MODAL VERBS no endings (-s, -ing, -ed)

MODAL VERBS
no endings (-s, -ing, -ed)
usually no past forms (exceptions: could, would, had to, was/were able to)
usually used with:
bare infinitive – PRESENT INFINITIVE (base form)
PERFECT INFINITIVE (have + past participle)
EXCEPTIONS:
have/need to
be able to
ought to (=should)
MUST
strong, personal obligation:
I must see her.
order:
You must do as I say.
I had to do as he said.
logical conclusion, deduction, certainty
He must be at home.
You must be joking.
He must have been right.
She must have forgotten.
They must have been sleeping.
We cannot use must to talk about the past. We use have to to talk
about the past.
MUSTN‘T
prohibition
must not = mustn‘t
You mustn‘t steal.
Passengers must not talk to the driver.
We cannot use must not to talk about the
past. We use other structures to talk about
the past, for example:
We were not allowed to enter.
I couldn't park outside the shop.
Program delno sofinancira MŠŠ in Evropska unija iz Evropskega socialnega sklada. Projekt Odpiranje sistemov izobraževanja in
usposabljanja v širše okolje-partnerstva; »Sistem usposabljanja in izobraževanja za kvaliteto bivanja in dela« se izvaja v okviru
Operativnega programa razvoja človeških virov, razvojne prioritete: Razvoj človeških virov in vseživljenjskega učenja; Prednostne
usmeritve: Izboljšanje kakovosti in učinkovitosti sistemov izobraževanja in usposabljanja.
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Tečaj angleškega jezika
26. maj 2011
HAVE TO
external (impersonal) obligation
Teachers say we have to study more.
In France, you have to drive on the right.
In England, most schoolchildren have to wear a uniform.
John has to wear a tie at work.
DON‘T/DIDN‘T HAVE TO (NEEDN‘T)
absence of obligation
You don‘t have/need to to do everything on your own.
You needn‘t do everything on your own.
have to
must
CAN, COULD
strong possibility, probability
I can come later, if you want.
He could have lost his keys.
ability
I could swim when I was five.
permission (asking for, giving)
Can/could I leave earlier?
Yes, you can. No, you can‘t.
requests
Can you help me, please?
We often use could in a question to ask somebody to do something.
The use of could in this way is more polite (formal):
Could you tell me where the bank is, please?
Could you send me a catalogue, please?
CAN‘T, COULDN‘T
refusal of permission
You can‘t get out.
impossibility
I can‘t tell you everything.
inability
We couldn‘t do everything.
logical improbability, negative deduction
She can‘t be wrong.
She couldn‘t have done it. She wasn‘t at home at the time.
~2~
Tečaj angleškega jezika
26. maj 2011
WILL, WOULD
futurity, prediction: I will come tomorrow.
willingness:
Will you help me?
I would help him, but he didn‘t want me to.
intention: I will travel to France in August.
probability, certainty: He will be a little late.
logical conclusion, deduction: That will be the postman.
WON‘T (will not)
Unwillingness in the present
Why won‘t you help me?
WOULDN‘T (would not)
Unwillingness in the past
I asked him many times, but he wouldn‘t help me.
MAY, MIGHT
uncertain possibility
He may change his mind.
They may have heard something.
They might have been wrong.
permission (asking for and giving advice)
May I go out for a minute?
Of course, you may.
SHOULD
mild obligation, advice, suggestion
You should listen to his advice.
Shouldn‘t you be talking to someone else?
You should have come.
SHOULDN‘T (SHOULD NOT)
I shouldn't be so rude, if I were you.
I shouldn't have spoken to him like that. (You regret not doing
something in the past.)
BE ABLE TO
We often use to be able to or to be allowed to instead of "can".
ability at a particular time in the past or future
semi-modal verb
Prevedi. (Translate.)
Ne smeš ven ob tako pozni uri.
______________________________________________________
Peter ni mogel odgovoriti na vsa vprašanja.
______________________________________________________
Nemogoče je, da je doma. Ravnokar sem ga srečal.
______________________________________________________
~3~
Tečaj angleškega jezika
26. maj 2011
Nisem znal rešiti vseh nalog.
______________________________________________________
Verjetno se doma učijo.
______________________________________________________
Morda si bo še premislil.
______________________________________________________
Obstaja verjetnost, da ga ne bo na predstavitvi projekta.
______________________________________________________
Nisem mogla zavrniti njegove ponudbe.
______________________________________________________
Nič nisem hotela slišati o njegovih nakanah.
______________________________________________________
Nihče mu ni mogel več pomagati.
______________________________________________________
Vedno se je lahko zanesel le nase.
______________________________________________________
Ali me hočeš poslušati?
______________________________________________________
Ne smeš v kino dokler ne narediš vseh nalog.
______________________________________________________
Ali bi mi lahko prosim pokazali, kako se pride do glavne pošte?
______________________________________________________
Fill in the gaps using the right modal verb.
Who do you think I ______________ ask for help? I‘m helpless.
You ______________ come if you don‘t want to.
Mary ______________ read the entire book. It was necessary.
You ______________ do as I tell you.
We ______________ wait here until they come.
They ______________ tell us what happened because they didn‘t know
anything about it.
Why ______________ you help me? I ______________ work it out by myself.
I don‘t think I ______________ to talk to her again.
______________ we dance now?
You ______________ steal or lie!
______________ you like to come with us?
This ______________ be Peter. He is much taller.
~4~
Tečaj angleškega jezika
26. maj 2011
We haven‘t ______________ to say anything.
He ______________ tell me the secret. He said it was confidential.
Mum says I ______________ clean the apartment.
______________ I go out for a minute, Sir?
______________ you go to the cinema with me?
Dad, ______________ we borrow your car?
Transform sentences by using modal verbs.
Perhaps he will change his mind.
______________________________________________________
It‘s possible he will be delayed.
______________________________________________________
It‘s very likely he is at home.
______________________________________________________
She is definitely studying at the library.
______________________________________________________
Are you willing to do me a favour?
______________________________________________________
Is it possible for me to come by later?
______________________________________________________
Is there a chance for you to postpone the meeting?
______________________________________________________
It‘s very possible he forgot about the appointment.
______________________________________________________
Probably he told you the news.
______________________________________________________
It‘s impossible he‘s right.
______________________________________________________
Wendy isn‘t allowed to go on holiday abroad.
______________________________________________________
I advise you to listen to your parents.
______________________________________________________
You are not suppose to work so late.
______________________________________________________
Perhaps he won‘t have time to come to the party.
______________________________________________________
It‘s not necessary for you to read all three books.
______________________________________________________
~5~
Tečaj angleškega jezika
26. maj 2011
IN THE GARDEN
Melissa: What a lovely garden you have!
Karen: Thanks! We work hard at it.
Melissa: What kind of trees are those?
Karen: Those are all fruit trees. The cherry tree in the corner of the yard is slowly
bearing fruit and the apple tree has great apples in the autumn. The apricot tree is
extremely difficult to keep free of insects.
Melissa: Does Simon mow the grass?
Karen: No, our son takes care of that, though rather willingly. I can barely make him
lift a finger.
Melissa: When did he last mow it?
Karen: Last week, I think. It grows quickly, doesn‘t it.
Melissa: I‘m always impressed by your flower garden. What‘s there this year?
Karen: Well, we‘ve lovely tulips and daffodils for the spring, rosses for the summer,
and mums for the autumn.
Melissa: It looks like you‘ve things in order.
Karen: Barely. I still need to weed the beds, trim the hedges, and buy fertilizer for the
lawn. And Simon is interested in planting a vegetable garden this year. We definitely
need a fence to keep out the rabbits. Then comes hoeing and tilling the soil.
Melissa: When did you build this patio? It‘s delightful.
Karen: We miss the balcony from our old apartment, so when we bought the house,
we already had plans to build a porch. By the way, did you see the flowering bushes
in the front of the house?
Melissa: No, I didn‘t. We can take a look at them after lunch.
VOCABULARY
barely
extremely
to barely lift a finger
fence
to bear
fertilizer
bed
to have things in order
bush
hedge
delightful
to hoe
~6~
Tečaj angleškega jezika
26. maj 2011
to keep free of
soil
to keep in order
to take care of
lawn
to till
to mow – mowed – mown
to trim
mums
unwillingly
to nibble
to weed
porch
yard
V spodnje stavke vstavi prislov.
I bought enough fertilizer for my neighbour‘s lawn as well. (glad)
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
He looked at us and waited for an answer. (nervous)
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
It is nice that they want to help mow our lawn. (extreme)
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Kateri glagoli se ujemajo s samostalniki?
NOUN
VERB
grass
build
soil
keep free of
bush
impress
insects
till
lawn
trim
fence
plant
neighbours
fertilize
garden
mow
~7~
Tečaj angleškega jezika
26. maj 2011
Word formation - People of the Forest
This TV (0) _________________ follows a family of chimpanzees which live
in the forest of Tanzania. Set in (1) _________________ scenery the
programme gives us a fascinating insight into the life and social (2)
_________________ of these creatures. (3) _________________ we
humans share 98% of our genes with chimpanzees; indeed, they are our
closest relative in the animal (4) _________________ and scenes in the
documentary offer clear evidence of our (5) _________________. The focus
of the film is on Fifi and we first see her as a (6) _________________ 5 year
old who spends all her time annoying her younger brother. Meanwhile, the
older male chimps seem to be involved in an endless fight for (7)
_________________. And it is no surprise to learn that while all this is taking
place the females are left to deal with the day-to-day (8) _________________
matters. Make sure you set aside an hour to watch this. The (9)
_________________ splendour of the location makes this programme
worthwhile viewing, although our (10) _________________ to these animals
will make you think.
DOCUMENT
SPECTACLE
ACTION
APPEAR
KING
SIMILAR
PLAY
SUPREME
ORGANIZE
GEOGRAPHY
LIKE
Prevedi stavke!
Niti mignil ni s prstom.
___________________________________________________________________
Vse stvari ima urejene.
___________________________________________________________________
Skrbi za cvetje in drevje v vrtu.
___________________________________________________________________
Odslej je košnja trave zadolžitev otrok.
___________________________________________________________________
Rad hodim v gledališče.
___________________________________________________________________
Ti si na vrsti.
___________________________________________________________________
Uživate v glasbi?
___________________________________________________________________
Rad bi vam predstavil svojega prijatelj.
___________________________________________________________________
Imate radi džez?
___________________________________________________________________
Morda se vidimo pozneje.
___________________________________________________________________
~8~