozeb (2gm)
+ carbendazim (1gm), spraying of Trichoderma +
Pseudomonas (2:1) formulation (Leaf spot)), hand
picking and destruction of white grubs larvae,
drenching the fields with carbendazim 0.2% if the
rhizomes seeds are harvested (Rhizome rot), deep
ploughing after harvesting of the crop, dipping of
selected healthy seed rhizomes in mancozeb (2.5gm)
+ carbendazim (1gm)+ chlorpyriphos (2ml) /liter
water for 0.5 to 1 hr, before drying in shade and storage
was validated at farmer’s field in Gaind and Pali villages
(block-Fakot, Tehri Garhwal). Numbers of farmers
selected were 20 and 22, respectively in Pali and Gaind
districts. Before sowing of ginger seed, infestation of
Cabbage
IPM module comprised of preparing of nursery on
raised bed of 10-15 cm height, soil solarization of
nursery beds three weeks prior to sowing , application
of T. harzianum augmented in FYM, seed treatment
with carbendazim, spray of carbendazim in nursery,
seedling dip in the suspension of bioagents (T.hazianum
and P. fluorescence), application of neem based
formulation, monitoring of population of S.litura and
P.xylostella, scouting of pest damage, uprooting and
destruction of diseases and insect infected plants and
need based application of mancozeb was validated in
Jadipani village (Chamba block; Tehri Garhwal
district) covering 20 farmers. Observations on pest
incidence indicated that mean incidence of diseases
like sclerotinia head rot, black leg and collar rot was
lower i.e. 19.99, 17.11 and 9.99 percent in IPM plots,
respectively as compared to farmer’s field where the
incidence was very high i.e. 46.66, 38.89 and 38.33
percent, respectively. Besides the disease, insect pest
like whitegrub, cutworm, cabbage butterfly, DBM,
aphid, tobacco caterpillar and pantatomid bugs was
Fig. 1 Incidence of pests in ginger
38
Vegetables
Fig. 2 Incidence of pests in cabbage
Fig. 3 Incidence of pests in capsicum (2010-11)
recorded in cabbage crop. The average infestation of
insects viz. cabbage butterfly and painted bug in IPM
fields was 3.81 and 1.65 percent as compared to
farmers practice where the damage was 7.73 and 6.28
percent, respectively (Fig 2). Cabbage head yield
was 112.5 qha-1 in IPM practice as compared to 83.5
qha-1 in farmers practice. Higher net return and
benefit cost ratio i.e. Rs. 0.45 lac/ha and 1.96,
respectively, was recorded in IPM field as compared
to Rs. 0.12 lac/ha and 1.21, respectively in farmers
fields (Table 1).
uprooting and destruction of disease infected plants,
spraying of copper based fungicides for management
of fruit rot for capsicum crop was validated at farmer’s
fields in Chopdiyal village covering 25 farmers families.
Training was provided to farmers during pre sowing
and post sowing period to creat awareness about IPM
technology and its implementations. The damping off,
anthracnose leaf spot and phytophthora blight was
recorded as major diseases. During the study, it was
found that the average incidence of damping off,
anthracnose leaf spot and phytophthora blight in IPM
field was 16.7, 20.1 and 28.3 percent, respectively;
while in farmer’s field, it was 53.3, 47.8 and 60.0
percent, respectively (Fig 3). Effect of IPM strategies
for major insect pest of capsicum was also recorded.
White grub, cutworm, thrips and aphid were found
infesting the crop but thrips were the major pests of
capsicum. The average infestation of thrips in IPM
adopted plot was 7.7 percent as compared to farmers
practice (11.2%). The net returns (Rs 2.57 lac/ha) in
IPM fields as compared to Rs1.6 lac/ha in farmers
practice. The cost benefit ratio was 1: 4.13 in IPM
field and 1:2.76 in farmers practice (Table 1).
Capsicum
IPM module comprising soil solarization of nursery
area prior to sowing, well prepared raised beds ,
application of Trichoderma enriched FYM or
vermicomost , seed treatment with carbendazim and
imidacloprid, seeding-dip in the suspension of bioagent (Trichoderma harzianum and Pseudomonas
fluorescence) formulations for management, spraying
of Pseudomonas formulation @10 g/l in nursery for
management of leaf spot, need based application of
neem based formulation, mancozeb /spinosad,
Table 1. Economics of Capsicum, cabbage and ginger production in IPM and farmers field during 2010-11
Particulars
Capsicum
IPM
Farmers practice
Total Cost (Rs/ha)
82139
90285
Yield (Qt/ha)
105
78
Gross Return (Rs/ha)
339150
251940
Net Return (Rs/ha)
257011
161655
Benefit Cost Ratio
4.13
2.79
Rate of capsicum (Rs 3230/q), cabbage (806) and ginger (3632)
IPM
46295
113
91078
44783
1.96
39
Cabbage
Farmers practice
55803
84
67704
11901
1.21
IPM
112026
134
486688
374630.25
4.34
Ginger
Farmers practice
103474
89
323248
219774
3.10
Mass Production of bio control agents (T. harzianum
and P. flouresence)
Mass production of bioagents viz., Trichoderma sp.
and Pseudomonas sp. was carried out in the Ranichauri
center. Trichoderma sp. was mass produced on the
barnyard millet grains in solid state fermentation. After
incubation the barnyard grains fully covered by
Trichoderma spores are dried, crushed and sieved. The
fine sieved powder containing the spores is then mixed
with sterile talc powder in a proportion of 1:2. The
sieved waste of barnyard millet is also rich in
Trichoderma sp. spores and was used for distribution to
the farmers for value addition of FYM and
vermicompost. Pseudomonas sp. was grown in King’s B
broth. After incubation the broth with bacterial growth
is added to the sterile talc powder, dried and packed
to be made available to the IPM farmers.
cultivated in rainy season in village Palari of Sonipat
district of Haryana to curtail the application of
pesticides and restore the ecological balance. Major
problems that needed interventions were damping off
and cabbage head borer in nursery stage, alternaria
leaf spot and S. litura after transplanting. IPM
technology comprised of soil solarization of nursery
area, application of T.harzianum through FYM
amendments as soil treatment, seedling dip in T.
harzianum suspension, erection of sex pheromone trap
for S. litura, scouting and monitering pest damage, need
based application of pesticides and mechanical
destruction of pest stages and removing diseases
infected plants. Implementation of IPM technology
was undertaken in more than 60 acre area covering
majority of the cauliflower growing farmers in the
village through organizing farmer’s field schools. The
most important component of transfer of IPM
technology was training of the farmers for development
of technical skills such as reinforcement of FYM with
T. harzianum, seed treatment and seedling dip with T.
harzianum. The focus of these participatory learning
sessions was on the importance of soil-borne diseases,
recognition of symptoms and their impact on
cauliflower production. In the next phase, scouting
for the damage due to H. undallis and alternaria leaf
spot (ALS), installation of sex pheromone trap for
monitoring of population of S. litura and introducing
action threshold concept. Farmer’s participatory
training (FPT) also focused on the recognition of insect
pests such as egg stages of S. litura, larval damage,
recognition of ALS symptoms and the presence of
cocoons of natural enemies such as C. glomerata.
Finally, the impact of using a broad-spectrum chemical
insecticide compared to a specific Sl NPV biopesticide
and reduced risk insecticides was discussed. This type
of farmers’ participatory trainings has had greater
success in achieving IPM implementation.
Organizing Field Schools/trainings
Farmer’s Field Schools were organized in village
Jadipani, Chopdiyal and Pali &Gaind for creating
awareness among farmers about managing the pest and
diseases in the fields in an integrated mode. Field
school in Jadipani and Chopdiya; concentrated on
implementing IPM module in cabbage and capsicum
crops, respectively while in the farmer’s field school in
Pali and Gaind villages different strategies of integrated
pest management module for ginger were discussed.
Various training programs namely ,management of
diseases in nursery stages, soil solarization, field and
pre sowing rhizome seed treatment for management
of pests, application of bioagents and their
importance,timely application of pesticides treatment
in Gaind village were conducted on farmer’s field to
educate the farmers about the IPM approaches. Date
wise training programme conducted in different
villages are as under besides the visiting of junior staff,
time to time.
Incidence of insect pests and diseases was
considerablyreduced as a result of the adoption of IPM
module (Table 2) The implementation of IPM
technology also helped in realization of higher
economic returns an(Rs/ha) and cost benefit ratio
(Table 3) in IPM fields (132250) (1:4.08), than in
farmers practice (107850) and (1:3.22).
Promotion of IPM technology in cauliflower
growing area of Haryana under area wide
approach
Based on the findings of earlier project on
development and validation of IPM module for early
cauliflower, a new project was initiated from year 201011 to popularize and promote the IPM technology
40
Vegetables
Studies on extent of susceptibility of S. litura
acquisited from cauliflower fields to different
insecticides
Farmers in the major cauliflower growing villages
of three districts namely, Yamuna nagar, Karnal and
Panipat of Haryana were contacted to promote and
popularize the IPM technology for cauliflower
cultivated in the rainy season. Information was
gathered on the pattern of cauliflower cultivation,
plant protection practices followed and type of pest
problem observed etc. Larval instars of S. litura were
collected from cauliflower fields of the above locations,
Anatpura village (Jaipur, Rajasthan) and Plari village
(Sonipat, Haryana) to evaluate the susceptibility of
commercial formulations of different novel insecticides
viz., ë cyhalothrin, â cyfluthrin ,bifenthrin, Indoxacarb,
Emamectin benzoate, Spinosad, Chlorantraniliprole,
pyridalyl, flubendanide, Novaluron in the laboratory
through leaf dip method. Results showed that
Emamectin benzoate was most toxic followed by
Indoxacarb. Based on LC50 values Jaipur population
showed highest lethal dose whereas Sonipat population
showed lowest for Emamectin benzoates as well as
Indoxacarb. Pests showed different level of resistance
to endosulfan, cypermethrin, deltamethrin bifenthrin,
chlorpyriphos and quinalphos
Table 2. Effect of IPM module on incidence of pests in
cauliflower (2010-11
Pest problem
Number of larvae of head borer/plant
% plant infested by S. litura
% Damping off incience
% Alternaria leaf spot incidence
IPM
0.1
3.8
3.9
2.3
FP
0.3
8.5
8.7
7.5
Table 3. Effect of IPM module on economics of cauliflower
production (2010-11)
Parameters
Number of sprays
Total cost (all inputs) (Rs/ha)
Mean yield (q/ha)
Net returns (Rs/ha)
Cost Benefit ratio
IPM
FP
5.2
11.5
40,250 48,500
65
59
132250 107850
1:4.08
1:3.22
Rate of cauliflower: Rs. 2650/q (approx.)
Total cost included: Labour cost for land preparation, nursery
sowing, ransplanting, fertilizer application,
hand weeding, pesticide pplication, material
cost like seed, pesticides, bio-control agents,
fertilizers etc.
Sustainability and Impact studies of cauliflower IPM
technology
Farmers’ response recorded after termination of the
previous project to various components of the IPM
technology that were implemented at their fields.
There was overwhelming response to adopt
application of T. harzianum in soil through FYM
amendment and as seedling dip. Farmers felt that seed
treatment is not essential as the seed purchased by
the growers is already treated with carbendazim.
Farmers were convinced with the preparation of the
raised bed for preparation of nursery to avoid water
logging conditions during rains and 98 per cent of the
farmers were willing to continue to do so. Response to
the choice of insecticide such as spinosad, novaluron,
indoxcarb etc. was also 90 per cent as these provided
high levels of pest mortality and remained effective
for longer period, and helped to avoid repeated spray.
Only 10 per cent farmers were convinced about the
efficacy of the neem but response towards use of Sl
NPV was 40 per cent. Eighty per cent of the farmers
were educated to differentiate between the symptoms
of the diseases or insect damage and adopt pesticide
application accordingly.
Validation of IPM technologies for bell pepper in
stae of Haryana and hot pepper in state of Karnataka
With a view to reduce the load of chemical
pesticides and to make the farmers aware about the
other alternative methods of pest control, validation
of IPM technology for bell pepper in 50 acre area
covering 50 progressive farming families and for
hot pepper in 20 acres was carried out in Daha JagirBajindan Jattan, District Karnal (Haryana) and village
Nelahal (Raichur Distt.), Karnataka respectively.
Bell pepper
IPM interventions
IPM was implemented on the farmers fields in the
village Daha Jagir-Bajindan Jattan by organizing
Farmers Field School in the beginning of season (preseason) to make farmers aware of pest problems and
their management in an IPM way.
41
be lower viz; 1.38 (1-5 rating/plant) and 4.0 per cent,
respectively in IPM fields as against higher incidence
of 3.86 (1-5 rating/plant) and 7.8 per cent in non-IPM
fields, respectively. It was also observed that among
the diseases, collar & stem rot incidence was very high
(16 per cent) in Farmer’s practices (FP) whereas it was
relatively low being 2.0 per cent (58 per cent in one
field only) in IPM fields. It was also observed that,
apart from other insect pests, this disease played a
major role in reducing the marketable yield of bell
pepper in non-IPM fields. The incidence of sun scald
varied from 7-10 per cent in IPM as well as FP fields
(Table 4).
Nursery
•
•
•
Soil solarisation with transparent polythene of 0.45 mm
thickness for about three weeks
Mixing of nursery soil with FYM enriched with Trichoderma
harzianum
Application of neem for aphids and Saaf fungicide for collar
rot
Main field
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Seedling dip in Pseudomonas before transplanting @ 5
ml/ litre
Spray of neem product against aphids
Spray of spinosad 45 SC against thrips
Erection of pheromone traps for monitoring of borer
adults )
Periodic releases of egg parasitoid, Trichogramma
chilonis )
Spray of HaNPV @ 250 LE/ha 2-3 times in the initial
stages ) Fruit borer
Application of emmamectin benzoate 5 WDG)
Periodic removal of borer or rot damaged fruits or mosaic
virus complex affected plants
Need based spray of imidacloprid (Aphids), acephate and
fipronil (thrips), indoxacarb/coragen (fruit borer) and
0.02% mancozeb/ Saaf/Validamycin for collar rot
(Rhizoctonia) & Fusarium
Table 4. Pest incidence in IPM and FP fields of bell pepper
in Daha, Karnal (Haryana) during 2009-10
Pest
Thrips (1-5)
Fruit borer/plant
Fruit borer (%)
Collar & stem rot (%)
Sun scald (%)
IPM
1.38
0.3
4.0
6.0 (0-58)
6.4
FP
3.86
0.8
7.8
16.0 (0-80)
8.8
Yield and economics of IPM
The adoption of IPM technology in bell pepper
resulted in reduction of the number of sprays to 6.3
from 12.2 in non-IPM fields and at the same time an
increased yield of 216.3 q/ ha in IPM and 180.0 q/ ha
in Farmers’ practices (FP) fields was obtained resulting
in the higher CBR of 1:3.8 in IPM and 1:3.30 in nonIPM fields, respectively (Table 5).
Farmers Practices included only application of
chemical pesticides like acephate, indoxacarb, coragen,
endosulfan, dimethoate, Alittee, chlorothalonil,
dithane M 45, chlorpyriphos, copper oxy chloride and
bavistin etc.
Pest monitoring and incidence
Thrips (Scritothrips dorsalis Hood ) were observed
as the major sucking pest while fruit borer Helicoverpa
armigera Hubner was recorded as the major borer pest
in bell pepper. Among diseases, infection of collar and
stem rot (Rhizoctonia solani) in non-IPM and sun scald,
a disorder was observed in IPM as well as FP fields.
Table 5. Economics of IPM technology in bell pepper in
Daha, Karnal (Haryana) during 2009-10
Parameter
Number of chemical sprays
Ecofriendly/ biopesticides sprays
Cost of plant protection (Rs/ha)
Total cost of cultivation including
plant protection (Rs/ha)
Mean yield (q/ha)
Gross return (Rs/ha)
C:B ratio
*Rs 16/kg
Monitoring of weekly trap catches for fruit borer
indicated the appearance of Helicoverpa armigera about
15-20 days after transplanting in February–March and
its presence throughout the cropping season. The
release of egg parasite, Trichogramma chilonis
(Ashmead) was synchronized with the appearance of
moths in pheromone traps. The mean incidence of
key insect pests viz thrips and fruit borer was found to
IPM
2.8
3.5
8163
90700
FP
12.2
10256
87033
216.3
346000
1:3.81
180.0*
288000
1:3.30
Natural enemies
A large build up of natural enemies viz. Coccinellids
and predatory spiders i.e. 1.2 and 0.8 per plant,
42
Vegetables
respectively was observed in IPM fields as compared
to lower population i.e. 0.4 and 0.4 per
plant, respectively in Farmer’s practices (FP)
fields (Table 6).
Hot Pepper (Chillies)
Management of diseases through bio control agaent
An experiment on the management of collar &
stem rot of bell pepper through Trichoderma and
Pseudomonas and of Southern blight of bell pepper:
by S. rolfsii appeared in Daha village of Karnal with
incidence of 76 %. Trichoderma isolate no. 21,22
and 23 showed inhibition percent of 90,90 and 65 %
respectively
Base line information & Socio-economic status of
chilli growers
IPM chilli growers in Nelahal had farming &
dairying as the predominant profession. The
information collected further revealed that though 15
-20 per cent of the farmers of the village were aware of
the biocontrol / IPM technologies which they learnt
from other IPM farmers, however, most of them were
wholly dependent on synthetic chemicals for pest
control and none of them were adopting IPM. On an
average, every farmer gave 17-30 (27) sprays (worth
Rs 20000-25000/ season/ ha) of pesticides in hot
pepper. Large farmers gave more number of sprays as
against small farmers. The commonly used chemical
pesticides were Imidacloprid, thiophenate methyl,
diafenthiuron, monocrotophos, dicofol, bavistin,
bayleton, chlorothalonil, dichlorovos and use of
mixtures of pesticides was very common.
Validation of Non- Chemical IPM and INM
technology (organic) for bell pepper
Major IPM interventions validated in hot pepper at
farmers’ fields were as follows
Table 6. Natural enemy population in IPM and FP fields of
bell pepper in Daha, Karnal (Haryana) during 2009-10
Natural enemy
Coccinellids/plant
Predatory spiders/plant
IPM
1.2
0.8
FP
0.4
0.4
The successful validation of the IPM technology
in bell pepper in Daha-Bajinda (Karnal), which had
for three consecutive years (2007-08, 2008-09 and
2009-10) resulted in the reduction of pesticides sprays
to only four or five, with its further refinement and
productive utilization of plenty of surplus FYM
available in the village, emboldened us to take nonchemical (organic) bell pepper trial in about one acre
area during 2009-10. Integrated nutrient management
(INM) & integrated pest management (IPM)
technology (Non-chemical) which included
application of FYM @ 20 tonnes/ha fortified with
Trichoderma sp., seedling dip before transplanting in
Pseudomonas fluorescence, soil application of neem as
manure; erection of pheromone traps @ 12/ acre for
fruit borer, need based sprays of neem, releases of
Trichogramma sp @ 1.5 lakh/ ha for fruit borer
and clipping and application of eco-friendly pesticide
like spinosad and emmamectin benzoate, though
resulted in lower yields (172.25 q/ha) and so the lower
CBR (1:2.94) in non-chemical (organic) trial than IPM
(205 q/ha; 1:3.78) and Farmers’ Practices (190 q/ha;
1:3.51).
43
•
Seedling dip in Pseudomonas before transplanting @ 5 ml/
litre
•
Seed treatment with imidacloprid 70 WS (10 g/kg) + FYM
enriched with Trichoderma harzianum (4 g/kg) for thrips,
mites and soil borne diseases
•
Application of imidachloprid 17.8 SL @ 0.5 ml/litre for
sucking pests
•
Addition of neem cake @ 1 q/acre for soil borne diseases &
insects
•
Application of diafenthiuron @ 1 g/litre against thrips and
mites
•
Spray of ridomyl MZ 68 @ 2 g/ltre for leaf spot management
•
Application of Pseudomonas fluoresence @ 5 g/litre for
inducing systemic resistance in plants and as biocontrol
agent.
•
Application of propiconazole and triademefon 50 WP @ 1
ml/litre against thrips and mites
•
Spray of Carbendezim 50 WP @ 2 g/litre drenching for
management of powdery mildew disease.
•
Spinosad 25 SC and Lufenuron application @0.1 ml/litre
for fruit borers
•
Application of Pseudomonas fluoresence for inducing
systemic resistance in plants and as biocontrol agent.
•
Application of hexaconazole 5EC (1.0 ml/l) for powdery
mildew
in IPM plots while in non-IPM plots it was. In general,
the powdery mildew appeared in middle of the season
by third week of November and reached its peak
between end of November and beginning of December.
The mean incidence was 15.95 per cent in IPM plot
as against 18.58 per cent in non-IPM plots. Fruit rot
incidence started in December and reached its peak
in January. The incidence of dieback was higher in
Non-IPM plot as compared to IPM plots. The
incidence of wilt or root rot was 11.99 per cent in IPM
plot as against 13.40 per cent in Non-IPM plot. The
incidence of wilt started late in the season by January.
However, incidence of wilt was slightly more in NonIPM plot as compared to IPM plot which is mainly
due to soil application of the Trichoderma enriched
FYM, use of P.fluorescens, neem cake and vermin
compost (Table 7).
Farmers Practices (FP) fields had applied only
pesticides like captan, imidacloprid, dimethoate,
Spinosad, Lambda Cyhalothrin, chlorpyriphos,
Tridemorph, Ethion, Oxydemeton methyl etc.
Pest monitoring and incidence
Thrips, Scritothrips dorsalis Hood and mites
Polyphagotarsonemus latus Banks and aphids,
Myzus persicae Sulzer were observed as the major
sucking pests while fruit borer Helicoverpa armigera
Hubner was recorded as the major borer pest in chillies.
Among diseases, a heavy infection of Cercospora
& Alternaria leaf spot, Die-back & anthracnose,
powdery mildew and Fusarium wilt was observed in
non-IPM fields.
Monitoring of weekly trap catches for fruit borer
indicated the appearance of Helicoverpa armigera from
December month onwards and that was present in the
field until February.
Table 7. Pest incidence in IPM and FP fields of hot pepper
in Nelahal, Raichur (Karnataka) during 2010-11
During September months, the incidence of
mites as well as thrips was low. However, from
October onwards the population increased until
December, afterwards it showed decling trends. In
IPM plots, the mean thrips population was 2.06 per
leaf with 0.15 LCI per plant was noticed
during October month while Non- IPM plot recorded
2.56 thrips per leaf with 0.18 LCI per plant.
However, the mite incidence was high during
November month with a mean population of 1.77
per leaf in IPM plot as against 2.46 in Non IPM
plot and leaf curl due to mites in both IPM and
Non IPM plot was 0.18 and 0.29 per plant, respectively.
Overall the mite incidence in chilli was low during
the current season. Incidence of aphids and whitefly
on IPM plot not recorded. Maximum aphids
population of 2.61 per plant was noticed during
December month and it may be due to use of
pyrethroids. Similarly, incidence of whitefly was 0.02
in IPM plot while in Non IPM plot low incidence of
white fly was noticed at early stage of crop growth and
the population was negligible.
Pest
Thrips /leaf
Leaf curl index/plant
Mites/leaf
Leaf curl index/plant
Aphids/plant
White fly/plant
S. Litura larvae/15 cm dia
S. litura damage
Fruit borer/plant
Fruit borer (%)
Diseases
Leaf spot (PDI)
Powdery mildew (PDI)
Dieback-anthracnose (PDI)
Fusarium wilt (%)
IPM
2.06
0.15
1.77
0.18
0.00
0.02
1.06
2.89
0.45
3.15
FP
2.56
0.18
2.46
0.29
0.40
0.10
1.42
6.27
1.26
8.73
8.95
15.95
14.32
11.99
10.60
18.58
16.69
13.40
Yield and economics of IPM
The adoption of IPM technology in hot pepper
resulted in reduction of the number of sprays to 15
from 25-30 in non-IPM fields. During 2009-10 the
average dry chilli yield was 35.5 q/ha with a net profit
Rs. 209900/- in IPM plot as against 25.5 q/ha with a
net profit of Rs. 141400 in non-IPM plot. However, in
2010-2011, the IPM plot recorded an average yield of
30.70 q/ha with a net profit of Rs. 261204/- as against
25.0 q/ha of dry chilli with a net profit of Rs. 200956/-,
The incidence of leaf spot was high in the month
of October and started declining thereafter both in
IPM and farmers plot (Non IPM). With the IPM
interventions, the mean incidence was 8.95 per cent
44
Vegetables
a gain of Rs. 60248/- over non-IPM resulting in the
higher CBR in IPM as against non-IPM fields,
respectively. Adoption of IPM appeared to decrease
the cost of cultivation significantly than non-IPM fields
(Table 8).
Natural enemies
Predatory population viz., Coccinellids and
Chrysoperla was more in IPM plot compared to NonIPM plot. A large build up of natural enemies especially
Coccinellids 0.81/plant and Chrysoperla 0.17/plant was
observed in IPM fields as compared to lower population
0.31 and 0.12 per plant, respectively recorded in
Farmer’s practices (FP) fields.
Table 8. Economics of IPM technology in hot pepper in
Nelahal, Raichur (Karnataka) during 2010-11
Parameter
Number of chemical sprays
Number of biopesticides sprays
Cost of plant protection (Rs/ha)
Total cost of cultivation including
plant protection (Rs/ha)
Mean dry chilli yield (q/ha)
Gross return (Rs/ha)
Net return (Rs/ha)
C:B ratio
IPM
10
5
6389
28389
FP
17 (27)
9869
34869
30.70
289593
261204
1:10.2
25.0
235825
200956
1:6.7
IPM Promotion
IPM promotional activities were carried out by
regularly visiting the adopted fields, interacting with
farmers, organizing the Farmers’ Field Schools (FFS’s),
Display of Visual-Aids and publicity through print &
electronic media etc.
45
IPM UNDER PROTECTED CULTIVATION
Cucumber
2.
IPM components
A study on comparative effectiveness of IPM and
non IPM components was conducted. Each module
was consisting of several operations. The variety used
was ‘Satis’ and plot size was 6 X 1 sq.m. The
experiment was laid out in a randomized block design
with 15 replications maintaining the spacing at 30 X
30 cm. In IPM module, bioagents like T. harzianum,
P. fluorescens and combination of both were used for
controlling the soil borne pathogens and biopesticides
like Agrospray and Azadirachtin were used for
controlling the insect pests. Necessary cultural
operations following gap protocol were carried out as
and when required in IPM treatments. Fertilizer
application and soil drenching practices were common
for both IPM and Non-IPM treatments. The
economics of IPM module and non-IPM module were
worked out.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Pest incidence in cucumber
Key pests observed were mites, fusarium, Damping
off, Root-Knot Nematode (Fig.1) and their effects were
found significantly reduced in IPM module compared
to non-IPM module. The results obtained are given
below.
Grafting in cucumber for resistance against pests
An experiment was conducted for grafting in
cucurbits for imparting resistance against pests in
CPCT nursery using cucumber as scion and pumpkin,
bottle gourd and summer squash as resistant root
stocks. Trials for grafting have been successful however,
1. The average mites and thrips species population
was 5.80 and 0.59 respectively per leaf in IPM as
Red Spider mites
compared to 10.50 and 1.15 in non-IPM.
The average disease incidence of Fusarium wilting
(%) and damping off (%) was 9.26 and 8.61
respectively in IPM compared to 15.77 and 17.87
in non-IPM.
Root Knot nematode infestation (%) was also less
in IPM 3.85 in comparison to 5.06% in non-IPM.
Total affected plant by disease, insect and
nematode recorded was 19.81% in IPM as
compared to 37.56% in non-IPM.
The mean cost benefit ratio of IPM is 1:3.98 as
compared to 1:3.18 of non-IPM treatment.
Combination of azadirachtin and Agrospray
(0.5%) was the most effective component of IPM
for controlling the sucking pest.
Of the potential biological control agents tested
in this study, the treatment combination of
Pseudomonas fluorescens and Trichoderma
harzianum was most consistent and effectively
controlled disease incidence compared to other
treatments.
Fusarium wilt
Root knot nematode
Fig.1 Various pests and their damage recoorded in cucumber
46
Damping off
IPM under Protected Cultivation
disease and insect problems were recorded.
Comparatively resistance was observed only in 5%
accessions.
the resistance screening of the same requires to be
conducted (Fig. 2).
a. 1st screening: Screened more than 196 accessions
for resistance to biological stresses from the core
collection grown in open field of CPCT.
b. 2 nd screening: Screening was performed in
greenhouse in 2 weeks old seedlings especially for
root knot nematode.
Fig. 2 Grafting in cucumber
c. 3 rd screening: Screening was performed in
greenhouse in 4 weeks old seedlings especially for
root knot nematodes.
Effect of different treatments including chemical
and bioagents on soil borne pathogens using an
underground root observation chamber
(rhizotron) on cucumber
d. 4th screening: Comparatively resistant successions
were screened in pots using 50% sick soil and
50% nursery mixture.
The experiment was conducted in CPCT
greenhouse, IARI, during October 2010 to observe the
effect of 12 treatments on cucumber cultivation. The
observations of roots were taken through use of
rhizotron. The treatments were Steam sterilization,
Sterilized soil, Dazomet, Metam sodium, STTC,
Carbofuran, Trichoderma harzianum (Th), Pseudomonas
fluorescens (Pf), mixture of Th and Pf, Bavistin, Neem
seed powder including control. All the treatments
consistently gave effective results in controlling soil
borne pathogens except dazomet. Maximum damping
off was observed in dazomet treated plot (44%). Metam
sodium and Sterilized soil were most effective in
controlling the root knot nematode.
IPM trials for soil-borne pathogens in tomato under
protected cultivation
An experiment was undertaken to address the
problem of soil-borne pathogens of tomato in
greenhouse with application of FYM and Bio control
agents (Trichoderma harzianum, Pseudomonas
fluorescens and Metarhizium anisopliae) alone and in
combination with each other. Results revealed that
the combination of FYM and bioagents T. harzianum
+ P. fluorescens reduced the percentage of infestation
and significantly reduced the mortality including root
gall index caused by nematode, Meloidogyne incognita
when the bioagents were administered at a higher dose.
Tomato
Screening of tomato germplasm for biological
stress under open field condition
About 200 tomato accessions grown in open field
of CPCT were evaluated for various biological stresses.
In laboratory, gall numbers per plant were counted
under microscope. At least three plants per accessions
were screened. Accessions with fewer or smaller galls
per plant were scored as partially resistant (0-1). All
accessions identified as partially resistant in initial
screens were retested in subsequent screens.
Approximately 60% and 80% of the accessions
exhibited insect and disease infestation, respectively
in open field screening. For 95% of the accessions, both
Fig. 3 Management of soil-borne pathogens in green house
47
A considerable post application increase in bioagents
was also observed. There was 69.3% reduction of
Fusarium wilt in T. harzianum treated beds followed by
P. fluorescens (46.7%) and M. anisopliae (14.1%).
Significant yield increase (approx. 30%) observed in
IPM beds (Fig. 3).
Efficacy of bio-agents against soil borne
pathogens in Gerbera
The experiment was carried out to test the
compatibility of bioagents i.e. T. harzianum and P.
fluorescens in single dose and double dose to control
wilt disease of greenhouse-grown gerbera. Data
obtained from the trial carried out demonstrated that
these bioagents could play an important role in the
integrated control of soil borne diseases of gerbera.
Combination of bioagents in double dose was more
effective (8.33% affected) in comparison to
combination of bioagents in single dose (16.67%
affected)
•
All the pesticides recording 15% to 100% insect
mortality proved significantly superior to control.
•
The combined treatments were most effective in
comparison to the individual treatment.
•
The treatment combination of phosphamidon and
cypermethrin was the most effective for both the
pest (96 - 100 % mortality).
•
The effectiveness of the individual treatment of
agricultural spray oil and azadirachtin was
decreased immediately after 3 days of spraying,
whereas combine treatment of both showed very
effective (50 -75% mortality) and long lasting (upto
10 days) results.
Protected cultivation of high value vegetables and
cut flowers-a value chain approach
A survey for the disease and pest profile in
protected cultivation of vegetables and cut flowers
were undertaken in Bangalore and Kolhapur region.
Among the insect pests, red spider mite and thrips
were found in almost all the crops surveyed (colored
capsicum, cucumber, rose, gerbera and carnation)
while wilts and rots were major concern in carnation
and colored capsicum. Root knot nematode infestation
in carnation was particularly high (70 %) in Kolhapur
region. Powdery mildew, downy mildew, spots and
blights were also encountered during the survey in
various crops, which were effectively managed through
proper and timely application of fungicides. Lettuce
iceberg, basil and leek were found free from pests. Leaf
miner in gerbera and zukini were major cause of
concern wherever grown.
Efficacy of pesticides against caterpillars and
aphids in chrysanthemum
For controlling chrysanthemum caterpillars and
aphids, efficacy of 5 pesticides (biorational and
conventional) like agricultural spray oil, azadirachtin,
phosphamidon, cypermethrin, spinosad and their
combinations were tested separately for each pest. The
experiment was laid out in a randomized block design
with 16 treatments replicated 3 times including
control. Two sprays were performed, at an interval of
15 days. The observations were recorded before the
spray as well as 1, 2, 3, 7 and 10 days after each spray.
Results are given below.
48
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
Development, validation, utilization and / or
Commercialization of biopesticides and
bioinoculants
best medium followed by SDA, CDA, CMA, OMA
and Nutrient Agar. Variation in the size and structure
of the colonies and mycelium / spore formation were
obtained on different media (Table 1, Figs. 1 and 2).
Different substrata viz. sorghum grains, broken rice,
cow dung and rice husk were also tested for mass
multiplication of the isolates (Table 2 and Fig. 3). Rice
husk was found be the best substrate followed by
sorghum grains, broken rice and cow dung. Maximum
number of spores (per gram) was obtained on rice husk.
Maintenance of culture
Culture of different microbials mainly Verticillium
lecanii, Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae,
Trichoderma spp., Bacillus thuringiensis, Pseudomonas
fluorescence, Actinomycetes, Photorhabdus,
Xenorhabdu, received from different centres, were
maintained under laboratory conditions.
Table 1. Growth of F. pallidoroseum on different media
Evaluation of growth media for Fusarium
pallidoroseum
S.
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Fusarium pallidoroseum, (Delhi and CICR, Sirsa
isolates) were grown on six different growing media
viz., Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), Oat Meal Agar
(OMA), Nutrient Agar (NA), Sabouraud Dextrose
Agar (SDA), Czapek Malt Agar (CMA) and Czapek
Dox Agar (CDA) for suitability of growth and
sporulation. Potato Dextrose Agar was found to be the
5.
6.
Media used
Potato Dextrose Agar
Oat Meal Agar
Nutrient Agara
Sabouraud Dextrose
Agar
Czapek Malt Agar
Czapek Dox Agar
Spore count per gm of mass
NCIPM Isolate Sirsa Isolate
8.20 x 106
7.83 x 106
5
1.65 x 10
1.11 x 105
4
8.03 x 10
9.3 x 104
6
5.45 x 10
8.14 x 106
3.00 x 106
5.10 x 106
3.02 x 106
4.59 x 106
Fig 1. Variation in the growth of F. pallidoroseum in different media (PDA-Potato Dextrose Agar, OMA-Oat Meal Agar, NA-Nutrient Agar,
SDA-Sabouraud Dextrose Agar, CMA-Czapek Malt Agar, CDA-Czapek Dox Agar)
49
Fig 2. Spores of Fusarium pallidoroseum, on different media (Delhi and CICR, Sirsa isolates)
Table 2. Mass multiplication of F. pallidoroseum on different
substrata
Shelf life study of bio agents
S.
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Half lid of the bio formulations of V. lecanii,
M. anisopliae , Trichoderma harzianum and T. viride
and F. pallidoroseum isolates (Delhi and Sirsa)
(Table3) were studied under laboratory conditions.
The bio formulations of these four bioagents were
made on talc base. For experimentations three
Substrate used
Sorghum Grains
Broken Rice
Cow Dung
Rice Husk
Spore count per gm of mass
NCIPM Isolate Sirsa Isolate
1.65 x 1010
1.62 x 1010
5.50 x 108
6.50 x 108
3.00 x 104
3.25 x 104
2.05 x 1010
2.45 x 1010
Fig 3. Fusarium pallidoroseum on different substrata
50
Biological Control
Screening of plant extracts against insect
pests and fungal pathogens of crop plants
Out of 16 plant extracts selected for screening for
bio-assay studies, 4 plant extracts were observed to
give promising antifungal, insecticidal and antifeedant
activity against various tested organisms. The fungi
selected for in-vitro experiment were Rhizoctonia
bataticola, R. solani, P. aphanidermatum, Sclerotinia rolfsii,
S. sclerotiorum, Aletrnaria alternata and Fusarium
oxysporum. The insect pests chosen for study were
spodoptera litura and aphids.
Table 3. Details of cultures received during 2010-11
S. Culture (Entomopathogen /
No. Antagonistic)
1. Verticillium lecanii (isolate VL 5)
2.
3.
4.
5.
Received
from
NBAII (PDBC)
Bengaluru
Metarhizium anisopliae (isolate Ma 4)
-doTrichoderma harzianum (isolate Th KSD)
-doTrichoderma viride (isolate Tv 97)
-doFusarium pallidoroseum (Delhi and
CICR, Sirsa
Sirsa isolate)
sets of each the formulations were prepared;
one set at room temp (range 10-20 0C), the second
set in BOD (26 +1 0C) and the third in refrigerator
(4 0 C +1). CFU of these bioformulations were
counted initially and then at one month intervals
(Tables 4).
Development of mechanical devices needed
for pest management
The IPM tools were designed, fabricated,
developed and studied. The IPM tools viz., - “Light
trap safer to beneficial insects” (Patent application No.
Table 4. CFU count of Verticillium lecanii , Metarhizium anisopliae, Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma viride and Fusarium
pallidoroseum at different temperature and time intervals in Talc based Formulation
Duration of storage
Room Temp*
1. Verticillium lecanii (isolate VL 5)
Initial
1 month
2 month
3 month
2. Metarhizium anisopliae (isolate Ma 4)
Initial
1 month
2 month
3 month
3. Trichoderma harzianum (isolate Th KSD)
Initial
1 month
2 month
3 month
4.Trichoderma viride (isolate Tv 97)
Initial
1 month
2 month
3 month
5. Fusarium pallidoroseum (Delhi isolate)
Initial
1 month
6. Fusarium pallidoroseum (Sirsa islate)
Initial
1 month
CFU count at different temperature
260 C
40 C
2.1 x 109
2.050 x 109
1.283 x 109
1.083 x 109
2.1 x 109
2.050 x 109
1.416 x 109
1.017 x 109
2.1 x 109
2.575 x 109
1.716 x 109
1.533 x 109
1.9 x 109
1.850 x 109
1.383 x 109
1.150 x 109
1.9 x 109
1.850 x 109
1.533 x 109
1.017 x 109
1.9 x 109
1.850 x 109
1.733 x 109
1.483 x 109
2.2 x 109
2.175 x 109
1.567 x 109
1.366 x 109
2.2 x 109
2.175 x 109
1.483 x 109
1.167 x 109
2.2 x 109
2.150 x 109
1.716 x 109
1.500 x 109
2.0 x 109
1.750 x 109
1.417 x 109
1.217 x 109
2.0 x 109
2.025 x 109
1.533 x 109
1.033 x 109
2.0 x 109
2.075 x 109
1.583 x 109
1.417 x 109
1.933 x 109
1.308 x 109
1.933 x 109
1.412 x 109
1.933 x 109
1.541 x 109
1.908 x 109
1.291 x 109
1.908 x 109
1.591 x 109
1.908 x 109
1.608 x 109
(* Room temperature ranged from 10-200 C)
51
objective of this device is to facilitate the multiplication
of larval parasitoid in the crop fields. The device
provides an easily available food source and an
alternative oviposition site to the parasitoid, allowing
parasitoid numbers to increase in abundance in the
crop fields. The device was designed, fabricated,
refined and studied. These parasitoid wasps parasitize
the harmful insect pests present on the crop plants
and may thus control the harmful insect pests’
population. They may thus get further multiplied;
hence, it triggers a dynamic process. It is an important
tool of IPM. It can be used in many crops like: Paddy,
Sorghum, Okra, Pulses, tomato, maize etc. for the
control of lepidopteran insect pests.
1822/DEL/2010) (inventors: Surender Kumar Singh
and O.M. Bambawale), “Device for beneficial insects”
(Patent application No. 1137/DEL/2010) (inventors:
Surender Kumar Singh and O.M.Bambawale) and
“Light trap for managing insects” (inventors: Surender
Kumar Singh and O.M.Bambawale) were designed and
developed. Light trap is an important tool of IPM. By
using this new light trap, one can manage many insect
pests (viz., H. armigera, S. litura, semiloopers, hairy
caterpillars, beetles etc.) by mass trapping of both the
sexes and on the other hand it is safer to the beneficial
insects particularly the parasitoids (mostly egg, larval
and egg-larval parasitoids).
The “Device for beneficial insects” for
conservation and enhancement of the population of
beneficial insects (i.e., larval parasitoid wasps) in the
crop fields. These parasitoid wasps parasitize the
harmful insect pests present on the crop plants and
may thus control the harmful insect pests’ population.
They may thus get further multiplied, hence, it triggers
a dynamic process. It is an important tool of IPM.
b)
The innovative insect light traps
The different innovative insect light traps were
designed, fabricated, developed, studied and finalized
to use in the crop fields. The innovative light trap
designed, fabricated, studied are:
S.N.
i
ii
iii
Technologies commercialized
Our institute has issued the licenses of these
equipments to “M/S Fine Traps (India), 6 Sawarkar
Market Datta Chowk, Yavatmal, Maharashtra,
445001” under Public-Private Partnership for
commercial scale production and marketing to Govt.
as well as private sector.
Name of invention
“Light trap having insect sorting filters”
Light trap safer to beneficial insects
Light trap for managing insects
The material suitability and their field suitability
were considered and accordingly the prototype having
plastic body was finalized. The special precaution to
with stand the hardship of field conditions, rains,
rusting, electric shocks etc was given due consideration
in finalization of the final model.
a) Designing and development of “Device for
beneficial insects”
The different models of the above said device were
designed, developed and studied. The prototypes were
fabricated. The suitable prototype models were
fabricated with different materials and studied. The
special precaution to withstand the hardship of field
conditions, rains, rusting, ants, rats, pesticides
applications and provisions of pesticide contamination
was given due consideration in finalization of the final
model.
The light trap safer to beneficial insects were
designed to save them particularly the parasitoids, non
targeted insects from mortality.
The precise advantages of the light trap are:
(i) It can be used to monitor or mass trap the
population of phototrophic insects in the crop
fields. The mass trapping of both the sexes reduces
the insect pest population in the fields.
The “Device for beneficial insects” has been
designed and developed for conservation and
enhancement of the population of beneficial insects
(i.e., larval parasitoid wasps) in the crop fields. The
(ii) The application of chemical pesticides can be
minimized by the use of this trap.
(iii)It is durable and can be used year after year.
52
Biological Control
Pusa Sugandh 4 (Pusa Basmati 1121) in 5 ha field as
a component of IPM. The straw bundles (charged with
spiders in sorghum for 10 days) were installed in rice
field @ 20 bundles/ha after 20 days of seedlings
transplanting. The observations made at 10 days
interval on yellow stem borer and leaf folder indicated
low infestation in the rice field (2-5 %; 10-13 %;
respectively) having straw bundles as compared to
fields without straw bundle (8-10 %; 16-19 %;
respectively) whereas the population of spiders
remained significantly high (3-4 spider/hill) in these
fields as compared to other fields (1-2 spider/hill). The
Brown Plant Hopper which appeared in high
population (50-80 /plant) in most of the fields
remained significantly low (20-30 /plant) in the fields
having straw bundles.
(iv)Expenditure on pesticides and their application will
decrease.
(v) The key insect pests of field crops, vegetable crops,
fruit orchards, and organic cultivation can be mass
trapped by using this light trap.
(vi)During rains, most of the insecticides are washed
away. The light trap, on the other hand, continues
catching harmful insect pests.
Habitat management in paddy and
vegetable crops for augmentation and
conservation of natural enemies
A field trial on large scale validation of straw
bundle technology for conservation of spiders in rice
was conducted in Sibouli (Sonepat, Haryana) with
53
PEST SCENARIO, SURVEILLANCE AND FOREWARNING
Field survey for emerging key pests in
Bt cotton
Papaya Mealybug (Paracoccus marginatus)
I. Tamil Nadu
Field survey was conducted in different places in
Coimbatore, Salem, Perambular and Tiruchirapalli
districts of Tamil Nadu from 28th April to 2nd May, 2010
to observe the infestation and species composition of
mealybugs on different field crops, host plants and
weeds. Subject matter specialist from KVK Perambalur
also joined the team during the survey. During the visit
the following observations were made:
•
•
In Coimbatore district Veerampalayam,
Thondamuthur, Thennmanallur, Siruvani Road,
Perur and Allampalayam Annur villages were
surveyed for infestation of mealybug. At
Veerampalayam, the papaya mealybug (PMB),
•
54
Paracoccus marginatus was found infesting brinjal,
teak, papaya, tulsi, guava, Parthenium and
Sundakkai (Turkey berry; Canthium inerme). The
infestation on these plants was severe. On guava
and teak plants two species of mealybugs were
observed; P. marginatus was the major species
followed by striped mealybug, Ferrisia virgata.
At Thondamuthur, Thennmanallur and Siruvani
Road, tomato, cauliflower and marigold crops,
respectively, were free from PMB infestation. One
pigeonpea plant at Thondamuthur near a tomato
field was heavily infested with P. marginatus.
Jatropha plants near roadsides and in different
neglected areas were found infested with PMB. Red
ants were also associated with mealybugs.
At Allampalayam Annur (bordering Erode district)
mulberry plantations were heavily infested with P.
marginatus. Though different types of
Pest Scenario, Surveillance and Forewarning
•
hymenopterous and dipteran parasitoids, spiders
and coccinellid predator (Scymnus sp.) were
available in the field, their role in containing the
mealybug infestation appeared to be negligible due
to presence of heavy waxy covering over ovisac
and mealybug nymphs and adults, and presence of
long waxy threads which did not allow these
natural enemies to approach the mealybug nymphs
and females easily. Moreover, the problem was
further aggravated as the pruning of mulberry crop
was done in piecemeal, and therefore, the crawlers
of the mealybug (PMB) got sufficient time for
migration and settlement on the pruned crop from
the old crop. Farmers also allowed goats and other
animals to graze in pruned fields which also aided
in spread of the mealybug crawlers from infested
to non infested fields. One farmer had already
uprooted the mulberry plantation due to the heavy
infestation of PMB.
Spalgis epius moth (left) and pupa (right)
•
At Attur town in Salem district, 1 or 2 papaya trees
on road side were found infested with PMB.
However, tapioca plantation in about 5 ha field
was free from mealybug infestation. Last year
tapioca crop in this area was severely infested with
PMB. As the plantation was in progress, therefore,
the planting materials in the form of sticks was
stocked near the tapioca crop. All these sticks on
their nodes were infested with papaya mealybug.
Generally, before planting, these sticks in parts are
soaked for 1 hr in dichlorvos (76%EC; @10 ml/
litre of water) to disinfest the mealybug from
planting material. But the major drawback in this
methodology was that the treatment of planting
material by chemical insecticide was done only in
parts as per the requirement, and therefore, the
chances of the movement of crawlers of mealybug
from the main stock to the main crop were more.
The stock near the tapioca crop acted as a reservoir
for continuous movement of papaya mealybug
crawlers from sticks to the newly growing crop.
•
At Annakkur village in Perambular district, guava
orchard was severely infested with mealybug
complex. Among different species, the
predominant species was Pink mealybug
1. Papaya mealybug (PMB) infested mulberry plant;
2. Piecemeal pruning; 3. Pruned mulberry plant infested with PMB
•
At CICR Regional Station, Coimbatore the papaya
mealybug was found infesting silk cotton plant and
Hibiscus sinensis. On H. sinensis, its lepidopteran
predator Spalgis epius (Lycaenid) was also observed.
S. epius has earlier been reported by NBAII,
Bangalore as an important predator on papaya
mealybug. However, this predator was not found
at any other place during the field survey.
At Allampalayam Annur striped mealybug (F.
virgata) and red ant association was noticed on
custard apple fruit. Also the mealybug incidence
was noticed on the lower surface of banana leaf.
Mealybug on custard apple in association with
55
1. Tapioca sticks stocked in field for planting; 2. Mealybug infested sticks; 3. Closer view of a mealybug colony on an internode
(Maconellicoccus hirsutus) followed by P. marginatus
and F. virgata. In the same village certain farmers
had taken ratoon cotton which was heavily infested
with cotton mealybug (Phenacocus solenopsis). In
this crop, most of the mealybugs were found
parasitized with Aenasius bambawalei. In the field
the adults of A. bambawalei were also found
parasitizing the mealybugs.
•
1. Guava fruit infested with mealybug complex; 2. Different species
of mealybugs
Many papaya plants growing in Periambular in city
limits within house premises/ gardens were heavily
infested with papaya mealybug.
Papaya plant severely infested
56
•
At Thillai Nagar / Trichy town, many trees in the
city were severely infested with PMB.
Pune, neither mealybug nor parasitoids were seen
on papaya plants. The farm in charge informed that
they had applied chemical insecticides 4-5 times
to manage the pest. The fruits on the plants were
reduced in size and most of the plants were without
leaves. Only fresh leaves were visible. Thus, heavy
pesticide spray seem to reduce the performance of
the natural enemies
A tree in the Trichy town heavily infested with papaya mealybug
II. Maharashtra
• Lonikand (Taluka- Hawali): At Papaya orchard
at Lonikand (Taluka- Hawali. Pune) which is 21
km away from Pune, many papaya plants in this
field were heavily infested with papaya mealybug,
Paracoccus marginatus in June, 2010. In this field
its exotic parasitoid, Acerophagous papayae was also
observed for the first time in August, 2010. As the
parasitoid appeared by itself, therefore, there are
chances that the parasitoid also got entry in India
along with P. marginatus.
•
•
•
Acerophagus papayae adults (left) on papaya fruit; Parasitized
papaya mealybug
Management strategies
•
During the field visit (20-21 October, 2010) no
further spread of the infestation of P. marginatus to
fresh papaya trees was observed. Intensity of the
papaya mealybug was also not increased on the
infested fruits but the population of its parasitoid,
A. papayae was significantly increased (ranging
from 20 to 400 adults per fruit). A number of
mealybugs were also found parasitized by the
parasitoid. In these parasitized mealybugs, the wax
covering was reduced and the colour of the
mealybug changed to light brown.
•
•
At IARI Regional Station located in Pune, most
of the papaya trees as well as fruits were free from
P. marginatus infestation except a few old leaves in
the entire orchard which were heavily infested with
P. marginatus and were also carrying plenty of A.
papayae adults. Parasitization of the mealybug on
these leaves was very high (>60%).
•
•
•
At NARP Regional Fruit Station, Ganeshkhind,
57
The stock of tapioca planting material acts as a
reservoir for continuous movement of papaya
mealybug from planting material to the main crop.
There is a need that all the planting material,
before stocking in the field, should be treated with
chemical insecticides. A small barrier of insecticide
dust (Chlorpyriphos 1.5 % dust/ malathion 5% DP)
can also be made around the stock planting
material to check the movement of crawlers/ ants
from stock.
Proper identification of mealybug species before
initiating the control measures is necessary.
Proper phytosanitation of planting material, a fruit
etc., before moving to other states is required.
Intensive regular survey would be necessary to find
out efficient parasitoid/predator/pathogen
Piecemeal harvesting of mulberry crop need to
be avoided/monitored for preventing spread of the
pest.
Conservation and redistribution of Acerophagous
papayae: In Pune district A. papayae was found
(Hisar), A R S, Rajasthan Agricultural University,
(Banswara), Anand Agricultural University (Anand),
KVK, Main Dry farming Research Station, JAU, (Rajkot),
Cotton Research Station, JNKVV (Khandwa), Cotton
Section, Dr. PDKV (Akola, Buldana), KVK, Kharpudi
(Jalna), KVK (Ahmednagar), KVK, Jamnikunta(
Karimnagar), KVK, Regional Agricultural Research
Station, ANGRAU (A.P.), KVK, Gokak, Belgaum; KVK
(Mysore), KVK, Perambalur (T.N.), Weather data
mining centre – CRIDA (Hyderabad), Red leaf disease
demonstration trials, Dr.PDKV (Akola)
parasitizing papaya mealybug in different papaya
orchards at different places. Population of adults
of A. papayae at certain papaya fruits was more
than 400 adults/fruit. There is a need to bring much
awareness among farmers. Chemical pesticides
should be avoided in the fields where the
parasitoids are present. The parasitoid should be
redistributed in the fields/areas where the
parasitoid population is not sufficient or completely
absent.
Mirid bug
• At Salem district observations were made on the
infestation of insect pests and diseases in summer
cotton. Cotton plants especially squares and bolls
were infested with mirid bugs. About 30% green
bolls were showing parrot beak symptom caused
by mirid bug. Small punctures (black in colour)
caused by mirid bug were visible on cotton bolls.
During 2010-11, under the NISPM project two
new centres have been include for conducting specific
experiments. The first centre, Weather Mining Centre
at CRIDA (Hyderabad) has been entrusted with the
work of correlating weather data with pest data to draw
weather pest maps and to developing forewarning
system. The second centre, Dr. PDKV, Akola was given
the responsibility for conducting demonstration trial
on the management of leaf reddening.
Insect pests, diseases and beneficial natural
enemies
Compilation of data from different centres
indicated that leaf reddening emerged as a serious
problem (crossed ETL at 1964 occasions) followed by
mealybug (crossed ETL at 729 occasions), wilt (crossed
ETL at 290 occasions) and jassids (crossed ETL at 201
occasions) (Table 1). Problems of local importance
prevailing were Leaf Curl Virus Disease in north India
especially in Punjab and Haryana and mired bug in
South India especially at Peramblur.
Population dynamics of sucking pest in Bt cotton
indicated that jassid population at Khandwa ,
Banswara and Anand had mean population of jassids
near Economic Threshold Level (ETL) during early,
mid an late season, receptively (Fig .1 ). Mealybug
incidence at Mysore and Anand recorded upto 80%
incidence during August and November, respectively
(Fig.2).
Summer cotton with mired bug infestation (Upper-Summer
cotton; Lower left-Mirid bug infested plant; Lower right-green boll
showing parrot beak symptom
H. armigera has also made its appearance in Bt
cotton at Anand, Rajkot and Jalna in August and
September and other months (Table 2). Similarly
Earias spp. (Table 3) and Pectinophora gossypiella
(Table 4) have also appeared in Bt cotton. Appearance
National Information System for Pest
Management (Bt cotton)
Centres
KVK, PAU Regional Station (Faridkot), CCSHAU
58
Table 1. Insect pest and diseases in different districts crossed ETL
Pest
Jassid
Thrips
Mealybug incidence
Mealy bugseverity
Mirid bug
ABW
Leaf reddening
CLCuD
Wilt
Name of the districts
Ahmednagar, Anand, Buldhana, Faridkot, Jalna, Khandwa,
Rajkot, Perambalur
Mysore
Ahmednagar, Anand, Buldhana, Faridkot, Jalna, Karimnagar,
Rajkot, Guntur, Belgaum, Banswara
Anand, Mysore, Belgaum
Jalna, Perambalur, Belgaum
Jalna, Mysore, Banswara
Ahmednagar, Anand, Buldhana, Faridkot, Hisar, Jalna,
Karimnagar, Khandwa, Mysore, Rajkot, Perambalur, Guntur,
Belgaum, Banswara
Faridkot
Ahmednagar, Faridkot, Hisar, Jalna, Karimnagar, Khandwa,
Mysore, Rajkot, Perambalur, Guntur, Belgaum, Banswara
No. of occasions above ETL
210 (23, 75, 23, 18, 10, 36, 7, 9)
1
729 (9, 185, 27, 51, 15, 22, 90, Mysore,
17, 101, 152, 60)
178 (85, 78, 15)
21 (2, 1, 18)
4 (1,1, 2)
1964 (385, 115, 158, 26, 17, 118,
82, 244, 13, 175, 427, 38, 140, 26)
2
290 (13, 4,1, 28, 17, 1, 4, 58, 5, 3, 1, 2)
of bollworms in Bt cotton, though below ETL, is a
matter of great concern because it is an indication that
the bollworms are slowly developing resistance to Bt
toxins and in coming years they may pose a serious
threat to Bt cotton.
Fig. 1 Seasonal dynamics of jassids (2010-11)
Fig. 2 Seasonal dynamics of mealybug incidence (2010-11)
Table 2. Trend of Helicoverpa armigera infestation in Bt cotton
Centre
Anand
Rajkot
Jalna
Jan
Feb
March
April
May
Jun
July
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec
Jun
July
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec
July
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec
Table 3. Trend of Earias sp. infestation in Bt cotton
Centre
Anand
Jalna
Jan
Feb
March
April
May
Table 4. Trend of Pectinophora gossypiella infestation in Bt cotton
Centre
Faridkot
Anand
Rajkot
Khandwa
Jan
Feb
March
April
May
Jun
59
Fig.3. Population of beneficial natural enemies at different locations
analysed based on data sets of seasonal dynamics
over eight seasons (2001-2008) using weather
variables measured at the Nagpur observatory
(21°09’N, 79°09' E), Maharashtra. Correlation of
the standard week wise incidence of sap feeders
with corresponding weather variables viz., maximum
and minimum temperature (°C), morning
and evening relative humidity (%), total rainfall
(mm) and rainy days (nos) indicated variations of
inter seasonal weather influence on the sap feeders
(Table 5 – 7).
Beneficial natural enemies, which are indicator
of good agricultural practices, were present at most of
the places with varying in numbers. Highest population
of Chrysoperla, ladybird beetles and spiders were
recorded at Rajkot, Banswara and Anand, respectively
(Fig. 3).
Chang,ing scenario of sap feeders and effect of
climatic variability
The sensitivity and adaptive capacity of the
jassids, thrips and mirids to climatic variability was
Table 5. Correlation coefficients (r) for association of jassids with weather variables
Particulars
Maximum temperature
Minimum temperature
Morning relative humidity
Evening relative humidity
Rainfall
Rainy days
Number of observations (n)
2001
0.15
0.42
0.20
0.18
0.34
0.11
17
2002
-0.32
0.69
0.57
0.59
0.43
0.66
14
2003
-0.01
-0.03
-0.08
-0.09
-0.31
-0.16
20
2004
0.37
0.69
0.61
0.51
-0.11
-0.05
13
Figures of correlation coefficients( r) in italics and bold are significant at P< 0.05
60
2005
0.23
0.52
0.54
0.48
0.46
0.53
25
2006
0.20
0.35
0.26
0.12
-0.20
0.04
22
2007
-0.55
0.54
0.64
0.64
0.22
0.18
16
2008
-0.34
0.74
0.49
0.61
-0.45
0.40
17
Table 6. Correlation coefficients (r) for association of thrips with weather variables
Particulars
Maximum temperature
Minimum temperature
Rainfall
Rainy days
2001
0.09
0.40
0.30
0.38
0.48
0.34
23
2002
-0.57
0.73
0.71
0.85
0.57
0.68
15
2003
-0.36
0.33
0.41
0.42
0.28
0.56
20
2004
-0.04
0.56
0.58
0.57
0.24
0.26
13
2005
0.24
0.51
0.47
-0.36
0.30
0.30
30
2006
-0.30
0.32
0.33
0.33
0.15
0.17
22
2007
-0.31
0.68
0.57
0.70
0.18
0.30
17
2008
-0.64
0.55
0.32
0.70
0.48
0.53
16
Table 7. Correlation coefficients (r) for association of mirids with weather variables
Particulars
Maximum temperature
Minimum temperature
Rainfall
Rainy days
2002
0.61
0.17
-0.04
-0.34
-0.36
-0.29
14
2003
0.6
0.18
-0.15
-0.21
-0.32
-0.36
23
2004
-0.18
-0.64
-0.38
-0.56
-0.42
-0.53
31
2005
-0.11
-0.43
-0.31
-0.5
-0.36
-0.47
27
2006
0.63
-0.23
-0.31
-0.55
-0.54
-0.61
20
2007
0.42
-0.16
-0.24
-0.39
-0.17
0
20
2008
-0.3
0.67
0.24
0.65
0.3
0.32
19
However, one way ANOVA done based on data
sets of the common period of occurrence for the sap
feeders across seasons indicated the non significant
differences of weather variables but significant for
jassids and thrips across seasons clearly indicated the
absence of direct effect of climatic variability on sap
feeders (Table 8).
Development of Decision Support System for
Management of Insect pests of major cotton
based Cropping Systems
Cotton mealy bug (P. Solenopsis)
Host plant distribution
Seventy one, 141, 124 and 194 species of plants
belonging to 27, 45, 43 and 50 families served as hosts
for P. solenopsis at North, Central, and South and across
all cotton growing zones, respectively. The diversity
of hosts for P. solenopsis was greater at Central (72.6%)
followed by South (63.9%) and North (36.6%) zones.
Weed hosts constituted 38, 58.9 and 47.5 per cent in
respect of North, Central and South zones. Out of the
total 194 hosts of P. solenopsis documented across the
country, 55.6% were weeds (Fig. 4). Largest number
of hosts of P. solenopsis was from weeds followed by
ornamentals, trees and vegetables and field crops. Fruit
plants and spice crops also served as hosts of P. solenopsis
(Table 9).
Table 8. ANOVaA on the status of sap feeders and weather
variables
Seasons
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
P < 0.05
LSD
Jassids
(nos/3 leaves)
7.68 d
2.53 abc
3.39 bc
2.85 abc
3.36 bc
3.71 c
1.11 a
1.36 ab
3.01E-09
2.07
Thrips
(nos/3 leaves)
6.13ab
6.22ab
9.38ab
13.6b
4.58a
3.93a
1.89a
3.26a
0.04
7.65
Mirids/
plant
1.77
1.81
0.94
1.16
1.69
1.41
1.21
NS
61
across zones was clearly different although G1 plants
were the highest at all zones. More number of Grade 1
hosts at all three zones indicated their possible role in
carryover than perpetuation of P. solenopsis. The host
plants with extreme severity (G4) were of the order:
Central > South > North and a total of 47 (24.2%)
hosts had G4 severity among the total host plants
documented for the country (Table 11).
Table 11. Distribution of severity of P.solenopsis among
hosts plants
Severity
Fig. 4 Distribution of host plants of P. solenopsis across families
Grade I (G1)
Grade II (G2)
Grade III (G3)
Grade IV (G4)
Total
Table 9. Distribution of host plants of P. solenopsis across
plant categories
Host category
Weeds
Ornamentals
Trees
Vegetables
Field crops
Fruit plants
Spices
Total
Cotton growing zones
North
Central
South
27
83
59
10
14
17
10
11
15
12
12
12
6
9
11
5
7
7
1
5
3
71
141
124
All India
81
42
24
47
194
Number of North, Central and South zone specific
(exclusive) host plants was 22, 45 and 24 belonging to
13, 21 and 13 families. Weed hosts specific to zones
were 11, 36 and 13 in respect of North, Central and
South zones indicating the dominance of weeds as
exclusive hosts at Central zone. While common hosts
were minimal between North and Central (3), and
North and South (7) zones, the highest commonality
was observed between Central and South (54) zones.
Thirty nine hosts were common across all zones
dominated by weeds (13) followed by vegetables (8)
and ornamentals (6). Common hosts put together
outnumbering the exclusive hosts across zones (Table
12) indicated the regional similarity in preference of
hosts by P. solenopsis.
Although weeds dominated the exclusive hosts of
all three zones and common hosts of North-Central,
Central-South and North-Central-South, only one
weed host Portulaca grandiflora was common between
North-South zones. Field crops, vegetables and trees
outnumbered weeds among common hosts of NorthSouth zone.
The trend of P. solenopsis severity among host plants
Table 10. Seasonal distribution of hosts of P.solenopsis
Crop season
Off season
Crop and off seasons
Total
All India
Zone specific and common scenario of host plants
108
24
18
18
13
8
5
194
Seasonality of host plants
Distribution of host plants of P. solenopsis was equal
(26) during crop and off seasons at North zone.
However at Central and South zones, off season (73
&52) hosts dominated over crop season hosts that were
equal (43). Number of hosts of crop and off seasons
was greater at South (29) over Central (25) and North
(19) zones (Table 10). Highest number of off season
hosts at Central zone indicated higher possibility of
pest carry over than other two zones.
Seasonality
Cotton growing zone
North
Central
South
29
61
57
12
31
35
13
12
13
17
37
19
71
141
124
Cotton growing zone
North
Central
South
26
43
43
26
73
52
19
25
29
71
141
124
Seasonality
The seasonality of the common hosts indicated the
dominance of off season hosts between Central and
62
Table 12. Distribution of zone specific and common hosts of P. solenopsis
Category
Weeds
Ornamentals
Trees
Vegetables
Field crops
Fruit plants
Spices
Total
North (N)
11
4
3
2
1
1
22
Central (C)
36
3
4
2
45
South (S)
13
6
2
2
1
24
South and among all three zones (Table 13). Variations
of seasonality of same hosts across zones were also
noticed. Exactly 50% of hosts of all seasons at North
zone were weeds and the proportion of weeds was
higher at Central zone. No weed exclusively served as
P. solenopsis host during off season or during both crop
and off seasons at South zone.
NC
2
1
3
NS
1
2
2
2
7
CS
32
5
6
6
3
2
54
NCS
13
6
5
8
2
4
1
39
Total
108
24
18
18
13
8
5
194
severity was highly obvious among the common hosts
between Central and South zones implying the
ecological influences on the biology of P. solenopsis. No
common hosts between North and South zones had
extreme severity. Out of 39 common hosts across all
the three cotton zones three hosts of Malvaceae
(Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Gossypium arboreum and
Table 13. Seasonality of exclusive and common hosts
Season
Hosts of cotton season
Off season hosts
Hosts of cotton and off seasons
Exclusive hosts (nos)
North
Central
South
6(3)
16(13)
16(13)
10(5)
21(17)
2(0)
6(3)
8(6)
6(0)
NC
2(1)
-
Common hosts (nos)
NS
CS
2
11(6)
2
23(12)
6(2)
NCS
7(3)
12(3)
6(2)
Figures within brackets are number of weed hosts out of total exclusive and common hosts
Gossypium hirsutum) and one each from Asteraceae
(Parthenium hysterophorus), Solanaceae (Lycopercicon
esculentum), Caricaceae (Carica papaya) and Aizoaceae
(Trianthema portulacastrum) had shown Grade 4
severity of P. solenopsis.
Severity
Data on severity of P. solenopsis indicated that 27,
18.2, 31.8 and 22.7 % of North zone specific host plants
had grades of G1, G2, G3 and G4 respectively. The
percentage of G1, G2, G3 and G4 severity among
exclusive hosts in respect of Central and South zones
was 46.7, 20, 6.6 and 26.7, and 54.2, 29.2, 8.3 and
8.3, respectively.
Spatial distribution of hosts of P. solenopsis
Host plants of P. solenopsis were largely located at
roadside in South (54) and North (38) zones over other
locations. Field located host plants were the highest
at Central zone (36) followed by South (34) and North
(26) zones. However, among all the host plants of P.
solenopsis at North zone, their distribution at fields was
the highest (26) followed by roadside (38). The host
plants exclusively distributed at border of fields (6),
within fields (36), border of fields and roadside (10),
within fields and field borders (12), within fields+field
borders+roadside (14) and within fields +field
borders+roadside+water channels (7) were the
highest at Central zone. Host plant distribution at
Among three common hosts between North and
Central zones, cotton had Grade 4 severity and the
other two hosts viz., Cyperus rotundus and Cynodon
dactylon had severity of Grade 1. Three weed hosts
viz., Euphorbia hirta and Euphorbia heterophylla
(Euphorbiaceae), and Corchorus trilocularis (Tiliaceae)
besides Murrya koenigii (Rutaceae) had Grade 4
severity at both Central and South zones. Twenty one,
eleven and three of the common hosts had Grade 1,
Grade 2 and Grade 3 severities of P. solenopsis,
respectively at Central and South zones. Differential
63
fields after sowing to trap the male moths. Observations
on male moth catches of S. litura during rainy season
of year 2010 are shown in Fig.5 & 6. Peak of male
moth catches were recorded between 8th -25th SMW
and male moth catches were low, from April to
September including the soybean-growing season
within fields + roadside (19) and roadside (54) was
the highest for South zone.
Cultural management strategies for P. solenopsis
Management strategies were evolved based on the
seasonality, severity and spatial availability of host
plants of P. solenopsis to serve as a reminder for
exercising what, when and where of monitoring of P.
solenopsis host plants for early detection and their
management. General and specific recommendations
have been formulated for easy adoption across the
cotton growing zones of the country.
GPS based survey of S. litura
The extensive GPS based survey of S.litura on
soybean crop were done in the villages of viz.,
Bpavarpur Khurd, Dungerja, Kacholia, Chaki,
Jalimpura, Torn,Sultanpur, Khandgaon, Nautada,
Morpa, Benethia, Sanija,Bavdi, Umedpura, Badhod,
Bpavarpur, Latura, Laturi, Moinkala, Chinsa and ARS
Farm of Kota Distt.; villages Batoda, Siswali,
Navalpura, Chhaterpura, Raithal, Mundla, Stanya,
Baldevpura, Simli, Vijaypur, Aakri, Burari, Samaspur,
Baran, Kalamandi, Bamla, Btavari, Bmooliya, Kalan,
Anta, Playtha of Baran, Distt., villages Bharupura,
Bilasra, Chikla, Chikli, Soomer, Dobra, Khanpur,
Jhallawar of Distt. and villages Khedla,Jamitpura,
Leelera, Gumanpura, Khotya, Bundi, Talabgaon,
Bharvdagaon of Bundi, Distt. of Rajasthan during
Kharif season, 2010 and S. litura incidence was found
in traces on the soybean crop in all these villages.
However, the foliage damage due to semilooper was
high in these villages.
Fig. 5. S. litura male moth catches in pheromone traps at ARS Kota
fields during Kharif season 2010
Fig. 6. Mean male moth catches of S.litura in soybean in village
Dugreja, Kota, Rajasthan during Kharif season 2010
Dynamics of male moth catches of S. litura in
Soybean Based Cropping System
Fluctuations in the male moth catches of S. litura
was studied in soybean crop at three locations namely,
ARS, Kota, Dungerja village, Rajasthan and IARI,
research farm, New Delhi during rainy season of year
2010.
Location IARI, New Delhi
The population of insect pests was also recorded
in soybean crop in IARI New Delhi fields during
Kharif season 2010 The sex pheromone traps of
S. litura @ 5 traps/ha was installed in soybean field
for monitoring of adult population of S. litura. The
male moth catches of S. litura were trapped in
the pheromone traps throughout the crop season.
Very few catches (1-7 moth/trap/week) were recorded
from 35th SMW to 42 SMW during 2010 compared
to 2008 and 09 (Fig. 7). The egg masses and caterpillars
Locations Agricultural Research Station
Ummedganj and Dugreja, Kota, Rajasthan
Soybean crop was sown between July 10 and 25th
2010. Pheromone traps were installed in the soybean
64
(IARI, New Delhi, DGR, Junagadh and IIPR, Kanpur)
and around forty AICRP centers of the five target
crops have been net worked under the Pest and
Disease dynamics thematic area. Thematic activities
viz., historical data collection and analysis for
prediction of pest scenarios, documentation of
emerging pests and pest hot spots, real time multisite
and multi season pest surveillance, controlled
experimentations for the effects of CO 2 and
temperature and formulation of adaptation strategies
for pest management under changed climatic scenarios
were finalized for the target crops of rice, pigeon pea,
ground nut, tomato and mango. Representative
centres for each of the target crops under different
agro ecologies across various agro climatic zones
involving AICRPS were finalized for the mutiseason
monitoring of pests vis a vis climatic variability. Crop
coordinators and thematic activity based supervisory
roles were designated for efficient reporting and
program implementation. Results Frameworks
Document (RFD) was prepared for the thematic area
with five objectives with a total weight of eight.
Fig. 7. Average catch of adult male moth of S. litura in soybean
fields at IARI, New Delhi (2010-11)
of S. litura were not found during whole of the crop
season.
During all the three years, the regular catches of
S. litura in pheromone traps were observed, the mean
catch/trap/week has been depicted in the figures 8.
Disease profile and management of black scurf and
stem canker of potato
A roving survey was undertaken on the incidence
of stem canker of potato during 2010-2011 in Kanpur
and Fatehpur district of UttarPradesh. In general,
incidence of stem canker was low and was 6.8 % and
7.5 % respectively in Kanpur and Fatehpur districts.
In Kanpur district, highest incidence (11.5 %) was
recorded in Bhowali village while it was highest (12.9
%) in Tikra village in Fatehpur villages. In rest of the
villages, incidence ranged from 3.3 % Mahuagaon to
9.8 % in Baragan village. Almost a similar trend was
recorded in Fatehpur district with incidence ranging
from 5.4 to 12.5 % in Kisnukheda and Panai village
respectively. An in vitro experiment was conduced on
the efficacy of Trichoderma spp. against Rhizoctonia
solani, the causal agent of black scurf by dual culture
experiment. Highest Inhibition percent (72.2 %) was
evinced by Trichoderma isolate No. 22 closely followed
by isolate No. 21 with inhibition percent of 70.4 %.
In rest of the isolates, inhibition per cent ranged from
55.6 to 67.8 %. Filed experiment conducted by row
method also gave encouraging result. Among the
Fig. 8. No. of male moth/trap/week of S. litura during different years
at IARI, New Delhi
National Initiative on Climate Resilient Agriculture
(NICRA) – Pest and Disease dynamics in relation
to climate change
New mega research programme on “Pest and
Disease dynamics in relation to climate change” under
NICRA was formulated with major objectives of
assessing the changes in crop –pest relations under
changing climate vis a vis emergence of biotypes, and
developing of forewarning models. Five partner
institutions (NCIPM, New Delhi, CRIDA,Hyderabad,
IIHR, Bangalore, DRR, Hyderabad and RCER(ICAR
complex), Ranchi, three collaborating institutions
65
fungicides tried, both vitavax power (200 g/5 lit water)
and monceren (250 ml/5 lit water) applied by spray
method were highly effective in managing black scurf.
Disease incidence was only 3.33 and 2.67 %
respectively in these two treatments compared to 93
% in untreated control. Disease severity index was very
low and negligible in both these treatments.
chilli. In Bellary district, both Bellary and Sirigoppa
taluk were surveyed while in Raichur district,
Devadurga and Raichur taluk were surveyed. In Bellary
taluk, highest incidence (67 %) was rerecorded in
Siddamnahalli village while lowest (25 %) was recorded
in Kolur taluk. In rest of the seven villages, the
incidence ranged from 27 to 65 %. In the neighbouring
Sirigoppa taluk, the incidence ranged from 8.9 to 45
%. In Raichur district, Deveadurga taluk was severely
affected with incidence upto 65% (Gabbhur village).
In Raichur taluk, incidence ranged from 9.9 (Nelahal)
to 22 % (Yarigera and Mathgmari village).
Disease profile of chilli wilt
A roving survey was conducted in Raichur and
Bellary district of Karnataka during 2010 and 2011
for the prevalence and incidence of Fusarium wilt of
66
DEVELOPMENT OF DATABASES ON MAJOR PESTS
AND ELECTRONIC NETWORKING
Crop Pest Surveillance and Advisory
(CROPSAP) in Maharashtra
Crop Pest Surveillance and Advisory Project
(CROPSAP) was implemented in Maharashtra for the
second year covering soybean, pigeonpea and chickpea
crops during the rainy season of the year, 2010-11.
The programme covered 30,000 villages across 271
talukas in 29 districts with a financial outlay of Rs 783
lakhs. The surveillance covered different or damaging
stages of four, five, four and two pests of soybean,
cotton, pigeonpea and chickpea, respectively with a
standardized weekly schedule of field scouting and data
uploads via NCIPM’s web site. New pests viz., jassids
and thrips for cotton were added for surveillance during
2010-11. Surveillance centres and number of scouts
were reduced. The surveillance centres were reduced
to 64 for cotton & soybean, and 48 for gram in
2010-11.
disseminated through 7487351 short message services
(SMS) across farmers of 28 districts. Real time
advisories across villages were issued twice in a week
using ETL based reporting system embedded in the
software (Table 1).
ETL status of pests in soybean and cotton
Summary on the number of occasions above ETL
for the different stages of the pests monitored indicated
pest status, semilooper (> 5 nos/ m row) across all
five districts of Amravati division. Nagpur and Wardha
districts under division of Nagpur also had semilooper
population above ETL requiring management
(Fig. 1).
Performance of pest monitoring and pest
management advisories for soybean and cotton
A total of 252613 and 25714 quantitative and
qualitative data entries were made by pest scouts and
monitors, respectively. Near to 6000 soybean and
cotton pest management advisories issued by three
State Agricultural Universities (SAUs) were
Fig. 1 Status of soybean semibooperduring Kharif 2010
Table 1. Data entries and pest management advisories for soybean and cotton (2010-11)
Division
Amravati
Aurangabad
Kolhapur
Latur
Nagpur
Nasik
Pune
Total
Data entries (nos)
Pest scouts
89416
36411
4036
50465
33951
33702
4632
252613
Pest management advisories
issued by SAUs (nos)
Pest Monitors
7464
3688
795
5926
3684
2769
1388
25714
1256
630
522
1088
931
912
621
5960
67
Advisories sent to
farmers through
SMS (nos)
1498254
994491
952199
986474
1413106
833567
809260
7487351
armigera status ( Fig. 4). Leaf webber on pigeonpea
attained pest status on 2 to 252 occasions across
districts of Amaravati division. Wardha district had
leaf webber population above 80 occasions. On the
whole, the incidence of lepidopteran pests could not
be directly corroborated with the higher pod damage
levels, as the later had been across all pigeon pea
growing districts.
The incidence of jassids and leaf reddening was
spread across all districts. While Wardha and Jalgaon
had higher incidence of jassids, districts of Yeotmal,
Beed, Nandhed and Wardha had extreme levels of leaf
reddening (Fig. 2). Simultaneous occurrence of jassids
and leaf reddening aggravated the leaf shedding at most
of the villages across districts of Maharashtra during
2010- 11.
On chickpea, Nagpur district had the highest
degree of above ETL incidence of H. armigera followed
by Akola > Nanded > Amravati > Yeotmal >
Aurangabad > Beed. The order of importance based
on H. armigera ETL based incidence on chickpea
among divisions was: Amravati > Nagpur > Kolhapur
> Latur > Aurangabad >Pune > Nasik. (Fig. 4).
Chickpea wilt incidence was higher across all districts
of Amravati division, and Nagpur and Wardha
districts. For chickpea wilt the order of importance
was Amravati > Nagpur > Nasik > Aurangabad >
Pune > Kolhapur > Latur.
Fig. 2 ETL status of Jassids and leaf reddening on cotton (2010-11)
Number of villages across the state that had any
one or more pests of soybean and cotton during 201011 above ETLs during different periods of the season
indicated August second week to be critical for pest
management on soybean. The progressively increasing
number of villages above ETL for cotton has
exclusively been due to the leaf reddening (Fig. 3).
Fig. 4 ETL status of H. armigera larvae on pigenopea and chickpea
(2010-11)
GIS Based automated pest mapping of major
crops
GIS based automated mapping for major insect
pests and diseases has been tested for more vibrant
and dynamic display of the selected attributes linking
the backend database in MSSQL data format. The
developed application has been validated in soybeancotton based cropping system in Maharashtra state
through the online pest database server. The added
crops namely chickpea and pigeon-pea besides soybean
and cotton has successfully been mapped for the entire
state for more than 28 districts and the associated
talukas and village level geo- referenced points
Fig. 3 Pest status on soybean and cotton during Kharif 2010
ETL status of pests in Pigeonpea and chickpea
Helicoverpa armigera larval incidence on pigeonpea
was higher across all districts of Amravati. Nanded
and Nagpur districts of Latur and Nagpur divisions,
respectively had higher frequency of above ETL H.
68
Development of Databases on Major Pests and Electronic Networking
collected using GPS
receivers on weekly basis
throughout the crop
seasons for all the
mentioned crops. The
new legend based on
ETL values of the
concerned pest has been
designed
and
implemented for all the
four major crops namely
soybean,
cotton,
chickpea and pigeonpea.
Design
and
development of a GPS
enabled data logger for
pest
monitoring
purposes have also been
achieved under the
project. Its prototype has
been tested in real field
conditions in chickpea
crop in Maharashtra
region by taking the pest population observation,
uploading the collected data and downloading the
required pest files from remote locations. Interactive
application for data interchange has been developed
for web application linking the data logger to the
database at the central location. Its full fledge
multipurpose marketable model would soon be
available for all the potential users. Its catches the date,
time and lat-long values automatically and thus saves
the time to record manually these crucial parameters
from the fields.
This prototype model has been design and
developed with M/S Stesalit Ltd., a Kolkata based firm.
The multipurpose marketable model of the datalogger
is OS based and kept light weight with a handy design
having manual key pad for smooth and fast data entry
with ease. All its embedded features, specifications and
dimensions are the part of the new technology
generated and hence are not being disclosed here.
Notwithstanding , the prototype model of the GPS
enabled datalogger (Fig.1) and its GUI prompt
(Fig. 2) through web enabled data logger-application
Fig. 1: GPS enabled Pest
Monitoring Datalogger(GPMD)
Fig. 2: Web enabled GUI of GPMD application
69
to upload and download the data are shown in the
given pictures. The ETL based GIS based pest mapping
has been implemented using the new colour codes and
the methodology for the population of the concerned
pests(Fig. 3a, 3b & 3c ).
has also been depicted (Fig. 4a & 4b) through the
developed map.
Fig. 3a
Fig. 4a: Distribution of leaf damage in soybean
during kharif in 2010
Fig. 3b
Fig. 4b: Variability of leaf damage in soybean during
kharif in 2010
Fig. 3c
The GIS based maps have also been generated for
leaf damage in soybean crop on the basis of survey
data collected from the selected villages of four districts
of Rajasthan namely Kota, Baran, Bundi and Jhalawar.
The spatial spread and variability of leaf damage
during Kharif season 2010 among the selected locations
The severity on the basis of grades and the
incidence in percent of sclerotinia stem rot of mustard
crop for 2010-11 in the selected districts namely Alwar,
Dausa, Bharatpur, Ganganagar and Hanumangarh
have been depicted (Figs.5a & 5b) in the generated
map.
70
Development of Databases on Major Pests and Electronic Networking
Fig. 6a: Distribution of Sclerotinia Stem Rot (SSR) over years
(2008 -2011)
Fig. 5a: Distribution of Sclerotinia Stem Rot (SSR) in 2011
Fig. 5b: Severity of Sclerotinia Stem Rot (SSR) in 2011
Fig. 6b: Severity of Sclerotinia Stem Rot (SSR) over
years (2008 -2011)
The distribution and severity scenario of SSR over
the year have been mapped from 2008-2011
(Figs. 6 & 7).
71
SOCIO ECONOMIC ISSUES AND IMPACT ANALYSIS
OF IPM TECHNOLOGY
Study of Socio- Economic aspects and Impact
of IPM Technology on Rice
Table 1. Benefecial organism, Pesticide sprays and
economics
Variables
Pesticide sprays (no.)
Total Cost (Rs. /ha)
Mean yield (q/ha)
Total returns (Rs./ha)
Net returns (Rs./ha)
Cost Benefit Ratio
Man days
1. Socio-Economic survey of village Bambawad
for rice Variety Pusa 1121
The village Bambawad in distt. Gautam Budh
Nagar (UP) was selected for validation of IPM
technology in 40 ha. The baseline information was
conducted of whole village to collect information about
the Pusa 1121 rice, which occupies 99% of the area in
kharif. The main findings of the survey is as follows:
IPM
1.0
20,880
33.15
79560
58680
1:3.81
155
FP
3.6
2,1305
16.15
38760
17455
1:1.82
175
Rate of paddy Rs. 2400/- per quintal
2. Impact assessment of IPM technology in Tilwari
and Doodhli villages (Dehradun)
Baseline information of Bambawad village
Total Population
8,000
Male
4,150
Female
3,850
Literacy Rate
80%
Male
90%
Female
70%
Cropping Pattern
Basmati rice-Wheat
Main insects
YSB, Leaf Folder, BPH
Main diseases
Blight
Bakane, Sheath Blight,
Total irrigated area (%)
100%
Source of irrigation
Canal (90%),
Tubewell (10%)
Total area under Basmati rice
350 ha
Main varieities of Basmati rice
Pusa-1121 (99%),
Sharbati & Pusa
Sugandh-3(1%)
Average yield
30-32 q/ha
Table 2: Technology Adoption Index (%), Tilwari, 2010
No. of sprays applied
3-5 (Endosulphan/
Phorate/Monocrotophos/
Cartap
Awareness about IPM
NIL
No. of Farmers: 20
Area under IPM: 25ha
S. No. Technology
Adoption Index (%)
1.
Seed treatment with
80
carbendazim
2.
Two seedlings/ hill
70
3.
Judicious fertilizer application
80
4.
Jundicious use of water
80
5.
Dhaincha plantation
90
6.
Use of Bio-agents
80
7.
Use of chemical pesticide spot
90
application
Sustainable studies were conducted in two villages
namely Tilwar and Doodhli in Dehradun where IPM
technology was validated from 2005-07 and 2008-2009
respectively. The main purpose of the study was to assess
the sustainability of IPM technology after the
withdrawal of technical advice and critical inputs. The
results of impact assessment are given in Table 2 and 3.
Table 2: Technology Adoption Index (%), Tilwari, 2010
No. of
S. No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The IPM module was validated in 40 ha area during
kharif 2010 and the economics was calculated which
showed the superiority of IPM over farmers’ practices
(FP). The economics of IPM V/s FP is given in
Table-1.
72
Farmers: 20
Area under IPM: 25ha
Technology
Adoption Index (%)
Two seedlings/ hill
10
Planting of Dhaincha
90
Jundicious use of water
80
Systematic monitoring of pests
70
Use of Bio-agents
00
HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT IN IPM
Facilities
PME Cell (RAC, IRC and other scientific events)
Library
Internal Institute Research Committee (IRC)
The internal SRC for was held on
2011, under
the Chairmanship of Dr. O.M. Bambawle, Director,
NCIPM. The ongoing research programmes of the
Centre were reviewed and evaluated along with the
action Taken Report of last IRC with necessary
suggestions and finalized the technical programme for
2011-12. Director complimented the scientists for
achievements of the Centre specifically the success
achieved in Surveillance programme in Maharashtra
and Odisha. There were five programmes under which
projects including external projects and major activities
of the Centre were deliberated in the meeting.
The Library of the centre now has 2091 books and
regularly subscribes about 2 International and 29
National journals on IPM and plant protection. The
library is unique as it has the latest publications in the
field of plant protection.
ARIS
The Centre has well-established Computer Cell
with latest computer hardware and software to cater
to the need for scientific work. All the computers in
the Centre are interlinked with LAN as well as with
IARI hub. The centre has prepared and launched its
homepage with online databases (http://
www.ncipm.org.in). Online database on Area,
Production, Productivity of various crops, Fertilizer and
Pesticide Consumption were developed as a part of
NCIPM homepage.
The information provided in the website is
regularly being updated. A fully developed Geographic
Information System (GIS) lab has been created with
digitizer, plotter and necessary accessories and it is
being used to create pest distribution maps. The
Computer Cell is engaged in development of userfriendly pest decision-making software to popularize
and promote IPM on country level.
IRC WITH IARI
IRC with IARI was held on 13th July, 2010 in which
salient achievements during 2009-10 of the Centre
was presented by Dr. O.M. Bambawale, Director
NCIPM, under Crop Protection School programme
of the IARI.
Research Advisory Committee (RAC)
RAC constituted under the Chairmaship of Dr.
G.C. Tiwari held on 2-3rd June, 2010 at CSAUA&T,
Kanpur which was participated by RAC members,
ADG((PP) and Director, NCIPM. The research
programmes of the institute were presented and
evaluated and recommendations were made regarding
the further improvement of programmes of NCIPM.
The proceedings were subsequently approved by
Council.
Diagnostic laboratory
The diagnostic lab of the Centre is engaged in
pragmatic approach for production of bio-agents
(Trichogramma chilonis, T japonicum and Chrysoperla
carnea). It is substantially able to meet the requirement
of bioagents needed for the IPM validation
programmes of the Centre. Further to it, training
programmes are being conducted to encourage
entrepreneurs to come forward for making bioagents
available locally to the farmers. This will help in
removing one of the bottlenecks of timely and local
availability of quality bio-agents.
RAC held its next meeting on 24-25th March, 2011
at NCIPM, New Delhi under the Chairmanship of Dr.
G.C. Tiwari, VC, CSUA&T, Kanpur. The Action
Taken Raport of last RAC were approved by RAC
members and research programmes were discussed in
the light of XIIth Plan.
73
Visitors Visited NCIPM
Large number of students, farmers, extension
functionaries, researchers, planners, journalists and
entrepreneurs from different parts of the country
visited NCIPM and they were apprised about the
NCIPM activities using various teaching aids and
demonstrated the IPM technologies like bio-control
agents at the Bio-agents Labs. Visitors were also made
aware on the IPM concept, philosophy and importance
through lectures and shown documentary films on
IPM. The farmers and extension workers from the
several states namely Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand,
Madhya Pradesh, Haryana and Rajasthan along with
the extension functionaries visited NCIPM. Farmers Scientists’ interaction sessions organized for sharing
the experiences of each others in pest management.
Farmers narrated their pest problems and pest
management practices adopted, while and scientists
also appraised about suitable IPM practices. The
lectures on IPM concept and its components were also
organized .The visit to Bio-control Labs was arranged
and extension literature on IPM given to them. Pest
problems, pest management practices and constraints
in pest management documented through prior
developed questionnaire for extension studies.
The students from across the country were also
visited NCIPM. They were introduced NCIPM
activities and its role in promotion of IPM using various
teaching aids. Bio-control labs and ARIS cell visited
by these students and extension literature on IPM also
provided to them. During the year 2008-09 about 170
students visited NCIPM.
IPM Advisory Services
IPM advisory services provided to farmers/ farm
entrepreneurs, extension workers and students through
replying their IPM related questions and also provided
guidance and required IPM extension literature. The
Center received about more than two hundred letters
of enquiries related to the pest problems in cotton,
rice, wheat, gram, mustard, fruits and vegetables from
the farmers, extension workers, entrepreneurs and
NGOs representatives of the different parts of country.
The suitable solution of queries to the farmers was
facilitated by the concerned IPM scientific team and
reply sent to them timely by using proper
communication channel.
The Visitors (Students, Extension Functionaries,
Researchers and Farmers)
Visitors
Farmers
Numbers
480
Extension
Functionaries
105
Researchers
50
Students
370
States
Uttar Pradesh, Madhya
Pradesh, Jharkhand, Bihar,
Haryana, Rajasthan
Jharkhand, Bihar, Haryana,
Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh,
Madhya
Pradesh,
Uttarakhand ,Punjab, Delhi
SAUs, KVKs and ICAR
Institutes
,Ministry
of
Agriculture ,Govt. of India
Delhi, Karnataka, TamilNadu,
Kerala, Maharashtra, Andhra
Pradesh
74
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75
LIST OF RESEARCH PROJECTS
Programme-I: Establishment of a National network for development of area specific IPM modules &
technologies for the major production systems of different agro-ecological zones
Rice
Development, Dissemination and Popularization of location
D.K.Garg, R.K. Tanwar, and S..P. Singh
specific IPM strategies in different rice agro-ecosystems.
Pest Surveillance and Management Programme in Paddy
D.K. Garg, R.K. Tanwar and S.P. Singh
based cropping System in endemic zone of Odisha
Cotton
Development and Validation of IPM strategies for the
R.K.Tanwar, P. Jeyakumar, O.P. Sharma &
emerging key pests in Bt cotton (Mealy bug – Punjab; Mirid
Vikas Kanwar
bug – Karnataka / Maharashtra; Stem weevil – Tamil Nadu;
Pink bollworm – Haryana / Rajasthan)
Development of data bank for population dynamics of insect
Jeyakumar,P . & T.Surulivelu
pests in different cotton ecosystems (AICCIP)
Development and validation of IPM / IRM strategies for Bt and
Jeyakumar, P. & S. Vennila
conventional cotton under different eco-systems
(TMC-MM-I-3.2)
National Information System for Pest management in
Jeyakumar, P. R.K. Tanwar, S. Vennila, Vikas
Bt. Cotton (NISPM) (New Project) : Location specific
Kanwar, Niranjan Singh & Sathyakumar
IPM Module and Awareness campaigns
Pulses
Evaluation of Microbial as IPM Components in Rice
O.P. Sharma
and Chickpea
Increasing pigeonpea and chickpea production through
O.P. Sharma, D.K. Garg, S. Venilla &
intensive application of IPM
S. Bhagat
Nematode centric IPM Strategies in selected crops –I (AICRP).
Mukesh Sehgal
Nematode centric IPM Strategies in selected crops –II (AICRP).
Naved Sabir
Horticulture and Protected cultivation
Development & validation of adaptable IPM technology for
H.R. Sardana, D.B. Ahuja, Mukesh Sehgal
solanaceous vegetable crops.
MN Bhatt & R.V. Singh,
demonstration and promotion of adaptable IPM technology in
H.R. Sardana, M.N. Bhatt, Mukesh Sehgal
tomato and bell pepper (NHB project)
& RV Singh
Promotion of IPM technology in Cauliflower under wide
D.B. Ahuja, M.N. Bhatt R.V. Singh & Usha
area approach.
Rani
Development and Validation of IPM strategies for selected
D.B. Ahuja, H.R. Sardana & R.V. Singh
vegetables in Mid Garwal Hills of Uttrakhand.
Protected Cultivation of High Value Vegetables and Cut
Naved Sabir
Flowers: A Value Chain Approach (NAIP) New Project
Development and Validation of IPM Strategies in Protected
Naved Sabir, O.M. Bamabwale,
cultivation of Selected Vegetables
R.K. Tanwar, B. Singh & M.Hasan
76
List of Research Projects
Management of chili wilt (New Project)
Sabir & Rajan
Oilseeds
Development and validation of IPM technology in groundnut
Impact assessment of IPM technology in groundnut and mustard
(New Project)
Management of Sclerotinia stem rot of Mustard following IDM
strategies.
Wide area management studies on Sclerotinia rot of Mustard
(New Project)
Management of Spodoptera Litura in Soyabean based cropping
system
MN Bhatt, HR Sardana, S. Vennila, Naved
Saroj Singh, S.K. Singh, M. S Yadav,
Niranjan Singh & P. V. Verma,
Saroj Singh & P V Verma
M.S. Yadav, Saroj Singh & Nasim Ahmed
M S Yadav & Saroj Singh
Surender Kumar Singh, D.B. Ahuja, Saroj
Singh, Dr. D.K. Das, Niranjan Singh & A.K.
Kanojia
Bio control
Development of Mechanical devices needed for pest management Surender Kumar Singh
Development, validation utilization and/or commercialization of
O.M. Bamabwale, R.K. Tanwar, & bio
pesticides and bio inoculents (TMC –MM-1-3.3)
P. Jeyakumar
Programme II: Development of Database on Major pest and Electronic networking
Development of Plant Protection Personnel Information System -II Meenakshi Malik, Niranjan Singh &
A K Kanojia
Development of Expert system for pest management in okra
Niranjan Singh & H R Sardana
and brinjal (New Project)
GIS based automated Crop pest mapping.
A.K. Kanojia,, and Niranjan Singh
Crop Pest Surveillance and Advisory Project (CROPSAP)
S. Vennila, Niranjan Singh, A K Kanojia
& others
Programme III: Development of models for forewarning and forecasting of pest of National importance
Decision support systems for insect pest of major rice and cotton
S. Vennila
based cropping systems (NAIP)
Changing scenario of cotton pests in relation to cropping system
S. Vennila, Jeyakumar P, A.K. Kanojia &
and climate
Meenakshi Malik
National initiative on climate resilient agriculture NICRA
S. Vennila & others
(New Project)
Programme IV: Socio- Economic Issues and Impact analysis of IPM technology
Dissemination of IPM information using conventional and
R.V. Singh, H.R. Sardana, D.B. Ahuja &
innovative approaches with the collaboration of IPM stakeholders Niranjan Singh
Socio-Economic issues in IPM technology in Bt cotton and rice.
Vikas Kanwar,
(New Project)
Impact analysis of IPM programmes in Basmati Rice by estimation Sumita Arora,
of pesticides Residues
EIQ concept for evaluating IPM packages for Rice and Cotton
Sumita Arora
crops in India, AINP-Pesticide residues (Collaborator)
Programme V: Human Resource Development in IPM
Mukesh Sehgal
77
PUBLICATIONS
Research Articles
K.R. and Bambawale, O.M. (2010). Biology of
mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis on cotton in
Central India. Journal of insect science 10:119
available online: insectscience.org/10.1198.
8. Yadav, S.M. and Sehgal, M. (2010). Population
dynamics of plant- parasitic nematodes in chickpea
groundnut system. Indian Journal of Nematology.
40(1): 109
9. Yadav, M.S. and Brar, K.S. (2010). Assessment of
yield losses due to mungbean yellow mosaic India
virus and evaluation of mungbean genotypes for
resistance in South-West Punjab. Indian Phytopath.
63 (3): 318-320.
10. Yadav, M.S., Das, D.K. and Yadava, D.K. (2010).
Influence of rainfall, temperature and humidity on
appearance and development of fungal diseases in
Brassica juncea. Plant Dis. Res. 25: 151-154.
1. Ahuja Usha Rani and Ahuja D. B. (2010). Pace
and pattern of vegetable cultivation in India.
Agricultural situation in India 66:703-708.
2. Bambawale, O.M., Tanwar, R.K., Sharma, O.P.,
Bhosle, B.B., Lavekar, R.C., Patil, S.B.,
Dhandapani, A., Trivedi,T.P., Jeyakumar, P., Garg,
D.K., Jafri, A. A. and Meena, B.L. (2010). Impact
of refugia and integrated pest management on the
performance of transgenic (Bacillus thuringiensis)
cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), Indian Journal of
Agricultural Sciences 80(8); 730-36
3. Deka, Sikha., Tanwar, R.K., Sumitha, R., Sabir,
Naved., Bambawale, O.M. and Singh, Balraj
(2011). Relative efficacy of Agricultural Spray oil
(Servo Agrospray ®) and Azadirachtin against
two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch
on cucumber under greenhouse and laboratory
conditions. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences.
81 (2): 156 - 160.
Papers presented in Conference/ Symposia/
Workshops
1. Ahuja, D. B. (2010). Implementation of sustainable
pest management technologies in cauliflower/
cabbage: challenges and opportunities. Poster
Presentation: International Horticulture Congress
2010, Horticulture, Horti Business and
Economic Prosperity, November 18-21, 2010,
New Delhi, India
2. Bambawale, O.M. and Ahmad, Nasim (2010).
Plant disease scenario in relation to climate change
and their management strategies. In: Symposium
on “Climate change and Plant Diseases: Risks and
Responses” at IPS Annual Meeting (Delhi Zone),
Division of Plant Pathology, IARI, New Delhi on
November 12, 2010
3. Bambawale, O.M., Tanwar, R.K., Garg, D. K.,
Prakash, Anand., Panda, S.K., Swain, N.C., Singh,
S.P. and Sathya Kumar, S. (2010). Rice Swarming
Caterpillar (Spodoptera Mauritia): E-Pest
4. Sabir, Naved., Sumitha, R., Singh, Balraj., Hasan,
M., Anupama., Chilana, Poonam., Deka, Sikha.,
Tanwar, R.K., and Bambawale, O. M. (2011)
Superabsorbent Hydrogels for Efficient Biocontrol
of Root-Knot Nematodes for Healthy Tomato
Nursery. Current Science 100(5): 635-637
5. Singh, Saroj., Gaur, R. B., Singh, S. K. and Ahuja,
D. B. (2010). Development and evaluation of
farmers-participatory Integrated Pest Management
technology in groundnut. Indian Journal of
Entomology (In Press)
6. Trivedi, T.P., Ojha, K.N., Sabir, Naved., Singh,
Jitendra., Sardana, H.R. and Chaudhry, H.R.
(2010). Validation and promotion of FarmerParticpatory IPM technology in Chickpea – A case
Study. Pesticide. Research Journal., 22 (1): 66-72.
7. Vennila, S., Deshmukh, A.J., Pinjarkar, D.,
Agarwal, M., Ramamurthy, V.V., Joshi, S., Kranthi,
78
Publications
Surveillance and management strategy in Orissa.
In: Souvenir, National Symposium on Emerging
Trends in Pest Management Strategies under changing
Climatic scenario. December 20-21, 2010.
OUA&T, Bhubaneswar. pp. 1-4.
(2011). Pest Management Information System
(PMIS) for Brinjal & Okra: Database tool for IPM”
presented in 4th Indian Horticulture Congress
organized by Horticulture Society Of India at NPL,
New Delhi on 18-21st Nov 2010 book of abstracts
p. 370.
4. Godika, Shailesh., Kumar, Mahendra., Pathak,
A.K., Singh, Saroj., Singh, Surender Kumar., Yadav,
M.S. and Ahmad, Nasim (2010). Validation of
Integrated Pest Management Technology in
mustard through FLDs. Abstract in the National
Conference on “Plant Protection in Agriculture through
Eco-friendly Techniques and Traditional Farming
Practices” held at Jaipur from February 18-20, 2010.
10. Singh, R.V. and Sardana, H.R. (2011). “Factors
limiting the adoption of IPM practices by vegetable
growers in western region of Uttar Pradesh: A
participatory approach” in National Symposium on
Crop Health Management for Sustainable Agrihorticultural Cropping System February 16-20, 2011
at CARI, Port Blair (Adman and Nicobar).
5. Godika, S., Yadav, M.S., Singh, Saroj, Chaudhary,
M.K. and Ahmad, N. (2010). Management of stem
rot disease of mustard following IDM strategies.
Paper presented in National Symposium on
“Recent Advances in Integrated Disease
Management for Enhancing Food production”
(October, 27-28, 2010) held at S.K.R.A.U.,
Bikaner. Abstract No. IDM-10 page 73.
11. Singh, S. K., Ahuja, D. B., Garg, D.K. and
Bambawale, O.M. (2010). An innovative larval
parasitoids multiplication kit. National Centre for
Integrated Pest Management, L.B.S. Building,
I.A.R.I., Pusa Campus New Delhi 110012.p. 48283.
12. Singh, S. K., Kumar, D.R., Verma, P.V., Singh, S.K.
and Yadav, M.S. (2010). IPM in irrigated
groundnut in farmers’ participatory mode in
Rajasthan. National Conference on recent advances
in integrated disease management for enhancing food
production. SRRAU,Bikaner, October 27-28,
2010,pp.63.
6. Godika, Shailesh., Singh, Saroj., Singh, Surender
Kumar., Yadav, M.S., Chaudhary, Mahendra
Kumar., Verma, P.V., Ahmad, Nasim (2010). Impact
of IPM technology in mustard at Alwar district of
Rajasthan. National Conference on Recent Advances
in Integrated Disease Management for Enhancing Food
Production, SKRAU Bikaner, October 27-28, 2010,
PP 71.
13. Singh, S., Verma, P.V., Singh, S.K., Mali, B.L., Rana,
B.S. and Yadav, M. S. (2010). IPM in rainfed
groundnut in farmers’ field in Rajasthan. National
Conference on recent advances in integrated disease
management for enhancing food production.
SRRAU,Bikaner, October 27-28, 2010, RAU,
Bikaner (Rajasthan).
7. Malik, Meenakshi., Singh, Niranjan and Kanojia,
A.K. (2011). Plant Protection Personnel
Information System-2 (p3is-2): A Database of
Plant Protection Personnel, presented in
International Conference on Electronics, Information
and Communications Systems Engineering organized
by M. B. M. Engineering College of J N V
University, Jodhpur from June 28-30, 2010.
14. Singh, Saroj., Verma, P.V., Kumar, Data Ram.,
Singh, S.K. And Yadav, M.S. (2010). Plant health
and IPM in irrigated Groundnut in Rajasthan,
National Centre for Integration Pest Management
10 th Agriculture Science Congress, NBFGR,
Lucknow, 10-12 Feb., 2011, pp-221.
8. Sardana, H.R., Bhat, M. N., Sehgal, Mukesh and
Singh, R.V. (2010). Wide area farm
implementation of adaptable integrated pest
management technology in bell pepper capsicum
annum. Indian Horticulture Congress, 18-22
November, 2011, New Delhi.
15. Vennila, S., Bambawale, O.M., Pal, Prasenjit.,
Singh, Dharmender and Agarwal, Meenu. (2011).
Changing scenario of jassids (Amrasca devastans
Distant) on rainfed cotton! Is it also due to climatic
variability? In: International Conference on
9. Singh, Niranjan., Sardana, H. R., Sathyakumar, S.,
79
“Preparing Agriculture for Climate Change” held
between 6 th and 8 th February, 2011, at PAU,
Ludhiana pp. 204-205.
4. Sehgal, Mukesh, 2010. Important Nematodes
Problems and their management in India. ibid.
97-104.
16. Vennila, S. and Bambawale, O.M. (2011). Pest
Management Practices Paradigm Shift in Cotton
Pest Management during Bt Era. Paper presented
at National Workshop on “Innovations and Better
Management Practices for Climate Resilient and
Sustainable Cotton Production”, held on 15-16
December, 2010 at CRIDA, Hyderabad.
Bulletins/Technical/Popular articles
1. Bora, B.C., Bhagwati, B., Choudhury, B.N.,
Sehgal, Mukesh., Sardana, H.R., Sabir, N.
,Bambawale, O.M. and Jain, R.K. (2011). Rice
root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne graminicola
Problem in Upland Rice and its Management” Tech
Bull. Directorate of Research (Agri) Assam
Agricultural UniversityJorhat National Centre for
Integrated Pest Management (NCIPM) New
Delhi.
17. Yadav, M.S., Gaur, R.B., Godika, S., Singh, S.,
Ahmad, N. and Bambawale. M. (2010). Prevalence
and severity of Sclerotinia stem rot of mustard in
Rajasthan. Oral presentation in National
Symposium on “Perspective in the plant health
management” (Dec.14-16, 2010) held at Anand
Agricultural University, Anand.
2. Hasan, M. Singh, Balraj., Singh, M. C., Singh, A.
K., Kaore, S. V., Sabir, Naved., Tomar., B. S. and
Tarunendu. (2010). Fertigation Scheduling for
Horticultural Crops (English). Published by Indian
Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi and
Indian farmers and Fertilizers Cooperative
(IFFCO) 34 pp.
18. Yadav, M.S., Das, D.K. and Trivedi, T.P., Ajmera,
B.D. and Yadava, D.K. (2010). Crop – Weather –
Disease interactions in Brassica juncea. Pl. Dis.
Res. 25: 80.
3. Sabir, Naved., Singh, B., Hasan, M., Sumitha., R.,
Deka, S., Tanwar, R.K., Ahuja, D.B., Tomar, B.S.,
Bambawale, O.M. and Khah, E.M. (2010). Good
Agricultural Practices for IPM in Greenhouses
(English). Published by National Centre for
Integrated Pest Management, New Delhi 16 pp.
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Book Chapters
1. Bambawale, O.M., Sardana, H.R. and Sabir, Naved
(2010). Integrated Pest Management in Vegetable
Crops.Pp. 261-279. Published in ‘Horticulture to
Horti-Business’ eds: K.L. Chadha, A.K. Singh and
V.B. Patel. Westville Publishing House, Paschim
Vihar, New Delhi 63.
4. Sardana, H. R., Bhat, M. N., Sehgal, Mukesh and
Singh, R.V. (2011). Integrated Pest Management
Strategies for Vegetable Crops. Bulletin no. 25. P
52. NCIPM, New Delhi
5. Singh, Balraj., Sabir, Naved., Hasan, M., Singh
A.K. (2011). Greenhouse Cucumber- Production
and Protection (English). Published by Indian
Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 30 pp.
(In Press)
2. Sehgal, Mukesh (2010). Integrated Pest
Management of Field crops. In training Manual of
Proficiency certificate Programme (PCP) Jaipuria
Institute of Management, Noida and the centre
of the plant Nutrients Management. May 312June 09, 2010.
6. Tanwar, R. K., Jeyakumar, P. and Vennila, S. (2010)
Papaya mealybug and its management, Technical
Bulletin 32, National Centre for Integrated Pest
Management, New Delhi, pp26
3. Sehgal, Mukesh (2010). Integrated Pest Principles
and Prospectus in India. Training Manual for
Participant of crop care advisor exam 2011. Tata
Chemicals , Noida U.P . 56-67
7. Tanwar, R.K., Prakash, Anand., Panda, S.K.,
Swain, N.C., Garg, D.K., Singh, S.P., Sathya
S.Kumar and
Bambawale, O.M. (2010).
Swarming caterpillar (Spodoptera mauritia) and its
80
Publications
management strategies, Technical Bulletin 24,
National Centre for Integrated Pest Management,
New Delhi, pp19
for vegetable crops at Centre for Agricultural
Technology Assessment for Vegetable Crops, held
at IARI, NGO Collaborative Extension
Programme on 20-5-2010.
8. Vennila, S., Ramamurthy,V.V., Deshmukh, A.,
Pinjarkar, D.B., Agarwal, M., Pagar, P.C., Prasad,
Y.G., Prabhakar, M., Kranthi, K.R. and
Bambawale, O.M. (2010). A Treatise on Mealybugs
of Central Indian Cotton Production System.
Technical Bulletin 24, NCIPM, Pusa Campus, New
Delhi.1-50.
3. Sardana, H. R. (2010). i) Status of IPM in India
and case Studies on Wide area IPM validation in
horticultural Crops’ ii) Base line studies and socioeconomic status of farmers – A decision making
process. iii) Impact studies on IPM Training
programme on ‘Awareness Building Program on
Agro-ecology & Integrated Pest Management
(IPM)’ organized by US AID - India- Michigan
State University (MSU), and Indian Horticultural
Development Alliance at Pune on 28-29th July,
2010.
9. Yadava, D.K., Vasudeva, S., Singh, N., Yadav, M.S.,
Rana, D.S and Dey, D. (2011). Raya /Laha
(Sarson).In: Rabi Fasalon Ki Unnat Kheti
(A.K.Sharma, D. Kumar, J.B. Sharma, D.K.Yadava,
C. Bhardwaj, A.K.Singh and K.V. Prabhu Eds.),
pages 34-43 (in Hindi).
4. Sehgal, Mukesh. (2010) . Integrated pest
management of Field crops. In Proficiency
certificate Programme (PCP) Jaipuria Institute of
Management, Noida and the Centre of the plant
Nutrients Management. May 31, 2010 to June 09,
2010.
Folders
1. Sardana, H. R. and Sehgal, Mukesh. (2010).
Chillies: Integrated Pest Management Strategies,
National Centre for Integrated Pest Management,
New Delhi 110012
5. Sehgal, Mukesh. (2011). Effect of Climate Change
on the Agriculture.”Advance Institute of
management, Ghaziabad. January, 27 2011.
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6. Sehgal, Mukesh and Singh, Ravinder. (2010).
Impact of Climate Change in agriculture and its
effects on pests “Climate Change and Economic
Development” Organized by School of Economics,
under UGC-SAP (DRS Phase II) March 12-13,
2010. Indore, India.
Popular article
1. Ahuja D.B., Singh, S.K., Sharma, Pratibha., Singh,
Saroj., Yadav, S.K. and Bambawale, O.M. (2010).
Technologies for getting disease free cabbage.
Indian Horticulture.55: 53-56
7. Sehgal, Mukesh., Singh, Ravinder., Kanwar, Vikas.,
Yadav, S. M and Sardana, H.R. (2010).
Educational Assessment and Creating Awareness
of Integrated Pest Management Strategies to
Chickpea Growers in Rajasthan IGNOU, Agartala
(Tripura), August 24-26, 2010, India.
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8. Singh, R.V (2010). Integrated Pest Management
in Vegetable Crops, for the in-service training of
field functionaries of Govt. of NCT, Delhi State
organized by KVK –NHRDF, Ujwa, New Delhi
29th October, 2010.
Invited Lectures
1. Ahuja, D.B. and Bambawale, O.M. (2011). Good
Agricultural Practices: Pest Management. One day
Seminar on Good Agricultural Practices,
17.3.2011, CIAE, Bhopal.
9. Singh, R.V (2011). Identified as Expert Groupcum Course writer on IPM as part of the NAIP-
2. Ahuja, D.B. (2010). Integrated pest management
81
ICAR Extension Research entitled “Innovations
in technology mediated learning: An institutional
capacity building in re-usable learning from 2122 Feb.2011at School of Agriculture, IGNOU,
New Delhi for writing RLOs on IPM.
TV Programme
1. Sehgal, Mukesh. Impact of Excessive Use of
Pesticides in Pragya TV on April, 14,2010.
10. S.K. Singh (2010). “Light trap safer to beneficial”
a talk delivered in Deptt. of Agri., Jaipur,
Rajasthan.
3· Sehgal, Mukesh. Be Aware - Faith or Superstition
on Pragya TV on March 18.03.2011.
11. Singh, S.K. (2010). Approach paper and draft
regulation on “Organic food processing and sale”
member of Expert Committee, held on April 30,
2010 at Food Safety and Standards Authority of
India (A statutory regulatory authority under M/o
Health and family welfare) New Delhi.
Training Manual
1. Sehgal, Mukesh. (2011). Training Manual for
Participant of crop care advisor exam 2011. Tata
Chemicals , Noida U.P
2. Sehgal, Mukesh. Effect of Climate Change on the
agriculture. Pragya TV on the Society on Feb 8, 2011.
2. Tanwar, R.K. (2011). Training manual on e- pest
surveillance under Rashtriuya Krishi Vikas Yojana
for Master trainers and project staff, Published by
Directorate of Agriculture & Food Production
Orisa, Bhubaneswar.
12. Tanwar, R.K. (2011) ‘Quality control of Biopesticides’ in Seminar on Quality Control of Biopesticides organized by BAMETI, Bihar at Patna
on 20/09/2011
82
TRAININGS AND AWARDS
Training Imparted
1. S. Sathya Kumar Imparted Summer Training on
“Database and Supporting” to two students of
Bachelor in Computer Applications (2nd Year) at
ARIS Cell, NCIPM from 18/05/2010 to 30/06/
2010.
3. S. Sathya Kumar Imparted training on On-line Pest
Data Entry to the District Project Officers of KVK,
Mysore, KVK, Ahmednagar and KVK, Jalna under
“National Information System for Pest
Management (Bt Cotton)” Project during August
30-31, 2010 at KVK, Mysore.
2. S. Sathya Kumar Imparted training on e-Pest
Surveillance Data Entry to PPOs/Pest Monitors/
Data Entry Operators/RAs of OUA&T under
“Awareness-cum-surveillance programme for the
management of major pests of Rice in Orissa”
Project during on July 04-05, 2010 and July 21,
2010 at RITE, Bolangir.
Award
Dr. Sumitra Arora was awarded “Endeavour
post doctoral Aw a r d Fellowship 2010”
from Department of Education, Employment and
workplace Relations (DEEWR), Australian
Government for six months, (April 2010 to
October 2010) for pesticide residue analysis work
using RBPR technique.
83
PARTICIPATION IN SEMINARS, SYMPOSIA, WORKSHOPS,
CONFERENCES AND TRAININGS
Name of the Event
Duration
Venue
Participants
11 oha jk"Vªh; oSKkfud laxks"Bh
vizSy 13 ls 15] 2010
ubZ fnYyh
ljkst flag ,oa fiz;ozr oekZ
Annual Review Workshop of
NAIP Component II
April 15-16 2010
Tamil Nadu Agril. University,
Coimbatore
Naved sabir
XIX Bio control Workers’ Group
Meeting
May 28-29, 2010
Srinagar, organized by NBAII at
Sher-e-Kashmir University of
Agriculture and Technology, Kashmir.
R.K. Tanwar
Annual Review meeting of
“National Information System
for Pest Management (Bt Cotton)
July 13-14, 2010
PDKV, Akola
S. Sathya Kumar
Training cum Workshop of NAIP
August 22, 2010
Lohaghat, organized by GB Pant
Univ. of Agri. and Tech
Naved Sabir
49th All India Wheat and Barley Research
Workers Meet
August 27-30, 2010
PAU, Ludhina
M.S. Yadav
17th Annual All India Rapeseed- mustard
Research Workers Group Meeting
September 1-3, 2010
Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi
Vishwa Vidyalaya Gwalior
M.S. Yadav
Making IPM effective in India
Sciences. New Delhi
September 29-30,
2010
National Academy of Agricultural
D.B. Ahuja, O.P. Sharma
H.R. Sardana
S. Vennila
Symposium on “Climate change
and Plant Diseases: Risks and
Responses” on IPS Annual Meeting
November 12,
2010
Division of Plant Pathology,
IARI, New Delhi
Nasim Ahamd, M.S.
Yadav
National Seminar on quality control
of Agricultural inputs, Role of
advanced Technologies and
appropriate legal framework
November 17-18,
2010.
BP Pal Auditorium, IARI, Pusa
Comlex, New Delhi organized by
Foundation for Agricultural Resource
Management and Environmental
Remediation
D. B. Ahuja
International Horticulture
Congress 2010
November 18-21,
2010
National Physical Laboratory,
New Delhi,
D. B Ahuja, Naved
Sabir Niranjan Singh S.
Sathya Kumar
Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa esa jk"Vªh; foKku laxks"Bh
uoEcj 22& 23] 2010
jk"Vªh; HkkSfrd iz;ksx'kkyk] ubZ fnYyh
ljkst flag fiz;ozr oekZ
7 Conventional of Grameen Gyan
Abhiyan (Mission 2007: Every village
a Knowledge Centre)- Information
Communication Technology and
Food,Health and Livelihood Security
in an Era of Climate Change
November 27-28 ,
2010
Mumbai University, Mumbai
R.V. Singh
3rd International Conference on
Parthenium
December 8-10,
2010
IARI Pusa, New Delhi
Saroj Singh
National Symposium on "Prespective
in Plant Health management""
December 14-16, 2010
Anand Agril. University, Anand
M.S. Yadav
National Symposium on Emerging
trends in Pest Management Strategies
under Changing Climatic Scenario
December 20-21,
2010
OUAT, Bhubaneswar
R.K. Tanwar
Geo Spatial World Forum
January 20-21,
2011
Hyderabad International Convention
Centre, Hyderabad
Ashok Kanojia
th
84
Participation in Seminars, Symposia, Workshops, Conferences and Trainings
International Conference on the
Convergence of Libraries, Archives
and Museums-User Empowerment
through Digital Technologies
February 15-17,
2011
India International Centre,
New Delhi
Nasim Ahamd
National Conference of Agricultural
Librarians and User Community 2011 on
“Agricultural Libraries in Knowledge Web
February 24-25, 2011
IARI, New Delhi from
Ahamd, Nasim.
Thematic workshop on Strategic
Research for Pest and Disease
Dynamics in relation to Climate
Change under NICRA project
February 26, 2011
CRIDA, Hyderabad.
O.M. Bambawale,
Saroj Singh,
D.B. Ahuja,
O.P. Sharma,
Sardana, H.R.,
R.K. Tanwar
S. Vennila,
Niranjan Singh
A.K. Kanojia,
S.P. Singh
P.V. Verma,
M.K. Mulani
Budget (2010-2011)
(Rs. in Lac)
Head
Non-Plan
Plan
Total
Budget
351.20
157.00
508.20
Expenditure
349.52
157.00
506.52
85
STAFF LIST (AS ON 31-03-2011)
Dr. O.M. Bambawale
SCIENTIFIC STAFF
Director
Dr. D.K.Garg
Prin. Scientist ( Agril. Entomology)
Dr. (Mrs.) Saroj Singh
Prin. Scientist (Plant Pathlogy)
Dr. D.B.Ahuja
Prin. Scientist (Agril.Entomology)
Dr. O. P. Sharma
Dr. H.R. Sardana
Prin. Scientist (Agril. Entomology)
Dr. R. K. Tanwar
Dr. S.Vennila
Dr. M. Narayana Bhatt
Dr. Mukesh Sehgal
Sr. Scientist (Nematology)
Dr. Naved Sabir
Sr. Scientist (Nematology)
Dr. R. V. Singh
Sr .Scientist (Agril. Extension)
Dr. Surender Kumar Singh
Sr. Scientist (Agril. Entomology)
Dr. Mahender Singh Yadav
Sr. Scientist (Pl. Pathology)
Dr. P. Jeyakumar
Sr. Scientist (Agril. Entomology)
Dr. (Mrs) Sumitra Arora
Sr. Scientist (Organic Chemistry)
Dr. S. Someshwar Bhagat
Sr. Scientist (Pl. Pathology)
Shri Vikas Kanwar
Scientist (S.G.) (Agril. Economics)
Shri Niranjan Singh
Scientist (S.S.)(Computer Application)
Shri A. K. Kanojia
Scientist (S.S.) (Geography)
Ms. Meenakshi Malik
Scientist (Agril. Statistics)
Shri P.V.Verma
TECHNICAL STAFF
Technical Officer, T-7-8
Sh. S.P. Singh
Technical Officer, T-6
Dr. Nasim Ahmad
Shri S. Sathya Kumar
Mrs Neelam Mehta
Technical Assistant, T-5
Shri Satender Chandra
Shri Sanjay Chopra
Shri Nirmal Kumar
86
Staff List
Shri Ashok Kumar
Shri Satish Babu
Shri Suresh Chand
Shri Suresh Pal
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF
Sh. Mohinder Singh
Administrative Officer
Shri M.R. Sharma
Asstt. Admn. Officer
Shri. M.K. Mulani
AF & AO
Shri. B. Balmiki
Assistant
Shri. Navdeep Datta
Assistant
Smt. S. Malhotra
Personal Assistant (PA)
Smt. Anima Lugun
Stenographer Grade III
Shri. B. Chaudhary
U.D.C.
Shri. Pradeep Kumar
L.D.C.
Shri Suresh Yadav
L.D.C.
SKILLED SUPPORTING STAFF
Smt. Shingari Devi
S. S. Gr.-III
Shri Raj Kumar
S. S. Gr.-II
Shri Rajendra Kumar Shah
S. S. Gr.-II
Shri Uma Shankar Mishra
S. S. Gr.-II
Shri Sunil Kumar
S. S. Gr.-I
Smt. Kamla
S. S. Gr.-I
Shri. Vikram Singh
S. S. Gr.-I
Shri. Mahesh Kumar
S. S. Gr.-I
Shri Dayal Chand
S. S. Gr.-I
Mrs. Sarita Kumari
S. S. Gr.-I
PROMOTIONS
Dr. Mukesh Sehgal
Sh. P.V.Verma
Mrs. Neelam Mehta
Sh. Navdeep Datta
Mrs. Sangeeta Malhotra
From Senior Scientist to Principal Scientist
From T-6 to T (7-8)
From T-4 to T-5
From UDC to Assistant
From Stenographer to Personal Assistant
JOINING
Dr. Someshwar Bhagat joined as Sr. Scientist (Plant Pathology).
87

Annual Report 2010-11

Transcription

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