Schedule

Transcription

Schedule

NACE International
15835 Park Ten Place
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Click on Meeting Name to Add to Itinerary
ISO Meetings
ISO/TC 67/WG 7/TG SSC IN REFINING ISO 17945
Time
Name
Description
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
Friday,8 :30a.m. to 4 :30p.m.
ISO WG TC67/SC2/WG 14-1 ISO WG TC67/SC2/WG 14-1,
ISO 17945
External Coatings for Buried External Coatings for buried or
or Submerged Pipelines Part 1 submerged pipelines used in
pipeline transportation systems,
part 1: Polyo lefin coatings (3-layer
PE and 3-layer PP.
Omni Dallas Hotel
Greenville
Omni Dallas Hotel
Greenville
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
ISO TC 156 TAG
Kay Bailey Hutchison Convention
Center
Room 163
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
ISO TC 35 TAG
Center
Room 163
STG 03
Chair:Michele Castano
Saturday,8 :30a.m. to 4 :30p.m.
ISO WG TC67/SC2/WG 14-1 ISO WG TC67/SC2WG 14-1
External Coatings for Buried External Coatings for buried or
or Submerged Pipelines Part 2 submerged pipelines used in
pipeline transportation system part
2: Polyolefin coatings (3-layer PE
and 3-layer PP.
ISO 17945
STG 03
Chair: Michele Castano
ISO TC 156 TAG - U.S. TAG to ISO TC 156 Corrosion of Metals and Alloys
ISO TC 156 TAG
Time
Name
Wednesday,1 p.m. to 4 p.m.
TC 156 TAG - US TAG to
ISO TC 156 Corrosion of
Metals and Alloys
Description
U.S. TAG to ISO/TC 35 Paints and Varnishes ISO TC 35 TAG
Time
Name
Wednesday,9 a.m. to 11 a.m.
U.S. TAG to ISO/TC 35 Paints
and Varnishes
Description
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
NACE MR0175/ ISO 15156 Maintenance Panel MR0175 MP
Time
Name
Sunday,8 a.m. to 12 a.m.
NACE MR0175/ ISO 15156
Maintenance Panel
Description
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
MR0175 MP
Center
Room 146
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
Center
Room 146
NACE MR0175/ ISO 15156 MAINTENANCE AGENCY NACE MR0175/ ISO
151
Time
Name
Sunday,4 :30p.m. to 5 :30p.m.
Maintenance Agency
Description
OGP 23936 (ISO TC 67/WG 7/TF "Non-Metallics" OGP23636
Time
Name
Description
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
Friday,7 :30a.m. to 5 p.m.
OGP 23936 Non-Metallics
ISO OPG 23936 Non-Metallics
OGP23636
Hyatt Regency Dallas
Cumberland E
Saturday,8 a.m. to 5 p.m.
OGP 23936 (ISO TC 67/WG
7/TF "Non-Metallics"
OGP 23936 (ISO TC 67/WG 7/TF
"Non-Metallics" Day 1
OGP23636
Omni Dallas Hotel
Arts Dist. 5
OGP 23936 (ISO TC 67/WG
7/TF "Non-Metallics"
OGP 23936 Non-Metallics (day 2)
OGP23636
Omni Dallas Hotel
Arts Dist. 5
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
TG 299 [32]
Center
Room 146
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
Kay Bailey Hutchinson Convention
Center
Room 144
Oil and Gas Production—Metallurgy STG 32 - Oil and Gas Production—
Metallurgy
Time
Name
NACE MR0175/ISO 15156:
Oversight of Maintenance
Panel
Description
Administrative Meetings
Time
Name
Thursday,10 a.m. to 11 a.m.
Conferences and Exposition
Activities Committee (CEAC)
Description
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Area Coordination Committee ACC
Time
Name
Description
Monday,4 p.m. to 5 p.m.
Area Coordination Committee
(ACC)
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
ACC
Center
Room 145
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
ACPC2
Center
Room 147
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
CBC12
Center
Room 144
ACPC Session 2 ACPC2
Time
Name
Description
Annual Conference Program
Committee (ACPC) (Session
2)
Annual Conference Program Committee CBC12
Time
Name
Description
Sunday,9 :30a.m. to 11 :30a.m.
Annual Conference Program
Committee (ACPC) (Session
1)
Board of Directors CBRD
Time
Name
Description
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
Friday,11 :30a.m. to 2 :30p.m.
Executive Committee
Bob's Restaurant in Omni Dallas
Hotel
CBRD
Omni Dallas Hotel
Bob's Restaurant
Friday,3 p.m. to 6 p.m.
Board Orientation
CBRD
Omni Dallas Hotel
Arts Dist. 3
Board of Director's Meeting
CBRD
Omni Dallas Hotel
Trinity Ballroom
Sunday,1 p.m. to 4 p.m.
Publications Activities
Committee
CBRD
Center
Room 150
Monday,11 :30a.m. to 3 p.m.
Past Presidents Council
CBRD
Omni Dallas Hotel
Deep Ellum B
Monday,1 :30p.m. to 5 :30p.m.
Policy Committee
CBRD
Omni Dallas Hotel
Deep Ellum A
This will take place in Trinity
Ballroom 4
Education Committee EC
Time
Name
Description
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
Monday,10 :30a.m. to 1 :30p.m.
Education Committee
Trinity Ballroom 2-3
EC
Omni Dallas Hotel
Trinity Ballroom
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
MP Editorial Advisory Board MP EDIT
Time
Name
Description
MP Editorial Advisory Board
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
MP EDIT
Center
Room 150
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
OPR CMT
Center
Room 148
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
PLN CMT
Center
Room 147
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
RAC
Center
Room 145
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
RPC
Center
Room 147
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
TCC ALL
Center
Room 144
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
TCC01
Center
Room 144
TCC Operations Committee OPR CMT
Time
Name
Description
TCC Operations Committee
TCC Planning Committee PLN CMT
Time
Name
Description
Tuesday,8 a.m. to 11 a.m.
TCC Planning Committee
Research Committee RAC
Time
Name
Description
Research Committee
TCC Reference Publications Committee (RPC) RPC
Time
Name
Description
TCC Reference Publications
Committee (RPC)
Technical Coordination Committee (TCC) TCC ALL
Time
Name
Description
Thursday,12 a.m. to 2 p.m.
Technical Coordination
Committee (TCC) (Session 2)
Time
Name
Technical Coordination
Committee (TCC) (Session 1)
TCC Session 1 TCC01
Description
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Technical and Research Activities Committee (TRAC) TRAC
Time
Name
Thursday,2 :30p.m. to 4 :30p.m.
Technical and Research
Activities Committee (TRAC)
Description
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
TRAC
Center
Room 147
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
Arts District 6
Other Meetings
Time
Name
Description
Ni Alloy JIP
By Invitation Only
Omni Dallas Hotel
Sunday,0 a.m. to 11 :30p.m.
Conference Proceedings
Online - Purchased
Purchase of access to ALL of the
conference proceedings online,
which are searchable, with
unlimited access!
Center
NACE Foundation - C15 Clay Registration for one shooter at Elm
Shoot Individual Entry
Fork Shooting Sports, including
breakfast and lunch.
Elm Fork Shooting Sports
NACE Foundation - C15 Clay Registration for one shooter at Elm
Shoot Team Entry
Fork Shooting Sports, including
breakfast and lunch.
Elm Fork Shooting Sports
Sunday,8 a.m. to 11 p.m.
NACE Foundation- C15
NACE Race Individual Entry
Paschall Park
Sunday,8 :30a.m. to 3 p.m.
NACE Foundation - C15 Golf Rental clubs for NACE Foundation
Tournament Club Rental
Golf Tournament at Cowboys Golf
Club. Includes 6 balls and a glove.
Cowboys Golf Club
NACE Foundation - C15 Golf
Tournament Corporate
Package
Cowboys Golf Club
NACE Foundation - C15 Golf
Tournament Corporate Team
Cowboys Golf Club
NACE Foundation - C15 Golf One playing spot at Cowboys Golf
Tournament Individual Player Club, including breakfast and lunch.
Cowboys Golf Club
Race will be held at Paschall Park's
Butterfly Trail. Participants will
meet at the Convention Center to
ride shuttle bus.
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Sunday,4 :30p.m. to 5 p.m.
General Membership Meeting
Center
Room 141
Monday,7 a.m. to 8 a.m.
Speaker Breakfast Monday
Center
East Fork
Monday,8 a.m. to 8 :45a.m.
Plenary Lecture
Center
Ballroom C1 & C2
Student Poster Orientation
Lunch
Center
East Fork
Strategic Planning with
Education
Omni Dallas Hotel
Trinity Ballroom
Speaker Breakfast Tuesday
Center
East Fork
Tuesday,7 p.m. to 11 p.m.
NACE Foundation Blues Bash:
Gone Green Individual Ticket
House Of Blues Dallas
Speaker Breakfast Wednesday
Center
East Fork
Wednesday,1 p.m. to 2 :30p.m.
Student Poster Session
Winner's Lunch
Center
East Fork
Instructor Meeting- Black Hole
Update and new i_Hub
Features
Center
Room 146
Speaker Breakfast Thursday
Center
East Fork
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
ACC
Center
Room 145
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
ACPC1
Center
Room 172
John R. Scully Plenary Lecture
Location is Trinity 2-3
Area Coordination Committee ACC
Time
Name
Tuesday,10 a.m. to 11 :30a.m.
Area Coordination Committee
Student Sub Committee
Description
Symposium Officer Training ACPC1
Time
Name
Tuesday,11 :30a.m. to 1 p.m.
Symposium Officer Training
Description
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Expositions Administrative Committee CBC13
Time
Name
Description
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
Expositions Administrative
Committee Session 1
CBC13
Center
Room 163
Expositions Administrative
Committee Session 2
CBC13
Center
Room 144
Time
Name
Description
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
Tuesday,8 a.m. to 5 p.m.
Career Advancement Center
Day 1
Our goal is to assist you with your CEF
career, recruitment, and educational
needs. Career advancement
opportunities include individual
career coaching with onsite
professional coach, resume review,
personal branding, LinkedIn review,
networking and job search skills,
making the most of NACE followup, interviewing, or other coaching
needs.
Center
Ballroom C1 & C2
Wednesday,8 a.m. to 5 p.m.
Career Advancement Center
Day 2
Our goal is to assist you with your CEF
career, recruitment, and educational
needs. Career advancement
opportunities include individual
career coaching with onsite
professional coach, resume review,
personal branding, LinkedIn review,
networking and job search skills,
making the most of NACE followup, interviewing, or other coaching
needs.
Center
Ballroom C1 & C2
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
CENTRAL BOT
Center
Room 145
Career & Education Fair CEF
Central Area Board of Trustees CENTRAL BOT
Time
Name
Monday,10 a.m. to 1 p.m.
Central Area Board of Trustees
Description
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
East Asia & Pacific Rim Area Board of Trustees E ASIA BOT
Time
Name
Description
East Asia & Pacific Rim Area
Board of Trustees
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
E ASIA BOT
Center
Room 161
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
EASTERN BOT
Center
Room 145
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
EDIT BOARD
Center
Room 145
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
EURO BOT
Center
Room 145
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
GYSM
Center
Room 154
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
LAMERICAN BOT
Center
Room 161
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
NABOT
Center
Room 162
Eastern Area Board of Trustees EASTERN BOT
Time
Name
Description
Eastern Area Board of
Trustees
CORROSION Editorial Board EDIT BOARD
Time
Name
Description
CORROSION Editorial Board
European Area Board of Trustees EURO BOT
Time
Name
Description
European Area Board of
Trustees
Generation Y Student Meeting GYSM
Time
Name
Description
Monday,3 :30p.m. to 5 p.m.
Generation Y Student Meeting
Latin American Area Board of Trustees LAMERICAN BOT
Time
Name
Description
Latin American Area Board of
Trustees
Time
Name
Northern Area BOT
Northern Area BOT NABOT
Description
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
NACE Foundation Board of Directors NACE FOUND
Time
Name
NACE North Texas Section
Description
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
NACE FOUND
Omni Dallas Hotel
Arts District 6
Location
Location Detail
Center
Room 145
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
NI004A
Center
Room 144
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
Nigerian Corrosion Professionals 2015 NCPS15
Time
Name
Description
Committee(s)
Nigerian Corrosion
Professionals 2015
To bring together Nigerian
NCPS15
Corrosion Professionals attending
NACE Corrosion 2015 to exchange
information on (A) furthering
continued interests in the field of
Corrosion Science and Engineering,
(B) expanding corrosion awareness
in Nigerian and Continental Africa,
and (C) promoting interest of
NACE International in Continental.
NII Certification Management and Operations Committee NI004A
Time
Name
NII Certification Application
Review Board
Description
NACE Institute Board of Directors NII001
Time
Name
Description
NACE Institute Certification
Committee
NII001
Center
Room 143
NACE Institute Policy and
Practices Committee
NII001
Center
Room 144
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
NACE Institute Certification Commission NII004
Time
Name
Description
Sunday,1 p.m. to 2 :30p.m.
NII Certification Management
and Operations Committee
NII004
Center
Room 143
NII Specialty Board for
Protective Coatings
Certifications
NII004
Center
Room 143
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Public Policy and Outreach Committee PPOC
Time
Name
Public Policy and Outreach
Committee
Description
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
PPOC
Omni Dallas Hotel
Art Dist. 2
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
SEC OFC
Center
Room 162
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
TCC ALL
Center
Room 148
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
TCC1
Center
Room 148
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
TCC101
Center
Room 145
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
TCCPCT
Center
Room 144
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
W ASIA BOT
Center
Room 164
Section Officer Meeting SEC OFC
Time
Name
Section Officer Meeting
Description
Technical Coordination Committee (TCC) TCC ALL
Time
Name
Wednesday,11 :30a.m. to 1 p.m.
TCC Officer Training
Description
Technical Committees 101 Session 2 TCC1
Time
Name
Monday,10 :30a.m. to 11 :30a.m.
Technical Committees 101
Session 2
Description
Technical Committees 101 Session 1 TCC101
Time
Name
Sunday,10 :30a.m. to 11 :30a.m.
Technical Committees 101
Session 1
Description
TCC Technology and Program Coordinator Training TCCPCT
Time
Name
Wednesday,11 :30a.m. to 1 p.m.
TCC Technology and Program
Coordinator Training
Description
West Asian and African Board of Trustees W ASIA BOT
Time
Name
West Asia and Africa Board of
Trustees
Description
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
World Corrosion Organization Board of Administrators WCO BOA
Time
Name
World Corrosion Organization
Board of Administrators
Description
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
WCO BOA
Omni Dallas Hotel
Deep Ellum A
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
WCO GENERAL
Omni Dallas Hotel
Deep Ellum A
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
WESTERN BOT
Center
Room 162
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
World Corrosion Organization General Assembly WCO GENERAL
Time
Name
World Corrosion Organization
General Assembly
Description
Western Area Board of Trustees WESTERN BOT
Time
Name
Western Area Board of
Trustees
Description
Networking Meetings
Time
Name
Description
Saturday,7 :30p.m. to 10 p.m.
Corrosion Crew, Social Brew
Ticket
The admission price is $30 and
includes dinner, iced tea or water,
and a ticket to the museum.
The Rustic
Women In Corrosion
Luncheon
Join fellow women corrosion
professionals for the fastest growing
event at CORROSION. You will
have the opportunity to network,
seek advice, and hear presentations
from leading professionals.
Center
Ballroom C3
Expo Grand Opening
The grand opening of the Exhibit
Hall is the most popular event each
year. A complimentary drink ticket
redeemable only at the Expo Grand
Opening will be included in your
registration packet. All attendees
must wear their badges for
admittance.
Center
Exhibit Hall
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Drink Ticket
Drink Tickets will be valid 3/16
thru 3/18. This ticket may be
exchanged for one glass of domestic
wine or beer, bottled water, or soft
drink during NACE Exhibit Hall
hours.
Cash bars are also available.
Center
Exhibit Hall
Fellow's Breakfast (Invitation
Only)
Located in Arts District 6-7
Omni Dallas Hotel
Arts District 6
Tuesday Lunch Guest Ticket
This ticket is valued at $15 and may
be redeemed for lunch in NACE
Exhibit Halls starting at 11:00 AM
while supplies last.
Center
Tuesday Lunch
Wednesday Lunch Ticket
This ticket is valued at $15 and may
be redeemed for lunch in NACE
Exhibit Halls starting at 11:00 AM
while supplies last.
Center
Awards Dinner Individual
Ticket
Good for one purchased Awards
Dinner Ticket
Center
Awards Dinner Table (10)
Center
Center
Technical Committee Meetings
Time
Name
Description
Location
Location Detail
TG 382 [35] Internal
TG 382 [35] Internal Corrosion of
Corrosion of Pipelines: Review Pipelines: Review of NACE
of NACE standard TM0172
standard TM0172
Center
Room 154
Materials Selection and
Inspection of Fasteners on
Hanging Elements for Use in
Indoor Swimming Pool
Center
Room 170
TG 498 [60] Materials Selection
and Inspection of Fasteners on
Hanging Elements for Use in Indoor
Swimming Pool Atmosphere
Chair Jan Heselmans
Committee(s)
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Stress-Oriented HydrogenInduced Cracking (SOHIC)
Center
Room 164
Weldments, Carbon Steel:
Prevention of Environmental
Cracking in Refining
Environments
Center
Room 171
TG 471 [41] Nondestructive
Evaluation (NDE)
Technologies to Evaluate
Buried Pipe on Nuclear Sites
Center
Room 166
Nondestructive Evaluation (NDE)
Technologies to Evaluate Buried
Pipe on Nuclear Sites
Chair: Steve Biagiotti
Four-Point Bend Test Method Update of four-point bend testing
standard and results of ballot.
Center
Room 166
Reinforced Concrete:
Galvanic Anode Test
Procedures
Center
Room 154
Corrosion Prevention and Control for Concrete, Land Transportation, and
Coating Technology C1
Time
Name
Description
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
Corrosion Prevention and
Control for Concrete, Land
Transportation, and Coating
Technology
Corrosion Prevention and Control
for Concrete, Land Transportation,
and Coating Technology
C1
Center
Room 147
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
Chair: Brian Willis.
Reinforced Concrete STG 01 - Reinforced Concrete
Time
Name
Description
Reinforced Concrete: StrayCurrent-Induced Corrosion
TG 356 [01](05)
Center
Room 140
Reinforced Concrete: Design
Considerations for Corrosion
Control
TG 290 [01](41)
Center
Room 140
Corrosion-Resistant
Reinforcement
TG 057 [01](11)
Center
Room 140
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Sacrificial Cathodic Protection
of Reinforced Concrete
Elements
TG 047 [01](05)
Center
Room 140
Inspection Methods for
Corrosion Evaluation of
Prestressed Concrete
Structures
TG 504 [01]
Center
Room 140
TG 046 [01] Cathodic
Protection of Prestressed
Concrete Elements
TG 046 [01](05, 41)
Center
Room 143
Inhibitors and Admixtures
New corrosion inhibitor "state of
the art" report will be discussed.
TG 050 [01](11)
Center
Room 150
Tuesday,10 :40a.m. to 11 :50a.m.
TEG 053X Panel Discussion
TEG 053X Panel Discussion
TEG 053X [01]
Center
Room 149
Testing and Evaluation of
Corrosion on Steel-Framed
Buildings
TG 460 [01](02)
Center
Room 154
Proposed Revision to NACE
SP0290-2007
TG 044 [01](05)
Center
Room 154
Review and Revise TM02942007
TG 472 [01](05)
Center
Room 154
Electrochemical Chloride
Removal and Realkalization
TG 054 [01](41)
Center
Room 154
Review and Revise as
Necessary SP0308-2008
TG 055 [01](62)
Center
Room 154
Reinforced Concrete
STG 01
Center
Room 140
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Coatings and Linings, Protective: Atmospheric STG 02 - Coatings and Linings,
Protective: Atmospheric
Time
Name
Description
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
TEG 424X [02] LiquidApplied Thermal Insulative
Coating for Atmospheric
Service at 0 to 375 °F
TEG 424X [02](03, 04, 35,
43)
Center
Room 140
Test Methods for Determining
True Insulation Value of
Liquid Insulative Materials
Applied ..
TG 477 [02]
Center
Room 140
Hot-Dip Galvanizing for Steel
Corrosion Protection
TEG 428X [02](03, 04)
Center
Room 145
Threaded Fasteners:
Coatings& Methods of
Protection for Threaded
Fasteners Used w/ Structural
Steel
TEG 311X [02]
Center
Room 142
Threaded Fasteners: Coatings
for Protection of Threaded
Fasteners Used with Structural
Steel
TG 148 [02]
Center
Room 142
Tuesday,4 :30p.m. to 5 :30p.m.
TG 260/263/264/312 [02/03]
Review of NACE Standard
TM0104-2004
TG 260 [02](33)
Center
Room 147
TG 312 [02]
Center
Room 147
TM0104-2004
Chari: Benjamin T.A. Chang
TG 260/263/264/312 will host to
discuss the revision of the four
offshore coating standards.
TG 260/263/264/312 [02/03]
TM0104-2004
TM0104-2004
TG 260/263/264/312 will host to
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Joint Meeting STG 02,03, 04
Coatings & Linings,
Protective-Atmospheric,
Immersion & Buried Service,
Thursday,1 p.m. to 2 p.m.
Coatings & Linings, ProtectiveAtmospheric, Immersion & Buried
Service, Surface Preparation
STG 02
Center
Room 149
Threaded Fasteners: Coatings Joint Meeting with STG 02/ TEG
311X / TG 148
Steel
TEG 311X [02]
Center
Room 154
311X / TG 148
Steel
TG 148 [02]
Center
Room 154
311X / TG 148
Steel
STG 02
Center
Room 154
Location
Location Detail
Center
Room 145
Center
Room 147
Center
Room 143
TG 490 [03](35)
Center
Room 143
TG 251 [03](04, 35)
Center
Room 154
Coatings and Linings, Protective: Immersion and Buried Service STG 03 Coatings and Linings, Protective: Immersion and Buried Service
Time
Name
Description
Committee(s)
TG 030 [03] Coatings
Conductance
TG 030 [03] Coatings Conductance TG 030 [03](05, 35, 62)
Chair: Joseph Pikas
Pipeline Coatings, External:
Gouge Test
TG 034 [03] Pipeline Coatings,
External: Gouge Test
TG 034 [03](35)
Chair: Qingshan Feng
Coatings Under Insulation
Coatings Under Insulation Material TEG 351X [03](04)
Material Testing Procedure
Testing Procedure
recommendations: Discussion recommendations: Discussion
TEG 351X [03]
Chair: Ray G. Posgay
Pre qualification of Flow
Efficiency Pipeline Coatings
Review and Revise or
Reaffirm SP0109-2009
Review of the draft of the standard
TG 251 is working on, after the
CTW 2014 meeting.
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Cathodic Disbondment Test
for Coated Steel Structures
Under Cathodic Protection
Cathodic Disbondment Test for
Coated Steel Structures Under
Cathodic Protection
TG 470 [03]
Center
Room 147
TG 263 [03](33)
Center
Room 147
TG 264 [03](33)
Center
Room 147
Chair: Benjamin T.A. Chang
TG 470 will host to discuss the
reballot result and revision of the
Cathodic Disdondment Test
Standard.
TG 260/263/264/312 [02/03]
TM0104-2004
TM0104-2004
TG 260/263/264/312 will host to
TG 260/263/264/312 [02/03]
TM0104-2004
TM0104-2004
TG 260/263/264/312 will host to
Pipeline Coatings Peel
Strength Test
TG 520 [03]
Center
Room 145
Coating Systems (External) for
Pipeline Directional Drill
Applications
TG 352 [03](04, 35)
Center
Room 144
Coatings & Linings,
STG 03
Center
Room 149
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Coatings and Linings, Protective: Surface Preparation STG 04 - Coatings and
Linings, Protective: Surface Preparation
Time
Name
Description
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
Sunday,9 a.m. to 10 :30a.m.
TG 518 [04] Soluble Salt
Testing Frequency and
Locations on Previously
Coated Surfaces
Soluble Salt Testing Frequency and TG 518 [04]
Locations on Previously Coated
Surfaces
Center
Room 145
TG 417 [04](02, 03)
Center
Room 149
STG 04
Center
Room 149
Chair: Doug Johnson
Review & Revise as Necessary
Joint Standard NACE
No.6/SSPC-SP 13
Coatings & Linings,
Cathodic/Anodic Protection STG 05 - Cathodic/Anodic Protection
Time
Name
Description
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
Cathodic Protection
Monitoring: Use of Coupons
Cathodic Protection Monitoring:
Use of Coupons TEG 338X [35]
Chair: Raymond Humphreys
TG 210 [05](35)
Center
Room 148
TG 430 [05](35)
Center
Room 154
TEG 262X [05](35)
Center
Room 148
TEG 022X [05](01)
Center
Room 150
TG 018 [05](01, 03)
Center
Room 148
Joint Meeting with TG210
TG 430 [05] AC Corrosion on
Cathodically Protected
Pipelines: Risk Assessment,
Mitigation, and Monit
TEG 262X [05] Interference
Problems
TEG 262X [05] Interference
Problems
Chair: Len Krissa
TEG 022X [05] Corrosion
Control Coordinating
Committee
TEG 022X [05] Corrosion Control
Coordinating Committee
Monday,11 :30a.m. to 12 :30a.m.
TG 018 Steel, Structural:
TG 018 [05] Steel, Structural:
Corrosion Control and Pilings Corrosion Control and Pilings in
in Nonmarine Applications
Nonmarine Applications
Chair: Ernest Klechka
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
TG 167 [05] Revision of
NACE SP0388-2014
TG 167 and 284 [05] Combined
TG 167 [05]
meeting to discuss the standards for
Internal Cathodic Protection of
Steel water tanks.
Center
Room 147
TG 167 [05] Revision of
NACE SP0388-2014
TG 167 and 284 [05] Combined
TG 284 [05](11, 35)
meeting to discuss the standards for
Internal Cathodic Protection of
Steel water tanks.
Center
Room 147
Cathodic Protection
TEG 179X [05]
Center
Room 141
TG 526 [05] Standard Practice TG 526 [05] Standard Practice for
for Cathodic Protection of
Cathodic Protection of Structures
Structures Submerged in Fresh Submerged in Fresh Water
Water
TG 526 [05]
Center
Room 148
Thursday,9 :30a.m. to 11 :30a.m.
STG 05/35 Pipelines, Tanks,
and Well Casings
STG 05
Center
Room 142
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
STG 06
Center
Room 147
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
TG 527 [08](40)
Center
Room 170
TG 200 [08]
Center
Room 163
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
TEG 239X [10](39)
Center
Room 166
STG 05/35
Cleaning, Chemical and Mechanical STG 06
Time
Name
Description
STG 06 & Teg 188X Cleaning, Joint meeting with TEG 188X.
Chemical and Mechanical
Corrosion Management STG 08 - Corrosion Management
Time
Name
TG 527 [08] Corrosion
Prevention and Control
Planning Standard
Thursday,8 :30a.m. to 10 a.m.
Economics of Corrosion:
Standard
Description
Economics of Corrosion: Standard
Chair: Lynsay Bensman
Nonmetallic Materials of Construction STG 10 - Nonmetallic Materials of
Construction
Time
Name
Nonmetallic Materials of
Corrosion: Basic Education
Description
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
STG 10 & STG 33
Construction
This will be a jointly sponsored TIE STG 10
meeting for STG 10 and STG 33. It
will include a full day of informal
discussion with invited speakers for
Corrosion Control in Oil and Gas
Applications. The areas of
consideration thus far are as
follows:
1. Subsea Insulation
2. Internal Linings and Seals
3. FRP in Fracking Operations (
HCI/Brine Service)
4. Service Life Protection
TEG 191X [10] Plastics:
Managing Corrosion with
Polymer-Based and Composite
Materials
STG 33/10, Oil & Gas
Production-Nonmetallic
Materials of Construction and
Wear Coatings
STG 10 Nonmetallic Materials STG 10 Nonmetallic Materials of
of Construction
Construction
Center
Room 171
Center
Room 173
Center
Room 171
Center
Room 154
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
TEG 191X [10](39)
Joint Meeting with STG 33 & 10.
STG 10
Oil & Gas Production-Nonmetallic
Materials of Construction and Wear
Coatings
STG 10
Chair: Michael G. Stevens
Water Treatment Systems STG 11 - Water Treatment Systems
Time
Name
Description
Recovery and Repassivation
After Low pH Excursions in
Open Recirculating Cooling
Water Systems
TG 375 [11]
Center
Room 149
Boiler Waterside Failure
Analysis
TEG 163X [11](62)
Center
Room 155
TG 157 [11] Review and
Revise or Reaffirm NACE
Publication 46107
TG 157 [11](61)
Center
Room 149
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Cooling Water Systems:
Monitoring and Control
Water Treatment, Physical
Processes: Guidelines for
Testing
The objective of this meeting is to TG 152 [11](62)
reinvigorate its assignment by
publicizing and inviting several
industry representatives/consultants
to give a brief, informal review on
this topic.
Center
Room 154
TG 235 [11](46, 62)
Center
Room 144
Cooling Water Equipment,
Initial Conditioning
TG 234 [11](46)
Center
Room 144
Building Fire Protection
Systems: Corrosion and
Deposit Control
TEG 159X [11]
Center
Room 144
Biocide
Application/Misapplication
TIE on "Biocide Incompatibilities" TEG 149X [11]
Center
Room 145
Steam Generating Systems:
Shut-Down/Lay-Up/Start-Up
A review of the boiler shutdown
section is planned.
Center
Room 147
Practical Applications of
Water Treatment in Industrial
and Commercial Systems
Training in water technology is the TEG 503X [11]
focus of this group. This is an
opportunity for younger and less
experienced individuals to interface
with some more experienced
individuals, ask questions, present
observed problems, and gain
knowledge about water technology.
Center
Room 149
Fire Protection Systems
TG 381 [11]
Center
Room 147
STG 11 Water Treatment
STG 11
Center
Room 148
STG 11 Water Treatment
TG 160 [11]
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Oil and Gas Production—Cathodic Protection STG 30 - Oil and Gas Production
—Cathodic Protection
Time
Name
Description
TEG 170 Offshore Steel
TG 170 [30] Offshore Steel
Platforms- Corrosion Control: Platforms- Corrosion Control:
Review of NACE SP0176
Review of NACE SP0176
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
TG 170 [30](05)
Center
Room 162
Chair; James A. Brandt
National Adoption of ISO
15589-2:2012
Discuss handling of negative ballots TG 169 [30](05, 35)
and publications.
Center
Room 148
Cathodic Protection Systems,
Retrofit, for Offshore
Platforms
Cathodic Protection Systems,
Retrofit, for Offshore Platforms
TG 168[30]
Chair: David L. Johnson
TG 168 [30]
Center
Room 148
Wednesday,1 :30p.m. to 4 p.m.
Cathodic Protection in
Seawater—Discussion of
Current Topics
TEG 166X [30]
Center
Room 148
Thursday,5 p.m. to 5 :30p.m.
STG 30 Oil and Gas
Production-Cathodic
Protection
STG 30
Center
Room 140
Location
Location Detail
Oil and Gas Production-Cathodic
Protection [STG 30]
Chair: Rodrigo J. Himiob
Oil and Gas Production—Corrosion and Scale Inhibition STG 31 - Oil and Gas
Production—Corrosion and Scale Inhibition
Time
Name
Description
Committee(s)
Oil & Gas Production,
TEG 202X
TEG 202X [31](61, 62)
Deepwater Corrosion & Scale Chair: Nihal Obetesekere
Control
TEG 202X will host a workshop on
scale/hydrate/corrosion issues for
the deep-water and for onshore.
Center
Room 167
Oil and Gas Production, Oil
Presentations specific to oil sands
Sands: Information Exchange corrosion and material issues.
Center
Room 163
Oil and Gas Production, CO2
Corrosion: Information
Exchange
Center
Room 163
TEG 341X [31](11, 33, 34)
TEG 059X Oil and Gas Production, TEG 059X [31](60, 61)
CO2 Corrosion: Information
Exchange
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Oil & Gas Production, Sour
Exchange
TEG 282X
Chair: Nihal Obeyesekere
TEG 282X [31](60, 61, 62)
Center
Room 167
TEG 282X will host a workshop on
sour corrosion with six invited guest
speakers.
Oil and Gas Exploration
Exchange
The topic of this meeting regards
TEG 514X [31](32, 60)
material and corrosion issues on
materials typically used in a Q & A
exploration
Center
Room 163
Under-Deposit Corrosion
TEG 092X [31] Under-Deposit
Corrosion
TEG 092X [31](11, 38, 60,
61)
Center
Room 160
STG 31
Center
Room 164
Chair: Sandra Hernandez
Oil and Gas Production—
Meeting 1 of 2
Corrosion and Scale Inhibition
(Meeting 1)
TG 075 [31] Biocides—Oil
and Gas Industry
TG 075 [31] Biocides—Oil and Gas TG 075 [31](61)
Industry
Center
Room 165
Oil and Gas Production,
Corrosion Prediction:
Information Exchange
Technical exchange on important
TEG 201X [31](60)
aspects related to corrosion
prediction in oil and gas production
.
Center
Room 165
Oil and Gas Production,
Corrosion Prediction: Report
Discussion of the results of the
balloting of the committee report.
TG 076 [31](60, 61)
Center
Room 165
Tuesday,3 p.m. to 4 :30p.m.
TG 478 [31] Summary of
Knowledge & Experience on
Internal Corrosion of Pipeline
Under Dewing
TG 478 [31] Summary of
Knowledge & Experience on
Internal Corrosion of Pipeline
Under Dewing Conditions: Top of
the Line (TOL) Corrosion
TG 478 [31](35)
Center
Room 165
Wednesday,1 :30p.m. to 3 :30p.m.
TG 445 [31] Internal
Corrosion Monitoring of
Subsea Production and
Injection Systems
Internal Corrosion Monitoring of
Subsea Production and Injection
Systems
TG 445 [31](62)
Center
Room 143
TG 245 [31]
Center
Room 162
TG 445 [31]
Chair: Sai Prasanth Venkateswaran
TG 245 & TEG 077X Joint
Meeting
TG 245 & TEG 077X [31] Joint
Meeting
Chair: Shokrollah Hassani
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
TG 245 & TEG 077X Joint
Meeting
TG 245 & TEG 077X [31] Joint
Meeting
TEG 077X [31](62)
Center
Room 162
STG 31
Center
Room 162
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
TG 082 [32](34, 62)
Center
Room 164
TEG 374X [32](33)
Center
Room 143
Chair: Shokrollah Hassani
Meeting 2/2
Corrosion and Scale Inhibition
(Meeting 2)
Oil and Gas Production—Metallurgy STG 32 - Oil and Gas Production—
Metallurgy
Time
Name
Description
Cracking, Stepwise: Pipeline
Steels—Review of NACE
Standard TM0284
Oil and Gas Production
Materials Information
Exchange
Computerized Environmental
Cracking Database
TG 257 [32](34, 62)
Center
Room 166
Double-Cantilever-Beam
(DCB) Test
WG 085c [32](62)
Center
Room 166
Sulfide Corrosion Cracking:
Metallic Materials Testing
Techniques
TG 085 [32](62)
Center
Room 166
Metallurgy
STG 32
Center
Room 146
Location
Location Detail
Joint technical information
exchange with EFC WP 13.
Discuss the recent TM0177 ballot
results.
Oil and Gas Production—Nonmetallics and Wear Coatings (Metallic) STG 33 Oil and Gas Production—Nonmetallics and Wear Coatings (Metallic)
Time
Name
Description
Committee(s)
TG 483 [33] Review and Revise as TG 483 [33]
Revise as Necessary TM0297- Necessary TM0297-2008
2008
Center
Room 170
TEG 524X [33] Oilfield
Internal Thermoplastic Liner
for Downhole
Center
Room 147
TEG 524X [33]
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
STG 10 & STG 33
Construction
Applications. The areas of
consideration thus far are as
follows:
3. FRP in Fracking Operations (
HCI/Brine Service)
Center
Nonmetallics and Wear
Coatings (Metallic)
applications. The areas of
consideration thus far are following:
3. FRP in Fracking Operations(
HCI/Brine Service)
Center
STG 33 Oil and Gas
STG 33 Oil and Gas Production—
Production—Nonmetallics and Nonmetallics and Wear Coatings
Wear Coatings (Metallic)
(Metallic)
STG 33/10, Oil & Gas
Production-Nonmetallic
Materials of Construction and
Wear Coatings
Room 171
STG 33
Center
Room 171
Joint Meeting with STG 33 & 10.
STG 33
Oil & Gas Production-Nonmetallic
Materials of Construction and Wear
Coatings
Center
Room 171
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
TG 231 [34](60)
Center
Room 171
Petroleum Refining and Gas Processing STG 34 - Petroleum Refining and Gas
Processing
Time
Name
Petroleum Refining Sulfide
Stress Cracking (SSC):
MR0103
Description
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Petroleum Refinery Corrosion
Specialist Certification and
Oversight of Refining Industry
Corrosion
TG 393 [34]
Center
Room 171
Joint API/NACE Advisory
Committee API 751 Safe
Operation of HF Alkylation
Units...
TG 510 [34]
Center
Room 171
Monday,2 p.m. to 3 :30p.m.
Potential Effects of Upstream
Additives on Refinery
Corrosion and Fouling
TG 489 [34](31, 35)
Center
Room 171
Wednesday,8 a.m. to 10 :30a.m.
Refining Industry Information
Exchange Session 1
TEG 205X [34]
Center
Ballroom C3
Wednesday,10 :30a.m. to 12 a.m.
Gas Treating Control Systems
Corrosion Minimization
TEG 113X [34]
Center
Ballroom C3
Refining Industry Information
Exchange Session 2
TEG 205X [34]
Center
Ballroom C3
Petroleum Refining and Gas
Processing
STG 34
Center
Room 171
Pipelines, Tanks, and Well Casings STG 35 - Pipelines, Tanks, and Well
Casings
Time
Name
Description
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
RP0193-2001
TG 013 [35] Review of NACE
Standard RP0193-2001
TG 013 [35](05)
Center
Room 145
Center
Room 144
Center
Room 150
Chair: Louis Koszewski
Sunday,8 a.m. to 9 :30a.m.
Steel Pipelines and Piping
Systems: Internal Corrosion
Control
TG 038 [35] Steel Pipelines and
TG 038 [35]
Piping Systems: Internal Corrosion
Control
State-of-the-Art Report on
State-of-the-Art Report on Flow
Flow and Corrosion Modeling and Corrosion Modeling
TG 447[35]
Chair: Sankara Papavinasam
TG 447 [35](31, 62)
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Cathodic Protection
Monitoring: Use of Coupons
Cathodic Protection Monitoring:
Use of Coupons TEG 338X [35]
Chair: Raymond Humphreys
TEG 338X [35](05)
Center
Room 148
TG 273 [35]
Center
Room 155
TG 502 [35](05)
Center
Room 149
TG 315 [35]
Center
Room 160
TG 293 [35](05)
Center
Room 149
TG 041 [35]
Center
Room 147
Joint Meeting with TG210
TG 273 [35] Stress Corrosion
Cracking Direct Assessment,
External
TG 237 [35] Stress Corrosion
Cracking Direct Assessment,
External
Chair: John A. Beavers
TG 502 [05] 3D Laser and
Structured Light
TG 502 [05] 3D Laser and
Structured Light
Reaffirm as Necessary SP0208
-2008
Internal Corrosion Direct
Assessment
TG 293 [35] Internal Corrosion
Direct Assessment
Pipeline Direct Assessment
Methodology
This committee is revising NACE
0502-2010.
Necessary NACE SP02072007
TG 279 [35](05)
Center
Room 154
Pipeline Crossings: SteelCased, Thrust-Bored, and
HDD
TEG 208X [35](05)
Center
Room 142
Necessary NACE Standard
TM0212-2012
TG 254 [35]
Center
Room 148
TG 426 [35] Multiphase FlowICDA
TG 426 [35]
Center
Room 150
Pipeline Inspection: In-Line
Nondestructive—Review of
NACE SP0102-2010
TG 212 [35]
Center
Room 147
Review of NACE study.
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Pipelines: Liquid Petroleum
Industry Corrosion Control
Issues Forum
TG 522 [35] Technical
Guidance for Using In-Line
Inspection Devices in the
Direct Examination Phase
Pipelines: In-Line Inspection
Necessary NACE Publication
35100
Well Casings, Corrosion
Control: Information
Exchange
Wednesday,10 :30a.m. to 11
:30a.m.
TG 370 [35] Pipeline
Corrosion Managment
TEG 314X [35](02, 03, 04,
05)
Center
Room 142
Center
Room 150
TEG 267X [35]
Center
Room 148
TG 039 [35]
Center
Room 143
Meeting to discuss corrosion
protection of well casings,
including technical presentations.
TEG 080X [35]
Center
Room 144
TG 370 [35] Pipeline Corrosion
Management
TG 370 [35](02, 03, 05)
Center
Room 144
TG 446 [35](05)
Center
Room 144
STG 35
Center
Room 142
Location
Location Detail
Center
Room 160
Technical Guidance for Using InTG 522 [35](31, 41)
Line Inspection Devices in the
Direct Examination Phase of
External Corrosion Direct
AssessmentTechnical Guidance for
Using In-Line Inspection Devices in
the Direct Examination Phase of
External Corrosion Direct
Assessment
Revise SP0186-2007
TG 446 [35] Review and Revise
SP0186-2007
STG 05/35 Pipelines, Tanks,
and Well Casings
STG 05/35
Process Industry—Materials Performance in Chemicals STG 36 - Process
Industry—Materials Performance in Chemicals
Time
Name
Description
Committee(s)
TG 325 [36] SP0198 The
control of Corrosion Under
Thermal Insulation and
Fireproofing Materials
TG 325 [36] SP0198 The control of TG 325 [36](03, 04)
Corrosion Under Thermal
Insulation and Fireproofing
Materials-A Systems Approach
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
TEG 398X Hydrochloric Acid Hydrochloric Acid and Chlorine:
and Chlorine: Materials and
Materials and Experience
Experience
TEG 398X [36]
Chair: Amy B. Anderson Maifeld
TEG 398X [36](10)
Center
Room 164
Materials Selection and
Corrosion Control in the
Mineral Processing Industries
TEG 509X [36]
Center
Room 165
Materials for Handling
Sulfuric Acid: Revision of
NACE Standard RP0391
TG 372 [36](34)
Center
Room 162
Hydrofluoric Acid: Materials
for Receiving, Handling, and
Storing
Formal and Informal Presentations TEG 119X [36](34)
Regarding Materials Performance in
Hydrogen Fluoride or Aqueous
Hydrofluoric Acid.
Center
Room 164
Failure Prevention Case
Histories
TEG 118X [36](39)
Center
Room 164
Sulfuric Acid—Material and
Experiences
TEG 115X [36]
Center
Room 164
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
TEG 123X [37]
Center
Room 165
TEG 126X [37](39)
Center
Room 165
Process Industry—High Temperature STG 37 - Process Industry—High
Temperature
Time
Name
Description
Materials, Advanced, for HighTemperature Service in the
CPI
Materials, High-Temperature:
Current Issues
Metal Dusting and Associated Informal presentations
Phenomena: Effects on
Materials Performance
TEG 128X [37](60)
Center
Room 165
Process Industry—High
Temperature
STG 37
Center
Room 165
Informal Presentations, Speakers.
STG 37 Business Meeting.
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Process Industry—Pulp, Paper, and Biomass Conversion STG 38
Time
Name
Process Industry—Pulp, Paper,
and Biomass Conversion
Description
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
STG 38
Center
Room 160
Process Industries—Materials Applications and Experiences STG 39 - Process
Industries—Materials Applications and Experiences
Time
Name
Description
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
Stainless Steels, Duplex and
Ferritic: Application
Brief case studies on experiences
with duplex and ferritic stainless
steel and their fabrication. Lessons
learned and discussions of cases.
TEG 114X [39]
Center
Room 167
Stainless Steels: Austenitic and Presentations will be made.
Nickel Alloys
TEG 116X [39]
Center
Room 167
Metals: Reactive
Reactive Metals Meeting (titanium, TEG 120X [39]
zirconium, tantalum)
Center
Room 174
STG 39 Process IndustriesMaterial Applications and
Experences
Center
Room 169
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
STG 40
Center
Room 169
Location
Location Detail
STG 39
Military and Aerospace Systems and Facilities STG 40
Time
Name
Military and Aerospace
Systems and Facilities
Description
Electric Utility Generation, Transmission, and Distribution STG 41 - Electric
Utility Generation, Transmission, and Distribution
Time
Name
Description
Committee(s)
TG 491 [05] External Cathodic TG 491 [05] External Cathodic
TG 491 [41](05, 35)
Protection for Nuclear Power Protection for Nuclear Power Plant
Plant Piping Systems
Piping Systems
Center
Room 147
Power Generation and
Delivery Education Roadmap
Center
Room 162
TEG 473X [41]
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Electric Utility Transmission
and Distribution Corrosion and
Grounding: Discussion of
Issues
Electric Utility Transmission and
Distribution Corrosion and
Grounding: Discussion of Issues
TEG 368X [41]
TEG 368X [41]
Center
Room 164
Chair: Curtis Hickcox
Combustion and Conversion of
Fossil and Alternative Fuels
TEG 183X [41]
Center
Room 163
Nuclear Power Plant Buried
Pipe Coatings Condition
Assessment
TG 481 [41](03)
Center
Room 165
Nuclear System Corrosion
TEG 224X [41]
Center
Room 160
Wednesday,9 :30a.m. to 11 :30a.m. Nuclear Buried and
Underground Piping
TEG 465X [41](03, 05, 35)
Center
Room 167
STG 41
Center
Room 167
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
Electric Utility Generation,
Transmission, and Distribution
Transportation, Land STG 43 - Transportation, Land
Time
Name
Description
Railcars: Coating Application
on Exterior Surfaces of Steel
Railcars
TG 339 [43]
Center
Room 150
Tuesday,9 :30a.m. to 10 a.m.
Maintenance Overcoating of
Railcar Exteriors
TG 437 [43](02, 04)
Center
Room 150
Surface Preparation by
Encapsulated Blast Media for
Repair of Existing Coatings on
Railcars
TG 379 [43]
Center
Room 150
Tuesday,10 :30a.m. to 11 a.m.
Reaffirm as Necessary NACE
SP0386-2007
TG 332 [43](02, 03)
Center
Room 150
Guidelines for Qualifying
Personnel as Abrasive Blasters
and Coating and Lining
Applicators ..
TG 394 [43](04)
Center
Room 150
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Coating Thickness
Measurement, Methods, and
Recording—Specific to the
Railcar Industry
TG 456 [43](02, 03, 04)
Center
Room 150
Revision of NACE SP0592
(formerly RP0592),
"Application of a Coating
System to (cont)
TG 061 [43](03, 36)
Center
Room 150
Tuesday,3 :30p.m. to 4 p.m.
Reaffirm as Necessary NACE
SP0295-2008
TG 333 [43](03)
Center
Room 150
Reaffirm NACE SP0302-2007
TG 067 [43](02)
Center
Room 150
Guidelines for Data Collection
and Analysis of Railroad Tank
Car Interior Coating/Lining
Condition
TG 444 [43](02, 03)
Center
Room 150
Removal Procedures for
Nonvisible Contaminants on
Railcar Surfaces
TG 271 [43](04)
Center
Room 150
Land Transportation:
Information Exchange on
Corrosion and Coating-Related
Issues
TEG 291X [43]
Center
Room 150
Transportation, Land
STG 43
Center
Room 150
Location
Location Detail
Center
Room 164
Center
Room 164
Marine Corrosion: Ships and Structures STG 44 - Marine Corrosion: Ships
and Structures
Time
Name
Description
Committee(s)
Standard for Hull Roughness
Measurements on Ship Hulls
in Dry Dock
Standard for Hull Roughness
TG 461 [44](03, 04)
Measurements on Ship Hulls in Dry
Dock
Chair: John Petersen
Marine Corrosion of Copper
Alloys
TEG 523X [44]
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
TG 475 [44] Standard for
Underwater Evaluation of
Degree of Fouling on Ship
Hulls
Marine Vessel Corrosion
Marine Corrosion: Ships and
Structures
Standard for Underwater Evaluation TG 475 [44](61, 62)
of Degree of Fouling on Ship Hulls
Center
Room 170
TEG 181X [44](02)
Center
Room 168
STG 44
Center
Room 168
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
Chair: Kevin Peters
Discussion of ongoing standards,
review of other symposia plan for
next year's events.
Pollution Control, Waste Incineration, and Process Waste STG 45 - Pollution
Control, Waste Incineration, and Process Waste
Time
Name
Description
FGD Pollution Control
Industries Corrosion Control
TEG 230X [45]
Center
Room 168
Pollution Control, Waste
Incineration, and Process
Waste
STG 45
Center
Room 168
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
TEG 474X [60]
Center
Room 170
TG 458 [60](11, 31, 35, 41) Kay Bailey Hutchison Convention
Center
Room 170
Corrosion Mechanisms STG 60 - Corrosion Mechanisms
Time
Name
Nanotechnology and Corrosion
Microbiologically Influenced
Corrosion (MIC): State of the
Art
Description
Corrosion (MIC): State of the Art
Chair: Cameron Campbell
Atmospheric Corrosion
TEG 189X [60](02, 40, 62)
Center
Room 173
Corrosion Mechanisms
STG 60
Center
Room 170
Biomedical Implant Device
Corrosion
Technical Information Exchange.
TEG 331X [60]
Center
Room 167
Corrosion
Special topics in laboratory,
TEG 187X [60](11, 46)
techniques for monitoring
mitigation, and case studies in MIC.
Center
Room 163
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Biodegradable Magnesium
Alloys
TEG 186X [60]
Environmentally Assisted
Cracking
TEG 186X [60] Environmentally
Assisted Cracking
TG 495 [60]
Center
Room 162
TEG 186X [60]
Center
Room 172
Location
Location Detail
Inhibition—Corrosion and Scaling STG 61 - Inhibition—Corrosion and Scaling
Time
Name
Description
State-of-the-Art Research on
Corrosion Inhibitors
As in 2014, agenda is a TIE of 5 to TEG 094X [61]
8 invited presentations. Each will be
25 minutes including Q&A, on
"state of the art" research including
molecular modeling of activity,
design, and relative performance
testing among classes of inhibitors.
Center
Room 174
Volatile Corrosion Inhibitors
(VCIs)
The goal is to have a "State of the TEG 093X [61](11)
Art" meeting in conjunction with
TEG meetings. There will be Power
Point presentations from various
volunteers.
Center
Room 167
Inhibitors, High-Temperature
TEG 095X [61](36)
Center
Room 170
Vapor Corrosion Inhibitors and
Rust Preventives for Interim
(Temporary) Corrosion
Protection..
TEG 145X [61](02)
Center
Room 167
Top-of-Line Corrosion
TEG 515X [61]
Center
Room 170
Inhibitors, Corrosion and
Scale/Deposit
TEG 184X [61](31, 46)
Center
Room 168
Inhibition—Corrosion and
Scaling
STG 61
Center
Room 164
The goal is to have a "State of the
Art" meeting with TEG meetings.
There will be Power Point
presentations from various
volunteers.
Committee(s)
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Corrosion Monitoring and Measurement—Science and Engineering Applications
STG 62 - Corrosion Monitoring and Measurement—Science and Engineering
Applications
Time
Name
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
Electrochemical Measurements
TEG 097X [62](41)
Center
Room 174
Acoustic Emission Testing and
Measurement
TEG 098X [62]
Center
Room 175
TEG 108X [62] Hydrogen
Permeation Technology—
Online
TEG 108X [62](31, 34)
Center
Room 165
Sensors: Corrosion and
Corrosiveness Sensor
Technology
TEG 100X [62](41)
Center
Room 166
Revise NACE Publication
3T199
TG 390 [62](11, 31)
Center
Room 163
TG 521 [62] Testing of
Nonshielding Property of
Pipeline Coatings to Cathodic
Protection
TG 521 [62](03, 05, 30, 35) Kay Bailey Hutchison Convention
Center
Room 170
Corrosion Monitoring and
Measurement—Science and
Engineering Applications
STG 62
Room 162
Forum Meetings
Description
Discuss items to add to next
revision of 3T199
Center
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Time
Name
Description
How to Avoid Premature
Coatings Failures
Winston Churchill once said,
"Success is going from failure
without losing enthusiasm." In the
coatings industry, companies cannot
thrive or survive for very long if
generating premature failures
become their measure of success.
This practical, informative, and
lively tutorial, loaded with many
pictures from actual coating
failures, will provide practical tips
on how to prevent premature
coating failures. Premature coating
failures continue to cost contractors,
facility owners, shipbuilders, and
paint manufacturers substantial
sums of money every year in
additional labor and materials, legal
fees, and in opportunity costs.
These out-of-pocket costs are nonbudgeted items; therefore they come
directly from bottom line profits.
More importantly, premature
coating failures often cause
irreparable damage to customer
relationships and future business
opportunities with existing clients.
This tutorial is based on many reallife coating failures, investigated by
the presenter during his thirty-five
year involvement in the coating
industry.
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
Center
Room 166
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Protective Coating Technology The purpose of this Coating
Forum
Technology Forum is to promote
coating technology and provide the
opportunity to learn critical coating
technologies from the masters. Ten
world-renowned coatings experts
with 20-40 year experiences will
give speeches in their specific
specialties. The subjects include
pipeline coating major issues,
thermo-oxidative degradation
mechanism, TSA failure
mechanism, insulative coating for
personal protection. Coating trends
and directions for bridge, chemical
plant, concrete and marine
industries will also be presented.
Center
Room 146
Thermal Spray Basics: Putting Presenter by James Weber, Sulzer
Coatings to Work presented by Chemtech
the Intl. Thermal Spray Assoc.
Attend this workshop to receive a
basic introduction to what thermal
spray is and the benefits you could
receive from using it. This
workshop is free to CORROSION
2015 attendees and will consist of
the following:
•
Equipment will be on display
including spray guns.
•
Application examples and
requirements for various industries.
•
Industry usage charts listing
processes and coating applications.
•
Discussion on the following
types of thermal spray, including
flame and plasma spraying.
Center
Room 150
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
The NACE DOT Forum
Topics in this DOT forum will
include:
1. An international perspective of
corrosion control for highway
structures.
2.Modern bridge design details that
have caused maintenance problems.
3."Standard of Care" for Coatings
inspection
4. Two-Coat Systems Myth or
Reality -(What's in it for the Owner)
Center
Room 172
5. The latest information on
maximum allowable salt
contamination of steel
6. A DOT program to access bridge
painting projects/ coatings
effectiveness using either standalone coating assessments
Pipeline Operators Roundtable Join NACE International Pipeline
Forum
Operators Council members in a
roundtable panel discussion on key
challenges and opportunities facing
pipeline operators around the world.
Pipeline Operators give their
perspective on the industry and
answer questions from attendees.
Center
Room 146
Water and Wastewater
Solutions for Tomorrow
A forum of industry leaders where
attendees can learn about new
techniques and processes, and
interact with other utilities and find
solutions for their specific
problems.
Center
Room 169
Corrosion and Punishment
Forum
This popular forum will once again
shine a light on the legal side of
corrosion and how it can impact all
levels of personnel—including nonmanagement technical personnel
who sign off on pipeline integrity
programs to ensure safe operation
of pipelines and can be held
criminally responsible if pipeline
failures occur.
Center
Room 146
CoatingsPro Contractor Forum
Center
Room 142
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
ACCE Seminar Forum ACCE
Time
Name
Description
Committee(s)
ACCE Seminar Forum
The forum will include six to seven ACCE
presentations from Chinese
corrosion experts from all over the
world, which will provide a great
opportunity for Chinese corrosion
professionals to share technology
and experiences and promote
communication within the Chinese
corrosion societies. The
presentations will cover the
following areas: oil and gas,
pipeline, corrosion monitoring and
nuclear industry.
Location
Location Detail
Center
Room 168
Public Affairs Committee CBC25
Time
Name
Description
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
PHMSA Pipeline Saftey
Forum
This forum will provide an update
on Pipeline and Hazardous
Materials Safety Administration
(PHMSA) rulemaking and
government and operator
perspectives on regulations.
CBC25
Center
Room 146
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Symposia Meetings
Time
Name
Description
Initiation of Stress Corrosion
Cracking Assisted by HS of
the UNS S32304 Duplex
Stainless Steel
Krzysztof Wolski, Saghi Saedlou,
Sandra Le Manchet, Christian
Lojewski, Fiona Ruel Lean Duplex Stainless Steels (DSS)
with low nickel and without
molybdenum represent an
economical alternative material for
flowline in gas field environment.
However, in severe sour service,
these materials may suffer from
Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC)
and conservative allowable H2S
pressure of 0.05 bar is usually
proposed for UNS S32304, in
formation water conditions
(chlorides, pH values around 4.5).
The intent of this paper is to
determine the initiation mechanism
of SCC assisted by H2S in the
NACE TM01-77
Solution A at 122 °F (50 °C) and
under an atmospheric pressure of
100 % of H2S.
 
In this environment (50 g L-1 NaCl,
5 g L-1 NaCH3COOH and pH
value around 2.8), in addition to
SCC, specimen of S32304 tested by
means of slow strain rate technique
suffers from selective dissolution of
the austenitic phase along the
cracking paths of secondary
cracks and on the periphery of the
fracture surfac
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
Center
Room 175
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Reinforced Concrete STG 01 - Reinforced Concrete
Time
Name
Description
Application of Electrochemical
Techniques in the Corrosion
Process of Rebar in the
Concrete
Assessment and Control of
Corrosion in Reinforced
Concrete Structures (Day 1)
Location
Location Detail
John (Xueyuan) Zhang, David
TEG 053X [01]
Loveday Electrochemical techniques are
practical and powerful for
monitoring the corrosion process of
rebar in the concrete. A brief review
of electrochemical techniques used
in the concrete industry is given in
this paper. The corrosion process of
rebar in the
concrete with the immersion time
in NaCl solution was studied with
Linear Polarization Resistance
(LPR) technique and
Electrochemical Impedance
Spectroscopy (EIS). Polarization
resistance of rebar with both LPR
and EIS techniques exhibits a good
agreement.
Center
Room 149
Sponsored by TEG 053X
Chair: Ivan Lasa
Vice Chair: Jonah Kurth
Center
Room 149
This symposium contains technical
papers on the assessment and
control of corrosion in reinforced
concrete structures.
Committee(s)
TEG 053X [01]
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Cathodic Prevention for
Reinforcing Steel in Cracked
Concrete of Chloride
Contaminated Structures
Margareth Dugarte, Alberto Sagues, TEG 053X [01]
Kevin Williams Steel in concrete in marine service
corrodes because chloride ions
penetrating from the outside toward
the steel eventually build up there to
a critical threshold level, CT, that
causes breakdown of the protective
passive
film on the steel surface. There is
strong motivation and high potential
benefit in developing alternative or
supplemental corrosion
management approaches that will
serve to extend the life of new and
existing structures while
minimizing adverse impact. One
technology that holds considerable
promise to that end is Cathodic
Prevention (CPrev).  CPrev
is based on the observation that the
value of CT increases if the steel is
polarized in the cathodic direction
while still in the passive condition.
This paper presents
the findings from an ongoing
investigation to determine the
effectiveness of cathodic prevention
on cracked concrete exposed to a
marine environment. Experiments
are being conducted on reinforced
concr
Center
Room 149
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Condition Assessment, ICCP
Design, Installation, and
Commissioning for a
Carbonated and Salt Contami
Sujay Math, Clem Firlotte, Ali
TEG 053X [01]
Akbar Sohanghpurwala The Port Authority of Alleghany
County (Pittsburgh), PA operates a
garage facility where public transit
busses are maintained and
repaired.  The roof of this
garage is an open air reinforced
concrete parking deck for employee
and authority vehicles.  This
reinforced concrete slab has been
subjected to both de-icing salts on
the top side and carbonation from
the maintenance and repair
operations on the bottom side which
have caused corrosion damage to
the reinforcing steel.  The
Port Authority has let a contract to
repair this parking deck with a
desired life expectancy of 25 years.
 
This paper will discuss the
condition assessment that was
performed on the reinforced
concrete slab and the selection of an
impressed current cathodic
protection system to stop corrosion
of the reinforcing steel.  The
design of the system will be
discussed
with specific details for both the
top and bottom mat of reinforcing
steel.  The installation
Center
Room 149
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Correlation Width Cracks—
Corrosion Rate in the
Durability of Reinforced
Concrete in Tropical Marine
Oladis Trocónis de Rincón,
TEG 053X [01]
Valentina Millano, Yolanda
Hernandez, Andres Torres-Acosta This study aims to evaluate the
correlation between width cracks corrosion rate in reinforced concrete
specimens exposed to a tropical
marine environment of very high
aggressiveness. For this, specimens
from DURACON project with w/c
ratio of 0.65 and 0.45
were used; six of them have 6 steel
bars placed at three different depths
(15, 20 and 30 mm) for
electrochemical tests and 6
specimens without reinforcement
for destructive testing. These
specimens were exposed for more
than 10 years at the station La Voz,
Venezuela; monthly the
meteorochemical parameters
(relative humidity, temperature,
precipitation, wind speed and Cl-)
and electrochemical parameters
(potential and corrosion rate) were
evaluated. This paper presents the
results obtained for the specimens
with
a/c = 0.65, which are the only
that  have cracked ,
demonstrating excellent linear
correlation between crack width and
corrosion rate
Center
Room 149
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Corrosion Condition
Evaluations of Historic
Concrete
Gina Crevello TEG 053X [01]
A Corrosion Condition Assessment
and durability analysis of a
concrete structure identifies the
conditions which affect the longterm behavior of the concrete’s
performance over time within its
given environment.  
The aim of a durability analysis it to
create a lifetime model of when the
building will reach critical
deterioration limit states and when
the structure will repairs. 
The analysis can also allow owners
to plan for obsolesce of a structure
if necessary and plan for the end of
the buildings service
life.  With historic concrete
structures, the intended design life
and desired service life are often
many years apart.  The
structures and buildings in many
instances are beyond their intended
service life. 
The approach taken when dealing
with historic concrete icons is often
limited by historic preservation
philosophy, conservation ethics,
limited material removal, etc.
 Limited treatments are also
available due to these constraints.
A significant part of thi
Center
Room 149
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Corrosion Propagation of
Carbon Steel with Multiple
Concrete Covers and Concrete
Compositions
Francisco Presuel-Moreno TEG 053X [01]
The corrosion propagation of steel
in concrete is still not well
understood. It is known that
corrosion products build up and
eventually cause cracks by
exceeding the tensile stress that
concrete can support due to the
larger volume that the corrosion
products
occupy. Moreover, it has been
reported that the amount of
corrosion products that could cause
concrete to crack is dependent on
the length of the anode (corroding
site) and the concrete cover
thickness. In here three type of
specimens were investigated.
Specimen
set 1, contained #5 rebar, single
rebar with 50 mm of concrete cover,
and two different concrete
compositions with a w/cm of 0.41
(OPC and OPC+ 20% Fly Ash),
these specimens have been within
the corrosion propagation period for
over three years. The ponding
solution was 15% NaCl and was
placed in the center 5 cm of a 30 cm
long rebar. Specimen set 2,
contained a #3 rebar with 10 mm
cover and embedded in mortar; a
w/cm of 0.45 for mortar with
Center
Room 149
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Corrosion Testing of Chloride
Exposed Reinforced Concrete
and Service Life
Misrepresentation
William Hartt TEG 053X [01]
Corrosion testing of reinforced
concrete block or slab specimens by
cyclic chloride ponding as reported
in NCHRP 244 and ASTM G109,
for example, has been widely
employed for ranking or qualifying
different reinforcements and for
projecting service
performance. 
However, experimental issues such
as inadequate bar end isolation,
ponding bath leakage, and
inappropriate specimen design can
result in data that misrepresents
long-term service
performance.  Further, the
fact that most testing protocols
employ a 15 wt% NaCl
solution can lead to erroneous
ranking of corrosion resistant
reinforcement and false projection
of service performance.  The
present study discusses these issues
and provides options whereby
accelerated test data that more
realistically represents service
performance can be
realized. 
Center
Room 149
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Corrosion Propagation Under
Modest Accelerated State
Francisco Presuel-Moreno, Brian
TEG 053X [01]
Weber - The corrosion propagation
period is typically assumed to last
about five years for carbon steel
reinforced concrete once corrosion
has initiated. However, the duration
of the corrosion propagation period
could be significantly longer
depending on the exposure
environment, concret cover, and
concrete composition (e.g., w/cm,
total cementitious content,
supplementary cementitious
presence). A better understanding
on how corrosion propagates could
give better guidance when
conducting the assessment and
control of corrosion for structures in
which corrosion has initiated.
Corrosion propagation was
investigated on instrumented
reinforced concrete pipes, after
corrosion of the reinforcement had
initiated. Two types of concrete
compositions were investigated. No
chlorides were present initially in
the concrete. Chlorides were
transported into the concrete via
migration using a set-up similar to
what is usually used for chloride
electrochemical removal,
Center
Room 149
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Wire/Strand Slippage in
Anchorages—A Potential
Failure Mode for Corroding
Post-Tensioning Tendons
William Hartt TEG 053X [01]
A forensic investigation of
unbonded post-tensioning (PT)
tendons on a large structure
revealed relatively advanced levels
of strand corrosion within and
inboard of anchorages.  In
addition to concerns that this
corrosion could result in wire and
strand
fractures and, hence, tendon
failures, instances were disclosed
where corrosion in anchorages was
sufficiently advanced that wires had
disengaged from the wedge grips
and elastically contracted with
consequent stress reduction. 
While this apparently transpired
in conjunction with contiguous
tendon removal activities, it is
probable that the disengagements
and resultant slippages were on the
verge of occurring anyways. 
Such slippage constitutes a potential
failure mechanism for corroding PT
systems, either unbonded
or bonded, that has not previously
been disclosed. 
Center
Room 149
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Enhanced Soil-Cementitious
Fill Corrosion of Galvanized
Steel Reinforcement in
Mechanically Stabiliz
Enrique Paz, Alberto Sagues TEG 053X [01]
Enhanced soil-cementitious fill
corrosion of galvanized steel
reinforcement in Mechanically
Stabilized Earth Walls
 
Mechanically stabilized earth
(MSE) walls contain galvanized
reinforcing meshes or strips
attached to reinforced concrete
panels that stabilize the fill by
means of friction. After some time,
the backfill may escape through the
joints of the panels or compact
due to water ingress, forming voids
that can compromise its structural
integrity. These voids may be
repaired by filling them with a
cementitious mix known as
Controlled Low-Strength Material
(CLSM). This practice may have an
adverse corrosion consequence,
as the reinforcement embedded in
hardened CLSM passivates due to
the high pH of the pore water, while
the portion embedded in regular soil
tends to be in the active condition,
thus a macrocell that can aggravate
corrosion on the soil side may be
established.
To quantify the extent of this effect
for future practice improvement, pre
Center
Room 149
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Material and Corrosion
Evaluation of Deficient PT
Grout with Enhanced Sulfate
Concentrations
Samanbar Permeh, Kingsley Lau,
TEG 053X [01]
Mario Paredes, Ivan Lasa, Krishna
Vigneshwaran.K.K. - Analysis of
deficient grout in Florida posttensioned (PT) bridges where
severe corrosion developed
indicated enhanced sulfate ion
concentration, high pore water pH,
and enhanced moisture content.
However, limited information is
available on the corrosion behavior
of PT strand in grout materials with
enhanced sulfate content. Earlier
research had shown inconsistencies
on the role of enhanced sulfates in
the corrosion of steel in solution
and embedded in hydrated
cementitious material. Laboratory
cast samples created to enhance
grout chemical and physical
deficiencies were analyzed.
Verification of enhanced free
sulfate ion concentrations in
deficient grout is important to
elucidate the role of sulfates in the
corrosion process and further
testing was intended to differentiate
physical, electrical, and chemical
parameters of the grout material.
Additional testing of steel in sulfate
solution was conduct
Center
Room 149
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Looking Under the Hood—
Condition Assessment of an
Aging Underground Garage
with Unbonded Overlay
Paul Noyce TEG 053X [01]
A case study detailing the condition
assessment of a three-level
underground parking garage, this
paper describes the technical
challenges involved with evaluating
corrosion in a structural slab
beneath a thick, unbonded
overlay. 
The investigation of this structure
was part of a major renovation and
vertical expansion of a high-rise
building in Manhattan. 
Originally constructed in 1953, the
parking decks exhibited substantial
corrosion and spalling damage on
the slab soffits including
many previous failed
repairs.  The top of slab
condition was covered by a 4-inch
thick cementitious overlay. 
Sounding and core extraction
indicated that only approximately
30% of topping slab was bonded to
the structural slab. 
Since material testing indicated
substantial chloride contamination
in both the topping and structural
slabs, the condition of the top-layer
reinforcing steel around the
columns had to be
understood.  The inconsistent
void between slabs interfered with
the
result
Center
Room 149
Assessment and Control of
Corrosion in Reinforced
Concrete Structures (Day 2)
Chair: Ivan Lasa
Vice Chair: Jonah Kurth
Center
Room 149
papers on the assessment and
control of corrosion in reinforced
concrete structures.
TEG 053X [01]
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Passive Wireless Surface
Acoustic Wave Sensors for
Corrosion Monitoring of Steele
Concrete
Mark Haines, Adrian Steele, Madjid TEG 053X [01]
Belkerdid The Corrosion monitoring of steelreinforced concrete structures with
embedded sensors is a function that
requires sensors with an operating
life time defined in decades. Most
common corrosion sensors used in
concrete structures use embedded
probes that
require an electrical power source
for proper operation.  The
power to the probe requires
electrical wires from the probe
through the concrete structure to the
outside world.  This may
damage the integrity of the concrete
structures. Other sensors may
require
the use electrochemical electrodes
have several drawbacks such as
short life time and recalibration
requirement. Surface acoustic wave
(SAW) sensors have been
developed for corrosion monitoring
of steel-reinforced concrete
structures.
    &nbs
p;    &nb
sp;  Testing of
the electrodes included response of
the RF signal measurements after
exposure to controlled accelerated
corrosion in an attempt to calibrate
corrosion damage to signal distortio
Center
Room 149
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Performance Evaluation of
Corrosion Inhibitors in
Chloride and Sulfate
Environment
Mohammed Maslehuddin TEG 053X [01]
Performance Evaluation of
Corrosion Inhibitors in Chloride
and Sulfate Environment
 
Prof. Omar S. Baghabra AlAmoudi*
Prof. Mohammed Maslehuddin**
[1]
Eng. Khaled A. Alawi Al-Sodani*
*** Dr. Zia Chowdhary
 
**Department of Civil and
Environmental Engineering
**Center for Engineering Research,
Research Institute
 
King Fahd University of Petroleum
and Minerals
Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
 
*** SABIC Technology; Al-Jubail,
Saudi Arabia
 
Abstract
Deterioration of concrete structures
due to reinforcement corrosion is
noted in many industrial and nonindustrial structures, particularly in
the coastal regions or in
contaminated soils. The presence of
chloride and sulfate salts lead to the
deterioration
of concrete and corrosion of
reinforcing steel.  Previous
studies conducted by the authors
indicated that chloride-induced
reinforcement corrosion is
accelerated due to the concomitant
presence of chloride and sulfate
ions.  Several protective
measures are
adopted to
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Practical Approach to
Introducing PotentialDependent Chloride Corrosion
Threshold in Reinforcement
Andrea Sanchez, Alberto Sagues - TEG 053X [01]
The potential of passive steel
embedded in concrete is a key
influential factor on the value of the
chloride corrosion threshold CT.
When passive steel is cathodically
polarized by nearby previously
corroding steel, the local value of
CT could increase substantially,
slowing down the spread of
corrosion. The potential-dependent
threshold (PDT) effect was
introduced in an initiationpropagation mathematical model
that simulated a partially submerged
reinforced concrete column in sea
water. The program recalculated the
potential
distribution of the entire system at
each time step.  Results
indicated that when PDT is ignored,
meaning a system with potentialindependent threshold (PIT), the
corrosion damage prediction can be
overly conservative and may lead to
structural overdesign.
This important issue is however
disregarded by present forecast
models which assume only time
invariant values of CT.
Implementation of PDT is desirable
but developing a mat
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Preventing Corrosion of
Reinforcing Steel in Seawater
Cooling Tower and Basins
Zia Chaudhary TEG 053X [01]
Saudi Basic Industries Corporation
(SABIC) operates some 18 world
scale industrial complexes in the
industrial cities of Jubail and
Yanbu, which produce more than
40 million metric tons per year of
petrochemicals, chemicals,
fertilizers, plastics, steel
products and industrial gases.
SABIC industrial plants use
seawater to remove exothermic heat
generated in the reactors. Since
2006, reinforced concrete seawater
cooling towers have been built in all
new SABIC plants that provide
cooling system to these plants.
All reinforced concrete seawater
cooling towers and their basins have
been constructed with built-in
Cathodic Prevention (CP) systems
to prevent chloride-induced
corrosion of the reinforcing steel,
which had been a major cause in
deterioration and premature
failure of seawater structures in the
past.
    
Impressed current cathodic
prevention (ICCP) systems were
designed and installed to prevent
chloride-induced corrosion of steel
reinforcement in reinforced c
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Design, Installation, and
Commissioning of CP Systems
for an Existing Seawater
Concrete Structure
Jeevanandam Shanmugam, Rod
TEG 053X [01]
Callon - The cooling water for the
RasGas LNG processing facility
returns to the sea through pipes to a
seawater outfall weir box reinforced
concrete structure where it passes
over a weir to a channel and back to
the sea.
The water enters the
outfall/discharge structure at high
velocity and the resulting turbulence
over the weir creates a large amount
of seawater splash and spray over
the internal as well as external
portion of the side walls. The very
humid environment created
by the seawater spray is very
corrosive. Chloride levels at the
depth of reinforcement had
exceeded threshold levels and
reinforcement corrosion had started
to cause cracks and delamination of
the concrete cover.
Reinforcement corrosion study was
conducted on the external surface of
the walls in accordance with NACE
SP 0308. Following the condition
assessment it was decided to install
an impressed current cathodic
protection system to extend the life
of the structure.
This paper descr
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Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
TG 320 [04]
Center
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Coatings and Linings, Protective: Surface Preparation STG 04 - Coatings and
Linings, Protective: Surface Preparation
Time
Name
Revise as Necessary NACE
No. 13/SSPC-ACS-1
Description
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Cathodic/Anodic Protection STG 05
Time
Name
Description
Location
Location Detail
A Novel Approach for the
Alan Druschitz, Jacob Monzel,
STG 05
Development of Low-Voltage, Katie Tontodonato, Myrissa
Aluminum, Sacrificial Anodes Maxfield - New anode chemistries
that meet the current performance
requirements for low voltage,
aluminum, sacrificial anodes [MILDTL-24779C(SH) 2013] have been
developed using a novel “three
element” approach.  The new
chemistries are composed of a base
metal element
(Al), one or more active elements
(Bi, Ga, In, Zn) and an
electronegativity control
element.  This research
combines a more complete
understanding of the effects of alloy
chemistry, heat treatment and
microstructure on sacrificial anode
performance, which
has led to the development of new
anode chemistries with tailored
performance.
 
Sacrificial anodes have been used
on ships and marine structures for
quite some time but these materials
must be developed by trial and error
since there is no materials theory
that can be used for computational
materials design.  Typically,
Zn, Mg or Al-Zn-In
alloy anodes have been used,
however, the electronegativity of
these all
Center
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Anodic and Cathodic
Protection (Day 1)
Center
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Sponsored by STG 05
Chair: Bruce H. Ellis
Vice Chair: James Brumley
papers regarding anodic and
cathodic protection papers on all
ferrous materials in the oil, gas, and
water arena.
Committee(s)
STG 05
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Advances and Application of
Scanning Vibrating Electrode
Technique on Coated Mild
Steel Under Cathod
Wei Shi STG 05
The long term protection of metal
structures exposed to a marine
environment is a problem which
needs to be approached from many
different points of view. Early
studies of continuous steel strips,
steel sheet piling and also closely
spaced individual, electrically
isolated or electrically connected
coupons in the marine tidal zone
show severe corrosion losses,
although the corrosion profiles were
very different. There are indications
that even under conditions of
cathodic protection, levels of
corrosion observed around
the mean high tide level are slightly
greater than those in the low tide to
mid tide region.
 
An in situ Scanning Vibrating
Electrode Technique (SVET) was
employed to investigate corrosion
activities on coated mild steel in
thin layer sodium chloride solutions
at free corrosion potential and
under cathodic protection. Besides
of the processes of
applying impressed current
cathodic protection, this technique
was introduced to monitor
electrochemical process
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CP Management of Multiple
Pipeline Right-of-Ways
Len Krissa, Jerry Dewitt,
STG 05
Christophe Baete CP Management of Multiple
Pipeline Right-of-Ways
Len J. Krissa, P.Eng; Engineering
Specialist
Enbridge Pipelines Inc.
10201 Jasper Avenue
Edmonton, AB T5J 3N9, Canada
 
Jerry DeWitt, Sr. CP Specialist
Enbridge Energy Partners
222 US 41
Schererville, IN. 46375, USA
[email protected]
 
Christophe Baeté, CP Manager
Elsyca n.v.
Vaartdijk 3/603, 3018 Wijgmaal,
Belgium
[email protected]
 
Enbridge operates the world’s
longest and most complex crude oil
and liquids transportation system,
with approximately 24,738
kilometres (15,372 miles) of
pipeline throughout North America.
The mainline corridor is comprised
of multiple pipelines within
the same right-of-way (ROW)
having instances of up to seven
parallel pipelines.
Repeated construction of newer,
high performance coated pipelines
within the corridor and subsequent
coupling to common legacy
cathodic protection (CP) systems
has increased the complexity of the
ROW.  At present, t
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Cathodic Shielding Effects of
In-Trench Pipeline Supports
Daniel Fingas, Robert Gummow - STG 05
When installing pipelines in rocky
areas, additional mechanical
safeguards may be necessary to
protect the coating.  These
safeguards may take the form of
intermittent supports which elevate
the pipeline off the trench
bottom.  As such supports are
non-metallic
and are installed directly against
the pipeline coating, the pipeline at
the location of the supports may be
shielded from cathodic protection
current. 
The cathodic shielding effects of
two such supports, a structured
pipeline pillow and a standard
spray-in polyurethane foam support,
are investigated and
compared.  Coating defects
were simulated with coupons
installed under both supports on the
surface
of a fusion bonded epoxy coated
NPS24 pipe section, with an
additional coupon installed to act as
a control.  The pipe, coupons
and supports were immersed in a
tap water electrolyte until stable
corrosion potentials were
reached.  Cathodic
protection, supplied
by a magnesium anode, was
applied un
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Corrosion Protection of
Storage Tank Soil Side
Bottoms—Application
Experience
Efim Lyublinski STG 05
Prof. Efim Lyublinski1, Kelly
Baker1, Eng. Terry Natale1, Dr.
Monique Posner1,
Eng. Gautam Ramdas1, Eng. Wade
Rohland1 , Eng. Alexander
Roytman1,
Eng. Yefim Vaks1, Dr. Stephen
Woessner1
1Northern Technologies
International Corporation
Zerust Oil & Gas
23205 Mercantile Road
Beachwood, OH  44122
USA
Eng. Marcelo Schultz2
2Petrobras, Brazil
  ABSTRACT
Corrosion of soil side bottoms is
unpredictable and can be up to 5
mm/year. The soil side bottom
cannot be protected while the tank
is in service. The well-known
cathodic protection system is not
efficient enough. This paper
presents case studies of soil
side bottom corrosion protection
using new systems with volatile and
soluble corrosion inhibitors
installed on new and existing soil
side and double bottom
aboveground storage tanks. This
paper describes field trial and
application experience of
principally
new corrosion protection systems
for different designs of storage tank
foundations. The new system
demonstrates cor
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Effect of Over and Under
Protection CP System on
Buried Duplex Stainless Steel
in Soil Environment
Talal Al Nabhani - Effect of Over STG 05
and Under Protection CP system on
Buried Duplex Stainless Steel in
Soil Environment
Talal Al Nabhani
Nasser Al Behalni
Barry Johnson
Petroleum Development Oman
(PDO), PO.
Box  81  ,
Postal Code 100, Muscat, Sultanate
of Oman,
E mail: [email protected]
 
Abstract
 
This paper investigates the effect of
over /under protection of impressed
current cathodic protection (ICCP)
system that applied on Dupplex
Stainless Steel (DSS) buried in soil
environment.
Stepped constant load testing
(SCLT) at different ICCP potentials
and temperature has been carried
out in 30 % (saturated) NaCl
solution in a programmed slow
strain rate test rig from Cormet.
 In addition, constant
potential testing has been carried
out
in two different Sabkha muds from
Oman.
The  SCLT found that girth
welded material specimens with a
machined V-notch similar to a weld
undercut withstand a load equal to
the actual yield strength (AYS) of
the material at a CP potent
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Effects of Chemical Treatment
on the Corrosion Behavior of
Magnesium Anode in the
Potable Water Tank
KyungJin Park, YoungCheol Yoon, STG 05
MyoungHo Ahn, SangKyu Ryu Magnesium is widely used as anode
material for PWTs (Potable Water
Tanks) in the offshore structures
because it has excellent corrosion
protection performance and is
harmless to human body. However,
magnesium anodes installed in the
PWT sometimes corrode
with an abnormally high corrosion
rate leading to pH increase
(>pH10) and hydrogen
accumulation in the tanks, which
decrease the water quality and
lifetime of anodes.
Potable water is treated with
NaHCO3, NaClO and CaCl2 for the
purpose of alkalinity control,
bacteria removal and
remineralization. Overdosing of the
chemicals may be the cause of
severe corrosion of magnesium
anode, but studies on the effects of
chemical
injection rate on the corrosion
properties of magnesium have
rarely been carried out.
In the present study, we investigated
the influences of NaHCO3, NaClO
and CaCl2 concentration on the
corrosion behavior, especially
active dissolution behavior, of
magnesium
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Electrochemically Monitoring Facundo Varela, YongJun Tan,
STG 05
Localized Corrosion Patterns Maria Forsyth Under Disbonded Coatings
Underground metallic structures
such as energy and water pipelines
are typically protected from
corrosion by a combination of
barrier coatings and Cathodic
Protection (CP) systems.
Unfortunately, this combination is
not always effective. When coatings
lose
their adhesion to the metal
substrate, a crevice between them is
produced where effective CP levels
may no longer be achieved. Under
these conditions, localised forms of
attack such as pitting corrosion,
stress corrosion cracking and
microbiological induced
corrosion typically develop. These
localized forms of attack represent a
serious threat to the safe and cost
effective operation of a given asset.
Frequent detection and evaluation
of such defects is an effective way
to reduce the associated risks,
however,
inspection of underground
structures is a challenging and
costly task. Relatively inexpensive
corrosion monitoring sensors could
complement inspection tools,
providing an almost
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Evaluation and Reform of
Regional Cathodic Protection
System Based on Numerical
Simulation
Guangchun Wu, Yanxia Du, Minxu STG 05
Lu, Zitao Jiang, Dezhi Tang 4-circuit impressed current cathodic
protection system with flexible and
high silicon cast-iron shallow
buried auxiliary anode bed is
applied in Jinghe compressor
station. In order to obtain the
protective effect of the regional
cathodic protection system,
detailed field tests have been
carried out. Based on the results of
field tests, assessment of regional
cathodic protection is conducted,
then reform programs for
inadequate protective effect and
interferences between pipelines
outside and inside the station
is determined using numerical
simulated computation and field
experiments.
Center
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Anodic and Cathodic
Protection (Day 2)
Sponsored by STG 05
Chair: Bruce H. Ellis
Vice Chair: James Brumley
Center
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papers regarding anodic and
cathodic protection papers on all
ferrous materials in the oil, gas, and
water arena.
STG 05
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Excavation Validates Guided Graig Cilluffo - Exelon Nuclear's
STG 05
Wave and APEC Indirect
Peach Bottom Atomic Power
Exams at Nuclear Power Plant Station has sucessfully compiled a
wide range of internal and external
corrosion and asset integrity data
over the past 5 years.  By
combining Area Potential Earth
Current (APEC), traditional soil
corrosion testing,
guided wave ultrasonic testing, and
direct excavations for visual and
ultrasonic evaluations, the station
was able to establish the key
drivers, vulnerabilities, and
priorities for its buried piping
integrity management program.
This paper will provide:
• Overview of buried piping
commodities, conditions,
susceptibilities, and risks for a
nuclear power plant
• Summary of Area Potential Earth
Current (APEC) approach and
results
• Engineering application of results
/ interpretations into future
inspection planning
• Summary of guided wave and
excavation results for subject piping
correlating to APEC findings
Results demonstrate high
confidence in using this integrated
analytical approach towards
characterizing inter
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Microstructural Evaluation of
Calcareous Deposits on TSAcoated Steel Structures at
Elevated Tempera
Shiladitya Paul, Noor Zulkfli, Dave STG 05
Harvey, Adrian Fisher, Kamran
Yunus As the oil and gas sector moves
towards exploration of deeper and
remote wells, corrosion protection
of conduits carrying hot fluids
subsea becomes critical. TSA has
been used to protect offshore
structures for many years at ambient
temperatures. However,
the melting point of aluminium,
and the limited corrosion rate data
indicate that they are likely to
perform well in such conditionsas
they tend to form calcareous
deposits. Nonetheless, not much in
known regarding the protection
mechanism offered by TSA to
at elevated temperatures. In
particular, the mechanism of
calcareous deposit formation at
elevated temperature is little
understood. The paper reports
micro-scale surface characterisation
data on damaged TSA-coated
carbon steel exposed to
boiling seawater.
The kinetic information regarding
the rate of formation of calcareous
deposits is also presented.
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Rectifier Maintenance: How I Eric Langelund - Sustainability
STG 05
Spent My Summer Vacation… seems to be the latest catch phrase
and with that comes cathodic
protection.  What better way
to preserve and maintain our
infrastructure than to mitigate
corrosion.  Some cathodic
protection systems are comprised of
sacrificial anodes that
naturally corrode in order to
provide protective currents, but
others require a power source in
order to make the anodes
corrode.  These systems use
rectifiers and rectifiers can
breakdown.
This presentation discusses the
fundamentals of rectifier operation
along with maintenance
recommendations. 
Sometimes simple routine
maintenance can keep a rectifier in
operation for years without a single
repair.  Sometimes a nearby
lightning strike can short
a diode or trip a breaker. 
The maintenance discussed will
cover everything from rectifier
cleaning to swapping out a stack.
A well maintained rectifier provides
uninterrupted cathodic protection,
reduces repair costs and
labor/technician time.
 
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Study on the Performance of
Magnesium Sacrificial Anode
Jiawei Gao, Yanxia Du, Dezhi
STG 05
Tang, Xiaxi Li, Danping Yan In this work, the service
performance of magnesium
sacrificial anodes used to protect
urban gas pipelines from corrosion
were investigated by both field tests
and laboratory measurements. It
was found that the consumption of
magnesium sacrificial anode
increases
with increasing service time and
the poorer coating performance.
Moreover, the more negative the
open circuit potential of magnesium
sacrificial anode, the larger the
consumption will be. And it is
worth noting that the positive shift
of pipeline open circuit
potential(Vopc-pp) leads to the
decrease of consumption
whenVopc-p is more negative than 1.2V CSE. When Vopc-p is nobler
than -1.2V CSE, the positive shift
of Vopc-p, however, will result in
the increase of consumption. Based
on the field tests and laboratory
experiments results, the
mechanisms were explored, which
are of great value for the
maintenance and lifetime prediction
of sacrificial anode in urbangas
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Successfully Adapting High
Frequency Switch Mode
Power Supply Technology to
ICCP
Gary Mulcahy STG 05
Implementation of high frequency
switch mode (HFSM) power supply
technology to ICCP applications
provides the opportunity for
significant benefits, including
closed loop control, size, weight,
cost, and maintainability.  To
date, this type of power converter
has not gained widespread
acceptance in the industry, mostly
due to issues of complexity,
reliability and non-conformance
with norms established for tapped
transformer type rectifiers. 
This paper provides HFSM
background information, reviews
potential benefits
of HFSM, and explores technology
available to address acceptance
gaps. In addition, real world data
from a case study of trial
deployments in well head
applications is
presented.  
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Corrosion Behavior of Buried
Pipeline in Presence of AC
Stray Current in Controlled
Environment
Elmira Ghanbari TEG 024X [05](03)
AC corrosion is a frequent problem
where pipelines share right of way
with high power transmission lines
or AC powered railed system. In
these shared utility corridors, the
magnetic field produced by
transmission power line induces an
AC electric current
on the buried pipe the magnitude of
the AC current being proportional
to the voltage and separation
distance. AC corrosion can occur
even when the cathodic protection
(CP) criteria is deemed to be
satisfied. This is due to the fact that
AC interactions are
not well understood and several
aspects of it have yet to be clarified.
In the present work, corrosion
current densities on carbon steel
samples in sodium chloride
solutions with and without the AC
at different DC bias potentials are
obtained by electrochemical
and weight loss analysis. These
data are compared and discussed
together with polarization curves to
obtain an assessment of
electrochemical techniques, which
are commonly applied for
evaluation of AC ind
Center
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DC and AC Transit Stray
Current Interference
Chair: Laszlo Forgo
Vice Chair: Stuart Greenberger
Center
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The symposium contains technical
papers related to DC or AC transit
interference.
TEG 024X [05](03)
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Wednesday,8 :25a.m. to 8 :50a.m.
Effects of Intermittent DC
Marco Ormellese, Andrea Brenna, TEG 024X [05](03)
Stray Current on Carbon Steel Luciano Lazzari Under Cathodic Protection
Stray currents originating from DC
electrical systems may cause severe
corrosion damage of buried metal
structures, as carbon steel pipes,
tanks or vessels. DC interference
sources include high voltage
transmission lines, electrical
traction and power networks,
and cathodic protection systems.
Depending on stray current source,
stationary or fluctuating
interference may occur on steel
structures even under cathodic
protection condition. Nowadays,
international standards establish the
general principles for the
identification and control of DC
interference, mainly based on
potential and voltage gradients
measurements over a 24 h period.
Generally, in order to assess the
corrosion to which any metal
structure is exposed as a result of
stray current, the positive (anodic)
potential shift of the affected
structure shall be considered. As
regards carbon steel under cathodic
protection condition, anodic DC
interference is considered unacc
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Cathodic Protection Criteria in Andrea Brenna, Marco Ormellese, TEG 024X [05](03)
The Presence of AC
Luciano Lazzari Interference
Carbon steel pipes used to transport
hydrocarbons and dangerous fluids
are provided with corrosion
prevention systems, namely an
insulating coating, such as
polyethylene or polypropylene type
and a cathodic protection (CP)
system which reduces (or halts)
corrosion rate below 10 mm/y,
which is the maximum accepted
corrosion according to standards.
The presence of AC interference
may cause serious corrosion
damages on metallic structures,
even under CP condition. When a
metallic pipe is parallel to an AC
interference source, as high voltage
transmission
lines or AC traction systems, AC
interference can take place by a
conduction or an induction
mechanism causing corrosion
corresponding to coating defects,
even if the -0.850 V CSE criterion
is matched.
Field failures and laboratory
investigations have confirmed that
at industrial AC frequencies (50 or
60 Hz) corrosion can occur even if
CP is correctly applied and that AC
corrosion is le
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Using Remote Data-Logging Jamey Hilleary, Jerry Dewitt, Len TEG 024X [05](03)
Techniques to Evaluate Transit Krissa System Interference
Keywords: Remote monitoring,
data-logging, reverse current
switch, DC transit system
interference, CP, cathodic
protection measurement, DC
voltage, AC voltage, pipelines
Abstract: One of the challenges
facing corrosion professionals is the
co-location of pipelines with other
sources of interference in congested
urban and suburban right of ways.
Often it is a significant problem just
isolating the various sources of
interference
currents so proper steps may be
taken to mitigate the interference
and protect the affected pipeline.
Evaluating the effects of electric
transit systems can be a particularly
difficult task as the interference is
typically only significant in short
intervals.
Additionally, multiple data
parameters including: AC and DC
potentials, AC and DC current
densities, and reverse current switch
measurements should be gathered
synchronously to build an accurate
profile of the total interference
incurred. Data-logging at locatio
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Wednesday,9 :50a.m. to 10 :15a.m. Examination of Grounding
Methodologies for HVAC
Induction on Buried Pipelines
David Kemp, Shane Finneran,
TEG 024X [05](03)
Dixon Arellano - Recent trends in
power generation and distribution
have resulted in increased utilities
sharing the same right of way. As a
result, AC induction on pipelines
has become a greater concern, both
from a safety and corrosion
perspective. Two primary methods
exist currently, surface grounding
and deep well anodes. Both
methods have their respective
benefits and appropriate
applications. This paper will
examine the effective grounding
resistance for each and also seek to
determine which type of grounding
is most
suitable for mitigating AC
induction on pipelines.
Developments in AC mitigation and
grounding techniques will also be
examined to illustrate the future
trends in AC mitigation practice and
technology.
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:40a.m.
Investigating Railway
Christophe Baete, Koen De
TEG 024X [05](03)
Corrosion Caused by Cathodic Gusseme, Gert Schevernels, Leslie
Protection Systems
Bortels Christophe Baeté
Elsyca n.v.
Belgium
[email protected]
Koen De Gussume, Gert
Schevernels
Infrabel n.v.
Frankrijkstraat 85 ,1060 Brussel
[email protected],
[email protected]
Under normal operational
conditions corrosion of railroads of
DC electrified systems is rather
limited but can cause a serious
threat to buried pipelines. In order
to avoid stray current corrosion,
pipeline operators install drainage
systems and in some
cases a CP impressed current
system is directly connected to the
railway infrastructure resulting in
an increased corrosion attack of the
rails, especially at the rail crossings.
The Belgian railway operator
Infrabel has started a campaign to
investigate different alternatives to
reduce the corrosion risk of its
railway network in a region
containing 320 km of rail tracks and
620 km of pipelines. A first step in
the process was to
bui
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Wednesday,10 :40a.m. to 11 :5a.m. Accelerated Corrosion Study
of Direct-Fixation Fasteners
Jonah Kurth, Paul Krauss, Jonathan TEG 024X [05](03)
McGormley, James Harper Two of the Chicago Transit
Authority's heavy-rail transit
lines run beneath the
downtown core of
Chicago through reinforced
concrete subway tunnels
constructed in the
1950s. Traction power is
delivered to the train cars through a
+600VDC third rail, at grade
but elevated slightly above the
track level. The rail cars pick up the
current through shoes and
then return current through the
wheels to the running rails (i.e.
negative return rails). The
running rail track in these subway
tunnels was renovated over the
last decade with work that included
replacing formerly wooden half-ties
with cast-in-place or precast
concrete ties with direct-fixation
fasteners. Corrosion of these
fasteners and components was
observed at various locations in the
tunnels within a few years. 
This paper presents the findings of a
recent accelerated corrosion study
commissioned by the CTA. The
study included inspection of track
sections and characte
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Cleaning, Chemical and Mechanical STG 06 - Cleaning, Chemical and
Mechanical
Time
Name
Description
Committee(s)
The Search for a Green
Alternative in Organic Acid
Corrosion Inhibition
Roxanne Shank, Thomas
TEG 188X [06]
McCartney The application of Acid corrosion
inhibitors is an absolute necessity to
prevent damage to process
equipment during acid cleaning
operations. The use of organic acids
and mineral acids that are not HCl
has expanded because of
environmental  concerns and
issues of compatibility with alloys
such as stainless or duplex steel.
 Inhibitors which are used to
protect the metals from corrosion by
organic acids often contain a
number of highly toxic compounds
based on amine technology such as
quaternary amines, amine
ethoxylates, imidazolines and
polyamides as well as sulfur
compounds such as thiourea.
 Phosphate esters and organic
boron compounds may also be used,
which are not as acutely toxic as the
amine compounds; however, in
terms of ecological toxicity, it is
easy
to see that these do not make the
green list. In addition, other
additives used to formulate these
inhibitors, such as nonyl phenol
ethoxylates, are also toxic and have
to be limited in the
Location
Location Detail
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Case Studies in Chemical
and/or Mechanical Cleaning in Chair: Sarah Evans
Today's "Green" World
Vice Chair: Roxanne Shank
TEG 188X [06]
Center
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Sarah Evans, Sidney Jones, Mark
TEG 188X [06]
Alley Recent advances in chemical
cleaning solutions for nuclear power
plants have reduced the volume of
hazardous waste generated and
minimized the impact of cleaning
on site schedule and
operations.  Chemical
cleanings are most often utilized in
secondary side
steam generators to reduce the
mass of accumulated deposits,
consisting primarily of iron oxides
with trace amounts of other metal
oxides, for improved thermal
performance or mitigation of active
corrosion mechanisms as a result of
increased deposit loadings. 
Deposit removal solvents typically
consist of a chelating agent
combined with other agents such as
a strong oxidizer based on the
application objectives.  Using
simple organic acids for deposit
dissolution enables the solution be
readily decomposed and process
to mitigate the final waste streams
for disposal.
 
Duke HB Robinson contracted
AREVA, Inc. (AREVA) to perform
a steam generator chemical cleaning
using the AREVA Deposit Minimi
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papers on development and/or
applications of cleaning techniques
and addressing the issues and
challenges associated with those
techniques and environmental
regulations and requirements.
Deposit Minimization
Treatment in Secondary Side
Steam Generators for Nuclear
Plants
NACE International
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Phone: 281-228-6223
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Multifunctional Cleaning
Package: Removing,
Degrading, and Protecting
Ming Shen, Ali Bayane, Margarita TEG 188X [06]
Kharshan, Liz Austin, Brian
Benduha - Removal and proper
disposal of hydrocarbons in
unwanted places is increasingly
becoming part of daily life. From
disastrous large scale oil spill, to
everyday small accidental leakage
at garage or gas station, to cleaning
grease off metal parts in metal
working industry, an efficient, cost
effective and environment-friendly
cleaning solution is very much
sought after. The ideal product
would allow users to remove
hydrocarbons and subsequently
dispose of the waste easily in a
manner that meets environmental
regulations. In the case of metal
working application, protecting the
cleaned parts from corrosion before
further processing is also an
important factor in choosing a
winning strategy. The products
discussed in this paper perform
multifunctional duty of removing
hydrocarbon and degrading them in
a single package utilizing
hydrocarbon-degrading bacterium.
In addition, the products for metal
working application p
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Review of HSE Innovations in Wayne Frenier TEG 188X [06]
the Chemical Cleaning
     The
Industries
use of large volumes of corrosive
and possibly toxic chemicals to
remove fouling deposits from
industrial size equipment, as well as
pipelines is an inherently hazardous
process. In addition to the chemicals
themselves, the fluids must be
pumped
and circulated at high pressures and
frequently high temperatures to
achieve the cleaning goal. At the
end of a job thousands (possibly
hundreds of thousands) of gallons
of toxic waste must be disposed of
in some manner.
    &nbsp
;  Almost since its formation
as an offshoot of the oilfield
acidizing business, an emphasis on
improving the  triple goals of
the health of employees and the
public, chemical and mechanical
safety of operations and protection
of the environment (HSE),
has been an integral part of the
development process.
    &nbsp
;  This paper will review the
development of healthier, safer and
more environmentally acceptable
chemicals, equipment and process.
The time frame reviewed is the
1960s to the present time,
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Removal of Bound Ions from
Carbon Steel Surfaces
Peter Bock TEG 188X [06]
"Removal of bound ions from
carbon steel surfaces."
 
Water washing and “salt removal”
prior to surface preparation
improves long-term coating
performance, but does not prevent
flash rusting of the prepared
surfaces.
Scanning electron microscope
evaluation of such prepared surfaces
shows that traditional salt removal
methods leave residual sulfidebound ions.
A residue-free aqueous chemical
washing process after surface
preparation passivates steel surfaces
by removing sulfide-bound ions,
prevents flash rust-back and
turning, improves adhesion of
applied coatings, and may reduce
future permeation and osmosis
from the substrate through the
applied coating system.
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Water Treatment Systems STG 11
Time
Name
Description
Committee(s)
Industrial Water Treatment
Oversight: End User and
Water Treatment Supplier
Communication
K. Anthony Selby STG 11
In days gone by, most industrial
facilities such as refineries,
chemical plants, manufacturing
plants, etc., had an internal “water
doctor” that had a good overall
working knowledge of the cooling
and boiler systems and the water
technology needed to protect
them from corrosion, scale, and
microbiological growth. 
This individual audited the
performance of water treatment
chemical supplier (water treatment
service company), prepared
specifications for water treatment,
and stayed abreast of current water
treatment
technology.  For the most
part, that position no longer exists
in many corporations. 
Responsibility has been pushed
mainly onto the water treatment
service company with end user
personnel having few resources to
do a thorough job of providing
oversight. 
This paper is intended to help the
end user manage the activities of the
water treatment service company in
order to ensure that the cooling and
boiler systems in the plant are
properly treated and prot
Location
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Tuesday,8 a.m. to 3 :30p.m.
Water Treatment vs. The
Economics Associated with
Risk and Reliability
Sponsored by STG 11
Chair: Claudia Pierce
Vice Chair: Edward Beardwood
papers associated with the
following areas of interest, all
associated with water from
pretreatment to the end use and
discharge (i.e. waste water):
mitigation of corrosion and fouling,
best practices, new chemistries/new
equipment for corrosion and fouling
control, failures/failure analysis,
chemical cleaning, and case
histories/studies.
STG 11
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Corrosion of a Vertical Shell
and Tube Heat Exchanger
Jeffrey Xie STG 11
Inspection revealed patterned severe
corrosion of the tubes. An
investigation was thus conducted to
understand the corrosion
mechanism and propose potential
mitigation measures.
 
Corrosion was found dominantly on
the external surface of the tubes, i.e.
cooling water side, and the severe
wall loss was mostly located just
beneath the top tube sheet.
 
Corrosion in the cooling water side
was in the form of pits and was the
result of tuberculation under
deposits. The severe wall loss of the
tubes just beneath the top tube sheet
was due to concentrated corrosive
compounds on the tube surface
within the empty
space.
 
Polymer fines deposited on the top
tube sheet at one single event, some
of the tubes were totally or partially
plugged. Deposit of polymer fines
on the top tube sheet was the major
contributor to cause the patterned
severe corrosion, and the severe
corrosion
occurred on the clear tubes.
 
To mitigate this severe corrosion, it
is recommended to eliminate the em
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Corrosion of Brackish Water
Systems Used for In Situ
Thermal Operations
Tesfaalem Haile, 2. Rio Wilkie, 4. STG 11
Haralampos Tsaprailis, 3. John
Wolodko Water plants constructed to process
brackish and fresh water sources for
in-situ thermal oil sands production
have noted failures associated with
corrosion.  The approach to
resolve observed problems may
depend on the local or upstream
operating conditions,
and may involve improved
monitoring capabilities, additions of
chemicals, and/or material
selections.  The
unpredictable occurrences of
serious corrosion issues related to
the complex water chemistry make
it difficult to choose the appropriate
preventative
and mitigation measures. 
This is further complicated by the
effects of temperature, pressure, and
flow turbulence on the equilibrium
concentrations of the different
species.  Considering that the
water chemistries are continually
changing, it is beneficial
to establish operating windows for
the different chemical components
and determine the effect of
operating parameters such as
turbulence and temper
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Corrosivity Assessment of
Blackish Water
Baotong Lu - This paper
STG 11
investigated the effects of eight
dissolved species concentrations on
corrosion of carbon steel in water.
Short term electrochemical
experimental measurements
indicated that the corrosion
mechanisms of carbon steel in
brackish water are uniform
and pitting corrosion. The
corrosivity of water is difficult to be
defined using single parameter such
as the corrosion rate. In this case,
Mahalanobis–Taguchi method, as a
discriminant analysis approach, is
applicable for water corrosivity
assessment. Mahalanobis–Taguchi
method enables to predict whether
a given water sample is acceptably
corrosive or not. The preliminary
investigation has indicated that
Mahalanobis–Taguchi method can
serve as a tool for water corrosity
assessment.
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Holding Water—Operation
Management of Corrosion in a
Vast Seawater Injection
System
Ridha Abbas, Ali Morshed STG 11
Holding Water — Operation
Management of Corrosion in a Vast
Seawater Injection System
 
A Saudi Aramco organization
operates a seawater treatment plant
with a design capacity of 14 million
barrels per day. It also manages a
massive and aging pipeline network
extending for many hundreds of
kilometers for injection (water
flooding) into oil reservoirs.
The organization’s mission
revolves around holding water by
treating, transporting and injecting
seawater from the Gulf to a number
of reservoirs. This mission requires
a robust operation management
program for dealing with various
corrosion challenges. This
paper describes the corrosion
challenges and the program to
manage them.
 
The organization launched an
initiative to bring together the
extensive corrosion management
efforts and form a comprehensive
corrosion management program for
the seawater treatment plant. The
program is oriented toward practical
operation management actions.
Each action is scoped
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Corrosion Mitigation of Fire
Sprinkler Piping with
Compressed Nitrogen
Supervision
Paul Su, Swathilekha Chivukula,
STG 11
Fred Tatar, William Doerr, Blair
Swinnerton - For steel sprinkler
piping systems, corrosion that
results in pipe leakage or
obstruction is the most significant
issue for owners of water-based fire
protection sprinkler systems (FPS),
in terms of both cost and system
reliability. Corrosion damage
leading
to mechanical failure or water
damage significantly adds to the
lifecycle cost of sprinkler protection
systems in buildings.[1],[2],[3],[4]
A nitrogen generator inerting
system was used to study the
effectiveness of using nitrogen as a
supervisory gas to mitigate
sprinkler pipe corrosion for both
dry and wet type FPS.
In dry or preaction systems, pipe
corrosion is caused primarily by
constant replenishment of oxygen
from the supervisory compressed
air and the trapped water from
system commissioning and trip
testing that introduces water into the
piping.[5] In wet systems,
severe pipe corrosion/leakage can
often be found close to any air gaps
in the pipe
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Evaluation of Terpolymer for
Deposit Control in Hardness
and Iron Dominated Boiler
Systems
Donald Meskers Jr, Anthony Rossi, STG 11
Karen Person Synthetic dispersants have been
used to control waterside
deposition in industrial and
commercial plant boilers for many
years.  Over the
past two decades steady
improvements in the cost and
performance of reverse osmosis
membrane and increased usage of
de-ionized water in lower pressure
systems have resulted in deposits
that are becoming increasingly iron
dominated.  This progression
has resulted in a need for more
complex and robust chemistries that
can control iron fouling as well as
the traditional calcium,
magnesium, and silica deposition.
This paper will discuss changes in
deposit matrices seen with higher
purity feedwater and the need to
generate improved ion transport
across the boiler system.  The
correlation between differing
polymer functionality and the effect
on specific contaminant
deposit control and ion transport
performance will be discussed in
relation to the development of a
multifunctional terpolymer
chemistry tar
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Water Chemistry Impacts on
Cooling Water System Iron
Oxide Dispersants
Zahid Amjad, Robert Zuhl, Libardo STG 11
Perez The effects of water chemistry such
as pH, temperature, total dissolved
solids, polyvalent metal ions, on
particulate iron oxide dispersion by
a variety of polymeric and nonpolymeric additives have been
investigated. The deposit control
agent (DCAs) evaluated
include natural and synthetic
polymers (of varying composition
and molecular weight),
phosphonates, and surfactants.
Results reveal that DCA iron oxide
dispersion performance strongly
depends on dosage and architecture
(e.g., type and amount of
monomers, monomer
functional group ionic charge,
molecular weight). Data show that
pH changes cause varying but
relatively small changes in DCA
dispersant performance. Results
also suggest that low levels of
divalent and trivalent metal ions
reduce DCA dispersant
performance.
Investigations with phosphonates
and homopolymers indicate varying
degrees of reduced iron oxide
dispersion performance.
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Elucidating the Differences
Between Weight Loss and
Instantaneous Corrosion Rates
for Azole Films on
Paul Frail, Gilad Zorn, Martin
STG 11
Morra, Reza Sharghi-Moshtaghin Water systems with mixed
metallurgies require proper low
carbon steel and copper alloy metal
corrosion control.  Improper
copper corrosion control can lead to
failure of copper alloys, such as
admiralty brass metal within the
system and cause galvanic corrosion
on less noble metals, like carbon
steel and cast iron.  Azoles,
benzotriazole (BZT) and
tolyltriazole (TTA), are generally
used to control copper corrosion in
heat exchangers that are employed
in open recirculation Cooling Tower
systems, via a film forming
mechanism on the metal
surface.  Monitoring of
corrosion control can be done by
using metal coupons or corrosion
rate meter (CRM).  Often
there is a discrepancy between
coupon and a CRM probe corrosion
rates due to each technique
acquiring corrosion rate values
by different means: mechanical
(weight loss) and electrochemical,
respectively.  CRM data
suggests a steady state in admiralty
brass corrosion rate is
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Biocide Combinations for
Improved Microbiological
Control
Jeffrey Kramer, Arpita Srivastava - STG 11
The uncontrolled growth of
microorganisms can cause severe
problems in industrial water
systems.  The most common
method of controlling microbial
growth in industrial water systems
has been through the use of
biocides.  While a wide
variety of biocides are
available to the water treatment
industry, improved methods are
required to address efficacy,
economic and environmental
concerns.  The non-oxidizing
biocide tributyl tetradecyl
phosphonium chloride has been
shown to be effective against a
broad range of microorganisms
in a wide variety of industrial
environments.  We report
here on the use of tributyl tetradecyl
phosphonium chloride in
combination with other commonly
used industrial water
biocides.  The combinations
show improved performance
compared to the individual biocides
alone.  The improved
performance leads to increased cost
performance, reduced system
corrosion and reduced
environmental impact of the biocide
treatment.
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Cooling System Management
to Prevent Silica Deposition
Libardo Perez, Zahid Amjad, Bob STG 11
Zuhl Water scarcity has increased the
necessity for water re-use,
utilization of poor quality water,
and operating systems at higher
cycles of concentration (COC).
High silica content make-up water
is a major obstacle to cost-effective
treatment programs for
cooling systems operating at high
COC. The approach most often used
for silica limited cooling systems
involves using a base treatment
program with an overlay or
supplemental treatment such as high
polymer concentrations in
combination with phosphonate(s)
to control silica concentrations
approaching 300 mg/L. However,
this approach leads to very
expensive treatments. This study
presents a novel treatment program
that incorporates a cost-effective
silica polymerization inhibitor in
combination with current corrosion
control technology. The study
compares the performance and
relative cost effectiveness of this
novel treatment program with
currently available technologies.
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New Corrosion Inhibition
Approach Under High
Corrosive Environment in
Cooling Water Systems
Takeshi Kuribara STG 11
~Make  up 
water  for 
cooling  water 
systems is diversifying because
water shortage becomes serious
issue in many countries. Recently
RO treated water and/or process
condensate are used as make up
water. Calcium hardness of make up
water forms corrosion
protection film on metal surface in
cooling water.  But RO
treated water and process
condensate are contained few
calcium hardness. Therefore they
show high corrosivity in
comparison with normal water for
industrial use. Phosphate and zinc
have been widely
used for corrosion inhibitor of heat
exchanger tubes and pipes in
cooling water systems. Under high
corrosivity condition, it is
necessary to increase these
substances concentration for
improvement of corrosion
inhibition effect. But discharge
regulation of
plants is becoming sever to reduce
environmental load. Corrosion
inhibition program is required to
reduce phosphate and zinc
concentration.
To solve the problem mentioned
above, the function of low molecula
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Oil and Gas Production—Cathodic Protection STG 30
Time
Name
Thursday,8 a.m. to 8 :25a.m.
Description
Location
Location Detail
Coatings in Combination with Ole Knudsen, Stein Olsen STG 30
Cathodic Protection—Field
By application of coatings on
Experiences after 20+ Years
subsea structures, the amount of
anodes to be installed for cathodic
protection (CP) can be decreased.
The number of anodes is mainly
defined by the lifetime of the
structure and the bare metal surface
to be protected. An equation
is used to estimate the breakdown
of the coating as function of time.
This equation was developed for
projects with a typical lifetime of 20
-25 years and without any
experience from structures that have
been exposed for long lives. The
objective with this
study was to evaluate coating
degradation on subsea offshore
installations after long term
exposure of coatings on offshore
structures, and to suggest a revised
coating breakdown equation for use
in CP design.
Four different installations, each
with more than 20 years exposure
time, have been investigated; two
subsea templates and two jackets.
One of the templates has been taken
to shore and was investigated there.
For the three other installations
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Cathodic Protection
Center
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Sponsored by STG 30
Chair: Jorge Suarez
Vice Chair: Jin Huang
papers on advancements or
applications of cathodic protection
of all types of equipment used for
oil and gas production.
Committee(s)
STG 30
NACE International
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Phone: 281-228-6223
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Anode Interference Has To Be Harald Osvoll STG 30
Accounted For in a CP Design STG 30
Recommended practices and
specifications for Cathodic
Protection (CP) do not include well
defined methods or formulas for
how to handle anode interference.
Anode interference occurs when
anodes are mounted close to each
other and will reduce the current
output pr anode. The loss of anode
current will depend on distance
between anodes, how many anodes,
local or remote protection, etc. The
different methods found will be
described and compared with results
from CP modelling. 
Clarification on the most important
influence factors will be given and
recommendations for methods to
handle anode interference will be
proposed.
Keywords; Cathodic protection,
anode, interference
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ICCP Retrofit Challenges for
an Offshore Jacket Complex
Christophe Baete STG 30
Christophe Baeté, CP Manager
Elsyca n.v.
Belgium
[email protected]
 
An old jacket complex consisting of
4 platforms is protected by a
conventional sacrificial anode
system.  Recent surveys have
indicated that extending end service
life with a minimum of 20 years
requires a significant retrofit effort.
Since replacement of
individual anodes on a like-for-like
basis would be very expensive, a
retrofit option based on remote
impressed current anode sleds was
considered offering very
considerable cost savings.
Additional a fifth platform is
planned in the future.
Remote ICCP anode sleds are
relative easy to install but the
design of such a CP system is more
challenging.  Correct
positioning of the sleds is critical
for obtaining proper protection and
avoiding overprotection. In this
particular project the availability
of target locations was limited
because of various subsea pipelines
connected to the platforms and two
large
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Cathodic Protection in Closed
Compartments—pH Effect and
Performance of Anode
Materials
Sven Hesjevik, Stein Briskeby,
STG 30
Linda Børvik Cathodic protection (CP) in closed
compartments and confined spaces
is commonly achieved by the use of
sacrificial anodes. Either Aluminum
or Zinc is used and today’s
standards do not discriminate the
one from the other.
One of the internal corrosion
protection strategies for monopiles
used in the offshore wind industry
is CP using sacrificial anodes. In
that context testing has been carried
out to study the CP design
parameters and any effect sacrificial
anodes have on
the water chemistry –especially pH.
This paper gives results from testing
with AlZnIn and Zn anodes, and
discusses important design
parameters such as anode capacity
and design current densities. In
addition and most importantly pH
variation with time for
the two anode materials are given
and is further discussed with respect
to current density and capacity.
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Application of Linear Anodes
to Protect Isolated and
Unisolated Piping in a
Petrochemical Plant
Stephen Wroe STG 30
The paper will describe the
application of linear anodes to
protect metallic buried piping in a
congested Petrochemical/InPlant. 
A case study will be presented to
demonstrate that the use of linear
anode which does not automatically
mean that protection will be
achieved even on well coated close
pipes. 
Protection data will be discussed
along with the results of testing
carried out to identify shorts to
reinforcing and faults to 
isolating flanges caused during
pressure testing.
The paper will also cover overall
factors that generally influence the
design of Cathodic Protection
System followed by conclusion and
recommendation.
Keywords: Linear Anodes,
Isolation, Piping, Cathodic
Protection System
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Investigation on Alternating
Dezhi Tang, Yanxia DU, Minxu Lu, STG 30
Current Corrosion Mechanism Guangchun Wu, Liang Yi, Zitao
for Buried Pipelines
Jiang In this work, the effect of
alternating current (AC) on
corrosion behavior of pipeline steel
in the presence of sacrificial anode
or groundings were investigated in a
simulated soil solution by weight
loss test, electrochemical
measurements and morphology
analyses. It was found that the
imposed AC would shift both
potential of pipeline steel and
sacrificial anode (or groundings)
towards the positive direction. Due
to the difference in polarization
characteristic, the offset will be
different from each other,
resulting in the enhancement of DC
current between pipeline and
sacrificial anode (or groundings).
As a consequence, the corrosion of
pipeline will be accelerated or
controlled, which is closing related
to the electrochemical characteristic
of sacrificial
anode (or groundings). Based on
the experiment results, a new AC
corrosion mechanism considering
the effect of AC on the interactions
between pipeline stee
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Researches on the Interference
Between Different Cathodic
Protection Systems and
Protective Methods
Yanxia Du STG 30
For different types of interference
problems between two cathodic
protection systems, such as anodic
interference, cathodic interference
and mixed interference, the
interfered scope and influencing law
under different factors including the
types and location
of anode ground beds, soil
resistivity, coating condition of
buried pipelines, etc, were studied
through calculation analysis, indoor
experiments and field tests. Besides,
the applicable protective methods
and corresponding requirements for
different types
of interferences between two
cathodic protection systems were
proposed based on simulated
experiments. 
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Electrical Current Requirement
to Protect Coating Defect
Locations on Pipeline
Segments Installed Us
Pavan Shukla STG 30
Oil and gas transmission pipelines
are subject to external corrosion,
which can lead to dangerous
explosive pipeline failures. 
Pipeline operators use two
complementary practices to protect
pipelines from corrosion:  (i)
pipe coatings and (ii) CP. 
Intact
pipe coatings are effective at
isolating metal surfaces from the
surrounding environment, thereby
reducing corrosion, but coatings
may develop defects that permit
locally elevated corrosion
rates.  Pipeline operators
mitigate corrosion at coating defects
by
CP systems installed at intervals
along the pipeline.  These CP
systems require proper design to
assure protection, but have
associated operations and
maintenance costs.  CP
systems are designed using
guidelines developed for the coating
defects expected in
conventional trench installation
practices.  However, trenches
are undesirable in some locations,
spurring use of Horizontal
Directional Drilling (HDD). 
Typical HDD installation locations
include wetlands, co
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Oil and Gas Production—Corrosion and Scale Inhibition STG 31
Time
Name
Description
Location
Location Detail
Fundamental Aspects of CO Arne Dugstad STG 31
Metal Loss Corrosion—Part I: Carbon steel is thermodynamically
Mechanism
unstable in water with dissolved
CO2 and the only reason that
carbon steel is so attractive and can
be so widely used in oil and gas
production is that the steel surface
becomes covered by a protective
layer of corrosion
products, oil, mineral scale or
inhibitors. Based on recent findings
and understanding the paper will
discusses the CO2 corrosion
mechanism with particularly focus
on how CO2 affects the water
chemistry, the electrochemical
reactions on the bare steel surface,
and the initiation and growth of
protective corrosion product films.
As many sweet systems contain
organic acids that affect the solution
chemistry and the formation and
stability of the FeCO3 corrosion
product films, organic acids need
also to be considered
when the effect of CO2 is
discussed.
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C02 and H2S Metal Loss
Sponsored by STG 31
Corrosion — 10 Years Review Chair: Yves Gunaltun
Vice Chair: Moshen Achour and
Bijan Kermani
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This symposium of invited authors
covers all aspects of CO2 and H2S
metal loss corrosion.
Committee(s)
STG 31
NACE International
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Monday,10 :30a.m. to 11 a.m.
Fundamental Aspects of CO
Metal Loss Corrosion—Part II:
Influence of Different
Parameters on COCo
Guenter Schmitt STG 31
~~Fundamental aspects of CO2
metal loss corrosion. Part II:
Influence of different parameters on
CO2 corrosion mechanisms.
General and localized CO2
corrosion is influenced by a number
of factors which can be divided into
materials-related, medium-related
and interface-related parameters.
Materials-related parameters
include alloy composition,
microstructure and heat treatment.
CO2 partial pressure, pH, solution
chemistry, presence of
hydrocarbons, corrosion inhibitors
and the presence of oxygen and
other gas phase related impurities
constitute major medium-related
parameters. Interface-related
parameters include temperature,
flow,
heat transfer, condensation, stress
and presence of scales. All
parameters are interdependent and
influence the CO2 corrosion in
different ways. The paper gives an
overview on the present day
knowledge on the effects of these
parameters on CO2 corrosion.
Referencing
the reviews produced on this topic
at the NACE CORROSION’2006
conferenc
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Physical and Chemical Effects
of Crude Oil on COHS
Metal Loss Corrosion: An
Updated Review
Jose Vera STG 31
The presence of crude oil in the oil
and gas production may
significantly reduce corrosion rates
of carbon steel in CO2/H2S
containing environments. 
The crude oil inhibition
mechanisms can be combined into
two main effects: 1) A chemical
effect, related
to inhibiting properties of
compounds present in the crude oil;
and 2) A physical effect, related to
the capacity of the oil to prevent the
water from contacting the steel
surface.  This paper focuses
on the work that has been
performed during the last decade
mainly addressing the physical
effect of crude oil on corrosion and
the models used to describe it.
Knowledge gaps and disagreements
are identified and further work is
recommended in order to establish
the key parameters controlling the
mechanism, their critical
values and interactions. 
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Monday,11 :30a.m. to 12 a.m.
The Range and Variability of
Crude Oil Effects on Steel
Corrosion in Sweet and Sour
Production
Killian Efird STG 31
The chemical components of a
crude oil have been shown to
significantly affect steel corrosion
in crude oil production.  This
effect has shown a wide variability
in the way the crude oil alters the
corrosion of carbon and low alloy
steel in both sweet and
sour crude oil/water production,
including the corrosion rate,
corrosion morphology and
protectiveness of the corrosion
product layer formed on the
steel.  The effect is observed
when a separated water phase is in
contact with the steel, such as
stratified
pipe flow and the bottom of
production separators, or when the
crude oil and produced water are in
an intimate mixture, such as in
turbulent pipe flow and production
tubulars.  The crude oil
effects can influence the tendency
of either water or crude oil to
wet the surface, termed “wettability
preference,” and certain organic
chemicals in the crude oil can
directly affect the corrosion rate and
morphology. 
The work reported here details the
extent of the diverse
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Corrosion of Carbon Steel by
HS in COContaining
Oilfield Environments—10
Year Update
Stephen Smith, Michael Joosten STG 31
The effect that even small
concentrations of H2S can have
upon CO2 corrosion has been
recognized since at least the
1940's.  Early studies showed
that the FeS corrosion products that
were formed had an impact, but
disagreed whether the impact was
beneficial
or not.  Although H2S
corrosion has not received the level
of attention given to CO2 corrosion,
the literature has progressed the
state of art over the last 10
years.  A review of the
literature and knowledge of
corrosion of carbon steel by H2S in
CO2 containing
oilfield environments was
presented in 2006.  Since that
time there has been a number of
significant publications about H2S
corrosion by researchers in the
fields of corrosion, geochemistry
and thermodynamics.  This
paper reviews the current state of
knowledge
based upon a sampling of the
publications during the past ten
years.
In 2006 it was stated that “there is
still a great deal that is not
known”.  Although there are
still no general
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HS + COCorrosion:
Additional Learnings from
Field Experience
Michel Bonis, Reg MacDonald - As STG 31
a complement to the substantial
research and development effort
dedicated to the understanding of
H2S + CO2 corrosion mechanism,
Operators have an additional
responsibility to document their
field experience of this corrosion
mechanism. This experience
is needed to substantiate the
understanding with respect to the
diverse basis of laboratory testing
results. This is the main objective of
this paper, in continuation of an
effort started in 2006.
A review is first made on what has
been either consolidated or
modified from earlier steps, with
respect to key and secondary factors
of the H2S + CO2 corrosion. An
emphasis is then given to new
lessons learned about this corrosion
mechanism and on its mitigation,
particularly with regard to the
effect of methanol and on the
influence of flow regime.
A particular experience on the use
of HDPE lined pipelines for H2S +
CO2 corrosion mitigation is also
included.
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Predictive Modelling in CO Bruce Brown, Srdjan Nesic, Yougui STG 31
and HS Containing
Zheng, Jing Ning - Over the past
Environment
decade, the knowledge related to
predicting internal pipeline
corrosion for both sweet and sour
environments has dramatically
improved. Advancement in
understanding the corrosion
mechanisms related to CO2
corrosion environments include
expanding
the range of temperatures from as
low as 1°C up to 250°C, expanding
the range of CO2 partial pressure up
to supercritical, and defining the
chemo-mechanical forces which
occur at the pipe wall and may lead
to localized corrosion.
Advancement in the understanding
of corrosion mechanisms related to
H2S corrosion environments
include the development of an
electrochemical model for H2S
corrosion, the effect of H2S on the
corrosion product that will form on
mild steel and the implications
towards an increased chance of
localized corrosion whenever H2S
is present. Even though a lot has
been learned over the past decade,
the demand for more research
continues. As the knowledge base
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Field Data Collection,
Evaluation and Use for
Corrosivity Prediction, and
Validation of Models
Yves Gunaltun STG 31
 
Yves Gunaltun; Ardjan Kopliku.
Abstract:
The collection of good quality and
reliable data is critical in the task of
model evaluation. The use of
invalid data would steer the
modeling work in a wrong direction
causing the decrease in the accuracy
of models.
Types of data that can be used for
validation of prediction models,
importance of field data in
validation of prediction models, and
the way they are collected and
interpreted are explained in paper
2006. There is no important change
since then except for
top of the line corrosion. Important
part of the paper will be dedicated
to this subject. Also, referring to the
conclusions of the paper published
in 2006, all recommended domains
for improvement were reviewed and
the current situation is summarised.
The
paper has three sections:
Conclusions of the 2006 paper
Summary of developments since
2006 including the case of top of
the line corrosoin
Remaining domains of
improvements
 
 
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Evaluation of Field Data and
Comparison with Prediction
Models
Marc Singer, Srdjan Nesic, Ussama STG 31
Kaewpradap The mechanisms
implemented in
corrosion prediction models
are mostly based on experimental
data. Validating the
capability of these models
using field data is an
essential step in building
confidence at the user
level. An approach in
comparing model predictions
with field data is proposed in this
work. The special case of Top of the
Line Corrosion is
used due to the relative
"cleanliness" of the field
information, especially related to
the lack of chemical inhibition.
Information collected
from several sweet field
is analyzed and used to run several
TLC models. When
applicaple, profiles of water
condensation
rates, temperature and
corrosion rates are
simulated. The simulation
results are compared
with in-line inspection data (ILI).
Challenges encountered in the
analysis
of the field conditions information
(inaccuracy of production data) and
the ILI data are discussed and a
coherent methodology for
comparison with simulation results
is p
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Corrosion Control by
Inhibition—Part I: Corrosion
Control by Film Forming
Inhibitors
Mohsen Achour STG 31
The use of carbon steel and
corrosion inhibition has often been
retained as the best cost effective
solution for corrosion control, in
particular for long pipelines
carrying sweet or mildly sour wet
hydrocarbons, including but not
limited to crude oil export
lines, wet gas pipelines, and flow
lines. The integrity of such
structures heavily relies on the
effectiveness of the corrosion
inhibition program in place. This
paper focuses on film forming
inhibitors and highlights the
requirements needed to ensure a
proper
selection and application of the
corrosion inhibitor for a given
environment. It describes all
requirements relating to the
chemistry and track record of the
chemical, its performance testing
steps, its application and delivery to
the pipe wall, the corresponding
corrosion monitoring and
inspection, the determination of the
optimum dosage and injection
locations and finally the logistics of
transportation, storage,
environmental compliance and cost.
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Corrosion Control by pH
Stabilization
Stein Olsen STG 31
The pH stabilization technique is an
alternative method for corrosion
control in wet gas pipelines. The
method has mainly been applied in
sweet systems with MEG as hydrate
preventer. A base is added to
increase the pH in the bulk
MEG/water phase. A higher
pH will increase the risk for scaling
in formation waters and the
technique is only suited for systems
with mainly condensed water.
For systems where the risk for
production of formation water is
very low, full pH stabilization may
be implemented. This will give
conditions that promote formation
of very protective corrosion films
and the corrosion can be controlled
for even high concentrations
of CO2.  In subsea
production systems where some
quantities of formation water have
to be accepted, partial pH
stabilization may be implemented in
combination with film forming
corrosion inhibitor. By use of a
scale prediction tool for water/MEG
mixtures,
the critical amount of formation
water can be calculated. A scale
inhibit
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Monitoring and Inspection
Techniques for Corrosion in
Oil and Gas Production
Bill Hedges, Sankara Papavinasam, STG 31
Kip Sprague, Tom Knox In 2006 a review of corrosion
monitoring and inspection
technologies for use in oil and gas
facilities in CO2 and/or H2S
corrosive environments was
presented at the NACE annual
conference (NACE Paper
06120).  Almost ten years
has passed and there have been
important developments in both
monitoring and inspection
technologies in regards to their
application and usage in oil and gas
production facilities.  This
paper will provide an overview of
these developments and their
relative benefits and disadvantages
to
help corrosion and inspection
engineers determine which
technique(s) provide the most cost
effective value.  The benefits
of using a mixture of monitoring
and inspection techniques to
provide both tactical (short term)
and strategic (long term)
information
will be discussed.
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In Situ Synchrotron Radiation
GIXRD Study of Sweet
Corrosion Scaling on Carbon
Steel
Robert Lindsay, Gaurav Joshi,
TEG 059X [31](60, 61)
Karyn Cooper, Jacek Lapinski, Dirk
Engelberg, Oier Bikondoa Within the oil and gas industry,
internal corrosion due to CO2
saturated solutions is a widespread
issue. On this basis, significant
effort has been applied to gain
mechanistic insight into such sweet
corrosion, including elucidation of
the composition and
structure of corrosion scales. There
is, however, currently limited
published work regarding in situ
measurement of scales, which is the
focus of the current work. To this
end, an electrochemical cell (E-cell)
has been designed and constructed,
allowing electrochemical
measurements and in situ
synchrotron radiation (SR) based
grazing incidence x-ray diffraction
(GIXRD) to be undertaken from the
same sample. This SR E-cell can be
deaerated, and the solution
temperature elevated up to ~
80°C.  Experimental data
acquired using
this cell at the XMaS beam line of
the ESRF (France) from X-65
pipeline steel immersed in CO2
saturated salt solution
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CO2/H2S Corrosion in Wet
Hydrocarbon-Containing
Environments
TEG 059X [31](60, 61)
Chair: Sai Prasanth Venkateswaran
Vice Chair: Sonja Richter
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papers closely related to CO2/H2S
corrosion, corrosion assessment,
and corrosion control in wet
hydrocarbon environment.
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Galvanic Corrosion Following
Local Breakdown of a Scale
Formed on X-65 in CO
Saturated Solutions
Rafa Leiva-Garcia, Jake Andrews, TEG 059X [31](60, 61)
Ramon Manuel Fernandez Domene,
Robert Akid Galvanic corrosion following local
breakdown of a scale formed
on X-65 in CO2 saturated solutions
R.M. Fernández-Domene, R. LeivaGarcía, R. Akid
Corrosion and Protection Centre,
School Of Materials,
The University of Manchester,
Manchester, UK
 
Protection against corrosion of
X-65 pipeline steel in sweet
environments is generally provided
by the formation of protective
scales which result as a
consequence of the precipitation of
corrosion products (primarily
FeCO3) on the metal surface.
However,
when these scales are
broken/damaged due to effects such
as, solid-particle erosion, flow or
mechanical stress, a galvanic pair
can form between the bare steel
(anode) and the surrounding
undamaged scale (cathode). This
anode/cathode pair is the driving
force
in the evolution of the local
corrosion damage. The aim of this
work is to evaluate the magnitude of
galvanic coupling that arises when
the protective scale
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Water Wetting Study on Crude Abdulaziz Alrayees, Sonja Richter, TEG 059X [31](60, 61)
Oil Using a Model Oil Blend Marijan Babic, Ramsey White Determining water-in-oil
entrainment velocity inside oil
transport lines, interchangeably
denoted as water wetting transition
velocity, is important for
establishing good corrosion
management strategies. To
determine this velocity, a steel
surface wettability
study is conducted on a model oil
blend (43% LVT-200, 26% IsoparV, 27% Tufflo-6056 and 4%
Aromatic-200) with physical
properties that mimic those of an
actual crude oil; such properties are
an API gravity of 37.5°, a viscosity
of 7.0 cP, interfacial tension
of 39.3 mN/m and a water-in-oil
contact angle of 131°. Using a
doughnut cell wetting measurement
apparatus, it was found that the
presence of isoparaffins, naphthenes
and aromatics in the blend reduced
the water wetting transition velocity
by 30% compared
to pure LVT-200 and showed very
good correlation to the wetting
transition of the crude oil itself. The
same measurement was repeated
with a mixture of the
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The Role of COon Carbon
Steel Corrosion
Merlin Bandeira, Oscar Mattos,
TEG 059X [31](60, 61)
Tatiana Almeida, Rogaciano
Moreira Exploration, production and
transportation of oil are face serious
corrosion problems mainly due to
the presence of gases such as CO2.
The CO2 corrosion is a complex
process and a large number of
variables are involved in the CO2
corrosion, such as pH, temperature,
fugacity and system total pressure.
This work deals with CO2
corrosion mechanism using
electrochemical and gravimetric
techniques. The experimental setup
was free of oxygen and the pH was
kept constant during the
measurements time. For the CO2
saturated conditions, continuous gas
purge was
adopted and for the tests without
CO2 the solution was constantly
renewed. In all conditions the pH
was constantly measured in order to
guaranty the pH value within the
measurement time.  
The Electrochemical impedance
spectroscopy was used to
investigate the CO2 corrosion on
X65 carbon steel. Tests without
chloride were carried out to
evaluate CO2 corrosion effects. On
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Corrosion Mechanism of Mild Thu Tran, Bruce Brown, Srdjan
TEG 059X [31](60, 61)
Steel in COAqueous
Nesic Environment
A significant amount of research
has been done to investigate the
effect of CO2 (or carbonic acid) on
the corrosion rate of mild steel. In
1975, de Waard and Milliams
proposed a mechanism for CO2
corrosion where the author
included the direct reduction of
carbonic acid at the metal surface.
This mechanism has been
commonly assumed afterwards by
other researchers (Nesic, Pots etc.)
to explain a higher corrosion rate of
mild steel in presence of CO2,
compared to a solution of strong
acid, at same pH. However,
another simpler pathway is to
consider only the “buffering effect”
of carbonic acid. This mechanism
has been supported by Linter and
Burstein in 1999, and Remita in
2008. In this case, carbonic acid
acts as a reservoir of hydrogen ions
due to its ability to
partially dissociate as a weak acid.
Therefore, carbonic acid can
continuously provide hydrogen
ions, when those are consumed at
the metal surface by the corrosion
reaction.
The goal of t
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Evaluation of Preferential
Weld Corrosion Susceptibility
and Its Mitigation in Slightly
Sour Conditi
Ray Case, Mohsen Achour, Jordan TEG 059X [31](60, 61)
Daniels Preferential Weld Corrosion (PWC)
susceptibility was studied in slightly
sour wet gas piping system using
electrochemical methods based on
the “hockey puck” technique. By
establishing a benchmark testing
environment that simulates the
operating conditions,
several corrosion inhibitors were
evaluated to assess their
performance in suppressing PWC in
static conditions.
The results show that under the
testing conditions the Heat Affected
Zones (HAZ) from the welds are
susceptible to PWC. Also pitting
occurs across all the components of
the weld, independently of the
relative cathode / anode
relationship. Profilometry
assessment
of the specimen after exposure
supports the findings from the
electrochemical measurements. The
corrosion inhibitors dosed at 100
ppm concentration in static
conditions show reduction of PWC
and pitting severity.
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The Corrosion of Carbon Steel
in the Presence of
Monoethylene Glycol Under
Protective Iron
Ikechukwu Ivonye, Chun Wang,
TEG 059X [31](60, 61)
Anne Neville Carbon steel pipeline are employed
in the transportation of wet natural
gas from source to process plant.
Corrosion will occur and hydrates
may form on the pipeline if not
properly protected. In order to
protect the pipeline from hydrate
formation, Monoethylene
glycol (MEG) is often used. The
continuous use of high pH flow for
the gas pipeline can lead to the
formation of desirable and
undesirable scale formation. Where
there are negative effects on the use
of high pH, the reduction in the pH
of the system may be
achieved. Alternatively additional
measures may be introduced to
protect the integrity of the pipeline
such as the use of corrosion
inhibitor.
This paper describes a condition
where there is a significant
formation of corrosion scale in the
form of iron carbonate in wet gas
system. The flow assurance on the
continuous use of high pH on
certain point of the pipeline is
considered. Synergistic and
antagonistic effect of MEG is the
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Development of Novel
Phosphate Based Inhibitors
Effective for Oxygen
Corrosion
Omar Yepez, Nihal Obeyesekere,
TEG 059X [31](60, 61)
Jonathan Wylde In general, oilfields have less gas
pressure as they mature. As a result,
ingress of oxygen into well annuli,
into the vapor space in tanks, and
through pump packing becomes
more commonplace. Consequently,
it is possible for severe localized
corrosion (>
12 mm/y) to occur. Unfortunately,
there are very few options to control
very high corrosion rates arise due
to oxygen ingress. This is because,
common corrosion inhibitors
generally fail to protect carbon steel
when oxygen is present. In this
paper, we report
the performance of a novel
phosphate ester based inhibitor,
which is capable of protecting
carbon steel from carbonic acid
corrosion.  In the presence of
significant amounts of oxygen, this
inhibitor performs by creating
  a compact layer of
iron carbonate
on the metal surface. This layer
serves as an effective barrier for
either carbonic acid or oxygen to
reach the bare metal.  XRD
and SEM measurements indicate the
absence of   
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Electrochemical
Characterization of the New
Oxygen Corrosion Inhibitor
Omar Yepez, Nihal Obeyesekere,
TEG 059X [31](60, 61)
Jonathan Wylde Corrosion inhibitors can behave as
catholic inhibitors when they
mainly suppress the cathodic
reaction. These can be anodic
inhibitors when they mainly
suppress the anodic reaction. 
When interact with both, these may
behave as mixed inhibitors. A
combination
of these behaviors may allow an
ordered corrosion process, which
results in the formation of a
protective corrosion film.  In
this paper,  
electrochemical characterization of
a phosphate ester based inhibitor,
which protects from oxygen
corrosion, is discussed.
Potentiodynamic polarization is
used to determine Tafel slopes for
the anodic and cathodic processes to
determine the inhibitor
behavior.  A system 
of carbon steel in  
3.5% NaCl /3% O2 in 97 %
CO2   with and
without an inhibitor is defined and
tested.  Possible
electrochemical mechanisms of this
system will be discussed.
Key words:  Oxygen
Corrosion, Corrosion Inhibitors,
Potentiodynamic polarization.
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Corrosion Testing of Steel
Armour Wires in Flexible
Pipes—A Parametric Study
Arne Dugstad, Simona Palencsar,
TEG 059X [31](60, 61)
Linda Børvik, Pål Eikrem, Sven
Hesjevik Flexible pipes used in oil and gas
production are composed of densely
packed steel wires enclosed in an
annulus confined by inner and outer
thermoplastic sheaths. Water, CO2
and H2S from the bore diffuses
through the thermoplastic sheaths
and form a corrosive
environment in the confined space
between the sheaths. Oxsygen in
seawater or air can also enter the
annulus if the outer sheath is
damaged. The large steel surface to
water volume ratio in the annulus
and a limited ingress of corrosive
species give a complex
corrosive environment.
Experiments show that in systems
without H2S and O2, large amounts
of dissolve corrosion products can
accumulate and eventually give
protective FeCO3 based corrosion
product films and low corrosion
rates. When H2S or O2 are
present,
the corrosion rate increases as the
protective corrosion products films
are destabilised when FeCO3 reacts
and form FeS and oxides.
The paper disc
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Environmental Effects on
Fitness-for-Service Parameters
For 1% Nickel Steel Pipe
Welds with Preferen
Dale McIntyre, Ray Case - This
TEG 059X [31](60, 61)
study presents slow strain rate,
notched slow strain rate and
compact tension test data on the
changes, due to environmental
exposure, in mechanical properties
and fracture toughness of 1% nickel
steel welds in X-52 offshore
platform piping. These strength
and toughness parameters serve as
input for fitness-for-service
analyses of preferential weld
corrosion (PWC) damage as either
corrosion grooves or crack-like
flaws. In 1% nickel steel welds, in
CO2 environments, toughness loss
of ca. 35% was observed even
in the absence of H2S. Toughness
loss of ca. 42% was observed even
at H2S levels as low as 100
ppm.  Yield and tensile
strength were less affected, but
strain to the onset of plastic
instability may be reduced, which is
a critical parameter for API 579
Level
3 finite element analysis of PWC
zones as corrosion grooves. 
Observed environmental effects
depend strongly on whether the
weld metal is cathodic or anodic to
the nearby base metal.
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Effects of Heat Treatment on
Mechanical Properties and
COCorrosion Resistance of
3Cr Steel
Lining Xu, Xiaoli Fan, Minxu Lu, TEG 059X [31](60, 61)
Lei Zhang, Jinyang Zhu, Wei Chang
High levels of CO2 and H2O
concentration will cause serious
internal corrosion of pipeline during
the exploitation and transportation
of oil and gas. Since carbon steel
which is easy to occur localized
corrosion and stainless steel which
cost more and has
a problem of weld cracking, it is
difficult to meet the requirement of
transporting oil and gas with CO2.
Economical 3Cr low alloy steel,
which has both good CO2 corrosion
resistance and welding property, has
been successfully used as tubing in
oil industry.
Heat treatment significantly affects
the mechanical properties and
corrosion resistance of 3Cr steel,
but it has rarely been studied. In this
article, two different heat treatments
had been conducted. One was the
quenching which was carried out by
heating
the specimens at 900IRU40 min
and cooling them in water. Another
was the same quenching method
mentioned above, but following the
quenching treatment, sp
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Effect of Intervention History
on Corrosion State of
Production Tubulars
Lisbeth Hilbert, Jan Larsen, Pernille TEG 059X [31](60, 61)
Raahauge Jan Larsen
Mærsk Olie og Gas A/S
50 Esplanaden
DK-1263 Copenhagen K
Denmark
Lisbeth Rischel Hilbert
FORCE Technology
345 Park Allé
DK-2605 Brøndby
Denmark
Pernille J. Raahauge
Mærsk Olie og Gas A/S
50 Esplanaden
DK-1263 Copenhagen K
Denmark
ABSTRACT
Less than a year after recompletion,
a producing well was shut in due to
penetrating wall thickness loss in
the L-80 top completion. The short
service life included a history of
numerous coil tubing jobs, several
shut-in periods and only limited
production
periods. The cause of a longitudinal
local wall thickness loss of
approximately 7 mm in 10 months
might be a highly corrosive media
combined with a mechanism for
localization. Another suggestion
was the possible occurrence of
mechanical wear relating to the
numerous coil tubing operations.
The examined materials comply
with standard quality of L80 and
L80-13Cr. No indications of wear
in the form of deformations were
detected on the exam
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General and Localized
Corrosion in a Tail Gas
Treating Quencher Column
Riky Bernardo, Jeevanandam
TEG 059X [31](60, 61)
Shanmugam, Zoltan Hazos The quencher column is a part of
Tail Gas Treating (TGT) Section in
Sulphur Recovery Unit (SRU). The
column is used to cool the gas
containing H2S, CO2 and SO2 by
using direct counter-current contact
with circulation water. Soda caustic
(NaOH) is injected
to the quench water to neutralize
the acid in the solution.
The quench water pH is one of the
main parameters of maintaining the
integrity of the whole quench water
system. Failure to maintain the
quench water pH within safe limits
will cause negative effects to the
system. pH neutralization is a
complex issue since
the required amount of neutralizer
injected to the system will be very
much dependent on the amount of
acid and slippage CO2 to the
system. Further, operationally it is
not easy to comply with “tight” pH
specification.
This paper describes the failure of
TGT quencher system due to low
quench water pH, includes failure
investigation, process and operating
parameters, a
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Mystery of SAGD Produced
Qiang (John) Liu, Jack Whittaker, TEG 059X [31](60, 61)
Gas Corrosivity and Corrosion Rick Marsden - In the steamMitigation Strategy
assisted gravity drainage (SAGD)
process, casing gas from the
producer consists of approximately
90% steam and 10% produced gas.
The produced gas (PG) contains
approximately 15% CO2 and 0.8%
H2S with temperatures up to 180ºC.
CO2 corrosion modelling
predicts a corrosion rate of 600
mpy (15 mm/y).
 Mackinawite modelling
predicts 270 mpy (6.75 mm/y). The
prediction from both corrosion
models indicates PG has very
severe corrosivity at these
conditions. However, results from
corrosion coupon/probe monitoring
in the associated pipeline indicated
much lower  corrosion rate
(< 0.25 mm/y) at these high
temperatures but a higher corrosion
rate at cooler temperatures.
Corrosion product analysis
supported that a passivation film of
pyyrhotite and magnetite was
forming
at temperatures above 90ºC. The
new passivation mechanism is
discussed through theoretical
approach in this paper.
 
In addition to the corrosion caused
by PG, methan
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Current Understanding of
Corrosion Mechanisms Due to
HS in Oil and Gas
Production Environments
Stephen Smith - In has long been
TEG 282X [31](60, 61, 62)
recognized that the mechanism of
corrosion in sour systems is more
complicated than the simple release
of ferrous ions into solution
followed by the precipitation of the
iron sulfide species appropriate to
the environmental
conditions. 
Research conducted to date has
identified the most common species
of iron sulfides that form under oil
and gas production conditions and
the corrosive environments that is
normally required to produce
each.  It now appears that in
many cases, a multi-step
process is involved between the
formation of the initial iron sulfide
tarnish film and the final corrosion
product scale.  A summary is
presented of what is known about
this multistage process, how it
relates to different temperature and
H2S partial pressure
conditions and what still remains to
be determined.
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Wednesday,8 a.m. to 5 :30p.m.
Sour Corrosion (Day 1)
Chair: Shihuai Wang
Vice Chair: Khlefa Esaklul
Center
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papers addressing the effects of
hydrogen sulfide (HS) and other
sulfur-containing compounds in the
oil and gas industry, monitoring
techniques of sour gas corrosion,
development of new corrosion
inhibitors, mechanisms of
corrosion, and predictive modeling.
TEG 282X [31](60, 61, 62)
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Mechanistic Study of the
Effect of Iron Sulfide Layers
on Hydrogen Sulfide
Corrosion of Carbon Steel
Yougui Zheng, Jing Ning, Bruce
TEG 282X [31](60, 61, 62)
Brown, Srdjan Nesic, David Young
Glass cell experiments were
conducted to investigate effect of
FeS scale growth on HS corrosion
of carbon steel. Tests were
conducted by purging 10%
HS/N2 into 1 wt. % NaCl solution
at different temperature
(25oC-80oC), different pH (pH4 to
pH6) and different
flow conditions (60rpm and
600rpm magnetic stirring rates).
The exposure period was from 1day
to 6 days. The corrosion behavior
was monitored by LPR and checked
with weight loss analysis. The
morphology and compositions of
surface corrosion products was
analyzed
by Scanning Electron Microscopy
(SEM/EDS), Cross section analysis
and X-ray Diffraction methodology
(XRD). The results show the
balance between FeS precipitation
and undermining process can lead
to a variety of corrosion outcome
depending on the environmental
parameters such as temperature,
pH, flow rate. Protective corrosion
product layer and low corrosion rate
were observed at high pH,
temperature an
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Localized Corrosion of Carbon Jon Kvarekval TEG 282X [31](60, 61, 62)
Steel at High HS Partial
Corrosion of carbon steel in the
Pressures
H2S partial pressure range of 1-20
bar was studied in a series of
autoclave experiments. CO2 was
also present at partial pressures of 1
-20 bar. Experiments were run at
temperatures in the range of 10-120
deg C.  The test
solutions consisted of high-salinity
brine (100 g/L NaCl, 150 ppm
bicarbonate) and low-salinity
condensed water (0.1 g/L NaCl).
The duration of the tests was
typically 14 days. Both weight loss
corrosion and localized corrosion
data were obtained. The entire
surfaces of the exposed coupons
were scanned with a 3D
profilometer, obtaining detailed data
on localized corrosion morphology,
pit frequency and pit depths. The
results are discussed on the
background of existing literature. A
few sources in literature have
reported increased localized
corrosion risk with high H2S partial
pressures, but there are also
published data showing that the
effect of increasing the H2S level is
minimal above a certain level. This
is con
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Elemental Sulfur Corrosion
Behavior in the Presence of
Sulfur Solvent and
Monoethylene Glycol
Najmiddin Yaakob, Marc Singer,
TEG 282X [31](60, 61, 62)
David Young A series of autoclave corrosion
experiments have been carried out
to simulate as closely as possible
the conditions of a strongly sour gas
field in order to gather information
about general and localized
corrosion. The main three
parameters which have been
studied in this work were the effect
of elemental sulfur, the interaction
between elemental sulfur and sulfur
solvent and the possible interaction
between Monoethylene Glycol
(MEG), elemental sulfur and sulfur
solvent. The experimental works
were done in a
20L hastelloy autoclave especially
design for high total pressure at 25
bars with 4 and 10 bars of H2S and
CO2 partial pressure respectively.
The temperature for the experiment
was set at 40Û&IRU21 days of
exposure duration. The
experimental work included
weight loss calculation and
characterization of the corrosion
product films forming under this
condition. Samples with elemental
sulfur in the water phase without
the presence of
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Wednesday,9 :50a.m. to 10 :15a.m. Corrosion of Carbon Steels in
HS Containing Alkaline
Brines
Serguei Lvov TEG 282X [31](60, 61, 62)
     In
order to study the effect of sour gas
(H2S) on the corrosion of high
strength drilling steels, in-situ
electrochemical measurements were
conducted on carbon steels UD-165
and S-135 in alkaline brine
conditions (pH 7.5 to 12.3) at 85
°C.  Electrochemical
methods included Linear
Polarization Resistance (LPR),
Electrochemical Frequency
Modulation (EFM) and
Electrochemical Impedance
Spectroscopy (EIS). After the
corrosion tests, the surface was
analyzed by Scanning Electron
Microscopy (SEM) and X-Ray
Diffraction
(XRD) to characterize the
corrosion products.
    The
corrosion rates measured after 60
hours increased from pH 7.5 to 10.5
then decreased at pH 12.3 at both
PH2S=0.12 and 10 psia). 
EIS shows that impedance first
increased with time then usually
decreased a little before the steady
state. This could
be related with the formation of
corrosion product layers and the
emerging localized
corrosion.  The
protectiveness of corrosion products
determined the corro
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:40a.m.
Construction and Verification
of Pourbaix Diagrams for
Hydrogen Sulfide Corrosion of
Mild Steel
Jing Ning, Yougui Zheng, Bruce
TEG 282X [31](60, 61, 62)
Brown, David Young, Srdjan Nesic
- A comprehensive thermodynamic
model has been developed for
generating Pourbaix diagrams
which can predict the formation of
metastable and stable corrosion
products in  sour oil and gas
environment (up to 250oC)
including mackinawite (FeS),
greigite (Fe3S4),
pyrrhotite (Fe1-xS, x=0 to 0.17)
and pyrite (FeS2). The model is
based on theoretical thermodynamic
calculation and data collection from
open literature. The Pourbaix
diagrams were verified by multiple
corrosion experiments in H2S
environment. The principle
of experimental validation is by
comparing the proper predictions
made by Pourbaix diagrams with
iron sulfides formation in
experiments, and moreover, by
comparing the equilibrium line in
Pourbaix diagram with the
equilibrium state achieved in
experiment.
The features of Pourbaix diagrams
are significantly affected by
temperature since thermodynamic
properties are sensitive to
temperature. Accordingly, Pourbaix
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Wednesday,10 :40a.m. to 11 :5a.m. Early Stages of Pitting
Corrosion of X65 Carbon Steel
in Sour Corrosion
Environments
Frederick Pessu, Richard Barker,
TEG 282X [31](60, 61, 62)
Anne Neville The challenges in managing
localized corrosion failures are of
serious concern within the oil and
gas industry. In environments
saturated with both CO2 and H2S
gas, pitting corrosion of carbon
steel is considered to be quite
complex; the actual mechanisms
and sequence of electrochemical
activities remain unclear. The film
formation characteristics and
morphology in CO2 and H2Scontaining systems is also known to
influence the pitting corrosion
behaviour of carbon steel materials.
There are still some unanswered
questions as to how the presence of
CO2 and H2S gas both influence
pitting. This paper presents part of
an ongoing parametric study
investigating pitting corrosion
behaviour of carbon steel in CO2containing sour corrosion
environments. This work explores
the impact of changes in process
parameters; temperature and
dissolved gases (H2S and CO2) on
pitting corrosion processes of
carbon steel in NaCl brines. A pit
propagation stu
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Thermodynamic Modeling and William Kovacs, Jose Vera,
TEG 282X [31](60, 61, 62)
Validation of Gas Charging
Kenneth Evans, Steven Waters Techniques
~~Oil and gas is increasingly being
produced at higher temperatures
and/or from deep oil reservoirs that
contain high concentrations of
chloride, H2S and CO2. 
Commonly, materials for service in
these wells are qualified for a
particular environment using
stressed-immersion testing to show
the susceptibility to stress corrosion
cracking (SCC) and/or sulfide stress
cracking (SSC).  These
qualification tests are commonly
performed in simulated field
conditions using high pressure, sour
testing in an autoclave.
However, there are numerous
techniques for charging H2S and
CO2 into these exposures. 
The concentration of these gases is
affected by the charging technique,
and thus the results of a particular
qualification test can be influenced
by gas charging method.
The objective of the present work
was to compare the four gas
charging methods described by
Hausler1 with thermodynamic
modeling, laboratory experiments
and validation
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Hydrogen Permeation of
Pipeline Steel Under Sour
Condensate Film Condition
Lei Zhang, DaPeng Li, Mingliang TEG 282X [31](60, 61, 62)
Liu, Minxu Lu, Junpeng Xue Pipeline steel using in sour gas field
gathering line may have a
sensitivity of Hydrogen Induced
Cracking under the condensate
conditions on the internal pipeline
surface during wet gas
transportation. The double
electrolytic cell device and in-situ
hydrogen
permeation tests with H2S under
the simulating condensate
conditions were used in this paper.
Hydrogen permeation current
curves were measured to calculate
the hydrogen flux and concentration
of adsorbed hydrogen atoms under
different conditions. The results
show that even under condensate
conditions, the hydrogen
permeation still can be detected.
Several environment parameters
which can influence the status of the
condensate film and the H2S
content have been investigated.
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Development of New Sour Gas
Corrosion Inhibitors and their
Compatibility with Kinetic
Hydrate Inhibi
Carlos Menendez - The presence of TEG 282X [31](60, 61, 62)
hydrogen sulfide in high-pressure
gas systems causes several
complications. Sour gas corrosion is
a major concern in the oil and gas
industry due to the presence of
localized corrosion.
 Hydrates can occur at high
pressures and low temperatures.
Sour gas decreases the pressure and
increases the temperature at which
hydrate formation occurs. Operators
have used both corrosion inhibitors
and kinetic hydrate inhibitors to
decrease the capital requirements of
developing sour high-pressure gas
systems.
The development of sour gas
corrosion inhibitors that are
compatible with kinetic hydrate
inhibitors is major requirement for
qualifying corrosion inhibitors for
these applications.
This paper describes results of
laboratory work on the development
of new corrosion inhibitors by
performing corrosion performance
and compatibility testing with two
different kinetic hydrate inhibitors.
 The new corrosion inhibitors
must meet various additional
requirements wh
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HS Control Via Downhole
Injection of a New, Nonscaling HS Scavenger
Chemistry
Kevin Janak TEG 282X [31](60, 61, 62)
The corrosive effects of hydrogen
sulfide result in significant
additional operating costs for
production, including higher
pipeline failure rates as well as
souring of the produced oil and
gas.  In order to mitigate the
effects of hydrogen sulfide and
produce
in spec oil and gas, chemical
scavengers are often applied,
typically topside and postseparation.  Downhole
injection has the benefit of
providing the opportunity to remove
H2S at the earliest point of the
production system, but more
traditional chemistries
can significantly impact scale
deposition downhole or cause
corrosion on production
equipment.  We report case
histories of a new, non-scaling
chemical scavenger that exhibits
excellent hydrogen sulfide
scavenging performance for
downhole applications.  In
addition, we show how detailed
knowledge of the system parameters
and the kinetics and mechanism of
H2S scavenging provide a means
for predicative performance and
optimization within individual
systems.
 
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Development of Alternate Sour
Corrosion Inhibitor for Severe
Sour Condition and Its
Performance
Pulikesi Murugan, Kenneth
TEG 282X [31](60, 61, 62)
Worsley, Clayton Smith, Treybig
Duane Crude oil and natural gas can
contain varying ratios of acid gases
which are extremely corrosive to
metal surfaces. Because of its
corrosiveness, sour gas production
may require specialized production
equipment such as inconel
metallurgy to mitigate the
severe environment, hence the
control of sour corrosion is a major
concern in the oil and gas industry
today. Currently, most sour
corrosion inhibitors are based on
Alkyl Pyridine (AP) chemistries
and typical treatment rates for
critical sour environments
range from 200-1000 ppm based on
brine production.
The objective of this work is to
develop an alternative sour
corrosion inhibitor to replace alkyl
pyridine formulations. This paper
will also investigate the effect of
different operating parameters such
as temperature (30, 50, 80 and 120
oC), salinity (low,
medium and high), H2S
composition (10%, 20%, and 35%),
CO2 composition (4% and 10%)
and brine to oil ratio (90
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Ultradeepwater HS
Scavenger for Oil and Gas
Production
Aline Kina, Gessie Andrade,
TEG 282X [31](60, 61, 62)
Antônio Oliveira The Brazilian offshore
ultradeepwater comprises reservoirs
below a layer of variable thickness
of salt, which can reach up to 2,000
m. The presence of H2S in these
fields adds complication to the
process definition of the corrosive
environment (Henriques
et al., 2012).
Hydrogen Sulfide is corrosive to
downhole and topside oil and gas
production facilities. Its presence in
natural gas is also limited to very
low levels due to sales
specifications. One alternative to
control the levels of H2S and
mitigate its effects in oil
and gas production facilities is the
injection of liquid H2S scavengers
at suitable points in the system.
Liquid scavengers react with H2S
to form stable water or oil soluble
reaction products (Mendez et al.,
2012).
In Brazil, there are two main ways
to inject the H2S scavenger
downhole. The first one in via
umbilical and mandril, and the
second one is via gas-lift. Both of
them require specific compatibility
tests to
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DLC Coatings in HighTomasz Liskiewicz, Anne Neville, TEG 282X [31](60, 61, 62)
Temperature Hydrogen Sulfide Amal Al-Borno, Hongyuan Zhao Environment
Surface protection in high
temperature hydrogen sulfide
environment remains a significant
challenge with limited number of
materials providing adequate
protection. Diamond-like carbon
(DLC) thin films are recognized
across different sectors as a
promising
way of controlling wear and the
corrosion performance of
components. The aim of this paper
is to test the hypothesis that DLC
coatings may act as an efficient
corrosion barrier for steel
components in high temperature
hydrogen sulfide environment.
Three types
of DLC coatings were deposited in
this work using Plasma-Enhanced
Chemical Vapor Deposition
(PECVD) process and the coatings
were characterized in terms of their
structure morphology and
mechanical properties. Coated test
coupons were exposed to high
pressure
autoclave tests simulating sour
production environments for the
period of 30 days. AC Impedance
Spectroscopy was used to examine
the permeability of DLC coa
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Predictive Corrosion
Technology for Gas Plants
Michael Simonetty TEG 282X [31](60, 61, 62)
The increase in natural gas
production has allowed more
opportunities for equipment to be
exposed to corrosive contaminants.
Field monitoring tools provide a
measurement of the current
corrosion rates as they occur, but
cannot predict the impact of future
operational changes. If a plant
wants to change operations or gas
feed, it would be safer to be
prepared for corrosion risks in
advance with a prediction model
rather than experience a crisis if
unacceptable corrosion rates occur.
Baker Hughes has a process
simulation modeling tool that was
recently used to help a customer
predict general acid corrosion risks
in a liquefied natural gas (LNG)
plant that was in the design phase.
The customer provided flows,
temperatures, estimated gas
feed compositions, and other
design specifications, which were
applied to the model. The only
acidic components in the gas were
carbon dioxide and hydrogen
sulfide, which are highly soluble in
water. There were no basic species
prese
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Failure Analysis of Localized
Corrosion in Sour
Environments in Hydrocarbon
Wells Discharge Lines
Irene Carrillo Salgado, Jorge Canto TEG 282X [31](60, 61, 62)
Ibanez, Dulce Ortega Toledo,
Gabriela Pedraza Basulto Failure analysis of localized
corrosion in sour environments in
discharge lines hydrocarbon wells
Irene Carrillo, Gabriela Pedraza,
Jorge Cantó
Corrosion y Proteccion
Sour oil and gas production and
transport always imply a risk of
material dam age and shutdowns
due to CO2/H2S corrosion, and
especially localized corrosion
attacks. Localized corrosion of
carbon steel, in
sour systems has progressively
become a greater concern to the oil
and gas industry as a result of
production from increasingly H2S
environments. Increased knowledge
of the localized corrosion
mechanisms is necessary to develop
efficient prediction and mitigation
methods .This paper describes a
case history of a pipeline failure
that resulted in a leak in a line
discharge from a hydrocarbon well
in an oilfield in south of Mexico.
The physicochemical composition
of the fluid was carried out “In
Situ” by colorimetric
techniques
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Study and Analysis of Cold
Abhishek Golchha, Paul Stead TEG 202X [31](61, 62)
Finger Tests for Effective
Paraffin deposition issues are
Selection of Paraffin Inhibitors frequently experienced in subsea
offshore production environments
when the reservoir fluids start
cooling down as they progress
through the subsea production
system. Cold finger tests conducted
in the laboratory are widely
used in the oil and gas industry for
assessment of the paraffin
deposition risk in subsea flowlines
and risers and for identifying
suitable paraffin inhibitors for
deposition mitigation. However, a
better understanding of the paraffin
waxes in the deposits
can be achieved if a distribution of
the carbon groups contributing to
the deposits can be obtained. Such a
distribution can be obtained by
analyzing the crude oil and/or wax
deposit using high-temperature gas
chromatography (HTGC). This
study reviews the
nature of the paraffin deposits
obtained from uninhibited waxy
crude oils on a cold finger and that
of the inhibited paraffin deposits
obtained from these crude oils in the
presence of a paraffin in
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Study of Corrosion Pattern in
Gas Dehydration System
Handling Sour Gas
Amer Jarragh, Vinayak Sardesai,
TEG 282X [31](60, 61, 62)
Dr. Sandip Kuthe, Saleh AlSulaiman The Gathering Centers (GCs) at
Kuwait Oil Company process crude
oil from the oil wells to separate out
gas and produced water. Some of
the GCs handle very sour crude that
is flowed from certain sour
oilfields. The separated gas in the
GC is compressed in
multiple stages and then processed
in various parallel trains of glycol
dehydration units to remove the
moisture before being exported.
Recurring failures due to severe
corrosion were reported in some of
the heat exchangers in carbon steel
material in all
the trains of the dehydration units
in two of the Gathering Centers.
 
When further investigated, it was
found that trains had undergone
significant deterioration due to
corrosion and some equipment were
found choked with enormous
amounts of black powder deposits.
Accordingly, failure investigation
was initiated to find out
the causes of these failures in the
dehydration units of the GCs.
Corrosion products were
Center
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Sour Corrosion (Day 2)
Chair: Shihuai Wang
Vice Chair: Khlefa Esaklul
Center
Room 155
papers addressing the effects of
hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and other
sulfur-containing compounds in the
oil and gas industry, monitoring
techniques of sour gas corrosion,
development of new corrosion
inhibitors, mechanisms of
corrosion, and predictive modeling.
TEG 282X [31](60, 61, 62)
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Flow Assurance in Oil and Gas Sponsored by TEG 202X
Production for Inland and
Chair: Hua Guan
Subsea
Vice Chair: Jin Huang
papers on organic and inorganic
scale control (including
laboratory/field/modelling) and
management, and corrosion control
(including
laboratory/field/modelling) and
management in offshore as well as
onshore oil and gas developments.
In particular, fundamental studies,
field case histories, and lesson
learned are welcomed by this
symposium to better our
understanding in corrosion and
scale (covering inorganic scale,
wax, asphaltene, hydrate etc.)
control under harsh subsea
environments.
TEG 202X [31](61, 62)
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Kinetic and Morphological
Investigation of Strontium
Sulfate Precipitation in the
Presence of Biopol
Zahid Amjad, Justin Albright TEG 202X [31](61, 62)
In this investigation conductivity
method has been used to study
precipitation and inhibition of
strontium sulfate (SrSO4, Celestite)
scale from aqueous solutions.
Additives evaluated include
biodegradable polymers (e.g.,
lignosulfonate, carboxymethyl
inulin)
and synthetic polymers (e.g.,
acrylic and maleic acid based
homo- and copolymers of varying
molecular weight and
compositions). It has been found
that addition of low concentrations
of additive has a twofold effect: a) it
delays the precipitation of SrSO4
and b) it influences the rate of
SrSO4 precipitation. The retarding
effect of these additives has been
attributed to the blocking of active
sites by adsorption of additives
molecules at the crystal
precipitation surfaces. The action of
these additives can
be interpreted in terms of a
Langmuir-type adsorption isotherm.
Additionally, formation of SrSO4 in
the absence and presence of
additives has been verified by XRD
and SEM
analyses.   &nb
sp; 
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Sour Water Corrosion of
Quench Column and Integrity
Management in a Gas Plant
Venkateswara Puppala TEG 282X [31](60, 61, 62)
The scope of this paper is to discuss
the challenges encountered in
integrity management of a Quench
Column against internal corrosion
caused by sour water in a gas plant.
The scope also covers many repair
techniques and methodologies
adopted to maintain
the integrity of the equipment
without plant / unit shutdown
thereby achieving improved
reliability of the plant.
 
The information provided in this
paper is related to Sulphur unit
equipment in a gas plant dealing
with sour environments and is
useful in taking preventive approach
for safe and reliable operation of
LNG facilities to minimize
volumetric downtime. The case
study presented has valuable
application in sulphur recovery
units with respect to internal
corrosion of different columns.
 
Process equipment and associated
piping systems in sour service often
experience deterioration due to
severe operating conditions.
Failures can often become the
source of major incident risk and
therefore, timely correc
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Scale Deposition Control and Hua Guan TEG 202X [31](61, 62)
Management in Subsea Fields There is a general industry
recognition that production
chemistry is a growing concern
from conceptual design and FEED
stage though to the lifetime
operations. The global opportunities
within the subsea market in both
green field and brown field has only
become more complex.
The increasing complexity in subsea
fields has brought significant
challenges in terms of scale control
and management, this is highlighted
by the uncertainties of scale risk
evaluation due to the lacking of
reliable water compositions e.g.
comingled water,
inhibition chemicals are more
vulnerable for degradation under
harsh subsea environment, and well
access / interventions become
difficult and costy.
For continuous scale inhibitor
application, the main challenge is
associated with the limited chemical
injection line, long tie back with big
P/T variation and long residence
time; while the well access and
downhole placement can be
particular challenging
for squeeze application. The
inadequate water
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Sulfide Stress Cracking
Susceptibility Assessment of
Topside and Subsea Facilities
Jose Vera, Heider Suarez TEG 282X [31](60, 61, 62)
It is very common for oil and gas
production facilities to observe an
increase in H2S concentration with
time due to reservoir
souring.  In these cases, it is
critical to assess if all materials in
contact with the fluids are fit for
sour service and determine
critical H2S concentrations above
which specific materials will be
susceptible to sulfide stress
cracking at different operating
conditions.  This paper
summarizes the work performed to
assess sulfide stress cracking
susceptibility (SSC) of selected
topside
(e.g., slug catcher, separators,
coolers, compressors) and subsea
(e.g., manifold, lines) facilities
based on data collected
topsides.   
Based on the fluid chemical
composition measured at several
sampling locations topside and
operating conditions (pressure,
temperature, oil, water and gas flow
rates) the H2S concentration and
fugacity, pH and dew point were
calculated for other streams of
the topside and subsea systems
using a predictive therm
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Reservoir Simulation and
Near-Well Bore Modelling to
Aid Scale Management in a
Subsea Gulf of Mexico
Oleg Ishkov, Myles Jordan, Eric
TEG 202X [31](61, 62)
Mackay This paper presents the findings of a
study into the impact of reservoir
flow behaviour on both the scaling
risk at production wells, and the
options for managing this scaling
risk, for a deepwater sandstone
reservoir in the Gulf of Mexico.
 One significant
feature in this field is that flow
takes place through isolated
formation layers, and choices made
regarding the seawater injection
wells have a great impact, not only
on the BaSO4 scaling tendency, but
also on the placement of scale
inhibitor squeeze treatments
in the producers.
In addition to seawater injection, oil
production is supported by the
aquifer.  The first stage of
this study involved identifying the
split between connate, aquifer and
sea water in the produced brine.
 This provided data that
could be used to calculate
the evolution of the scaling risk
over the lifecycle of each well.
 The formation brines contain
barium, and the injection water is
full sulphate seawater, and t
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Synergistic Evaluation of
Casing Materials for CyclicTemperature Sour Wells
Morgan Allen TEG 282X [31](60, 61, 62)
Casing in extreme-temperature sour
wells must withstand severe loading
that includes large temperature
excursions, cyclic elastic-plastic
deformation, and exposure to sour
environments. Those conditions
lead to synergistic material damage,
with various degradation
mechanisms accelerating one
another. Current understanding of
synergies between thermomechanical loading and sour
corrosion-cracking is limited. No
industry standard exists for
evaluation of tubular materials
under such synergistic loading.
Full-scale tests
of tubular assemblies immersed in
sour solutions are sometimes used
to assess fitness-for-purpose of
specific products, but those tests are
long and expensive, and allow only
limited control of impacting
variables; and thus are not practical
for material evaluation
and selection purposes.
This paper presents an evaluation
methodology that employs reducedscale specimens and is practical to
execute in laboratory conditions.
Development of that test metho
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Evaluation of Flow Coupled
COCorrosion Using CFD:
Kinetics and Hydrodynamics
Vedanth Srinivasan - A
TEG 202X [31](61, 62)
comprehensive numerical model
has been developed for computing
the corrosion rates generated by
CO2 saturated aqueous solutions in
an internal flow configuration. The
fundamental fluid flow is
characterized by numerical
solutions to Navier-Stokes
conservation
equations for mass, momentum and
energy, accompanied by models to
capture turbulence generated by the
flow. Particularly, the near-wall
flow is captured using advanced
wall treatment approaches to
accurately track the viscous sub
layer behavior generated by
the turbulent flow. The corrosion
rates are then computed by
modeling the electrochemical
processes occurring at the metal
substrate such as the cathodic
reduction of carbonic acid,
hydronium ions and the anodic
oxidation of the metal component.
Ionic species
in the solution, such as H+,
H2CO3, Fe2+, are explicitly
tracked for their dissolution and
generation during the overall
corrosion process. Both charge and
mass transfer components of
limiting cur
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Effect of High Arm
Displacement on DCB
Specimen Testing
Sebastian Cravero, Tomas Turkalj, TEG 282X [31](60, 61, 62)
Hugo Ernst, Gustavo Kissner Usually double cantilever beam
(DCB) samples are tested following
NACE Standard TM0177-2005
procedure. The standard establishes
arm displacement limits as a
function of steel grade.
Material resistance to propagation
of environmental cracks is
expressed in terms of a critical
stress intensity factor KISSC or Klimit values. However, the
increasing interest on material
characterization in mild sour media
imposes testing at higher arm
displacements that can produce
larger plastic zones at the crack-tip
of DCB specimens. Therefore, It is
important to study the loading
conditions that cause the loss of
linear elastic response in DCB
samples.
In the present paper several elasticplastic and linear elastic 3D finite
element models of DCB geometry
have been performed. The models
consider a wide range of crack
lengths to half specimens height
(a/h) ratios and different material
properties (different
YS levels). The obtained res
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Reduction of Pitting Corrosion
Tendency of a Novel AntiAgglomerate Low Dosage
Hydrate Inhibitor on
Zhengwei Liu, Tim Garza,
TEG 202X [31](61, 62)
Vaithilingam Panchalingam,
Gordon Rivers, Sunder
Ramachandran, Paul Stead, Heather
McEachern, Stuart Cook Low-dosage hydrate inhibitors
(LDHIs) have been used as
alternatives to methanol or mono
ethylene glycol (MEG) to control
hydrate formation. The major
advantage is a much lower dosage,
typically 1-5%, compared to much
higher volumes required for
methanol
or MEG. Anti-agglomerants (AAs),
as one type of LDHI, allows hydrate
to form but prevents growth and
agglomeration of small crystals.
Recently, there have been concerns
of potential pitting corrosion in
offshore umbilical applications
caused by an anti-agglomerant. To
address these concerns, an
electrochemical method of cyclic
potentiodynamic polarization
(CPP), a modified ASTM method,
and immersion corrosion testing, at
elevated temperatures, was used to
evaluate the pitting tendency of AA
formulations containing corrosion
inhibitors on stainless and duplex
steels. From the CPP tests, two
types of cor
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Uncertainty Assessment in
DCB Testing
Sebastian Cravero, Tomas Turkalj, TEG 282X [31](60, 61, 62)
Hugo Ernst, Ricardo Schifini,
Gustavo Kissner Method D, Double cantilever beam
(DCB) test is used for
design/fitness-for-service, material
qualification and specification
purposes. Material resistance to
propagation of environmental
cracks is expressed in terms of a
critical stress intensity factor
KISSC or K-limit values. Usually,
these values are used without
considering the experimental
uncertainties and material
variability, i.e. error estimation,
environmental conditions, etc.
However, when comparing the
sulfide stress corrosion cracking
(SSC) performance of different
materials, the quantification of
experimental uncertainties becomes
of fundamental importance. To rank
materials according to their fracture
toughness, attention
should be paid to the error bracket
associated with each value.
In this work, two methods for
determining the uncertainties
associated with NACE TM0177
Method D are presented. The first
one consists in the estimation of
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Structure and Stoichiometry of
Mixed Divalent Metal
(Ca²0J²6U²%D²
Phosphonate Scale Inhibito
Scott Shaw, Ken Sorbie - In this
TEG 202X [31](61, 62)
paper, the properties of precipitated
“mixed” Ca2Sr2+ phosphonate
scale inhibitor (SI) complexes
formed by 9 common phosphonate
species are investigated. 
These complexes are of the form
SI_CaN1_SrN2.  The
stoichiometry (Ca2+/SI and Sr2+/SI
molar
ratios, i.e. N1 and N2) in various
precipitates were established
experimentally.  Static
precipitation tests were performed
varying the solution molar ratio of
Sr2+/Ca2+ (at a constant ionic
strength), at 95C, pH 8.5, and fixed
[SI] = 2,000ppm.  The
stoichiometries
of the solid precipitates were
determined by re-dissolving the
precipitate deposits in distilled
water (DW)/HCl, and then assaying
for Ca2+, Sr2+, and P directly,
under each test condition, by ICP
spectroscopy.  It is shown
experimentally that, for all 9
phosphonates
tested, these stoichiometries (i.e.
N1 and N2 in
SI_CaN1_SrN2) depend on (i) the
nature of the SI (i.e. number of
M2+ binding sites per molecule);
(ii) solution pH, which affects t
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Observation of Productivity
Loss in Large Oil Wells Due to
Scale Formation Without
Apparent Producti
Rudolf Hausler, Brent Sherar, Ravi TEG 202X [31](61, 62)
Krishnamurthy ~~Observation of Productivity Loss
in Large Oil Wells due to Scale
Formation
without Apparent Production of
Formation Brine
R.H. Hausler, Brent W.A. Sherar,
and R.M. Krishnamurthy
Blade Energy Partners, Ltd.
16285 Park Row, Suite 600
Houston, TX, 77084
United States
Productivity loss of up to 90% had
been observed in large offshore oil
wells, in some cases, within less
than a year of operation. Extensive
investigation into possible
formation damage and/or pore
plugging, due to migration of
formation fines (clay particles),
mechanisms had been conducted.
Scale formation was originally
ruled out because no formation
brine was observed being
coproduced with the oil. Finally,
however, it was demonstrated that
shallow acidizing procedures could
restore the original productivity.
Modeling studies were
subsequently initiated with the aim
of resolving this possible
discrepancy, using the little known
phenomenon that the water
solubility in
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Study of Surface Deposition
and Bulk Scaling Kinetics in
Oilfield Conditions Using an
In Situ Flow R
Olujide Sanni, Thibaut Charpentier, TEG 202X [31](61, 62)
Anne Neville Scaling poses a devastating threat to
oil production and distribution in
the oil and gas industry. Several
attempts have been made to remove,
prevent or minimise scale
formation.  Scale
management is often a complex
mixture of prediction, inhibition and
sometimes removal
strategies.  Still for scale
formation at solid surfaces the
kinetics are not well understood and
rates are not able to be accurately
predicted. Reliable prediction of
CaCO3 scaling for estimating scale
production in oilfield production
wells
and surface facilities requires both
thermodynamic models to indicate
the tendency for scaling from
solution and kinetic models to
predict the rate of scaling and thus
the time required to cause blockage
or loss of functionality. Studies
have also shown that
scale inhibition efficiency and the
effects on crystal morphology vary
between surface and bulk processes.
Research regarding the use of
modified surfaces to prevent scali
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Impact of Monoethylene
Glycol and Fe²RQ&U\VWDO
Growth of CaCO
Marion Seiersten, Ellen Flaten TEG 202X [31](61, 62)
Calcium carbonate is one of the
most abundant minerals forming
scale or dispersed particles when
brine is produced with the gas.
When Monoethylene Glycol (MEG)
is used as hydrate inhibitor it affects
the precipitation of CaCO. The
solubility changes and
MEG has a large impact on the
precipitation kinetics. The presence
of other divalent cations has a
further influence the nucleation and
growth rates of the CaCO3
polymorphs. The effect of ferrous
(Fe²KDVEHHQVWXGLHGDW25-80°C
with MEG concentration up
to 90 wt%.
The induction time for precipitation
for the CaCO polymorph vaterite
is significantly increased when the
solution contains 1-4 ppm Fe²
The lower precipitation rate is a
result of retarded crystal growth and
not reduced nucleation rate. The
growth rates at
conditions similar to the MEG
injection point, were measured and
found retarded by up to ~90% with
4 ppm Fe²SUHVHQW7KHHIIHFWLV
comparable in solutions with and
without ME
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Development of Improved
Scale/Corrosion Inhibitors for
Use in Environmentally
Sensitive Areas
James Davidson, Yusuf Genty,
TEG 202X [31](61, 62)
Alyn Jenkins In this paper, the authors present
material outlining the stability and
performance of an environmentally
acceptable product to mitigate scale
and corrosion in an oilfield that
operates under challenging
production conditions. The paper
demonstrates that
it is possible to develop
environmentally acceptable
combined scale / corrosion
inhibitors that contain mutually
compatible components.  The
products developed showed no
decrease in performance with
respect to mitigating barite and
calcite scale and sweet
corrosion after long-term aging at
60°C. This allows products to be
used that have an extended shelf
life.
Oilfields that have limited sub-sea
umbillicals necessitate the use of
multifunctional products to treat the
field’s integrity, flow assurance and
scale challenges. However, it is
often the case that the active
chemicals in combined products
that are used
to treat scale and corrosion can
LQWHUDFWGXULQJORQJWHUPVWRUDJH
This inter
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The Effect of Molecular
Weight Distribution on the
Inhibition Efficiency
Performance of Polymeric Sc
Nazia Farooqui, Ken Sorbie,
TEG 202X [31](61, 62)
Elizabete Lucas, Luiz Palermo Polymeric scale inhibitors used for
downhole oilfield squeeze
treatments must perform the dual
role of inhibiting scale formation at
low concentration levels (~2 to
20ppm) whilst giving acceptably
long return curves at the wellbore.
Both the inhibition efficiency
and retention design aspects of
polymeric scale inhibitors are
thought to be functions of the
molecular weight (Mw) of the
polymeric species.  However,
this has not yet been fully
demonstrated experimentally.
In this paper, we studied three
polymeric scale inhibitors, viz.
PPCA (phosphino
polycarboxylic acid), SPPCA
(Sulphonated- PPCA) and Pfunctionalized
copolymer (includes phosphonate
and sulphonate groups along its
backbone) in some detail. 
This paper describes several novel
contributions to the study of the
effects of the polymer molecular
weight distribution (MWD) on the
inhibition efficiency
(IE) performance of the polymeric
system. Since these are polym
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Study of Siderite Solubility
Under Extremely High
Temperature and Pressure
Chao Yan, Paula Guraieb, Jin
TEG 202X [31](61, 62)
Huang, Mason Tomson, Ross
Tomson As the fourth most abundant metal
on earth, iron is commonly found in
a variety of rock and soil minerals
as iron (II) and (III). Ferrous
carbonate is the main source of iron
(II) in nature under anoxic
condition. Thus iron concentration
measured in produced
water might be from various
sources including corrosion and
dissolution of the naturally occurred
siderite as well as corrosion
products (Fe3O4 and FeCO3). With
the continued development of
offshore production in ultradeepwater, more and more wells are
exposed
to extremely high temperature and
pressure under anoxic condition. A
greater understanding of siderite
dissolution and formation under
extremely high temperature and
pressure (xHTHP) is needed in
order to better understand the
original source of iron in produced
water. In addition, FeCO3 is also a
major source of scale in production
systems which can cause serious
problems. In order to better predict
scale f
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Oil and Gas Production—Metallurgy STG 32
Time
Name
Description
Committee(s)
Environmental Cracking of
API 5CTL80 (Type 1)
Production Tubulars in NonSour Gas Wells and the Infl
David Hendrix, Russell Kane STG 32
Abstract
API 5CT Grade L80 (type 1)
production tubulars  in nonsour, gas wells in East Texas failed
after relatively short periods in
service.  Laboratory analysis
of failed tubing and casing from
affected  wells determined
that they  failed from
environmental cracking
initiating in the body on the
annulus  side of the tubing
and casing.  Laboratory
testing also showed that the failed
material  met
the chemical and mechanical
requirements of API 5CT for L80
Grade material and also
MR0175/ISO1516 material
requirements for
carbon and low alloy steels. This
paper describes the laboratory
investigations and results, the
downhole environments the
materials were exposed to and the
influence of material heat treatment
and well treatment chemicals
believed to have promoted
susceptibility
to environmental cracking.
Keywords
API 5CT L80, MR0175, ISO1516,
environmental cracking, SSC,
carbon steel, tubing, casing,
Bossier, gas wells, chemical
treatment, hydraulic
Location
Location Detail
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Advances in Materials for Oil
and Gas Production (Day 1)
Sponsored by STG 32
Chair: Perry Nice
Vice Chair: Sytze Huizinga
STG 32
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Sten Axelsen, Hideki Takabe, Perry STG 32
Nice, Hisashi Amaya - This paper
summarizes the experience with use
of 3%Cr tubing material in
production wells on a major field in
the North Sea.
 Historically,13%Cr-80
production tubing was used on this
field, but the corrosiveness of the
production fluids indicated that a
lower alloyed material could be
sufficient. This paper summarizes
the qualification testing/work
performed to allow for use of
3%Cr-80 and the experience after
more than 10 years in service.
 
KEY WORDS: Corrosion, 3%Cr,
CO2 corrosion
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papers related to the evaluation and
methods of selection of types of
metals for all types of equipment
used in oil and gas production.
Field Experience with Use of
3%Cr Tubing Material
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Fit for Purpose Qualification
of Casings in HPHT Service—
A Multi-Disciplinary
Approach
Sytze Huizinga, Damodaran Raghu, STG 32
Bruce Miglin, Manuel Gonzalez,
Veera Subramanian, Aleksandra
Dominik, Brian Chambers - High
strength, high collapse low alloy
steel casing materials are required
in many deep water HPHT wells.
However, the high strength limits
the ability of the material to be
qualified in the mildly sour
environment. This paper describes a
novel fit for purpose
and multi disciplinary approach to
evaluate and qualify these materials
in these environments while
considering the worst case
discharge conditions. The
methodology addresses the
uncertainty in sour gas estimations,
comes up with evaluation criteria
based
on worst case discharge and well
design principles and uses
engineering critical assessment
(fracture mechanics) and associated
inspection acceptance criteria to
qualify high strength, high collapse
low ally steel materials. The
methodology relies on extensive
inputs from well designers,
production chemists and
geochemists, metallurgists and
inspection exper
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Application Limits for
Martensitic Stainless Steel
Forged Bar-Stock Alloy UNS
S41500 (F6NM)
Lucrezia Scoppio, Perry Nice - A
STG 32
sulphide stress cracking (SSC) test
program has been undertaken on
candidate forged bar stock
martensitic stainless steel alloy
UNS S41500 (F6NM) supplied by
two different manufacturers.
The program comprised sustained
load stress corrosion tests, generally
in accordance with NACE TM0177
-96 Method A. The main exception
was that a range of test conditions
were used. This included test
solutions with two different
chloride contents and pH
levels ranging from 3.5 to 5.5, plus
hydrogen sulphide contents in the
conditioning gas ranging from 1 to
100kPa.
The results of this test program are
presented as sulfide stress cracking
domain diagrams for both
manufacturers alloy.
Key words:    
Martensitic Stainless Steel, UNS
S41500, F6NM, SSC, Forged Bar
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Developments on a Modified
1.4418 Stainless Steel for the
Oil and Gas Industry
Martin Monnot, Eric Chauveau,
STG 32
Nicole Bouvier, Nicolas Meyer,
Jamila Adem, Thiago Mesquita Due to their good corrosion
resistance as well as a wide range of
mechanical properties, super
martensitic stainless steels are
generally used in the petrochemical
industry. One example of these
materials is the precipitation
hardening martensitic grade
EN 1.4542 (UNS17400 -17-4 PH),
which is largely used in oil &
gas applications for
wellhead and valve
components. However, this material
showed some environmental
cracking problems in service.
Therefore, the NACE TG
299 has been discussing the
utilization
limits listed in the NACE standard
MR0175 for this material.
In this context, the super martensitic
stainless steel EN 1.4418 (15% Cr  5% Ni - 0.8%Mo), which
presents good corrosion and
mechanical properties, could be a
candidate grade to replace the 17-4
PH SS in petrochemical
applications. In this work, the role
of different alloying elements on
the 1.4418 composition, such as
Mo, W, Cu a
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Super Martensitic Stainless
Steel and Sour Service—
Testing and Evaluations
Stein Olsen, Jan Skar - The use
STG 32
weldable Super Martensitic
Stainless Steel (SMSS S13Cr)
started at the end of 1990’s. The
material is attractive for corrosive
hydrocarbon service due to the
resistance to CO2 corrosion and low
cost compared to duplex stainless
steel. SMSS is sensitive to
Sulphide Stress Cracking (SSC) and
Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC),
and must be tested for both
mechanisms. Due to the lack of
commonly accepted limits in
international standard (NACE
MR0175 / ISO 15156-3), internal
qualification testing has been
performed. During the qualification
there has been many lessons learnt
and the test procedure has
developed over the time as new
knowledge has been realized. An
important effect is the materials
response to pipeline laying
procedure and how this has to be
accounted for during testing and
interpretation of the test results.
Other types of corrosion forms such
as Inter Granular Stress Corrosion
Cracking (IG SCC) and Hydrogen
Induced Stress Cracking (HISC),
has occurred
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Influence of Weld Preparation
Procedure and Heat Tinting on
Sulfide Stress Corrosion
Cracking of Dup
Gareth Hinds, Leyla Wickström,
STG 32
Alan Turnbull - Influence of weld
oxide on stress corrosion cracking
of duplex stainless steel
G. Hinds, L. Wickström, A.
Turnbull
National Physical Laboratory,
Teddington, Middlesex, TW11
0LW, United Kingdom
 
Corrosion resistant alloys such as
duplex stainless steel (DSS) are
increasingly the material of choice
for oilfield applications as a result
of the trend towards more extreme
temperatures, higher pressures and
elevated levels of hydrogen
sulphide. However,
the susceptibility of such materials
to localised corrosion and stress
corrosion cracking (SCC) is a major
concern, particularly in the vicinity
of welds. A systematic investigation
has been carried out into the effect
of weld oxide on the SCC
susceptibility
of 25 Cr DSS by varying the
oxygen content in the shielding gas
to simulate leaks that can occur
during welding in the field. Fourpoint bend testing of welded
specimens under conditions close to
the pass/fail boundary in the domain
diagra
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Recent HS Corrosion Tests
of Hyper Duplex Stainless
Steel
Magnus Olaison, Ulf Kivisakk,
STG 32
Katarina Persson A recent developed hyper duplex
material, UNS S33207,
characterized by high strength and
excellent localized corrosion
resistance, can be utilized for
downhole tubing, raw sea water
injection, umbilicals and other
applications where high strength
combined
with high chloride induced
corrosion resistance is needed as the
material has a PREN minimum of
50. The minimum yield strength is
700 MPa (100 ksi) for tubes with a
wall thickness larger than 4 mm.
The current limit of H2S for duplex
material with PREN 40
to 45 in NACE MR0175 is 20 kPa
(3 PSI) H2S. Earlier it has been
published that UNS S33207 pass Cring testing at 90°C with 3 PSI
H2S. However, the limit for UNS
S33207s performances in sour
environment was not defined and
the aim of this work is to investigate
how UNS S33207 performs at
higher H2S partial pressures than
the present limit in NACE MR0175
standard for super duplex.
Stress corrosion cracking
experiments has therefore b
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Corrosion Performances of
Modified Grade-Duplex
Stainless Steel for Line Pipe
Usage in Slightly Sour
Masayuki Sagara, Akiko Tomio,
STG 32
Jun Nakamura, Hidenori Shitamoto,
Kenta Yamada, Daisuke Motoya,
Hideki Takabe, Hisashi Amaya,
Kazuhiro Ogawa, Masakatsu Ueda The CRAs (corrosion resistant
alloys) have been widely used as
line pipes because of its availability,
workability and corrosion
resistance.  Those are used
for the flow line material in the
corrosive wet gas, i.e. carbon
dioxide and hydrogen sulfide
environment.
Recently, a new duplex stainless
steel which consists of 25mass%Cr
-5mass%Ni -1mass%Mo -2.5mass
%Cu has been developed. 
Chromium and copper are alloyed
because it can be considered that
these elements can be the
alternative elements instead of
molybdenum to
enhance the corrosion
resistance.  The developed
material can provide sufficient SSC
resistance in slightly sour
environment in spite of smaller
molybdenum content than that of
existing duplex grades, such as
UNS S31803 (22Cr conventional
duplex stainless
steels).  Post weld heat
treatment is mandatory for weldable
1
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A Laboratory Evaluation of the
Suitability of Cesium Acetate
Brines as Completion,
Workover, Suspens
Siv Howard, Marcin Chrenowski - STG 32
There are a variety of brines
available for use as completion,
workover, suspension, and packer
fluids at low to moderate
temperatures and low to moderate
pressures. Higher pressures require
higher density completion brines,
often above 2.0 s.g (16.7 ppg).
At the moment there are only two
high density brines that are
commercially available, and in use
in the oilfield. These are zinc
bromide (ZnBr2) and cesium
formate (CsCOOH). Zinc bromide,
with a pH of about 2 is very
corrosive and is a safety hazard on
the
rig. It is a priority pollutant that is
no longer used in the North Sea.
Cesium formate, a slightly alkaline
environmentally acceptable brine, is
naturally less corrosive and has
been successfully used as a drilling,
completion, and suspension fluid in
HPHT
well construction operations over
the past 16 years.  The
cesium formate brines have been
exposed in the field to temperatures
up to 235°C (455°F) for 6 months
and 180°C (356°F) for 24 months,
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Susceptibility to Hydrogen
Induced Stress Cracking of
Alloy 718 and Alloy 725
Under Cathodic Polariz
Gaute Stenerud, Jim Stian Olsen,
STG 32
Roy Johnsen Abstract
Nickel alloys are used for subsea
applications for components both
exposed to seawater and well
fluid.  These alloys are
normally selected due to acceptable
corrosion resistance and high
strength (precipitation
hardened).  However, the
high strength Ni-alloys
can suffer from hydrogen
embrittlement when exposed to a
hydrogen source. A lot of work has
been done to establish “safe
operation” windows for different
Ni-alloys exposed to well fluid
containing H2S (reference to ISO
15156-3).
 
When exposed subsea a component
made from a Ni-alloy will be
connected to a cathodic protection
system.  As part of the
cathodic reaction, hydrogen will
develop on the surface to be
protected.  Parts of this
hydrogen will absorb on the surface
and diffuse
as atomic hydrogen into the
metal.  Since nickel has an
austenitic structure, the overall
hydrogen diffusion will be slow
while the solubility will be high.
Alloy 718 (UNS N07718) and
Alloy 725
Center
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Advances in Materials for Oil
and Gas Production (Day 2)
Sponsored by STG 32
Chair: Perry Nice
Vice Chair: Sytze Huizinga
Center
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papers related to the evaluation and
methods of selection of types of
metals for all types of equipment
used in oil and gas production.
STG 32
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Effect of Microstructure and
Processing on the Hydrogen
Embrittlement of Ni-Base
Superalloys
Samuel Kernion, John Magee, Karl STG 32
Heck Ni-base precipitation hardened (PH)
superalloys are used in oil and gas
applications where a combination of
corrosion resistance and excellent
mechanical properties are required.
Hydrogen is often present in these
situations due to the need to
cathodically
protect components from
corrosion.  These alloys have
been shown to be susceptible to
hydrogen environment assisted
cracking (HEAC), leading to 
early failures in the field.  In
this study, alloy UNS N07716 and
UNS N07718 were examined in
various conditions
to further understand the role of
microstructure and processing on
the severity of degradation caused
by hydrogen in Ni-base PH
superalloys.  Both alloys are
well suited for applications
requiring a high yield strength and
superb corrosion resistance.
The rising step load method was
employed on pre-cracked single
edge notch bend (SEN(B))
specimens to measure the threshold
stress intensity factor for subcritical
crack growth (KTh). Specime
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Identifying Key
Microstructural Features
Determining Susceptibility to
Hydrogen Embrittlement in
Pre
John Hanson, Matteo Seita, Silvija STG 32
Gradecak, Michael Demkowicz Keywords: Ni-Base
Alloys, Grain Boundary
Character,
Carbides, Cracking
Hydrogen embrittlement (HE) of
Ni-base alloys is an important
concern for sour well applications
and is very sensitive to
microstructure. We show that
fracture in tensile tests of H-charged
alloy 725 is intergranular and that
grain boundaries (GBs) rather than
carbides play the key role in crack
initiation and propagation. We
assess the GB character using
electron backscatter diffraction and
perform tensile testing in situ in a
scanning electron microscope,
allowing for the clear
identification of the GBs along
which cracks initiate and propagate.
By designing our experiment to
yield copious secondary cracks, we
study a statistically meaningful
number of the cracking events,
providing the ability to determine
GB types that are most
amenable to crack initiation and
propagation. The utility of these
results for evaluating and selecting
materials on t
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Hydrogen Embrittlement
Resistance of High Strength
Nickel Alloys for Oil and Gas
Service
Stephen McCoy, James Crum,
STG 32
Debajyoti Maitra, Sarwan Mannan,
Steve Tassen High strength Nickel alloys are
widely used in subsea and
downhole O&G applications
for their excellent combination of
mechanical properties, toughness
and corrosion resistance in sour
environments. The continuing trend
in the O&G industry is for
using higher
strength materials for high pressure
– high temperature service, however
as strength increases materials may
also become more susceptible to
ambient temperature failure
mechanisms associated with
hydrogen absorption. In recent
years resistance to Hydrogen
Stress Cracking and Hydrogen
Embrittlement as well as sour
corrosion resistance have become of
increasing interest to the industry
due to a number of reported failures
of high strength precipitation
hardened Nickel alloy grades used
in completion tools. The
failures of the materials have been
attributed to unfavourable
microstructures increasing their
susceptibility to HSC.  A
number of factors are kno
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Evaluation of Precipitation
Hardening Nickel Alloys for
Use in Hydrogen Sulphide
Containing Environm
Roberto Morana, Viviane Smith,
STG 32
Ali Smith ~~The qualification of materials in
accordance with NACE
MR0175/ISO 15156 is commonly
performed by subjecting candidate
materials to stress corrosion testing
under an applied load in either a
standard test solution (e.g. NACE
solution A or B) or a test
environment
simulating service conditions. The
exposure times for standard NACE
solution A or B can vary from a few
weeks up to a month (720 hours),
whilst the exposure time for
simulated service conditions is
typically one month. This is widely
accepted in the Oil &
Gas industry and supported by
good field experience with alloys
such as martensitic and duplex
stainless steels, suggesting that this
duration is sufficient for those
materials.
A similar approach has also been
employed in the past for
precipitation hardening (PH) nickel
alloys, which are being increasingly
used in the Oil & Gas Industry.
However, field failures of some
NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156
qualified PH nickel alloys have rais
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UNS N09955: A New Ni-Base Carlo Malara, Luca Foroni,
STG 32
Alloy for HS and Hydrogen Raimondo Montani, Stanley
Charging Environments
Gregory After the revision process of API
6A718 and API 5CRA
specifications, a new precipitation
hardenable Ni-base alloy has been
developed for applications in H2S
and hydrogen charging
environments. The new alloy has
been named AF955. It is patent
pending, has
been submitted for UNS number
assignment and is being submitted
for inclusion in NACE
MR0175/ISO 15156. The AF955
alloy is produced at strength levels
of 827 MPa (120 ksi) of minimum
yield strength (MYS) and 965 MPa
(140 ksi) MYS with very good
toughness and
with microstructure characterized
by uniform and equiaxed grain size
distribution, minimised secondary
phase precipitation and free of
continuous grain boundary
precipitates. The AF955 alloy
shows resistance to intergranular
corrosion, pitting and stress
corrosion
cracking very similar to that of
UNS N07716 and better than UNS
N07718. Alloy AF955 exhibits a
low susceptibility to hydrogen
embrittlement, similar to th
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Significant Advances for Alloy Edward Hibner, Paul Manning, Lee STG 32
UNS N07022 for Sour Oilfield Pike - Since alloy N07022 was
Service
introduced in 2011, the alloy has
seen use as bar for both drilling and
completions and as Oil Country
Tubular Goods for oil patch
applications. This paper
summarizes the uses and
applications for sour service oil
patch and refinery applications. The
alloy has been incorporated into the
MR-0175/ ISO 15156 document for
Materials for Use in H2SContaining Environments in Oil and
Gas Production. Alloy N07022 is
resistant to the NACE Level VII
Environment with 5 g/L elemental
sulfur and to Modified NACE Level
VII, 25% NaCl + 1,000 psi (7000
kPa) CO2 + 1,000 psi (7000 kPa)
H2S at 550°F (288°C). This makes
alloy N07022 the most corrosion
resistant alloy contained in NACE
MR0175/ ISO 15156. Alloy
N07022 mechanical maintains
properties over the -300ºF to 500ºF
temperature range with stability to
700ºF for >100,000 hours for
refinery applications. Also, alloy
N07022 is now included in the
MR0103/ ISO 17945 Corrosion
Prevention and C
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Effect of Alloy Element on
Hydrogen Entry of Low Alloy
Carbon Steel in Sour
Conditions
Daisuke Mizuno, Kyono Yasuda,
STG 32
Haruo Nakamichi, Kazuhiko Baba,
Nobuyuki Ishikawa Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC)
is a major issue of line pipe steels
exposed to sour environments.
Enormous efforts in research and
production have been done by steel
makers to improve HIC resistance.
It is widely recognized that adding
copper is effective
to decrease HIC susceptiblity in
mildly sour environments with high
solution pH (normally more than
5.0). However, the mechanism of
remarkable Cu effect and role of
other elements on HIC resistance
have not been fully clarified. In this
study, hydrogen permeation
testing was conducted in sour
conditions using Devanathan type
cell and the effect of alloy elements
such as Cu and Mo on HIC
resistance was investigated by
comparing hydrogen permeation
behaviors. Corrosion product
formed on surface was also
investigaed to
analyze its structure and element
distribution. From these
experiments, it was found that alloy
composition strongly affected
hydrogen
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Hydrogen Induced Cracking
Safe Materials Operating
Limits
Roberto Morana, Gareth Hinds,
STG 32
Natalie McClelland, Andy Bishop,
Philip Dent, Viviane Smith Prior to 2003, hydrogen induced
cracking (HIC) was not covered by
NACE MR0175 and it was left to
the user to decide on how to address
HIC concerns. For mildly sour
environments (i.e. Region 0) many
users did not specify requirements
for HIC testing or the
use of HIC resistant steels and thus
plant operating in CO2-containing
environments with potentially very
low levels of H2S were commonly
built using ‘non-sour’ steel grades.
HIC was incorporated into the 2003
revision of NACE MR0175/ISO
15156 and consideration
of HIC, even when only traces of
H2S were present, became
mandatory in 2003. Testing
requirements were added for mildly
sour conditions, but the associated
threat was not quantified. However,
very few instances of pipeline
leakages due to HIC have been
reported.
Recent work carried out by the
European Pipeline Research Group
suggested that there could be a
threshold H2S level below w
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The Effects of Balance Gas on Kenji Kobayashi, Takuya Hara,
STG 32
Sour Corrosion and HIC
Daisuke Mizuno, Nobuyuki
Behavior of Carbon Steel
Ishikawa, Eiji Tada - Hydrogen
Induced Cracking (HIC) is a major
issue of line pipe steels exposed to
sour environments. In general, 5.0
wt% NaCl and 0.5 wt% CH3COOH
solution with 0.1 MPa H2S
provided by NACE TM0284 as
solution A is used to evaluate the
HIC resistance of steel
products. However, in many cases,
the test condition is too severe
compared to the actual field
conditions. Therefore, appropriate
HIC evaluation method under sour
conditions has been the subject of
considerable investigations in recent
years.
High-strength Line Pipe (HLP)
Committee of The Iron and Steel
Institute of Japan (ISIJ) has
proposed a HIC test solution with
high buffering capacity for
simulating and keeping aimed sour
condition. The solution has high
concentration of acetic acid and
sodium
acetate. In this study, in addition,
effects of balance gas (N2 and
CO2) on pH stability, sour
corrosion behavior, and HIC
susceptibility of carbon steel were i
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HIC Performance of SAWL
Thomas Haase, Christoph Bosch,
STG 32
Large-Diameter Pipes Under Jens Schröder, Bernadette Maerten Non-Standard Test Conditions
A project has been initiated to
investigate the performance
of longitudinally submerged-arc
welded large-diameter pipes in
terms of resistance to Hydrogen
Induced Cracking (HIC) under nonstandard test conditions.
Conventional HIC resistance
testing, performed
according to the standard test
conditions given in NACE TM0284
-2011 in Solution A at 1 bar H2S,
not necessarily provides
information about the HIC
resistance of steel designed for sour
service under more severe
conditions. On the other hand,
applying
HIC test conditions based on
mildly-sour operating conditions
(known as “fit-for-purpose” testing)
allows the qualification of sweet
service steels up to the pH and H2S
partial pressure related limits of the
application.
In view of the above, HIC
resistance testing of two
longitudinally submerged-arc
welded (SAWL) large diameter
pipes of grade X65 (one pipe
intended for sweet service, another
pipe for sour service)
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Fatigue Life of Armour Wires
in Flexible Pipes in Sour,
Deaerated Artificial Seawater,
and Air Envir
Eigil Ottesen-Hansen, Jonas
STG 32
Gudme, Adam Rubin A flexible pipe consists of multiple
unbonded layers. The middle part of
the pipe, the annulus, consists
primarily of pressure and tensile
armour wires. These wires are made
of carbon steel and are cold and/or
hot rolled to pre-determined
dimensions.
The fatigue life of the whole pipe is
to a large extent determined by the
fatigue life of the tensile armour
wires. Developing S-N curves that
represent the fatigue life is time
consuming, and the oil and gas
industry have high demands for the
quality of
these data so carbon hydrates may
be produced safely.
Dynamic, deflection-controlled, 4point-bending is a good and stable
method to generate a fatigue curve
where a multitude of wire samples
over several stress ranges are used.
Armour wires corrode easily when
in contact with a wet corrosive
environment. A comparison
between the fatigue life in different
environments with regards to
different grades and suppliers
shows the level of test un
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Effects of Initial Notch Length
on KIAPPLIED, KISSC, and
KLIMIT in NACE TM0177
DCB Test
Xin Long, Samar Saha STG 32
It is well known that various arm
displacements, associated with
different initial stress intensity
factor KIapplied, in DCB test of
NACE TM0177 can result in
different measured critical stress
intensity factor for sulfide stress
cracking (KISSC) values
in corrosion environments. 
However, other factors, such as
initial notch tip locations, i.e. initial
notch length, can also affect the
KIapplied and that can ultimately
affect the KISSC and KLIMIT
measurement.  This study
shows that the effects of initial
notch locations, with ai/h varying
from standard 1.125 (Chevron tip),
1.250 (lined up EDM tip) and 1.375
(current standard EDM tip) to non
standard and extended 1.500 and
1.625 in DCB specimens, on the
KIapplied, KISSC and Klimit
through experimental testing.
Three-dimensional finite element
analysis (FEA) was conducted for
the compliance and KIapplied
analysis of the various specimen
configurations.  It was found
that the variation of notch location
has the
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A Comprehensive Study of
Titanium Alloys For High
Pressure High Temperature
(HPHT) Wells
Russell Kane STG 32
This paper summarizes principal
findings of a major experimental
and analytical Joint Industry
Program (JIP) research effort that
developed corrosion data and
analysis on Ti-alloys applicable to
high pressure, high temperatures
(HPHT) wells. The range of
test conditions included: simulated
production environments with H2S,
CO2, chlorides and elemental sulfur
and non-production environments
(i.e. packer fluids and stimulation
acids) and galvanic effects with
other materials at temperatures up
to 550 F (288
C). Included in this study were
alpha-beta Įȕand beta ȕ
titanium alloys, with strength for
use in downhole tubulars and
associated equipment with yield
strengths of 110 to 140 ksi (737 to
966 MPa) and in limited cases
>150 ksi (1035 MPa). 
Most of the
data development focused on the
following alloys: Ti-6246 (UNS
R56260), Ti-64 (Grade 5 - UNS
R56400), Ti-64 ELI (Grade 23) and
with additions of Ru or Pd (Grade
29 and Grade 24), Ti-TMZF
(12Mo-6Zr-2Fe) and Ti-Bet
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Sour Service Test
Qualification of a New HighStrength Titanium Alloy
Ronald Schutz STG 32
A newly developed high-strength,
highly corrosion-resistant, alphabeta titanium alloy developed
specifically for HPHT oil and gas
production service was laboratory
tested in severe sour environments
for NACE MR01-75/ISO 15156
Standard sour service
acceptance. 
Extruded pipe and forged plate
products from three heats were
tested in both alpha-beta and
transformed-beta conditions at yield
strengths exceeding 930 MPa and
up to 41 HRC via four different
SSC/SCC test methods: 
NACE TM01-77 Method A
tensiles, C-rings
per NACE TM01-77 Method C,
slow strain rate tensiles per NACE
TM01-98, and bolt-open-loaded C
(T) Kscc testing per NACE TM0177 Method D.  The Method
A iron-coupled and non-coupled
tensiles stressed to 100% actual YS
resisted cracking in the 30 day
NACE Solution
A exposure.  All C-rings
stressed to 100% actual YS
survived 90 day exposure to NACE
VII plus conditions involving 25 wt.
% NaCl brine with 3.45 MPa H2S
and CO2, and elemental sulfur at
288°C.  Slow st
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Petroleum Refining and Gas Processing STG 34 - Petroleum Refining and Gas
Processing
Time
Name
Description
Committee(s)
Fast Onsite Quantification and
Monitoring of
Monoethanolamine in Crude
Oils Using Field Asymmetric I
Sai Reddy Pinappu, Kwadwo
TEG 205X [34]
Sarpong, Zhenning Gu, Corina
Sandu, George Duggan Fast Onsite Quantification and
Monitoring of Monoethanolamine
In Crude Oils Using Field
Asymmetric Ion Mobility
Spectrometry
Authors: Sai Reddy Pinappu,
Kwadwo Sarpong, Zhenning Gu,
Corina Sandu, George Duggan
 
Hexahydrotriazin-based hydrogen
sulfide (H2S) scavengers are the
most successful and commonly used
additives in the oil and gas industry.
One of the reaction products of this
process is free amine. This amine,
along with other excess amines
possibly from
the scavenger manufacturing
process in the crude oil, are
commonly collectively referred to
as “tramp amines”.  The most
common tramp amines from H2S
scavengers are mono-ethanolamine
(MEA) and methylamine (MA).
One major problem that these tramp
amines pose
to the refinery is the potential to
form corrosive amine hydrochloride
salts in the tower and overhead
section of the crude distillation
tower. Among these tramp amines,
MEA has the highest pote
Location
Location Detail
Center
Ballroom C3
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Refining Industry Corrosion
Chair: Madhu Anand
Vice Chair: Joel Williams
TEG 205X [34]
Center
Ballroom C3
Dingrong Qu, Xiaohui Liu, Xiu
TEG 205X [34]
Jiang, Hongqi Quan, Weili Yan,
Zhigang Qiu, Lan Zhenggui, Jing
Qi Intermediate light oil, such as
naphtha and gas oil from either
atmospheric distillation unit, fluid
catalytic cracking unit or delayed
coking unit, is usually temporally
stored in storage tanks for further
processing. Content of
corrosiveness of intermediate
light oil increases as a result of
low-grade crudes with increased
amount and decreased crude quality
being processed. Experiments were
carried on under simulated
environment to understand
corrosion characteristics of
intermediate light oil in storage
tank.
Factors, such as sulfur content
(both mercaptan and sulfide ion),
chloride, water, temperature were
investigated. The operational uplimit of sulfur for storage tank was
set at 0.5wt% based on the
experiment results.
Center
Ballroom C3
papers on topics related to materials
and corrosion issues within the
refining industry. Topics will
explore failure analysis, case
histories and materials performance.
Corrosion Characteristics of
Intermediate Light Oil Under
Storage Tank Environment
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Crude Unit Overhead
Corrosion Control
Successfully Driven by Ionic
Modeling
Kathleen Armistead, Rusty Strong, TEG 205X [34]
Daniel Leslie - As the
understanding of the causes of
corrosion in crude unit overheads
has rapidly evolved over the past
decade, so have overhead modeling
capabilities. The industry has
grown over time from recognizing
severe corrosion due to
hydrochloric acid (HCl)
concentrated at the Water Dew
Point (WDP), then to the discovery
of the Salt Point (SP), and
eventually to calculations of a
distinct ionic Dew Point (iDP) and
its composition. Current ionic
modeling technology allows for the
calculation of these three key points
and simultaneously considers
contributions of all ionic species
present in the overhead and their
impact on corrosion. This paper
will discuss the evolution of
overhead modeling capabilities and
case histories where modeling was
used to drive successful overhead
corrosion control.
Center
Ballroom C3
Polymerization of Hexahydro1,3,5-tris(2-hydroxyethyl)-striazine Hydrogen Sulfide
Scavenger Inside
Amit Patel, John Green, Jesse
TEG 205X [34]
Contreras, John Wodarcyk It is well known that amine chloride
salts from use of monoethanolamine
(MEA) triazine hydrogen sulfide
scavenger can create major
corrosion issues inside a crude unit.
Recently, new issues in a unit
processing significant quantities of
shale crude have
been observed. There is evidence of
significant physical fouling from
polymerization of MEA triazine
scavenger in the presence of
hydrogen sulfide. This paper
highlights this new impact.
Center
Ballroom C3
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Method for Simulating the
Effect of Pressure in Transfer
Lines on the Corrosivity of
HACs
Carlos Mejia Miranda, Dionisio
TEG 205X [34]
Laverde, Haydée Quiroga Method for simulating the effect of
pressure in transfer lines on the
corrosivity of "high acid crudes".
The decrease of world reserves of
conventional crude has led the oil
industry to increase the percentage
of so-called "opportunity crudes" in
diets entering the distillation
units.  Among opportunity
crudes are the "high acidity crude"
that cause corrosion
problems mainly in the transfer
lines in the temperature range 220400 ° C. The heterogeneity in the
chemical nature of naphthenic acids
present in crude hinders the
development of accurate predictive
tools. Work has been done to
evaluate the effect of temperature
and hydrodynamic conditions on
the corrosivity of naphthenic
acids.  However, the effect of
pressure on the corrosivity of
naphthenic acids, considering these
compounds as a mixture, has not
been studied.  In this work,
the effect of the pressure of the
transfer
line on the distribution of the
molecules of naph
Center
Ballroom C3
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Refinery Piping Mechanical
Integrity: Enhancing
Assessments Using Statistical
Tools
Douglas Milton, Andy Gysbers TEG 205X [34]
Assessing the mechanical integrity
of refinery piping circuits can be
challenging.  Reasons
include lack of internal inspection
capability, presence of localized vs.
uniform corrosion mechanisms,
variable corrosion rates over
time,  potential for multiple
damage mechanisms to be present,
variable age & quality of
thickness data, as well as the large
volume of pipe to be inspected and
the associated cost and logistics of
carrying out extensive
inspections.  This paper will
present examples of how statistical
evaluation of piping thickness data
has been used successfully to
enhance assessments of the
mechanical integrity of piping
circuits in refinery process
units.  Applications examples
include circuits in hydro processing
units, atmospheric and vacuum
crude
distillation units, coker units. The
paper  will also explore how
statistical concepts can help frame
the approach to managing the
challenge presented by low Silicon
carbon steel.
Center
Ballroom C3
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Corrosion in Systems for
Storage and Transportation of
Petroleum Products and
Biofuels
Alec Groysman TEG 205X [34]
The aim of this work is to describe
the conditions in which petroleum
products (fuels) are corrosive to
metals; corrosion mechanisms in
petroleum products; which parts of
storage tanks containing crude oils
and petroleum products undergo
corrosion; dependence
of corrosion in tanks on type of
petroleum products; how fuel
additives and oxygenates improve
properties of fuels; how
microorganisms take part in
corrosion of tanks and pipes
containing petroleum products;
which corrosion monitoring
methods are used in systems
for storage and transportation of
petroleum products; what corrosion
preventive and control measures
should be chosen; how to choose
coatings for inner and outer surfaces
of tanks containing petroleum
products; cases of typical and
unusual corrosion of tanks;
bifouels (bioalcohols and
biodiesel); and how different
components of fuels (including
oxygenates and aromatic solvents)
and biofuels influence metallic and
polymeric materials.
Center
Ballroom C3
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Impact of Throughput
Increment on Corrosion
Enablers and Risks Levels in a
Hydrocraking Unit
Faisal Alabbas, Fahad Al-Hindas, TEG 205X [34]
Olavo Dias - Increasing plant
capacity is one the critical changes
that should be assessed thoroughly
to avoid the possibility of increasing
corrosion risks and hazards
introduction to operations, process
and control parameters. A
systematic approach has been
developed
and utilized to directly assess the
Impact of the capacity increase in a
Hydrocracking Unit. This study has
determined the possible changes in
corrosion drivers and subsequent
corrosion loops, risk matrix and
inspection strategies using a
quantitative risk-based
decision process. The sensitivity
analysis reveals that increased
capacity changes requires focus in
the following areas - erosion
corrosion due to velocity increases,
 ammonium bisulfide
(NH4HS) fouling and potential
heater tube life reduction. Process
simulation
and corrosion prediction softwares
along with Risk Based Inspection
reassessments were employed. The
study concluded that the capacity
increase is feasible provided: 
Center
Ballroom C3
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Pipelines, Tanks, and Well Casings STG 35 - Pipelines, Tanks, and Well
Casings
Time
Name
Description
Committee(s)
Use of NACE TM0111 Slow Russell Kane TEG 462X [35](34, 36, 38,
Strain Rate Test for Evaluation A test method for evaluation 43, 44, 61, 62)
of Ethanol SCC
of ethanol SCC of carbon steels was
standardized by NACE
International as NACE TM0111. It
is a method that employs the use
of slow strain rate (SSR)
testing techniques using either
smooth or notched specimens that
are pulled
to failure in an ethanolic test
environment. This test
method provides
standardized approaches to testing
for ethanol SCC along with
guidance for selection of test
conditions and evaluation of
SSR test data. This paper will
review recent experience in the
use of this test method for
ethanol SCC and variants of this
test method. It will also provide the
results of a recently completed
round robin test program involving
multiple testing laboratories using
smooth and notched specimens in a
standardized environment.
The paper will review the results of
this investigation. It will also
discuss the reproducibility of the
round robin data and
potential sources of scatter.
Keywords: Ethanol, stress corrosion
cracking, SCC, TM
Location
Location Detail
Center
Room 140
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Conventional Fuels/Biofuels
Corrosion Issues
Chair: Donald Drake
Vice Chair: Mariano Iannuzzi
TEG 462X [35](34, 36, 38,
43, 44, 61, 62)
Center
Room 140
Dave Norfleet, Greg Quickel, John TEG 462X [35](34, 36, 38,
Beavers, Hans Deeb 43, 44, 61, 62)
Ethanol has been used for the last
several years as an environmentally
friendly alternative to methyl
tertbutyl ether (MTBE), which is an
oxygenate additive to gasoline, to
increase octane levels, and to
facilitate the combustion
process.  Pipelines are,
by far, the safest and most efficient
method to transport fuel grade
ethanol (FGE) from the
manufacturing facilities to
terminals, where the FGE is
blended with the gasoline. 
Pump stations and terminal
facilities have been constructed for
or converted to
ethanol use in the past 10
years.  In response, the stress
corrosion cracking (SCC) of carbon
steel pipe and the performance of
select elastomer seals/gaskets have
been studied (in other projects) in
FGE.  Although many of the
issues related to corrosion of
carbon steel pipe in ethanol have
been resolved in these projects, to
address completely the effect of
ethanol and gasoline-ethanol blends
in pipeline systems, investigatio
Center
Room 140
papers conveying corrosion issues
of both conventional fuels and
biofuels. These issues include
general corrosion, localized
(pitting) corrosion, and stress
corrosion cracking.
Pump Stations and Terminal
Facilities—Material
Compatibility with Ethanol
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Effect of Total Acidity and
Water Content on Ethanol
Corrosiveness (E100)
Anna Moreira, Zehbour Panossian, TEG 462X [35](34, 36, 38,
Gutemberg de Souza Pimenta,
43, 44, 61, 62)
Renata Brunelli The objective of this work was to
study the effect of the total acidity
and of the water content on the
corrosiveness of fuel ethanol. With
this purpose, a specific laboratory
immersion test methodology was
developed. To reach the goals,
different ethanol
samples were used to prepare the
test medium. At the first part of the
study, ethanol samples with
different total acidity values were
produced by adding acetic acid in
different quantities or by injecting
an inert gas (pure nitrogen or
nitrogen/carbon dioxide
mixtures with three different CO2
contents (1 %, 5 % and 15 
%)). The second part of the study
was conducted using the ethanol
samples in received condition
(anhydrous ethanol) and after water
addition (hydrated ethanol). The
ethanol hydration was made by
adding
5 % (m/m) of ultrapure water. The
Brazilian specification ANP[1] n.
36 (water content varying between
(6.2 e 7.4) % (m/m) for Brazilian fu
Center
Room 140
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Impact and Interaction of
Water, Chloride, and Acetic
Acid on the Corrosion
Behavior of Aluminum in
Rüdiger Reitz TEG 462X [35](34, 36, 38,
Impact and Interaction of Water,
43, 44, 61, 62)
Chloride, and Acetic Acid on the
Corrosion Behavior of Aluminum
in Ethanol blended Gasoline Fuels
Rüdiger Reitz, Georg Andersohn,
Matthias Oechsner,
Technische Universität Darmstadt,
Institute for Materials Technology
(IfW), Darmstadt / Germany
Abstract
Due to the increasing energy
demand, the limited resources of
fossil crude oil, and the need to
reduce CO2-emissions, fuels from
renewable energy sources are in the
focus of consideration. In particular
in the United States and the
European countries, legal
restrictions with regard to
sustainable energy supply will
accelerate this trend, for example,
by establishing a requirement for a
gradual increase of the ethanol
content in gasoline fuels.
With respect to its corrosive impact,
however, the use of ethanol blended
gasoline fuels is not entirely
uncritical. Ethanol has hygroscopic
properties and leads to an increased
water solubility. As expected, with
increasing content of ethanol, fu
Center
Room 140
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Compatibility of Sealing
Margit Weltschev, Jan Werner,
TEG 462X [35](34, 36, 38,
Materials with Biofuels and
Manuela Haufe, Martina Heyer 43, 44, 61, 62)
Biodiesel—Heating Oil Blends Changes in fuel composition and
the introduction of alternative fuels
often create problems of corrosion
and degradation in materials. The
objective of this research was to
determine the resistance of sealing
materials in fuels and heating oil
with admixtures
of biogenic sources such as E10,
E85, biodiesel and B10 (heating oil
with 10% biodiesel). In pursuit of
this aim, damage mechanisms of
frequently used sealing materials
such as FKM (fluorocarbon rubber),
FVMQ (methyl-fluoro-silicone
rubber), VMQ (methyl-vinylsilicone
rubber), EPDM (ethylenepropylene-diene rubber), CR
(chloroprene rubber), CSM
(chlorosulfonated polyethylene),
IIR (butyl rubber), PA (polyamides)
and NBR (acrylonitrile-butadiene
rubber) were investigated.
The mass, tensile strength and
breaking elongation of the test
specimens were determined before
and after exposure for
84 days in E85, non-aged and
two years aged biodiesel, non-aged
and one year aged
Center
Room 140
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Compatibility of Polyethylene Margit Weltschev, Anka Kohl,
TEG 462X [35](34, 36, 38,
Grades with Biofuels and
Biodiesel—Heating Oil Blends Biofuels including ethanol and
biodiesel (fatty acid methyl ester)
represent an important renewable
fuel alternative to petroleumderived transport fuels. Increasing
biofuels use would bring some
benefits, such as a reduction in oil
demands and greenhouse
gas emissions, and an improvement
in air quality.
Materials compatibility is a major
concern whenever the fuel
composition is changed in a fuel
system. The aim of this work is to
study the interaction between high
density polyethylene (HDPE)
grades with and without polyamide
permeation barrier and biofuels
such as E85 (fuel with 85 %
ethanol), E10 (fuel with
10 % ethanol), premium fuel
(with 5% ethanol), biodiesel and
B10 (heating oil with 10%
biodiesel).
10 l jerricans made of
two different polyethylene grades
were filled with these fuels and
exposed to temperatures
of 20°C and 40°C for more than
one year. Tensile properties (tensile
strength, breaking elongation and
ela
Center
Room 140
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Assessment of
Corrosion of Metals in
Biodiesel from Jatropha
Curcas
Margit Weltschev, Anka Kohl,
TEG 462X [35](34, 36, 38,
Biofuels including ethanol and
biodiesel (fatty acid methyl ester)
represent an important renewable
fuel alternative to petroleumderived transport fuels. Increasing
biofuels use would bring some
benefits, such as a reduction in oil
demands and greenhouse
gas emissions, and an improvement
in air quality.
Materials compatibility is a major
concern whenever the fuel
composition is changed in a fuel
system. The aim of this work is to
study the interaction between high
density polyethylene (HDPE)
grades with and without polyamide
permeation barrier and biofuels
such as E85 (fuel with 85 %
ethanol), E10 (fuel with
10 % ethanol), premium fuel
(with 5% ethanol), biodiesel and
B10 (heating oil with 10%
biodiesel).
10 l jerricans made of
two different polyethylene grades
were filled with these fuels and
exposed to temperatures
of 20°C and 40°C for more than
one year. Tensile properties (tensile
strength, breaking elongation and
ela
Center
Room 140
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Corrosion of Carbon Steel in
Biodiesel/Seawater Mixtures
—A Study Related to the
Corrosion of Fuel St
Shengxi Li, Lloyd Hihara, Jan
TEG 462X [35](34, 36, 38,
Kealoha 43, 44, 61, 62)
Biodiesel is an alternative fuel
produced from renewable resources,
such as vegetable oils and animal
fats. The conventional biodiesel is
produced using a transesterification
process and consists of long-chain
esters. While a new generation of
biodiesel
(or the renewable/green diesel) is
chemically not esters but the similar
as petrodiesel. HRD-76 is a
hydrotreated renewable diesel
(HRD) derived from extracted algal
oil. The HRD has been hydrotreated
to remove oxygen, leaving
predominantly linear and branched
chained hydro-carbons in the fuel.
A mixture of 50% algal HRD-76
and 50% petroleum diesel F-76 has
been successfully used in warships
as a demonstration by the U. S.
Navy. During the operation of the
ships, seawater was drawn into the
fuel tank from the bottom to balance
the ships. The seawater
(bottom)/diesel (up) environments
could pose severe corrosion damage
to the carbon steel fuel tanks. The
aim of this study is to access the
corro
Center
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Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Identifying Conditions
Correlating to Corrosive
Environments in USTs Storing
Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel
Ryan Haerer, Paul Miller, Michael TEG 462X [35](34, 36, 38,
Pomes 43, 44, 61, 62)
2014 EPA/OUST Study and
Research Paper on Corrosion Being
Observed in Underground Storage
Tanks Storing Ultra Low Sulfur
Diesel
Study: Identifying Conditions
Correlating with Corrosive
Environments in USTs storing
ULSD
Abstract:
Severe and rapid episodes of
corrosion of metal components in
USTs have been reported
nationwide since 2007 in systems
storing ULSD.  The
corrosion observations began about
the same time as three major
changes in the national fuel
supply.  These changes
are: a reduction in the allowable
sulfur content in highway-use diesel
from 500ppm (LSD) to 15ppm
(ULSD); an increase in production
and national distribution of
biodiesel-diesel blends; and an
increase in production and national
distribution of gasoline- ethanol
blends.  Any one of these
changes could be contributing to the
increased corrosion observed in
UST systems storing ULSD. 
Limited initial research into these
episodes of corrosion identified
ethanol cross cont
Center
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Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
3D Structured Light
Joseph Pikas STG 35
Measurement and Analysis of ~~Structured Light is not a new
Corrosion and Related Defects technology, but it is new to the
pipeline industry. This paper will
provide an overview of how the
structured light technology works
within the direct assessment process
regarding time, error, impact on
corrosion analysis
and how it is now being used as
the preferred method for gathering
pipeline defect measurements.
Hazardous liquid and gas pipeline
operators are tasked with the
responsibility of complying with
regulatory requirements to ensure
that field data gathered of
pipe and corrosion defects are
assessed properly after in-line
inspection runs, direct examination
or other maintenance activities. Yet
too often, the focus has been to hire
technicians that are qualified in
some tasks, but not experienced in
all phases of
direct examination, including
corrosion, gouges, dents, weld
defects, cracks, wrinkle bends,
SCC, construction defects, etc.
There is a need in the pipeline
industry to assess the severity of a
particular anomaly (
Center
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Direct Assessment
Center
Room 156
Sponsored by STG 35
Chair: Joseph Pikas
Vice Chair: Robert Winters
papers related to the continuing
dynamic development of direct
assessment processes. Specific
topics should focus on the
development of new technologies,
techniques, or case histories related
to external corrosion, internal
corrosion, or stress corrosion
cracking direct assessment
(SCCDA) processes for
underground pipelines, plants, and
other facilities.
STG 35
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Requirements of Coupon AC
Current Density Affecting AC
Corrosion of Buried Steel
Pipelines
Fumio Kajiyama STG 35
It is widely recognized that at
prevailing commercial current
frequencies (such as 16-2/3, 50 or
60 Hz) a.c. corrosion is possible,
even though cathodic protection
level satisfies the ISO standard
based on polarized potential. At
present, however, there
is no consensus about the a.c.
corrosion mechanism and a.c.
corrosion protection criterion for
cathodically protected steel
pipelines. Since the first incident of
AC corrosion in the mid-1980s,
coupons have been used to evaluate
AC corrosion likelihood over
the last three decades. Although
there is a controversy about the
opinion that coupon AC current
density is the primary factor in
determining the AC corrosion
likelihood, coupon DC and AC
current densities as well as coupon
instant off-potential (polarized
potential) are responsible for the
corrosion process.
Based upon the field investigation
into cathodically protected steel
pipelines under AC interference
using the new coupon technology,
that is, “Simultaneous
Center
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NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Lessons Learned During 10
Years of ECDA Application
Sorin Segall, Robert Gummow,
STG 35
Daniel Fingas, John Shore This paper summarizes the results
of ten years of ECDA application
on more than 100 projects and
includes a number of important
lessons learned during the process.
 
The large majority of the ECDA
projects resulted in “clean bills of
health” for the assessed
pipelines.  The actual number
of direct examinations seldom
exceeded the minimum number of
digs required by NACE Standard
SP 0502-2010.
 
Topics like influence of pipe depth
and local soil resistivity in
classifying and prioritizing DCVG
indications, dealing with reversed
gradients, avoiding “double
dipping” (i.e. prioritizing noncomplimentary severe indications as
Immediate Action Required)
and dealing with “false” AC
corrosion indications are discussed
in detail in this paper.
 
Keywords: ECDA, CIPS, DCVG,
DC Coupons.
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Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Multiphase Flow Internal
Corrosion Direct Assessment
for the Tambaredjo North
West (TNW) Pipeline
Nima Tajallipour, Henk Chin A
STG 35
Lien, Patrick Teevens, Wale
Akanni, Amresh Mohan This paper summarizes the results
of a multiphase flow internal
corrosion direct assessment (MPICDA) which was performed on a
header pipeline in the Tambaredjo
North West (TNW) oil field of
Staatsolie in Suriname. This
pipeline has a total length of 4,801
m: with a 10 inch nominal diameter
region which is 415 m long and a
14 inch nominal diameter region
which is 4,386 m long carrying
multiphase crude oil. The pipeline
material is carbon steel, API 5L
GR.B. ERW, BW, DRL externally
coated to TGF 3. The upstream
production system in the field
consists of producing wells on
primary recovery with production
lifted by progressive cavity pumps
(PCP’s). By the end of 2013 the
field had 210 oil producing wells,
producing 4600 bfpd /3,216 bopd,
with very minimal oxygen
contamination
in the system. All the production
flow from the TNW oilfield is
transported through this header
pipeline. There are three waterway
Center
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Combined CIPS and DCVG
Surveys with Integrated GPS
for Survey Data Integrity
John Nicholson STG 35
Combined Close Interval Potential
Surveys (CIPS) and Direct Current
Voltage Gradient (DCVG) Surveys,
combined with GPS time and
location stamping for improved
accuracy and data integrity. 
By combining CIPS and DCVG
surveys any spatial errors and each
reading
can be accurately located from the
GPS coordinates. 
 This paper will explore the
effectiveness of combined CIPS and
DCVG surveys with GPS data for
improved data correlation.
Center
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NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Effective Corrosion
Managment for Enhancing
Mechanical Integrity of Static
Equipment of Process Plan
Musaed AL-Arada, Faisal Al-Refai STG 35
- To meet business plan of any
Process Plant, Mechanical Integrity
and Reliability of static
equipment/piping is very important.
This can be achieved by good
management system which is placed
to make sure that each element gets
properly scheduled and completed
at appropriate intervals. Corrosion
management system is an
integration of various corrosion
control methods to achieve
mechanical integrity and reliability
of static equipment/piping.
Corrosion Management System
(which is an understating,
Identification, Measurement,
Monitoring, control and mitigation
of different corrosion mechanism
within process plants) is a system
which is fully integrated with other
management systems and play a
vital role in achieving excellence in
plant Integrity and Reliability.
Management of Change (MOC),
Risk Based Inspection (RBI) and
Integrating Operating Window
(IOW) are some of the essential
component of such Corrosion
Management system. Leak/failure
reporting, tr
Center
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Internal Corrosion Threat
Assessment Using Operational
Data and Comparison with ILI
Results
Dharma Abayarathna, Daniel
STG 35
Powell, James Harrison - An
internal corrosion threat assessment
was conducted on a gas
transmission line before an in line
inspection.  Internal
corrosion decision tree and
available operational data were used
for the threat assessment. 
The likelihood of water
accumulation and
time required for residue water
evaporation were analyzed. 
The results of threat analysis were
compared with the findings of the
ILI run.
Center
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Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Proposed ECDA Methodology
Modification Based on a Case
of Study of 110Km Buried
Pipeline
Homero Castaneda Lopez, Ayako STG 35
Yajima, Hernan Rivera, Ximing Li,
Lorenzo Martinez, Robert Liang This is the final series of steps for
the development of external
corrosion direct assessment
modification set by NACE 502 SP
2008 document. The standard
includes four steps; we proposed in
this modification the first step to
include the integration of dynamic
behavior of macro-parameters,
such as rainfall, water accumulation
and drainage, chemistry of the soil,
and soil corrosiveness affecting the
integrity of the metallic structure.
These macro parameters will dictate
the most suitable indirect
measurement characterizing
corrosion and damage evolution.
Real time macro-modeling in
combination with indirect and in
line inspection were used to build
probability and statistical models
and locate the highest risk
areas based on corrosion
phenomenon. This work aims to
provide the
modified methodology based on a
case study of a buried pipeline that
is 110 km (68.35 miles) in length
and 457.2
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Developing Selection Criteria
of Field Applied Coatings for
Pipelines
Richard Norsworthy - There are
STG 35
many types of pipeline coatings that
have been used on pipelines around
the world.  Some are no
longer used for various reasons, but
new ones are being developed to
meet the demands of the changing
environments in which pipelines are
being used. 
The most significant test and
evaluation for any coating is actual
field data after several years of
service.  This paper will
compare generic types of field
applied coatings by discussing the
advantages and disadvantages of
each type to give the end users
criteria for selection such coating
systems.  The types of field
applied coatings that will be
discussed are two part epoxies,
mesh backed tapes, solid film
backed tapes, shrink sleeves, Fusion
Bonded Epoxy (FBE) and viscoelastic tapes.
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Protection Effectiveness of
Vapor Corrosion Inhibitor for
Corrosion under Insulation
Behzad Bavarian, Lisa Reiner,
STG 35
Boris Miksic Effectivenesses of commercially
available vapor corrosion inhibitors
(VCI) were investigated to combat
corrosion under insulation (CUI). A
laboratory corrosion cell set-up was
designed and constructed to
investigate protection of corrosion
under insulation
(CUI) on a pipe section using vapor
phase corrosion inhibitors. The CUI
corrosion test cell consisted of a
three feet four inch carbon steel
pipe wrapped by insulation and
covered with galvanized steel.
 One corrosion cell was used
as the control while the
other two setups were used to
monitor vapor phase corrosion
inhibitors. Corrosion measurements
were made using both
electrochemical potential and
polarization resistance data
collection under isothermal and
cyclic wet/dry test conditions (GM
test protocol
for cyclic corrosion tests). These
test setup was used to successfully
simulate CUI in the laboratory
environment, monitor the degree of
wetness of the pipe surface,
evaluate the de
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Quantitative Assessment of
Risk Due to External
Corrosion in Underground Oil
and Gas Pipelines
Swati Jain, Shan Guan, Shanshan
TEG 267X [35]
Wu, Narasi Sridhar, Qingshan Feng,
BingChuan Yan Quantitative risk assessment due to
external corrosion is a challenging
task for pipeline engineers because
of the uncertainty in data related to
environmental and physical
variables such as soil type,
drainage, soil chemistry, CP
effectiveness, coating
type and coating properties. In
addition, most methods or standards
employed in practice to compute a
corrosion rate assume a constant
rate that does not change with the
variables, though the variables
change in time and in location along
the pipeline, and
thus cannot be used to assess risk
variability in different sections of a
pipeline.
In this presentation, a risk
assessment methodology, based on
Bayesian network models, and its
applicability is demonstrated. The
model is developed by combining
an exhaustive database of expert
knowledge, empirical field data, and
mechanistic knowledge
of the process. A case study done
on an oil pipeline in eastern
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papers on related to ILI, DA,
Hydro, CP, corrosion, cracking, and
mechanical damage.
TEG 267X [35]
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Are We Learning From the
Past? Opportunities for
Continuous Improvement of
Internal Corrosion Manage
Richard Eckert - Title of Paper:Are TEG 267X [35]
We Learning From the Past?
Opportunities for Continuous
Improvement of Internal Corrosion
Management Programs
Abstract: Statistics maintained by
the Pipeline and Hazardous
Materials Safety Administration
(PHMSA) suggest increasing trends
in internal corrosion incidents on
hazardous liquid and natural gas
transmission pipelines in the United
States.
In spite of improvements in
pipeline integrity and risk
management, pipeline degradation
due to internal corrosion continues
to cause leaks and failures. 
In some cases, pipeline operators
may be missing opportunities to
learn from these incidents and
thereby
develop improved approaches to
mitigation and prevention. This
paper demonstrates an approach to
learning from internal corrosion
incidents that consists of three
phases of analysis; determining the
immediate (mechanistic) cause,
identifying basic or contributing
causes, and analysis of root causes
from a management systems
perspective. A hypotheti
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Corrosion Management of
MIC Contributes to Pipeline
Integrity
Richard Eckert, Torben Lund
TEG 267X [35]
Skovhus, Brit Kathrine Graver Microbiologically influenced
corrosion (MIC) is one of many
potential corrosion threats faced by
onshore and offshore pipeline
operators. Experience has shown
that effective management of the
MIC threat is often more elusive
and problematic for operators
than the control of other internal
corrosion threats. In this paper the
application of corrosion
management principles is shown to
identify a clear path for managing
MIC in for example crude oil
transport, multiphase gathering and
water injection pipeline
systems. The basic steps of
corrosion threat assessment,
mitigation selection and application,
and implementation of appropriate
monitoring methods, are employed.
This systematic corrosion
management approach provides
meaningful and measurable data
that can
drive key performance indicators
(KPIs).  Improved
confidence in corrosion threat
management contributes to overall
pipeline integrity and asset
reliability.
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Simulating Pipeline Flow
Using the Rotating Cage
Method
Muhammad Arafin, Allan
TEG 267X [35]
Runstedtler, Patrick Boisvert,
Nicholas Senior The Rotating Cage is a standardized
methodology for investigating the
corrosion of metals under flowing
conditions.  As such, it can
be used as  a comparative
method, for screening inhibitors or
identifying the differences in the
corrosion-inhibitory properties
of different crude oils, as well as
simulating flowing pipeline
hydrodynamics.  It is a
complimentary technique to the
rotating column electrode and jet
impingement method. 
Whilst it does not permit in situ
measurements, it has a distinct
advantage over other
methods: whilst average corrosion
rates are determined through mass
loss, the relatively large surface
area of the specimens permits
statistical analysis of localized
corrosion phenomena, monitored
through techniques such as laser
profilometry.
In this article, we seek to build upon
earlier work, both experimental and
theoretical, in order to better
understand the fluid dynamics of
the rotating cage
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Wednesday,9 :50a.m. to 10 :15a.m. Unexpected Effect of Small
Guenter Schmitt, Ruediger Forster - TEG 267X [35]
Oxygen Concentrations in
Sales Gas on Element Currents Unexpected Effect of Small Oxygen
Between Pipeline S
Concentrations in Sales Gas on
Element Currents between Pipeline
Steel and Magnetite from Black
Powder
Whereas detrimental effects to the
natural gas infrastructure caused by
low levels of oxygen are widely
recognized for wet areas like
underground storages, trace oxygen
has gained awareness by
transmission system operators only
recently. Indiscriminate changes
to the world of gas supply as the
injection of gases from regenerative
sources or backfeeding of low
pressure gases into the high
pressure network, etc., may
contribute to a higher oxygen
content in pipeline gas than
previously.
Concerns about the integrity of the
pipeline infrastructure have led
Open Grid Europe to launch a
project with the objective to
systematically evaluate the impact
of trace oxygen in high pressure
sales gas to pipeline steel.
Astonishingly, in the presence
of black powder an increase of its
corrosivity has been detected. This
paper r
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:40a.m.
The Long-Lasting Operation of
Cleaning and Inspecting a
Pipeline with Black Powder
Issues
Helene Sirnes TEG 267X [35]
The pipeline has been in operation
since 1983 and transports a
fluid rich on hydracarbons but low
in water dew point, within the
specifications for dry gas. A
cleaning program was identified
from the start.
In the beginning there were no
operational pigging challenges, a
black slurry was cleaned out of the
pipeline approximately every two
years. After twenty years of service,
the slurry suddenly changed to
powder, causing operational powder
issues, in addition
to the environmental challenges
with the powder itself.
The powder is both pyrophoric and
classified as LRA (Low
Radioactive). This change in the
pigging residue was the start for
many years of studies,
modifications, planning of
cleaning, performing the long
cleaning operation and in the end –
inspection of
the pipeline to see the condition.
This paper tells the story from the
powder was first discovered, the
actions taken to manage the powder,
the cleaning of the pipeline and the
recent inspection results.
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Wednesday,10 :40a.m. to 11 :5a.m. Assessment of Free Water
Flow at a Gas Pipeline Dead
Leg/Lateral Interface
Xihua He, Kevin Supak, Rebecca
TEG 267X [35]
Owston, Stuart Stothoff, Kaushik
Das - Assessment of Free Water
Flow at a Gas Pipeline Dead
Leg/Lateral Interface
X. He, K. Supak, R. Owston, S.
Stothoff, and K. Das
Southwest Research Institute®
In the oil and gas pipeline industry,
one way to achieve continued flow
while replacing a section of pipe is
to introduce a stopple and insert a
bypass.  However, this
SURFHVVFUHDWHVWZRIORZGHDG
legs, which are segments of the
original pipeline, typically
several pipe diameters long, with
capped terminations.  With
the implementation of the Pipeline
and Hazardous Materials Safety
Administration’s (PHMSA) Rule 49
CFR 192.476, Internal Corrosion
Control:  Design and
Construction of Transmission Line,
a concern
arose with respect to the possibility
that any liquid water that might
exist within the dry gas pipeline
might be collected in the
IORZGHDGOHJSLSHVHJPHQWVDQG
cause internal corrosion,
compromising operations and
public safety.  The PHMSA
Rule requir
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A Fuzzy Logic Model
Amauri Martins Júnior, Elizabeth
TEG 267X [35]
Designed for Quantitative Risk Nicholson Analysis Based on ECDA Data Describes a Fuzzy Logic model
intended for quantitative risk
analysis to the integrity of buried
pipelines. The proposed approach
correlates data from combined CIPS
+DCVG coating surveys to the soil
resistivity, in order to define an
indicator that expresses
the corrosion susceptibility at a
given coating defect location. Inputs
used in the mathematical model
include: DCVG defect severity,
CIPS pipe-to-soil “ON” and "OFF"
potentials and local soil electrical
resistivity. The output is a real
number, defined in
the interval [0, 3], which provides a
qualitative and quantitative degree
of steel exposure to corrosion
activity. Easy to implement, the
presented method is an additional
tool to assist pipeline operators with
with assessing the condition of their
pipeline
and prioritizing corrective actions.
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DC Interference of Impressed
Anodes on Pipelines Buried in
an Adjacent Compressor
Station
Yabo Hu, Li Jianjun TEG 267X [35]
DC interference of cathodic
protection system on adjacent
buried pipelines is a big threat to
pipeline integrity. In northwest of
China, a pigging station
transporting natural gas has been
reconstructed and expanded to be a
compressor station during years.
Some newly buried pipelines and
grounding metal were too close
(about 10 meters) to the already
installed impress anode for the main
line outside the compressor station.
As a result, a typical DC
interference was discovered. In
order to protect the pipelines
buried in the compressor station,
regional cathodic protection was
applied, the outcome was
satisfactory.
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Monitoring DC Decoupling
Devices at Isolation Flanges
for Compliance and Pipeline
Integrity
Jamey Hilleary, Jerry Dewitt, Len TEG 267X [35]
Krissa ~~Keywords:
Remote monitoring, data-logging,
CP, cathodic protection
measurement, DC voltage, AC
voltage, pipelines, isolation flange,
diode, decoupling device
Abstract:
It is a common practice to install
DC decoupling devices at pipeline
joints where isolation flanges are
installed.  The decoupling
device protects the isolation gasket
from damage, including the
possibility of fire, resulting from
surges caused by AC ground
faults.  Historically, it has
been less common to verify the
operation of the decoupling devices
deployed at isolation flange
locations.  This has likely
been due to several factors. 
First, decoupling devices are very
reliable and the failure rate, even in
extreme conditions, is very
low.  This fact creates a
perception that once installed little
or no attention is necessary. 
Second, the locations at which these
devices are installed are not sites
where regular tasks such as rectifier
maintenance occur, so
it is easy
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Modern AC Mitigation
Performance Testing and
Comparison
Christopher Sheldon TEG 267X [35]
The requirement for AC mitigation
has become an absolute necessity
for pipeline operators. 
Safety concerns involving step and
touch potentials and the risks of
through-wall corrosion leaks as a
result of induced AC drive this
requirement.  Improved
pipeline
mainline coatings with smaller and
fewer coating “holidays” can result
in concentrated AC corrosion with
the potential for catastrophic events.
Adding to the safety risks, “not in
my backyard” right-of-way
challenges force operators to
construct new pipelines
within existing overhead corridors
as their only option.
Modern AC mitigation systems
have evolved to use metallic
grounding systems connected to
solid-state DC decoupling
devices.  Historically, two
grounding system options have been
available, including zinc ribbon
anode and bare copper. Today, there
is a third
engineered AC mitigation option
that combines the benefits of copper
grounding with a corrosioninhibiting backfill that has a very
low elec
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Monitoring AC Interference
and Corrosion on Highpressure Pipeline
Ian Thompson TEG 267X [35]
Pipelines networks are increasingly
paralleling overhead AC power
lines, as more pipelines are laid in
energy corridors or are built to carry
gas into gas powered generating
stations. As a consequence, there is
an increasing requirement to
quantify the damage
AC corrosion may be causing to
these pipelines.
Although pipeline
operators routinely monitor
AC current densities at test posts
along pipelines interfered with by
AC, it has not been possible to
correlate these current densities
with metal loss and hence
the AC corrosion rate. Although
repeat in-line inspection (ILI) will
give an indication of the AC
corrosion rate, the costs associated
with running ILI vehicles at a high
enough frequency becomes
expensive, not least due to the
requirement to reduce gas flows
during this operation. An
alternative approach is to use
corrosion monitoring devices based
on electrical resistance (ER) probes.
The field trials described in
this paper are intended
to investigate the re
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Study on Formation
Mechanism and Protection
Characteristic of Corrosion
Scale on X65 Pipeline Steel
Liang Wei, Xiaolu Pang, Kewei
TEG 267X [35]
Gao - The electrochemical
corrosion behavior of X70 steel in
NaCl solution under aerobic,
anaerobic and CO2 conditions at 90
C were investigated. Liner
polarization resistance (LPR),
electrochemical impedance
spectroscopy (EIS) technologies
were used to study the
electrochemical characteristics of
X70 with different conditions,
SEM, EDS and XRD were used to
investigate the scale
characterization. The results showed
that the corrosion rate under aerobic
condition were much higher than
that under anaerobic condition. EIS
measured under aerobic and
anaerobic conditions with different
immersion time all consisted of a
high frequency capacitive
semicircle and a low frequency
capacitive semicircle. Under aerobic
condition, the diameter of
capacitive semicircle increased
firstly, then decreased after 36 h
immersion, which indicated the
corrosion scale formed had limited
protectiveness, while the diameter
of capacitive semicircle measured at
anaerobic condition in
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Importance of Coating
Dare Aloko, Aghogho B. Edward, TEG 267X [35]
Integrity Survey of Buried Oil Abiodun Liadi and Gas Pipelines
ABSTRACT
 
Coating is usually applied as a
primary corrosion control measure
for buried oil and gas pipelines.
Quite often, cathodic protection
system is also applied in
conjunction with coating to
compensate for the anticipated
imperfection/defects that may occur
in the coating system during its
application and service life.
Upon completion of buried
pipelines installation, most
operators do not know the
importance and advantages of
regular coating integrity checks of
the buried/submerged facilities.
They pay little or no attention to the
condition of the coating ignoring
the
fact that coatings will always
deteriorate.
This paper thereby discusses the
economic and technical importance
of conducting regular integrity
survey of buried oil and gas
pipelines with practical analysis
based on field experience.
 
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Detecting Pinhole Leaks Using Anis Somani - Significant financial TEG 267X [35]
Free Swimming In-Line
and environmental consequences
Acoustic Leak Detection Tool often  result from line
leakage of oil  product
pipelines. Product can escape into
the surrounding soil as even the
smallest leak can lead to rupture of
the pipeline. From a health
perspective, water supplies
may be tainted by oil migrating
into aquifers. A joint academicindustry research initiative funded
by the U.S. Department of
Transportation’s Pipeline and
Hazardous Materials Safety
Administration (PHMSA) has lead
to the development and refinement
of an acoustic
based free-swimming tool
which is capable of detecting leaks
as small as 0.03 GPM in oil product
pipelines and has proven to record
leaks in natural gas pipelines. The
tool swims through the pipeline
being assessed and produces results
at significantly reduced
cost to the end user compared to
current leak detection methods.
GPS synchronized GIS-based above
ground loggers capture low
frequency acoustic signatures and
digitally log the passage of the t
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Long-Range Microwave
Francesco Simonetti, Peter Nagy,
TEG 267X [35]
Detection of Wet Insulation for Geir Instanes, Sai Munesh, Audun
CUI Mitigation
Pedersen Corrosion under insulation (CUI) is
a common cause of pipeline failure
in the oil and gas industry. 
Its detection with conventional
inspection techniques is challenging
due to the presence of the insulation
layer and a protective metallic
cladding that
prevent direct access to the pipe
surface.  Currently, several
techniques are being developed to
detect sections of wet insulation
since water is a necessary precursor
to corrosion.  Among these,
guided microwave testing has been
proposed as a cost-effective
approach to screen an extended
length of pipeline.  The pipe
and metallic cladding naturally form
a large coaxial transmission line in
which the insulation acts as a
dielectric and supports the
propagation of microwave
signals.  The inspection is
performed
by launching a microwave signal
from an array of antennas
permanently installed at one
location along the pipeline. Wet
insulation is then detected a
Center
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Pipeline Integrity (Day 2)
Center
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Chair: Guy Desjardins
Vice Chair: Sherif Hassanien
papers on related to ILI, DA,
Hydro, CP, corrosion, cracking, and
mechanical damage.
TEG 267X [35]
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Ultra High Modulus Carbon
Fiber Repair Systems with
Stiffness Greater than Steel for
Pipeline Applic
Davie Peguero TEG 267X [35]
Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP)
repair systems on pipe substrates
have been used successfully for leak
sealing and for reinforcement of
pipework in low pressure
applications often found in the
process industries. Their use has
also expanded into pipeline
integrity to address corrosion and
mechanical damage, similar to the
concept of welded steel sleeves.
These types of defects result in
localized elevated stress states
leading to shorter design lives.
Composite repairs are designed to
reduce the strain in
damaged areas of pipeline to
specific stresses by varying the
thickness of repair. This is
accomplished through load sharing
which results in the reinforcement
of the pipe substrate. In general
composite repair systems have a
modulus in the range of 2-12 Msi
which is 15-2.5 times less stiff than
the modulus of steel, which is 29
Msi. The amount of reinforcement
required to reduce the stresses in the
steel substrate to the original design
limit is a function of the t
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Electrochemical Behavior of
X80 Steel in Sub-Zero NS4
Solutions
Yabo Hu, Yao JiZheng, Man
TEG 267X [35]
Cheng, Chaofang Dong For pipelines running across cold
regions, soil temperature at the
depth of buried pipeline would be
sub-zero. However, a quantities
cathodic protection criteria for this
situation was not included in both
the NACE and ISO standards. In
this paper, the electrochemical
behavior of X80 steel in sub-zero
NS4 solutions at different
temperature (with ethylene glycol
added to avoid freezing) was
studied by EIS and polarization
curve using a Pt thread as reference
electrode. The results showed that
with the temperature decreasing,
the polarization resistance
increased and the corrosion current
decreased, which was the same as
the common experience. A
polarization potential less negative
than -0.85VCSE in the sub-zero
experimental environment would be
adequate to reduce the general
corrosion
rate to less than 0.025mm/a as
required in NACE standard and
0.01mm/a as required in ISO
standard.
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Process Industry—Materials Performance in Chemicals STG 36 - Process
Industry—Materials Performance in Chemicals
Time
Name
Description
Committee(s)
Application of a
Thermodynamic Model to
Predict the Solubility of CO
in Pure HO and in Salt Soluti
Sridhar Arumugam, Nima
TEG 121X [36]
Tajallipour, Troy Eggum, Patrick
Teevens CO2 sequestration requires the
prediction of pressure-temperaturecomposition (P-T-X) data for CO2
and water mixtures at significantly
high pressures and temperatures and
these applications most commonly
deal with subsurface water
containing dissolved salts.
In this study, a thermodynamic
model was used to predict the
solubility of supercritical CO2 in
pure water and in the presence of
chloride salts in the aqueous phase
(i.e. brine solutions) at temperatures
ranging up to 373 K and at
pressures ranging up to
600 bar. The concentrations of the
corrosion species in the aqueous
phase was predicted and are
compared with experimental data
available from open literature. A
mechanistic model is presented to
predict the internal corrosion of
carbon steel under such operating
conditions of temperature, pressure
and salt concentrations along with
investigating the effects of
corrosion product formation.
    
Location
Location Detail
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Corrosion in Supercritical
Systems
Chair: Arne Dugstad
Vice Chair: Fernando Farelas
TEG 121X [36]
Center
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Corrosion and Stress Cracking Yimin Zeng, Wenyue Zheng, Jian TEG 121X [36]
Corrosion of Austenitic Steels Li, Magdalene Matchim, Babak
in Supercritical Water
Amirkhiz, Pei Liu, Jennifer Collier,
Maciej Podlesny The supercritical water-cooled
reactor (SCWR) is one of six
innovative Generation IV reactor
concepts and merits further research
and development with the intent of
being pursued for implementation in
the next 30 years. Based on
established knowledge and
experience from ultra-supercritical
coal power plants (SCFP),
supercritical water oxidation
systems (SCWO) for hazard waste
management, and advanced
materials development programs for
existing nuclear reactor systems, the
materials that will be used for
fabricating
SCWR structural components, such
as calandria, pressure tube and
hot/cold let piping etc., can be
reasonably identified and selected.
To achieve optimum thermal
efficiency, however, the Canadian
SCWR concept requires a fuel core
outlet temperature of 650 °C
at 25 MPa with fuel cladding
operating temperature possibly up
to 850 °C, therefore leading to the
mos
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papers that address the
measurement or assessment of
corrosion in any supercritical
system including supercritical
water and supercritical carbon
dioxide.
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Effect of HS on the
Corrosion Behavior of Pipeline
Steels Under Supercritical
COEnvironment
Yoon-Seok Choi, Shokrollah
TEG 121X [36]
Hassani, Thanh Nam Vu, Srdjan
Nesic, Ahmad Zaki Abas The objective of the present study is
to evaluate the corrosion properties
of pipeline steels in CO2/H2S/H2O
mixtures with different amounts of
water (under-saturated and
saturated) related to a gas
transportation pipeline. Corrosion
behavior of carbon steel,
1Cr steel and 3Cr steel was
evaluated by using an autoclave
with different combinations of CO2
partial pressure and temperature (8
MPa/25oC and 12 MPa/80oC) with
200 ppm H2S. The corrosion rate of
samples was determined by weight
loss measurements. The surface
morphology and the composition of
the corrosion product layers were
analyzed by using surface analytical
techniques (SEM, EDS, and XRD).
Results showed that corrosion rate
of materials in supercritical and
liquid CO2 phase saturated with
water is zero. However,
adding 200 ppm of H2S to the
supercritical and liquid CO2 system
caused mild corrosion (< 0.5
mm/y). Reducing water content to
100
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Evaluating the Role of SO
and Oon the Corrosion of
X65 in Water-Containing
Supercritical COEnvi
Yong Hua, Richard Barker, Anne
TEG 121X [36]
Neville A systematic study&n
bsp;is presented to&n
bsp;highlight the role
 that small conc
entrations of SO2
 and O2 play
on the degradation&nb
sp;processes and corro
sion product compositi
on and morphology&n
bsp;in systems represe
ntative
of CO2
 transport. Both 
general and localised&
nbsp;corrosion behaviour&n
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bsp;of carbon steel&n
bsp;in watersaturated supercritical 
CO2
 environments are&nb
sp;considered at 35°
 and 80 bar.
Various levels of&nbs
p;SO2 
(0, 2, 50, 100
 ppm in mole)
 and O2 
(0, 20ppm)
 are considered 
in a series of&n
bsp;48 hour tests.
Mass loss measureme
nts and surface 
profilometry are imple
mented to quantify&n
bsp;general and localis
ed corrosion rates.
The results indicate&n
bsp;that both SO2
 and O2
 inhibit/prevent the&n
bsp;formation of FeC
O3
, whilst also inc
reasing
degradation rate and&
nbsp;promoting the fo
rmation of hydrated&
nbsp;FeSO3
. Furthermore, a&nbsp
;comparison between
gravimetric and profil
ometry results indicate
d that pitting rat
es can be over&
nbsp;an order of&nbs
p;magnitude greater th
an
the 'uniform' corrosion
 rate determined.&nbs
p;The c
NACE International
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Impact of Water Content on
Corrosion Behavior of CO
Transportation Pipeline
Xiu Jiang TEG 121X [36]
CO2 could be transported by
pipelines in gaseous, liquid or
supercritical phase according to the
operating temperature and pressure.
Safety concerns might arise from
supercritical CO2 transportation
pipeline, especially at the densely
populated areas. Short-distance
gaseous CO2 pipeline was
designed and constructed for an
energy company. Water content is
critical to understand the corrosion
mechanism of CO2 pipeline.
Corrosion behavior of X65 mild
steel exposed to CO2 stream with
different relative humidity (RH)
was investigated
by weight-loss method to
determine maximum allowable
water content in CO2 pipeline
operating at different temperature
and pressure conditions. The
surface morphology and the
chemical composition of the
corrosion products were examined
by scanning electron
microscopy (SEM) and energy
dispersive spectroscopy (EDX). The
results showed that general
corrosion rate was stable with
increased RH before a separate
water phase was observed, and
significan
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Influence of Impurities on
Corrosion Performance of
Pipeline Steels in Supercritical
Carbon Dioxide
Yimin Zeng, Renata Zavadil, Xin
TEG 121X [36]
Pang, Chao Shi, Jennifer Collier,
Muhammad Arafin Carbon dioxide stream usually
contains some impurities, such as
water, oxygen, SO2 and H2S, etc.
which may lead to exacerbated
corrosion of pipeline steels. 
Available data on pipeline corrosion
in supercritical CO2 stream is still
quite limited, and mechanistic
understanding is far from certain.
Preliminary studies at
CanmetMATERIALS showed that
the presence of water, oxygen and
ethanolamine could increase the
corrosion rates of carbon steels in
supercritical CO2. In the
current work, the effects of water,
oxygen,
CO2 pressure, and flow rate on
corrosion performance of X42,
X60, X80 and X100 steels were
studied using a high pressure
rotating cage. The corrosion rates of
the steels were determined using
weight loss measurements after
CO2 stream exposure. The
corrosion
rates of the steels were relatively
high in supercritical CO2 (99.995%,
Grade 4.8) in the presence of 3 vol
% oxygen and 100 g water.
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Thermally Sprayed Corrosion
Resistant Alloy Coatings on
Carbon Steel for Use in
Supercritical COEn
Shiladitya Paul TEG 121X [36]
This paper reports the use of a
thermal spray corrosion resistant
alloy (CRA) coating to mitigate
corrosion of carbon steel in carbon
dioxide capture plants. CRA
coatings were sprayed onto carbon
steel substrate and tested in 3.5wt.%
NaCl solution in 100bar
CO2 at 40°C for 30days.
Microstructural characterisation
revealed that the coating protected
the steel substrate from supercritical
CO2 corrosion. The bare steel
formed a siderite (FeCO3) scale
while no such scale was seen in the
case of CRA-coated steel.
It can be concluded that thermally
sprayed CRA coatings provide a
cost-effective corrosion mitigation
method for infrastructure likely to
be in contact with wet supercritical
CO2. The same coatings can be
used as inner lining of pipes for
transport of impure
CO2. However, care must be taken
to ensure that the thermally sprayed
layer does not have any through
porosity; else, such coatings may
accelerate corrosion of the
underlying steel due to galvanic
interact
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A Study of the Behavior of
Several High-Chromium
Nickel Alloys Under
Conditions Conducive to Metal
D
Vinay Deodeshmukh, Huan Li, Paul TEG 121X [36]
Crook, David Young ~~Several nickel alloys containing
high chromium contents, and other
elements known to enhance
resistance to metal dusting, were
tested in a flowing gas mixture of
68% CO + 26% H2 + 6% H2O at
680oC. The onset of the metal
dusting reaction was accelerated
by using temperature cycling
conditions, to shorten the life of
otherwise protective oxide scales.
Each cycle consisted of 45 min. at a
temperature of 680°C and a cooling
period of 15 min., during which the
alloy specimens rapidly reached a
temperature of
about 90°C. The cycling process
was interrupted at intervals, and the
alloys removed for examination and
weighing. The total duration of the
test was 1,200 cycles.
All the test alloys developed
chromia scales. Nonetheless, they
all dusted to some extent under
these extreme conditions,
developing filamentary carbon
deposits decorated with metal
nanoparticles. However, differences
were recorded in the number of
cycles required
to
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Performance of Corrosion
Resistant Materials in
Industrial Acids
Sponsored by STG 36
Chair: Frank Cui
Vice Chair: Ivan Morales
Center
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This symposium contains for
technical papers on recent
experiences with corrosion resistant
materials (metals and nonmetals) in
the process industries, in particular
in processes which involve
aggressive acids such as HCl,
H2SO4, HF, and HNO3. Topics of
interest include, but are not limited
to, successes, failures, and
laboratory research.
STG 36
NACE International
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Statistic Lifetime Modeling of
Fe-Ni-Cr Alloys Under Hightemperature Corrosion on
Waste-to-Energy P
Sheyla Camperos, Daniel Monceau, TEG 121X [36]
Jean-Michel Brossard, Pascal
Floquet Over the last few decades, the
corrosion control of alloys exposed
to severe and complex conditions
has been a great challenge for
industrial applications since
decades. Currently, corrosion costs
are increasing and preventive
strategies have become the
main industrial demand. The
SCAPAC project is proposed by
energy savings and environmental
concerns for two separate
processes: Steam Methane
Reforming (SMR) and Waste to
Energy (WtE).  Although the
operating conditions of both
processes are very different,
the scientific approaches and the
solutions proposed to solve
corrosion issues can be similar.
Metal dusting is a catastrophic form
of corrosion affecting iron, low and
high alloy steels and Ni or Co-based
alloys exposed to reducing, highly
carburising gases (carbon activity
aC>1) at elevated temperatures
(400–800 °C). Deposition of carbon
on and
within these metals is accompanied
by disintegration of the sub
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Occluded Cell Corrosion
Henk Helle STG 36
Mechanism for C-steel in HF- Although the deleterious effect of
acid Environment
the residual elements Cu, Ni and Cr
(RE) in C-steel on its corrosion
resistance against HF-acid has
clearly been established in
numerous failure cases in HFalkylation installations and in
laboratory testing, the responsible
mechanism for this effect was
undisclosed. Moreover, other
factors had to be active as well.
Evidently, RE could not be the only
cause of failures, or even a predictor
for failure. In some failure cases RE
was low or absent, in some nonfailures RE was high.
In plant acid, RE did not appear to
have any effect at all. Seamless pipe
and tube could suffer severe internal
corrosion until paper-thin walls
remained, flange faces would suffer
corrosion, but plate fabrications
hardly or none at all.
At the at the UOP Worldwide HF
Alkylation symposium in June 2014
the hypothetical model for an
occluded cell corrosion mechanism
was presented by the author. The
proposed mechanism is driven by
water formed from certain oxide i
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New Trends in Alloy
Resistance to Metal Dusting in
High Steam, Low Temperature
Syngas
Stephanie Britton, Gregory Cooper, TEG 121X [36]
Kevin Heier, Minfa Lin, Agnes
Derecskei, John Hoffman, William
Licht, Jimmy Li - Metal dusting has
been studied for over fifty years. In
order to more clearly understand the
mechanism, and to obtain results
more quickly, the process
conditions that were studied in the
laboratory were simplified from the
industrial conditions that caused
the metal dusting failures to occur.
Although these laboratory tests
were successful in outlining the
basic mechanism for metal dusting,
predictions about alloy resistance
based on these academic studies
have not proven to be accurate for
all plant conditions.
Multiple papers published at
NACE and elsewhere have pointed
to the important role that steam can
play in changing alloy response to
metal dusting environments. The
work described in this paper follows
up on a 2009 NACE publication by
Hoffman, et al, which
described plant results indicating
that stainless steels are more
resistant to metal dusting than
nickel-
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Corrosion Assessment of
Daniel Gullberg - The material
STG 36
Stainless Steels in Nitric Acid selection for nitric acid production
is often based on iso-corrosion
diagrams which are established by
general corrosion testing in a
laboratory environment. However,
the critical parts in a nitric acid plat
which suffer the heaviest corrosion
are almost always exposed to
alternating wet-dry zones. The
condensation and evaporation
circumstances gives different
corrosion mechanisms and other
corrosion potentials than what is
normal during general corrosion
testing from which the iso-corrosion
diagrams
are established.
Electrochemical measurements
were performed on two austenitic
stainless steels UNS S30403 (304L)
and S31002 as well as two
austenitic-ferritic stainless steels
UNS S32304 and S32906 which are
known to be used as construction
material in nitric acid plants.
Special focus was put at the open
circuit potential and the
transpassive transition with the
purpose to determine the corrosion
resistance and transpassive potential
for the steel grades
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Challenges in Performing
Laboratory Metal Dusting
Tests and Their Validity for
Prediction of Materia
Chretien Hermse, Hendrik Debruyn TEG 121X [36]
Metal dusting corrosion is a form of
high temperature corrosion, found
in hydrogen, methanol, ammonia
and gas-to-liquids plants, as well as
in direct reduction plants. It occurs
at temperatures between 400 and
800 °C, in gas atmospheres
containing both carbon
monoxide and hydrogen. Over the
years, there has been significant
effort by various laboratories to
simulate this degradation
mechanism in laboratory setups,
and use the results for establishing
operating windows and aid material
selection for actual industrial
installations.
The current paper describes the
challenges in operating such
laboratory setups, and comments on
the validity of the results gained in
such setups compared to real
industrial environments. 
Items that will be discussed are:
Influence of testing pressure
(elevated pressure in industrial
installations, versus ambient in
some laboratory tests)
Influence of gas velocity (high
velocity turbulent flow in industrial
installations
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Adsorption and Inhibitive
Properties of Camellia
Sinensis for Mild Steel in
0.5M HCl and 0.8M HSO
Loto Akintoye, Olufunmilayo
STG 36
Joseph, Roland Loto, Joshua
Okeniyi The effect of Camellia Sinensis
(green tea) extract as an organic
‘green’ inhibitor on the corrosion of
mild steel in 0.5M HCl and 0.8M
H2SO4 was studied at ambient
temperature. Weight loss/corrosion
rate and potential measurement
techniques were used for
the experimental work. The results
were further analyzed using the
two-factor ANOVA test. Potential
measurement was performed using
a digital voltmeter and a saturated
calomel reference electrode. The tea
extract was obtained from the green
tea leaves. The
results obtained showed effective
corrosion inhibition of the extract
on the mild steel test specimens in
the different concentrations of
hydrochloric acid and sulphuric acid
used. The extracts gave appreciable
corrosion inhibition performance of
mild steel
at all inhibitor concentrations used.
There was increasing inhibitor
performance with increasing
concentration of inhibitor. In 0.5M
HCL, the optimal performan
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Material Selection for Heavy Abdelhak Kermad, Tareq Alsabti, TEG 121X [36]
Liquid Fuel-Fired Supercritical Yasuhiro Tanaka, Yoshihiko
Boilers
Tsuchiyama, Hiroshi Suganuma,
Mourad Younes Material selection for water-wall
and superheater/reheater tubing for
a heavy liquid fuel-fired
supercritical boiler was performed
based on hot corrosion testing. This
was carried out at varying
temperatures through simulated
firing conditions using Saudi
Aramco’s heavy liquid fuel on bare
carbon steel, carbon steel with
Inconel 622 weld overlay, and
carbon steel with 50Cr-50Ni
thermal spray coating for water wall
tubing; and on ASME Code Case
2328 material (18Cr-9Ni-3Cu-CbN), stainless steel type 347HTB,
stainless steel type 310HCbN,
Inconel 617, Inconel 740, Incoloy
800H and Incoloy 803 for
superheater/reheater tubing. Mgbased fuel additive, an inhibitor of
hot corrosion, was also used in
testing the superheater/reheater
tubing. The results showed that
carbon
steel with Inconel 622 weld overlay
and stainless steel type 310HCbN
yielded the best performance for
waterwall tubin
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Recent Experiences on
Suitability of Titanium and
High Alloyed Materials in
Acids at 200 °C
Ralph Baessler STG 36
In the literature there are not much
data available to describe the
corrosion behavior of titanium,
nickel alloys and special stainless
steels in acids at high temperature,
in particular above the boiling point.
Therefore, a laboratory testing
program was
performed with two titanium alloys
(grade 2 (UNS R50400) and grade
12 (UNS R53400) to obtain
corrosion data in formic acid, acetic
acid, phosphoric acid,
polyphosphoric acid, p-toluene
sulfonic acid and lactic acid at
200 °C. Results were
compared to previously
published ones obtained on
alloy 31 (UNS N08031),
alloy 59 (UNS N06059) and
B-2 (UNS N10665)
From the results it can be concluded
that titanium does not always show
better corrosion resistance than Nibased alloys.
Alloy 59 was the best choice
for formic and acetic acids at
temperatures. Both Ti-alloys are
resistant in acetic acid. Some slight
differences were observed for
formic acid, where Ti
Grade 2 is only resistant up
to a 20 % solution, and
Grade 12 al
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Oxidation Behavior and
Spallation of Oxide Scales
After T91 Oxidation in Water
Vapor Environment
Marie Christine Demizieux, Laure TEG 121X [36]
Martinelli, Clara Desgranges,
Jerome Favergeon - This study
takes place in the framework of
Generation IV reactors and in
particular in the new Sodium Fast
Reactor project in which the Fe-9Cr
martensitic steel T91 is considered
as structural material for steam
generator. Indeed, Fe-9Cr steels are
already
widely used in high temperature
steam environments - like boilers
and steam turbines- for their
combination of creep strength and
oxidation resistance. 
Oxidation of T91 alloy in steam
leads to the formation of duplex
oxide scale made of an inner Fe-Cr
spinel layer and an outer magnetite
layer. Depending on equivalent
oxygen partial pressure, an external
hematite layer may also be present.
Stresses resulting
from the oxide growth can lead to
cracking and failure of the scale,
leading to partial spallation of the
oxide scale, loss of its protective
properties and possible increase of
oxidation kinetics. 
The aim of this study is to
investigate the grow
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Sulfuric Acid Corrosion of
Several Ni-Base Alloy Weld
Overlays
Bingtao Li STG 36
The corrosiveness of sulfuric acid is
strongly dependent upon acid
concentrations and temperatures
among other factors.  Carbon
steels, stainless steels and Ni-base
alloys exhibit acceptable corrosion
rates in many applications involving
sulfuric acid depending
upon the concentration of the acid
and the temperatures
involved.  At an acid
concentration range of 70-95%, Nibase alloys may only provide
acceptable corrosion rates at lower
temperatures.  At higher use
temperatures such as 150 C (302
F), very limited
corrosion data for Ni-base alloys is
available in published
literature.  The present paper
discusses the results of sulfuric acid
corrosion testing at 150 C (302
F) in 80% H2SO4 for weld
overlays of Ni-base alloys including
Ni-Cr-Mo, Ni-Cr-Fe and Ni-Mo
alloys.
    &nbsp
;.
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Development of Cast AluminaForming Austenitic Stainless
Steel Alloys for Use in HighTemperature Pr
Bruce Pint, Govindarajan
TEG 121X [36]
Muralidharan, Yukinori Yamamoto,
Michael Brady, Donald Voke,
Roman Pankiw There is significant interest in the
development of alumina forming
creep resistant alloys for use in
various industrial process
environments. It is expected that
these alloys can be fabricated into
components for use in these
environments through centrifugal
casting and welding. Earlier studies
have outlined the development of
wrought versions of Alumina
Forming Austenitic (AFA) alloys.
These alloys achieve good hightemperature oxidation resistance
due to the formation of protective
Al2O3 scales while multiple
second-phase precipitation
strengthening contributes to
excellent creep resistance. This
work will summarize the results on
the development of cast AFA
alloys. Oxidation resistance and
creep properties have been
evaluated in the as-solidified
condition and
compared as a function of alloy
composition over the temperature
range of 650oC to 800oC in
laboratory scale heats. Most
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Effect of Chemistry and Heat
Treatment on the Corrosion
Resistance of Cast Nickel
Alloy UNS N10276
Gabriella Mirabelli, Devon Baker, STG 36
Warren Denning, Alan Druschitz Nickel alloy UNS N10276 is
commonly used for pipes in the
sulfur scrubbers of coal-fired power
plants. The pipes in these sulfur
scrubbers are exposed to both
gaseous and liquid sulfuric acid at
moderate temperatures (<300°F),
necessitating the use of corrosionresistant
alloys.  The biggest factor
that controls the corrosion behavior
of nickel alloy UNS N10276 is the
microstructure.  There are
two primary options for changing
the microstructure of cast alloys:
chemical composition and heat
treatment.  This project
focused
on the effect of both chemistry and
heat treatment on microstructure.
 Samples with three
chemistries (low, mid, high) within
the alloy’s specification were
produced at the Virginia Tech
foundry.  Chromium,
molybdenum, and tungsten were
varied due to their
known ability to influence the
corrosion resistance of this alloy.
 Heat treatments at various
temperatures, holding times, and
cooling rates w
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Effect of Activator in Pack
Aluminizing UNS S30400
Stainless Steel
Vilupanur Ravi, Armando
TEG 121X [36]
Coronado, Sutine Sujittosakul,
Shahan Kasnakjian In this study, austenitic stainless
steels (300 series) were coated at
temperatures in the 600  850°C range under an inert
atmosphere. Different halide
activators, e.g., chlorides
including aluminum chloride
and ammonium chloride;
fluorides including aluminum
fluoride, and a complex activator
(cryolite) were utilized in the
packs,  The effect of
activator type on coating thickness
and morphology was
studied. Coating
microstructures were analyzed
using optical and scanning electron
microscopy. Mass changes and
microhardness profiles&nbsp
;were determined
to further characterize the coating.
In the case of UNS S30400, sodium
chloride, cryolite and sodium
fluoride produced thin
coatings, while aluminum
and ammonium
chlorides produced thicker
coatings for the same
coating temperature and
time. The effectiveness
of the activators was related
to their thermodynamic
stability.
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Performance of Non-Metallic
Composite Repair System in
Aggressive Environments
Davie Peguero, Eri Vokshi STG 36
The use of carbon steel pipework
for aggressive environments in the
process industries may often result
in premature service lives. This
prompts the need to rehabilitate or
repair live components before their
scheduled shut-downs. The
necessity to extend
the life of these components has led
to the development and use of
temporary non-metallic repair
systems which must be resistant to
the chemical environment. These
systems offer cost effectiveness,
ease of application, and may be
engineered for specific cases.
Measuring the degradation rate of
these non-metallic repair systems
allows them to be specified for
certain applications with
confidence. Case studies
highlighting successes,
failures  along with
laboratory research are presented.
    
This paper will discuss the use of a
non-metallic repair system coupled
with laboratory research to
characterize the degradation of the
repair system in various
environments. Changes in physical
properties after 1,000
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Extensive Oxidation and
Perforation of Radiation Roof
of Crude Heater
Musaed AL-Arada, Vinod Bhatia - TEG 121X [36]
By: Musaed Al-Arada, Vinod Kr.
Bhatia,
Kuwait National Petroleum
Company, Mina Abdullah Refinery
P.O.Box-69, Safat, Kuwait-13001
The Crude Heater of Crude
Distillation Unit in KNPC MAB
Refinery is having castable
refractory on all the vertical walls
and roof casing plates of radiation
and convection sections. The
refractory is in two layers – 3” thick
light weight and 4” thick ultralight weight. The heater was
performing satisfactorily from 1988
to 2010.
In February 2010, hot spots and
small perforations were observed on
the radiation roof casing plate of
this heater. The perforations were
due to the damage in the refractory
lining which caused oxidation of
carbon steel casing plate. The
damage was kept on
increasing in size with new hotspots were generated at various
locations on the roof.
To avoid unit shutdown, these hot
spots on the radiation roof casing
plates were covered with 1" thick
ceramic fiber and SS 310 plates.
However, the extent of d
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Behavior of Super-austenitic
Stainless Alloy (UNS N08020)
in Sulfuric Acid Alkylation
Plant
Saad Al Dhafiri, Laxma Reddy
STG 36
Kethi Reddy, Sameer Patil,
Govindarajan Narayana, Tareq AlFoudari, Fahad Al-Otaibi The sulfuric acid alkylation process
chemically combines isobutene with
a low octane olefin (usually a
mixture of propylene and butylene)
in the presence of sulfuric acid
catalyst to yield higher octane
alkylate product used in blending
gasoline pool. Corrosion
is primarily driven by sulfuric acid
and esters formed in the process.
Materials of construction in the
plant are generally carbon steel
although austenitic stainless steels
like SS 316, UNS N08020 are used
selectively to resist acid corrosion.
Temperature and flow velocity have
a direct relationship to corrosion
rates. Operational
control of these process variables
in combination with mechanical
design is important to minimize
corrosion rate even in an superaustenitic alloy like UNS N08020.
This paper describes the frequent
failures of super-austenitic stainless
alloy UNS N08020 in effluent
treatment section of
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Performance of Organic
Evgeny Barmatov, Trevor Hughes - STG 36
Corrosion Inhibitors on Carbon
Steels and High Alloys in 4M Matrix acidizing of oil and gas
Hydrochloric Acid
reservoirs is a widely established
technique to increase hydrocarbon
production. Strong mineral acids
such as HCl or HCl/HF mixtures
are injected into the well at high
concentrations. For this application,
corrosion inhibitors
are enabling because uninhibited
matrix acidizing treatment fluids
would induce severe corrosion of
downhole equipment. A broad range
of organic film-forming corrosion
inhibitors have been developed to
retard the acid corrosion of
production tubing and coiled
tubing through which the acidizing
fluids are injected. In this paper, the
corrosion inhibition of
polymerizable organic corrosion
inhibitors for a coiled tubing low
carbon steel (HS80), mild carbon
steel (N80), high alloy (13Cr) and
Duplex (2205) casing steels
in 4M hydrochloric acid solution at
80°C was investigated by weight
loss and electrochemical techniques.
This paper summarizes structureproperties relationships for various
polymeri
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Improved Corrosion and Wear Matthew Yao STG 36
Resistance of a Niobium
Co-Cr-W alloys, such as Stellite 6
Alloyed Co-Cr-Mo Alloy
(UNS R30006), have long been
served in various industries for
high-temperature corrosion and
wear applications. The Co-Cr-Mo
alloys are developed to meet the
market requirements for improved
corrosion resistance with similar
wear resistance as of Co-Cr-W
alloys, especially for oil and gas,
and power generation industries.
The corrosion and wear resistance
of a Nb (niobium) alloyed Stellite
728 alloy is studied in this work. In
addition, Stellite 6 (UNS R30006)
and Stellite 21 (UNS R30021) are
chosen to be compared with.
According to ASTM G59,
potentiodynamic polarization
test is conducted in three different
electrolytes - 10% H2SO4 (215 ),
5% HCl (150 ) and 65% HNO3
(150 ). The immersion test is dealt
within the same conditions as well
by following ASTM G31.
Furthermore, the critical pitting
temperatures of these alloys are
detected in three solutions. Wear
testing is conducted according to
ASTM G65 (abrasion), ASTM G98
(galling), AS
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Corrosion Evaluation of Ni-Cr- Brian DeForce, John Grubb,
STG 36
Mo Alloys in Acidic Solutions Charles Stinner - Nickel-chromiummolybdenum (Ni-Cr-Mo) alloys are
used in the chemical processing
industry for very aggressive
conditions. They have a long history
of use in acids such as hydrochloric
(HCl) and sulfuric (H2SO4) over a
range of concentrations and
temperature.
Selection of the appropriate Ni-CrMo alloy for a given environment is
not always straightforward. This
paper compares the corrosion
resistance of three common highly
corrosion-resistant alloys in several
acid solutions. The corrosion
resistance of UNS N10276[1],
UNS N06022, and UNS N06059
were measured in four
environments.  The solutions
used were 10% HCl at 40 °C, 35%
HCl at 50 °C, 20% H2SO4 at the
boiling point, and 85% H2SO4 at
the boiling point. Additionally, the
effect of chloride on sulfuric acid
corrosion
was investigated in a boiling
solution of 5% H2SO4 with 2000
ppm of chloride. The results show
that the ranking of these alloys
relative to corrosion resistance is
dependent
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Corrosion of Ni-based Alloys
and Stainless Steels in Mixed
Acids and Salts—
Experimental and Modeli
Narasi Sridhar, Andrzej Anderko - STG 36
Corrosion in process industries
often occurs in mixtures of various
acids and salts. Such corrosion
behavior cannot be predicted simply
by extrapolation from the behavior
in pure acids. For example,
corrosion behavior in wet process
phosphoric acid is significantly
different from that in pure
orthophosphoric acid due to variety
of impurities in the former.
Corrosion behavior in sulfuric and
hydrofluoric acid mixtures is quite
different from that in either of the
pure acids. Acid mixtures can be
broadly classified as:
(1) mixtures of two non-oxidizing
strong acids; (2) mixtures with one
strong acid containing an aggressive
species, such as a halide ion; (3)
mixtures in which one of the acids
or salts has an inhibitive species,
such as a nitrate ion; (4) mixtures in
which
one component generates a high
redox potential; and (5) mixtures of
relatively weak organic acids and
aggressive salts.  Extensive
experimental data has been
generated on corrosion
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Process Industry—High Temperature STG 37 - Process Industry—High
Temperature
Time
Name
Description
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
High Temperature Issues and
Materials for the Process
Industry
Chair: Hennie de Bruyn
Vice Chair: Vilupanur Ravi
TEG 123X [37]
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papers on high-temperature issues
and materials. Topics of interest
include high-temperature alloys,
materials inspection, life
assessment, carburization, metal
dusting, creep, service failures, test
methods, and high-temperature
coatings.
NACE International
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Process Industry—Pulp, Paper, and Biomass Conversion STG 38
Time
Name
Description
Corrosion of Wires on
Wooden Wire-Bound
Packaging Crates
Corrosion Control in Pulping,
Papermaking, and Biomass
Conversion Industries
Location
Location Detail
Samuel Zelinka, Stan Lebow STG 38
Recently, corrosion problems have
been observed on wires used to hold
together wooden wire-bound
packaging crates.  In the
manufacturing process, wires are
attached to the wooden boxes,
dipped in a preservative (biocide
treatment), and then stacked and
stored
until they are assembled and
shipped.  The corroded wires
began to appear concurrently with a
change in the preservative
treatments.  Here we present
results of laboratory corrosion
testing of ten different preservative
treatments that could be used in the
dip-treatment process. 
Wires from untreated packaging
crates were cut to size and used as
corrosion coupons.  These
wires were then attached to small
pieces of wood, dipped in
preservative, and then stored in an
airtight container for either two or
eight
weeks, to simulate the storage of
the crates after treatment. 
Differences in the corrosiveness of
the preservatives could be observed
in both visual inspections and
weight loss measurements.  I
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Sponsored by STG 38
Chair: Catherine Noble
Vice Chair: Matthew Tunnicliffe
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papers about corrosion control in
the pulping, papermaking, and
biomass conversion industries.
Committee(s)
STG 38
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Failure of a Nickel-Chromium Matthew Tunnicliffe, Christian
STG 38
Thermal Spray Due to the
Thompson, Neville Stead, Douglas
Presence of Organic Acid
Singbeil The repeated failure of a wear
sleeve in a primary refiner
processing hardwood chips for
BCTMP high-yield pulp was not
only costly, but also required a
regular schedule for maintenance
and replacement.  Nickelchromium thermal sprays can be
used to protect
wear sleeves in this environment
because of their resistance to
abrasion and aqueous
corrosion.  The formation of
acetic or sulphuric acids within the
refining zone was suspected as a
corrodant due to naturally occurring
acetyl groups during the pulping
process,
or from decomposition of residual
sulfite impregnation liquor. 
This report describes a liquor drop
test which was designed to simulate
vapor phase corrosion and
demonstrate the ability of the acids
to corrode the wear sleeve alloy.
Surface morphologies were
analyzed using a scanning electron
microscope (SEM) with energy
dispersive spectroscopy
(EDS).  Corrosion products
were measured using x-ray f
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Flow Induced Corrosion of
Steels Exposed to Pulping
Liquors
Bedi Aydin Baykal, Preet Singh STG 38
Erosion-corrosion has been
observed in evaporators, digesters,
and other pulp mill equipment in the
pulp and paper industry. Erosioncorrosion in these systems occurs
due to a combination of caustic
conditions and suspended solids.
Resulting accelerated
corrosion forces the shutdown of
affected equipment. In order to
better understand the mechanism of
this corrosion process,
electrochemical tests were
performed on typical materials used
in the construction including carbon
steels and stainless steels, a
polarization
resistance method was used to get
instantaneous corrosion current
under flow conditions with differing
pH, concentration of liquor/pulp
and percentage of solid. Corrosion
behavior was quantified using a
rotating cylinder electrode method
in a prepared solution
simulating field conditions for the
evaporator, and corrosion products
remaining on the specimen surface
were examined using an optical and
scanning electron microscope.
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Recovery Boiler Tube Failure
by Mechanisms of StressAssisted Corrosion and
Phosphate Hideout
Max Moskal - Tube damage due to STG 38
stress-assisted corrosion (SAC, or
Corrosion Fatigue) is relatively
common in recovery boilers. 
While some recovery boiler water
leak incidents have been attributed
to SAC, the damage
mechanism by itself rarely results in
through-wall
leaks.  Another damage
mechanism, known as “phosphate
hideout,” has been attributed to
under deposit corrosion and failures
in high-pressure drum-type
boilers.  Phosphate hide-out
is characterized by the retention of
phosphate in the boiler during
conditions
of high pressure, and the
subsequent release of phosphate
when the pressure is
reduced.  The condition is
most often reported in high-pressure
units, e.g., 2,500 psig.  Paper
mill recovery boilers typically
operate at pressures below 1,500
psig, but may be
frequently taken off- load, or
swing, due to shut down of a paper
machine or to “chill and blow,” an
operation procedure used to release
upper boiler fireside
deposits.  There have been
few, if any, cases of tube
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Process Industries—Materials Applications and Experiences STG 39
Time
Name
Description
Electrochemical
Characterization of High
Alloyed Materials in Molten
Salts for Solar Energy Applicat
Location
Location Detail
Ralph Baessler, Oleksandra
STG 39
Yevtushenko, Heike Hattendorf Within the last years the use of
feasible alternative energy source
has risen and is going to replace
fossil fuel supply more and more.
Nevertheless, service conditions in
solar facilities are due to the
chemical composition of heat
transmission media and
temperatures, in many cases,
extreme in terms of corrosion. Since
the construction of power plants
shall be economical with maximum
life service, materials selection
based on preliminary material
qualification is essential to
guarantee a secure and reliable
operation of those facilities.
The materials selection depends on
the operation temperature of a
power plant respectively on the
chemical composition of the used
transmission fluid. In high corrosive
environments Ni-based alloys are
often used as all-round solution not
only for the construction
of corrosion resistant parts, because
of its good corrosion properties. But
there might be limits for the use
regarding their c
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Recent Experiences with
Sponsored by STG 39
STG 39
Nickel, Titanium, Zirconium, Chair: Larry Paul
and Other Corrosion Resistant Vice Chair: Suresh Divi
Alloys
papers related to corrosion
experiences with corrosion-resistant
alloys such as nickel, titanium, and
zirconium alloys in both aqueous
and high temperature environments.
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Passivity and Localized
Corrosion Study of UNS
N07718 and UNS N07022 in
High Chloride Environments
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Ajit Mishra, Raul Rebak Passivity and Localized Corrosion
Study of UNS N07718 and UNS
N07022 in High Chloride
Committee(s)
STG 39
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Environments
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Ajit Mishra1 and Raul B. Rebak2
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Haynes International, Inc., 1020
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GE Global Research, 1 Research
Circle, Schenectady, NY 12309, US
Abstract
Because of its high strength, nickel
based Alloy 718 (UNS N07718) is
used extensively in Oil & Gas
upstream applications; however, in
corrosive environments N07718 can
suffer localized attack, either due to
pitting or crevice corrosion. An
alternative to Alloy
718 for Oil & Gas
components is C-22HS alloy (UNS
N07022); which has a high strength
and excellent resistance to stress
corrosion cracking, uniform and
localized corrosion. The present
study investigates the passivity and
localized corrosion behavior of
N07718
and N07022, in solution annealed
and age-hardened conditions
N07022); which has a high strength
and excellent resistance to stress
corrosion cracking, uniform and
localized corrosion. The present
study investigates the passivity and
localized corrosion behavior of
N07718
and N07022, in solution annealed
and age-hardened conditions
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Study of Pitting Corrosion of
Corrosion Resistant Alloys at
Extreme High Temperature
Using Electroch
Jin Huang, Paula Guraieb, Chao
STG 39
Yan, Mason Tomson, Ross Tomson
A lack of data and models for
corrosion and scale at the extreme
temperatures and pressures
(xHTHP) encountered in ultradeepwater reservoirs increases the
economic and safety risks of
offshore production. Corrosionresistant alloys (CRAs) are
commonly used
for ultra-deepwater oil and gas
production. Those CRAs are usually
good to resist uniform corrosion,
however, localized corrosion (e.g.
pitting) can always be a big concern
for their applications.
The present work aimed at
evaluating the pitting corrosion
tendency of different deepwater
operation tubing materials at
realistic ultra deepwater
temperature (up to 250 °C) and
CO2 partial pressure (up to 100
psig) in a static autoclave reactor
under different
salinity conditions.
Electrochemical techniques
including linear polarization
resistance (LPR) and cyclic
polarization measurements were
conducted to evaluate the potential
of pitting corrosion of different
alloys. A
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Alloys and Stainless Steels
Provide Resistance to
Corrosion by Halides, Brines,
and Salts
Lewis Shoemaker - Metallic
STG 39
components and equipment for
service in the marine, power
generation and process industries
are commonly exposed to halidebearing waters and brines. These
media, especially when hot, can be
very agressive. While highly
alloyed NiCrMo products generally
provide resistance, by
understanding the true nature of the
corrodents, more economical
materials can often be successfully
used. This paper looks at the
performance of super-austenitic
stainless steels and FeNiCrMo and
NiCrMo alloys in various
halide environments
to determine the conditions under
which the various materials will
perform and when more highly
alloyed materials are really needed
for resistance. Several media are
examined including sodium,
potassium, calcium and
magenesium salts as well as
seawater. The
effect of chlorination is also
explored. As might be expected,
temperature has a siginificant effect
on performance.
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Recent Experiences and
Applications with a New NiCr-Mo-N Alloy
Helena Alves, Rainer Behrens,
STG 39
Larry Paul   A new alloy was recently
introduced and is identified as UNS
N06058.  This is a Ni-CrMo-N material and is the first alloy
in the Ni-Cr-Mo family to use
intentional additions of nitrogen (N)
to improve corrosion resistance.
 Its nominal composition is
Ni-21Cr-19Mo-0.075N by weight
percent.  This new alloy is
gaining interest in a number of
application areas such as chemical
processing and environmental
equipment.  This paper
highlights several new application
areas and shows the corrosion
properties of
this material that has made it of
increasing interest in these
areas.  In particular corrosion
data on weldments of this new alloy
are presented, as most process
equipment requires welding this is a
topic of interest.
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A New Cast Alloy with High
Strength and Excellent
Corrosion Resistance—An
Alternative to the Convent
Dr. Henrik Asteman, Dietlinde Dr. STG 39
Jakobi A new cast alloy, G 45 Mo, has
been developed as an alternative to
the conventional wrought A825,
A625 and Ni-Cr-Mo alloys
normally used in the chemical
industry or for the most severe
conditions in the On-/Offshore
industry. The chemical composition
of
the cast version of a wrought alloy
is often only slightly altered
compared to its wrought
counterpart. In this case however
the newly developed alloy fully
uses the advantages that the casting
process offers over forgings. The
alloy is based on the high carbon
35Cr/45Ni family of cast alloys
which have been successfully used
for the past 20 years for high
temperature service within the
petrochemical industry. The carbon
content has been limited and
alloying elements such as Mo, Cu
and N have been added
intentionally.
The result is an alloy that is ductile,
thermally stable, and in the solid
solution annealed form exhibits a
minimum proof strength of
350  MPa, with a typical
values slightly
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Alloy Options for Shipboard
Scrubbers of Diesel Fuel
Emissions
Larry Paul, Helena Alves, Volker
STG 39
Wahl - New regulations require
ships operating in certain waters to
meet new emission
standards.  These waters
include most regions where
shipping passes through at some
point so that up to 90% of ships are
affected by the new
regulations.  Since marine
engines
typically burn lower grade and
higher sulfur fuels than land-based
diesel engines, there is a need to
remove sulfur and other pollutants
from the exhaust gases. 
Retrofits on ships to now add
environmental equipment are in
progress.  As this is a new
application
there are new challenges, including
finding a footprint on the ship for
the equipment as well as proper
material selection for scrubbing
diesel gases with seawater. 
While this is a new application,
there are many lessons that can be
learned from scrubbers
used for coal-fired boilers and
incinerators that have been in use
for many years.  This paper
reviews the conditions and
requirements of these new marine
scrubber systems and in par
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Corrosion Assisted Fatigue of
an Alloy 725 (UNS-N07725)
Electric Discharge Machined
(EDM) Rubber Cut
Ivan Morales STG 39
Ivan A Morales
ExxonMobil Research and
Engineering
2800 Decker Drive,
Baytown, TX 77520
USA
ABSTRACT
In 2013 an Alloy 725 (UNSN07725) rubber cutter was found
with scattered pitting after only 18
months in service, which prompted
additional PT inspection noticing
additional cracking in section of the
blade. The cracking was thought to
be Chloride Stress
corrosion cracking; however, this
failure was the first of its kind
experienced within the circuit after
more than 10 years of experience
with this alloy in similar service.
The initial material selection chose
this alloy due to its high pitting and
SCC resistance
combined with excellent
mechanical properties, for which
experiencing a failure in such a
short time in service was
completely unexpected. The
branched and transgranular cracking
found during the metallurgical
analysis by a third party laboratory,
combined
with the operating environment, led
the investigation team to propose
SCC as the root cause of the fail
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Metallurgy and Corrosion
Resistance of UNS N06686
Weld Metal
Jeremy L. Caron, Paul Crook STG 39
HASTELLOY® C-86 alloy (UNS
N06686) is a Ni-base corrosionresistant alloy containing relatively
high concentrations of Cr, Mo, and
W.  Higher levels of these
elements generally lead to better
resistance to both general and
localized corrosion when referring
to wrought microstructures in the
proper annealed condition. 
However, due to elemental
segregation during weld
solidification, there is a wide
variation in the local chemical
composition of as-solidified weld
metal.  Components
fabricated from Ni-base alloys
are typically employed in the aswelded condition and the assolidified weld metal is often the
microstructural region most
susceptible to corrosive
attack.  With this in mind,
the purpose of this work was to
gain a greater understanding of the
effects of
elemental segregation in as-welded
N06686 alloy, in particular the
influence of composition within its
UNS composition range (also
specified as ERNiCrMo-14 in AWS
A5.14).  The weld metal
micro
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Effect of Heat Treatment on
Nickel Alloy Clad Plates
Larry Paul, Curtis Prothe STG 39
The chemical process industries use
a variety of equipment which
sometimes requires the use of clad
plates.  These clad plates use
carbon or low-alloy steel for the
main structural or pressurecontaining load bearing
requirements and are clad on one
side
with a corrosion resistant
material.  These plates can be
bonded through either high
temperature roll bonding or by
explosion cladding.  After the
cladding process a heat treatment is
required to stress relieve the carbon
or low-alloy steel and is required
by either application requirements
or by design code (such as
ASME).  Heat treating the
clad plates will have an effect on
the corrosion resistant clad layer
and needs to also be
considered.  This paper will
focus on the heat treat requirements
of various
substrate materials and how these
impact nickel alloys used for the
corrosion resistant clad
layers.  The use of standard
laboratory corrosion tests to verify
the corrosion resistance of the clad
laye
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A Unique Explosion Case
Involving a Titanium Reactor
Te-Lin Yau STG 39
An unexpected explosion occurred
in the vent line connecting at the top
of a titanium reactor that was used
to make a fire-retardant fabric. The
fabric was made by mixing 1,2,4,5tetramethylbenzene (durene) and
nitric acid in the presence of
plentiful water
at 138oC (280º F). The line was
consisted of initially a short section
of 6-inch titanium pipe and fitting
before connecting to stainless vent
line. Titanium seemed to be
compatible with reactor conditions.
There was no knowledge or
expectation that these
conditions could pose fire or
explosion hazard in titanium. That
is, it was not feasible to create red
fuming nitric acid or other known
incompatible chemicals under
reactor conditions.
Nevertheless, explosions occurred
in the vent line but not in the reactor
after 3 ½ years of operation. In this
presentation, the cause for this
accident will be discussed based on
the findings in examining samples
from the vent line and the results of
high-temperature
tests.
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Influence of Alloying
Elements on the Pitting
Corrosion Resistance of CrMn
Stainless Steels in Simul
Helmuth Sarmiento Klapper, John TEG 114X [39]
Stevens, Gabriela Wiese - Nonmagnetic austenitic stainless steels
are CrMn ferrous alloys with
varying nickel, nitrogen and
molybdenum contents which were
developed more than 30 years ago
to enable magnetic surveying of the
oil and gas well trajectories. Their
use has expanded to
also include widespread application
in MWD and LWD technologies. In
addition to their non-magnetic
properties, the stainless steel alloys
are also designed to reach yield
strength near 145 ksi (1000 MPa) in
combination with high toughness
and galling resistance.
Additionally, corrosion and wear
resistance are also required to
operate in corrosive drilling
environments and resist contact
with the formation and with rock
cuttings, respectively. Because of
their versatility non-magnetic
stainless steels have become the
most commonly used grades of
steel in directional and logging
drilling technology. This paper
presents the role of their chemical
composition on pitting corrosio
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Influence of Alloying
Elements on the Pitting
Corrosion Resistance of CrMn
Stainless Steels in Simul
Helmuth Sarmiento Klapper, John TEG 116X [39]
Stevens, Gabriela Wiese - Nonmagnetic austenitic stainless steels
are CrMn ferrous alloys with
varying nickel, nitrogen and
molybdenum contents which were
developed more than 30 years ago
to enable magnetic surveying of the
oil and gas well trajectories. Their
use has expanded to
also include widespread application
in MWD and LWD technologies. In
addition to their non-magnetic
properties, the stainless steel alloys
are also designed to reach yield
strength near 145 ksi (1000 MPa) in
combination with high toughness
and galling resistance.
Additionally, corrosion and wear
resistance are also required to
operate in corrosive drilling
environments and resist contact
with the formation and with rock
cuttings, respectively. Because of
their versatility non-magnetic
stainless steels have become the
most commonly used grades of
steel in directional and logging
drilling technology. This paper
presents the role of their chemical
composition on pitting corrosio
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Austenitic and Duplex
Stainless Steel
Sponsored by TEG 114X, TEG
116X
Chair: James Fritz
Vice Chair: Nicole Kinsman
Center
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papers on recent experiences with
stainless steels. The focus is on end
user reports from process industries
such as chemical processing, pulp
and paper, oil and gas, desalination,
pharmaceutical, and power
generation. Topics include
successes, failures, material
selections, and fabrication.
TEG 114X [39]
NACE International
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Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Austenitic and Duplex
Stainless Steel
Sponsored by TEG 114X, TEG
116X
Chair: James Fritz
Vice Chair: Nicole Kinsman
TEG 116X [39]
Center
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Roger Francis TEG 114X [39]
Traditionally gunmetals and nickel
aluminium bronzes have been used
for seawater cooling and firewater
pumps.  The drawbacks to
these copper alloys are their
susceptibility to erosion corrosion at
high water velocities and to pitting
in polluted waters containing
sulphides.  However, with
the development of aod melting and
the use of nitrogen as an alloying
element, cast stainless steels offered
a viable alternative.  These
alloys do not have the velocity
restrictions of copper alloys, and
also have excellent resistance
to sulphides in polluted
water.  The present paper
describes the available cast
austenitic and duplex stainless steel
grades and discusses both their
castability and corrosion
resistance.  The conclusion is
that superduplex stainless steel
offers the best
combination of properties for this
application.  Some case
histories are presented showing the
successful use of superduplex and
problems arising with other
stainless steel grades.
Center
Room 174
papers on recent experiences with
stainless steels. The focus is on end
user reports from process industries
such as chemical processing, pulp
and paper, oil and gas, desalination,
pharmaceutical, and power
generation. Topics include
successes, failures, material
selections, and fabrication.
The Selection of Stainless
Steels for Seawater Pumps
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
The Selection of Stainless
Steels for Seawater Pumps
Roger Francis TEG 116X [39]
Traditionally gunmetals and nickel
aluminium bronzes have been used
for seawater cooling and firewater
pumps.  The drawbacks to
these copper alloys are their
susceptibility to erosion corrosion at
high water velocities and to pitting
in polluted waters containing
sulphides.  However, with
the development of aod melting and
the use of nitrogen as an alloying
element, cast stainless steels offered
a viable alternative.  These
alloys do not have the velocity
restrictions of copper alloys, and
also have excellent resistance
to sulphides in polluted
water.  The present paper
describes the available cast
austenitic and duplex stainless steel
grades and discusses both their
castability and corrosion
resistance.  The conclusion is
that superduplex stainless steel
offers the best
combination of properties for this
application.  Some case
histories are presented showing the
successful use of superduplex and
problems arising with other
stainless steel grades.
Center
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NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Corrosion Resistance of the
Lean Duplex Material UNS
S32202 for Oil and Gas
Applications
Sandra Le Manchet, Thiago
TEG 114X [39]
Mesquita, Bastien Chareyre, Nicole
Bouvier, Eric Chauveau The lean duplex material UNS
S32202 was developed to provide a
cost-efficient alternative to the
austenitic stainless steel UNS
S30403. This grade is today widely
used for various applications in the
pulp & paper and water
industries. UNS S32202 presents
a resistance equal or better than
UNS S30403 for uniform, localized
(pitting and crevice) and
intergranular corrosion.
This paper focuses on the stress
corrosion cracking and sulfide
stress cracking resistance of UNS
S32202 in sour environments.
Recent results obtained in solutions
containing chlorides and H2S by
means of proof-ring and constant
load tests are provided. An
application window for this grade
has been determined in terms of
H2S partial
pressure, chloride
concentration and temperature. The
experiments were conducted on
samples coming from both hotrolled plates and long products,
which cover a wide amount of
stainless
steel components
Center
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NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Lean Duplex Material UNS
S32202 for Oil and Gas
Applications
Sandra Le Manchet, Thiago
TEG 116X [39]
Mesquita, Bastien Chareyre, Nicole
Bouvier, Eric Chauveau The lean duplex material UNS
S32202 was developed to provide a
cost-efficient alternative to the
austenitic stainless steel UNS
S30403. This grade is today widely
used for various applications in the
pulp & paper and water
industries. UNS S32202 presents
a resistance equal or better than
UNS S30403 for uniform, localized
(pitting and crevice) and
intergranular corrosion.
This paper focuses on the stress
corrosion cracking and sulfide
stress cracking resistance of UNS
S32202 in sour environments.
Recent results obtained in solutions
containing chlorides and H2S by
means of proof-ring and constant
load tests are provided. An
application window for this grade
has been determined in terms of
H2S partial
pressure, chloride
concentration and temperature. The
experiments were conducted on
samples coming from both hotrolled plates and long products,
which cover a wide amount of
stainless
steel components
Center
Room 174
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Accelerated Stainless Steel
316L Material Compatibility
Assessment of Chemical
Products Using Potent
Jeremy Moloney - Over the past
TEG 114X [39]
few years there have been several
reported instances of
incompatibilities and failures of
stainless steel components carrying
or containing chemical products in
the oil and gas industry. 
Material of construction
compatibility with chemical
products is a vital assessment to
ensure asset integrity of critical
components is maintained during
field operation.  The focus of
this paper is on the evaluation of
neat chemical product compatibility
with 316L stainless steel, a
commonly employed metallurgy
for storage tanks and umbilical
tubing.
 
A common approach to assess the
compatibility of stainless steel with
neat chemical products involves
using gravimetric or weight-loss
methodology.  However, this
procedure is lengthy in which
several months can be required
whilst weight loss is not an
adequate
technique for evaluating pitting
because the variation of the material
loss can be very small particularly if
only a few pits are present.
 
This paper presents
Center
Room 174
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Accelerated Stainless Steel
316L Material Compatibility
Assessment of Chemical
Products Using Potent
Jeremy Moloney - Over the past
TEG 116X [39]
few years there have been several
reported instances of
incompatibilities and failures of
stainless steel components carrying
or containing chemical products in
the oil and gas industry. 
Material of construction
compatibility with chemical
products is a vital assessment to
ensure asset integrity of critical
components is maintained during
field operation.  The focus of
this paper is on the evaluation of
neat chemical product compatibility
with 316L stainless steel, a
commonly employed metallurgy
for storage tanks and umbilical
tubing.
 
A common approach to assess the
compatibility of stainless steel with
neat chemical products involves
using gravimetric or weight-loss
methodology.  However, this
procedure is lengthy in which
several months can be required
whilst weight loss is not an
adequate
technique for evaluating pitting
because the variation of the material
loss can be very small particularly if
only a few pits are present.
 
This paper presents
Center
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NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
HIP-Manufactured UNS
S31803 (1.4462)—Influence of
Temperature and Wall
Thickness on Corrosion Resist
Matthias Sorg, Arnulf Hörtnagl,
TEG 114X [39]
Paul Guempel Hot isostatic pressing (HIP) allows
the production of complex
components geometry. Normally, a
high quality of the components is
achieved due to the well
manageable composition of the
metal powder and the non-isotropic
properties. If a duplex stainless steel
is used, a heat treatment after the
HIP-process is necessary to remove
precipitations like carbides, nitrides
and intermetallic phases. In a new
process, the sintering step should be
combined with the heat-treatment.
In this case a high cooling rate is
necessary
to avoid the precipitations in
duplex stainless steels.
In this work, the influence of the
HIP-temperature and the wall
thickness on corrosion resistance,
microstructure and impact strength
were investigated. The results
should help to optimize the process
parameters like temperature and
cooling rate.
For the investigation, two HIPtemperatures were tested in a
classical HIP-process step with a
defined cooling rate. An addit
Center
Room 174
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
HIP-Manufactured UNS
S31803 (1.4462)—Influence of
Temperature and Wall
Thickness on Corrosion Resist
Matthias Sorg, Arnulf Hörtnagl,
TEG 116X [39]
Paul Guempel Hot isostatic pressing (HIP) allows
the production of complex
components geometry. Normally, a
high quality of the components is
achieved due to the well
manageable composition of the
metal powder and the non-isotropic
properties. If a duplex stainless steel
is used, a heat treatment after the
HIP-process is necessary to remove
precipitations like carbides, nitrides
and intermetallic phases. In a new
process, the sintering step should be
combined with the heat-treatment.
In this case a high cooling rate is
necessary
to avoid the precipitations in
duplex stainless steels.
In this work, the influence of the
HIP-temperature and the wall
thickness on corrosion resistance,
microstructure and impact strength
were investigated. The results
should help to optimize the process
parameters like temperature and
cooling rate.
For the investigation, two HIPtemperatures were tested in a
classical HIP-process step with a
defined cooling rate. An addit
Center
Room 174
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Qualification of DiffusionBonded Heat Exchanger
Materials to NACE
MR0175/ISO 15156
Xiuqing Li -  
TEG 114X [39]
Qualification of Diffusion-Bonded
Heat Exchanger Materials to NACE
MR0175/ISO 15156
 
Xiuqing Li
Heatric
46 Holton Road, Holton Heath,
Poole, Dorset BH16 6LT,
United Kingdom
Phone: +44(0) 1202 627000, Fax:
+44(0) 1202 632299, Email:
xiuqing.li @meggitt.com
 
 
ABSTRACT
Dual certified SS316/316L
austenitic stainless steel and 22Cr
duplex stainless steel are widely
used for the construction of
compact diffusion-bonded heat
exchangers. One of the unique
features of the units is to join flat
metal plates together through
diffusion
bonding. As there is no braze filler
metals involved, qualified diffusion
bonding joints can have parent
metal properties. Space and weight
savings are the major benefits of
using these exchangers in the oil
and gas industry.
The first part of this paper describes
diffusion bonding process and
presents data from mechanical
testing and microstructure
examination of bonded SS316/316L
and 22Cr duplex. This is to
demonstrate that our diffusion
bonding
Center
Room 174
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Qualification of DiffusionBonded Heat Exchanger
Materials to NACE
MR0175/ISO 15156
Xiuqing Li -  
TEG 116X [39]
Qualification of Diffusion-Bonded
Heat Exchanger Materials to NACE
MR0175/ISO 15156
 
Xiuqing Li
Heatric
46 Holton Road, Holton Heath,
Poole, Dorset BH16 6LT,
United Kingdom
Phone: +44(0) 1202 627000, Fax:
+44(0) 1202 632299, Email:
xiuqing.li @meggitt.com
 
 
ABSTRACT
Dual certified SS316/316L
austenitic stainless steel and 22Cr
duplex stainless steel are widely
used for the construction of
compact diffusion-bonded heat
exchangers. One of the unique
features of the units is to join flat
metal plates together through
diffusion
bonding. As there is no braze filler
metals involved, qualified diffusion
bonding joints can have parent
metal properties. Space and weight
savings are the major benefits of
using these exchangers in the oil
and gas industry.
The first part of this paper describes
diffusion bonding process and
presents data from mechanical
testing and microstructure
examination of bonded SS316/316L
and 22Cr duplex. This is to
demonstrate that our diffusion
bonding
Center
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NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Influence of Deformation on
New Duplex Transformation
Induced Plasticity
Mikael Schönning, Lena Wegrelius, TEG 114X [39]
Erik Stark Duplex stainless steels combine
many of the beneficial properties of
ferritic and austenitic stainless
steels, such as high mechanical
strength and good localized and
uniform corrosion resistance in a
wide range of environments. The
recently developed duplex
stainless steels UNS S82012 and
UNS S82031 utilize
Transformation Induced Plasticity
(TRIP) effect and exhibit
significantly improved formability
properties compared to
conventional duplex grades. The
TRIP-effect comprises of a
controlled transformation of
metastable austenite to martensite
during cold forming operations or
mechanical treatments like grinding
and shot blasting. It is of interest to
investigate the impact of
deformation on the corrosion
properties of new TRIP duplex
grades.
In this study, the influence of
deformation on uniform and
localized corrosion properties, as
well as environmentally induced
cracking properties was
investigated. Several types of
corrosion tests
Center
Room 174
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Influence of Deformation on
New Duplex Transformation
Induced Plasticity
Mikael Schönning, Lena Wegrelius, TEG 116X [39]
Erik Stark Duplex stainless steels combine
many of the beneficial properties of
ferritic and austenitic stainless
steels, such as high mechanical
strength and good localized and
uniform corrosion resistance in a
wide range of environments. The
recently developed duplex
stainless steels UNS S82012 and
UNS S82031 utilize
Transformation Induced Plasticity
(TRIP) effect and exhibit
significantly improved formability
properties compared to
conventional duplex grades. The
TRIP-effect comprises of a
controlled transformation of
metastable austenite to martensite
during cold forming operations or
mechanical treatments like grinding
and shot blasting. It is of interest to
investigate the impact of
deformation on the corrosion
properties of new TRIP duplex
grades.
In this study, the influence of
deformation on uniform and
localized corrosion properties, as
well as environmentally induced
cracking properties was
investigated. Several types of
corrosion tests
Center
Room 174
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Centrifugally Cast 25% Cr
Superduplex Steel for Solid
CRA Line Pipe
Shankar Venkataraman, Peter
TEG 114X [39]
Karduck, Georg Overbeck,
Dietlinde Jakobi Duplex stainless steel alloys are
widely used by the upstream oil and
gas industry for line pipe
applications because of their
attractive combination of
mechanical and corrosion
properties. Among the various
duplex grades available the
superduplex grades
are gaining wider acceptance
because of increased strength and
corrosion resistance. Line pipes of
duplex materials are conventionally
made of seamless or longitudinally
welded pipes supplied in the
wrought form. An alternative
process for the manufacture
of a seamless pipe is the centrifugal
casting process. This process allows
extreme flexibility in terms of the
pipes to be manufactured on
a customized basis like diameter,
wall thickness and alloy
composition. In this contribution the
development of centrifugally
cast 25% Cr superduplex alloy line
pipes of 25 mm wall thickness and
corresponding to a modification of
the UNS1 S32750 composition has
been reporte
Center
Room 174
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Centrifugally Cast 25% Cr
Superduplex Steel for Solid
CRA Line Pipe
Shankar Venkataraman, Peter
TEG 116X [39]
Karduck, Georg Overbeck,
Dietlinde Jakobi Duplex stainless steel alloys are
widely used by the upstream oil and
gas industry for line pipe
applications because of their
attractive combination of
mechanical and corrosion
properties. Among the various
duplex grades available the
superduplex grades
are gaining wider acceptance
because of increased strength and
corrosion resistance. Line pipes of
duplex materials are conventionally
made of seamless or longitudinally
welded pipes supplied in the
wrought form. An alternative
process for the manufacture
of a seamless pipe is the centrifugal
casting process. This process allows
extreme flexibility in terms of the
pipes to be manufactured on
a customized basis like diameter,
wall thickness and alloy
composition. In this contribution the
development of centrifugally
cast 25% Cr superduplex alloy line
pipes of 25 mm wall thickness and
corresponding to a modification of
the UNS1 S32750 composition has
been reporte
Center
Room 174
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Laboratory Test to Prospect
Service Life Extension of AISI
304 Flexible Pipe Carcass at
Sour Service
Merlin Bandeira, Flávio Sousa,
TEG 114X [39]
Carlos Bandeira de Mello Joia,
Oscar Mattos, Fabricio Santos - At
Campos basin in Brazil flexible
pipes are widely used in offshore
applications for transportation of oil
and gas. The first oil production at
this basin started 35 years ago and
today it is responsible for more than
80% of Brazilian oil production.
The
carcass material selection has to
consider the corrosion resistance
according to the pipe fluid. Primary
objective of the carcass is to support
external hydrostatic pressure due to
water depth not having or being
able to act as a sealing barrier to
produced
fluids. Thus, to test these
components and its suitability to
support field conditions it would not
be required to reprove localized
corrosion that do not interact with
others and does not compromise the
failure mode of the component.
 Field conditions changed
recently in Campos basin as the
water injection caused some souring
of the reservoir and and now small
amounts of H2S  associate
Center
Room 174
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Laboratory Test to Prospect
Service Life Extension of AISI
304 Flexible Pipe Carcass at
Sour Service
Merlin Bandeira, Flávio Sousa,
TEG 116X [39]
Carlos Bandeira de Mello Joia,
Oscar Mattos, Fabricio Santos - At
Campos basin in Brazil flexible
pipes are widely used in offshore
applications for transportation of oil
and gas. The first oil production at
this basin started 35 years ago and
today it is responsible for more than
80% of Brazilian oil production.
The
carcass material selection has to
consider the corrosion resistance
according to the pipe fluid. Primary
objective of the carcass is to support
external hydrostatic pressure due to
water depth not having or being
able to act as a sealing barrier to
produced
fluids. Thus, to test these
components and its suitability to
support field conditions it would not
be required to reprove localized
corrosion that do not interact with
others and does not compromise the
failure mode of the component.
 Field conditions changed
recently in Campos basin as the
water injection caused some souring
of the reservoir and and now small
amounts of H2S  associate
Center
Room 174
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Corrosion Properties of
Enhanced Duplex Stainless
Steel S32304
Lena Wegrelius TEG 114X [39]
The enhanced duplex stainless steel
UNS S32304 is a recently
developed duplex steel grade with
enhanced properties; increased
strength and improved corrosion
resistance. The improvement has
been made possible by a
combination of modern production
technology
and a change of the chemical
composition within the chemical
range of the UNS S32304 standard.
The enhanced duplex steel grade
S32304 has higher contents of
chromium, molybdenum and
nitrogen than the traditional
S32304. The PREN (Pitting
Resistance Equivalence)
YDOXHLVJXDUDQWHHGWREH28, as
compared to only 26 for the
standard S32304 grade. The
production process has been
verified according to the NORSOK
M-650 framework.
 
This paper describes the results of
corrosion properties in the terms of
localized corrosion testing
according to ASTM G48 (in FeCl3)
and G150 (in NaCl) and stress
corrosion cracking testing according
to G36 (in MgCl2) and G123 (in
NaCl). Uniform corrosion
testing in acid media is illustr
Center
Room 174
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Corrosion Properties of
Enhanced Duplex Stainless
Steel S32304
Lena Wegrelius TEG 116X [39]
The enhanced duplex stainless steel
UNS S32304 is a recently
developed duplex steel grade with
enhanced properties; increased
strength and improved corrosion
resistance. The improvement has
been made possible by a
combination of modern production
technology
and a change of the chemical
composition within the chemical
range of the UNS S32304 standard.
The enhanced duplex steel grade
S32304 has higher contents of
chromium, molybdenum and
nitrogen than the traditional
S32304. The PREN (Pitting
Resistance Equivalence)
YDOXHLVJXDUDQWHHGWREH28, as
compared to only 26 for the
standard S32304 grade. The
production process has been
verified according to the NORSOK
M-650 framework.
 
This paper describes the results of
corrosion properties in the terms of
localized corrosion testing
according to ASTM G48 (in FeCl3)
and G150 (in NaCl) and stress
corrosion cracking testing according
to G36 (in MgCl2) and G123 (in
NaCl). Uniform corrosion
testing in acid media is illustr
Center
Room 174
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
(IIHFWRI&OØRQ&RUURVLRQ
Behavior of Austenitic
Stainless Steel Under Sour
Environment
DaPeng Li TEG 114X [39]
Effect of Cl- concentration on
pitting susceptibility of UNS
S31603 stainless steel was
evaluated by immersion testing.
Initiation and growth of pitting
under sour environment of
austenitic stainless steel was studied
by scanning electron microscopy
(SEM),
energy dispersive spectrometer
(EDS) and electrochemical
measurement. The results show that
the pitting depth of UNS S31603
stainless steel increases with a rise
of Cl- concentration at a
temperature of 60 oC and a H2S
content of 10%, and the pitting
grow
inward. The pitting potential of
UNS S31603 steel decreases with a
rise of Cl- concentration, and the
pitting susceptibility increases
significantly. There exist
competitive adsorption between Cland H2S. When Cl- concentration
reaches a certain level, Cloccupies most of the adsorption
sites on the surface of passive film,
which can impede the reaction
between H2S and the passive film,
however, the corrosion process is
inhibited. With the further increased
of the
Center
Room 174
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
(IIHFWRI&OØRQ&RUURVLRQ
Behavior of Austenitic
Stainless Steel Under Sour
Environment
DaPeng Li TEG 116X [39]
Effect of Cl- concentration on
pitting susceptibility of UNS
S31603 stainless steel was
evaluated by immersion testing.
Initiation and growth of pitting
under sour environment of
austenitic stainless steel was studied
by scanning electron microscopy
(SEM),
energy dispersive spectrometer
(EDS) and electrochemical
measurement. The results show that
the pitting depth of UNS S31603
stainless steel increases with a rise
of Cl- concentration at a
temperature of 60 oC and a H2S
content of 10%, and the pitting
grow
inward. The pitting potential of
UNS S31603 steel decreases with a
rise of Cl- concentration, and the
pitting susceptibility increases
significantly. There exist
competitive adsorption between Cland H2S. When Cl- concentration
reaches a certain level, Cloccupies most of the adsorption
sites on the surface of passive film,
which can impede the reaction
between H2S and the passive film,
however, the corrosion process is
inhibited. With the further increased
of the
Center
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NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Corrosion Mitigation
Strategies in Forced Oxidation
Wet Flue Gas Desulfurization
Absorbers Made of U
Brett Tossey, John Shingledecker - TEG 114X [39]
Utility companies in the United
States continue to experience
internal localized attack on duplex
stainless steels wet flue gas
desulfurization (WFGD) absorbers
in forced oxidation service.
 Many utilities chose to
mitigate internal corrosion on their
absorber
vessels to prevent potential safety
hazards, shell leaks, and spray
header failures.  This paper
presents brief case histories of
corrosion mitigation strategies that
were implemented by utility
companies over the past 5
years.  Four corrosion
mitigation strategies
were examined; internal linings,
nickel-based alloy wall paper,
cathodic protection, and polishing
the internal surface.  The
findings from visual inspections
during site visits are presented.
Center
Room 174
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Corrosion Mitigation
Strategies in Forced Oxidation
Wet Flue Gas Desulfurization
Absorbers Made of U
Brett Tossey, John Shingledecker - TEG 116X [39]
Utility companies in the United
States continue to experience
internal localized attack on duplex
stainless steels wet flue gas
desulfurization (WFGD) absorbers
in forced oxidation service.
 Many utilities chose to
mitigate internal corrosion on their
absorber
vessels to prevent potential safety
hazards, shell leaks, and spray
header failures.  This paper
presents brief case histories of
corrosion mitigation strategies that
were implemented by utility
companies over the past 5
years.  Four corrosion
mitigation strategies
were examined; internal linings,
nickel-based alloy wall paper,
cathodic protection, and polishing
the internal surface.  The
findings from visual inspections
during site visits are presented.
Center
Room 174
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Understanding Why PREN
Luis Garfias TEG 114X [39]
Alone Can Not be Used to
This paper will try to
Select Duplex Stainless Steels explain why a simple PREN
calculation can not be used to
select Duplex Stainless Steels for
field applications. Most
commercially available materials
have to be heat treated 
(annealed followed by oil or
water quenched). The effect
of the heat treatment on the
microstructure, ferrite to austenite
ratio and even the size of the
inclusions will be discussed in
terms of the corrosion resistance.
The discussion will be centered
around the experience with
commercially available 22 Cr DSS
and 25Cr DSS and the influence of
the grain size, ferrite to austenite
ratio and their effect on the
corrosion resistance of these
materials in different environments
(particularly in Cl containing
solutions). 
Center
Room 174
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Understanding Why PREN
Luis Garfias TEG 116X [39]
Alone Can Not be Used to
This paper will try to
Select Duplex Stainless Steels explain why a simple PREN
calculation can not be used to
select Duplex Stainless Steels for
field applications. Most
commercially available materials
have to be heat treated 
(annealed followed by oil or
water quenched). The effect
of the heat treatment on the
microstructure, ferrite to austenite
ratio and even the size of the
inclusions will be discussed in
terms of the corrosion resistance.
The discussion will be centered
around the experience with
commercially available 22 Cr DSS
and 25Cr DSS and the influence of
the grain size, ferrite to austenite
ratio and their effect on the
corrosion resistance of these
materials in different environments
(particularly in Cl containing
solutions). 
Center
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Fax: 281-228-6329
Military and Aerospace Systems and Facilities STG 40
Time
Name
Description
Evaluation of Susceptibility to Javier Esquivel, Homero Castaneda STG 40
Exfoliation Corrosion of
Lopez, Ahmad Ivan Karayan,
Aluminum 2060-T8E30 Using Kumar Jata Electrochemical T
Evaluation of Susceptibility to
Exfoliation Corrosion of Aluminum
2060-T8E30 using Electrochemical
Techniques in EXCO and Modified
EXCO Solutions.
Deparment of Chemical and
Biomolecular Engineering, National
Center for Education and Research
on Corrosion and Materials
Performance, The University of
Akron.
Abstract
Many Aircraft Applications for
High Strength Aluminum Alloys,
such as 2060 alloy require having
an elongated grain structure in the
direction of the plate surface; these
particular pieces are susceptible to
Exfoliation Corrosion (EFC) due to
internal stresses
caused by voluminous corrosion
products. In this study,
electrochemical tests on Aluminum
2060-T8E30 are performed to
evaluate the susceptibility to EFC in
two media: EXCO ASTM Standard
solution: 4M NaCl, 0.5M KNO3
and 0.1M HNO3, and a modified
EXCO solution: 
1M NaCl, 0.25M NaNO3, 0.033M
AlCl3. The electrochemical tests
performed include: Ope
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
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Corrosion Issues in Military
Equipment and Facilities
Sponsored by STG 40
Chair: Courtney Guasti
STG 40
Center
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Alan Rose, Keith Legg, Christophe STG 40
Baete Corrosion impacts the safety,
function, and readiness of military
assets, costing the Department of
Defense $22.5 billion each year,
according to the DoD Corrosion
Policy and Oversight Office.
Specifically, for Navy and Marine
Corps aviation, this totals
$2.6 billion and results in an
average of 25 days of corrosionrelated non-availability per year for
each aircraft on active status.
 
The present approach for
considering galvanic
incompatibilities is simplistic and
static.  It is
simplistic in that the only thing it
takes into account is the galvanic
potential difference between two
adjacent materials.  An
estimate of the galvanic corrosion
severity is usually based on some
form of galvanic potential table, as
in MIL-STD-889.
 However, in mixed material
assemblies it is the galvanic current
that determines the severity of
corrosion, not the galvanic
potential, and the two are not
directly related.  The design
engineer needs a way to estima
Center
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papers related to the identification,
causes, and control of corrosion and
materials degradation for military
air, ground, and ship systems, as
well as electronic systems, support
equipment, and infrastructure.
Predicting the Impact of
Metallic Coating and Paint
Degradation on the Corrosion
of F-18 Airframes
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
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Comparative Evaluation and
Testing of Chromate and Nonchromate Primers in Coating
Systems for Balli
Cindy O'Malley, Nasruddin
STG 40
Laiwalla, Harvey Hack - Currently,
the launch tubes of ballistic missile
submarines are protected from
corrosion by coating over a
chromate-containing wash primer.
To comply with environmental and
worker protection regulations it is
desirable to replace this legacy
coating system with a system that
does not contain chromates. The
launch tube coatings must withstand
both a seawater immersion which
occurs immediately after launch as
well as the physical stresses of the
launch itself. While the
performance of the legacy system is
well known, there is a concern that
the long term performance history
of the candidate replacement nonchromate coating systems under
these conditions is not known.
Standards developed for chromatecontaining coatings and their nonchromate replacements address
material composition, installation,
and performance, but these
standards don't address the specific
combination of environmental and
physical conditions of the launch
system.
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Comparison of the Corrosion
Vapor Corrosion Inhibitors and
Dry Air Syste
STG 40
Boris Miksic Corrosion behavior of carbon steel
and galvanized steel samples was
investigated using two different
protection mechanisms: vapor
corrosion inhibitor (10% VCI) and
constant flow of dry air (RH%
<40%) system. The objective of
this project was to demonstrate
which technique provides more
protection in corrosive
environments. 
Corrosion behaviors of carbon steel
and galvanized steel samples were
studied in two different conditions;
the first environment contained 200
ppm chloride solution + 10% vapor
phase corrosion inhibitor (VCI)
addition, the second test
environment included 200
ppm chloride solution (injected into
environment every 48 hours) with a
constant flow of dry air with less
than 40%RH at 20 psi applied
pressure. The corrosion rate of the
exposed samples were monitored
for more than six months (~4,300
hours) using electrical
resistance (ER) probe techniques.
 
The corrosion data have
demonstrated that vapor phase
corrosion inhib
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Electric Utility Generation, Transmission, and Distribution STG 41 - Electric
Utility Generation, Transmission, and Distribution
Time
Name
Description
A Novel Pulsed Eddy Current
Technology for the Inline
Inspection of Cement Lined
Piping
Corrosion and Corrosion
Control of Buried Piping in
Nuclear Power Plants
Location
Location Detail
Kamalu Koenig, Jason Van Velsor, TEG 465X [41](03, 05, 35)
Steve Biagiotti, Owen Malinowski This work discusses the
development of a novel transient
electromagnetic pulsed eddy current
sensor that provides the ability to
measure the remaining wall
thickness of carbon steel and cast
iron pipe through the cement liner.
The differential pulsed eddy current
peak amplitude and the decay rate
of the pulsed eddy current response
have been correlated to pipe wall
thickness. The system is designed
to be mounted on a robotic inline
crawler and acquire data
dynamically as the sensors scan the
inner diameter. This new
technology will provide the nuclear
industry with an inline inspection
(ILI) solution for the assessment of
cement lined piping.
Center
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Chair: Gabriel Ogundele
Vice Chair: Hank Kleinfelder
Center
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papers on issues related to the
inspection, coating, cathodic
protection, grounding, and material
selection of buried piping in nuclear
power plants.
Committee(s)
TEG 465X [41](03, 05, 35)
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Application of Non-Metallic
Repair Technologies in
Nuclear Plant Buried Piping
Systems
John Rengepis, Vincent Roy TEG 465X [41](03, 05, 35)
The use of a cured-in-place pipe
(CIPP) liner, Carbon Fiber
Reinforced Polymer (CFRP),
including use of  internal
mechanical seals for the
rehabilitation of nuclear power plant
raw water systems can result in
significant cost savings, increased
system reliability,
and extended piping life. The cost
advantage for installation of CIPP
alone may reach 10:1 versus
excavation and replacement of
buried carbon steel piping. This
presentation will present recent
examples of these applications,
including the unique requirements
faced in the nuclear industry
including material qualification,
licensing, and working within
outage and operational restrains like
limited conditions of operation
(LCOs).
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Commercializing Conservative Graig Cilluffo TEG 465X [41](03, 05, 35)
Raw Water Corrosion Rates— Exelon's Peach Bottom Nuclear
Bucketing to Probabilistics
Power Station and SIA
present a novel approach for
developing a conservative,
justifiable, and commerciallysustainable corrosion rates for firsttime inspections of isolated pitting
corrosion phenomena in raw water
piping. 
Data is applied on a risk-conscious
basis to piping systems based upon
failure consequence and uncertainty
and differs from the typical
approach of reporting locationspecific, time-averaged rates.
This paper will provide:
• Overview of PBAPS piping /
coating design, corrosion risk
factors / data, and performance /
design history
• Summaries of leak, corrosion
monitoring, and wall thickness data
for a varied flow conditions
• Characterizations of operational,
safety, financial, and other risks to
establish consequence of failure
• Definition of a corrosion rate
bracketing tool based on risk and
uncertainty to prescribe corrosion
rate risks
• Presentation
of probabilistic model results
for internal corrosion to demons
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Design of a C. P. System
Upgrade at Comanche Peak
Nuclear Power Plant
Earl Kirkpatrick, Jacob Smith - The TEG 465X [41](03, 05, 35)
distributed anode impressed current
C. P. system, installed during
original plant construction, was at
the end of its useful life.  A
total system replacement was
required since the existing
groundbeds could not be
replaced with like kind due to
interferences
with in place structures.  The
author functioned as Sublect Matter
Expert and Engineer of Record
working with plant engineering
staff to develope a new ICCP
system consisting of 20 rectifiers
and 22 semi-deep anode
groundbeds.  The task was
completed in 2012. 
This resulted in 4.2 million
dollar construction project in
2013.
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US Nuclear Regulatory
Commission Activities
Regarding Buried and
Underground Piping at Nuclear
Power
David Alley - In response to several TEG 465X [41](03, 05, 35)
leaks from buried and underground
piping at nuclear power plants in the
2009 time frame both the nuclear
industry and the US Nuclear
Regulatory Commission (NRC)
took actions to: better understand
the issue of leakage from buried and
underground piping; better
understand the condition of buried
and underground pipes; and to
improve the reliability of buried and
underground piping.  At the
NRC, this primarily consisted of:
revising guidance regarding buried
and underground piping related
to license renewal; developing the
buried pipe action plan; and
developing a temporary instruction
addressing inspection activities
associated with buried
piping.  The temporary
instruction and the buried piping
action plan are temporary
documents which will
expire in 2014 and 2015. 
The license renewal guidance for
buried pipe is currently under
review for use in subsequent license
renewal.  This paper will
consider the information obtained
from the temporary inst
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Corrosion and Corrosion
Product Release Behavior of
Co-Cr-W-C Weld Deposit
Michael LeClair, robert Morris,
TEG 224X [41]
James Orr, M.C. Burrell, P. C.
Sander - The corrosion behavior of
Co-Cr-W-C weld deposit (MILR-17131A Type R-Co-Cr-A
welding rod) was testing in
deaerated, pH adjusted water at 500
F for up to 10,000 hours, and
subsequently analyzed by X-Ray
Diffraction, Auger Electron
Spectroscopy, and Electron
Spectroscopy for Chemical
Analysis to determine oxide
composition, and Scanning Electron
Microscopy and Focused Ion Beam
excavation to measure oxide
thickness. The resultant weld
deposit corrosion rate was three
times higher than that of the
analogous wrought
material. The primary oxide phase
composition of all surfaces was
CoCr2O4; some corrosion films had
a high-Co phase, likely CoFe2O4 or
CoO, on their outermost surface.
Thin corrosion films were found on
the specimen surfaces, thinner over
the Cr-rich carbide
phase than the Co-Cr-W metal
matrix, except where the carbide
boundaries intersect the surface.
Where this occurs, corrosion
penetrates down and aro
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Performance of a Ni-45Cr1Mo Wrought Alloy in Fossil
Fuel-Burning Power Plants
Yuzo Daigo, Katsuo Sugahara TEG 183X [41]
Nickel-based alloys with high
chromium contents such as
50%Cr-50%Ni are known to be
excellent resistance to sulfur attack
in coal-fired and heavy oil-fired
boilers. However, commercial highchromium nickel based alloys
containing 40-50% chromium
levels are
not supplied except in product
forms such as casting, powder and
duplex tube (co-extrusion of a
duplex billet). Therefore, the
applications of these alloys are
limited. MC alloy (Alloy
45Cr1Mo), which is composed of
45% chromium, 1% molybdenum
and balance
nickel, has been specifically
developed for a wrought alloy with
improved workability in spite of its
high chromium content of 45%.
Alloy 45Cr1Mo is easily fabricated
into all product forms such as plate,
sheet, wire and tube. In this paper,
the resistance
of Alloy 45Cr1Mo to sulfur attack
will be discussed, and the
applications of Alloy 45Cr1Mo for
fossil fuel-burning power plants
will be demonstrated.
 
Center
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Advances in materials and
Corrosion Control in Fossil
and Alternative Fuel
Conversion and Combustion
Chair: Bingtao Li
Vice Chair: Vinay Deodeshmukh
Center
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papers about corrosion and
materials technology in combustion
and conversion of solid fossil fuels,
biomass, waste fuels for power
generation, waste heat recovery, and
production of clean fuels.
TEG 183X [41]
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Corrosion in Nuclear Systems Sponsored by TEG 224X
(Day 1)
Chair: Glenn Edgemon
Vice Chair: Florent Bocher
TEG 224X [41]
Center
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Xihua He - CARBON STEEL
TEG 224X [41]
CORROSION IN ANOXIC
ALKALINE WATER
Xihua He1 and Tae Ahn2
1Southwest Research Institute,
6220 Culebra Road, San Antonio,
Texas  78238
2U.S. Nuclear Regulatory
Commission, Washington,
DC  20555
Carbon steel has been considered as
a candidate canister material for
JHRORJLFGLVSRVDORIKLJKOHYHO
waste in several countries, including
Switzerland, France, Belgium,
Japan, and Canada, where a
reducing environment dominates
after the thermal period. 
For example, the supercontainer
concept in Belgium’s proposed
Boom Clay repository comprises a
carbon steel overpack containing
the waste and an outer, stainless
steel liner that defines an annulus
containing a cementitious material.
 The outer surface of
the carbon steel overpack is
expected to be in contact with
concrete porewater with pH about
12.5 persisting for thousands of
years. In this water passive
dissolution is the dominant
corrosion mode, and other corrosion
modes are expected to be
insignificant
including p
Center
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papers on the corrosion and
degradation of materials in nuclear
systems.
Carbon Steel Corrosion in
Anoxic Alkaline Water
NACE International
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Vanadium Induced Corrosion Mathias Galetz TEG 183X [41]
in the Partial Oxidation (POX) Vanadates induced or accelerated
Process
corrosion is known to occur in in
fossil energy conversion systems
such as direct combustion of coal or
especially heavy fuels, oil fired
stationary turbines or fluidized bed
combustors at rather high oxygen
partial pressures.
Under such oxidizing conditions,
vanadate salts melt at low
temperatures (around 600°C)
accelerating hot corrosion by
fluxing of the protective scales.
Vanadates are usually introduced in
the systems due to the burning of
poor quality fuels. If the fuel is
heavily loaded with heavy metals
or sulfur, such as oil sands or
refinery residues it can still be
effectively used for the production
of syngas via the partial oxidation.
In boilers of the partial oxidation
process vanadates condensate under
reducing conditions
and induce highly accelerated
corrosion as well.
 
The boilers or heat exchangers are
usually manufactured from low Cr
containing ferritic steel
(13CrMo44) or ferritic-martensitic
steel (P91) and are
Center
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Laboratory Simulation of
Vapor Space Corrosion in
Radioactive Waste Storage
Tanks
Bruce Wiersma, Kayle Boomer,
TEG 224X [41]
Roderick Fuentes - Radioactive
liquid waste has been stored in
underground carbon steel tanks for
nearly 70 years at the Hanford
nuclear facility.  Vapor space
corrosion of the tank walls has
emerged as an ongoing challenge to
overcome in maintaining the
structural integrity
of these tanks.  The
interaction between corrosive and
inhibitor species in
condensates/supernates on the tank
wall above the liquid level, and
their interaction with vapor phase
constituents as the liquid evaporates
from the tank wall influences the
formation
of corrosion products and the
corrosion of the carbon steel. 
Localized corrosion, in the form of
pitting, is of particular interest in
the vapor space.  Ammonia
inhibition of vapor space corrosion
has been observed on an anecdotal
basis and through limited
laboratory testing. 
Ammonia is produced
predominantly in the liquid waste
through thermal and radiolytically
induced reactions between organic
waste components and nitrate
Center
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Effect of Environment on the
Oxidation Behavior of
Commercial and Model NiBase Alloys
Bruce Pint - Ni-base alloys are of
TEG 183X [41]
increased technological interest for
power generation in advanced
steam, supercritical carbon
dioxide as well as their
traditional role in gas
turbines.  For applications
at 650°-800°
C, commercial Ni-base alloys
range from solid solution
strengthened alloys to precipitation
strengthened alloys with 0-2%
additions of Al and
Ti.  In order to understand
the effect of environment and
composition on their oxidation
behavior, commercial and model
Ni-(18-22%)Cr alloys were exposed
to laboratory air,
air with 10%H2O and steam at
800°C and supercritical CO2 at
700°C.  Of particular interest
is the effect of environment on scale
thickness and the depth of internal
oxidation of Al and Ti.  For
17bar steam at 800°C, the depth of
internal attack increased with
increasing Al+Ti content and a
time series of specimens was
conducted for up to 10,000h to
quantify the rates.  Research
sponsored by the
U. S. Department of
Energy, Office of Fossil Energy,
Crosscutting
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Flow Accelerated Corrosion— Aaron Kelley TEG 224X [41]
Causes, Detection, and
Flow Accelerated Corrosion (FAC)
Mitigation
has plagued the nuclear and fossil
power industry with piping and
components for over 30
years.  Since the catastrophic
rupture which occurred at the Surry
Nuclear Power Plant in 1987, the
nuclear industry has spent
considerable
time and resources in efforts to
detect and mitigate FAC before a
catastrophic rupture or leak
occur.  The primary focus
has been on plant personnel and
power plant safety, helping to
ensure our co-workers go home as
safe as they were when they came
to work. 
Additionally, our programs are
geared towards mitigating the
effects of FAC on plant piping and
components, such as feedwater
heaters, tanks, and equipment
nozzles.
Flow Accelerated Corrosion (FAC)
is a chemical dissolution process
where the normally protective oxide
layer on carbon and low alloy steel
dissolves into the flow of water and
wet steam.  As the oxide
layer thins, it becomes less and less
protective, and the
corrosion rates increase. 
The rat
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Corrosion Investigations in
Biogas Plants
Ralf Feser - Corrosion takes place TEG 183X [41]
in biogas power plants and
influences sometimes the economic
success of these energy production
processes. The corrosion processes
in biogas power plants have been
investigated by various techniques.
The influence of different feeding
materials has been studied.
Long term exposition tests show the
influence of the corrosion resistance
of two different stainless steels and
galvanized steel. Scanning electron
microscopy and metallographic
cross sections show the differences.
Electrochemical measurements have
also been performed. The results,
which show the kinetic of the
different materials, will be
discussed. For the safe use of the
materials in biogas power plants,
material recommendations will be
given.
Center
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Hanford Review of DoubleShell Tank Construction
Jason Gunter TEG 224X [41]
During routine visual inspections of
Hanford double-shell waste tank
241-AY-102 (AY-102), anomalies
were identified on the annulus floor
which resulted in further
evaluations.  Following a
formal leak assessment in October
2012, Washington River Protection
Solutions, LLC (WRPS)
determined that the primary tank of
AY-102 was leaking.  A
formal leak assessment,
documented in RPP-ASMT-53793,
Tank 241-AY-102 Leak
Assessment Report, identified firstof-a-kind construction difficulties
DQGWULDODQGHUURUUHSDLUV
as major contributing factors to
tank failure.  To determine if
improvements in double-shell tank
(DST) construction occurred after
construction of tank AY-102, a
detailed review and evaluation of
historical construction records was
performed for Hanford’s
remaining twenty-seven
DSTs.   Review
involved research of 241 boxes of
historical project documentation to
better understand the condition of
the Hanford DST farms, noting
similarities in construction difficult
Center
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Carburization Resistance of
Joseph Meyer, Satia Soltanattar,
TEG 183X [41]
High-Temperature Ni- and Fe- Vinay Deodeshmukh, Brian
Based Alloys
Gleeson - The carburization
resistance of several wrought,
commercial Ni- and Fe-based alloys
were tested at 982oC in Ar-5%H22%C3H8 for 215 hours. To avoid
variability in test results often found
when using CH4 as the carburizing
gas, this study used C3H8 to
simulate
the carburizing atmosphere. The
analysis focused on metal recession
measurements and characterization
of the external and internal
corrosion products using
SEM/EDS. Included in the test
matrix were HAYNES® HR-224®
and HR-235™, two recentlydeveloped Ni-based
alloys. HR-224 alloy is an Al2O3scale forming alloy that was
developed for high-temperature
oxidation resistance; while HR-235
was developed for metal dusting
resistance. It was found that Al2O3scale forming N07214 and HR-224
alloys and the Si-containing,
Cr2O3-scale forming N12160
outperformed the rest of the alloys
tested. The Cr2O3-scale forming
HR-235 also showed a relatively
low amount of internal car
Center
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241-AY-102 Leak Detection
Pit Drain Line Inspection
Report
Brandon Vazquez - In October
TEG 224X [41]
2012, Washington River Protection
Solutions LLC (WRPS) determined
that waste had leaked into the
annulus of
Tank 241$<102. 
WRPS conducted an extensive
UHYLHZRI7DQNQEVS$<102 and
increased both inspection and
monitoring of the tank; however,
the precise cause and location of
the leak could not be
determined.  In parallel with
the leak in the primary tank, the
7DQNQEVS$<102 leak detection
pit (LDP) was accumulating water
through the drain system external to
the secondary tank liner. 
Liquid collecting
in the LDP is suspected to be from
water intrusion and collects at a rate
such that the LDP must be pumped
routinely.  Following a
routine pumping event on June 20,
2013, elevated radiation dose rates
were noted on the transfer hose and
surface contamination
readings were found on the transfer
pump when it was removed from
the Tank AY-102 LDP. 
These two field readings suggested
that tank waste from a secondary
liner breach could be leaking into
the LDP.  As
Center
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Utilization of On-line
Corrosion Monitoring in the
Flue Gas Cleaning System
Melanie Montgomery, Lars Nielsen, TEG 183X [41]
Michael Petersen - Utilisation of
online corrosion monitoring in the
flue gas cleaning system
Melanie Montgomery (COWI A/S/
DTU Mekanik), Lars V. Nielsen
(Metricorr), Michael B. Petersen
(Metricorr)
 
Amager unit 1 is a 350 MW
multifuel suspension-fired plant that
was commissioned in 2009 to fire
with biomass (straw and wood
pellets). Increasing corrosion
problems in the flue gas cleaning
system have been observed since
2011 in both the gas-gas preheater
(GAFO) and the booster fan. The
GAFO constructed in CORTEN
steel has corroded by 2 mm in 2
years, and due to the substantial
oxide growth, the 316 bolts holding
the sealing strips have suffered from
stress corrosion cracking. In
addition, pitting corrosion
of the booster fan and flue gas duct
has also been apparent. A root cause
analysis concluded that corrosion
occurs due to corrosion
products/deposit formed during
operation however it was unclear
when corrosion actually occurs. In
all cases the chl
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Intergranular Corrosion of
Pierre Laghoutaris, Nathalie Gruet, TEG 224X [41]
Stainless Steel in Nitric Media Benoit Gwinner, Raphaël Robin Austenitic stainless steels are
largely used as structural materials
for equipments handling nitric acid
media in reprocessing plants. In
almost all nitric media, these
materials remain in their passive
state. However, in presence of
oxidizing ions their
corrosion potential may be shifted
towards their transpassive domain.
In this domain they can suffer
intergranular corrosion which limits
their life time. Oxidizing species of
the medium can be implicated in
electrochemical processes. In nitric
media, the
overall cathodic reaction is known
to be the reduction of HNO3,
whereas in nitric media with
oxidizing ions the cathodic reaction
can be reduction of oxidizing
species. This cathodic reaction
change leads to increase corrosion
potential and corrosion rate.
Several factors could influence this
potential shift: oxidizing ions
nature, theirs concentrations,
reduction and oxidation kinetics. In
addition, the metallurg
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Microstructure and Corrosion
of Phosphate Containing
CrOGasifier Refractories
Kyeising Kwong, James Bennett - TEG 183X [41]
Gasification is an efficient,
environmentally clean technology
capable of processing a variety of
abundant natural carbon sources or
industry wastes/byproducts such as
coal, petroleum coke, or biomass
into CO and H2 (synthesis gas, or
syngas) used in the
production of electric power or
chemicals. Gasification is
considered an important option in
future energy or chemical
production because of its efficiency
and because environmental
pollutants such as SO3 and mercury
are easily captured. 
However, the short
service life of the Cr2O3 refractory
used to protect the outer steel
containment shell from coal slag
attack and insulate it from the high
temperature process is one of the
factors limiting gasification
technology.   Post
mortem analysis of spent Cr2O3
refractories
has been conducted using XRD,
ICP, and SEM to find failure
mechanisms and to study the
reaction between gasifier slags and
refractories.  An improved
Cr2O3 refractory was developed
thro
Center
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Advanced Eddy Current
Techniques for Characterizing
Flaws in Dry Storage Casks
for Used Nuclear Fuel
Ryan Meyer, Jonathan Suter, A.
TEG 224X [41]
Jones, Royce Mathews Eddy current is a well-established
non-destructive examination (NDE)
technology for detection of serviceinduced degradation in metal
components. For application to the
inspection of dry storage casks for
used nuclear fuel, eddy current
techniques (ECT)
have advantages over conventional
ultrasonic (UT) techniques in that
eddy current probes can be much
more compact than probes for UT
and ECT can readily be
implemented without the
requirement of a coupling to the
specimen under investigation for
efficient
transmission of inspection signals.
However, flaw depth sizing is one
function where UT is more suited
than ECT due to the limited
penetration ability of
electromagnetic signals into highly
conductive materials.  While
UT could be deployed for the
purpose
of depth sizing flaws in dry storage
canisters, the implementation will
be somewhat cumbersome due to
the limited accessibility. Thus,
considerable advantage can be
gained from
Center
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Mass Transfer Behavior and
Degradation of Boiling Alloy
800 Electrode
Chen Shen, Artin Afacan, Jingli
TEG 224X [41]
Luo, Ali Siddiqui, Stan Klimas The mass transfer behavior of
electroactive solutes from bulk
solution to a metal surface (Alloy
800) under subcooled
boiling and pool boiling
conditions was
investigated using a
novel pool-boiling
device. The electrochemical
method wassuccessfully employed
to measure the mass transfer rate
on a boiling surface. The
effects of subcooled boiling
temperature and heat
flux on mass
transfer and Alloy 800
degradation were
studied. The results show
that under subcooled boiling
condition the mass transfer
coefficient
and corrosion rate is
increasing with increase in the
solution temperature attribute to the
increase of diffusion rate. Under
pool boiling condition the mass
transfer coefficient and
the corrosion
current is increasing with the
increase of heat flux when the
heat flux is under 90
kW/m2 due to the
enhancement of the bubble
generated forced convection.
Center
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SCC of Aged 308L Weld
Metal
Peter Andresen TEG 224X [41]
Stress corrosion crack growth rate
measurements were performed on
308L stainless steel weld metal
aged at 400 °C for 10,000
hours.  Tests were performed
on a 0.5TCT specimen in BWR
water at 288 °C monitored by DC
potential drop as a function of
corrosion
potential, water purity and stress
intensity factor.  SCC growth
rates on the aged weld metal were
similar to those measured on
sensitized or 20% cold worked
stainless steel. 
Center
Room 160
Why Historical Material
Degradation Experience Might
Not Represent Future
Response
Peter Andresen - There is a
TEG 224X [41]
tendency to assume that our
historical experience with materials
degradation can be directly
projected forward into the
future.  However, there are
many categories of disconnects
between the past and the future,
including the absence of
components
inspection (“no observation” is not
synonymous “no cracking”), the
non-linear effect of time in the
development of cracks, changes in
plant operation, aging - single
variable changes, aging synergies,
staged or sequential phenomena,
and new/emerging issues. 
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Effect of Temperature on the
Repassivation Kinetics of
Crevice-Corroded Nickel Base
Alloys
Martin Rodriguez, Edgar Hornus,
TEG 224X [41]
Ricardo Carranza, Raul Rebak - NiCr-Mo alloys show a remarkable
corrosion resistance in a wide
variety of corrosive environments.
 These alloys are candidate
materials for the corrosion resistant
engineered barriers of nuclear
repositories.  However, NiCr-Mo alloys may suffer crevice
corrosion in aggressive conditions,
such as high concentrations of
chlorides, low pH and high
temperatures.  The effect of
temperature on the crevice
corrosion repassivation potential of
these alloys has been studied in
some detail.  There is some
uncertainty
regarding the crevice corrosion
propagation when the temperature
decreases.  Once the
localized corrosion has been started
at a certain temperature, it is not
clear if the attack may proceed at
lower temperatures below the
corresponding repassivation
potential. 
The aim of this study is to evaluate
the effect of a temperature decrease
on the crevice corrosion kinetics of
Ni-Cr-Mo alloys.
Alloys UNS N06625, N06022,
Center
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Testing and Analyses of
David Alley TEG 224X [41]
Davis-Besse Alloy 600 Control During an inspection in 2002,
Rod Drive Mechanism Nozzles control rod drive mechanism
(CRDM) nozzle 3 and its associated
weld of the original reactor pressure
vessel head (RPVH-1) at DavisBesse Nuclear Power Station, Unit
1 was found to be damaged due to a
combination of pressurized
water stress corrosion cracking
(PWSCC) and boric acid
corrosion.  This nozzle was
fabricated from alloy 600, heat
M3935.  Due to the extent of
damage to RPVH-1, it was replaced
with an identical head from the
cancelled Midland plant. 
The majority of CRDM
housings in the replacement head
(RPVH-2) were fabricated from
alloy 600, heat M7929. 
Operations resumed in 2004. 
During a 2010 inspection, cracking
was detected in 24 of 69 CRDM
nozzles and their associated welds
of RPVH-2.  Repairs were
made to these nozzles. 
In 2011, RPVH-2 was replaced
with a head containing nozzles
fabricated from alloy 690. 
This paper discusses crack growth
rate and material characterization
performed on samples removed
from RPVH-2 and c
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Environmental Behavior of
Light Water Reactor Candidate
Cladding Materials Under
Design and Accident
Raul Rebak TEG 224X [41]
The US Department of Energy is
funding research related to
improving the performance of
nuclear fuel both under normal
operation conditions and beyond
design (accident) conditions. A
wide variety of cladding materials
were tested in high temperature
water
under normal operation conditions
to determine their electrochemical
behavior and in reactions with
steam under accident conditions.
Materials include zirconium alloys,
austenitic, and ferritic alloys.
 A candidate material should
be able to perform well under
normal operation conditions and
exceed the performance of
zirconium alloys under accident
scenarios.
Center
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Brunswick Nuclear Plant
IGSCC Mitigation Strategy
and Monitoring
Jeremie Varnam, David Morgan,
TEG 224X [41]
Steven Williams Reduction of electrochemical
corrosion potential (ECP) of
Boiling Water Reactor (BWR)
vessel and internals is essential for
mitigating intergranular stress
corrosion cracking (IGSCC).
Hydrogen water chemistry in
moderate concentrations (HWC-M)
or at reduced
injection rates with Noble Metal
Chemical Application (NMCA) or
On-Line NobleChem™ (OLNC) are
IGSCC mitigation strategies
employed by BWRs worldwide. Invessel lower plenum ECP
measurements have been obtained
during operating conditions for
BWRs utilizing
normal water chemistry, HWC-M
and NMCA, demonstrating the
effectiveness of HWC-M and
NMCA chemistry regimes for
IGSCC mitigation. ECP monitoring
for BWRs with OLNC has been
limited to probes mounted in
external piping (recirculation,
reactor water cleanup
and bottom head drain lines) and
external monitoring skids. The
chemistry conditions and radiolysis
effects at these locations are
typically not as aggressive as in the
lower ves
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Oxidation Behavior of an
Austenitic Stainless Steel Used
in the UK Advanced Gas
Cooled Reactors
Bo Chen, John Lindsay, Fabio
TEG 224X [41]
Scenini, Robert Ainsworth The UK’s advanced gas cooled
(AGR) nuclear reactors operate over
the last 30 years primarily at
temperatures ranging from 470 °C
up to 650 °C.  The coolant
gases used in this type of nuclear
system contain a mixture of carbon
dioxide, carbon monoxide,
hydrogen,
methane and water vapour. 
A high incidence of cracking has
been reported in several 4 mm thick
austenitic stainless steel tubes since
2006.  The R5 high
temperature structural integrity
assessment implied that this type of
cracking is unlikely to have been
caused by a creep-fatigue
mechanism.  Following the
comprehensive metallographic
examinations of the cracked body of
tubes, it has been generally accepted
that the mechanism underlying the
initiation of cracks has been
identified to be a consequence of
carburisation
associated with the presence of
duplex oxide layer.  In this
paper, several complementary
microstructural evaluation
techniques have been used to invest
Center
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Corrosion Analysis in Risky
Environments: Assessment of
Pipelines Used on the Hanford
Nuclear Site
Jason Page, Jason Engeman TEG 224X [41]
The Hanford site near Richland,
WA has approximately 56 million
gallons of high-level radioactive
waste stored in carbon steel
underground tanks awaiting
treatment. Central to the future
cleanup of this site is the
transportation of this waste through
carbon
steel and stainless steel pipes to a
vitrification plant to enable long
term disposal. Failures of the tanks
and associated pipelines due to
corrosion puts the environment and
workers at extreme risks; therefore,
measures to protect the metal from
corrosion
and to monitor the corrosion
are a high priority. We present
corrosion forensic analyses on
several pipeline sections, both
carbon steel and stainless steel,
which were in service for several
years transporting millions of
gallons of radioactive nuclear
waste. 
The unique challenges which limit
or modify the use of routine
corrosion analysis techniques are
discussed with approaches and
solutions dealing with performing
the work in abnormal and dan
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Repassivation Behavior of
Alloy 22 in ChlorideContaining Solutions
Hundal Jung TEG 224X [41]
To evaluate susceptibility to
sulfur-enhanced corrosion,
repassivation behavior of Alloy 22
was investigated in sulfurcontaining chloride
solutions using a scratch
technique.  Once
passive film was disrupted by
scratching, anodic current
increased abruptly
to the peak current and thereafter
decreased. 
For potential
increase, peak current
increased and thickness of
the reformed passive film increased
with potential.  The addition
of 0.01 M Na2S yielded
nearly identical results as the sulfurfree cases.  In simulated
concentrated water containing 0.01
M Na2S, repassivation commenced
immediately after scratching.
 However, an increase of the
concentration to 0.1 M
Na2S at 22 °C
or increase of temperature to
60 °C causes a decrease
of peak
current.  Results
indicated that
Alloy 22 can repassivate in a
relatively short period in
VXOIXUFRQWDLQLQJVROXWLRQV
Corrosion in Nuclear Systems Sponsored by TEG 224X
(Day 2)
Chair: Glenn Edgemon
Vice Chair: Florent Bocher
papers on the corrosion and
degradation of materials in nuclear
systems.
TEG 224X [41]
Center
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Effect of Metallurgical Factors
and Waste Chemistry on
Corrosion and SCC of Hanford
Radioactive Wast
Narasi Sridhar, Evans Kenneth,
TEG 224X [41]
John Beavers, Sandeep Chawla,
Brandon Rollins, Katie Sherer,
Kayle Boomer The Hanford site contains
approximately 55 million gallons of
radioactive and chemically
hazardous wastes arising from
weapons production beginning with
World War II and continuing
through the Cold War. The wastes
are stored in 177 underground
storage tanks,
of which 149 are single-shell tanks
(SSTs) and the remaining tanks are
double-shell tanks (DSTs). 
The U.S. Department of Energy,
Office of River Protection is
responsible for retrieving the tank
wastes, treating them in order to
encapsulate them in glass
logs, and then permanently close
the tanks and associated facilities.
Current plans call for transferring
the wastes from the SSTs into the
DSTs over the next 25 years or so,
retrieving wastes from the DSTs
and vitrifying them, and closing all
tanks by approximately
2048.  Such a time line
places a great emphasis on
maintaining the integrity of both
types of tanks. Some o
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A Bayesian Network Based
Approach to Corrosion Risk
Assessment of Radioactive
Waste Tanks
Narasi Sridhar, Francois Ayello,
TEG 224X [41]
Swati Jain, John Beavers The radioactive waste tanks arising
from the U.S. nuclear weapons
program have undergone a complex
history of design, construction, and
operations over the last seven
decades. The Hanford site contains
approximately 55 million gallons of
radioactive and
chemically hazardous wastes
arising from weapons production
beginning with World War II and
continuing through the Cold War.
The wastes are stored in 177
underground storage tanks, of
which 149 are single-shell tanks
(SSTs) and the remaining tanks are
double-shell
tanks (DSTs).  The U.S.
Department of Energy, Office of
River Protection is responsible for
retrieving the tank wastes, treating
them in order to encapsulate them in
glass logs, and then permanently
close the tanks and associated
facilities. Current plans
call for transferring the wastes
from the SSTs into the DSTs over
the next 25 years or so, retrieving
wastes from the DSTs and vitrifying
them, and closing all t
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Marine Corrosion: Ships and Structures STG 44
Time
Name
Description
Location
Location Detail
Corrosion of Thermally
Kemal Nisancioglu, Cathrine
STG 44
Sprayed Aluminum in Flowing Holager, Roy Johnsen Seawater
Thermally-sprayed aluminum
(TSA) is known to provide
satisfactory and long-life corrosion
protection to steel structures in
seawater. Information about its
performance under high velocity
flow conditions is limited. The
purpose of the present work was to
investigate the self-corrosion rate
of TSA on steel and whether TSA
could provide the necessary
cathodic protection to the steel
substrate under high flow rates. The
flow channel was designed for
exposing several specimens along
its length and each sample
was equipped with own counter
and reference electrodes for
electrochemical measurements. The
samples consisted of TSA coated
steel and dense Al metal of identical
geometry, the latter as control. Both
TSA and the dense metal were an
aluminum alloy containing
5% Mg (AlMg5). Corrosion rate
was determined by weight loss and
change of TSA thickness. Corrosion
products and morphology were
characterized by SEM. Dense
AlMg5 samples corro
Center
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Marine Corrosion
Center
Room 163
Sponsored by STG 44
Chair: Moavin Islam
Vice Chair: Abdul Hameed AlHashem
papers on the topics of corrosion
mechanisms, materials, and
preventive technologies to mitigate
marine corrosion.
Committee(s)
STG 44
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
The Cavitation Erosion
Behavior of UNSN04400
Alloy in Seawater
Abdul Hameed Al-Hashem STG 44
~~UNS N04400 alloy was exposed
to cavitation conditions using a
vibratory cavitation testing
apparatus in seawater. The work
also included measurements of free
corrosion potentials, and mass loss
in the presence and absence of
cavitation.  The cavitation
tests were made at a frequency of
20 KHz and at temperatures of
250C.  Cavitation conditions
caused a noble shift in the free
corrosion potential for this 
alloy. Cavitation also increased the
rate of mass loss of this alloy by
several orders of magnitude
with respect to stagnant
conditions.  Another set of
cavitation experiments was also
carried out for this alloy in a
distilled water in order to
distinguish between the mechanical
and electrochemical factors that
contribute to metal loss. Results
indicated
that the mechanical factor has an
over-riding role in metal loss of this
alloy. Cavitation made the surface
of this alloy very rough, exhibiting
large cavity pits in the middle
region of the attacked are
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Low-Cost Autonomous
Conrad Andrews, Kevin Farinholt, STG 44
Condition Monitoring System Fritz Friedersdorf - Navy ships rely
for Tank Coatings
on a combination of coatings and
cathodic protection (CP) systems to
protect steel tanks and
enclosures.  Corrosion of
tanks and enclosures was named the
top corrosion expense on Navy
vessels, and recently accounted for
$204 million in annual
direct costs.  Presently, a
coating health monitoring
technology that relies on
electrochemical sensors and
stochastic models is being
developed to quantify the location
and extent of coating damage, while
providing a real-time assessment of
CP system performance. 
This technology is based on an
ultra-low power, low cost smart
sensor platform designed for
structural health and equipment
monitoring and diagnostics. 
The coating condition monitoring
system is composed of a network of
sensor nodes that measure
environmental
conditions and electrochemical
parameters to provide an evaluation
of the health of coating, substrate,
and cathodic protection
systems.  Previous results de
Center
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A Novel Method for the
Measurement of Dry Film
Thickness on Profiled Steel
Surfaces
John Fletcher - The effect of
STG 44
profiled surfaces on the calibration
of dry film thickness gauges is well
documented. There are several
methods given for dealing with the
increase in apparent coating
thickness caused by the roughness
of a surface, for example the blast
profile
achieved by abrasive blast cleaning
of a steel surface. These are
described in the ASTM standard
practice D7091, ISO 2808 and BS
EN ISO 19840.
 
A novel test method has been
developed specifically for
measurement of dry film thickness
on abrasive blast surfaces where the
gauge has been pre-calibrated for
the three levels of blast profile
commonly encountered.
 
operation of this new gauge and the
advantages that this approach offers
to structural steel and marine
coating applications in particular.
Field trials will be described and the
benefits and limitations will be
discussed.
 
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Analysis of Corrosion Damage Moavin Islam, James Ellor - The
STG 44
on Propulsion Shafts of Marine nickel aluminum bronze propulsion
Vessels
shafts of some marine vessels have
been found to suffer wear and
corrosion damage at the
bearing/journal interface. 
This damage was manifested as a
series of shallow circumferential
grooves (varying in depth from
0.025
to 0.25 mm) as well as an overall
reduction in shaft diameter.
 This paper presents some
mathematical analysis to
demonstrate how a non-existent (or
poor) shaft ground can impact the
magnitude of stray currents that can
possibly explain the severe
corrosion
observed on these shafts. 
Other possible causes are also
examined.
Keywords:   &n
bsp;   Marine vessels,
propulsion shaft corrosion, Ni-Albronze, stray currents
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Determining Surface Soluble John Fletcher - Contamination of
STG 44
Salt Contamination Using the blast cleaned steel surfaces prior to
Saturated Filter Paper Method the application of a protective
coating leads to premature coating
failure and a high risk of corrosion
of the steel. It has become common
practice to include at salt
contamination test prior to the
application of the first coat to
ensure that the required cleanliness
has been achieved.
 
One simple and quick method for
carrying out this test is the
Saturated Filter Paper Method for
extracting the salts from the surface
with a conductivity meter to assess
the resulting sample to determine
the concentration of the soluble
salts. This method
is described in SSPC Guide 15.
 
Testing using this method has
shown that soluble salts,
particularly sodium chloride
crystals, do not spread evenly over a
surface and therefore the area tested
and the number of tests in a given
area are significant in determining if
the blasted surface
is in fact clean in respect of soluble
salts.
 
advantages inher
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Corrosion Performance of
TDG Coatings for Marine
Bridge Application
Md Ahsan Sabbir, Kingsley Lau,
STG 44
Dale Deford Coating systems for corrosion
mitigation of structural steel and
reinforcing steel in marine bridge
applications have been widely used.
However, novel materials continue
to become available and interest lies
in identifying improved material
performance for
marine bridge applications. Interest
in application of Thermal Diffusion
Galvanizing (TDG) steel for marine
bridge application has been raised.
Research in progress in part
considered TDG with various
industry-recommended top coats for
structural steel application.
Test parameters included
evaluating local coating defects
such as abrasion, environmental
conditions, and chloride
contamination.  Physical
parameters such as coating
thickness and adhesion were also
assessed to elucidate corrosion
deterioration mechanisms.
 Immersion in neutral pH
water provided an aggressive
environment analogous to coatings
on structural steel exposed to wet
environments (e.g. pooled runoff
water). Simula
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Offshore Wind Farms—
Protecting Internal Sides of
Foundations
Birit Buhr Jensen STG 44
Offshore wind farms are typically
designed with an anticipated service
life of 25 years. Earlier it was
assumed that the internal side of
foundations below the lower
working platform was airtight. If
airtight, corrosion was assumed to
cease when the oxygen
present inside the foundation was
consumed. This assumption has
been shown not to be fully valid as
both seawater and oxygen have
access to the inside of the monopile
under certain conditions, not the
least on sites where large tidal
variations exists (up
to approx.. 10 m). This may result
in active corrosion, which can
compromise the durability of the
wind farm and reduce the service
life if not prevented.
DONG Energy undertake condition
assessment of their wind farm
foundations (+850 foundations
altogether) on a regular basis. The
monitoring comprises visual
inspections, corrosion
measurements and evaluation of the
corrosion environment (water
quality). One
mitigation measure where
premature corrosion is see
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New Generation Ultra-High
Solids Surface Tolerant Tank
Lining
Santiago Codolar, Jose Luna STG 44
Surface tolerant, good chemical
resistance, ultra high solids, low
specific gravity, excellent
mechanical properties, IMO/PSPC
approved for ballast tanks.
All these feature combined offer an
innovative solution as tank lining
and as an universal primer for
several areas in the Marine and Oil
& Gas industry, for new
construction and/or maintenance
and repair situations.
In new construction scenarios the
Fabrication Yards are looking to
using Hydro blast a cost efficient
methods for secondary surface
preparation as it reduced the salt
contamination and because of
environmental reasons such as
disposal of abrasive waste and
health issues. Reduced VOC and
no Dew Point restrictions greatly
assist yard productivity.
In maintenance and repair
scenarios, the current assets can
easily apply this new technology by
brush, roller and equipment as
conventional spray or airless spray
with minimum surface preparation
requirements.
All this benefits are achieved with a
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Offshore Wind Foundations
Anders Black, Lisbeth Hilbert,
STG 44
Troels Mathiesen This paper presents a review of the
current standards and guidelines on
corrosion protection of offshore
wind foundations. It also gives a
review of the experiences
reported within the industry over
the last decade, during which time
offshore wind has gone from a
marginal industry to a major
governmentally supported
renewable energy source within
Northern Europe in particular.
Today the many reported
experiences concerning
both the external and internal
corrosion protection systems of
offshore wind foundation structures
have highlighted the need for update
and more documentation within the
standards and guidelines. The
concerns include the special
challenges with external cathodic
protection (CP) of tall steel
structures in shallow waters under
often extreme tidal loads as well as
possible interactions between the
sulfide rich mudzone and of either
freely corroding steel or steel under
CP in the stagnant water inside the
foundation.
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Managing Corrosion
Challenges with Drilling
Risers and Subsea Equipment
Troels Mathiesen, Harald Osvoll,
STG 44
Borge Bjorneklett, Peyman
Mohseni - Equipment for drilling
risers and subsea oil exploration
involve use of many metals with the
risk galvanic corrosion, if not
protected or maintained properly.
Paint coated steel accounts for the
majority for of such structures, but
temporary coated steel,
stainless steel and hard face alloys
are also applied for special
components. The time for
completing subsea wells has
typically extended over few weeks
in the past, with the possibility of
maintenance on the rig between the
operations. As drilling technology
evolves, the well completion may
now last for several months, which
presents new challenges in respect
to corrosion protection. Many of the
individual parts of complex drilling
equipment are usually electrically
isolated by paint coating and
thereby not intended
for cathodic protection (CP). In
some cases, wear of the coatings
and the extended exposure periods
has caused excessive galvanic
corrosion of low al
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Pitting and Crevice Corrosion
Resistance of Alloy X-750 in
Seawater
El-Mabruk Khalifa STG 44
Alloy X-750 (UNS N07750) is a
corrosion resistant Ni-Cr-Fe alloy.
It is used in a wide variety of
corrosive environments. Among
these environments is seawater,
which is by far one of the most
aggressive and complex
environments. Performance of alloy
X-750
in seawater has been investigated in
terms of pitting and crevice
corrosion tendency. For pitting
corrosion resistance measurements,
accelerated electrochemical
potentiodynamic technique has been
implemented to determine the
characteristic pitting parameters
(primarily the pitting and
repassivation potentials).Tests were
done in normally aerated (no
aeration/deaeration being applied)
synthetic seawater at different
temperature ranges (4, 10, 20, 30,
40 & 50°C) with a scan rate of
0.5mV/s. It has been found that
at 20,30,40 and 50°C, the alloy
X-750 suffered from pitting
corrosion with pitting potentials of
493, 508, 444 and 444 mVSCE
(25°C), respectively. This work has
shown that as the temperature
increases the
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Corrosion Mechanisms STG 60 - Corrosion Mechanisms
Time
Name
Description
Committee(s)
Mathematical Modeling of
Potential and Current
Distributions for Atmospheric
Corrosion of Galvanic C
Chao Liu, Veronica Rafla, John
TEG 189X [60](02, 40, 62)
Scully, Robert Kelly Mathematical Modeling of Potential
and Current Distributions for
Atmospheric Corrosion of Galvanic
Coupling in Airframe Components
Chao Liu, Veronica Rafla, John R.
Scully, Robert G. Kelly
Department of Materials Science
and Engineering
University of Virginia
395 McCormick Rd,
Charlottesville, VA 22904
 
A thin, chloride-containing
electrolyte film can be established
on surfaces in many marine
environments, due to splash/spray,
rain, or salt-enabled deliquescence
[1]. The geometry of faying
surfaces and fastener holes
inherently aid in the
trapping/wicking
of the electrolyte into tight crevices
typical of these component joining
locations. This geometry leads to a
severe localized atmospheric
corrosion environment where a
galvanic cell can be established, for
example, between aluminum alloy
components and stainless
steel fastener.
Over the last several decades, finite
element method (FEM) has been
extensively applied in mathemati
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Recent Developments in
Atmospheric Corrosion (Day
1)
Chair: Todd Mintz
Vice Chair: Alberto Valdes
TEG 189X [60](02, 40, 62)
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Erica Macha TEG 189X [60](02, 40, 62)
The difficulty of replicating serviceenvironment corrosion failure
modes in accelerated laboratory
testing is a well-known and welldocumented challenge facing the
atmospheric corrosion
community.  Several recent
studies have highlighted the
importance
of cyclic variations in the test
environment in recreating corrosion
damage which is similar to realworld damage.   A
thorough understanding of the
effects of these cyclic variations is
critical to the development of
improved accelerated tests. 
In this work,
multi-electrode arrays and
corrosion sensors are used to
characterize the corrosion
susceptibility of metals and
galvanic couples exposed to several
common accelerated tests.  A
multi-electrode array composed of
steel in an aluminum matrix is used
to simulate
a steel fastener in a Al 2024
panel.  Spatial distributions
of current are examined as a
function of test environment and
cycle.  Using creviced
sensors and multi–electrode arrays,
the effects of cycling hum
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papers concerning new
developments in the field of
atmospheric corrosion that advance
the understanding in the
mechanisms involved and effective
means of dealing with the problems
caused by this type of degradation.
Characterization of
Accelerated Test
Environments Using
Galvanically Coupled MultiElectrode Arrays
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Time of Wetness in Marine
Atmospheres: What Are We
Measuring?
Eric Schindelholz, Robert Kelly,
TEG 189X [60](02, 40, 62)
Bailey Risteen Time of wetness (TOW), a
measured estimate of surface
wetness duration, is a parameter
extensively utilized in atmospheric
corrosivity models and structural
health monitoring
applications.  Although the
basic concept of TOW is generally
agreed upon, what
is meant by “wet” is
often ambiguous and
practical determination of this
parameter is widely varied.
 This paper examines the
accuracy of current TOW
determination methods in the
context of marine environments
where sea salt aerosol (SSA) is the
primary surface
contaminant.  The
hygroscopic behavior of both
natural SSA and laboratory proxies
are reviewed. Evidence is presented
that suggests these chemistries may
not fully dry in ambient outdoor
conditions.  Furthermore, the
corrosion of mild steel under sea
salt
simulants is demonstrated to occur
down to low humidity levels (<
30%RH), due to the presence of
supersaturated brines and adsorbed
water on salt crystals. Together,
these f
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Small Scale Crack Growth
Sensor for Determination of
AA5XXX Susceptibility to
SCC
Mara Shedd, Jacob Siegel, Fritz
TEG 189X [60](02, 40, 62)
Friedersdorf Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of
AA5XXX exposed to the
atmosphere is a critical safety issue
for DoD assets, often resulting in
service failures.  Previous
research found in literature has
demonstrated that SCC is controlled
by complex interactions of load,
environment, electrochemistry, and
alloy properties.  Traditional
environmental fracture testing
conducted under immersion
conditions may produce results that
are much different than
measurements collected under thin
electrolyte
layers or droplets formed during
atmospheric exposure.
  To more accurately
assess
AA5XXX susceptibility to
SCC, a standalone
in situ crack growth sensor has been
developed to monitor crack
propagation within a surrogate
tensile sample under realistic
atmospheric conditions. 
Using tailored test specimens and
exacting methods for loading,
corrosive conditions and load
interaction
effects on SCC can be evaluated in
accelerated tests and outdoor
environments
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The Effects of Solar Radiation Darren Horiuchi TEG 189X [60](02, 40, 62)
on the Surface Temperatures
of Various Alloys Exposed to
Atmospheric
The Effects of Solar Radiation on
the Surface Temperatures of
Various Alloys Exposed to
Atmospheric Corrosion Conditions
Darren Horiuchi and L.H. Hihara
Hawaii Corrosion Laboratory
Dept of
Mech Engg
University of Hawaii at Manoa
Honolulu, HI
 
 
The surface temperature of alloys
of different base metals will
equilibrate to different
temperatures depending on their
solar reflectance index (SRI). The
buildup of
corrosion products can also have a
significant effect on specimen
surface temperatures due to changes
in emissivity, which affects the
SRI. 
In this study, the surface
temperatures of exposed metallic
specimens (i.e., zinc, magnesium,
1008 steel, 304 stainless steel,
CA-110 copper, 1060 aluminum,
2024-T3 aluminum and 6061-T6
aluminum) were monitored in
severe marine (Marine Corps Base
Hawaii),
rain forest (Lyon Arboretum), and
high-altitude (Mauna Loa
Observatory) environments. 
The
emissivities of virgin and exposed
specimens were measured. 
The maxi
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Correlation of Laboratory and
Field Exposure of Localized
Corrosion at MagnesiumCeramic Interfaces
Raghu Srinivasan, Lloyd Hihara - TEG 189X [60](02, 40, 62)
Interests in providing greater
ballistic protection at lower weight
has made magnesium alloys such as
AZ31B candidate materials for
hybrid armor systems. Unique
characteristics like superior
vibration damping of magnesium in
comparison to other armor metals
(e.g., steel and aluminum) could
result in better shock mitigation and
overall ballistic
performance.  The hybrid
ceramic-metal armor system
consists of a ceramic plate or tile
bonded to a metal backing
plate.  The ceramic tile faces
the incoming projectile
and shatters it on impact.  In
the process, the ceramic tile is also
subjected to localized fracture
which absorbs the kinetic energy of
the impact. The backing metal
absorbs the residual energy and
keeps the fragments of the ceramic
tile together, which also
gives the ceramic-metal armor
system multiple hit capabilities.
 This armor system
consisting of dissimilar materials
can lead to corrosion problems such
as crevice and or galvanic corros
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Two-Year Atmospheric
Corrosion and Accelerated
Corrosion Test: A
Comparative Study
Yuhchae Yoon, Douglas Hansen,
TEG 189X [60](02, 40, 62)
Christopher Joseph, Leanne Petry,
Jeremy Angel, William Abbott The accelerated corrosion of pure
silver, three aerospace aluminum
alloys (2020, 6061 and 7075), pure
copper and 1010 carbon steel in a
standard ASTM B117 (5wt% NaCl
solution at 95 oF and 95% RH) salt
spray test as well as a modified
ASTM B117 salt spray
test that included ozone (100 and
800 ppb) and UV-A (0.1 and 0.85
W/m2) were investigated and
compared to the corrosion observed
on identical samples exposed over a
two year period in the field at eight
geographic locations The effects of
environmental and
climate factors on the atmospheric
corrosion of both the field and
chamber exposed samples were
determined with gravimetric
measurements, coulometric
reduction, and chemical
composition and morphology using
scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive
spectroscopy (SEM-EDS).
Remarkable differences between
different exposure sites were
observed. AA7075-T6 and
AA2024-T3 exposed at Day
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Corrosion of Copper Coils in
Computer Air Handlers
Todd Mintz - Computer Room Air TEG 189X [60](02, 40, 62)
Handlers at a data facility
experienced localized corrosion
after a few months of
operation.  Initial testing
indicated that the potential cause of
corrosion was due to a process
known as formicary
corrosion.  The source of the
corrosion
was investigated by performing air
sampling of the data hall prior to
and during the floor cleaning
process as a way to determine
whether the chemical cleaners could
be responsible for the accelerated
corrosion.  While some
aggressive species were identified
prior to the floor cleaning including
Formate, the measured levels of
Formate during the cleaning process
were elevated from the initial
baseline readings. 
Furthermore, Acetate, which was
not measured in the baseline
readings, was measured during the
cleaning
process.  Two types of
chemicals are used to clean the data
hall.  Cleaner A is composed
of two chemicals one being alcohol
based and the other contains acetate
groups.   The cleaner
B is composed of a long c
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Lab-Accelerated Simulation
and Maximum Damage Size
Estimation of Atmospheric
Corrosion of Stainlesss
Jayendran Srinivasan, Robert Kelly TEG 189X [60](02, 40, 62)
Lab-Accelerated Simulation and
Maximum Damage Size
Assessment of Atmospheric
Corrosion of Stainless Steel
Compressor Blades Exposed to
Marine Environments
J. Srinivasan and R. G. Kelly
Center for Electrochemical Science
and Engineering, Department of
Materials Science and Engineering,
University of Virginia, 395
McCormick Road, Charlottesville,
VA 22904
ABSTRACT
    &nbsp
;    &nbs
p;  Compressor blades in jet
turbines are often coated with
ceramic erosion coatings to protect
them from abrasive particles during
service. Abrasion results in
exposure of the 17-4 PH stainless
steel substrate in the earlier
compressor stages. In
addition, use of the engine in
marine environments will result in
the deposition of sea salt
particles.  After use, the
cooling of the engine can result in
deliquescence of the salt aerosols,
creating an environment which can
lead to galvanic corrosion of
the substrate in the vicinity of the
damage, as the ceramic coating is
often conduc
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Recent Developments in
Atmospheric Corrosion (Day
2)
Chair: Todd Mintz
Vice Chair: Alberto Valdes
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papers concerning new
developments in the field of
atmospheric corrosion that advance
the understanding in the
mechanisms involved and effective
means of dealing with the problems
caused by this type of degradation.
TEG 189X [60](02, 40, 62)
NACE International
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Evaluation of Atmospheric
Chloride-Induced Stress
Corrosion Cracking of
Stainless Steel Canister
Hundal Jung TEG 189X [60](02, 40, 62)
Most canisters for spent fuel dry
storage in the US are fabricated
from austenitic stainless
steel.  When exposed to
chloride containing atmosphere in
marine environment, welded
canister can be susceptible to
chloride-induced stress corrosion
cracking that
can affect confinement function as
a result of crack initiation and
propagation through canister wall
thickness. In assessment, key
factors affecting CISCC are
identified in terms of environments
(temperature, relative humidity, and
chloride concentration),
stresses, and material
conditions.  A methodology
to estimate the time for crack
initiation and crack penetration
depth as a function of time is
proposed and technical gaps are
discussed.  An evaluation of
operation experience for the outer
diameter SCC of
stainless steel piping at power
plants are also performed for
comparison
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Atmospheric Corrosion of
Stainless Steels in Kuwait
Hassan Tarish TEG 189X [60](02, 40, 62)
H. Tarish, F. Al-Sabti and H.
Shalaby
Kuwait Institute for Scientific
Research
P.O. Box 24885, Safat 13109,
Kuwait
This paper presents the results of a
two years project carried out on
atmospheric corrosion of different
stainless steels (SS) in Kuwait. Flat
panels of 316, 2205, 2507, 445M,
LDX 2404 and LDX 2101 SS with
four different surface finishing
conditions were
exposed to the atmosphere at five
sites in Kuwait. Also, welded and
U-bent panels of 316 SS were
exposed to the atmosphere at the
five sites. Time of wetness (TOW)
and chloride deposition rates were
measured and calculated. The
atmospheric corrosivity of the
five sites was specified according
to ISO 9223 standard. Based on
TOW measurements, the
atmosphere corrosivity is in the
range of low to medium (2 to 3),
while based on the chloride
deposition rate, the atmosphere
corrosivity is in the range of
medium to high
(S1 to S2) depending upon the
closeness of the site to the sea. The
SS panels were examined
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Analysis of Paint Integrity and Norikazu Fuse, Atsushi Naganuma - TEG 189X [60](02, 40, 62)
Underfilm Corrosion of
Transmission Tower CrossElectric transmission lines located
arms Using Electroch
near rivers or coastal areas are
protected against atmospheric
corrosion factors. Hot-dip
galvanizing and anticorrosion
painting for such measures degrade
during long-term operation. The
present study conducts
bidimensional
analysis of paint and steel
degradation, using electrochemical
impedance and terahertz waves to
steel cross-arms in a transmission
tower used for approximately 25
years on a Pacific coast.
Visual observation indicates that the
underfilm corrosion is intense on
the surface facing the sea breeze.
Paint peeling and tarnishing are
severe in materials installed at high
altitude. Electrochemical impedance
that evaluates the water interception
ability
agrees with such trends. Terahertz
waves are types of far infrared
waves. Paintings exhibit good
transmissivity, whereas steel rust
strongly absorbs terahertz waves.
Owing to such material properties,
the distribution of two-dimensional
rust beneath the
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Investigation of Factors
Affecting Corrosion Inner
Steel Pipe for Transmission
Tower
Atsushi Naganuma, Jun-ichi Tani - TEG 189X [60](02, 40, 62)
Degradation of aged power
transmission systems becomes a
serious problem. As for
transmission towers especially for
steel pipe towers, inner corrosion of
steel pipe beams is one of the
issues, because it is difficult to
assess inner corrosion of steel pipe
from the external appearance. The
prediction of relationship between
the part of steel pipe and corrosion
rate can contribute to the
management and maintenance of
steel pipe tower. Because these
towers are exposed to atmospheric
environment, corrosive substances
such as sea salt and moisture can be
easily introduced into the steel pipe
and make the non-uniform
distribution of corrosion condition
in the longitudinal direction. The
behavior of such corrosive
substances introducing into steel
pipes is thought to depend
on the meteorological condition.
Furthermore corrosion condition of
steel pipe is expected to depend on
its arrangement such as horizontal
or diagonal to the ground.
In the previous w
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Evaluation of Direct-to-Metal
Coatings Technologies
Todd Williams - Direct to metal
TEG 189X [60](02, 40, 62)
(DTM) coatings are used in mildly
corrosive environments (C1-C3 per
ISO 12944) because of their ease of
use and single coat application that
offers throughput advantages over
multi-coat systems.  DTM
coatings consist of a number of
different
resin high film build chemistries,
including acrylics, alkyds, epoxies,
polyurethanes, polyaspartics, and
polysiloxanes, and each coating
type has unique cost, application
characteristics, and performance
properties.  This study
compares application characteristics
and physical properties of these
coatings applied to NACE
No2./SSPC SP-10 blasted steel
panels.  The following
ASTM tests were used to
characterize each technology; salt
fog, prohesion, abrasion resistance,
flexibility, dry-time, pull-off
adhesion, and accelerated
weathering.  The majority of
the coatings passed the C3-high
requirements of ISO 12944, and the
qualities that differentiate the each
coating technologies are ease-ofapplication, corrosion re
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Corrosion Behavior of IVD
Sriraman Rajagopalan, Priyadarshi TEG 189X [60](02, 40, 62)
and Electroplated Al Coatings Behera, Salim Brahimi, Lisa Lee,
on Steel Substrates
Richard Chromik, Stephen Yue Low hydrogen embrittling (LHE)
Cd coatings are used for its inherent
sacrificial protection property with
high strength steel substrates. IVD
and electroplated Al coatings are
potential replacements for Cd
coating due to environmental
restriction and work-hazardousness
of Cd plating process.
  The current study
aims to investigate the corrosion
behaviour of Al coatings in a three
electrode electrochemical cell with
a saturated calomel electrode as a
reference, by measuring open
circuit potentials (OCP) and
polarization technique
in 3.5 % NaCl solution.  The
galvanic coupling characteristics of
the Al coatings with the steel
counter was also characterized by
monitoring the couple potentials
and galvanic current
measurements.  Corrosion
behaviour of Al coatings as a result
of two different
processes were compared to Cd
which is a base line reference
material.   The effect
of glass bead c
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Silver Sulfidation Kinetics in
Sulfur Vapor-Bearing
Environments
Barry Hindin TEG 189X [60](02, 40, 62)
The susceptibility of silver to
sulfidation attack has been a
continuing issue for the reliability
of surface mounted resistors
exposed to sulfur-bearing
atmospheres.  Some new
conformal coatings have been
developed to protect these resistors
when exposed
to harsh environments.  This
paper will present data showing
how the kinetics of silver
sulfidation varies with temperature
when exposed to flowers of sulfur
(FOS) environments. 
Examples of susceptible resistors
failing in an FOS environment will
also be
presented as well as examples of
how new conformal coatings can
prevent sulfidation attack of silver.
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CUI Mechanism and
Prevention
Hiroyasu Matsuda, Jun'ichi Sakai - TEG 189X [60](02, 40, 62)
CUI(Corrosion Under Insulation) is
worldwide problem. CUI on carbon
steel occurs with water and
oxygen and is accelerated by iron
rust, halogen ion and the
conductivity.
That mechanism is analyzed more
quantitaively to
understand the degree
of corrosion influence.
By using this mechanism, the author
applied to the actual plants to find it
is correct.
But, some irregular corrosion
occured and is considered why it
occurs by means of the
investigation of the corrosion
samples.
 
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Field Applications for On-Site Crystal Lee - Microbial issues have TEG 187X [60](11, 46)
DNA Extraction and qPCR
always been a problem in many
areas of the petroleum industry.
Microorganisms can cause concerns
with fouling, plugging and
corrosion. One aspect of designing
an effective integrity management
program involves regular microbial
monitoring
and selection of the best chemistry
for controlling microbes in a
system. A variety of monitoring
techniques are available that can be
divided into two categories: on-site
and off-site. Common practices for
on-site bacterial monitoring include
culture media
bottles (i.e., serial dilution) and
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
testing, both of which have
advantages and limitations. Serial
dilution bottles can detect specific
categories of bacteria such as
sulfate-reducing bacteria, but
require 14 to 28 days for results.
ATP testing is much faster,
requiring only minutes to process
samples, but is not specific in its
detection of bacteria categories. The
methods are also not as adept at
identifying problematic archaea t
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Flow Patterns and Water
Wetting in Gas-Oil-Water
Three-Phase Flow—A Flow
Loop Study
Kok Eng Kee, Marijan Babic,
TEG 213X [60]
Luciano Paolinelli, Srdjan Nesic,
Sonja Richter, Wei Li - In oil and
gas industry, multiphase flow
environment is frequently
encountered both during the
production and transportation of
hydrocarbon products via pipelines.
Most oil production wells naturally
contain some fraction of water and
gases. The fluids often
flow concurrently in the pipelines,
leading to a variety of complex flow
patterns in three-phase flow
environment. However, the
presence of acid gases such as CO2
and H2S dissolvable in aqueous
phase can lead to internal corrosion
attack if the water comes
into contact with the pipe wall, a
scenario known as ‘water wetting.’
In this experimental work, a largescale 0.1m ID inclinable flow loop
was used to study the three-phase
gas-oil-water flow in horizontal and
vertical positions. Light model oil
(ro=823 kg/m3, mo=2.7 cP), 1wt.%
aqueous NaCl solution and CO2 gas
were utilized
as the test fluids. Two
measurement techniques: flush
mounted condu
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Fluid-Induced DegradationCorrosion, Erosion, and Their
Interactions
Chair: Faisal Al-Mutahar
Vice Chair: Hernan Rincon
TEG 213X [60]
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TEG 187X [60](11, 46)
Center
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papers that address the influence of
flow on erosion and corrosion. The
emphasis of the symposium is on
the mechanistic aspects, but
highlighting the practical
implications of the findings is
encouraged. Some examples of the
topic of interest are the effect of
flow on corrosion inhibition,
performance of corrosion-resistant
alloys under erosion/corrosion
conditions, erosion/corrosion
prediction modeling, and the effect
of multiphase flow and flow pattern
on erosion corrosion.
Corrosion (Day 1)
Chair: Jason Lee
Vice Chair: Tingyue Gu
papers pertaining to the impact of
microbiologically influenced
corrosion on metallic alloys. Case
histories as well as advances in
corrosion (MIC) are also
encouraged.
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Sequencing the Oil Field
Microbiome—Can
Metagenomics Help Combat
MIC?
Richard Johnson TEG 187X [60](11, 46)
Corrosion costs between 1-5% of
global gross domestic product
annually. Microbiologically
influenced corrosion is believed to
contribute to around 20% of this.
Due to the complexity of the
microbial populations involved, the
mechanisms of many of these
processes
are still poorly understood. Culture
based methods such as MPNs and
isolation only reveal a very small
proportion of the microorganisms
present, meaning that potentially
problematic microorganisms are
overlooked and not suitably targeted
for mitigation.
Due to revolutionary advances in
DNA sequencing technologies, with
platforms such as Roche’s 454
Pyrosequencing and Illumina’s
MiSeq, collectively known as nextgeneration sequencing (NGS), we
are now able to sequence and
identify many thousands of
microorganisms
in a single sample. By looking at
the DNA sequences from these
samples (metagenomics) we can
identify what microorganisms are
abundant (amplicon metagenomics),
what the microorganisms are doing
and
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Evaluating Wettability Maps
and Corrosion Behavior
Prevalent in Turbulent OilWater Flows using CFD
Vedanth Srinivasan TEG 213X [60]
Internal corrosion during the oil
transportation process has been long
associated with the interaction of
free water with the pipe surface. As
a result, prediction of water phasic
distribution along the flow line,
especially the information whether
oil or
water wets the pipe wall is crucial
in order to identify mitigation
strategies and establish overall
pipeline integrity. Use of
computational techniques can not
only address the wettability issues
but also help identify mitigation
criteria and its effective
deployment.
In the present study, detailed
Computational Fluid Dynamics
(CFD) modeling of turbulent oilwater multiphase flow, with water
cut of 20% or lower, is carried out
in a horizontal carbon steel pipeline
to predict different water wetting
regimes as well as
corrosion kinetics. For this
purpose, Eulerian multiphase
models with appropriate sub-models
for interfacial forces, turbulent
interaction and population balance
equations have been exercised to
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Development and Validation
of In-Field qPCR Methods for
Microbial Analysis at Oil and
Gas Facilities
Neil Sharma - Multiple families of TEG 187X [60](11, 46)
microorganisms have been
implicated in Microbiologically
Influenced Corrosion (MIC) within
the oil and gas industry, as well as
in other fields, resulting in billions
of dollars in damage
annually.  The ability to
detect these organisms
in a timely and accurate manner
can allow for the implementation of
appropriate treatment regimens to
mitigate costs and
downtime.  Unfortunately,
most current methods are either
non-specific or require multiple
days or weeks to generate
actionable results.
A fast and highly specific method,
quantitative polymerase chain
reaction (qPCR), has begun to gain
a foothold in the industry over the
last several years.  Current
implementations, however, still
require offsite processing of the
sample and analysis which
can take several days or even
weeks due to shipping and other
delays.  During this time, the
microbial composition in the
sample can also change limiting the
reliability of the results.
Our recent work has focus
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Comprehensive Approach to
Troy Eggum, Nima Tajallipour,
TEG 213X [60]
Oxygen Corrosion Analysis of Sridhar Arumugam - Oxygen
Water Injection Systems
corrosion is a major threat to water
injection systems, particularly when
injecting seawater to maintain
reservoir pressure.  Utilizing
and building on previously
published approaches, mechanistic
and semi-empirical modeling
applications were developed
for oxygen corrosion in aqueous
environments.  The goal of
this work was to develop a
comprehensive, multi-platform
approach that can be applied to a
variety of oilfield water applications
(seawater and produced water) and
conditions (oxygen concentrations,
flow velocities, temperatures,
etc.).  The Oxygen Reduction
Reaction rate (the principal cathodic
reaction) was modeled as mixedcontrol with activation and
diffusion components, usually but
not universally dominated in oil and
gas systems by diffusion processes.
At high injection flow rates and
when  residuals of dissolved
chlorine, normally injected
upstream of the deaerator to control
microbiological activity, is
transporte
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Effect of Flow Orientation on
Sand Erosion in Elbows for
Multiphase Flow Conditions
Ronald Vieira, Mazdak Parsi, Netaji TEG 213X [60]
R. Kesana, Siamack Shirazi,
Brenton McLaury      Solid
particle erosion has been long
recognized as a potential problem in
oil and gas production systems. The
most vulnerable parts of production
systems tend to be components in
which the flow direction changes
suddenly such as elbows and tees.
Knowledge
of the relationship between the gasliquid flow pattern and the severity
of erosion due to produced sand can
help industry carry out a better
design of two-phase flow systems.
Many factors that contribute to
erosion have been studied and
models have been developed
for predicting erosion in various
production situations. But, a factor
that has not been considered is the
effect of flow orientation upstream
of elbows or tees. This study
focuses on the validation and
improvement of mechanistic models
that have been developed
to predict erosion rates under
annular flow and pseudo slug flow
conditions in vertical versus
horizontal flow conditions.
   
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Ribosomal RNA
Characterization of Bacteria:
Linkage with Field Data Based
on Culture Media
Amer Jarragh, Olagoke Olabisi,
TEG 187X [60](11, 46)
Saleh Al-Sulaiman, Adel AlMutairi - One of the major
challenges that face oil & gas
industry in Kuwait is
corrosion (MIC). In spite of biocide
treatment in KOC facilities, the
bacteria culturing result continue to
confirm a high proliferation of
sessile and planktonic
bacteria in water handling
systems.  Planktonic samples
from different gathering centers
have been analyzed for their
molecular identities based on 16s
ribosomal RNA characterization.
The results demonstrate the
presence of eight distinct groups of
bacteria
in effluent and brackish water
systems. These bacteria groups can
be broadly classified as sulfate
reducing bacteria (SRB), sulfur
oxidizing bacteria (SOB), aerobic
bacteria, and anaerobic bacteria.
This paper focuses on the linkage
between the findings of
16s ribosomal RNA
characterization of planktonic
bacteria with the field analyzes of
sessile bacteria based on culture
media techniques. The key issues
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Wednesday,9 :50a.m. to 10 :15a.m. Non-Faradaic Material Loss in Baotong Lu TEG 213X [60]
Flowing Electrolyte Without The Faradaic material loss is
Solid Particle
defined by  material loss
caused by electrochemical
reactions. It can be correlated to
anodic charge generated
in corrosion process using
Farady's secondary law. The
non-Faradaic material loss is the
difference between the material
loss measured by the weight loss
method and the one determined by
the Faraday’s secondary law.
In  erosive fluid, the nonFaradiaic material loss is mainly
due to erosion. The experiments
indicated that the non-Faradaic
material loss is observable in
flowing
corrosive electrolytes where the
turbulence is too weak to
cause cavitation. The investigation
reveals that the non-Faradaic
material loss is accelerated by
increasing wall shear stress and
anodic dissolution, is reduced by the
increasing strength of electrode,
and disappears in quiescent
electrolytes or under cathodic
protection. Therefore, the nonFaradaic material loss is likely a
result of certain corrosion-aided
mechanical damage mechanisms. A
phenomeno
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Wednesday,9 :50a.m. to 10 :15a.m. Direct Comparison of
Microbial Population Analysis
Using ATP Quantification,
Culture Based Enumerati
Jennifer Fichter, Elizabeth Summer TEG 187X [60](11, 46)
Monitoring of microbial
populations in oil and gas
operations is routinely conducted in
order to evaluate the need for and
performance of biocides.
 Operators utilize a variety of
methods designed to determine if
bacteria and archaea capable of
causing corrosion,
fouling, or souring are present in
the systems before, during, and after
control methods are applied.
 Each monitoring method has
strengths and limitations, and an
understanding of the strengths and
limitations is crucial to deciding the
best method for any
given system.  The most
obvious considerations are the
accuracy of the test, cost, ease of
use, and time required to obtain the
results.   How comparable
results are from a given location or
time to another time, and the value
of the data for making higher
level decisions also should be
considered.  In this study, we
will share the results obtained from
analyzing samples collected from
various phases of natural gas and oil
production
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:40a.m.
Evaluation of Wall Shear
Wei Li, Bruce Brown, Kok Eng
TEG 213X [60]
Stress in Multiphase Flow and Kee, Srdjan Nesic, Yao Xiong Its Effect on FeCORemoval Fluid transport through pipelines is
a common operation in the oil and
gas industry and fluctuations in
production rates in these pipelines
over time mean that the wall shear
stress experienced by the internal
walls of the pipeline will also vary
with time.
Multiphase flow in these pipelines,
i.e. slug flow, is considered to be a
highly turbulent flow regime and its
effect on corrosion has been
discussed for decades. However, the
effect of turbulence and particularly
mechanical forces produced by flow
on corrosion
product layers and inhibitor films
are not fully understood. Wall shear
stress (WSS) is one of the most
important parameters used to
characterize flow conditions and to
assess the influence of flow on
corrosion. Under controlled
laboratory conditions, a wide
range of flow regimes in water
(single phase flow) and gas/water
(stratified flow, slug flow and
annular flow) systems have been
used to measure WSS using a
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:40a.m.
Enhanced MID Mitigation
Through Corrosion
Management Applications
Ali Morshed TEG 187X [60](11, 46)
For any offshore oil and gas
platform possessing produced water
and seawater injection systems,
MIC could be a significant and
costly integrity threat.
Simultaneously, most MIC
mitigation methodologies rely on
frequent sampling, Data analysis
and then chemical
treatment (in the form of
chlorination and biociding).
However, MIC has proved to be an
almost ubiquitous and chronic issue
among many offshore assets in the
North Sea Region.
Studying various producing assets
in the above regions shed more light
on how some MIC problems had
started and then exacerbated over
time. Similar studies had thereafter
concluded how by applying simple
processes or procedures, some of
the above MIC problems
could be rectified or more
efficiently controlled.
The majority of such processes had
various elements or factors in
common with the corrosion
management concept. Therefore,
this paper intends to share past
experience on how, relevant
corrosion management applications
could be utilized
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Wednesday,10 :40a.m. to 11 :5a.m. (IIHFWRI&OØ&RQFHQWUDWLRQRQ
Erosion-Corrosion Behavior of
434 Stainless Steel in HighTemperature
Wei Liu, Minxu Lu, Dongxu Chen, TEG 213X [60]
Chuanchuan Xu, Songle Lu Screens are one of important
components used for sand control
technology in oil and gas
production, especially for oil sand
production. The filtering precision
of screens could represent the effect
to control the sand in the production
fluid. When the filtering
precision of screens changes,
accordingly the ability of the
screens to filter or resist sand in
fluid would change. As is well
known, the erosion-corrosion of
sandy crude oil on the screen would
lead to the failure of screens.
Therefore the change of filtering
precision of sand control screens
must be considered during the oil
and gas production process.
Nevertheless, researches on the
effect of erosion-corrosion on
screen filtering precision are rarely
reported. This paper investigated
the change regularity of
screen mesh, filtering precision and
resistance to sand after erosioncorrosion at different slurry
velocities by slurry equipment
developed to simulate the
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Wednesday,10 :40a.m. to 11 :5a.m. Don’t Just Blame the SRBs
and APBs for MIC
Brett Geissler, Carrie Keller, Vic
TEG 187X [60](11, 46)
Keasler Microbiologically influenced
corrosion has historically been
attributed to the activity of sulfate
reducing and acid producing
bacteria.  Recent advances in
DNA isolation and sequencing have
led to the realization that these two
classes of bacteria often
represent only a small portion of
the corrosive microbial population
present in the oil and gas
environment.  Numerous
different genera from multiple other
classes of bacteria and archaea have
been found to be associated with
failures and are now recognized
as contributors to the MIC
process.  The presence of
these microbes, while not frequently
identified through standard oil and
gas industry culturing techniques, is
now readily discernable through the
use of next-generation DNA
sequencing platforms.  This
work builds
on a paper from CORROSION
2014 that introduced a
database with speciation results
from over 4000 oilfield
samples.  However, the
current paper discusses analyses
that were
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Flow Accelerated Corrosion of Seifollah Nasrazadani, Anil Bastola, TEG 213X [60]
Welded Small Bore A106
Niraj Gupta Carbon Steel Pipe
Horseshoe pit formation and wall
thinning due to flow-accelerated
corrosion of high-pressure turbine
extraction pipes was studied in this
investigation. The corroded pipes
from extraction line of a power
plant show extensive pitting in the
vicinity of socket-welded
joints. Pitted surfaces were
characterized for damaged surface
morphology and pits distribution.
Corroded pipes experienced severe
pitting in flow downstream in the
vicinity of weld joints where
decrease in local pit size and
increase in pit density were
observed
at locations a way from the weld
joints.
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The Role of Bacteria
Olagoke Olabisi, Abdul Razzaq Al- TEG 187X [60](11, 46)
Population Density in Wet and Shamari, Saleh Al-Sulaiman, Amer
Dry Crude Asset Integrity
Jaragh, Ashok Mathew Bacteria population density may
provide a viable corrosion control
metric for microbiologically
influenced corrosion (MIC) in wet
and dry crude systems such that the
population of sulfate reducing
bacteria (SRB), general aerobic
bacteria (GAB), and general
anaerobic bacteria (GAnB) in an
operating environment can be kept
below a target envelop to preserve
asset integrity.  Consider a
system, with various degrees of
water separation/accumulation,
which has been experiencing
increased corrosion over a period of
time.  If the trend of
increasing corrosion rate versus
time parallels the corresponding
degrees of water
separation/accumulation as well as
bacteria population density over that
same period of time, the pragmatic
assumption is to ascribe the source
of increased
corrosion not only to water
separation/accumulation but also to
the increased bacteria population
density. This paper investigate
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Validation of New Test
Alyssa Hall, Michael Keller,
TEG 213X [60]
Facility for Erosion-Corrosion Siamack Shirazi, Edmund Rybicki,
Inhibition Prediction
Kenneth Roberts, Erin Iski The harsh effects and costly losses
due to erosion-corrosion in the oil
and gas industry have made
studying aspects of erosion,
corrosion, and the additive of the
two, erosion-corrosion a high
priority in recent years. 
Corrosion and the combined effects
of erosion-corrosion have been
more prevalent in recent years
primarily as a result of a
combination of improved oil
collection techniques where CO2 is
injected into the reservoirs, as well
as increased development of crude
with higher quantities of H2S and
CO2, from drilling in deeper
wells.  Corrosion prediction
has become more important because
of the difficulties in taking
measurements in deeper wells and
offshore drilling sites.  In the
past, the detrimental effects of pure
erosion, CO2 corrosion (sweet
corrosion) and chloride corrosion,
and the combined effects of
erosion-corrosion had to be
considered separately.  This
study introduces
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Internal Corrosion
Investigation on a Corroded
Oily Water Drain Piping at Oil
Separation Unit
Abdul Razzaq Al-Shamari,
TEG 187X [60](11, 46)
Samupraga Prakash, Amer Jarragh,
Santhosh Kumar, Basanta Lenka,
Abdel Rahman Emam Internal corrosion monitoring of
process vessels and associated
piping in operating plants as well as
fluid analysis from appropriate
locations provide valuable input
into the corrosion status of the
equipment and components. Internal
corrosion control in
the oil & gas industries have
been always a great challenge for
corrosion engineers especially in
identification of different types of
corrosion and its mechanism and
how to set the proper mitigation
means.
 
At the Kuwait Oil Company
(KOC), Internal Corrosion
Monitoring activities are carried out
in all their facilities which consists
of 22 Crude Processing Plants (or
Gathering Centers), 4 Gas
Processing Plants (or Booster
Stations); 2 Effluent Water Disposal
Plants, Seawater Treatment and
Injection Plant, a vast network of
pipelines carrying different
products, as well as Early
Production Facilities.
 
This paper highlight
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Erosion Modeling in Vertical
Slug/Churn Flow
Mazdak Parsi, Brenton McLaury,
TEG 213X [60]
Ronald Vieira, Siamack Shirazi,
Sajith Kareepadath Sajeev Presence of sand particles within
production fluids can lead to serious
erosion and erosion-corrosion
damage to production facilities.
Sand particles behavior in
multiphase flows is complicated
and as a result erosion mechanism
in such flows is complex as
well. The current work focuses on
sand erosion modeling in ascending
vertical slug/churn multiphase flow.
Two steps were taken toward
modeling of erosion. First, at
different superficial gas and liquid
velocities, upward slug/churn flow
was studied. Different
interfacial structures within flow,
which carry sand particles, were
recognized and velocity of those
structures was evaluated. Second,
several erosion experiments were
carried out to study effects of sand
particle size, liquid viscosity, and
superficial gas
velocity on erosion rate in a
standard 3-in elbow. Finally, results
from mentioned steps were used for
erosion modeling.
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Effects of Phosphonates in the Arcelia Sanchez, Irene Carrillo
TEG 187X [60](11, 46)
Microbiological Activity of
Salgado, Jorge Canto Ibanez, Jose
SRM and APB in Oil Fields
Juan Carlos Sanchez Ghenno Biocorrosion of metal pipelines and
equipment in the oil and
hydrocarbon industry is frequently
linked to the presence of Sulfate
Reducing Bacteria (SRB) and Acid
Producing Bacteria (APB).
Suggested mechanisms of SRB
induced corrosion are an
accumulation
of corrosive metabolites like
hydrogen sulfide, cathodic
depolarization, etc. The APB
produce organic acids as results of
its metabolism. A biocide can be
defined as a chemical agent that is
capable of destroying living
organisms Presently,
microbiological
studies have been conducted in the
field with experimental testing to
assess the efficiency of a biocide
with a base of phosphonate
derivatives. These laboratory tests
perform microbiological analysis of
APB and SRB inoculation or taking
a liquid sample directly
from an oil field well. After
incubation, the colonies are counted
per ml of sample (UCF). A positive
APB and SRB sample was se
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Experimental and Numerical
Investigation of the Effect of
Sand Concentration on the
Erosion Ratio in
Amir Mansouri, Siamack Shirazi,
TEG 213X [60]
Brenton McLaury, Marzieh
Mahdavi Oil produced from offshore
reservoirs is usually mixed
with sand particles. Sand particles
in slurry flows impact pipeline
walls and cause erosion damage.
Therefore predicting the erosion
rate is very crucial in oil industries.
In order to gain a better
understanding of the effect of sand
concentration on the erosive slurry
flows, a series of submerged
impinging jet tests was performed.
Total erosion ratio was calculated
by measuring the weight loss and
the thickness loss of the eroded
coupon was also measured
using a 3D profilometry scan. It is
found that the erosion ratio does not
change significantly with increasing
the sand concentration up to a
certain point, and then erosion ratio
decreases. This observation can be
ascribed to particle-particle
interaction
and more sand particle rebounds
near the surface at higher
concentrations, which can protect
the target surface from more
particle impacts. Also, the effect
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An Amperometric Biosensor
for Monitoring
Corrosion in Pipeline
Xin Pang, Chao Shi, Muhammad
TEG 187X [60](11, 46)
Arafin - Microbiologically
Influenced Corrosion (MIC) has
been considered a significant factor
contributing to oil and gas pipeline
failures. This type of corrosion
results from the activities of
microorganisms in the biofilms
formed on metal surfaces. Sulfatereducing
bacteria (SRB) are a predominant
cause of MIC. The monitoring of
MIC requires a combination of
microbiological, surface analytical
and electrochemical methods and
thus in-line MIC monitoring
presents difficulties. In this paper,
an amperometric biosensor is
constructed and tested for in-line
detection of sulfide as a product of
SRB activities. Carbon nanotubes
functionalized with a polythiophene
derivative conducting polymer were
used to immobilize enzyme and
facilitate signal transduction. The
biosensor responded
to the injection of sulfide linearly
within 5 s. The sensitivity of the
biosensor is improved by at least
3~5 folds compared to those using
graphite powders for enzyme
immobiliza
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Erosion-Corrosion Study of
Oilfield Materials Due to
Liquid Impact
Hadi Arabnejad Khanouki, Amir
TEG 213X [60]
Mansouri, Siamack Shirazi, Brenton
McLaury, John Shadley The goal of this work is to
determine erosion-corrosion
damage caused by liquid impact in
oil and gas industry. The
American Petroleum Institute
Recommended Practice 14E (API
RP 14E) guide
describes a method for calculating
an erosional velocity for clean
service. Some
authors believe that the basis
for API RP 14E is erosion due to
liquid droplet impacts. The API
correlation is
very simple and as noted in the
literature does not contain many
factors contributing to erosioncorrosion. A series of experimental
data was collected for specimens
from oil-field
materials impacting
liquid jets in a test configuration
that conforms to American Society
for Testing and Materials
(ASTM) standard G73-10.
Specimens were mounted on a
rotating disk and hit
the liquid
jet periodically. The tests were
done with two solutions, aerated 3%
NaCl brine and tap water
and two impact velocities, 52 and
26 m/s. It has
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Mechanistic MIC Evaluation
of Line Pipe in Ethanol and
Acetic Acid Solutions
Luke Jain, Chase Williamson, John TEG 187X [60](11, 46)
Spear, David Olson, Brajendra
Mishra, Russell Kane Recent field reports have suggested
that microbiologically influenced
corrosion (MIC) is occurring at
biologically favorable sites in
equipment handling ethanol
fuels.  Interstate pipeline
transportation of ethanol fuels could
increase the potential consequence
of an MIC related failure. 
Microbial communities in ethanol
spillage and runoff tanks at a
fueling terminal were indentified
using Sanger sequencing of
ribosomal rRNA genes. 
Microbes were cultivated from the
samples for a laboratory MIC
VWXG\QEVS0,&RI$3,5L
X52 and X70 steels was evaluated
using electrochemical impedance
spectroscopy (EIS) and electron
microscopy.  Acid
production bacteria (APB)
associated with a high tendency for
pitting.  Based on
experimental observations, it is
theorized that pitting can
occur by two mechanisms: (1)
Acetic acid-enhanced corrosion
driven by galvanic coupling
between the ferrite matrix and
second phas
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Microbiologically Influenced Akeem Adesina, Ismaila Aliyu,
TEG 187X [60](11, 46)
Corrosion (MIC) Challenges in Faisal Alabbas Unconventional Gas Fields
The fast growth of worldwide need
for increased oil and gas production
and the relative abundant of
unconventional reserves have
propelled the quest for
technological advancement to
improve oil exploration and
production at a reduced cost. The
recent breakthrough
in the economically-viable
exploration of unconventional gas
has revolutionized the oil and gas
industry with radical impact on the
energy market. Nevertheless,
unconventional gas fields have been
challenged with microbial induced
corrosion (MIC) attacks.
This is because unconventional
fields are characterized by
impermeable small pore size
drilling, which consequently results
in an increase of water injection
during exploration as compared to
conventional reserves. The main
sources of water injection are
seawater
and groundwater. Besides
compositional anaerobic
microorganisms present in the wells
which are helpful in oil formation,
this water introduces other microbes
which e
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Corrosion Behaviors of Carbon
Steel C1010 and Stainless
Steel 304 in the Presence of
Iron Oxidizing
Bi-min Zhang Newby, Hua Wang, TEG 187X [60](11, 46)
Lu-Kwang Ju, Homero CastanedaLopez, Gang Cheng Microbiologically influenced
corrosion (MIC) is one of the most
difficult forms of corrosion to
identify and mitigate.  One
reason behind such difficulty is the
mechanism of attack by
microorganisms is normally unclear
and complicated.  Ironoxidizing bacteria
induced aerobic corrosion
contributes to a significant portion
of MIC. In this study, corrosion
behaviors of carbon steel (CS)
C1010 and stainless steel (SS) 304
in the presence of an iron-oxidizing
bacterial species: Acidithiobacillus
ferrooxidans, was examined.
 Results showed that A.
ferrooxidans cells could accelerate
C1010 corrosion at a rate of 3 to 6
times of that without the presence
of A. ferrooxidans, but showed no
effect on SS304 corrosion. 
The accelerated corrosion rate of
C1010 with A. ferrooxidans cells
was due to the presence of Fe3+,
which produced by the metabolism
of A. ferrooxidans cells, could
oxidize Fe(0) in a high rate. The
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Visualization and
Quantification of Biofilm
Removal for the Mitigation of
MIC
Timothy Tidwell, Renato De Paula, TEG 187X [60](11, 46)
Glen Nilsen Biofilms are the predominant
antagonists when it comes to
corrosion (MIC). The removal of
this biofilm community is crucial to
mitigating the risk of a corrosion
failure due to MIC.  Despite
this, there are few current
techniques
that can accurately address whether
a biocide treatment is effectively
removing the biofilm or simply
lowering its metabolic activity,
thereby leaving the infrastructure
intact for new microbes to more
easily attach to surfaces. We have
developed a technique
utilizing Confocal Laser Scanning
Microscopy to determine the
efficiency of biofilm removal of
commonly used oilfield biocides
using thickness and volume
calculations. Volume measurements
allow us to quantify the ability of
the biocide to penetrate throughout
the biofilm rather than only seeing
a reduction in overall thickness
which can be influenced by a
number of factors. Our results not
only show the mechanism of how a
biof
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Characterizations and
Faisal Alabbas, David Olson,
TEG 187X [60](11, 46)
Measurements on Biogenic
Brajendra Mishra - Microbial
Sludge Produced by Field SRB influenced corrosion is not a distinct
type of corrosion, but rather
involves synergistic interaction of
microorganisms with resulting
biofilms and metabolic biogenic
products that enhance corrosion
processes. Therefore, it is important
to obtain
insights about the nature of the
biogenic products resulted from the
microbial metabolic process. In this
research, the biogenic products
produced by sulfate reducing
bacteria (SRB) cultivated from a
sour oil field were characterized
using X-ray photoelectron
spectroscopy (XPS). Moreover, the
zeta potential and magnetic
susceptibility of SRB cells and
biogenic products were evaluated
using microelectrophoretic
apparatus Zeta Meter and
magnetometer based on a
superconducting quantum
interference methods, respectively.
The results reveal that the biogenic
sludge is mainly composed of
different compounds of iron
sulfides such as pyrrhotite and
pyrite. Furthermore, it was found
that the
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Non-oxidizing Biocide to
Control Sulfate-Reducing
Bacteria on a Produced Water
Injection Plant
Matilde de Romero, Lisseth Ocando TEG 187X [60](11, 46)
Non-oxidizing biocides are
commonly used for eradicating
microorganisms, preventing
corrosion and plugging problems
and assuring the quality of water for
being used in the water injection
plant. However, such biocides are
very expensive and, in some cases,
they are not completely efficient on
everywhere. As a result it is
necessary to evaluate their
efficiency against sessile bacteria
before using them in a specific
system. Hence, this study shows the
procedure used for evaluating the
effectiveness of a variety
of non-oxidizing biocides for
controlling MIC by sessile SRB in a
water injection plant of a local oil
company. A laboratory technical
screening of 15 biocides was
completed against sessile SRB on
carbon steel surfaces at maximum
concentration established
by the manufacturer and two hours
as contact time, resulting the
glutaraldehyde from one
manufacturer as the best biocide to
control MIC by SRB in this water
injection.
Center
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Implementation of New Test
System for Optimizing the
Mitigation Strategies Against
MIC in Pipelines
Morten Andersen, Susanne Juhler, TEG 187X [60](11, 46)
Lone Tang A new biocide test system has been
developed, which allows the testing
of biocide efficiency and dosage
strategies for their performance
against system-specific MIC
biofilms under pipeline-simulating
conditions. The test system was
applied to evaluate the
performance of various biocide
dosage regimes against a biofilm of
a methanogenic Archaea similar to
abundant MIC-related
microorganisms identified in
production systems in the North
Sea. The efficiency of each biocide
treatment was evaluated based on
its
immediate effect on the biofilm
activity and on its lasting
performance the days following
biocide injection. Results from the
new test system were, furthermore,
compared with results obtained
from a conventional biocide kill test
performed on a planktonic
culture of the same test organism.
The results showed that dosage
regimes, which proved effective in
the conventional biocide test,
showed no significant effect
towards the activity
Center
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Localized Corrosion of
Corrosion-resistant Alloys in
Environments Containing
Hydrogen Sulfide
Andrzej Anderko, George
TEG 407X [60](31)
Engelhardt, Feng Gui, Liu Cao,
Narasi Sridhar A modeling framework has been
developed for rationalizing and
predicting localized corrosion and
stress corrosion cracking of
corrosion-resistant alloys in
environments that contain hydrogen
sulfide and chlorides. This
framework has been applied to five
alloys that are widely used in oil
and gas production, i.e., a
supermartensitic stainless steel
(S13Cr), a duplex alloy (2507), and
three austenitic alloys (2535, 28,
and 29). The model relies on the
computation of the repassivation
potential and corrosion
potential as a function of the
composition of the aqueous
environment, temperature, and
pressure. As the repassivation
potential defines the threshold
condition for the existence of stable
pits or crevice corrosion, an alloy is
susceptible to localized corrosion
if the corrosion potential exceeds
the repassivation potential. To
calculate the repassivation potential,
a previously developed mechanistic
model has
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Corrosion Fatigue Behaviour
of High Strength Steel Wire in
Various Aqueous
Environments
Peter Barnes TEG 186X [60]
Flexible risers are used to transport
oil and gas from the seabed to
FPSOs.  They can suffer
from a failure mechanism known as
corrosion fatigue, which is brought
about by flooding of the pipe
annulus initiated by either damage
to the outer sheath (which
causes ingress of seawater into the
annulus) or by the transport of
condensed water through the inner
sheath caused by the high pressure
inside the pipe.  These two
wet environments combine with
corrosive gases such as CO2 and
H2S, which coupled with the cyclic
wave loading on the flexible riser,
can lead to corrosion fatigue
failure.  Corrosion fatigue
tests have been carried out to
explore the effects of these two
environments and iron confinement,
with a V/S ratio of 0.2, on the
failure mechanism.
Iron and sulphide measurements
demonstrate the effects of chloride
on the dissolution of iron and the
effects of iron confinement on the
amount of sulphide in
solution.  The results for the
environments with a V/S ratio o
Center
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Study of Nanocrystallines on
Artificial Hip Implants
Surfaces Induced by
Biotribocorrosion Processes
Yu Yan TEG 331X [60]
Nano-crystallines have been found
on the bearing surfaces of metallic
artificial hip replacements. They
have very unique properties in
terms of wear resistance. It was
thought to be induced by
mechanical processes (tribology)
during service. However,
electrochemical
process (corrosion) plays an
important role both on the material
degradation and the formation of
tribofilms. This study focuses on
the characteristics of nano
crystallines generated in simulated
body environments. The aim of this
study is to gain useful information
of material degradation
mechanisms related with the surface
structure change and ultimately to
provide methods to improve the
safety and life of such implants.
 Nanoindentation was
employed to study the mechanical
properties such as the hardness and
Young’s modulus. Synchrotron was
used to gain 3-D X-ray images of
nano crystallins. And Small angle
X-ray scattering (SAXS) was
conducted to assess the size
distribution
of nano crystallines. In conclusi
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New Coatings for Corrosion
Wolfram Fuerbeth TEG 474X [60]
Protection Using Nanoparticles In recent years coatings based on
or Nanocapsules
nanotechnological methods have
gained increasing importance.
Nanoparticles from sol-gel systems
or from commercial dispersions as
well as different kinds of
nanocapsules may be used to
produce new coating systems or to
increase
the corrosion protective properties
of conventional coating systems. In
this paper an overview of different
ways of using nanoparticles for the
production or modification of
coating systems on metals as
followed in the author's research
group will shortly
be shown.
On the one hand nanoparticles may
be used as a coating material to
obtain inorganic coatings at
moderate treatment temperatures
due to the high sintering activity of
nanoparticles. Such coatings have
been obtained on magnesium alloys
using different strategies,
however, a sufficient densification
of the coating turned out difficult at
low temperatures. On the other hand
a combination of nanoparticulate
layers with a chemical conversion
treatment
Center
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Nanotechnology in Corrosion
Center
Room 173
Chair: David He
Vice Chair: Igor Kosacki
papers using nanotechnology
research to address/prevent
corrosion.
TEG 474X [60]
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Corrosion (Day 2)
Chair: Jason Lee
Vice Chair: Tingyue Gu
TEG 187X [60](11, 46)
Center
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TEG 331X [60]
Center
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Center
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Center
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papers pertaining to the impact of
corrosion on metallic alloys. Case
histories as well as advances in
corrosion (MIC) are also
encouraged.
Corrosion of Biomedical
Materials and Devices
Chair: Michael Bryant
Vice Chair: Shari Rosenbloom
papers concerning the effect of the
biological environment within the
human body as it pertains to the
performance of biomedical
materials and devices. Topics that
include corrosion, failure analysis,
oxidation of metals and polymers,
case histories, and testing for
biocompatibility are welcomed.
Mechanisms of Localized
Corrosion
TEG 407X [60](31)
Chair: Helmuth Sarmiento Klapper
Vice Chair: Mariano Iannuzzi
papers in the area of localized
corrosion mechanisms and
evaluations and measurements
methods.
Environmentally Assisted
Cracking
Chair: Xiaoyuan Lou
Vice Chair: Sai Venkateswaran
papers on all forms of
environmental cracking.
TEG 186X [60]
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Corrosion and Galvanic
Behavior of Oil and Gas
Materials in TM0177 Test
Solution A
Raul Rebak TEG 407X [60](31)
A wide range of alloys is used for
oil and gas applications, from
carbon steels to nickel based alloys.
NACE International provides
criteria to select materials mostly
based on their resistance to
environmental cracking. It was of
interest to study the general
corrosion rate and passivation
characteristics of a wide range of
alloys in deaerated 5% NaCl +
0.5% acetic acid (TM0177 Test
Solution A). Electrochemical
methods such as polarization
resistance and electrochemical
impedance spectroscopy were used.
Results
are also analyzed regarding the
galvanic corrosion susceptibility of
the studied materials.
Center
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Co-Effect of Production
Chemicals for Biocide
Optimization in Different
Types of Injection Water
Jan Larsen, Ketil Sørensen, Uffe
TEG 187X [60](11, 46)
Thomsen, Lone Tang The efficiency of biocides can be
improved by optimizing treatment
programs and including the
inhibiting effect of other production
chemicals. Here, the efficiency of
batch versus continuous treatment
with a biocide formulation of
TetrakisHydroxyMethylPhosphoniu
m
Sulfate (THPS) was investigated in
a setup with flow-through
bioreactors containing biofilm
derived from the Danish Sector of
the North Sea. The experiments
were performed with injection
seawater (ISW), produced water
(PW), and amended with spent H2S
scavenger
(SS) and scale inhibitor (SI). In
100% ISW, sulfate-reducing
Bacteria (SRB) regained their
activity within 2 days after 800 ppm
batch treatment, and continuous 60
ppm dosage of biocide decreased
the SRB activity by approximately
60%. Presence of SS and SI
had a significant biocidal effect in
100% ISW, and eliminated the need
for biocide. Results were different
in bioreactors with PW. In a 30:70
mixture of ISW and
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Performance of Coiled Tubing
in Sour Environments:
Improving Serviceability
Through Metallurgical De
Claudio Morales, Bruce Reichert,
TEG 186X [60]
Martin Valdez, Mariano Coloschi,
Thu-Ha Nguyen Coiled Tubing is being extensively
used for intervention and
completion operations in sour wells.
A sour environment implies an
integrity risk to carbon and low
alloy steels; this risk increases with
higher strength materials, which is
the direction of the
market for coiled tubing.
For service in sour environments
the use of inhibition is common and
recommended; however, an
acceptable inherent resistance to
different types of cracking is
desired to limit the risks in the case
of a temporary non proper
inhibition.
This paper summarizes results and
outcomes of a sour performance
evaluation program involving
several grades of coiled tubing
(specified minimum yield strengths
from 80 to 125 ksi), where the
impact of chemistry, microstructure
and heat treatment of base
material and welds was studied.
During the evaluation, different
type of tests were carried out
including C-ring tests, low-cycle
fatigue aft
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The Effect of Microseparation
on Corrosion Rates of Metalon-Metal Total Hip
Replacements
Andrew Beadling, Michael Bryant, TEG 331X [60]
Duncan Dowson, Anne Neville Introduction
Most metallic biomaterials owe
their corrosion resistance to a
protective passive oxide film which
can become damaged during
articulation. Exposure of the
reactive bulk alloy to the synovial
fluid results in corrosive material
loss. The degradation of Metal-onMetal
(MoM) Total Hip Replacements
(THRs) is a complex mix of
mechanical wear and corrosive
phenomena, as well as synergistic
effects [1]. The ability to predict the
performance of a MoM device
therefore needs a greater
understanding of the interaction
between the
tribology and electrochemistry
during sliding.
Methods
28 mm HC Cobalt-Chromium
(CoCr) alloy hip bearings were
tested to one million cycles in a
ProSim Deep Flexion Hip
Simulator. The simulator was
instrumented with a three-electrode
electrochemical cell. The free
corrosion potential (Ecorr) was
monitored throughout
each test. In order to determine the
corrosion current (Icorr) and
quantify
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Durable Hydrophobic Coatings Bryan Koene, Adam Goff - Luna
TEG 474X [60]
for Metal Corrosion Protection Innovations has developed an
exceptionally durable, transparent
fluid resistant coating for corrosion
mitigation on selected metals and
alloys.  There have been
many recent research and
commercial efforts in the area of
hydrophobic or water repellent
coatings that have demonstrated the
ability to shed fluids quickly off of
surfaces.  Whereas many
technologies and coatings have
achieved the primary goal of
achieving fluid shedding properties,
they have all lacked mechanical /
environmental durability, or
are difficult and expensive to
apply.  Luna has developed a
polymer-inorganic hybrid material
with a unique combination of fluid
repellency and exceptional
toughness for abrasion resistance
and environmental stability. 
The coating formulation can be
easily
applied in a single step by dip,
flow, brush, or spray with excellent
adhesion to multiple surfaces
including glass, plastic, paint, and
metals.  These
hydrophobic/oleophobic coatings
possess low surf
Center
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Effect of Thiosulfate on
Yushu Wang, Preet Singh TEG 407X [60](31)
Metastable Pitting in Chloride Prior research on growth of
Containing Environment
corrosion pits have shown that the
metastable pits repassivate due to
the rupture of the oxide pit cover
and mixing of the bulk solution with
pit solution. Stable pit growth only
occurs if the metastable pits
stabilize. Pitting
typically is related to the presence
of chlorides but has also been seen
in other anions like thiosulfates.
Thiosulfate pitting tends to have
lower pitting potentials as well as
repassivation potentials than
chloride pitting. In some
environments, such as
paper machine white water,
thiosulfate and chloride ions may
coexist. The relative roles of
thiosulfate and chloride on
metastable pitting of austenitics
stainless steels as well as duplex
stainless steels are not clear. In this
study, we investigate the effect
of thiosulfate on metastable pitting
in chloride containing solution
using potentiostatic polarization. Pit
morphology is characterized using
optical and scanning electron
microscopes.
Center
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Evaluation of Preservative
Chemistries to Control
Microbial Activity During
Well Completion
Renato De Paula, Vic Keasler,
TEG 187X [60](11, 46)
Timothy Tidwell Title: Evaluation of preservative
chemistries to control microbial
activity during well completion and
minimize long-term
microbiologically-influenced
corrosion in unconventional oil and
gas production systems
 
Microbiologically-influenced
corrosion (MIC) poses a serious
concern to the production and the
integrity of pipelines, vessels and
tanks. High water content directly
increases the risk for MIC as it
results in an increase of the
microbial load in the system.
Compared to conventional
production systems, unconventional
fields are at a higher risk for
premature MIC due to large
volumes of water used to initially
fracture the formation. Thus,
microbial control during hydraulic
fracturing is a critical step to
prevent
corrosion and maintain the integrity
of the well. The use of traditional
oilfield biocides in the hydraulic
fracturing process commonly
represents a challenge. This is
mainly due to the high temperatures
of the reservo
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Evaluation of Surface
Characteristics of Different
Materials Used in the Design
of Hip Implants
Izabelle Gindri, Maria Burbano,
TEG 331X [60]
Robert Russell, Sathyanarayanan
Sridhar, Danieli Rodrigues, Danyal
Siddiqui Introduction: Prevention of
premature failure of orthopedic hip
implants has been a constant
concern for physicians. The
increasing number of hip implant
surgeries and a younger and more
active population in need for such
devices require biomaterials with
enhanced performance and
durability. Corrosion and wear of
implant articulation interfaces and
modular parts can result in the
formation of particulates, which
have been linked to osteolysis and
destruction of native bone. In order
to improve implant
performance, 
factors that influence wear and
corrosion must be characterized to
obtain optimal combinations of
design variables. Thus, the purpose
of this study was to evaluate the
influence of different materials in
the wear and corrosion observed in
implants retrieved
during revision surgery due to
several clinical reasons.
Methodology: Different designs
were selected inclu
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Nano-Layered, Metallic
Coatings for Corrosion and
Erosion Resistance
Michael Joosten TEG 474X [60]
The use of nano-layered metallic
coatings is an emerging technology
that is generating products with
material property combinations
heretofore not possible. 
Through a patented electrochemical
controlled deposition process,
precisely defined configurations
of layered metal alloys can be built
on to a variety of substrates or as
near net shapes.   The
deposition process can be controlled
to produce nano-scale layers with
unique interfacial properties
resulting in corrosion resistance,
strength, hardness, and
fracture toughness combinations
not conceivable with conventional
material processing.  This
paper will describe the patented
process, characterize the asdeposited material, and give
examples of current applications
under field testing.
Center
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A Case Study Evaluating a Co- Christopher Rodriguez, Edward
TEG 187X [60](11, 46)
injection Biocide Treatment of Corrin, Terry Williams Hydraulic Fracturing Fluids
The recovery of petroleum
resources from previously untapped
shale reserves plays an important
role in the global energy
market.  Effective
management of limited water
resources and control of microbial
contamination in all process fluids
are critical to
the sustained quality of production
fluids. Microbiological
contamination in untreated waters is
recognized in the oil and gas
industry as posing high risk of
production fluid souring by
allowing growth and metabolism of
sulfate reducers.  In addition
to hydraulic
source water contamination, it is
expected that microbes can be
introduced into shales at the time of
drilling, necessitating treatment of
source waters in order to target
existing downhole contamination.
 
A two part biocide treatment
strategy has been extensively
evaluated in controlled laboratory
studies.  The synergistic
combination treatment involves the
co-injection of dimethyl oxazolidine
(DMO), along with the i
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Effects of Anionic Species on
the Crevice Corrosion
Behavior of Copper in the
Groundwater
Qiu Xu, Ke Gao, Xiao Pang TEG 407X [60](31)
As clean and efficient energy,
nuclear power has been widely used
around the world, but the high-level
radioactive (HLW) has become a
major risk. The planned concept of
China炻s HLW disposal program is
deep underground disposal. The
metal container is the
first barrier to protect high level
radioactive waste against the
leakage. At present, packaging
material selection for geological
disposal is different in variety
countries because of different
geological conditions. Copper as a
candidate materials of the
container, and the corrosion
behavior of it had been studied in
different environments of
geological disposal, but few studied
in China. In this study, the effect of
Cl-, SO42-and CO32- on the
corrosion behavior of copper was
examined. The results showed that
Cl- and SO42- have positive effect
on corrosion in copper, and the
presence of carbonate ion has
negative effect. SO42- promoted
crevice corrosion and Cl- promoted
matrix dissolved of the outside
Center
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A Comparison of the C-Ring
Test and the Jones Test as
Standard Practice Test
Methods for Studying St
Jeff Thomson TEG 186X [60]
Creep-strength-enhanced-ferritic
(CSEF) steels have been widely
implemented as water wall alloy
materials in the coal-fired power
industry for many years.  The
stress corrosion cracking (SCC)
behavior of this class of materials is
currently of significant
interest to the industry due to
recent failures.  To better
understand the test methods used to
characterize SCC behavior in the
laboratory, three representative
CSEF alloys, T23, T24, and T92
were subjected to two SCC test
protocols: the “Jones Test” set
forth in DIN 50915, and the C-ring
SCC test set forth in ASTM G3801.  Samples were tested in
either the as-received (normalized +
tempered) condition or in the
normalized condition (quenched
from 1065°C). Samples were
exposed to aerated water in one test
case and de-aerated water in a
second test case for a period of 7
days at 200°C.   It was
found that for both test protocols,
the normalized condition with
aerated water led to severe cracking
for all three alloys
Center
Room 175
Assessment and Management
of Corrosion in Implantable
Medical Device Battery
Mingzhang Wang, Puqiang Zhang, TEG 331X [60]
Michael Ringle, Gaurav Jain, Tom
Gorka Implantable medical device
battery has very high
reliability requirement for materials
corrosion resistance to assure the
performance and safety of the
device. Corrosion assessment and
management is achieved
through design, testing and
analysis, quality
control and monitoring. This
presentation will demonstrate the
achievement using examples.
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Non-Chrome Corrosion
Resistant Primers with Carbon
Nanotubes for Improved
Performance
Robert Jeffers, James Garrett,
TEG 474X [60]
Adam Goff In the coating stack applied to
military aircraft, hexavalent
chromated primers are often used to
protect the underlying aluminum
structure from corrosion. 
However, heightened concern over
toxicity has led to increased
regulation of hex-chrome use and to
petitions for their complete
replacement with chrome-free
inhibitors.  Carbon nanotubes
are of prominent interest to
corrosion inhibition due to their
unique physical properties. 
Carbon nanotubes hold the potential
to enhance the corrosion resistance
of coatings
through increased barrier protection
and mechanical strength.  In
combination with common
corrosion inhibitors they can
provide synergistic effects
enhancing corrosion
resistance.   Luna
Innovations has been developing an
innovative chrome-free corrosion
resistance
primer based on the incorporation
of carbon nanotubes. The primer
has demonstrated excellent
corrosion resistance in both neutral
and acidified salt fog testing. The r
Center
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D-Amino Acids Enhanced
Yingchao Li, Tingyue Gu, Congmin TEG 187X [60](11, 46)
Biocide Mitigation of Field
Xu, Peiyu Zhang, Dake Xu - DBiofilm Consortia in Lab Tests amino acids enhanced biocide
mitigation of field biofilm consortia
in lab tests
 
Yingchao Li (speaker), Fazlollah
Madani Sani, Weizhen Cai, Tingyue
Gu
Department of Chemical and
Biomolecular Engineering
Institute for Corrosion and
Multiphase Technology
Ohio University
Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
 
Microbiologically influenced
corrosion (MIC) is a major problem
in the oil and gas industry as well as
many other industries. Current
treatment methods rely mostly on
pigging and biocide dosing.
Because field systems are not
sterile, microbes always bound
back, which means treatment needs
to be repeated in cycles. The
application of the same biocide will
selectively promote resistant
microbes. Overtime, biocide dosage
keeps escalating leading to cost
increase and environmental
concerns. We have previously
demonstrated
that some D-amino acids are
biocide enhancers. They are
hypothesized to replace the Dalanine terminus that exists i
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Effect of Anodizing Treatment
on Galvanically Accelerated
Crevice Corrosion of
Aluminum Alloy
Jin Ho Kim, KyungJin Park,
TEG 407X [60](31)
MyoungHo Ahn, YoungCheol
Yoon  Aluminum alloys are widely
used in engineering structures and
components where corrosion
resistance is required 
because it has protective layers of
aluminum oixde. However, galvanic
corrosion can occur when aluminum
alloy is placed in electrical contact
with other metals that have more
postive corrosion potentials than
aluminum. Furthermore, corrosion
rate can be accelerated in crevice.
 Anodizing is an electrolytic
passivation process used to increase
the thickness of oxide layer on the
surface. The object to be treated is
immersed as the anode in an acid
electrolyte, and a direct current is
applied. Oxidation of the surface
occurs to
produce a greatly thickened, hard,
porous film of aluminum oxide.
Thus, aluminum alloys with
anodizing treatment have the high
corrosion resistance.
 In this study, we
investigated ther effect of the oxide
layer thickness by anodizing on
corrosion behavior, especially
galvanic current and cr
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Susceptibility of Cold-Worked
Medium Carbon Steel to Stress
Corrosion Cracking in
Synthetic Formatio
Alyaa Elramady, Brajendra Mishra, TEG 186X [60]
David Olson Susceptibility of Cold-Worked
Medium Carbon Steel to Stress
Corrosion Cracking in Synthetic
Formation Water and CO2
Environment Using the Slow Strain
Rate Method
The slow strain rate (SSR) test is a
quick and simple method that is
used to gauge the susceptibility of
metals to stress corrosion cracking
(SCC). This research uses the SSR
method to study the effect of prior
cold work of 0.18 wt% C
martensitic casing
and tubing steel on stress corrosion
cracking (SCC). Two cold-work
processes were used, namely, coldrolling and tubular expansion. The
steels were cold worked to 10% and
20% levels of strain. Longitudinal
tensile specimens were extracted
from the rolled plates
and the expanded tubes. In an
environment test, the specimens
were exposed to an environment of
synthetic formation water, CO2
pressure of 200psi and stretched to
failure at a constant strain rate of
 10-6 in/sec at room
temperature. Two baseline tests
were
performed in
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Electrochemical
Characterization of Advanced
Titanium Alloys in Simulated
Physiological Environments
Vilupanur Ravi, Obed Villalpando, TEG 331X [60]
Travis Voorhees - Titanium and its
alloys have been one of the leading
materials used for medical implants,
not only because of their superior
specific mechanical properties, but
also for their excellent corrosion
resistance and
biocompatibility.  By using
boron as an alloying
element in titanium, the strength of
the resultant alloys is higher than
that of the base alloy. It has been
shown that even small additions of
boron (in the 0.1 – 1.2 wt% range)
decrease the matrix grain size which
in turn increases the yield and
tensile
strengths when compared to the
base alloy. Understanding the effect
of this alloying addition (boron) on
corrosion resistance is equally
important for potential
biomedical applications. The
corrosion behavior of these unique
alloys (0 - 1 wt% B range) was
characterized
by electrochemical
impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in
various physiologically-relevant
solutions, e.g., Hanks' Balanced Salt
Solution (HBSS),
for different exposu
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Electrochemical
Characterization in CO
Saturated Environment of ZnRich Epoxy Nanocoatings on
API X
Violeta Goujon, Homero Castaneda TEG 474X [60]
Lopez, Enrique Maya Visuet, Todd
Hawkins Electrochemical Characterization in
CO2 saturated environment of ZnRich Epoxy nanocoatings on API
X52 pipeline grade steel substrate
under flow conditions
 
Violeta Valencia-Goujon, Enrique
Maya-Visuet, Homero CastanedaLopez
Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering
National Center for Research on
Corrosion
The University of Akron
Akron, OH 44325
USA.
 
Chemical inhibitors are the most
common practice for internal
corrosion protection of pipelines in
oil and gas production and
transportation operations. Although
effective, some chemicals forming
the inhibitor mixture constitute an
environmental hazard.
Therefore, a more environmental
friendly alterative consists of
considering internal coatings as a
solution for corrosion prevention
and protection.
This work aims the electrochemical
characterization of a zinc-rich
epoxy nano coating primer (ZREP)
and a composite variation
incorporating carbon nanotubes
(CNT-ZRE
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Effect of Copper on Crevice
Corrosion Inhibition of Ni-CrMo Alloy in Aggressive
Conditions
Ajit Mishra, Dave Shoesmith Effect of Copper on Crevice
Corrosion Inhibition of NickelChromium-Molybdenum Alloy in
Aggressive Conditions
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sp; Ajit Mishra1* and D.W.
Shoesmith1,2
    &nbsp
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sp; 1Department of Chemistry,
Western University, London, ON, N
6A 5B7, Canada
    &nbsp
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bsp; 2Surface Science Western, 999
Collip Circle, London, ON, N6G
0J3, Canada
 
Abstract:
The effect of Cu on the localized
corrosion of Ni-Cr-Mo alloys has
been investigated in hot saline
solutions by comparing the behavior
of alloys, 59 (UNS N06059) and
C-2000 (UNS N06200), using
electrochemical and surface
analytical techniques. Copper did
not have any measurable effect on
passive film properties or on either
the breakdown and repassivation
potentials or the protection
temperature. Galvanostatically
controlled crevice corrosion
experiments clearly demonstrated
that copper suppressed metastable
breakdown events, precursor for
stable pits. Dynamic secondary io
TEG 407X [60](31)
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Sour Environment
Temperature Effects on
Fatigue Crack Propagation in
Ultra-high Strength Low Alloy
M
Margaret Ziomek-Moroz, Jeffrey
TEG 186X [60]
Hawk, Thodla Ramgopal, Feng Gui
Catastrophic failures of drillpipes
have to be prevented from occurring
during drilling operations of oil and
natural gas wells. The National
Energy Technology, U.S.
Department of Energy and DNV are
investigating mechanisms of crack
propagation in ultra-high
strength low alloy (UHSLA)
martensitic steel drillpipe under
cyclic stress as functions of pH,
H2S concentration and temperature
in simulated production fluids.
These fluids are deaerated 5%NaCl
solution buffered with
NaHCO3/Na2CO3 or CO2 in
contact with 0.83
kPa H2S. Microscopic
investigations of the pre-cracked
sample surfaces after corrosion
fatigue tests in neutral pH solution
at 20 and 200°C, respectively,
revealed that the environment
temperature affected not only the
crack propagation mode but also a
general
corrosion behavior. This paper
discusses effects of the production
fluid temperature on susceptibility
of the UHSLA steel to
environmentally assisted c
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Electrochemical
Characterization of CoCr
Alloy in In-vivo Synovial
Fluids
Stefano Mischler TEG 331X [60]
Electrochemical characterization of
CoCr alloy in In-vivo synovial
fluids
Igual Muñoz, A.1,3 Jolles-Haeberli,
B.2 Mischler, S.1
1Tribology and Interface Chemistry
Group, École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne Station 12,
CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
2Center of Translational
Biomechanics, École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne and
University Hospital in Lausanne,
Switzerland
3 Institute for Industrial,
Radiophysical and Environmental
Safety, Universidad Politécnica de
Valencia, P.O. BOX 22012,
E-46071, Valencia, Spain
Metallic materials implanted in
living tissues are subject to the
corrosive environment of body
fluids, which constitutes a complex
electrolyte critically dependent on
each individual person. CoCr alloys
are widely used as biomedical
prosthesis for hip and
knee replacements. The reactivity
of the synovial fluid influences the
degradation rate of those materials
and may modify its electrochemical
behaviour thus determining the
possible failure of t
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Challenges in Detectability of
Amine Stress Cracking of
Carbon Steels in Gas
Sweetening Plant
Saad Al Dhafiri, Laxma Reddy
TEG 186X [60]
Kethi Reddy, Ravi Gupta, Thammer
Al-Ansari, Fahad Al-Otaibi Acid gas sweetening plants use
various amine solvents (namely
primary, secondary and tertiary)
 to selectively remove
impurities such as Hydrogen
Sulfide (H2S) and or Carbon
Dioxide (CO2) from natural gas.
The most economical material is
carbon steel with the exception of
stainless steels and its cladding in
areas where high severity of
corrosion anticipated in amine
treating plants. Change in feed
composition, operational upsets are
not uncommon to amine
plants, will likely result abnormal
corrosion rates in plant equipment
and piping.
Amine stress cracking, in addition
to wet H2S damage mechanisms, is
a known cracking degradation in the
amine treaters.  Often, its
detectability is questionable even
with advance NDE techniques. The
paper describes cracking
phenomenon in Lean amine (DEA)
exchangers made of carbon steel
with post weld heat treatment and
challenges to detect, mitigate,
repair of
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Crevice Corrosion Resistance
of Austenitic and Duplex
Stainless Steels in Chloride
Solutions
Martin Rodriguez, Pablo Martínez, TEG 407X [60](31)
Edgar Hornus, Ricardo Carranza,
Raul Rebak - Stainless steels
S30400, S31600 (austenitic),
S32750 (duplex), S31254 and
S32654 (super-austenitic) find a
wide range of industrial
applications.  These
applications include automotive,
jewellery and medical industries, oil
and gas industry equipment,
offshore
platforms, food processing
equipment, heat exchangers,
chemical process equipment, pulp
mill bleach systems, desalination
plants, tall oil distillation columns
and equipment, industrial scrubber
systems, absorber towers, vessels,
piping, etc.
The localized corrosion resistance
of stainless steels is commonly
ranked by the PREN (Pitting
Resistance Equivalent with
Nitrogen).  This parameter
may be calculated as a function of
the weight percentages of the
alloying elements Cr, Mo and N:
PREN = %Cr 
+ 3.3%Mo 
+ 16%N. 
The pitting and crevice corrosion
resistances of stainless steels
increase with PREN.  The
PREN values for the tested steels
are PREN = 18 f
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Application of HVAS
Cladding to Mitigate Sulfide
Stress Cracking and Hydrogen
Induced Cracking in a
Iain Hall, Salman Al-Dossary,
TEG 186X [60]
Tareq Alsabti, Tri Shrestha, Rium
Muir  It is well understood that
many environmentally induced
cracking requires the confluence of
susceptable material, stress and
corrosive media. Weld overlay and
conformal plate cladding
technologies have been employed to
mitigate these mechanisms by
surface
alloy enhancement. Although these
procedures are succesful, relatively
slow production rates in terms of
surface protection and the
difficulties associated with post
weld heat treatment (PHWT)
requirements within the constraints
of short turnarounds are
problematic.
The employment of metallurgically
cold High Velocity thermal spray
metal cladding technology with
specifically engineered alloys for
the process has been tested and
employed for large scale protection
of both carbon steel and 316SS
vessels. This approach has
been effective in mitigation of
Hydrogen blistering, Stress
Corrosion Cracking and Sulphide
Stress Cracking. The mechanisms
with respect to ef
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Role of Alloying Elements and
Ageing in the Pitting
Corrosion Resistance of
Duplex Stainless Steels
Sandra Le Manchet, Vincent
TEG 407X [60](31)
Vignal, Djiby Ba Duplex stainless steels (DSS) are
highly important engineering
materials due to their high corrosion
resistance combined with high
strength and moderate alloy cost
(lower nickel and molybdenum
content) compared to standard
austenitic grades. They are widely
used in various industrial sectors,
such as oil & gas (pipelines
and storage tanks), desalination
(evaporators and pumps) and pulp
and paper (digester and bleaching
reactors) industries. In this paper,
the influence of the alloying
elements and long-term ageing
on the DSS localized corrosion
resistance was investigated in a
sodium chloride solution.
Various DSS grades were
considered. The properties of the
native passive films spontaneously
formed on the ferrite and the
austenite in air (after surface
preparation) were determined by
means of local Auger and XPS
measurements. Several parameters
were
used to characterize these native
passive films: thickness, O2-/OHratio, Cr/Fe ratio
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Stress Corrosion Cracking
Assessment of the Weldment
of Newly Used Grade of and T
HSLA Steel
Ali AlShawaf, Stephen Liu,
TEG 186X [60]
Elramady Alyaa - The heat
exchangers (coolers) made of
quenched and tempered High
Strength Low Alloy (Q&T
HSLA) Steel developed multiple
cracks emanating from the
circumferential weld in the shell
after a short time of service. Some
of the cracks had grown through the
thickness
and thus started leaking. The
failure has been diagnosed as
Environmentally Assisted Cracking,
which is a general term for brittle
mechanical failures that result from
a combination between residual
tensile stress, susceptible
microstructure and corrosive
environment. EAC includes stress
corrosion cracking (SCC) and
hydrogen induced cracking (HIC).
Slow Strain Rate Tests (SSRT)
machine, which is in connection
with a high temperature/high
pressure autoclave, was
carried out using a Constant
Extension Rate Test
(CERT) machine. Stress corrosion
crack testing of the weldment as
well as the base material of this
Q&T HSLA steel was carried
out from 25 to 175 °C at constant
strain value in
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The Effect of Microstructure
on the Pitting Resistance of
Duplex Stainless Steels
Luis Garfias TEG 407X [60](31)
This paper covers the efffect of the
grain microstructure
(ferrite/austenite ratio and grain
size) of Duplex Stainless
Steels (DSS) and the Pitting
Resistance of these alloys in
chloride
containing solutions. Particular
attention will be given to the effect
of the microstructure of the
steel on the Critical Pitting
Temperature and Pitting
Potential. Tests with samples
annealed for longer period of times
to increase the grain size of both
ferrite and austenite on
commercially available 25Cr DSS
have shon that result on the increase
of the CPT in chloride containing
solutions.
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Conservatism in Sour Testing
with Hydrogen Sulfide Partial
Pressure Exposures—Towards
a More Consist
Sytze Huizinga, William Grimes,
TEG 186X [60]
Marc Wilms, Brian Chambers Sour stress cracking - either sulfide
stress cracking (SSC) or
environmental stress corrosion
cracking (SCC) - has long been
recognized to result from a
combination of three principal
elements – a susceptible material,
stress, and a sour exposure. 
Generally,
industry testing using the standard
test methods has been successful in
qualifying both carbon steel and
corrosion resistant alloy (CRAs)
materials for field exposures by
using equivalent partial pressures in
lab tests. Yet the materials tested
are rarely
of the combination of the
“hardest”, most “lean” alloy, and
least “susceptible” microstructure
one may encounter compared to the
broader range of materials delivered
to the field. 
 Likewise, stress, while
generally higher in controlled test
exposures compared
to “typical” average field
exposures, are only slightly, if at all
conservative compared to a
multitude of local stress riser
conditions one may encounter in f
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Use of Electrochemical
Techniques to Determine the
Degree of ıphase
Precipitation in Type 25Cr
SDSS
Roy Johnsen, Monika Næss,
TEG 407X [60](31)
Mariano Iannuzzi Corrosion resistant alloys (CRAs)
used in subsea pressure-retaining
components must be compatible
with production fluids and resistant
to pitting and crevice corrosion in
seawater. Whereas materials
selection in production
environments is governed by wellestablished
international standards such as ISO
15156, much debate still exists as of
how to determine the seawater
localized corrosion resistance of
higher grade CRAs such as duplex
and super duplex stainless steels
(DSS and SDSS, respectively).
 
While most industry specifications
rely on the ASTM G48 standard to
determine localized corrosion
resistance, for duplex and super
duplex stainless steels there is no
consensus on surface finish prior
testing (e.g. grinding or pickling)
and test temperature
(e.g. 50 °C in NORSOK 630 versus
40 °C in ASTM A923). Moreover,
it is unclear whether existing
procedures are sensitive enough to
determine the onset of deleterious
phases such as ıphase a
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Failure of an 8630M Low
Alloy Steel to C-Mn Steel
Dissimilar Metal Weld Made
Using Nickel Alloy 625
Kasra Sotoudeh, Mike Gittos TEG 186X [60]
Approximately one year after
installation, it was discovered that a
failure at the joint between a water
injection flowline and a forged
connector, used on a subsea water
injection manifold, had occurred in
deep water. It was found that the
line had separated
at the welded joint between an
8630 low alloy steel connector and
a C-Mn steel elbow, made using
nickel alloy 625 welding
consumables. Although this type of
joint is commonly employed
subsea, there have been a few
failures and this combination of
materials
is no longer preferred for this type
of service.
Both halves of the fractured joint
were retrieved from the seabed for
failure investigation. A detailed
investigation of the failed
component was undertaken
including extensive visual
inspection, metallography and
fractography, using scanning
electron microscopy,
to characterize the fracture event,
fracture morphologies, and
corresponding microstructures. It
was also attempted to estimate the
load
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Electrochemical Tests in
Completion Fluid Environment
in Martensitic Stainless Steels
Used in Oil an
Elaine Nascimento, Jose Gomes TEG 407X [60](31)
CO2 is known as an acid gas and it
is commonly found in oil and gas
production or gas lift injection used
to transport oil to the surface.
During the gas injection phase, the
CO2 gas in contact with completion
fluid promotes the decreasing of the
media pH
value. This acidizing promotes a
more corrosive environment for
martensitic steels used in oil and
gas wells, such as low alloy steel
1%Cr, martensitic stainless steel
13%Cr and supermartensitic
stainless steel S13%Cr.
Electrochemical tests were carried
out in static conditions to verify the
behavior of martensitic steels in
completion fluid, saturated with
CO2 and without CO2, at room
temperature and at 60°C.
Gravimetric tests were carried
under static conditions in an
autoclave at 50 psi partial pressure
of CO2 and 60°C for low alloy steel
1%Cr, martensitic stainless steel
13%Cr and supermartensitic
stainless steel SCr13%.
According to Anodic Polarization
Curves, low alloy Steel 1%Cr
presented activ
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Use of DL-EPR to Evaluate
Small 304SS Welds for
Susceptibility to SCC
Earl Johns TEG 186X [60]
Double Loop-Electrochemical
Potentiokinetic Reactivation (DLEPR) is a valuable technique to test
Type 304 stainless steel (SS)
materials and components for the
presence of grain boundary
chromium depletion and assess
material sensitization.  This
has practical
relevance for the evaluation of
susceptibility to weld intergranular
stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC).
 The present study reports on
work to develop DL-EPR
methodology applied to Type 304
SS pipe butt-welds of relatively
small size and having fusion zones
irregular in shape, both of which
present experimental difficulties to
electrochemical evaluations.
 The primary challenge was
to determine how to practically get
an accurate DL-EPR signal from the
relatively small heat affected zone
(HAZ) that may be susceptible
to IGSCC.  A simple method
was used to isolate the area of study
that led to a relatively small IR
drops during DL-EPR
measurements.
 Measurements on a control
material showed that smaller IR
drops co
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The Influence of pH on
Localized Corrosion Behavior
of X65 Carbon Steel in
COsaturated Brines
Frederick Pessu, Richard Barker - TEG 407X [60](31)
Pitting and localized corrosion of
carbon steel is considered to be
quite complex, and can be
influenced by a wide range of
process parameters; temperature, insitu pH, chlorides ion concentration,
etc. Solution pH is known to
influence corrosion film
characteristics
and morphology in CO2 and H2Scontaining systems. However, from
the perspective of pit initiation and
propagation in CO2-saturated
environments, the extent to which
in-situ pH of solutions and the
presence of corrosion products
influence localised attack is
still not clearly understood.
 As part of an ongoing
parametric study into pit initiation
and propagation in CO2 and H2S
environment, this paper presents an
investigation into the effect in-situ
pH on the corrosion product
characteristic and the pitting
behaviour
over a wide range of environment
acidity. Pit propagation studies are
conducted over 168 hours at 50°C
in 3.5 wt% NaCl buffered solutions
to identify the role pH plays on co
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Determining Reliable Domain
for 13CR Martensitic Stainless
Steel Downhole Tubular in
Sour Environmen
Goutam Ghosh, Ahmed Busaeedi - TEG 186X [60]
DETERMINING RELIABLE
OPERATING DOMAIN FOR
13CR MARTENSITIC
STAINLESS STEEL AS
DOWNHOLE TUBULAR IN
SOUR ENVIRONMENT AND
REVISITING ANSI / NACE
MR0175 / ISO15156 LIMITS
 
‘Conventional’ 13%-Chrome
Martensitic Stainless Steel (13Cr
MSS) has been in use
for oil country tubular goods
(OCTG) in downhole tubular
application in sour service
but selectively, as it has suffered
unexpected cracking in some cases.
Accordingly,
restrictive sour service environment
has been recommended in material
selection &
application of 13%Cr tubular in
standard e.g., ANSI/NACE
MR0175 / ISO15156.
However, variables & limits of
the variables, responsible for
cracking of 13-Cr MSS in
sour service, still appear not
exhaustively defined. Accordingly,
sometimes operating
companies devise and follow their
own restrictive criteria to select
13Cr MSS for
downhole tubular in sour
production environment, including
selection of
manufacturers.
Recently, a material qualification
program was ta
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The Likelihood of Localized
Corrosion in an HS/CO
Environment
Bruce Brown - Understanding the TEG 407X [60](31)
mechanisms that lead to localized
corrosion in oil and gas pipeline is
of great interest to corrosion
engineers worldwide. In a research
program which examined corrosion
under slightly sour conditions due
to an H2S/CO2 environment,
experimental
studies were carried out to identify
the environmental parameters with
the most influence on the likelihood
of localized corrosion. Observations
of localized corrosion that occurred
in slightly sour conditions in a large
scale flow loop under single phase
and multiphase flow were used to
develop a better understanding of
how bulk solution conditions can
affect the growth of the corrosion
product layers, over time, and their
relationship to localized corrosion.
 It was shown that the
solution bulk pH, concentrations
of carbonates, concentration of
sulfides, and the ionic strength of
the solution are the major factors
related to localized corrosion in a
slightly sour environment. The
experimental data was then an
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Corrosion Resistance of New
Generation of Aluminum
Alloys in Various
Environments
Alexander Semenov TEG 186X [60]
Al-Li alloys form a new generation
of aluminium alloys with unique
construction parameters, namely,
high static and dynamic strength,
low density, high Young’s modulus
and satisfactory weldability.
 However resistance to stress
corrosion cracking (SCC) and
exfoliation corrosion in various
corrosion aggressive environments
not completely understood. The
purpose of the present work is to
determine the resistance to SCC and
to estimate exfoliation corrosion of
the Al-Li alloys semiproducts in
various environments.
Samples were tested in different
climate conditions: Barents Sea
coast, Cuba island coast, Moscow
industrial zone, sea tropics
environment on board of the
“Izumrud” vessel. In addition,
laboratory corrosion studies have
been carried out and
electrochemical
characteristics of industrial and
experimental alloys have been
determined. Sea tropics of the
corrosion station on the Cuba island
and of the Indian Ocean (specimens
testing on board of the scientific
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Environmental Assisted
Cracking (EAC) of Steel
Pressure Vessel In Boiler
Water Service: Case Histori
Marco De Marco, Daniele
TEG 186X [60]
Calcagno, Marco Palombo - This
paper is inspired by a series of
failures that occurred in steam
drums and deareators in power
generation and
chemical/petrochemical plants. In
every case the failure occurred in
non-Post Weld Heat Treated
(PWHT) carbon steel (CS) welded
joints and
was related to the synergic action
of the mechanical  stresses
and the chemical environment
(boiler and feed water).
Nevertheless technical literature has
already covered and discussed the
topic and the damage was
experienced for a long a time by
Users, the
primary mechanism and root
causes of the failure events are still
unclear.
The paper shows an overview of
different case histories and failure
investigations related to in-service
cracking of non-PWHT CS welded
joints in deareator and steam drum.
The damage was associated to a sort
of Stress Assisted Cracking (SAC)
related to static
and/or dynamic stresses and
corrosive potential of water (mainly
oxygen and pH).
The feedback of the
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Inhibition—Corrosion and Scaling STG 61 - Inhibition—Corrosion and Scaling
Time
Name
Description
Committee(s)
Novel Volatile Filming
Inhibitor Treatment Program
Provides Improved Corrosion
Control in Industrial
Karen Person TEG 093X [61](11)
~~Volatile filming corrosion
inhibitors are increasingly utilized
in industrial, utility and commercial
boiler systems to control corrosion
of low carbon steel, and copper
alloys throughout the steam-water
cycle.
This paper presents a novel
approach for combining volatile
filming technology with highperformance neutralizing amines to
provide a holistic industrial boiler
treatment and prevention solution
for corrosion caused from acid or
dissolved oxygen attack,
erosion/flow assisted corrosion,
and downtime/storage.
Additionally, data will be presented
that compares the performance of
the polyamine treatment program to
conventional boiler water treatment
programs as obtained in both
research test boilers as well as an
operating boiler systems.
Location
Location Detail
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Novel Volatile Filming
Inhibitor Treatment Program
Provides Improved Corrosion
Control in Industrial
Karen Person TEG 145X [61](02)
~~Volatile filming corrosion
inhibitors are increasingly utilized
in industrial, utility and commercial
boiler systems to control corrosion
of low carbon steel, and copper
alloys throughout the steam-water
cycle.
This paper presents a novel
approach for combining volatile
filming technology with highperformance neutralizing amines to
provide a holistic industrial boiler
treatment and prevention solution
for corrosion caused from acid or
dissolved oxygen attack,
erosion/flow assisted corrosion,
and downtime/storage.
Additionally, data will be presented
that compares the performance of
the polyamine treatment program to
conventional boiler water treatment
programs as obtained in both
research test boilers as well as an
operating boiler systems.
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Effect of Corrosion Inhibition
on the Mitigation of
Preferential Weld Corrosion in
Seawater Transpor
Ray Case, Mohsen Achour, Jing
TEG 184X [61](31, 46)
Ning The scanning electrochemical
microscope (SECM) is being used
to investigate the effect of corrosion
inhibition in the mitigation of
preferential weld corrosion (PWC).
Using the in-situ electrochemical
methodology combined with the
high spatial resolution
at a microscopic level capability of
the SECM to assess corrosion
current distribution across the
exposed surface of PWC
susceptible welds in an environment
simulating a seawater transport
pipeline .
The data from the SECM evaluation
of PWC affected surface, strongly
suggests that the anodic current
distribution between the heataffected zones (HAZ), weld and
base metal is affected by the
concentration of corrosion
inhibition present. The results
obtained
indicate that under dosage of
corrosion inhibition, at least in a
seawater system, can cause
localized corrosion attack in PWC
susceptible HAZ .
Center
Room 175
Control of Corrosion in Oil
and Gas Production with
inhibitors
Chair: Haitao Fang
Vice Chair: Ziru Zhang
Center
Room 175
papers on corrosion inhibitors that
have been used to control corrosion
in challenging environments in oil
and gas production.
TEG 184X [61](31, 46)
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Inhibitors—Vapor Transported Sponsored by TEG 093X, TEG
(VCI) and Surface Coating
145X
Rust Preventives (RP)
Chair: Britt Minch
Vice Chair: Cliff Cracauer
TEG 093X [61](11)
Center
Room 168
Lujie Ye TEG 093X [61](11)
Coatings are widely used for
effective control of external
corrosion on offshore piping
systems. During use, micro-cracks
form in the coating resulting in
exposure of the substrate to the
environment, which can lead to
catastrophic failure of critical
components.
This paper presents a low-cost selfhealing coating that significantly
extends the service life of the
coating. Potential healing agents
were evaluated and an air-drying
triglyceride was identified as the
best low cost solution. Self-healing
coatings were
fabricated by incorporating ureaformaldehyde encapsulated healing
agents into epoxy and were
evaluated for mechanical
performance, corrosion resistance,
and self-healing performance.
Research into optimization and long
term durability and performance of
low-cost
self-healing coating materials is
ongoing.
Center
Room 168
papers related to inhibitors, vapor
transported (VCI) and surface
coatings rust preventives (RP),
technical advances, research, novel
applications, test methods, and
materials.
The Commercialization of
Self-Healing Technology in
Normal Epoxy Coatings
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
The Commercialization of
Self-Healing Technology in
Normal Epoxy Coatings
Lujie Ye TEG 145X [61](02)
Coatings are widely used for
effective control of external
corrosion on offshore piping
systems. During use, micro-cracks
form in the coating resulting in
exposure of the substrate to the
environment, which can lead to
catastrophic failure of critical
components.
This paper presents a low-cost selfhealing coating that significantly
extends the service life of the
coating. Potential healing agents
were evaluated and an air-drying
triglyceride was identified as the
best low cost solution. Self-healing
coatings were
fabricated by incorporating ureaformaldehyde encapsulated healing
agents into epoxy and were
evaluated for mechanical
performance, corrosion resistance,
and self-healing performance.
Research into optimization and long
term durability and performance of
low-cost
self-healing coating materials is
ongoing.
Center
Room 168
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Corrosion Inhibition in
Oil/Water Environments
Michael W. Keller, Alyssa Hall,
TEG 184X [61](31, 46)
Kenneth Roberts, Edmund Rybicki,
Erin Iski, Siamack Shirazi - The
use of corrosion inhibitors in
multiphase flow environments
consisting of oil/water mixtures is
common in a variety of
industries.  Frequently, oil is
assumed to reduce uninhibited
corrosion rate, which could lead to
lower required concentrations of
inhibitor to maintain
protection.  In this paper, we
present the results of a study of
inhibited corrosion in multiphase
flow.  These results are
obtained from a novel three-cell
flow loop (EC3) that is capable of
simultaneous, independent
measurement of corrosion,
erosion, and erosioncorrosion.  The efficiency of
inhibitor in oil-water flow is
measured at three water-cuts 100%,
40% and 20%.  
Increasing oil content was found to
lower the baseline, 0 ppm inhibitor,
corrosion rate when decreasing
water cut from 100%
to 40%.  Further decreasing
water-cut did not have a statistically
significant effect.  Increasing
oil content was found to red
Center
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NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Corrosion Resistance and
Bond Strength of Steel Bars
Coated with Calcium Silicate
Modified Enamel
Fujian Tang, Genda Chen,
TEG 093X [61](11)
Dongming Yan This study investigates the
corrosion resistance and bond
strength of mortar cylinders
reinforced with uncoated steel bars
(UN) and steel bars coated with two
types of enamel: pure enamel (PE)
and calcium silicate modified
enamel (ME). The addition of
calcium
silicate is aimed to increase the
bond strength of enamel coating
with surrounding concrete by
chemical reaction. Two groups of
18 pullout specimens were
prepared, each with one steel bar
placed along the centerline of a
mortar cylinder. Steel bar was
pulled
out of the mortar cylinder to
characterize the bond strength at the
steel/mortar interface. The effects of
mortar curing time (28 days and 60
days) were investigated. For
corrosion performance, another
group of 9 mortar cylinders
reinforced with UN, PE and
ME coated steel bars were
immersed in 3.5 wt.% NaCl
solution for 173 days. The corrosion
evolution was monitored monthly
spectroscopy (EIS). The exp
Center
Room 168
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Corrosion Resistance and
Bond Strength of Steel Bars
Coated with Calcium Silicate
Modified Enamel
Fujian Tang, Genda Chen,
TEG 145X [61](02)
Dongming Yan This study investigates the
corrosion resistance and bond
strength of mortar cylinders
reinforced with uncoated steel bars
(UN) and steel bars coated with two
types of enamel: pure enamel (PE)
and calcium silicate modified
enamel (ME). The addition of
calcium
silicate is aimed to increase the
bond strength of enamel coating
with surrounding concrete by
chemical reaction. Two groups of
18 pullout specimens were
prepared, each with one steel bar
placed along the centerline of a
mortar cylinder. Steel bar was
pulled
out of the mortar cylinder to
characterize the bond strength at the
steel/mortar interface. The effects of
mortar curing time (28 days and 60
days) were investigated. For
corrosion performance, another
group of 9 mortar cylinders
reinforced with UN, PE and
ME coated steel bars were
immersed in 3.5 wt.% NaCl
solution for 173 days. The corrosion
evolution was monitored monthly
spectroscopy (EIS). The exp
Center
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NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Beneficial Effect of Oil on
Corrosion Inhibition at
Elevated Temperatures
Iozsef Attila Palencsar, Rolf
TEG 184X [61](31, 46)
Nyborg - Employment of film
forming corrosion inhibitors is a
well-established and typically
reliable corrosion control method
for oil and gas pipelines. Due to the
surfactant properties of inhibitors,
the effect of hydrocarbons on the
inhibition process and inhibitor
performance is a topic of interest
from both an operations and a
testing perspective.
Many aspects related to the
presence of hydrocarbons affect
corrosion itself as well as
inhibition; some are often
investigated when inhibitors are
qualified. Certain components of
crudes can be corrosive while others
may have inhibiting properties;
partitioning
of inhibitors between the
immiscible aqueous and
hydrocarbon phases as well as
emulsion formation is important to
be reckoned with.
Among various issues with quite
negative connotation with respect to
water-oil-inhibitor systems, the
potential beneficial effect
hydrocarbons can display as
synergists to inhibitors should not
be overlooked. Experimen
Center
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Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Evaluation and Comparison of Jennifer Clark, David Boothe, Eric TEG 093X [61](11)
Waxes in Rust Preventives
Rodeheaver, Britt Minch Traditional rust preventives utilize
waxes and oils to leave a thin,
temporary coating on a metal
surface.  The waxes that are
used in traditional rust preventives
are petroleum waxes typically from
Group I refineries.  An
ongoing research program has
investigated
the use of alternative waxes. 
Due to the varying melt point and
structure of these waxes compared
to petroleum waxes, a wax
solubilizer is needed.  This
study will compare rust preventives
made with alternatives to the
traditional petroleum wax rust
preventives. 
The differences in the performance
of alternative wax rust preventives
with and without wax solubilizers
will be investigated.
Center
Room 168
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Evaluation and Comparison of Jennifer Clark, David Boothe, Eric TEG 145X [61](02)
Waxes in Rust Preventives
Rodeheaver, Britt Minch Traditional rust preventives utilize
waxes and oils to leave a thin,
temporary coating on a metal
surface.  The waxes that are
used in traditional rust preventives
are petroleum waxes typically from
Group I refineries.  An
ongoing research program has
investigated
the use of alternative waxes. 
Due to the varying melt point and
structure of these waxes compared
to petroleum waxes, a wax
solubilizer is needed.  This
study will compare rust preventives
made with alternatives to the
traditional petroleum wax rust
preventives. 
The differences in the performance
of alternative wax rust preventives
with and without wax solubilizers
will be investigated.
Center
Room 168
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Corrosivity and Corrosion
Inhibition of Wet-Sour Crude
Oil Wells
Yahya Al-Janabi, Hassan Al-Ajwad TEG 184X [61](31, 46)
This paper presents the results of a
study conducted to investigate the
corrosivity of wet-sour crude oil
wells and to examine the
performance of several potential
chemical inhibitors. Recently, wetsour crude oil wells have been
experiencing increased incidents
of localized corrosion as was
indicated by the escalating number
of tubing-casing-annulus (TCA)
communications. Previously under
these environments, protection of
downhole equipment was attributed
to the formation of passive iron
sulfide films/layers. In this
work, we studied the natural
inhibition of two crude oil samples
and the effect of different levels of
synthetic and live brines.  For
corrosion inhibition, we evaluated
the performance of several
commercially available chemicals
in terms of partitioning,
demulsification, thermal stability,
as well as their inhibition efficiency
under continuous and batch
treatments scenarios.
Ranking the performance of
candidate chemical inhibitors w
Center
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NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Wednesday,9 :50a.m. to 10 :15a.m. Improved Packaging—Barrier
Coated Paper Incorporating
Vapor Phase Corrosion
Inhibitors
Robert Kean, Margarita Kharshan, TEG 093X [61](11)
Boris Miksic Vapor-phase Corrosion Inhibitors
(VCIs) are used for safe and costeffective protection of a wide range
of metal articles. One large market
includes packaging materials for
storage and transportation of metal
parts. Cellulose based materials
(paper and fiber
board) are desirable packaging
materials due to cost, material
properties, and environmental
attributes (bio-based content,
recyclability), and these materials
can be easily impregnated with
VCI’s to provide corrosion
protection. However, uses of these
materials
can be limited by the water affinity
of paper/fiber board; and the highly
porous nature which allow rapid
depletion of the VCIs  and
exposure of the metal to corrosive
elements in the surrounding
atmosphere. The barrier properties
of paper products can be
greatly improved with wax or
polyethylene coating, but such
products are no longer suitable for
recycling. Emulsion based coating
product have also been used to
improve t
Center
Room 168
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Wednesday,9 :50a.m. to 10 :15a.m. Improved Packaging—Barrier
Coated Paper Incorporating
Vapor Phase Corrosion
Inhibitors
Robert Kean, Margarita Kharshan, TEG 145X [61](02)
Boris Miksic Vapor-phase Corrosion Inhibitors
(VCIs) are used for safe and costeffective protection of a wide range
of metal articles. One large market
includes packaging materials for
storage and transportation of metal
parts. Cellulose based materials
(paper and fiber
board) are desirable packaging
materials due to cost, material
properties, and environmental
attributes (bio-based content,
recyclability), and these materials
can be easily impregnated with
VCI’s to provide corrosion
protection. However, uses of these
materials
can be limited by the water affinity
of paper/fiber board; and the highly
porous nature which allow rapid
depletion of the VCIs  and
exposure of the metal to corrosive
elements in the surrounding
atmosphere. The barrier properties
of paper products can be
greatly improved with wax or
polyethylene coating, but such
products are no longer suitable for
recycling. Emulsion based coating
product have also been used to
improve t
Center
Room 168
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Wednesday,9 :50a.m. to 10 :15a.m. Mechanistic Studies of Sour
Underdeposit Corrosion in the
Presence of Chemical
Inhibition
Zhengwei Liu, Tracey Jackson TEG 184X [61](31, 46)
Failure of steel materials in sour
environments is of great importance
in the oil and gas industry. 
The iron sulfide deposits created
from steel corrosion in the presence
of H2S complicate the corrosion
failure mechanism and the ability to
inhibit those
mechanisms. Iron sulfide films
decrease the general corrosion rate
but introduce higher occurrences of
pitting corrosion.  Most sour
failures in the field are due to
pitting or underdeposit
corrosion.  Pitting and
underdeposit corrosion are more
difficult
to monitor and inhibit. 
Several studies have been
conducted describing the bulk
behavior of sour corrosion with and
without chemical addition in the
presence of underdeposit
corrosion.  However, little
information exists on the submechanisms involved in
the underdeposit corrosion process
in the presence of chemicals. 
The inhibition performance could
be significantly affected by three
main sub-mechanisms each having
variable contribution to the ove
Center
Room 175
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
:40a.m.
Advanced Analytical
Techniques for
Characterization of Rusted
Steels
Seifollah Nasrazadani TEG 093X [61](11)
A review of analytical methods with
emphasis on modern techniques
used in characterization of corroded
ferrous alloys will be delivered.
Iron oxides and Oxyhydroxides
 are constituents of corrosion
products formed on ferrous alloys
exposed to corrosive environments
(such as atmospheric corrosion)
and positive identification of these
constituents is of significant help in
corrosion prevention. Technique
fundamentals, incident probe used,
depth of analysis, detection limit,
applications for different techniques
will be
provided. Specific issue with
identification of Magnetite
(Fe3O4)/ Maghemite ȖFe2O3)
will be discussed.
Center
Room 168
:40a.m.
Advanced Analytical
Techniques for
Characterization of Rusted
Steels
Seifollah Nasrazadani TEG 145X [61](02)
A review of analytical methods with
emphasis on modern techniques
used in characterization of corroded
ferrous alloys will be delivered.
Iron oxides and Oxyhydroxides
 are constituents of corrosion
products formed on ferrous alloys
exposed to corrosive environments
(such as atmospheric corrosion)
and positive identification of these
constituents is of significant help in
corrosion prevention. Technique
fundamentals, incident probe used,
depth of analysis, detection limit,
applications for different techniques
will be
provided. Specific issue with
identification of Magnetite
(Fe3O4)/ Maghemite ȖFe2O3)
will be discussed.
Center
Room 168
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
:40a.m.
Influence of Pre-corrosion
Surface and Corrosion Product
on Corrosion Inhibitor
Effectiveness
Lei Zhang, Yingkun Liu, DaPeng
TEG 184X [61](31, 46)
Li, Junpeng Xue, Minxu Lu The inhibition effect of a kind of
imidazoline base inhibitor on the
corrosion of carbon steel under
various conditions of pre-corrosion
was studied using autoclave,
potentiodynamic polarization and
electrochemical impedance
spectroscopy (EIS) techniques.
Scanning electron microscopy
(SEM) was used to characterize the
steel surface. The results indicate
the influence of pre-corrosion status
on the corrosion rate and the
effectiveness of corrosion inhibitor.
Different kinds of corrosion
products on the steel
surface will play an important role
on and significantly affect the
inhibition effect.
Center
Room 175
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Wednesday,10 :40a.m. to 11 :5a.m. Electrochemical Assessment of Homero Castaneda Lopez, Britt
TEG 093X [61](11)
Corrosion Inhibitors on Steel Minch, David Boothe, Dongrui
and Aluminum Substrates
Yang The selection of corrosion inhibitors
and metal material is critical for
corrosion-prevention. Scientifically
and practically, it is significant to
understand the specific interaction
between inhibitor coverage and the
corrosion resistance. The main
focus
of this work include the inhibition
assessment of eleven inhibitors in
steel and aluminum substrates
exposed in acid environment, which
is characterized by advanced
electrochemical and high resolution
techniques. This work aims to
explore the corrosion/inhibition
process of different metals with
and without the influence of
inhibitors, as well as to build the
corresponding relations between
film coverage and interfacial
reactions. Electrochemical
Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) has
been used as a prime technique to
quantify
and characterize the mechanisms
existing when corrosive
environments are exposed to
metal/inhibitor film interfaces. The
corrosion-prevention prope
Center
Room 168
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Wednesday,10 :40a.m. to 11 :5a.m. Electrochemical Assessment of Homero Castaneda Lopez, Britt
TEG 145X [61](02)
Corrosion Inhibitors on Steel Minch, David Boothe, Dongrui
and Aluminum Substrates
Yang The selection of corrosion inhibitors
and metal material is critical for
corrosion-prevention. Scientifically
and practically, it is significant to
understand the specific interaction
between inhibitor coverage and the
corrosion resistance. The main
focus
of this work include the inhibition
assessment of eleven inhibitors in
steel and aluminum substrates
exposed in acid environment, which
is characterized by advanced
electrochemical and high resolution
techniques. This work aims to
explore the corrosion/inhibition
process of different metals with
and without the influence of
inhibitors, as well as to build the
corresponding relations between
film coverage and interfacial
reactions. Electrochemical
Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) has
been used as a prime technique to
quantify
and characterize the mechanisms
existing when corrosive
environments are exposed to
metal/inhibitor film interfaces. The
corrosion-prevention prope
Center
Room 168
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Wednesday,10 :40a.m. to 11 :5a.m. Evaluation of Performance of
Gas Condensate Inhibitors
Tested with Different High
Velocity Test Rigs
Andreas Prethaler TEG 184X [61](31, 46)
An amine based CO2 corrosion
inhibitors and an imidazoline based
CO2 corrosion inhibitor have been
tested in both, a two-phase
laboratory flow loop system and a
jet impingement cell under
conditions of a mature gas
condensate well in Austria. After a
detailed
description of the experimental
setups, degradation rates of material
API L-80 as function of flow
velocity and inhibitor dosage are
presented. Additionally residual
inhibitor analysis was done to
determine amount of consumed
inhibitor. Influence of different
chloride concentrations and
addition of sand particles on
inhibitor performance have been
investigated. All results are
discussed with respect to critical
inhibitor concentration to reach
nearly 100 % inhibitor efficiency.
Inhibitor one exhibits as an active
ingredient alkylamine dissolved in
ethylene glycol and different
alcohols and the effect of inhibitor
two is basically based on
imidazoline dissolved in different
alcohols. Results demonstrate that
Center
Room 175
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Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Investigation of Substituent
Effects on the Corrosion
Inhibition of Pyridine
Derivatives with Acetyl
Sarah Kopecky - The corrosion
TEG 184X [61](31, 46)
inhibition of substituted pyridine
derivatives and quaternized
pyridines in the presence and
absence of acetylenic alcohol
synergists is reported. 
Electrochemical Frequency
Modulation (EFM) was used as a
method of monitoring corrosion
rates
of steel in acidic
environments.  Causality
factors were analyzed in order to
determine if the occurrence of
pitting could be evaluated in real
time without invasive inspection of
the metal sample.  Pitting
was also evaluated via scanning
electron microscopy
(SEM) for comparison of the
variance in causality factors to
observed pit formation. 
EFM was found to be a reliable and
accurate method of monitoring
general corrosion rates over time,
and a slight correlation was found
between causality factors and
pitting
observed via SEM.  In
addition, the pyridine derivatives
were found to have complex
substituent effects on corrosion
inhibition, with unsaturated
substituents most significantly
enhancing the performance rel
Center
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Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Vapor Corrosion Inhibitor and
Nitrogen Blank
TEG 093X [61](11)
Boris Miksic Corrosion behavior of steel samples
used for storage tanks and cross
casing pipe applications were
corrosion inhibitor and nitrogen
blanketing system. The objective of
environments, especially where
there are restricted geometries such
as crevices, threads, notches, and
under-deposits.
 
Corrosion behavior of steel samples
were studied in two different
conditions; the first contained 200
ppm chloride solution + 10%
corrosion inhibitor addition, the
second included 200 ppm chloride
solution with a nitrogen blanketing
system at 10 psi applied
for more than five months (~3,600
hours) using linear polarization
resistance (LPR) and electrical
 
demonstrated that vapor phase c
Center
Room 168
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Vapor Corrosion Inhibitor and
Nitrogen Blank
TEG 145X [61](02)
Boris Miksic Corrosion behavior of steel samples
used for storage tanks and cross
casing pipe applications were
corrosion inhibitor and nitrogen
blanketing system. The objective of
environments, especially where
there are restricted geometries such
as crevices, threads, notches, and
under-deposits.
 
Corrosion behavior of steel samples
were studied in two different
conditions; the first contained 200
ppm chloride solution + 10%
corrosion inhibitor addition, the
second included 200 ppm chloride
solution with a nitrogen blanketing
system at 10 psi applied
for more than five months (~3,600
hours) using linear polarization
resistance (LPR) and electrical
 
demonstrated that vapor phase c
Center
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Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Copper by Self-Assembled
Nanofilm of 1-Octadecyl-1HTetrazole-5-Amine
Boyapati Venkata Appa Rao TEG 093X [61](11)
Copper is considered as an
alternative metal for gold in
microelectronics packaging. But, it
is known to undergo corrosion
forming oxide, which is not suitable
for its use in microelectronics
packaging. Hence, there is a need
for protection of copper from
corrosion, which can be achieved
by formation of a protective film of
organic molecule on copper using
self-assembly technique. This is
essentially attempted in the present
study. A protective nanofilm of
(OTTA) was formed on a fresh
copper surface by self-assembly
method. The optimum
concentration of OTTA and
immersion period for formation of
the protective film are established
spectroscopy (EIS). X-ray
photoelectron spectroscopy,
reflection absorption FTIR
spectroscopy, atomic force
microscopy and contact angle
measurements have been used to
characterize the OTTA film.
Corrosion protection of copper by
OTTA film has been studied in
aqueous NaCl environment using
EIS, po
Center
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Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Copper by Self-Assembled
Nanofilm of 1-Octadecyl-1HTetrazole-5-Amine
Boyapati Venkata Appa Rao TEG 145X [61](02)
Copper is considered as an
alternative metal for gold in
microelectronics packaging. But, it
is known to undergo corrosion
forming oxide, which is not suitable
for its use in microelectronics
packaging. Hence, there is a need
for protection of copper from
corrosion, which can be achieved
by formation of a protective film of
organic molecule on copper using
self-assembly technique. This is
essentially attempted in the present
study. A protective nanofilm of
(OTTA) was formed on a fresh
copper surface by self-assembly
method. The optimum
concentration of OTTA and
immersion period for formation of
the protective film are established
spectroscopy (EIS). X-ray
photoelectron spectroscopy,
reflection absorption FTIR
spectroscopy, atomic force
microscopy and contact angle
measurements have been used to
characterize the OTTA film.
Corrosion protection of copper by
OTTA film has been studied in
aqueous NaCl environment using
EIS, po
Center
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Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Implementation of New
“Green” Corrosion Inhibitors
(CI) for Existing Offshore Gas
Production
Johannes Sonke - To ensure and
TEG 184X [61](31, 46)
optimise oil and gas production and
whilst maintaining integrity
addition, chemicals are added to
avoid hydrate formation, corrosion,
scaling and to stimulate production.
To be successful on all areas a
critical balance of chemistry is
required where all aspects need to
be considered and no details can be
overlooked. Production from
maturing fields becomes more
complex and requires measures to
keep production on a satisfactory
level. Reduction of operational
costs can be achieved by changing
to wet gas operation including
implementing single solutions for a
wide range of conditions, which
allows for anticipation on
continuously changing process
conditions.
Without effective corrosion
inhibition Southern North Sea gas
producing equipment would
encounter severe corrosion. The
corrosion rate depends on process
conditions like flow, temperature,
pressure (especially partial CO2
pressure), presence of water, and
organic acids. Corrosion inhibition
plays an i
Center
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New Benzimidazole
Derivatives as Corrosion
Inhibitors for Carbon Steel in
HCl Solution
Ime Obot TEG 184X [61](31, 46)
The corrosion inhibition behaviour
of two new benzimidazole
derivatives namely 2-(2Bromophenyl)-1H-benzimidazole
(BPBA) and 2-(2-Bromophenyl)-Hbenzimidazole (BPMA) on carbon
stee (CS) in 0.5 M HCl solution was
investigated using electrochemical
methods
such as potentiodynamic
polarization sweeps (Tafel plots)
and electrochemical impedance
spectroscopy (EIS). Scanning
electron microscopy (SEM),
attenuated total reflectance Fourier
transformed infrared 
spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), x-ray
photoelectron spectroscopy
(XPS) and contact angle
techniques were carried out to
established the inhibitive properties
of BPBA and BPMA on
carbon steel. Computer
simulations using density
functional theory (DFT) was
further employed to provide further
insights into the mechanism of
electron transfer from the inhibitors
to the steel surface. All the results
confirmed that BPBA and BPMA
are effective corrosion inhibitors for
carbon steel. BPMA showed
improve inhibition efficiency than
BPBA wh
Center
Room 175
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Evaluating Efficacy of Volatile
Corrosion Inhibitors Versus
Traditional Methods for
Preservation of
Eric Uutala, Cliff Cracauer, Boris
TEG 093X [61](11)
Miksic Corrosion protection of industrial
equipment and spare parts during
mothballing and deep storage is an
ongoing issue worldwide. Many
factors must be considered when
determining best practice for asset
preservation; length
of time, type of equipment,
accessibility, preventative
maintenance schedule, and
environmental and storage
conditions have the greatest
influence, while other conditions
may also need to be considered.
Traditional preservation methods
such as nitrogen blanketing,
desiccation, or surface applied
coatings (such as Cosmoline®) can
be costly to implement and
maintain, and can become even
more costly if they fail.
Replacement of equipment can
result in millions of dollars in losses
- both in replacement cost and
facility
downtime. Incorporation of volatile
corrosion inhibitor (VCI) systems is
an effective method to replace
traditional preservation programs.
These systems are often more cost
effective to implement, have littl
Center
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NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Evaluating Efficacy of Volatile
Corrosion Inhibitors Versus
Traditional Methods for
Preservation of
Eric Uutala, Cliff Cracauer, Boris
TEG 145X [61](02)
Miksic Corrosion protection of industrial
equipment and spare parts during
mothballing and deep storage is an
ongoing issue worldwide. Many
factors must be considered when
determining best practice for asset
preservation; length
of time, type of equipment,
accessibility, preventative
maintenance schedule, and
environmental and storage
conditions have the greatest
influence, while other conditions
may also need to be considered.
Traditional preservation methods
such as nitrogen blanketing,
desiccation, or surface applied
coatings (such as Cosmoline®) can
be costly to implement and
maintain, and can become even
more costly if they fail.
Replacement of equipment can
result in millions of dollars in losses
- both in replacement cost and
facility
downtime. Incorporation of volatile
corrosion inhibitor (VCI) systems is
an effective method to replace
traditional preservation programs.
These systems are often more cost
effective to implement, have littl
Center
Room 168
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Investigation of Bio-based
Aromatic Acids Derivatives as
Vapor-phase Corrosion
Inhibitor
Ming Shen, Margarita Kharshan,
TEG 093X [61](11)
Alla Furman Investigation of Bio-based
Aromatic Acids
Derivatives as Vapor-phase
Corrosion Inhibitor
Ming Shen, Alla Furman, Rita
Kharshan
Cortec Corporation, St Paul, MN
 
Interest in corrosion mitigation
utilizing renewable and
biodegradable raw materials is
quickly on the rise. A number of
plant materials as corrosion
inhibitor have been reported. In
many cases, however, preparation
of corrosion inhibitor from these
source
materials is laborious so the
industrial scale application is
difficult. The work reported here
utilizes industrial available biobased materials. Bio-based aromatic
acids, such as vanillic acid, ferulic
acid, cinnamic acid, and mandelic
acid, were studied
for their potential as industrial
corrosion inhibitors in vapor phase,
in various water- based electrolytes,
and in vapor/electrolyte inter
phase.  Simple preparations
of these bio-based aromatic acids
demonstrated that some of these
materials possess ability
of vapor phase c
Center
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Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Investigation of Bio-based
Aromatic Acids Derivatives as
Vapor-phase Corrosion
Inhibitor
Ming Shen, Margarita Kharshan,
TEG 145X [61](02)
Alla Furman Investigation of Bio-based
Aromatic Acids
Derivatives as Vapor-phase
Corrosion Inhibitor
Ming Shen, Alla Furman, Rita
Kharshan
Cortec Corporation, St Paul, MN
 
Interest in corrosion mitigation
utilizing renewable and
biodegradable raw materials is
quickly on the rise. A number of
plant materials as corrosion
inhibitor have been reported. In
many cases, however, preparation
of corrosion inhibitor from these
source
materials is laborious so the
industrial scale application is
difficult. The work reported here
utilizes industrial available biobased materials. Bio-based aromatic
acids, such as vanillic acid, ferulic
acid, cinnamic acid, and mandelic
acid, were studied
for their potential as industrial
corrosion inhibitors in vapor phase,
in various water- based electrolytes,
and in vapor/electrolyte inter
phase.  Simple preparations
of these bio-based aromatic acids
demonstrated that some of these
materials possess ability
of vapor phase c
Center
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NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
New Hibernation Systems for
Internal Substrate Surfaces of
Chemical Processi
Efim Lyublinski TEG 093X [61](11)
Chemical Processing Plants
Prof. Efim Lyublinski1, Eng. Terry
Natale1 Eng. Wade Rohland1,
Woessner1
Zerust Oil & Gas
Beachwood, OH  44122
USA
Eng. Ronnie Singh2, Eng. Edwardo
Tanabe2
2ZERUST, Brazil
3Petrobras, Brazil
ABSTRACT
Corrosion protection of large
equipment’s internal surfaces
(distillation towers, pipelines, tanks,
boilers, heat exchangers, etc.)
during storage,
transportation/shipping and long
term mothballing (up to 10 years) is
a worldwide problem. In many
cases, well-known
technology for replacement of the
environment with nitrogen gases
cannot be applied and are not
always efficient enough. In addition
to their limited protection ability,
these approaches tend to be
cumbersome, complicated, labor
intensive, very expensive and
create safety issues.
Center
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Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Chemical Processi
Efim Lyublinski TEG 145X [61](02)
Chemical Processing Plants
Prof. Efim Lyublinski1, Eng. Terry
Natale1 Eng. Wade Rohland1,
Woessner1
Zerust Oil & Gas
Beachwood, OH  44122
USA
Eng. Ronnie Singh2, Eng. Edwardo
Tanabe2
2ZERUST, Brazil
3Petrobras, Brazil
ABSTRACT
Corrosion protection of large
equipment’s internal surfaces
(distillation towers, pipelines, tanks,
boilers, heat exchangers, etc.)
during storage,
transportation/shipping and long
term mothballing (up to 10 years) is
a worldwide problem. In many
cases, well-known
technology for replacement of the
environment with nitrogen gases
cannot be applied and are not
always efficient enough. In addition
to their limited protection ability,
these approaches tend to be
cumbersome, complicated, labor
intensive, very expensive and
create safety issues.
Center
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NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Performance of Rhizophora
Mangle L. Leaf-Extract and
Sodium Dichromate Synergies
on Steel-reinforcem
Joshua Okeniyi, Cleophas Loto,
TEG 093X [61](11)
Abimbola Popoola, Olugbenga
Omotosho Performance of different synergistic
combinations of Rhizophora mangle
L leaf-extract and sodium
dichromate (Na2Cr2O7) admixtures
on the corrosion of reinforcing-steel
embedment in concrete immersed in
0.5 M H2SO4 medium were
investigated in this paper. Nondestructive electrochemical
measurements of corrosion rate
(CR) and open
circuit potential (OCP) were
obtained for assessing steelreinforcement corrosion in concrete
slabs that were partially immersed
in the microbial/industrial
simulating test-environment.
Probability distribution function
(pdf) analyses, as prescribed by
ASTM
G16-95 R04, of the scatter of
corrosion test-data showed that
while datasets of OCP distributed
like the Normal, the Gumbel and
Weibull pdf’s, the datasets of CR
were best fitted by the Weibull pdf.
Results from these identified the
synergistic admixture of
6 g Rhizophora mangle L leafextract + 2 g Na2Cr2O7 with both
optimal inhibiti
Center
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Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Performance of Rhizophora
Mangle L. Leaf-Extract and
Sodium Dichromate Synergies
on Steel-reinforcem
Joshua Okeniyi, Cleophas Loto,
TEG 145X [61](02)
Abimbola Popoola, Olugbenga
Omotosho Performance of different synergistic
combinations of Rhizophora mangle
L leaf-extract and sodium
dichromate (Na2Cr2O7) admixtures
on the corrosion of reinforcing-steel
embedment in concrete immersed in
0.5 M H2SO4 medium were
investigated in this paper. Nondestructive electrochemical
measurements of corrosion rate
(CR) and open
circuit potential (OCP) were
obtained for assessing steelreinforcement corrosion in concrete
slabs that were partially immersed
in the microbial/industrial
simulating test-environment.
Probability distribution function
(pdf) analyses, as prescribed by
ASTM
G16-95 R04, of the scatter of
corrosion test-data showed that
while datasets of OCP distributed
like the Normal, the Gumbel and
Weibull pdf’s, the datasets of CR
were best fitted by the Weibull pdf.
Results from these identified the
synergistic admixture of
6 g Rhizophora mangle L leafextract + 2 g Na2Cr2O7 with both
optimal inhibiti
Center
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Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Corrosion Monitoring and Measurement—Science and Engineering Applications
STG 62 - Corrosion Monitoring and Measurement—Science and Engineering
Applications
Time
Name
Description
Committee(s)
Plant Applications of Online
Corrosion Monitoring: CO
Capture Amine Plant Case
Study
Russell Kane, Earl Goetheer, Purvil TEG 100X [62](41)
Khakharia, Sridhar Srinivasan,
Severine De Vroey, Jan Mertens Over the past several years, there
has been a siginficant effort to bring
corrosion monitoring into the
online, real-time world of
process control technology. As part
of this new direction in corrosion
monitoring, corrosion data (e.g.
information on corrosion
rate, actual B value, and parameters
for pitting and corrosion filming
tendencies) has been directed to the
process control system so that it can
be viewed in real-time by process
and corrosion engineers
along with key process variables
that are used to manage
industrial processes. This paper
reviews the evolution of
corrosion monitoring from an
offline, specialist-oriented relm to
online, real-time world of process
control. It will provide indicate
how real-time corrosion data
can more specifically
identify periods
and causes of corrosion upsets that
were previously "invisible"
and provide quicker resolution and
corrosion solut
Location
Location Detail
Center
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Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Corrosion Monitoring
Technologies: Past Present and Chair: Sai Venkateswaran
the Future
Vice Chair: Daniel Chapman
TEG 100X [62](41)
Center
Room 172
Sean Brossia - For corrosion and
TEG 100X [62](41)
chemistry monitoring using
electrochemical and potentiometric
methods, the selection of a suitable
reference electrode is critical.
Improper selection can lead to
reduced confidence in the
monitoring results and in some
cases can render
the obtained data invalid and
unusable. While laboratory- and
field-grade reference electrodes
exist, their use can sometimes be
limited due to chemistry,
temperature, and pressure
conditions. In the present paper an
evaluation of different materials for
possible
use as solid state pseudo reference
electrodes will be presented. 
Center
Room 171
papers related to online corrosion
monitoring technologies including
electrical resistance and
electrochemical techniques,
applications, data, and experiences.
Monday,10 :25a.m. to 10 :50a.m.
Evaluation of Materials for
Use as Solid State Pseudo
Reference Electrodes
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Monday,10 :50a.m. to 11 :15a.m.
Evaluation of Coupled
Multielectrode Array Sensor
for Monitoring General
Corrosion
Lietai Yang, Xiaodong Sun, Ronald TEG 100X [62](41)
Barnes, Robert Griego Coupled multielectrode array sensor
(CMAS) is an effective tool for
monitoring localized
corrosion. It has been 
demonstrated that the CMAS is also
effective in monitoring non-uniform
general corrosion. When used for
monitoring uniform gneral
corrosion,
however, the CMAS method is
affected by the internal
current. This paper reports
the experimental evaluation for the
effect of the internal current on the
CMAS probe when the corrosion is
domminated by uniform corrosion.
Center
Room 171
Monday,11 :15a.m. to 11 :40a.m.
Development of Corrosion
Todd Mintz, James Dante,
TEG 100X [62](41)
Sensor Technology for Buried Leonardo Caseres - Degradation of
Piping
buried piping is a large concern for
numerous industries including
nuclear, oil and gas, waste water,
etc. Current condition assessment is
an important part of the life cycle
management of aging pipelines and
includes assessment of the external
surface, indirect inspection, direct
examination, and post-assessment.
Measurement of soil parameters can
help determine highest risk location
where corrosion may be occurring.
For measuring corrosion rates in
soils, electrical resistance probes,
linear polarization
resistance probes, and corrosion
coupons are commonly employed.
However, these methods present
several drawbacks in addition to the
fact that they are all single
parameter measurements, which
limits the ability to illustrate the
overall corrosion process occurring
in the soil. To overcome these
issues, Southwest Research Institute
developed an embedded corrosion
sensor technology, with chloride
concentration, pH, and corro
Center
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Development of
Electrochemical Sensors for
Monitoring Corrosion in
Extreme Environments
Serguei Lvov - Due to different
TEG 100X [62](41)
degradation mechanisms, the oil
and gas industry uses different
methods for monitoring corrosion
damage that include visual surface
observations, short- and long-range
ultrasonics, pulse eddy current, and
digital radiography. While these
methods can be used to reveal
corrosion problems once they have
reached a certain point, they cannot
be used for continuous in-situ
measurements of corrosion
parameters, such as corrosion rates
and solution pH, which can be used
to predict the corrosion hazard
before it happens. Although the
corrosion rate parameter is widely
used by corrosion engineers for
evaluation of corrosion performance
of a service metallic component, it
is not easy to reliably measure
corrosion rates for risers during
service. Thus, accurate
and efficient real-time monitoring
methods are needed that could
supply corrosion rate data over an
extended period of time and, thus,
would be able to differentiate
between different forms of
corrosion. T
Center
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Co-relation of On-line
Corrosion Monitoring (OCM)
Techniques with Actual
Thickness Verification of a
Abdul Razzaq Al-Shamari, Amer
TEG 100X [62](41)
Jarragh, Samupraga Prakash,
Mohammed Al-Shaiji, Basanta
Lenka Internal Corrosion has been always
a great challenge in many process
industries. Corrosion monitoring
and proper mitigations are vital in
most of the industries especially in
the Oil and Gas productions. On
line Corrosion monitoring (OCM)
techniques have
been extensively used to monitor
internal corrosion of the coupons
installed in the process equipment
in order to assess the corrosively of
the fluids and monitor the internal
corrosion of the equipment. OCM
coupon corrosion/pitting rates
provide the inputs
for conduct the Nondestructive
testing (NDT) of the equipment’s to
verify actual thickness reductions
due to corrosion in order to prevent
any failure.
 
A case study is conducted for this
paper in one of the gathering centers
(GC) of Kuwait Oil Company’s
facility. Very severe general/pitting
rates shown by OCM points and by
the verification of using long range
ultrasonic thickness (LRUT
Center
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Corrosion Test-data Modelling
for CHNNaO
Performance on Steel-rebar in
3.5% NaCl-immersed Co
Joshua Okeniyi, Abimbola Popoola, TEG 100X [62](41)
Cleophas Loto - This paper studies
empirical and correlation modelling
of corrosion test-data for detailing C
HNNaO
(ethylenediaminetetraacetic
disodium salt: EDTA-Na2)
performance on concrete steel-rebar
corrosion in 3.5% NaCl medium,
simulating saline/marine
environment.
Three different non-destructive
electrochemical monitoring
techniques were employed for
measuring corrosion test-data from
duplicated samples of the NaClimmersed steel-reinforced concrete
slabs that were admixed with
different CHNNaO
concentrations.
Empirical data from these were
subjected to fittings of Weibull
probability distribution function
(pdf) and tested for compatibility
with the distribution, as prescribed
by ASTM G16-95 R04, using
Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness-offit test-statistics. Analysed
results revealed that corrosion rate
from LPR technique correlated
excellently (R2 = 90.85%; ANOVA
p-value = 0.0174) with exponential
function of
CHNNaO mo
Center
Room 171
Multiple Element Monitoring
for Concrete Structures
Sean Brossia - Corrosion
TEG 100X [62](41)
monitoring of concrete structures is
an important aspect for effective
management and maintenance. In
addition to corrosion monitoring of
reinforcement materials, montioring
of key factors such as chloride, pH,
wetness, temperature, conductivity
etc. provides key insights into the
overall condition and corrosion risk.
In the present paper, results from
monitoring of the corrosion rate in
combination with other key
parameters will be presented.
Center
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Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Corrosion Monitoring of Steel
Bars Embedded in Motar
Using Fe-C Coated Long
Period Fiber Gratings
Fujian Tang, Genda Chen, Yizheng TEG 100X [62](41)
Chen - The corrosion evolution of
steel bars embedded in mortar
cylinder and immersed in 3.5 wt.%
NaCl solution is monitored by long
period fiber gratings (LPFG)
sensors in this study. The LPFG
was firstly deposited with a thin
layer of silver and then
electroplated
with a thick layer of Fe-C film.
Two silver layer thicknesses (600
nm and 1000 nm) and two Fe-C
film thicknesses (6 um and 10 um)
were considered. The coated LPFGs
with various thicknesses of silver
and Fe-C film were attached to the
surface of a steel bar
that is then embedded in mortar
cylinders. Twelve mortar cylinders
were cast, cured for 28 days, and
tested in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution for
a period of 100 days. The corrosion
evolution of steel bars in mortar
cylinder was monitored weekly with
electrochemical
impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and
linear polarization resistance (LPR).
The wavelength change of the
LPFG was measured weekly with
an optical spectrum analyzer
(OSA). Both LPR and EI
Center
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Back-Face Strain Compliance
Relation for SEN (B)
Specimens for Wide Range in
Crack Lengths
Rodrigo Garcia, Oscar Mattos,
TEG 100X [62](41)
Diego Dias, Andre Beserra An alternative method to the Direct
Current Potential Drop (DCPD), for
the fatigue crack growth rate
(FCGR) measurement called Back
Face Strain (BFS) is known more
than 30 years in the literature.
 However, recently the BFS
suffered considerable improvements
for two reasons: (1) the highefficiency calibration curve
obtained by finite elements for the
FCGR measurement specifically for
Compact Tension C(T) specimen;
(2) an improvement of polymers,
composites, resins and strain gages
development with better
performance,
which confers a more efficient
bound process in metals.
 Although, C(T) specimen
requires lower loads to obtain a
crack-tip stress-intensity factor,
single-edge notched bend SENB
could have a better representation of
the  oil pipeline crack-tip
stress-intensity
factor. This paper aimed to
establish a relationship between
BFS compliance equation with a
fatigue testing in SENB specimen
measured with BFS method. F
Center
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Phone: 281-228-6223
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Ultrasonic Computerized
Tomography for Continuous
Monitoring of Corrosion and
Erosion Damage in Pipe
Francesco Simonetti, Peter Nagy,
TEG 100X [62](41)
Alex Barth, Carson Willey, Geir
Instanes, Audun Pedersen Throughout the oil and gas industry
corrosion and erosion damage
monitoring plays a central role in
managing asset integrity. This paper
introduces a novel technology for
continuous monitoring of wall-loss
rates in pipelines.  A pair of
permanently installed
ring arrays of ultrasonic
transducers encircles the pipe and
delimits the section to be
monitored. The arrays excite and
receive guided ultrasonic waves that
travel inside the pipe wall and
insonify the entire pipe
section.  The received signals
are then processed
by advanced tomographic
algorithms to produce a point-bypoint map of wall thickness loss
between the arrays.  The
algorithms are designed to detect
changes between two material states
of the pipe and use differential
measurements to eliminate timeindependent
experimental uncertainties. As a
result, wall loss can be estimated
with accuracy beyond the pipe
manufacturing toleranc
Center
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Nanometer Precision
Ultrasonic Corrosion
Monitoring
Attila Gajdacsi, Frederic Cegla TEG 100X [62](41)
Pipe wall thickness loss caused by
corrosion and erosion is a
significant safety concern in
industry. The detrimental effects of
corrosion on the wall thickness are
often evaluated using ultrasonic
thickness measurements, however
manual measurements are
only carried out very infrequently.
Due to difficult field conditions,
changes in setup and a range of
other factors, these measurements
are usually only precise to within
fractions of a millimetre. Advances
in ultrasonic technology as well as
the possibility
of permanently installing them at
reasonable economic cost have seen
an increase in precision of several
orders of magnitude. This
substantial gain in precision allows
the evaluation of very small wall
loss rates in a matter of hours,
which in turn can be
used to evaluate and adjust
corrosion mitigation strategies. To
assess the potential of ultrasonic
monitoring, a state of the art
permanently installed ultrasonic
sensor setup is evaluated in
Center
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Application of Non-Intrusive,
Fixed Wireless Thickness
Monitoring for Sulfidation
Corrosion to Provi
Daniel Chapman, Jake Davies, Orin TEG 100X [62](41)
Wakefield One of Chevron’s refineries has
been monitoring the bottoms circuit
and several of the side cuts of the
atmospheric column in the crude
unit for corrosion related to
sulfidation with 120 sensors. 
The system is completely nonintrusive and uses wireless
communication to minimize the
cost of installation.  Real
time wall thickness measurements
delivered by the Permasense system
are validating that
the materials selection since
the crude unit start up in 2013 are
functioning reliably.  The
simple visualization
interface allows the data to be seen
by the end user from their desk
computer.  The Permasense
data has been used as a means of
demonstrating effective corrosion
control and monitoring to the
satisfaction of oversight agencies
and is being use to provide an
even better fundamental
understanding of sulfidation
corrosion. These online UT
measurements will be compared to
standard manual inspection
techniques illustrating the benefit
of
Center
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Hydrogen Cracking of Legacy Frank Dean - Steel in sour corrosive TEG 108X [62](31, 34)
Steels
service is prone to various forms of
hydrogen induced cracking (HIC).
This can take several forms, such as
centre line cracking, surface blisters
and stress oriented HIC (SOHIC).
In this paper we consider the effect
of the corrosion scenario, steel
microstructural heterogeneity, steel
surface condition and scales on the
type of damage that is manifest,
particularly in reference to legacy
steels which are more prone to
HIC.  It is
hoped the paper will contribute to
our knowledge of both the cause of
HIC damage manifest in damaged
pipe, and the susceptibility to HIC
that can be expected from legacy
steels which face prospectively
more severe sour service.
Center
Room 172
Hydrogen Permeation
Center
Room 172
Chair: Frank Dean
Vice Chair: Christopher Fowler
papers related to hydrogen
permeation measurements,
phenomena, and applications.
TEG 108X [62](31, 34)
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Validation of Risk Rating
Derived from Hydrogen
Permeation Field Data with
Ultrasonic Inspection Res
Moavin Islam, Saleh Al-Sulaiman, TEG 108X [62](31, 34)
Amer Jarragh, Abdul Razzaq AlShamari, Surya Prakash Hydrogen damage to equipment in
the form of hydrogen blistering,
hydrogen induced cracking (HIC),
stress oriented hydrogen induced
cracking (SOHIC) and hydrogen
stress cracking (HSC) is a major
concern in oil and gas production
facilities operating in a
H2S (sour) environment. 
However, it is important to note that
the mere presence of H2S (sour
environment) is not a cause for
concern.  It is the
concentration of H2S in
combination with the total system
pressure, the pH of the
environment, the
CO2 content,
and the chloride ion concentration
that determines the corrosivity of
the system. Also, the metallurgy
(composition and cleanliness) and
heat treatment condition of the
material of the equipment play very
important roles in the propensity to
cracking in such
sour atmospheres.
The propensity to hydrogen damage
(or risk rating) can be estimated by
measuring the hydrogen flux (or
permeation) thro
Center
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Fax: 281-228-6329
Hydrogen Permeability of IVD
and Electroplated Al Coatings
by Electrochemical Permeation
Cell Techni
Priyadarshi Behera, Sriraman
TEG 108X [62](31, 34)
Rajagopalan, Lisa Lee, Salim
Brahimi, Richard Chromik, Stephen
Yue Ion Vapor Deposited (IVD) and
electrodeposited Al coatings are
potential replacements for
electrodeposited low hydrogen
embrittlement (LHE) Cd coatings
on high strength steel substrates due
to its sacrificial protection nature.
As compared to LHE Cd coating
which needs a post baking process
to remove hydrogen, both IVD and
electroplated Al coatings doesn’t
introduce any hydrogen during
plating process. But in corroding
environment, there is inherent
evolution of hydrogen which might
diffuse through the coating
into substrate and cause hydrogen
embrittlement. Electrochemical
permeation cell technique is used to
study the effective diffusivity of
hydrogen for IVD and
electrodeposited Al coating using
LHE Cd coating as a base line. The
effective diffusivities obtained
from galvanostatic charging was
simulated using the classical
diffusion equation to obtain
hydrogen permeation flux and su
Center
Room 172
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
Influence of AC on Hydrogen
Permeation at Steel Under
Cathodic Polarization
Guenter Schmitt, Gerit Siegmund, TEG 108X [62](31, 34)
Hanns-Georg Schoeneich ~~The paper reports on the
influence of alternating current
(AC) on the hydrogen uptake
of  X80 pipeline steel 
cathodically protected with a
constant current density of -100
A/m2 in different media (0.2 M
H2SO4, 2M and 0.8 M NaOH, 0.2
M Na2SO4, 0.2 M
NaCl/MgCl2/CaCl2,
artificial soil solution Type NS4) at
room temperature. Under these
conditions AC current densities of
30, 100 and 500 A/m2 were
applied.
While the Devanathan-Stachurski
method was not successful to
indicate AC effects on hydrogen
permeation, the volumetric
measurement of permeated
hydrogen could be readily applied.
In the absence of promoters (e.g.
arsenite, selenite) no hydrogen
permeation was measured in all
media regardless of the presence of
AC (30 – 500 A/m2). Hydrogen
permeation started only after
addition of promotors. In H2SO4
solution containing selenite as
promotor
and NaOH solution containing
arsenite as promotor an AC effect
could be detected. Surp
Center
Room 172
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
RIP Meetings
Time
Name
Description
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
RIP Session 1: Corrosion in
Energy Systems
Chair: David Enos
Vice Chair: Kevin Ralston
RAC
Center
Room 223
RAC
Center
Room 224
RAC
Center
Room 223
RAC
Center
Room 224
This session is dedicated to
corrosion and corrosion control in
systems for energy generation:
onshore and offshore wind
generators, water turbines and tidal
systems, photovoltaic and solar
thermal power stations.
RIP Session 2: Corrosion of
Light Metals
Chair: Nick Birbilis
Vice Chair: Airan Perez
This session focuses on light metals
corrosion, encompassing Al alloys,
Mg alloys, and Ti alloys. The light
metals corrosion phenomena of
interest include pitting,
intergranular, exfoliation, crevice,
and stress corrosion cracking.
RIP Session 3: Corrosion
Modeling
Chair: Andre Anderko
Vice Chair: Pavan Shukla
Presentations that describe the
development, implementation,
validation, and application of
corrosion models are included in
this session.
RIP Session 4: Passivity and
Localized Corrosion
Chair: Jerry Frankel
Vice Chair: Hongbo Cong
This session covers all aspects of
localized corrosion of passivating
metals with a specific focus on (but
not limited to) stainless steels and
Ni alloys.
NACE International
Houston, TX 77084
Phone: 281-228-6223
Fax: 281-228-6329
RTS Meetings
Time
Name
Description
Committee(s)
Location
Location Detail
Research Topical Symposium
(RTS): Environmentally
Assisted Cracking
Chair: Christopher Taylor
Vice Chair: Fraser King
RAC
Center
Room 172
<p>This Research Topical
Symposium (RTS) will span topics
including stress corrosion cracking
induced by hydrogen, liquid metals,
carbonate, hydrogen sulfide, etc.
The goal of RTS is to generate
interest from both academic and
practicing corrosion engineering
communities: talks will address
recent and historical experience
with environmentally assisted
cracking (EAC), as well as future
anticipated needs in designing and
maintaining systems to avoid EAC,
and theoretical and experimental
approaches to studying and
predicting failure by EAC. A series
of invited speakers will discuss
various topics in EAC ranging from
fundamental atomistic aspects all
the way through to practical
industrial applications

Schedule

Transcription

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