X VIII
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X VIII
FRIESIA NORDISK MYKOLOGISK TIDSSKRIFT BIND VIII KØBENHAVN 1966 HEFTE l INDHOLD Side Gunnar Eriksson: Elias Fries and the romantic biology 1 T. Nathorst-Windahl: Some unsual Agarics from Sweden. II. . . . . 8 Arne Jensen: The appearance of Erysiphe betae (VANHA) WELTZIEN in Denmark ............... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Ingvar Nordin: Fnosktickans (Fomes fomentarius (L. ex FR.) KICKX) vardvaxtval i Sverige. (Summary : The Swedish host species of Fomes fomentarius (L. ex FR.) KICKX) .. 32 Jørgen Koch: Physoderma Gerhardtii SCHROET. on Glyceria maxima (HARTM.) HOLMBL. in Denmark . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 51 J. P. Skou: The conidial stage of Cochliobolus sativus as a potential pathogen and as a cause of a disguised disease in cereals in Denmark ................................ 57 Ny Litteratur. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Meddelelser fra Foreningen til Svampekundskabens Fremme 1963-1964 ................................. . . . ..... 79 * REDAKTION: N. F. BUCHWALD * Udgivet af Foreningen til Svampekundskabens Fremme Rolighedsvej 23, København V. Trykningen afsluttet December 1967. Hertz·Bogtrylckergaarden. København PDF scanning and OCR by the Danish Mycological Society 2010 - www.svampe.com FRIESIA . Bind VIII . Hefte 1 . 1966 ELIAS FRIES AND THE ROMANTIC BIOLOGY By GUNNAR ERIKSSON For ret nylig er litteraturen om ELIAS FRIES, der ikke er særlig stor, blevet beriget med et vægtigt bidrag, GUNNAR ERIKSSON: "ELIAS FRIES och den romantiska biologien". *) Afhandlingen, som er skrevet på svensk for den filosofiske doktorgrad ved Uppsala Universitet, giver en yderst fængslende fremstilling af den historiske baggrund for FRIES' videnskabelige indsats inden for mykologien. Da afhandlingen næppe er videre kendt uden for Sverige, aftrykkes med forfatterens tilladelse nedenfor dens fyldige engelske resume. Redaktionen. CHAPTER I. The German romantic philosophy, represented mainly by SCHELnot only affected art and litterature but also science. Many scholars, especiaIly biologists, were fascinated by its speculative spirit and magnificent theory of the world. ELIAS FRIES, the Swedish systematic botanist and mycologist, (1794-1878) gives an example of this. This is a study of his systematic theories and their dependence upon the speculative natural philosophy. Nature was understood by the romantic natural philosophy as a spiritual entirety, built up of polar forces in constant development. Every individual part of the univers e mirrored the entirety, constituted a microcosmos, which contained something of the qualities of the whole. Because the world was spiritual and because man was also spiritual he could through his powers of reason explore it, and because the part mirrored the whole the study of one single part could lead to knowledge of the whole. Therefore the romantic philosophy could promise its supporters · a penetrating knowledge of the world, an absolute certainty concerning the principles of thought, LING, *) Akademisk avhandling. Lychnos-Bibliotek, nr. 20. 487 s. Almqvist & Wiksell, Uppsala 1962. - Pris: hft. sv. kr. 45.-, indb. sv. kr. 57.- . FRIESIA VIII -1- - 2 - which also could appeal to other scientists, especially when their own research rested on dim principles. A fieid, which during the century before DARWIN was characterized to a great extent by a theoreticai uncertainty was the field of systematic botany. As early as during the 18th century many researchers strived after "the natural system", in which the plants would be classified according to their "real affinity", not according to external and artificial grounds. Most botanists had, however, a very dim idea of the meaning of affinity. They usually did not concern themselves with the phylogenetic affinity, because it was generally supposed that in our time just as many different species existed as were created in the beginning. Many scholars identified affinity with "resemblance", but it was usually vaguely felt that there was a deeper reason for it, a feeling which was expressed in the theories about God's plan for creation and in the opinion that the forms were grouped around types, Platonic ideas, which were reflected in different degrees of clarity by the different individuals. The method of research was also vague. The supporters of the natural system principally favoured the empirical method, but unconsciously they often resorted to logical deductions and subjective evaluations. The romantic biologists were, however, conscious of theory. Their plant system was built on a thoroughly comtemplated conception of the world and a determined idea of the scientific method. This is apparent through an investigation of the German romantic biologist L. OKEN'S natural system, published in Lehrbuch der N aturphilosophie in 1810, as well as of C. G. NEES VON ESENBECK'S Handbuch der Botanik) published in 1820, and System der Pilze und Schwiimme) published 1817. CHAPTER II. The literary romanticism did not appear in Sweden until about 1810. Before this time there was no romanticism in Swedish science. ELIAS FRIES hardly encountered romanticism until he starte d his studies at the univers ity in 1811. But even before that time, in the pre-romantic cultural atmosphere, there were phenomena, which could facilitate his later acceptance of the romantic philosophy: the worshipping of nature, and the religious currents such as Herrnhutism and Swedenborgianism, which had Platonic mysticism in common with romanticism. Natural theology ("physicotheology") according to whose doctrine the study of nature proved God's omni- - 3 - potence, wisdom and goodness, could also be developed into a sincere philosophy of life, related to romanticism. A few Swedish naturalists were Swedenborgianists and almost all of the botanists who were active around the year 1800 were familiar with and supporters of natural theology. FRIES'S father was a minister, interested in botany, and had been brought up in WOLFF'S philosophy, where the physicotheological arguments played an important part. During his school years in Vaxjo (1803-1811) ELIAS FRIES came into contact with different forms of pre-romanticism. CHAPTER III. As a background for FRIES'S activities a survey of the entire romantic current in Swedish science during the decade 1810 is given. Because the extreme romanticism in Swedish literature primarily appeared in Stockholm and Uppsala (in the middle of Sweden) one could also expect to find romantic science there. It is also true that there was an interest in speculative scientific research in the literary romantic circles, primarily in Uppsala, where especially CHR. STENHAMMAR and J. H. WALLMAN, both best known as botanists, are worth noticing. But also in Lund in the south of Sweden, where FRIES resided during his univers ity studies, there were representatives in speculative science. Most important of these is C. A. AGARDH, the famous algologist, professor of botany from 1812. He was FRIES'S tea cher and counsellor and it can be conjectured that he was very important in the growth of FRIES'S romanticism. During FRIES'S three undergraduate years, 1811-1814, there are, however, still no traces of romantic influence to be found. CHAPTER IV. In 1814 FRIES was appointed docens in botany (without pay) and he wrote his first scientific papers in systematic botany and phytogeography. He was aIready interested in the natural system. In the summer 1815 he has visited by WALLMAN. They became friends, and because W ALLMAN intended to publish a Swedish flora the following year, FRIES helped him with the fungi. In their correspondence during the spring 1816 they discussed OKEN'S plant system, and FRIES then appeared to be a confessor of romanticism- but with some hesitancy. In the printed flora the philosophic premises were, however, carefully 1* -4concealed. In 1819 FRIES and CHR. STENHAMMAR began to correspond, which was of great importance for FRIES' continued development. Toward the end of 1820 he published the first part of his most famous work, Systema mycologicum) which is still the basis for the nomenclature of many major groups of fungi. In the introduction of this work he was extremely speculative, primarily joining OKEN and NEES VON ESENBECK. The system of fungi is based on a metaphysical conception of the world: everything is supposedly built on four principles, the elements, the different proportions of which explain all the differences between the products of nature. The existence of fungi depends, apart from the elements (primarily water, air and the components of fire: light and heat), on a special force: nisus reproductivus. The proportionally varied influence of these factors is the basic reason for the different appearences of the fungi's fruit bodies and conditions in this way the systemization. FRIES distinguishes four different fruit types and creates therefore four classes of fungi, each class consisting of four orders, each order with four tribes or main genera. In each group there is a "center", where the combination of elements, which is typical of the group, appears most clearly, and "radii" , whose forms border on other groups. All groups are principally built up the same, and each form in a group reflects forms in the other groups. The forms within one gro up are connected by "affinity" , and plants from different groups, which resemble one another, are connected by "analogy" . These are two very important conceptions in FRIES' systemization. These terms were adopted by the English entomologist W. S. MAC LEAY (see his essay, which is mentioned in the reference list*) and were later adopted by several foreign biologists. CHAPTER V. FRIES'S most roman tic period occured during the first half of the 1820's. In letters to his friends he drew up a speculative system over the whole vegetable king dom in close connection with OKEN'S ideas, but in 1825, when he published the part which contained the lower cryptogams (in Systema orbis vegetabilis) ) he had aIready to a great extent freed himself of his dependence to OKEN. His system was still *) W. S. MAC LEAY: Remarks on the identity of certain general laws which have been lately observed to regulate the natural distribution of insects and fungi. - Trans. Linnean Soc. of London, vol. 14, pt. 1, London 1823. -5built upon a successive quartering, but it did not originate from OKEN'S theory of the four elements, but was built upon a logical dichotomy. (An English account of the theories in this thesis is given by J. LINDLEY; see the reference list. *) In 1820 FRIES was on bad terms with his former teacher AGARDH. Their personal disagreements were the background for scientific polemics. Above all they were disputing the usefulness of logic in systematic botany. AGARDH expressed an opinion that the logical rules were only human fictions, FRIES on the other hand vindicated in Systema orbis vegetabilis that the laws of nature followed the rules of logic. In spite of the fact that both botanists were romanticists they developed two very different botanical systems. CHAPTER VI. FRIES'S next large systematic work was Lichenographia europaea reformata} published in 1831. Many speculative elements from earlier works can be found here, but in spite of them there is a new and more "realistic" spirit in this book. FRIES gives human reason a more modest place than the empiric observation, and he no longer quotes any romantic philosophers, but seeks support for his opinions from FRANCIS BACON and other clas si c, generally accepted authorities. The development toward this standpoint can be followed in pamphlets and statements during the period 1825-1831, and can als o to a certain extent be explained through personal circumstances. CHAPTER VII. In 1834 FRIES was appointed professor in Uppsala, where he remained until his death. In 1835 he published a provincial flora, Flora scanica} where he for the first time published his system over the entire vegetable kingdom. In several small dissertations and other papers he presented the principles for this system, but he never wrote any collected and detailled representation of it. The system was still formed on a regular number of plant groups within each larger group. He also kept his idealistic theory about centers, the forms of which most clearly reflected the "idea" of the group, and * ) J. LINDLEY: Some account of the spherical and numerical system of nature of M. vol. 68, 1826. ELIAS FRIES. - The philosophical magazine and journal, - 6 - radii, the forms of which gradually bordered on other groups ; the theory of the difference between analogy and affinity and the logi cal classification is als o to be found here. But these theories fight against more "realistic" ideals, and the demand for empiric observation is growing stronger. Re no longer refers to a speculative theory of life as a foundation for his system, and he soon shows an open contempt for the German "Naturphilosophie" from which his own ideas once derived. As early as the 1820's there were traces of biologi cal vitalism in FRIES: he was of the opinion that life was a special force, higher than the inorganic forces. This vitalism became very clear in Lichenographia 1831, and occupied a prominent position in his concept of the world during his years in Uppsala. FRIES'S gro wing hostility toward speculations is closely connected with vitalism: because life was something higher, something divine, man could not, even with his ability to reason, penetrate it; only through a humble study of its different revelations could it be possibIe to trace its mysteries. Like many other romantic biologists FRIES had from an early stage nurtured a doctrine of evolution. Like most romanticists he did not at first believe that one species could develop into another, but he thought that all species at one time had been imperfect, and that they then separately had risen to higher perfection, and had become more and more similar to the idea which they reflected. During the 1830's and 1840's he began instead to assume that every genus had existed from the beginning, but that species within the genus could have developed through ramification from one single basic form. Re could, however, never accept R. F. LINK'S theory*) from the 1820's that man evolved from an ape, and he was equally unable to accept DARWIN'S opinion that all organisms have developed from a few original forms. As an idealist he was frightened by the materialism of Darwinism, but he also feared that the botanists would limit the number of the presently accepted species because of DARWIN'S theory of heredity. CHAPTER VIII. Concerning his general view of nature FRIES could, during his Uppsala period, be compared with many well known biologists from the middle of the 19th century. Four German botanists, for whom *) H. F. LINK: Die Urwelt und das Altertum, erHiutert durch die Natur- kunde. I-II. 1821-1822, Berlin. - 7 - FRIES especiaIly expressed admiration, are mentioned. In the works of the descriptive botanist WILHELM KOCH he found the same demands, i. e. that the marks of distinction between the species should be taken from the living plant, and not from dried out herbarium specimens, as he himself expressed. In the same way as FRIES L. REICHENBACH built a system upon the romantic "Naturphilosophie", developed a doctrine concerning the degrees of metamorphosis of plants, which FRIES had als o done, and adopted the terms analogy and affinity. M. SCHLEIDEN, the famous discoverer of the cell as the fundamental element of construction of plants, also showed, in spite of his harsh opposition to speculative botany, an inclination for a philosophical founda tion in science, and confessed tha t there was something divine in nature. ALEXANDER BRAUN formed an idealistic and vitalistic physiology of plants, which FRIES held in high esteem. An idealistic view of nature, free from the worst exaggerations of romanticism, als o distinguished such prominent researchers as GEOFFROY ST. HILAffiE, RICHARD OWEN and LOUIS AGASSIZ. In the general Swedish cultural atmosphere, as well as among contemporary Swedish scientists, the same spirit was also predominant. CHAPTER IX. Finally the relations between FRIES and two of his followers, N. J. ANDERsSON and H. VON POST, are being examined. ANDERSSON later adhered to DARWIN and J. D. HOOKER and was perhaps the first in Sweden to adopt the modern phylo-genetic conception of affinity. VON POST, skilled botanist, but primarily known as geologist, shared FRlEs's anti-materialism and carried his idealistic concept of nature farther in many respects. Until his death FRIES kept his vision of nature as a harmonious unity, governed by adivine reason, not by the struggle for existence. En indgående recension af fil. dr. GUNNAR ERIKSSON'S doktorafhandling har HANS KROOK skrevet i Svensk Botanisk Tidsskrift 57 (4): 492-497, 1963, hvortil læserne henvises. - Se i øvrigt: ELIAS FRIES' autobiography "Historiola studii mei mycologici" i Friesia 5 (2): 135-160, 1955, hvor bl. a. findes en fortegnelse over FRIES' hovedværker og endvidere en liste over den vigtigste litteratur om FRIES. Til denne liste må yderligere føjes ROB. E. FRIES: ELIAS FRIES i "Swedish men of science 1650-1950", ed. with an introduction by STEN LINDROTH. FRIESIA . Bind VIn . Hefte 1 . 1966 SOME UNUSUAL AGARICS FROM SWEDEN. II. By T. NATHORST-WINDAHL SUMMARY. In a previous pap er (Friesia VI (1961), 291-309) the author has given descriptions of some unusual Agarics which during the last years ha ve been collected in the provinces Vastergotland, Halland, Bohuslan and Varmland in the southwestern part and in the province Småland in the southern part of Sweden. In the present paper the author has added further species from the mentioned area. Certain Agarics collected earlier have als o been identified and some of these are here reported. The following species are reported for the first time from Sweden: Mycena alba (BRES.) KUHN. (Omphalia alba BRES.), M. margaritispora J. E. LANGE, Pluteus Thomsonii (BERK. & BR.) DENNIS (P. cinereus QuEL.), Rhodophyllus (Eecilia) rusticoides (GILLET) J. E. LANGE, R. (Leptonia) fulvus (ORTON), (Leptonia Andrianae BRES. sensu F. H. MøLLER, non BRES.), R. (Nolanea) araneosus QuEL., R. (Nolanea) xylophilus J. E. LANGE, Hebeloma pusillum J. E. LANGE, Phaeocollybia lateraria A. H. SMITH, Cortinarius (Hydrocybe) crassifolius VELEN., Conocybe Mairei KUHN., Lactarius lacunarum ROMAGN. ex HORA and Leptoglossum Rickenii SING. ex HORA (Omphalia muralis (Sow. ex FR.) QuEL. sensu RICKEN, non FR. New records of a number of uncommon species are also given. The identification of these Agarics were based on my descriptions of the species in the fresh state. Microscopic examinations of the dried fruit-bodies were made on crushed mounts in ammoniacal Congo-8- - 9 - red, with or without addition of phloxine with ca. 3 % KOH or in Melzer's reagent as a test for amyloidity. Unfortunately many dried Agarics preserved in different herbaria are practically useless because descriptions of the fresh fungi were not made and it is then often impossible to determine them la ter with security. The collection numbers cited and the photographs are those of the writer. 1. Mycena alba (BRES.) KUHN. Syn. Omphalia alba BRES. Småland : Femsjo parish, just N. of the church on old, mossy stems of living Acer platanoides af ter heavy rains, 4.IX.1957 (n. 6392). C a p about 1 cm across, bell-shaped or hemispherical becoming somewhat expanded, white or cream-coloured, radiately striate ar even furrowed; g i Il s distant, white ar whitish, very broadly adnafe or somewhat decurrent; s t e m 5-10 (15) X 0.5-1 mm, white, often curved upwards from the base, equal, covered with white fine down; f l e s h thin, white. - S P o r e s 6.5-8p, spherical, aften with one oil-drop; cheilocystidia abundant, 40-65 X 8-12p, more or less clubshaped and often somewhat curved. A detailed description with drawings of microscopical features is given by KUHNER (1938). M. hiemalis is somewhat similar but with greyish-brown caps. The species has not been previously reported from Sweden. 2. Mycena aurantiomarginata (FR.) QUEL. Syn. M. elegans (PERS. ex FR.) KUMMER sensu J. E. LANGE and KUHNER. - Goteborg: Långedrag under cultivated Picea and Abies in a garden, 10.X.1943 (n. 3743); Halland: Fjiirås parish, Tjoloholm under Fagus amongst dead leaves, 31.X.1959 (n. 6836). C a p 1-2 cm across, conicai to bell-shaped and pruinose at first, then expanding, brownish with an yellowish-olive tinge when moist, margin yellow to orange with a cast of fuscous, striate, becoming paler as it dries; g i Il s rather crowded, narrow, adnate or with a decurrent tooth, pallid olive, edges bright orange; s t e m about 4-6 cm X 1.5-2 mm, rigid and cartilaginous, equal, brownish ar greyish olive with an orange pruina at the apex, base strigase with orange-coloured hairs. - S p o r e s 7-9 X 4.5-5p, ellipsoid, smooth, amyloid; cystidia about 30-40 X 9-12p, clavate, filled with a brightorange pigment, the apices echinolate. - 10 - According to FRIES this beautiful plant is recognized by the orange-coloured edges of the gills whereas the closely related M. elegans (FR.) QuEL. has yellow-coloured edges. It is illustrated by KONRAD & MAUBLANC pI. 222; by J. E. LANGE, FI. Agar. Dan. pI. 54 G, as M. elegans. It seems to be rather rare in Sweden. 3. Mycena margaritispora J. E. LANGE. Syn. M. lasiosp erma BRES. sensu KUHN., non BRES. - Goteborg: Botan. Tradgård. Naturpark on decaying bark lying at the base of a high elm (Ulmus) after heavy rains, 18.VI.1941 (n. 2453) . C a p 4-8 mm across, obtusely conic or campanulate, fuscous to dingy ochraceous on the centre, yellowish towards the margin, whitepruinose at firs t, translucent-striate almost to the centre when moist and somewhat radiately grooved; g i Il s almost distant, rather narrow, white, with a faint yellowish tint, usually seceding in age, pruinose under a lens; s t e m 2-4 cm X 0.5-1 mm, more or less fuscous, cartilaginous, equal, covere d with a dense coating of hairs, given it a velvety appearance; f l e s h thin, pallid. - S p o r e s 5.5-7,u, subglobose, apiculated, with low, obtuse warts, non-amyloid; basidia 2-spored; cystidia 40-65 X 9-13,u, numerous, ventricose with long necks, the apices usually with two branchlets, pilocystidia numerous, smooth, 40-80 X 9-12,u, broadly fusoid, hyaline. A good illustration is given by J. E. LANGE, FI. Agar. Dan. pI. 58 D, D 1. This species has not previously been reported from Sweden. 4. Rhodophyllus (Eccilia) rusticoides (GILLET) J.E.LANGE - Varmland : Fryksande parish between Hagtorp and Lillån, growing amongst short grass in sandy soil, 21.IX.1947 (n. 4641). C a p 1.5-2 cm across, convex, rather smooth, umbilicate, more or less dark brown, finally funnel-shaped, margin striate when moist; g i Il s brownish with a tint of reddish, distant, rather thick and ve ry broad, deeply decurrent and almost triangular; s t e m short, 2-2.5 cm X 1.5-2 mm, brownish, smooth, almost equal, slightly hollow. - S p o r e s 8-9 X 7-8,u , angular, rounded; cystidia absent. Illustrated by J. E. LANGE, FI. Agar. Dan. pI. 80 D and DL I think it is the first record of this species from Sweden. -11 5. Rhodophyllus (Entoloma) porphyrophaeus (FR.) J. E. Goteborg: Slottsskogen under high, cultivated, deciduous trees among moss and grass, 4.IX.1948 (n. 5005). C a p 4-8 cm broad, bell-shaped or convex, then flattened and distinetly umbonate, purplish-brown or grey-brown with a tinge of flesh-colour, radiately fibrillose, finally brown-grey; g i Il s at first whitish, then paIe pinkish, finally flesh-coloured, broad, deeply emarginate-adnexed or free, rather distant; s t e m tall, 7-11 cm X 8-12 mm, similarly coloured to the cap, attenuated upwards from the base which is white fibrillose-striate, rigid and brittle, fistulose ; f l e s h paIe grey-bluish or brownish at first, becoming whitish as it dries; s m e Il and t a s t e not distinctive. - S p o r e s 10-11 X 6-7.5.u, ± ellipsoid, somewhat nodulose with a lateral apiculus and one oildrop; cheilocystidia inflated, somewhat bottle-necked, about 40-50 X 12-18.u or occasionally with a ro und head to 20.u broad. Hyphae of cap cuticle 7-9.u diam. This tall, graceful fungus is illustrated by J. E. LANGE, Fl. Agar. Dan. pI. 73 D and by RICKEN pI. 72,3. It seems to be rather rare in Sweden. LANGE. - 6. Rhodophyllus (Entoloma) turbidus (FR.) QuEL. sensu KUHN & ROMAGN. Flor. Anal. (1953) 196. Syn. R. Cordae (KARST.) J. E. LANGE. - Halland: Fjarås parish, Tjoloholm under Fagus) Fraxinus and Quercus in small groups or solitary among scattered Geum urbanum) 31.X.1959 (n. 6825). C a p 3-4 cm across, rather thin but somewhat fleshy in the centre, convex, then expanded, sepia-grey, sometimes slightly depressed round the low, rather dark umbo, often radially darker streaky when half-dry, margin striate, paler grey with silky sheen when dry; g i Il s paIe brownish at firs t, then greyish, finally pinkish grey, subcrowded, broadest in the middle, narrowly adnate or emarginate; s t em 5-8 cm X 5-7 mm, somewhat attenuated upwards from the base, rather conspicuously silvery fibrillose-striate, apex slightly pruinose, fragile, finally hollow, base often white-tomentose. F l e s h concolorous, drying white or paIe greyish. S m e Il and t a s t e none or very faint. - S p o r e s 8-9.5 X 6.5-8.u, subglobose or broadly ellipsoid with rounded angles; basidia 4-spored and cystidia absent. In Monographia Hym. Sueciae FRIES says: "stipes deorsum clavatoinflatus" for the typical form, which is in accordance with the descrip- - 12 - tions given by RICKEN (1915) and ORTON (1960). My specimens, however, have only a slightly thickened base as in FRIES form pinetorum. It is illustrated by J. E. LANGE, FI. Agar. Dan. pI. 76 D as R. Cordae (KARST.) LANGE (EntoZoma Cordae KARST. 1879, 268) and by RICKEN (1915) pI. 72,4 excI. spore drawings. As far as I am aware this species is rare in Sweden. 7. RhodophylIus (Leptonia) fulvus (ORTON). Syn L eptonia Goteborg, Xnggården, about 200 m SSV of Finnsmossen on a hillside among grass, 4.IX.1953 (n. 5845). C a p 2.5-3.5 cm across, rather thin, convex and umbonate at first, then expanded and somewhat umbilicate, yellow-brown with a tawny tinge, smooth or slightly flocculose-fibrillose , pellucido-striate almost to the centre which has dark brownish squamules, drying dingy ochraceous with a tawny tinge, silky shining; g i Il s at first almost white, then yellowish flesh-coloured, finally pinkish buff, very broad especially behind, adnate or sometimes separating, almost distant; s t e m 3-5 cm X 2-3 mm, equal or slightly thickened towards the base, paler then the cap and slightly silky-striate, finally hollow, base white tomentose ; f l e s h whitish; s m e Il none. - S P o r e s 10-14 X 7.5-8p, ellipsoid, 5-6 angular; basidia 4-spored; cheilocystidia hyaline, club-shaped, 45-50 X 10-16p; hyphae of cap cutic1e filamentose, 6-20 p diam. with vacuolar pigment. The species is figured by F. H . MØLLER (1945) as Leptonia Andrianae BRES. It is not reported from Sweden before. Andrianae BRES. sensu F. H . MØLLER, non BRES. - 8. RhodophylIus (Nolanea) araneosus QuEL. - Goteborg: Botan. Tradg. Naturpark, growing under deciduous trees, 11.VIII.1941 (n. 2542) ; Vastergotland: Styrso parish, Kanso, gregarious on sandy soil under deciduous trees, 3.X.1951 (n. 6801). C a p 2-3.5 cm across, somewhat fleshy, conicaI to bell-shaped, then expanded, umbonate, covere d with dense, greyish, finally greybrown, depressed and shining hairs. In age well-developed caps are often upturned at the undulated margin; g i Il s paIe greyish, then dark er grey or brownish-grey, finally somewhat tinge d pinkish by 13 the spores, distant, broad and adnexed; s t e m 3-5 cm X 3-6 mm, slightly thickened at the base, striate, covered with dense, greyish or greyish-brown, shining hairs, sometimes tinged reddish near the base, hollow, base white-tomentose; f l e s h greyish; s m e Il and t a s t e none or very faint; veil not observed. - Spores 11-13 X 7-8,.u, ellipsoid with rather rounded angles; basidia club-shaped, 4-spored; cheilocystidia inflated fusoid, 40-80 X 11-25,.u, granular, projecting the basidia about 40,.u. This fungus is evidently RhodophyZlus araneosus QuEL. as described and figured by L. and H. DøsSING in Friesia (1961). QUELET, Flore Mycologique de la France etc. (1888) does, however, not mention the conspicuous cheilocystidia, the sometimes reddish tinge near the base of the stem and sta tes tha t his fungus has narrow gills and is gro wing in woods of conifers. KURNER & ROMAGNESI, Fl. anal. (1953) have described the stem as "orne d'une forte houppe de poils raides, gris ou jaunes, ± rougissantes" which is not in accordance with the original diagnosis. The species has not been previously reported from Sweden. 9. Rhodophyllus (Nolanea) minutus (KARST.) J. E. LANGE. - Goteborg: Botan. Tradg. Naturpark, scattered under Alnus} Crataegus and Fraxinus on almost naked, rather moist and shady ground, 1.VlII.1953 (n. 5654); Hisingen, Rya skog in deciduous wood on shady, moist ground, 3.VIII.1953 (n. 5663). C a p about 8-15 cm across, somewhat convex, then flattened, slightly umbilicate, thin, brittle, paIe yellowish-brown with brownish striae and a darker spot in the centre, hygrophanous, pallid and shining as dry; g i Il s whitish at first, then dirty yellowish, finally rose-coloured, rather crowded, broad, thin, widest in the middle, almost free; s t e m about 2.5 cm X 1-1.5 mm, equal, brittle, solid, dingy yellowish-brown, apex pallid, smooth; f l e s h thin, sordid. S p o r e s 8-11 X 7-8,.u; cystidia absent. A good illustration is given by J. E. LANGE, Fl. Agar. Dan. pI. 79 H. The species is rather uncommon in this area. l have gathered a species which resembles this fungus but it differs mainly in ha ving cystidia on the edges of the gills. l think it may be R. (Leptonia) tenellus FAVRE but prefer to await further collections to be sure of that. -14 - Fig. 1. Rhodophyllus (Nolan ea) papillatus (BRES.) J. E. LANGE. Varmland: Stora Kil parish, Lokene farm, 29.VII.1958. - 'l X . 10. Rhodophyllus (Nolanea) papillatus (BRES.) J. E. LANGE. - Varmland : Stora Kil parish, Lokene farm, growing on an old mossy lawn with apple-trees, 29.VII.1958 (n. 6692). - Fig. 1. C a p generally ± conicaI to convex, 12-25 mm across, thin, papilIate or with small umbo, smooth or almost so, grey-brown with a marroon tint, dark striate when moist, paler and greyish cinnamoncoloured and silky when dry; g i Il s rather crowded and broad, sinuate, paIe grey or paIe sepia, finally brownish pink; s t e m 4-5 cm X 1.5-2.5 mm, equal, grey-brown, shining, stiff and brittle, smooth or slightly white silky-striate with indistinct white-pruinose apex, narrowly hollow, base white-tomentose; s m e Il and t a s t e not noted. - S p o r e s 9-10.5 X 7-7.5p, subovate, obtusely angularwavy. Basidia 4-spored; cystidia absent; hyphae of cap cuticle 7-15p diam. -15 My fungus agrees very well with the deseription given by BRESADOLA, leon. Mye. pl. 583.1 in having "lamellae ex albide luridis earneo-fuseae" . Aeeording to KUHNER & ROMAGNESI, Flore Anal., 189, N olanea clandestina as figured by BRESADOLA, leon. Mye. pI. 585,2 is more like N. papillatus BRES. The gills as described by him for N. clandestina "e griseo-umbrinis purpuraseentes" is, however, in accordance with the deseription given by FRIES "ex umbrine purpuraseentes" . The species is also described and figured by KONRAD & MAUBLANC pl. 180,2 and by J. E. LANGE, Fl. Agar. Dan. pl. 78 D. LANGE writes, however: "Gills originally dirty brown" whieh does not agree with BRESADOLA'S diagnosis. This species seems to be uneommon in the area investigated by me. 11. Rhodophyllus (Nolanea) xylophilus J. E. LANGE. Varmland : Vitsand parish amongst dried Sphagnum on the shore at the Lake Ovre Brocken, 22.IX.1947. (n. 4662). C a p 6-15 mm across, eonvex, paIe brown-yellow with a tinge of flesh-eolour, pellucido-striate almost to the somewhat darker centre; g i Il s at first whitish, finally flesh-coloured, rather distant, free, widest in the middle; s t e m 2-3 cm X 1 mm, smooth and almost diaphanous. S p o r e s 10-11 X 8-9 Il, irregularly more or less quadrangular-erueiate; eystidia absent. This small Agaric resembles maeroseopieally R. (Nolanea) minutus and is illustrated by J. E. LANGE, pl. 77 B. The species has not been reported from Sweden before. 12. Rhodotus palmatus (BULL. ex FR.) MAIRE. Syn Crepidotus palmatus (BULL. ex FR.) GILLET, Pleurotus palmatus (BULL. ex FR.) QuEL. and P. subpalmatus (FR.) GILLET. - Vastergotland: Satila parish, Håvet, about 4 m high on a more or less living trunk of wild apple (Malus)) 3.XI.1940 (n. 2386). C a p about 3.5(4) cm across, convex, then ± flattened, fleshy, soft, smooth, elastic, orange-buff with a flush of flesh-eolour, somewhat pruinose, margin thin, at first ineurved, then plan, translueently striate when moist; g i Il s broad, similarly eoloured or paler than the eap, narroved towards the margin of the eap, somewhat distant, adnexed or almost free; s t e m 1-3 cm X 5-8 mm, fleshy, more or -16 less excentric, almost equal and often curved upwards, striate, whitish to buff-coloured or sometimes with a tinge of reddish, paler at the apex, solid; f l e s h thick, paIe in the cap, orange or flesh-coloured with a tinge of yellow in the stem; s m e Il pleasant; t a s t e bitter to acrid; s p o r e p r i n t salmon-pink. - S p o r e s 6-7 p in diam, spherical, warted; basidia 4-spored; cheilocystidia numerous, 40-60 X 5-7 p, cylindric to inflated flask-shaped, often obtuse, thin-walled and sometimes not easy to observe; cap cuticle thick, gelatinous. This interesting Agaric is easily recognisably by the more or less orange colour on the capo Illustrations are to be found in KONRAD & MAUBLANC pI. 303,2 and in Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr. (1932) pI. XI. The species is very uncommon in the part of Sweden investigated byme. 13. Pluteus Thomsonii (BERK. & BR.) DENNIS. Syn. P. cinereus QUEL. - Goteborg: Slottsskogen on an old stump (Fagus?J) 7.VII. 1955 (n. 6033). C a p 1-4.5 cm across, convex-plan or slightly depressed in the centre when old, dark brown, pellucido-striate at the margin, rugulose or veined and pruinose on the surface, hygrophaneous, drying paIe grey-brown with a tinge of olive; g i Il s whitish at first, then pinkish, free, rather crowded, broadest in the middle; s t e m about 5 cm X 4-5 mm, greyish olive or rather paIe brownish, equal or slightly thickened at the base, white floccose but apex often pruinose, solid; s m e Il none. - S P o r e s 6.5-8 X 5.5-7 p, subglo bose or broadly ellipsoid; cheilocystidia clavate or fusiform, 35-65(70) X8-20(25)p, some with a hairlike appendage on the apex, 10-50 p long; cells of cap cuticle fusiform, about 40-60 X 13-20 p, projecting beyond sphaeropedunculate or pyriform cells, 15-35 p diam. A good illustration is given by J. E. LANGE, FI. Agar. Dan. pI. 71 D as P. cinereus QuEL. Apparently this species has not been previously reported from Sweden. 14. Crepidotus luteolus (LAMB.) SACC. Syn. C. pubescens BRES. sensu J. E. LANGE. - Goteborg: Hisingen, Rya skog on dead stems of Urtica dioeca and Filipendula uZmaria lying on the ground in damp place at the edge of a deciduous wood, 26.IX.1960 (n. 6880). -17 C a p 1-3 cm broad, rather fleshy in the middle, bracket-shaped or resupinate, reniform, attached laterally or excentrically, at first whitish, soon turning yellowish, almost glabrous, margin ofte n remaining incurved for some time; g i 11 s at first whitish, then yellowish, finally ferrugineous, rather distant, broadest in the middle and sometimes alittie decurrent on the stem; s t e m rudimentary, white, felt y but sometimes wanting. - S P o r e s 7-9(11) X3.5-5p, narrowly amygdaliform, minutely punctate; cheilocystidia cylindric, flexuose, often irre gul ar swollen or with short projections near the apex, 40-60 X 6-9 p . Illustrated by J. E. LANGE, FI. Agar. Dan. pI. 132 D, as C. pubeseens BRES. I think that this species is rather uncommon in the area investigate d by me. 15. Naucoria centunculus (FR.) KUMMER. - Goteborg: Botan. Tradg. Naturpark on a very rotten trunk of Betula lying on the ground, 29.VII1.1961 (n. 6914). C a p 0.7-1.5 cm across, convex, then expanded with a small, obtuse umbo, olive-brown, somewhat deeper coloured at the centre, surfaee mea ly and very minutely pubescent, margin striate when moist and at first incurved, but at length becoming eventually upturned, when dry paler; g i 11 s broad, thick, adnate, paler then the cap, rather crowded and with fimbriated whitish edge; s t e m 3-4 cm long, about 2 mm thick, but slightly thieker downwards, often curved upwards from the support, coloured like the cap but paler, apex powdery, becoming hollow, base whitish; f l e s h brownish; ve i l none. S P o r e s 6.5-9 X 4.5-5 p, phaseoliform; cheilocystidia for the most part clavate, 40-45X7-9p, attenuated at the base; cap cutic1e cellular, cells vesiculose-c1ub-shaped, ± erect, hyaline, 30-50 X 18-23p. No c1amp connections seen. Illustrated by J. E. LANGE, FI. Agar. Dan. pI. 124 L I have found only a few fruit-bodies and apparently the species is uncommon in Sweden. 16. Hebelorna pusillum J. E. LANGE. G6teborg: Sodra Guldheden under Alnus) Betula) Populus tremula and Rhamnus on moist ground, 10.X.1955 (n. 6067). FRIESIA VIII -18 C a p 1-1.5 cm across, convex, then expanded with a small, obtuse umbo, slightly viscid when moist, in the centre rather dark reddishbrown and at the margin whitish; g i 11 s rather broad and distant, pallid at first, then brown-reddish, on the edge white and beaded with drops of moisture in damp weather; s t e m 3-4 cm X 2-2.5 mm, whitish at first, then paIe brownish, powdered at the apex, solid; f l e s h whitish, then somewhat brownish with a faint s m e 11 of radish and an acrid t a s t e. - S P o r e s 10-12(13) X 6-7 1-', somewhat almond-shaped, paIe yellow-brown, warted; basidia 4-spored; cheilocystidia 50-70 X 7-121-', narrowed at the base, 3-51-' diam; cap cuticle filamentous, cells 4-111-' diam., somewhat clamped. Illustrated by J. E. LANGE, FI. Agar. Dan. pI. 120 C. The species seems to be uncommon in this part of Sweden and is reported for the first time from this country. 17. Phaeocollybia lateraria A. H. SMITH. - BohusHin, Vasterlanda parish about 400 m NNO. the Lake Stora Silevatten in shady, somewhat moist coniferous wood, 17.VII.1963 (n. 6967). C a p 2-4 cm broad, conic, acute, slowly expanded in age and always retaining a sharp conic umbo, somewhat viscid, glabrous, light ochraceous red, hygrophanous, drying brownish with a tinge of brick-red and shining; g i 11 s free to adnexed or sometimes adnate, crowded, broadest in the middle, paIe clay-ochre or tawny olivecoloured; s t e m 8-14 cm X 3-5 mm, glabrous, at the apex similarly coloured to the cap, in the lower part dark red-brown, becoming black when handled, hollow, at the base with an about 10 cm long cartilaginous p s e u d o r r h i z a; f l e s h slightly reddish; ve i labsent. S p o r e s 9-11 (12) X 4-5.5 I-' , ± amygdaliform, roughened; basidia 4-spored; cheilocystidia 25-30 X 4.5-5.5 1-', hairlike to narrowly elava te, hyaline, hyphae of the cap cuticle more or less gelatinized; pleurocystidia absent. This interesting Agaric is described from U.S.A. by A. H. SMITH (1957). BRESINSKY (1958) has studied a collect in KILLE.RMANN'S herbarium (Viechtach, Bayern, Sept. 1933) determined as Naucoria nasuta KALCHBR. var. nigripes KILLERMANN which fungus was by all means in accordance with the original diagnosis of Ph. lateraria A. H. SMITH and is for the first time collected in Europe. It has not been previously reported from Sweden. - 19 - Fig. 2. Cortinarius (Hydrocyb e) bibulus QUEL. Goteborg: Bot. Tradg. Naturpark, 27.VIII.1957. - 1 X. 18. Cortinarius (Hydrocybe) bibulus QuEL. Syn. C. am ericanus A. H. SMITH, C. pulchelZus J. E. LANGE. - Goteborg: Botan. Tradg. Naturpark under Alnus glutinosa on moist gro und amongst Viola palustris and liverworts, 27.VIII.1957 (n. 6291). - Fig. 2. I have ealier (Acta Horti Gotoburgensis (1958) collected this small Agaric from Rya skog. It is readily recognizable by the more or less dull violet colour all over; c a p up to 1 cm broad; g i Il s distant, broad and thick; s t e m 2-3 cm X 1-2.5 mm. It grows on moist gro und especially under Alnus glutinosa. 19. Cortinarius (Hydrocybe) crassifolius VELEN. - Småland: Femsjo parish, Femsjo about 100 m W. of Hagnen growing in a small troop on a road in grass under Picea) 4.IX.1957, leg. et det. M. MOSER (n. 6333) ; Femsjo just W. of S. Bokeberg under Picea and Betula) 6.IX.1957, leg. et det. NATHORST-WINDAHL (n. 6419). C a p 2-5 cm broad, bell-shaped to convex, umbonate, fleshy, deep brown when moist and not striate, drying paler brown with silky fibrils, shining; g i Il s very broad, distant and thick, cut out behind, 2* - 20- olive-brown at firs t, then red-brownish cinnamon-coloured, margin paIe pruinose; s t e m 7-8(10) mm thick, often thickened to 15(20) mm and brownish with shining fibrils below, paIe at the apex; u n i v e rs a l ve i l ends ab ove in a ring-like zone, which, however, soon disappear; c o r t i n a paIe dirty brown-coloured; f l e s h brownish; s m e Il strong, disagreable. - S p o r e s 8-12 X 6-7.5,ll ,broadly ellipsoid, coarsely warted. My description agrees very well with this given by VELENOVSKY, Ceske Hoube (1920). Characteristic features are the very broad, distant and thick gills and the blackening of the whole fungus with age or when handled. This species is growing with Picea as apparent mycorrhiza partner. During the season of 1957 while studying Agarics in Femsjo together with Dr. M. MOSER, Innsbruck, I have obtained a fresh collect determined by him (n. 6333) and a few days later I myself have colected material of this characteristic species in the same parish (6419). As reported for the first time from Sweden it is a nice addition to our Flora. 20. Cortinarius (Hydrocybe) damascenus FR. - Goteborg: orgryte forsamlingshem in a park under Quercus in low grass, 17.X.1960 (n. 6863). Fasciculate. C a p 4-7 cm across, obtusely conic, becoming almost plane with a low obtuse umbo, hygrophanous, red-brown when moist, fading to greyish yellow or brownish, with whitish fibrils at first, especiaIly towards the margin, then glabrous, margin incurved and often fissile or rimose ; g i Il s rather distant and broad, paIe cinnamon-coloured at firs t, then somewhat darker brown or almost reddishbrown, adnate; s t e m 8-12 cm X 1-1.5 cm, cartilaginous, firm and stiff with a pallid coating of appressed fibrils with a tinge of paIe ochre, somewhat spindle-shaped and rooting at the base and with a faint zone from the v e i l; f l e s h pallid; s m e Il and t a s t e not distinctive. - S p o r e s 7-8 X 4-5,ll, ellipsoid. J. E. LANGE gives a good illustration of this species in FI. Agar. Dan. pI. 100 E. It seems to be uncommon in the part of Sweden investigated byme. - 21 - 21. Conocybe Mairei KUHN. - Goteborg: Botan. Triidg. Naturpark scattered on naked soil under Alnus) Frax inus and Ulmus) 1.VII.1943 (n. 3551). C a p about 3-6 mm broad, thin, convex, then flattened and slightly umbonate, ochraceous to paIe tan, ochre-brown in the centre with a whltish bloom, hygrophanous, margin striate or furrowed when moist, slightly paler when dry; g i Il s broad, especially in the middle, adnexed or almost free, rather distant, egg whitish; s t e m 1.5 (2) cm long, very slender, whitish or with a tinge of yellow, equal or somewhat thickened at the base, white-powdery; ve i labsent. S p o r e s (6.5) 7-8 X 4-4.5 p, ellipsoid; basidia 4-spored; cheilocystidia numerous, 19-26 p long, inflated below and abruptly tapering towards the apex; cap cuticle with numerous pilocystidia, inflated below and 11-13p thick, narrowed towards the apex, 1.5-2p diam. An illustration is to be found in J. E. LANGE, Fl. Agar. Dan. pI. 130 G and KthINER (1935) gives a fully description with drawings of the microscopical features. The species is not reported from Sweden before. 22. Pholiota Agardhii (LUND ex FR.) MOSER. Syn Flammula Agardhii (LUND) FR., Inocybe Agardhii (N. LUND) P. D. ORTON (1960) - Goteborg: between Sodra Guldheden and Mossens idrottsplats under Salix caprea and S. triandra on moist ground, 25.IX.1958 (n. 6797) . - Fig. 3. C a p 3-6 cm across, bell-shaped or convex at first, in young specimens the edge of the cap is connected with the stem by a parti al, yellow-white, fibrillose ve i l, cap then expanded and sometimes slightly depressed or with an obtuse umbo, rather fleshy, fibrillose, yellowish-buff at first, then more or less snuff-brown, margin incurved at first and often paIe yellowish with rather persistent remnants of the veil ; g i Il s at first paler than the cap, then dull yellowish-brown with a tinge of olive, rather crowded, adnate with a decurrent denticle, edge paler and indistinct notehed ; s t e m 5-6 cm X 5-9 mm, equal or somewhat attenuated downwards, yellow at the apex, yellow-brownish below, fibrillose-striate , near apex the ve i l forming a fibrillose-floccose ring-zone, which, however, soon disappers, finally somewhat hollow, base white tomentose ; f l e s h paIe yellowish; s m e Il none. S P o r e s 8-10(11) X4.5-5.5p, oval- - 22- Fig. 3. Pholiota Agardhii (LUND ex FR.) MOSER. Goteborg: between S. Guldheden och Mossens idrottsplats, 25.IX.1958. 2/ 3 X . phaseoliform; basidia 4-spored; cheilocystidia inflated obovate or broadly c1ub-shaped, 35-40 X (15)20-24p; pleurocystidia absent. The species is well illustrated as Flammula Agardhii by J. E. LANGE, Fl. Agar. Dan. pI. 122 D. According to him the species is "only mentioned by Scandinavian authors". It has, however, according to ORTON (1960) long been known to him from England, 1951 and 1954, and was recorded and described by REm 1955 from the same country. The species is apparently rather rare in this country and is growing under Salix on moist ground, but FRIEs says in Hym. Eur. it grows "in pratis inter gramina". 23. Psathyrella pennaia (FR.) PEARSON & DENNIS. Syn. Psathyrella carbonicola A. H. SMITH. -Goteborg: Botan. Tradg. Naturpark on ashy soil on a foot-path in mixed deciduous wood, especiaIly under Alnus) 10.X.1951. Rather fasciculate. C a p 2-5 cm broad, convex at first, then flattene d, somewhat reddish-brown when moist and fleshy in the centre, - 23 - margin rather thin, surfaee at first covered by white fibrillose scales, margin with white fibrillose patches, hygrophanous, glabrescent, paIe dingy yellowish brown when dry; g i Il s rather crowded, narrow, adnate, paIe brownish at first, grey-brownish in age, with whitish edge; s t e m 4-6 cm X 4-5 mm, equal, white, somewhat shining, cartilagineous, fragile, surfaee fibrillose up to the evanescent ring-like zone, tubular. - S p o r e s 7-8 X 4( 4.5),li, dark fuscous under the microscope, basidia 4-spored, cystidia 25-50 X 10-15(19),li, inflated ab ove with short pedicels, tapered necks and with subacute, hyaline apices; hyphae of cap cuticle cellular. The fungus is described and figured by L. and H. DøsSING in Friesia (1961) as PsathyreZla carbonicola A. H. SMITH. The species is apparently uncommon in Sweden. 24. Coprinus hemerobius FR. - Goteborg: Botan. Tradgården amongst grass on a lawn, 22.VII.1940 (n. 1997). The species resembles the rather common C. plicatilis (CURT. ex FR.) FR. which, however, has a greyish cap, gills separated from the stem by a distinct collarium and spores more or les s heart-shaped or triangular in face view, 10-11 X 6-7,li. C. hemerobius FR. has a dingy alutaceous c a p, gills are not separated from the stem by a collarium and spores more or less oval, 11-13 X 7-8,li. Illustrated by J. E. LANGE in FI. Agar. Dan. pI. 160 C and by BRES., leon. Mycologia pI. 886. It seems to be rare in Sweden. 25. Lactarius cireelIatus FR. - Goteborg: overås, gregarious under Fagus on a lawn, 21.lX.1957 (n. 6541). - Fig. 4. C a p 6-9 cm across, at first somewhat convex, then flattened, but soon depressed to almost funnel-shaped, somewhat viscid when moist, surfaee uneven when seen under a lens, paIe yellow-grey to brownish with a tinge of violet or olive and whith 1-3(4) concentric, dark brownish zones, margin ± incurved and paler; young specimens often brown or brownish-red at the centre when moist; g i Il s narrow, whitish at first, then more or less ochre-coloured, adnate, often with a small, decurrent tooth, crowded; s t e m 3-5 X 1-2.5 cm, equal or - 24- Fig. 4. Lactarius circelZatus FR. Goteborg: over ås, 21.IX.1957. - l /z X somewhat tapering below, pallid, veined seen under a lens, becoming hollow; f l e s h firm, whitish; s p o r e - d e p o s i t paIe ochraceous. - S p o r e s 6.5-8 X 5.5-6.5 f.1, broadly ellipsoid or almost spherical, ornamented with low warts connected with rather thin ridges ; cystidia 50-70 X 6-8(9) f.1, fusiform or cylindric, ob tus e and often with a thin, projecting part on the apex. Recognizable by the habitat (under Carpinus or Fagus)) the distinetly zoned, somewhat viscid cap and the first whitish, crowded gills. This collection agre es with J. E. LANGE'S account of L. circeZlatus remarkably well in all characters ; illustrations are given by him in FI. Agar. Dan. pI. 172 D and by NEUHOFF in Die Milchlinge, pI. VIII, 31. It seems to be rare in Sweden. 26. Lactarius lacunarum ROMAGN. ex HORA. - Goteborg: Anggården, Axlamossen, about 400 m SSV. Finnsmossen in Sphagnum among Myrica gale) close to a SaZix-copse) 30.VIII.1965 (n. 7107). C a p 2-4.5 cm broad, thin-fleshed, at first convex with incurved margin, then flattened or depressed, finally almost funnel-shaped, dry, rugulose, bright fulvous or rufous-orange, expallent, margin not striate when moist; g i Il s pallid, narrow, rather crowded and - 25 - somewhat decurrent; s t e m 2-5 cm X 3-8 mm, equal, at first pallid, then concolorous with the cap but darker towards the base; m i l k at first white, tardily yellow, mild, with a slightly bitterish af tert a s t e; s m e Il faint; s p o r e - p r i n t cream-coloured to paIe ochraceous. - S p o r e s 7-9 X 5.5-6.5p, almost spherical, with coarse warts, reticulated by crests or fine lines; cystidia fusiform, 50-60 X 6-7 p, often pointed at the apex; cap cuticle filamentous, cells 2-4p wide. Illustrated in Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr. (1939), Tome LV, Atlas pI. 82. It has not been previously reported from Sweden. 27. Leptoglossum Rickenii SING. ex HORA. Syn. OmphaZia muralis (Sow. ex FR.) QuEL. sensu RICKEN (1915), non FR.; O. rustica (FR.) QuEL. sensu KUHN. & ROMAGN. (1935); CanthareZZus helvelloides (BuLL.) QUEL; Leptotus rickenii SINGER (1951); Omphalina rickenii HORA (1960). - BohusHin: Skredsvik parish about 200 m SV. of Gullmarsberg on sandy soil amongst moss and short grass, 8.X.1957 (n. 6618). C a p 1-2.5(3) cm across, thin, membranaceous, tough, brownish grey with a tint of alutaceous, at first convex-umbilicate with the margin incurved, then somewhat funnel-shaped, slightly wrinkledstriate, finally margin waved, hygrophanous, grey when dry; g i Il s represented only by narrow, irregularly branched and often interveined ribs or veins, paIe brownish cIay-coloured; s t e m 8-15 X 1-1.5 mm, concolorous with the cap, equal, often somewhat curved uppwards from the base, more or les s smooth above, on the Iower part sometimes with a more or less thick felt y, white covering, stuffed; s m e Il and t a s t e none; spores in mass white. - S p o r e s 6.5-9.5 X 3-5 p, smooth, cylindric-ellipsoid, non amyloid; cystidia and clamp connections none. SINGER (1951) proposed for this interesting fungus the name Leptotus rickenii and Iater (1962) he pIaced it in the genus Leptoglossum because the gills are represented only by blunt, irregularly branched ribs or veins. The species is certainIy rare in Sweden and is reported for the first time from this country. - 26 - LIT E RATURE. Bresadola, J. (1927-33): Ieonographia Myeologiea. I-XXVI. - Mediolani. Bresinsky, A. (1958): Phaeocollybia laterarius (sic!) neu fUr Europa. Berieht Naturf. Ges. Augsburg. Dennis, R. W. E., Orton, P. D. & Hora, F. B. (1960): New Check List of British Agarics and Boleti. - Trans. Brit. Myeol. Soe., Supplement. Doguet, G. (1956): Reeherehes sur le Rhodotus palmatus (FR. ex BULL.) R. MAIRE. - Bull. Soe. Mye. Fr. T. LXXII, fase. 1. Paris. Døssing, Leif (1961): Nogle for Danmark nye eller sjældne Bladhatte (Summary: Notes on some little-known Danish Agarics). Friesia. Bd. VI, Hefte 5. København. Favre, J. (1948): Les associations fongique des hauts-marais jurassiens et de quelques regions voisines. - Materiaux pour la Flore Cryptogamique suisse. Vol. X, fase. 3. Berne. Fries, Elias (1821): Systema Myeologieum. I. - Lundae. (1857-63): Monographia Hymenomycetum Sueciae. I-II. Upsaliae. (1867-84): leones seleetae nondum delineatorum. I-II. Holmiae. (1874): Hymenomycetes Europaei. - Upsaliae. Hora, F. B. (1960): New Cheek List of British Agarics and Boleti. -Trans. Brit. Myeol. Soe. Vol. 43, part IV. Karsten, P. A. (1879-82): Rysslands, Finlands oeh den Skandinaviska halfons hattsvampar. - Helsingfors. (1889-1894): Kritisk ofversigt af Finlands Basidsvampar. - Helsingfors. Konrad, P. & Maublanc, A. (1934-37): leones seleetae Fungorum. I-VI. Paris. Kiihner, R. (1935): Le genre Galera. - Eneyclopedie myeologique. Vol. VII. Paris. (1938): Le genre Mycena. - Ibid. Vol. X. Paris. Kiihner, R. & Romagnesi, H. (1953): Flore analytique des champignons superieurs. - Paris. (1953): Complements a la Flore analytique. II. Especes nouvelles ou eritiques de Lactarius. - Bull. Soe. Mye. Fr. T. LXIX, fase. 4. Pans. Lange. J. E., (1935-40): Flora Agaricina Danica. I-V. - København. Lundell, S. & Nannfeldt, J. A. (1941-1956): Fungi exsieeati suecici, praesertim upsalienses. XXI-XLVIII. - Uppsala. Moser, M. (1955): BHitter- und Bauehpilze. In: GA;'\1S, H.: Kleine Kryptogamenflora von Mitteleuropa. 2. Aufl. - Stuttgart. Møller, F. H. (1945-58): Fungi of the Færoes. I-II. - København. - 27- Nathorst-Windahl, T. (1958): Some interesting Agarics from South-Western Sweden. - Medd. fr. Goteborgs Botan. Tradgård. Vol. XXII:3. Goteborg. (1961): Some unusual Agarics from Sweden. - Friesia, Nordisk Mycologisk Tidsskrift. Bd. VI, Hefte 5. - København. Neuhoff, W. (1956): Die Milchlinge (Laetarii). Bd. II b. - Bad Heilbrunn Obb. Die Pilze MiUeleuropas. Orton, P. D. (1960): New Check List of British Agarics and Boleti) part III. Notes on genera and species in the List. - Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. Vol. 43. QueIet, L. (1888): Flore Mycologique de la France et des pays limitrophes. - Paris. Ricken, A. (1915): Die Blatterpilze (Agaricaceae). - Leipzig. Romagnesi, H. (1937): Essai d'un sectionnement du genre Rhodophyllus. - BuH. Soc. Myc. Fr. T. LIlI, fasc. 3-4. Paris. (1938): A la recherche de Lactarius subdulcis. - BuH. Soc. Myc. Fr. T. LIV, fasc. 3-4. Paris. (1944): Observations sur quelques especes de Rhodophyllus. BuH. Soc. Myc. Fr. T. LX. Paris. (1956): A propos de la monographie des Laetaires de W. NEUHOFF. BuH. Soc. Myc. Fr. T. LXXII, fasc. 4. Paris. Singer, R. (1962): The Agaricales in modern Taxonomy. - Weinheim. Smith, A. H. (1947): North American Species of Mycena. - University of Michigan. Ann Arbor, Michigan. (1957): A contribution toward a monograph of Phaeocollybia. - University of Michigan. Herbarium and the Departm. of Botany. Ann Arbor, Michigan. Velenovsky, J. (1920-22): Ceske Houby. Praha. Goteborg, february 1966. FRIESIA . Bind VIII . Hefte 1 . 1966 THE APPEARANCE OF ERYSIPHE BETAE (VAN HA) 'VELTZIEN IN DENMARK By ARNE JENSEN. Statens plantepatologiske Forsøg, Lyngby. SUMMARY In the extremely hot and dry summer of 1959, Erysiphe betae (VANHA) WELTZIEN, the powdery mildew of beet, was found for the first time in Danish beet fields. The attacks were surprisingly widespread and rather severe in the southern parts of the country, especially on the Islands. Even perithecia were found. Since 1959 only very few and weak attacks have been observed. In the autumn of 1966, however, numerous perithecia were found which made new investigations possible. Erysiphe betae (VANHA) WELTZIEN, the powdery mildew of beet, is normally of importance only in countries with a more continental climate, e. g. South Russia. Before 1959 the fungus was found in Denmark only in a glasshouse at the State Plant Pathology Institute in 1941 and in a single record at Risø in 1958. In the extremely hot and dry summer of 1959, however, powdery mildew was found for the first time in Danish beet fields. The attacks were surprisingly widespread and rather severe in the southern parts of the country, especially on the Islands. The strong attacks of Beet yellow virus in 1959 have perhaps favoured the infections of powdery mildewas mentioned by WIESNER (1960). S o u r c e s o f i n f e c t i o n for the severe and widespread attacks of the powdery mildew in beets in 1959 are considered to be found on the Continent, mainly in the German Democratic Republic. - 28- - 29- Here, widespread attacks of beet mildew were found in the middle of July (WIESNER 1960), a month earlier than in Denmark. Southerly winds had been domina ting for periods of 2-3 days in the beginning and the end of J une, and in the middle of J uly. Long distance spread of powdery mildew is formerly suggested and proved by HERMANSEN (1964), concerning the early infection with Erysiphe graminis on cereals in Denmark. Another example of long distance spread, with southerly winds from the Continent, is given by BUCHWALD (1961) concerning unusual and widespread attacks of Puccinia graminis on wheat in 1951. T h e f u n g u s. Beet mildew was first observed in 1902 in Czechoslovakia by VANHA (1903). Unfortunately he named the fungus Microsphaera betae because of some branching of the appendages. Later findings of mildew on beets mostly concerned the Oidium form of the fungus, but JACZEWSKI (1927), MURAVJEV (1928) (both according to BLUMER 1933) and WENZL (1957) have found the perfect stage and refer it correctly to the genus Erysiphe. Until1963 the beet mildew usually had been referred to as Erysiphe communis (WALLR.) LINK':- ) or E. polygoni (DC.) St.-Am. WENZL (1957) discusses in detail the questions of nomenclature. After a correspondance with Dr. S. BLUMER, WENZL concluded that the beet mildew in spite of the branching of the appendages provisionally must be referred to E. communis. Based on extensive occurrence of beet mildew in Lebanon in 1962, WEL'TZIEN (1963) investigated a great number of perithecia. He gives the combination ETysiphe betae (VANHA) comb. nov., because he finds the fungus to be different from E. communis} in having branched appendages and fewer spores per ascus, and different from E. polygoni} in the smaller size of the perithecia and nearly equal numbers of 2 and 3 spored asci (E. polygoni generally has 3 ascospores in each ascus). D a n i s h i n ves t i g a t i o n s. In Denmark, perithecia of the beet mildew fungus have been found only to a small extent in the fieId, even in 1959. Perithecia found by CHR. STAPEL, at the end of September 1959, were investigated by the present author as herbarium specimens embedded in glycerol (JENSEN 1966). In past years beet mildew has been observed a few times on beet in the glasshouses at the State Plant Pathology Institute, Lyngby. *) E. knautiae Duby (1830). TABL E 1. Powder y mildew of beet WENZL 1957 E. p olygoni E . commu nis WELTZI EN ARNE JENSEN BLUMER BLUMER 1963 1966* ) 1933 1933 1-5 rare ! I Append ages: size compar ed with diamete r of perithec ia branchi ng . .... ... . . . . . . . . . . 1-2 som e branchi ng 1.028 82 pct. 1-(2 ) many at the tip (se fig. 3) 1-2 I r reg ula r branchi ng usual Diamet er of perithec ia: variatio n .. . ...... . . .. .... . . average . . . ... . .. . .. . .. .. . . . . 70-136 fl 100-107 Il 70-130 fl 100 fl 85-126 ;l 100 l l 100-121 Il 112 fl 75-130 fl 3-10 3-10 - Asci per perithec ium: variatio n .. . .. . .. .. . . . . ..... average . . . . ... .... . . . . .. . . .. 3-8 6.0 3-12 5.8 3-7 4.8 Asci: variatio n ' .. . . . . . ... . ... . ... average . . . . .. . . . .. . .. . .. . . .. 50-64 fl 54-58 Il 62-72 X 31-46 fl 65 X 37 fl 50-85 X 32-52 Il 70 X 42 fl 55-70 X 30-40 Il 50-70 X 30-50 fl Spores per asci: variatio n .... . . . . ... ... . . . . . average .... . ......... . ...... 2-4 1-4 2.4 2-5 3.4 2-4 3.0 3-6 24 X 15fl 18-30 X 12-19 fl 21-31 X 14-21 fl 26 X 16fl 24-28 X 11-13 Il 18-25 X 10-15 fl Length of ascospo res: variatio n .. ... ... ..... . . . ... average . . .. . ... . .. .. . .. . . . .. 21-25 fl 24fl - ------ - ---------- * ) 40 measur ements . - - - - w o FRIESIA VIII, 1. 1966 (1967) PLATE 1 Fig. 1. Beet leaf heavily covered with powdery mildew (ETysiph e betae (VAt\mA) WELTZIEN). Perithecia can be seen near the centre. - Phot. A. J. ca. X 0.5. FRIESIA VIII, 1. 1966 (1967) Flg. 2. P erithecia of Erysiphe betae. - PLATE 2 Phot. A. J. X 40. Fig. 3. Perithecium of Erysiphe betae. Note the irregular and dichotomous branched appendages. - Phot. A. J. X 250. FRIESIA VIII, 1. 1966 (1967) PLATE 3 Fig. 4. ETysiphe betae. Perithecium with more asci than normal. Phot. A. J. X 260 . Fig. 6. ETysiphe betae. Asci with 3-4-6 spores. - Phot. A. J. X 260. - 31- In the autumn of 1966 numerous perithecia were found and made it possibie to renew the investigations and take photographs (figs. 1-5). The investigations by the present author support that the beet mildew must be called Erysiphe betae (VAN"HA) WELTZIEN, but there is a divergence in the number of spores per ascus. WELTZIEN uses the small number (mostly 2 or 3) of spores as a separating factor. The findings by the present author show clearly that the number is greater. Perhaps the number of spores is a question of maturity of the perithecia. WENZL (1957) reports the finding of 2-3 spored asci in October, but la ter in the year, mostly 3-4 spore d asci could be found. LITERATURE. Blurner, S. (1933): Die Erysiphaceen Mitteleuropas. 483 pp. Zlirich. Buchwald, N. Fabritius (1961): Sortrustepidemien i Danmark i 1951. Ugeskrift f. Landmænd (København) 106: 283-288. Hermansen, J. E. (1964): Notes on the appearance of rust and mildew on barley in Denmark during the years 1961-1963. - Acta Agric. Scandinavica 14: 33-51. Jensen, A. (1966): Meldug (Erysiphe betae (V ANHA) WELTZIEN) på bederoer i Danmark. - Ugeskrift f. Landmænd (København) 111: 663-666. Junell, Lena: Erysiphaceae of Sweden. - Symb. Botan. Upsalienses 19: 1: 1-117, 1967. Van ha, J. (1903): Eine neue Blattkrankheit der Rube, der echte Mehltau der Rube (Microsphaera betae nova species). Zeitschr. Zuckerindustrie, Bohmen 27: 180. Weltzien, H. C. (1963): Erysiphe betae (VANHA) comb. nov., the powdery mildew of beets. - Phytopath. Zeitschr. 47: 123-128. Wenzl, H. (1957): Studien liber den Erreger des echten Mehltaus auf Beta-Rube. - Sydowia, Ann. Myc., Ser. II. Beiheft I: 342-352. Wiesner, K. (1960): Spinnmilben (Tetranychus urticae) KOCH und Echter Mehltau (Erysiphe communis (WALLR.) an Beta-Ruben im Jahre 1959. - Nachrichtenbl. Dtsch. Pflanzenschutzd. (Berlin) N. F. 14: 130-133. Lyngby, December 1966. FRIESIA . Bind VIII . Hefte 1 . 1966 FNOSI{TICI{ANS (FOMES FOMENTARIUS (L. EX FR.) KICKX) VARDV AXTVAL I SVERIGE By INGVAR NORDIN Institutionen for Systematisk Botanik, UpsaIa SUMMARY The Swedish host species of Fomes fomentarius (L. ex FR.) I{ICKX The polypore Fomes fomentarius is a widespread and well-known fungus, which has been dealt with in detail by many authors, for instance BUCHWALD (1930) and JAHN (1966). F. fomentarius appears abundantly on old beech-trunks on the Continent of Europe and even in the southernmost parts of Sweden. But in the rest of Sweden (and outside the area with wild beech) the species is as frequent on birch as it is on beech. That is to say, the Fagus-limit does not constitute a boundary for Fomes fomentarius in Sweden. For many fungi which are closely connected with beech on the Continent of Europe, the northern limit of this tree in Sweden is a more or less definite boundary (Trametes gibbosa and OudemansielZa mucida); other fungi show a marked decrease in frequency (Trametes versicolor and Schizophyllurn commune). It is a well-known faet, that where Fomes fomentarius occurs, the fungus sometimes also appears on other substrata than the two mentioned above. In this paper the author lists 12 host-genera with 1"4 species for F. fomentarius in Sweden. Acer platanoides with 18 localities is the only one of these occasional hosts that is fairly common (see photos!). Corylus and Sorbus are reported as new host-genera. At the end of the lists of localities there are, after every host, observations made by the author of other polypores on the same substratum in Central Sweden (Uppland, Vastmanland and Narke). Corylus avellana has pro ved a rich substratum at least within the - 32 - - 33- area just mentioned ; all polypores so far known on this host are listed in the paper. An asterisk indicates, that the substratum is determined by an expert, Mr. ERIC ÅBERG, after microscopical investigation. The author is of the opinion that the occurrence of Fomes fomentarius on different substrata is of no taxonomical value. See als o the table of measured fruit bodies! Det ar ej for mycket sagt, att fnosktickan ar en av de allra bast kanda svamparna i Skandinavien, liksom inom artens hela utbredningsområde. Hartill bidrager sakert svampens ofta allmanna forekomst, fruktkropparnas storlek, deras intressanta utveckling, formoch fargvariationen samt anvandningen i aldre tid i fnoskindustrin. Det finns en rik litteratur om svampen. Jag vill har referera till några intressanta artiklar, dels professor BUCHWALD'S arbeten, och framst det om Fomes fomentarius) naturhistoria, his to ria och anvandning i "Meddelelser" (BUCHWALD 1930), dels till dr. JAHN'S fornamligt illustrerade artikel i "Westfalische Pilzbriefe" (JAHN 1965). Fomes fomentarius har en vid utbredning i nastan hela Europa, forekommer (dock mindre rikligt) aven i Nordamerika och ar uppgiven från Asien. Den europeiska sydgransen sammanfaller ungefar med sydgransen for vildvaxande bok, nordgransen for bjorkens nordgrans. De namnda två lovtraden, Fagus och Betula, ar de huvudsakliga vardarna i Europa; bok inom det nordligt tempererade lovskogsområdet, bjork inom det nordligt tempererade barrskogsområdet. I Sverige ar boken vild endast i de sydligaste landskapen (men odlad och forvildad annu i Mellansverige) , medan bjorkar forekommer genom hela landet. Fnosktickan ar allman i alla delar a v Sverige (i Sydsverige kallas svampen stundom "bokticka"); den overskrider alltså bo kens nordgrans och upptrader norr darom med oforandrad frekvens. Detta ar ett intressant fenomen. Ser man på några andra polyporeer, exempelvis Trametes gibbosa och T. versicolor) vilka liksom Fomes fomentarius ar allmant forekommande på bok i Mellaneuropa, upphor dessa, respektive minskar starkt i frekvens vid bokens nordgrans. Trametes versicolor) som i stora delar av landet ersatts av T. zonata) har jag iakttagit på några få lokaler iMellansverige norr om Malaren, bland annat på odlad Fagus (Uppland, Lot, Fåno; coll. GUNNAR ERIKSSON). Trametes gibbosa foreligger i Upsala-herbariet från foljande utpostlokaler: Bohuslan, Rodbo, Bjorkåsen, på FRIE S IA VIII - 34 Betula) 1943 (NATHORST-WINDAHL 3768-*) samt bland, GardslOsa, prastgården, 1950 (DAHLGREN) . I Sverige - liksom overallt inom det område dar Fomes jomentarius forekommer - kan svampen av och till upptrada aven på andra an de ovannamnda substraten. Avsikten med foreliggande avhandling ar att offentliggora ett ganska omfattande materialover fnosktickans vardvaxtval. Det mesta harror från mina egna insamlingar under senare år iMellansverige (Uppland, Vastmanland, Narke etc.). Jag har ave n fortecknat de fynd som ar belagda i våra stora herbarier, ytterligare material har erhållits från mykologer som tillskrivits angående F. jomentarius) substratval. I sitt ovannamnda arbete behandlar BUCHWALD in gående fnosktickans vardvaxtval. For Danmark anges sju vardslakten (sammanlagt 9 arter). I en senare notits (BUCHWALD 1934) har tillkommit annu en art Populus) namligen P. virginiana. BJ0RNEKÆR (1938) anger Acer pseudoplatanus och Alnus glutinosa som nya vardvaxter for Danmark. Svampen ar sedan konstaterad har 4 a 5 gånger på Acer pseudoplatanus) ett par gånger på Alnus glutinosa samt 1 a 2 gånger på Ulmus glabra (BUCHWALD in litt.). De namnda avhandlingarna har gjort mig intresserad for Fomes i Sverige, och enligt vår nuvarande kannedom ar har motsvarande antal 12 slakten med tillsammans 14 arter (Carpinus betulus ej medraknad), vilket skall jamforas med den aktuella danska siffran 9 vardslakten (sammanlagt 12 arter). Såvitt jag kunnat finn:;t, ar två av dessa sIakten ej alls tidigare uppgivna som hysande Fomes jomentarius) namligen Corylus och Sorbus. Som framgår av nedanstående lokallista, hor de fortecknade vardarna till våra svamprikaste lignoser - med undantag a v Fraxinus. Fnosktickan ar en svår rotsvamp på bok och bjork, på ovriga trad och buskar saknar den på grund av sin sallsynthet betydelse. Endast i fråga om Acer platanoides bland de tillfalliga substraten ar F. jomentarius någotsånar viktig; 18 lokaler ar kanda, och det ar fråga om alle- och landsvagstrad som infekterats. Nastan samtliga av dessa observationer har jag gjort under bilfarder, och det har varit de helt eller delvis doda stammarna som dragit uppmarksamheten till sig - och vid många tillfallen har då fnosktickan avslOjats. Underhand har for Alnus incana och Populus tremula tillkommit så många nya lokaler, att F. jomentarius lokalt kan betraktas som en tamligen viktig rotsvamp, åtminstone på gråal. Fomes jomentarius) upptradande på de avvikande, sallsynta sub- - 35- straten ar olikt det på Fagus och Betula) · vanlige n komme r endast någon eller några få fruktkr oppar till utveckl ing, och - med undantag av Acer platano ides - når de sallan ens den på bjork normai a storlek en (se tabell och fig.). Två område n framst år enligt vår nuvara nde kanned om som sarskil t intress anta vad det galler fnoskti ckan och dess forekom st, bagge bel agna i sydkan ten av Bergsl agsterr angen med dess marker ade topografi samt omvaxl ande och rika vegetat ion. På tre lokaler bel agna intill varand ra i Norber gs socken (Vastm anland ), har fnoskti ckan iakttag its på Alnus incana) Betula) Corylu s avellan a) Salix caprea och Sorbus aucupa ria)· på gråal till och med ganska rikligt inom ett begran sat område . Från Kilsber gen på granse n mellan Narke och Varmla nd har ERIK SUNDSTRaM, Karlsk oga, meddel at flera fynd av Fomes fomentarius. I maj 1967 har jag haft tillfiHle att gora omfatt ande komple tteringa r inom samma område , framst på Villing sbergs skjutfa lt (Hiding e och Tysslin ge sockna r, Narke) samt inom och strax utanfo r Garphy ttans nationa lpark (Hiding e socken ). Inom ett begran sat område från Karlsk oga till Lanna i Hiding e ar F. foment arius funnen på ej mindre an sju olika vardtra d, på Acer platano ides) Alnus incana och Populu s tremula lokalt tamiige n rikligt. Samtli ga mina lokaler , med undant ag av de for Fomes foment arius på Acer platano ides) ar naturli g skogsm ark, ofta av blandsk ogskarakt ar, tat och frodig och mer eller mindre forsum pad, i många fall tamlige n orord. Inom Villing sbergs skjutfa lt har de olika rotsvampa rna kraftig t gynnat s av militar aktivit et i olika former . Från kontine nten, sarskil t Frankr ike, finns uppgif ter om ytterliga re var da r, bland vilka flera kan tankas komma i fråga aven i Sverige . I juli 1965 iakttog jag F. foment arius på Acer platano ides i Warsza wa (Ogrod Saski) och i oktobe r 1966 på Aescul us hippoca stanum i en park i Prag. Under en exkurs ion i Bohme rwald tillsam rnans med dr. ALBERT PILAT hade jag tillfald e att studera Fomes fomentarius på ej mindre an fyra olika substra t, namlig en spars amt på Acer platano ides och Aescul us hippoca stanum i alle vid Diana (distr. Tachov ) samt mycket rikligt på Acer pseudo platanu s och Fagus silvatic a i urs kogen intill Diana. Angåen de ovriga lignose r som infekte ras av F. foment arius se BOURDOT et GALZIN (1928), PILAT (1936-4 2), KREISEL (1961) och JAHN (1965). En jamfor eise mellan vardva xtlistor na for Europa och Nordam erika visar en god overens stamme ise vad slakten a betraff ar (BUCHWALD 1930). 3* - 36- Av speciel lt intress e ar det fynd av Fomes foment arius på Picea enda, lilla abies som forelig ger från Detmol d i Vasttys kland. Den (JAHN fruktkr oppen vaxer fortfar ande på en sedan lange dod gran och tsuga Pseudo (1958) SHAW uppger in litt.). Från Nordam erika Att r. sperme gymno bland d OVERHOLTS (1953) Tsuga som vardtra versa vice och typiska lovtrad sarter kan upptra da på barrved ) pinicoZa ar ett intress ant och valkan t forhåll ande. For Fomito psis Picea exempe lvis, komme r BetuZa som den vanliga ste varden efter och Andra Pinus). på allman alls ej (trots artepit etet ar svampe n gran på arius foment F. av mycket ovanta de fynd - som exempe lvis (Upp(JAHN, op. cit. p. 131) eller av HapaZopiZus niduZans på gran ) CoryZus land) - ar emeller tid också kan da (se lokallis tan under PopuZus och Sorbus !). uppFruktk roppar av Fomes foment arius bryter fram på såval iaktrattståe nde som liggand e stamm ar och grenar, på de av mig lågt ganska n tagna och nedan forteck nade lokaler na dessuto m vanlige doda, (0.1-4 m o. m.). De fruktkr oppsba rande stamm arna ar oftast alltjam t men det hander att delar av kronan eller andra stamm ar har lera, kontrol kunnat jag som gro ns kar något. I samtlig a fall a angripn de I behåll. i svampe n upptra tt på stamm ar med barken samt Detta, partier na utbilda s en typisk vitrota (se fig. 10 och 11!). vid pridet faktum att tickan endast ar forenad med substra tet sakert mordia lkarnan (Primo rdialke rn, se JAHN, op. cit. p. 120), ar från lossa att latt så ar arius anledni ngen till att Fomes foment s robustu Ph. t sarskil och veden (till skillna d från PheZZinus igniariu s på ek). på Något taxono miskt varde har knappa st svampe ns upptrad ande bjorskilda substra t. Många mykolo ger anser visserli gen bo kens och fomenF. vid van ar som den kens fnoskti ckor for- skil da former . For nteras med tarius på bjork, blir det en stor uppleve lse att konfro fruktflata kontine ntens gamla boksko gar med massor av stora och an de krop par på stamm arna, såval till antal som form något annat de ar på bjork i exempe lvis Mellan sverige . Andock tror jag inte att for liksom ckan fnoskti for man genetis kt skilda former , kanske kan åsikt den till mig r eldtick an taIa om skil da substra traser. Jag anslute en att som framfo rts av bland annat JAHN (op. cit. p. 131), namlig arius det inte forelig ger någon vasentl ig skillna d mellan F. foment forens stamm om fråga en ar det att helt hos olika vardar. Jag tror många ofta a opparn fruktkr ar måga att ge naring ; på grov Fagus tickor samt stora och breda. Ju tunnar e stam desto mindre och hogre a tickorn blir (under forutsa ttning att stamm en ar uppratt , på lågor - 37- lang re och ej så haga). BUCHWALD har harfor anvant uttrycket matrikalmodifika tion. Se tabell och fig! I svampsuccessionen på såval upprattstående som liggande stammar av flera olika vardvaxter upptrader Fomes jomentarius och Fomitopsis pinicoZa samtidigt. Valutvecklade fruktkroppar av de namnda arterna har iakttagits tillsamrnans på BetuZa (fig. 7), Acer pZatanoides} AZnus incana} PopuZus tremuZa och Sorbus aucuparia. I ett nyutkommet arbete, JAHN (1966), behandlas svampsamhallen på PopuZus tremuZa i Fiby urskog (Uppland, Vange socken). Av intressanta polyporeer som i mindre antal antecknats på liggande, doda aspstamrnar av måttlig formultningsgrad marks Fomes jomentarius} dessutom Antrodia moZZis} Fomitopsis pinicoZa} Ganoderma appZanatum och Trametes betuZina. Eldtickan (PheZZinus igniarius) har ofta kommit att betraktas som en dubbelgångare till fnosktickan; svårigheterna att skilja de två åt ar dock betydligt overdrivna. Ph. igniarius (s. lat.) har ett jamfort med Fomes jomentarius betydligt vidare vardvaxtregister ave n i Sverige; endast i något fall ar fnosktickan den vanligare a v de två. Det kan var a betydligt svårare att makroskopiskt skilja platttickan (Ganoderma appZanatum) från Fomes jomentarius} sarskilt då den forstnamnda vaxer på upprattstående stammar av till exempel Acer pZatanoides (se lokallistan), Quercus etc. Från G. appZanatum skiljs dock F. jomentarius på forekomst av primordialkarna samt på sammanhangande ror, hos plattickan ar rorskikten åtskilda av brun trama. G. appZanatum kan i Sverige upptrada på nastan vilket substrat som helst, från Spiraea till Abies och Pinus. På Brittiska oarna (exklusive Skottland) har Fomes jomentarius forvaxlats med Ganoderma appZanatum; fnosktickan har visat sig vara en mycket sallsynt svamp har med endast en saker lokal i Kent (REID & AUSTWICK 1963, p. 304). Angående fnosktickans utbredning meddel ar KARSTEN (1882): "Loftrad, helst bok och bjork, a.". I upplaga 4 av KROK & ALMQUIST"S kryptogam del (1917) lamnar ROMELL foljande upplysning: "Stamm. och stubb. av bjork och bok, någon gång aven på ek och lonn, a.". Som framgår av nedanstående lokallista finns ROMELL'S egna insamlingar på ek och lonn bevarade i Riksmuseets samlingar (S). I senaste upplagan av kryptogarnfloran (1962) har passusen om ek och 16nn fått utgå. Belaggexemplar av Fomes jomentarius forvaras i forfattarens privata herbarium i Upsaia (L N.), på Institutionen for Systematisk Botanik, Upsaia (UPS) och på Riksmuseet, Stockholm (S). Foljande - 38- kollekter kommer att utdelas i S. LUNDELL et J. A. NANNFELDT "Fungi Exsiccati Suecici": 2271 och 2310.a (Acer platanoides) ) 4152 (Alnus incana) samt 2381 (Sorbus aucuparia). Kollekter dar substratet har bestamts efter mikroskopisk undersokning av ingenjor ERIC ÅBERG ar markerade med *. LOKALLISTA 1. Acer platanoides. 1. Upl, Alunda, O. om Sydinge. 1966 (l. N.). 2. " Bondkyrka, Håga. 1961-65 (l. N. 2724, 3217). 2 olika trad. Tillsammans med Phlebia radiata) Trametes unicolor och T. zonata. - Fig. 1. Dannemora, W. om Andersby. 1967 (l. N. 4323-*). På 3. upprattstående, meterhog stamrest och låga. 4. Film, Osterbybruk. 1964 (l. N.). Knutby, vid kyrkan. 1965 (L N. 3463). 5. " 6. Skafthammar, Gimo, slottsalh~n. 1965 (L N. 3186). Svinnegarn, Haga, allen. 1966 (l. N. 4147) . 7. Tegelsmora, Orbyhus slottspark. 1963 (l. N. 2058). 8. " Taby, Nasby gård. 1903. (L. ROMMEL) S. 9. 10. Vidbo, Norrby. 1963 (L N. 2271). - Fig. 2 och 3. 11. Vsm, Hallstahammar. 1966 (L N. 4160). Tillsammans med Ganoderma applanatum) Phlebia radiata och Pleurotus serotinus. 12. Nrk, Hidinge, Sågaregården. 1967 (L N. 4288). Tamligen rikligt tillsammans med Fomitopsis pinicola och Ganoderma applanatum. 13. Gstr, Osterfarnebo, Gysinge, allen vid vardshuset. 1964 (l. N. 2310.a-Y.-). Låga tillsammans med Antrodia mollis. - Fig. 4. 14. Dlr, Leksand, Haradsbygden. 1965 (l. N.). En stor fruktkropp lågt samt en mindre. Nastan samtliga av dessa trad ar alletrad eller enstaka landvagstrad. Endast lokal 3 och 12 ar naturlig vegetation; forstnamnda ar de rika lundmarkerna vid Dannemorasjon 1 km W. om bebyggelsen. I några fall har stammarna varit spars amt gronskande trots angreppen. På etiketten till ROMELL'S kollekt anfors: "an lebendem Acer-Stamme" . - 39- PheZlinus igniarius har jag funnit endast sju gånger på Acer platanoides. De allmannaste polyporeerna på detta substrat ar Ganoderma applanatum} Oxyporus populinus} Polyporus squamosus} Spongipellis spumeus och Trametes unicolor. 2. Alnus glulinosa. 15. Vg, Goteborg, Botaniska tradgården, Naturparken. 1966 (F. KARLVALL in litt.). Låga. 16. Srm, Nacka (Saltsjobaden), Solsidan. 1948 (S. RUNDQUIST) S-x-. 17. Upl, AIsike, Rickebasta trask. 1966 (L N. 3634). En liten fruktkropp på en tunn, dod, upprattstående stam. 18. Bondkyrka, Vårdsatra naturpark. 1931 (S. LUNDELL 948) UPS; 1937, 1938 (S. LUNDELL et J. A. NANNFELDT "Fungi Exsiccati Suecici" 734). 19. Tensta, N. om Gropdalen. 1967 (L N. 4315*). Två små exempIar på Iåga (bottentra i vedtrave) tillsammans med Polyporus brumalis och Tramet es hirsuta. 20. Nrk, Tysslinge, Tolshyttan (Villingsbergs skjutfalt). 1967 (L N. 4294*). En fruktkropp 2 dm o. m. på 4 m hog avskjuten stubbe (stamdiameter på 2 dm hojd: 25 cm) tillsammans med Bjerkandera adusta - dessutom fem små fruktkroppar. - Fig. 13. LUNDELL (1932) anger f61jande om Fomes fom entarius} upptradande i sitt arbete om Vårdsatra naturpark: "På doda, liggande stammar av bjork och al". Hartill kan nu fogas Corylus - se nedan! Den enda allmanna polyporen på Alnus glutinosa ar Inonotus radiatus. Nio gånger har jag funnit PheZlinus igniarius} två gånger Fomitopsis pinicola. 3. Alnus incana. 21. Vsm, Grythytte, Flosjohyttan. 1967 (E. SUNDSTROM) UPS. 22. " Norberg, Silvtjarn. 1966 (L N. 4152). Tamligen rikligt på lågor och en upprattstående, knackt stam tillsammans med Fomitopsis pinicola} Inonotus radiatus} Phlebia radiata och Tremella foliacea. - Fig. 8. - 40- 23. Nrk, Hidinge, Sågaregården. 1967 (I. N.). Tillsamrnans med Fomitopsis pinicola. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. Hidinge, Garphyttans nationalpark. 1967 (I. N. 4290). " Tamligen rikligt tillsamrnans med Bjerkandera adusta och Fomitopsis pinicola. Hidinge, Lovbråten vid sjon Karmen (Villingsbergs skjutfalt). 1967 (I. N.). Ett tiotal små fruktkroppar på tre trad tilsamrnans med Fomitopsis pinicola. Hidinge, Lanna. 1967 (E. SUNDSTROM in litt.). Ett " exemplar tillsamrnans med Fomitopsis pinicola på do d, upprattstående stam. Tysslinge, Tolshyttan (Villingsbergs skjutfalt). 1967 (I. N. 4292). En storre och en mindre fruktkropp på låga i dike tillsamrnans med Polyporus brumalis) Trametes betulina och T. hirsuta. Vrm, Karlskoga, Valåsen. 1964 (E. SUNDSTROM in litt.) . F i n l a n d: Lappland, Pisavaara naturpark, Sorvannulikka (O. om Rovaniemi). 1962 (J. ERIKSSON & Å. STRID). Har forekommer Fomes fomentarius aven på Populus tremula och Salix caprea (J. ERIKSSON in li tt.) . Inonotus radiatus ar den allmannaste arten aven på Alnus incana. Phellinus igniarius har jag funnit sex gånger och Fomitopsis pinicola på fem lokaler. 4. Betula pubescens (inkl. tortuosa) och 5. B. verrucosa. Fomes fomentarius ar en av de allmannaste polyporeerna på Betula) andra arter ar Fomitopsis pinicola (45 lokaler. - Fig. 7), Inono- tus obliquus) Phellinus igniarius) Ph. laevigatus) Ph. trivialis) Piptoporus betulinus) Pycnoporus cinnabarinus) Trametes betulina) T. unicolor och T. zonata. En lång rad andra polyporeer forekommer aven, Inonotus radiatus (7 lokaler) och Gloeoporus dichrous (8) fortjanar sarskilt namnas; den sistnamnda upptrader nastan alltid tillsamrnans med gammal Inonotus obliquus (på hymeniet). ? Carpinus betulus. SYLvEN (1953): "Allvarliga skador fororsakas av ett flertal olika parasitsvampar, av vilka framst bor namnas fnosketickan (Polyporus fomentarius) ". Forvaxling med Phellinus igniarius ar ej alls utesluten - 41 - - på odlad avenbok i Ups aIa och stadens narhet har jag fyra gånger noterat Ph. igniarius. Enligt BUCHWALD (1930) ar F. fomentarius ej sedd på Carpinus i Danmark. 6. Corylus avelIana. 29. Upl, Bondkyrka, Vårdsatra naturpark. 1964 (l. N. 2588*). Låga med fem fruktkroppar som utvecklats sedan den grova stammen fallit. 30. Vaksaia, W. om Jalla lantmannaskola. 1967 (l. N. 4188). En storre och en mindre fruktkropp på två olika buskar tillsammans med CorioZellus campestris) EncoeZia furfuracea) Fomitopsis pinicoZa (en liten dod fruktkropp), Hymenochaete tabacina) Inonotus radiatus) Nectria cinnabarina) PheZZinus punctatus) Trametes hoehneZii och Vuilleminia comedens. - Fig. 10, 11 och 12. 31. Vsm, Munktorp, Sylta hagar. 1964 (I. N. 2812). En fruktkropp. Norberg, Klaeken, W. om Klackbergsgården. 1965 32. " (l. N. 3293*). Två stOrre och flera små exemplar. CoryZus avellana ar forbisett som ett intressant och rikt substrat. I ostra Mellansverige har jag gjort noggranna anteckningar, och kanner nu 25 arter polyporeer på denna yard, det vill saga en av de rikaste. Stickprov under resor i andra delar av landet har ej alls givit samma positiva resultat. Arterna ar har ordnade efter fallande frekvens: Inonotus radiatus) CorioZellus campestris (= Dichomitus campestris. 100 lokaler), Phellinus punctatus) Ph. igniarius (26), Poria versipora) HapaZopiZus niduZans (18), Trametes hoehneZii (17. Nastan alltid tillsammans med gammal Inonotus radiatus)' det ar en markant fargskillnad mellan det gamla brunsvarta hymeniet av I. radiatus och de darpå sittande små, farska, samskfargade fruktkropparna av Trametes hoehneZii) , PoZyporus brumaZis (6), Trametes hirsuta (9), T. unicoZor (8), T. zonata) Fomes fomentarius (4 - se ovan!), Antrodia moZZis (= PoZyporus cervinus) Datronia mollis. 4 fynd), Bjerkandera adusta (3), PoZyporus meZanopus (2), P. varius (2), Poria eupora (= Chaetoporus euporus. 2), Trametes betuZina (2), Tyromyces cfr. caesius samt CorioZellus heteromorphus (1 = de foljande) , Fomitopsis pinicola) Hirschioporus abietinus) Phellinus ferruginosus (2), Ph. robustus (1) och Trametes versicoZor (1). - 42- Bland de uppdiknade ar huvudparten polyfaga arter, endast Coriolellus campestris har Corylus som huvudsaklig vardvaxt (dessutom Quercus på 14 lokaler). Coriolellus heteromorphus} Fomitopsis pinicola och Hirschioporus abietinus ar barrtradsarter (framforallt på gran), som en gång vardera insamlats på Corylus avellana i Uppland (den sistnamnda darjamte på Populus tremula i Vastmanland och Narke). 7. Fagus silvatica. 33. Bh, Skredsvik, Gullmarsberg. (T. NATHORST-WINDAHL in litt. 1966). 34. Stockholm. 1892 (R. RESSELMAN) S. Forstnamnda lokal har uppgivits vara landets nordligaste skog av vild bok. Materialet från lokal 34 - en liten fruktkropp - avser odlad Fagus. En ståtlig bokstam från Småland med talrika fruktkroppar av Fomes jomentarius ar återgiven hos NANNFELDT (1952). 8. Fraxinus excelsior. 35. Srm, Brannkyrka, Lovholmen. 1894 (R. KUGELBERG) S-x-. 36. Upl, Fasterna, Rånas, alle. 1963. (N. SUBER in litt.). Tradstammen gronskade. Fraxinus excelsior ar ett fattigt substrat. Några arter som kan upptrada ar sallsynta och specieIlt intressanta, till exempel Trametes extenuata (3 lokaler i Vastmanland) och Inonotus hispidus på Gotland och Oland (coll. NANNFELDT och NORDIN). For Phellinus igniarius på ask har jag endast tre lokaler antecknade (i Uppland, Vastmanland och Varmland ) . 9. Populus tremu]a. 37. Sk, 38. Srm, 39. 40. Upl, Orkened, Lonsboda. 1938 (O. ANDERSSON in litt.). Allhelgona, Bullersta. 1892 (G. SCHOTTE) S. Nykoping. 1892. (G. SCHOTTE) S. Funbo, W. om Korsbacken. 1966 (L N. 3640). Ett exemplar på låga. - 43 - 41. UpI. Havero, Prastangen. 1964 (1. N. 2393). En fruktkropp på en gren i kronan på ett relativt nyfallet trad. 42. Vange, Fiby urskog. 1966 och 1967 (1. N.). Lågor. På " en stam vid Fibybacken tillsamrnans med Bjerkandera adusta och Phellinus tremulae. 43. Nrk, Tysslinge, Tolshyttan (Villingsbergs skjutfalt). 1967 (1. N. 4291). Dels en fruktkropp på en avskjuten stam tillsammans med Trametes unicolor) dels fem små exemplar på ett smalt, dott trad. 44. Vrm, Karlskoga. (E. SUNDSTROM in litt. 1966: "tamligen ofta på Populus tremula") . F i n l a n d: "Common throughout the research area (on Betula) & KANKAINEN 1964, p. 189). Populus and Salix)" (KALLIO Populus tremula ar ett rikt substrat med bland annat Phellinus tremulae (den allmannaste polyporen) samt Antrodia mollis (17 lokaler), Fomitopsis pinicola (4), Inonotus vulpinus) Phellinus igniarius) Poria corticola) Trametes betulina (5) och T. zonata (allman) ; dessutom många andra bland vilka kan namnas Gloeophyllum sepiarium (3 lokaler iOstergotland, Uppland och Vastmanland) och Gloeoporus dichrous (ett fynd på gammalt hymenium av Inonotus vulpinus i Uppland). Gloeophyllum sepiarium (se ovan!) och Hirschioporus abietinus (2 lokaler i Vastmanland och Narke) ar barrtradsarter (huvudsakligen på gran) som sallsynt iakttagits aven på Populus tremula. Inonotus vulpinus och Phellinus tremulae ar exklusiva aspsvampar; jag har dock funnit dem tillsammans på Populus x canescens (cult.) i Uppland (= lokal 7 i listan), Ph. tremulae aven på en lokal i Ostergotland på Populus x canescens. Fomes jomentarius ar markligt nog kand endast från denna Populus-art i Sverige. 10. Quercus robur. 45. Vg, Hemsjo, SIavik. 1881 (J. H. HAGELIN) S. 46. Srm, Nacka, Jarla kyrkogård. 1900 (L. RO:MELL) S+:·. De intressantaste storsvamparna på Quercus robur ar naturligtvis de for tradet i fråga specifika arterna. I ostra Mellansverige, nara - 44- ekens nordgrans, har jag funnit fOljande: Daedalea quercina) Fistulina hepatica (12 lokaler), Inonotus dryophilus (= Polyporus corruseans. Ett fynd i Uppland), Pachykytospora tuberculosa (= Trametes colliculosa) Polyporus albo-carneo-gilvidus. 4 lokaler), Phellinus robustus (22) samt Hymenochaete rubiginosa och Xylobolus jrustulatus (= Stereum jrustulatum. 7 fynd). Se aven Coriolellus campestris under Corylus avellanal 11. Salix caprea. 47. Upl, Knutby, Gavelns gård. 1965 (N. SUBER in litt.). 48. Knutby 3 km S. om Knutby. 1964. (H. JAHN in litt.). 49. Vsm, Norberg, Malmkarragruvan. 1966 (l. N. 4165). En stor fruktkropp tillsammans med Phellinus conchatus. Fig. 9. 50. Nrk, Hidinge, W. om Kulbacksdammens sydanda (Villingsbergs skjutfalt). 1967 (l. N. 4284*). Tre små fruktkroppar på låga under bergbrant tillsammans med Phellinus conchatus. 51. Nb, Overtorneå, Sarkijarvi, 18 km NW. om kyrkbyn. 1957 (O. LONNQVIST 444) UPS*. De allmannast forekommande polyporeerna på Salix caprea ar Phellinus conchatus ("salgticka"), Ph. igniarius (s. lat.), Ph. punctatus) Trametes hirsuta och T. unicolor samt tillfalligt andra, såsom Antrodia mollis (5 lokaler) och Laetiporus sulphureus (2). 12. Sorbus aucuparia. 52. Upl, Bladåker, Norr-Giningen. 1964 (l. N. 2762). Ett exemplar på nerhangande, dod topp. 53. Osterlovsta, Leufstabruk, Engelska parken vid slottet. 1964-1967 (l. N. 2736"*, 3162). Två olika lågor på skilda platser ; forsta insamlingstillfallet: två fruktkroppar varav en dod (utvecklad medan stammen stod uppratt). Kollekt 3162 var en max. niomånader gammal fruktkropp på samma låga (se tabell!). Fyndet från 1967: två exemplar på upprattstående stamdel och två på den knackta, nerhangande delen. - Fig. 14 och 15. - 45- 54. Vsm, Kila, Lerbacken. 1964 (L N. 2381). Fem fruktkroppar på upprattstående, dod stam tillsamrnans med Fomitopsis pinicola och H apalopilus nidulans (bagge på stammens knackta, nerhangande del). - Fig. 5 och 6. 55. Norberg, Silvtjarn. 1966 (L N. 4151-*). Ett litet exemplar tillsamrnans med Pleurotus serotinus på en upprattstående, smal, dod stam. 56. Vrm, Karlskoga, Utterbacken. 1964 (E. SUNDSTROM in litt.). De allmannaste polyporeerna på Sorbus aucuparia: Phellinus igniarius) Ph. punctatus) Trametes hirsuta) Pycnoporus cinnabarinus (19 lokaler), Polyporus brumalis och Hapalopilus nidulans (8). Mer sallsynt forekommer bland annat Antrodia mollis (4), Fomitopsis pinicola (2), Gloeophyllum sepiarium (ett fynd i Vastmanland), Inonotus obliquus (en lokal i Narke), Trametes betulina och T. unicolor. 13. Ulmus glabra. 57. Bl, Nattraby, Skarva. 1967 (O. ANDERSSON in litt.). LAGERBERG (1962 p. 168): "Den forekommer endast på ·lovtrad. Hos oss ar den emellertid i så overvagande grad hanvisad till bjork och bok, att den på andra tradslag, t. ex. al, alm och lonn, kan betecknas som en sallsynthet". Varken i Skogshogskolans eller Riksmuseets samlingar finns någon kollekt som skulle kunna verifiera uppgiften om F. fomentarius på alm. Ulmus ar ett av vardtraden i Danmark. Phellinus igniarius ar sedd en gång på alm (i Uppland). ADDENDUM De kompletteringar till ovanstående artikel - huvudsakligen i form av nya lokalfynd - som gjorts under sommaren och hosten 1967 har endast delvis kunnat arbetas in i artikeln. Acer platanoides. 58. Upl, Soderfors, Soderfors bruk. 1967 (L N.). Tre fruktkrop par i dod topp av gronskande trad. - 46- 59. Upl, 6sterlOvsta, Spjutbo. 1967 (L N.) Många exemplar på låg stubbe i gdismattan på brukskyrkogården. Några fruktkroppar på stam vid bondgården intill. 60. Vrm, Gunnarskog, Allstakan, Bortan. 1967 (H. CARLSTEDT 303). UPS. Två fruktkroppar på 4 dm hog stubbe i hack intill landsvag tillsammans med Ganoderma applanatum och Polyporus brumalis. 61. Dlr, Husby, Stjernsund, Grabbudden. 1967 (L N. 4373). Aesculus hippocastanum. 62. Bl, Sillhovda, Holmsjo. 1967 (O. ANDERSSON in litt.). Hastkastanjen brukar normalt vara fri från rotsvampar. Phellinus igniarius ar dock antecknad på Aesculus hippocastanum från 6 lokaler, och i ovrigt marks Polyporus squamosus} Oxyporus populinus} Polyporus varius och Spongipellis spumeus samt Bjerkandera adusta} B. fumosa och Ganoderma applanatum} de flesta endast vid något enda tillfalle. Alnus glutinosa_ 63. Upl, Forsmark, Klockarhagen. 1967 (L N. 4361 *). Låga. Salix caprea. 64. Dlr, Husby, Borgarhyttan (Stjernsunds skogsforvaltning). 1967 (L N. 4374). Sorbus aucuparia. 65. Upl, Vaksaia, Jalla, N. om Tomten. 1967 (L N. 4369). Tillsammans med Trametes hirsuta. Lokalen belagen 400 m SW. om lokal nr. 30. Genom OLOF ANDERSSON'S fynd av Fomes fomentarius på Aesculus och Ulmus i Blekinge ar nu antalet sakert konstaterade vardvaxter 14 (12 slakten). I sydligaste Sverige kan forvantas att fnosktickan skall bli funnen ave n på Acer pseudoplatanus. Thesleff (i "Studier ofver basidsvampfloran i sydostra Finland". - Bidrag till kannedom af Finlands natur och folk. Helsingfors 1919) anger fOljande om - 47- Fomes jomentarius: "Bjork, lind, asp, al, hagg; hela året. a". Bland dessa ar lind och hagg ej kanda som vardtrad i Sverige. De flesta kompletteringarna, bland annat samtliga nya lokaler på skogslOnn, harror från Bergslagsterrangen, dar Acer platanoides ar allmant odlad som vård- och alletrad. Listan over forekomster av Fomes jomentarius på A. platanoides från denna trakt kommer att kunna kompletteras ytterligare. Hosten 1967 har jag haft tillfalle att besoka ett område vid Flinesjon iDalarna, tillhorigt Stjernsunds skogsforvaltning, dar lovskogen dodats genom fickning. De doende traden hade infekterats av Fomes jomentarius) vars fruktkroppar nu i mycket stort antal brot fra m på de kaIa bjorkstammarna inom stora områden. Salix caprea antecknades aven som vardvaxt, och det ar mycket troligt att aven andra lovtrad var infekterade av fnosktickan. Metoden med fickning anvands inom storskogsbruket på många håll. Resultatet kan bli som på den namnda lokalen en kolossal uppblomstring av vissa rotsvamp ar, och framst då Fomes jomentarius. På bjorkstammar som blivit svedda av eld upptradde darjamte Fomitopsis pinicola) Pycnoporus cinnabarinus etc. Bland de polyporeer som - forutom Fomes jomentarius - antraffats på Corylus avellana marks den nyfunna Phetlinus robustus (en lokal iOstergotland) . I och med f yndet foreligger nu två for Quercus och Corylus gemensamma och exklusiva tickor, namligen Coriolellus campestris och Phellinus robustus. Ektickans huvudform ar i Sverige endast kan d från ek, men upptrader på kontinenten aven på Castanea och Robinia. Dr. HERMANN JAHN, som verifierat min bestamning, har dock funnit en stor fruktkropp av Ph. robustus aven på Corylus i Westfalen (JAHN in litt.). Den av mig funna kollekten utgors av f. resupinatus BOURD. & GALZIN, helt resupinat på upprattstående, doda hasselstammar. I brottet hade fruktkropparna en for arten karaktaristisk gulbrun farg och sidenglans. Se JAHN 1966-67, pp.94-95. Ingenjor ERIC ABERG, Upsala, har nedlagt ett stort arbete på att bestamma vedprover åt mig, ej endast de i artikeln markerade kollekterna, utan aven alIa de som aldrig togs med, emedan substratet ej visade sig vara av specielIt intresse. Professor JOHN AXEL NANNFELDT och doktor HERMANN JAHN har last artikeln i manuskript. Professor N. FABRITIUS BUCHWALD har aven haft vanligheten att Iamna uppgifter och anvisningar om fnosktickan. Många mykologer har på begaran lamnat vardefulla lokaluppgifter. Jag ber att få framfora ett hjartligt tack for all denna hjalp. - 48- Storleken i mm hos fruktkroppar av F. jomentarius på olika vardtrad. Measurements in mm of fruit-bodies of F.fomentarius on different substrata. I Hojd I Langd I Bredd I (height) (length) (breath) Acer pZatanoides L N. 2058 " " " " " " " .," " " " " " 62 180 140 180 120 90 65 115 65 100 60 59 33 38 125 96 270 270 170 98 115 48 125 115 117 58 82 110 48 185 180 140 83 92 80 85 30 75 80 72 39 52 70 46 28 34 75 53 62 48 165 37 37 30 90 55 50 70 40 68 60 61 70 50 47 27 45 98 78 100 86 128 115 90 100 85 80 47 75 50 45 75 42 85 60 69 85 55 47 29 68 57 55 82 42 53 72 68 42 44 50 36 43 53 31 67 76 55 41 45 33 låga 3640 4291 4165 4374 135 70 103 71 65 48 fig. 9 56 45 60 40 43 65 46 55 64 51 49 26 53 40 33 låga 2271 " " 3186 3463 4147 4160 " 4288 " " 4323 " 4373 AZnus gZutinosa L N. 4294 " " " 4315 " 4361 AZnus in cana L N. 4152 " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " 4290 " " 4292 CoryZus av eZZana L N. 2588 " " " 2812 3293 4188 PopuZus t remuZa L N. 2393 " " SaZi x caprea L N. " Sorbus aucupari a L N. 2736 " " " " " 2762 3162 4369 fig. 2 och 3 " dod " fig. 13 låga låga " " " 8 till vanster fig. hager " dod fig. 10,11 och 12 " " låga " - 49- LITTERATUR Bjørnekær, K. (1938): Undersøgelser over nogle danske Poresvampes Biologi. Med særligt Hensyn til deres Sporefældning. - Friesia II:1. København. BOUl'dot, H. & Galzin, A. (1928): Hymenomycetes de France. - Sceaux. Buchwald, N. F. (1930): Tønder- eller Fyrsvampen (Polyporus fomentarius (L.) FR.). Dens Naturhistorie, Historie og Anvendelse. - Meddelelser fra Foreningen til Svampekundskabens Fremme. 4: 49-92. København. (1934): En sjælden Værtplante for Tøndersvamp. Polyporus fomentarius paa Populus virginiana. - Flora og Fauna, Hefte 2. Jahn, H. (1965): Entwicklung und Formen der Fruehtkorper beim Zunderschwamm, Fomes fomentarius. - WestfaJisehe Pilzbriefe V: 7/8. (1966): Pilzgesellschaften an Populus tremula. Zeitschr. Pilzkunde 32: 1/2. (1966-67): Die resupinaten Phellinus-Arten in Mitteleuropa. Westfiilische Pilzbriefe VI: 3/6. Kallio, P. & Kankainen, E. (1964): Notes on the Macromycetes of Finnish Lappland and adjaeent Finnmark. - Ann. Univ. Turku. A, II: 32. Turku. Karsten, P. A. (1882): Rysslands, Finlands och Den Skandinaviska Halfons Hattsvampar. Senare delen: Pip-, Tagg-, Hud-, Klubb- oeh Gelesvampar. - Bidrag till Kannedom af Finlands Natur øch Folk. Finska Vetenskaps-Societeten. Hafte 37. Helsingfors. Kreisel, H. (1961): Die phytopathogenen Grosspilze Deutschlands. - Jena. Krok, Th. O. B. N. & Alrnquist, S. (1917): Svensk Flora for skolol'. II. Kryptogamer. Ed. 4. (Polyporaceae av L. ROMELL). - Stockholm. (1962): Samma arbete. Ed. 7. (Polyporaceae av J. A. NANNFELDT). - Stockholm. Lagerberg, T. (1962): Skoglig mykologi. Ed. 3. - Utgiven av Skogshogskolans kompendiekommite. Stockholm. LundelI, S. (1932): Bidrag till Uppsalatraktens Hymenomycetflora. 1. Vårdsatra naturpark. - K. Svenska Vetenskapsakademien. Skrifter i Naturskyddsarenden N:r 22. Uppsala. Nannfeldt, J. A. & Du Rietz, G. E. (1952): Vilda vaxter i Norden. V. Mossol', lavar, svampar, alger. Ed. 2. - Stockholm. Overholts, L. O. (1953): The Polyporaceae of the United States, Alaska and Canada. - University of Michigan Press. Ann Arbor. Pilåt, A. (1936-42): Polyporaceae. Atlas des champignons de l'Europe. Praha. Reid, D. A. & Austwick, K. C. (1963): An annotated list of the less common Scottish Basidiomycetes (exclusive of rusts and smuts). The Glasgow Naturalist. Journ. Andersonian Naturalists of Glasgow, XVIII: 6. Glasgow. Shaw, Ch. G. (1958): Host fungus for the Pacific Northwest II. Fungi. Washington Agr. Exp. Sta. Stations Cire. 336. UpsaIa, maj 1967. FRIESIA VIII - 50- FIGURFoRTECKNING F'omes fomentarius (L. ex FR.) KICKX Foto: INGVAR NORDIN 1. Upl, Bondkyrka, Håga, på Acer platanoides 1.5 m over marken. 10.X.1964 (L N. 2724). 2. Vidbo, Norrby, på Acer platanoides. 5.IV.1964 (L N. 2271). 3. - samma tradstam ; den ovre fruktkroppen den i mitten till vanster på fig. 2. Den nedre fruktkroppen 1.8 m over marken. = 4. Gstr, ost erfarne bo, Gysinge, på Iåga av Acer platanoides. 3.V.1964 (I. N. 2310.a). 5. Vsm, Kila, Lerbacken, på Sorbus aucuparia 0.8 m over marken. 26.V.1964 (L N. 2381). = 6. - samma tradstam; den ovre fruktkroppen den på fig. 5. Forutom de tre fruktkroppar som syns på bilden vaxte ytterligare två hogre upp. 7. Kila, Satra Brunn, på Iåga av Betula. Till vanster Fomes fomentarius) till hoger Fomitopsis pinicola. 31.VII.1962 (L N.). 8. Norberg, Silvtjarn, på Iåga av Alnus incana. Tradstamrnen ar uppIyftad 4 dm från marken for att mojliggora fotografering. 6.X1.1966 (I. N. 4152). 9. Norberg, MaImkarragruvan, på Salix capTea 1.5 m over marken. 6.X1.1966 (L N. 4165). 10. Upl, Vaks aIa, Jalla, på Corylus avellana 1 m over marken. Fruktkroppen sedd uppifrån. Stamdiameter 65 mm. Mark vitrotans utbredning i stammen! 19.II1.1967 (L N. 4188). 11. - fruktkroppen sedd underifrån. 12. - fruktkroppen sedd från sidan. 13. Nrk, Tysslinge, Tolshyttan, på Alnus glutinosa 2 dm over marken. 6.V.1967 (L N. 4294). 14. Upl, osterlOvsta, Leufstabruk, Engelska parken, på Sorbus aucupar-ia. 20.V.1967 (L N.). 15. - samma tradstam, fruktkropparna syns aven på fig. 14 till vanster. FRIESIA VIII, 1. 1966 (1967 ) TAVLE 4 FRIESIA VIII, 1. 1966 (1967) TAVLE 5 FRIESIA VIII, 1. 1966 (1967) TAVLE 6 FRIESIA VIII, 1. 1966 (1967) TAVLE 7 FRIESIA . Bind VIII . Hefte 1 . 1966 PHYSODERl\1A GERHARDTIl SCHROET. ON GL YCERIA MAXIMA (HARTM.) HOLMBL. IN DENMARI{ By J 0RGEN KOCH. Contribution No. 79 from the Department of Plant Pathology, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural College, Copenhagen. SUMMARY Physoderma gerhardtii SCHROET. is reported to have been found on Glyceria maxima in Denmark. The germination of the resting sporangia is described in detail. Preliminary infection experiments with Alopecurus pratensis) Baldingera arundinacea) Dactylis glomerata) Glyceria fluitans and Glyceria maxima resulted in infections on the latter species only. During an excursion on 11th June 1966 to Utterslev Bog in the northern environs of Copenhagen, the author noted that the lowest leaves of a population of Glyceria maxima bore from few to many rustlike spots which, af ter microscopic examination, were found to be infections of Physoderma gerhardtii SCHROET. Since no Physoderma species have previously been recorded on grasses in Denmark and many species within this interesting genus are in general rare, and therefore not very intensively investigated, some observations concerning this discovery are reported here. The population of Glyceria maxima was growing in a flat depression, the bottom of which was so wet and spongy that is was not possibie to venture there in shoes. The population was dense and - 51 - 4* - 52- Fig. 1. Physoderma gerhardtii on leaves of Glyceria maxima. Phot. 13.6.1966. covered an area of 40 X 20 m. In the lowest-lying parts 90 % of the plants were infected, while slightly high er up only 20 % showed signs of infection. With a further rise of approximately 5 cm the infection died out completely. Normally only the lowest leaf was infected, although occasional plants were found with two infected leaves. The infection spots consisted of a brown-violet centre surrounded by a yellowish zone. They occurred singly, in larger aggregates, or in shorter to longer single-rowed stripes, and were 1,5-4 mm in lenght and 1-2 mm in breadth. Three weeks la ter the single infection spots were found to meas ure up to 9 mm in length. The spots were, in general, larger when they occurred singly, and small where numerous infections were sited on a small area of leaf (fig. 1). This is, without - 53- a c b Fig. 2. Gerrninating resting sporangium of Physoderma gerhardtii in a suspended water droplet. a) 12 57 . The protuding endospore apieally bearing the episporia l lid; b) 16 26 . Halo of baeteria as presage of the final germination phase; e) 1636. The eytoplasm flows out of t he endospore and forms a vesicle w h ieh rapidly breaks up into free zoospores. - In the lower left eorner ean be seen an evaeuated resting sporangium. The eireular opening with frayed edges is the apieal part of the endospore, the lid having slipped to the side Phot. 15.7.1966. X 230. doubt, the same observation which led KRIEGER (MINDEN 1911), on the same host plant, to differentiate between a major and a minor form. The difference in size of the infection spots in the Danish material is considered, however, to be determined by the relative absence or abundance of nutrients for the individual mycelia, and not to be due to a difference in genotype. In each cell 1-3 resting sporangia were observed. These frequentley had taken the shape of the cell and measured 19.5-41.1 X 15.6-31.2p, with an average of 26.6 X 21.5 p (50 spores). The walls of the resting sporangia were violet in colour, approximately 1 p thick, and smooth. Rhizomycelium and haustoria from resting sporangia and turbinate cells were found. Since the germination process was not known (KARLING 1950), attempts were made to germinate resting sporangia in suspended drops of glass-distilled water. This method proved practicable so far as spores germinated after two days at room temperature and released zoospores. Upon germination an endosporangium was produced which pushed up a circular cup-shaped lid from the broader side of the epispore. A part of the endospore, as a rule still carrying the lid, was then extruded, taking the shape of a truncate d cone (fig. - 54 - Fig. 3. Resting sporangium of Physoderma gerhardtii immediately after release of zoospores. The epispore contains a residual drop let. Phot. 11.7.1966. X 460. 2a). At the same time the cytoplasm was observed to become increasingly differentiated. Highly refractive droplets appeared, and the faint outlines of few zoospores could be vagueley distinguished. As a presage of the final germination phase, bacteria in the neighbourhood of the resting sporangium suddenly became activated, and accumulated around the sporangium (fig. 2b), their swimming speed being greatly increased. The sporangium was finally observed to lie in a halo of higly-activated bacteria. After 5-10 seconds the bacterial activity returned to normal again. No visible change was observed in the germinating spore, but aseeretion was undoubtly emitted, either through apical fission of the endospore or by diffusion. After this presage 5-15 minutes passed before the final phase of germination commeneed. The cytoplasm began to flow slowly out of the apex of the endospore, the speed gradually increasing. Outside in the water the cytoplasm contraeted to form a segmented vesicle which appeared well defined for approximately 1 second (fig. 2c). This vesicle disrupted abruptly due to the independent movements of the individual zoospores, which af ter a few seconds swam away. At the apex of the empty endospores a circular opening with frayed edges could often be seen. The opening was of approximately the same size - 55 freas the remo ved epispor ial lid (fig. 2). A yellow droplei.: could type ned mentio aboveThe 3). (fig. quently be found in the epispor e diverof germin ation was observe d in numero us cases and no marked gence was found. an The zoospo res measur ed 4.4-6.3 X 3.4-4.7 /1 and possess ed ro eccentr ically-p osition ed highly refract ive droplet and a flagellu swirolively be to d observe were 26.7-29.8 /1 in length. The zoospo res resting roers and reacted positiv ely phototr opic. On 50 evacua ted the diis sporan gia measur ements were made on the height, that , stance from the bottom of the spore to the edge of the germ opening . on the length of the spore, and on the diamet er of the germ opening e (averag .1/1 19.5-35 length ), Height 11.7-23.4 /1 (averag e 16.8/1 /1). 26.3 /1) diamet er of germ openin g 11.7-31.2 /1 (averag e 19.4 ) also maxima erma gerhar dtii has, in additio n to Glycer ia Physod acea) been reporte d on Alopec urus pratens is) Balding era arundin Fresh 1950). NG (KARLI fluitans ia Glycer Dactyli s glomer ata) and gia excised leaves of these hosts were inocula ted with resting sporan Four water. istilled which were placed on the leaf in a drop of glass-d crossleaves from each host were inocula ted and after 12-19 days tion section s, stained in cotton- blue, throug h the points of inocula a maxim a Glyceri of leaves the of half were examin ed. Infecti on of resting young of e presenc the was found to ha ve occurre d, in tha t er, sporan gia, rhizom ycelium and turbina te cells were observe d. Howev other the it was not possibI e to demon strate infectio n in the leaves of Physohost species include d in the experim ent, which indicat es that races. ogic physiol into ized special caIly derma gerhar dtii is biologi ted sugges been sly previou has Such a special ization in Physod erma & W SPARRO while by LINGAPPA (1958) for Physod erma pulposu m) ron erma on Agropy GRIF FIN (1964), using zoospo res from a Physod and one Potengrasses of species 44 on ns repens) obtaine d infectio d in order require are gations investi gh species . Furthe r thorou tilla to solve the problem s concern ing special ization in Physod erma. ACKN OWLE DGEM ENT F. The author wishes to express his gratitud e to profess or N. ript. manusc the of WALD for his help in the prepara tion BUCH- - 56 - LITERATURE Karling J. S.: The genus Physoderma (Chytridiales). - Lloydia 13: 29-71, 1950. Lingappa, Y.: Physoderma pulposum. - Mycologia 50: 80-84,1958. Minden, M. von: Chytridiineae. - Krytogamenflora der Mark Brandenburg 5: 209-422, 1911. Schroeter, J.: Die Pilze Schlesiens. - Kryptogamen-Flora von Schlesien. 3. Bd., Erste Hlilfte, p . 194, 1886. Sparrow, F. K. & Griffin, J. E.: Observations on Chytridiaceous parasit es of Phanerogams. XV. Host range and species concept studies in Physoderma. - Arch. Mikrobiol. 49: 103-111, 1964. Copenhagen, November 1966. FRIESIA . Bind VIII . Hefte 1 . 1966 THE CONIDIAL STAGE OF COCHLIOBOLUS SATIVUS AS A POTENTIAL PATHOGEN AND AS CAUSE OF A DISGUISED DISEASE IN CEREALS IN DEN MARK By J. P. SKOU Agricultural Research Department, Danish Atomic Energy Commission Research Establishment Risa, Roskilde, Denmark SUMMARY CochZiobolus sativus (ITO et KURIE.) DRECHSLER*) stat. conid. has been in Denmark for a long time. The fungus is common on grains of cereals, while it is very sparsely reported from gro wing plants. The author has occasionally isolated the fungus from the roots and stem base of cereals during his work to isolate other pathogens (Ophiobolus graminis and Cercosporella herpotrichoides) . Investigations show that the Danish isolates have the same properties as isolates from other regions and therefore are at least potential pathogens, able to cause diseases when and where the inoculum potential is great enough. But as the symptoms (root rot, eye spots) caused by C. sativus on the plants are rather unspecific, they may be disguised under symptoms of the severe cereal pathogens O. graminis and C. herpotrichoides. In addition the fungus may cause leaf spots. An intense dark brown colour is characteristic of all the symptoms, no matter on what part of the plants they occur. It was found tha t both the toxin and the fungus diminished the yield. Weibulls Starke wheat and Weibulls Ingrid barley were affected by both the toxin and the fungus, Petkus II rye nearly exc1usively and SvalOf Stål oats insignificantly by the toxin only, and Carlsberg *) sensu DASTUR (1942). - 57- - 58 - II barley mainly but not exclusively by the fungus. An effect on the germination of wheat and rye was observed. Ingrid barley was found significantly more susceptible to C. sativus than Carlsberg II as measured by symptoms and dry-matter yield in seedling tests. The difference between the isolates manifests itself mainly in the amount of toxin produced. The attacks were increased by adding meal of wheat grains to the inoculum medium. 1. INTRODUCTION Cochliobolus sativus (ITo et KURIE.) DRECHSLER->:- ) stat. conid. (syn. Helmisporium ** ) sativum PAMM., KING et BAKKE; Bipolaris sorokiniana (SACC. in SOROK.) SHOEMAKER) is a common, variable and polyphagous pathogen on cereals and grasses in the main part of the graingrowing areas of the world. The attacks seem to be most severe in the U.S.A. and Canada, where the fungus occasionally caus~s great losses in barley and wheat. Occurrence of C. sativus is frequently reported from different parts of Europe; however, the fungus seems les s significant in this region, though perhaps more than hitherto assumed (KOLK 1966, LANGE-DE LA CAMP 1958, MULLER 1956, DE TEMPE 1964). The reports from the northern part of Europe, including Denmark (see below) refer nearly exclusively to occurrence on and in the grains of cereals (FRITZ 1965, 1966, KOLK 1966, DE TEMPE 1964), on which the fungus may be considered common. In spite of this there are very few reports about attacks on the plants (LANGE-DE LA CAMP 1958). These apparently conflicting facts are surprising: as the inoculum must come from a source and as it is an accepted faet that C. sativus has little or no competitive saprophytic ability in soil (GARRETT 1963, and others), the fungus must, at least rather frequently, occur and propagate on susceptible plants. One may then ask whether attacks by Cochliobolus sativus in this region is a disease disguised under symptoms of other diseases, whether it is a potential pathogen able to cause attacks on cereals when and where the inoculum potential becomes great enough (GARRETT 1960), or whether its significance is less than its occurrence on * ) sensu D ASTUR (1942). According to HUGHES (1958) and SHOEMAKER (1959) H elminthosporium LINK ex PERS. (1822) is an illeg itimate orthographic variant of Helmisporium LINK (1809), validated by S. F. GRAY (1821). * *) - 59 - Fig. 1. Conidia of Co chliobolus sativus. (a) Conidia from a steri lized barley ear in the her barium of C. A . Jørge nsen, 1930 . T he eells are somewhat dried up; (b) eulture No . 500 on w heat straw extraet agar; (e) eulture No. 500 on m alt extraet agar. N ote the variation in size. - X 180. the grains appears to show, because of a lower pathogenicity or more saprophytic strains than in areas where severe attacks on all parts of the plants are known to occur. The reason for asking these questions is that C. sativus sometimes came out when the author tried to isolate Ophiobolus graminis SACC. from roots of cereals and CercosporeZZa herpotrichoides FRON from their stem base. n is worth knowing the answers as well from the plant pathology point of view as for experiments concerned with breeding for resistance to diseases producing interchangeable symptoms. Results of experiments for the elucidation of some of the questions are reported below. 2. C O C H L I O B O L U S S A T I V U S A N D I T S O C C U R E N C E IN DENMARK The dark brown to black colonies of C. sativus stat. conid. with the brown phaeophragmic conidia are placed in the form family Dematiaceae. The size, and the number of cells in the conidia are very variable (cf. e. g. ANDERSEN 1954, DICKSON 1956, DRECHSLER 1923). As aiready shown by DRECHSLER (1923) , this is due, at least in part, - 60- to the hosts or substra tes (Fig. 1). Therefore the size of the conidia given in the literature is of limited value if it is not supplemented with a specification of host or substrate, and even then the conidia are not uniform from isolate to isolate. A more reliable characteristic is the strictly bipolar (or polar) germination of the conidia (DRECHSLER 1934, RAPILLY 1964, SHOEMAKER 1969), compare Fig. 2. In 1963 (ANDERSEN 1963 a, b) Cochliobolus sativus was mentioned for the first time in the Danish literature on plant pathology. A few years later a severe attack was observed in an experiment with sowing seeds of Lolium perenne L. infected by H elmisporium catenarium DRECHSLER (ANDERSEN 1969). With barley as cover crop the attack by H. catenarium was strongly restrieted, while an attack by C. sativus increased from 40 to 76 % of the plants. ANDERSEN considered it prom o te d by the barley. Recently an examination of 100 seed samples of barley showed 62 samples to be infected by C. sativus with a variation from 1 to 6 % infected grains (JØRGENSEN 1966). All these observa tions were made primarily on grains or seeds and only sparcely on the gro wing plants (L. perenne) see above). The first discovery in Denmark, however, was made on roots and stem base of diseased barley plants by C. A. JØRGENSEN as early as 1930. H. H. HOLME HANSEN, agricultural adviser, took the plants from a diseased spot in a barley field at Sæbyholm, Lolland, and forwarded them to the Government Plant Pathology Institute, Lyngby, with the remark that the cause was possibly drought. This isolate of C. sativus together with drawings of the conidiophores and of the conidia with or without the bipolar germination (see above and Fig. 2) and an isolate of the fungus received from Professor J. J. CHRISTENSEN, Univers ity of Minnesota, in 1930, still exist (in dry condition) in the herbarium of C. A. JØRGENSEN. The isolates made by the present author are found identical with those of this herbarium. As noted in the introduetion, the author has now and then isolated C. sativus from both roots and straw. On the basis of the above it may be stated that the fungus has been in Denmark for a long time and that it is, perhaps, as common here as in our adjacent countries, and further that it is sparsely reported on growing plants (cf. ANDERsEN 1969, LANGE-DE LA CAMP 1968). - . . . 0/:.7 Ty, ;, 61- 677 6>'C) Fig. 2. Conidia of Cochliobolus sativus. The bipolar germination of conidia as seen 24 hours af ter plating. Reproduction of drawings made by C. A. J ørgensen, 1930. X 0.45 of the original draw ing. 3. EXPERIMENTAL a. Material and Methods. Two isolates of Cochliobolus sativus were used in the experiments. Both were isolated as mycelium from black-coloured roots of barley in 1964 by the method of DAVIES (1936) ; No. 600 from an apparently healthy corp at Riso, Zealand and No. 617 from a crop with severe root rot at Engbjerggård, Snoldelev, Zealand. From its general appearance the attack was thought to be caused by Ophiobolus graminis} the take-all fungus. The isolates were grown on malt extract agar or on a medium containing wheat straw extract and glycine. All transfers were made with a rather large amount of mycelium and conidia in an attempt to keep possible special characteristics. As host plants Weibulls Starke wheat, Petkus II (2n) rye, Carlsberg II barley, Weibulls Ingrid barley, and SvalOf Stål oats were used. The grains were surface sterilized with 1 % NaClO and soaked overnight on moistened filter paper before sowing. The following medium was used for preparing the inoculum: K-soil (standardized commercial peat-rich soil inriched by clay and fertilizer) mixed with wheat-straw meal (or meal of wheat straw + grains) - 62- in the ratio of 30: 5. Af ter autoclaving at 1 kg per cm2 (15 Ib per square inch) for four hours in portions of ca. 50 g in 250-300 ml glass jars, 20 ml of a solution of 4 % glucose and 0.25 % glycine was added to each jar. The mixture, having a water holding capacity of 300-320 g water per 100 g, was moistened to ca. 70 % saturation. From a dens e growth of C. sativus) ca. 2 cm2 agar with mycelium and conidia was split up and spread on the surface of the medium. After incubation at ro om temperature for a month the K-soil medium was completely interwoven with the mycelium and ready for use. The experiments (seedling tests) were performed in the greenhouse at 15-25° C. Plastic pots (diam. 15 cm) were filled three quarters with untreated Perlite, upon which the inoculum was placed, one glass for each pot. An autoclaved, uninoculated medium served as control (see further the third series of experiments). Then 25 grains were sown, and the whole was covered with ca. 1.5 cm steamboiled rough sand. During the growth the plants were fertilized with a standard nutrient solution (HEWITT 1952). Three-four weeks after sowing - depending on the temperature the experiments were stoppe d ; the roots were washed free of soil and Perlite and examined for symptoms in accordance with the following scale: o = roots without symptoms; 1 = 0-10 %; 2 = 10-25 %; 3 = 25-50 %; 4 = 50-75 % and 5 = 75-100 % discoloured root-mass. The dry-matter production was determined in root and top separately; compensation for lack of plants was made so that the results given are for 25 plants where not otherwise stated. The coefficient of variation was always greater for roots than for tops. In the tables, roots and tops are added up. Significant effect always means significance at the 5 % confidence limit or better. For the induction of symptoms on the upper parts of the plants, Starke wheat, Carlsberg II and Ingrid barley were sprayed with a suspension of conidia at the three-four-Ieaf stage and then placed in a humid atmosphere at ca. 20 ° C for three weeks. Finally the isolates of the fungus were examined for toxin production and for toxin-induced symptoms by the method of GAYED (1961) . - 63- b. Results of infectio n experim ents. 1. Experim ents with direct compar ison of sympto ms caused by Cochlio bolus sativus and Ophiobo lus gTamini s. The aim of the first series of infectio n experim ents was to see whethe r the isolate s of C. sativus were able to cause root sympto ms interch angeab le with those of O. graminis) and whethe r they were able to diminis h the dry-ma tter yield. In table 1 the effects of the two C. sativus isolate s are compar ed directly with the averag e effect of some O. gramin is isolates and with the most aggress ive isolate of o. gramin is (No. 504) separat ely. No. 504 is se en to cause a severe loss in yield. On an averag e of all the O. gramin is isolates , the yield is diminis hed signific antly. Also the random isolate s of C. sativus cause a signific ant loss of drymatter. They clearly differ in effect. No. 500 has a signific ant effect only on Starke wheat, while No. 517 causes a signific ant loss in both Starke wheat, Carlsbe rg II barley and Petkus II rye. The points for discolo ured roots are in agreem ent with the loss in yield. It is worth noting that No. 517 diminis hes the yield in rye withou t appreci able discolo ura tion of the roots. A compar ison of the root sympto ms caused by Ophiobolus graminis and by Cochliobolus sativus showed that it would be difficu lt or imposs ible to disting uish betwee n the two disease s on the basis of the root sympto ms alone. The most appare nt differe nce to the naked eye is that roots attacke d by O. gramin is appear more or less blackis h while those attacke d by C. sativus are dark browni sh. Less conspicuous is the fact that roots attacke d by C. sativus have a greater tendenc y to collaps e in belts and then may become somew hat stubby . 2. Infectio n experim ents with all cereal species grown in Denmar k. In a second series (table 2) the two isolates were inocula ted on the four cereal species grown in Denma rk, inc1uding two varietie s of barley. As in the first series, a substan tial differe nce is seen betwee n the two isolates , No. 517 being the most aggress ive. Barley and wheat are most strongl y affecte d. Isolate No. 517 diminis hes the dry-ma tter yield of Ingrid barley signific antly more than that of Carlsbe rg II barley (Fig. 3). LOISELLE (1962) came to the same result by a related method (HAMIL TON et al. 1960). TABL E 1. olus gramin is Infecti on experim ents with Cochlio bolus sativus and Ophiob ents where O. sativus and O. gramin is isolates are directly Root sympto ms and dry-ma tter produet ion in infectio n experim from above. Temper ature 15-25 ° C. Harves ted 3-4 weeks added solution t Nutrien compar able. 4 replicat es of 25 plants each. the rye. af ter sowing. Compen sation for number of plants only in 3 experim ents with Weilbul ls Starke wheat drymatter g relative value 100 1 experim ent with Carlsbe rg II barley points for disco lou red roots dr ymatter g O 1.99 relative value 100 1 experim ent with Petkus II (2n) rye points for discoloure d roots drymatter g 0.3 1.95 relative value 100 points for discoloure d roots 0.1 Control .......... .......... ....... 1.77 Averag e of 62-66 isolates of O. gramini s*) ... ......... 1.38 77.8 1.9 1.61 80.5 1.4 1.80 92.0 0.4 O. gramini s) No. 504 . . ....... 0.51 28.6 5.0 0.55 27.5 5.0 1.32 67.8 3.0 No. 500 ......... 1.58 89.6 0.9 2.02 101.4 1.0 2.03 104.1 0.1 O. sativus) No. 517 . ........ 1.48 83.6 1.3 1.71 85.6 1.8 1.70 87.0 0.4 O. sativus) * ) Details will be publish ed elsewhe re. 0\ tf::.. "l ::o trl en TABLE 2. :; g Infection experiment with Cochliobolus sativus Average of two infection experiments with C. sativus. 6 replicates of 25 plants each. Nutrient solution added from below. Temperature 15-25 ° C. Harvested 3-4 weeks after sowing. dry-matter relative value dry-matter, g control Starke wheat C. sativus No. 500 I No. 517 control points for discoloured roots C. sativus No. 500 I No. 517 C. sativus 0\ No. 500 ....... ...... ..... 2.55 2.38 2.06 100 93.4 80.9 0.3 0.6 1.5 2.32 2.53 2.12 100 109.0 * ) 91.2 O O 0.1 Carlsberg II barley .. . ...... 3.23 2.98 2.73 100 92.2 84.6 0.1 1.1 2.1 .................. 3.11 2.83 2.30 100 90.9 74.0 0.1 1.5 3.1 .............. . ......... 2.67 2.56 2.53 100 95.8 94.9 O O O Ingrid barley - - - - - - - - - -- - - - For unknown reasons significant increase in one experiment and no effect in the other. c.n I No. 517 Petkus II (2n) rye ............ Stål oats *) contro l I - 66- Fig. 3. Infection experiments with CochZiobolus sativus. Seedling roots of barley from the second series of experiments. (a) 10 roots of Carlsberg II, control; (b) 10 roots of Carlsberg II, and (c) 10 roots of Ingrid barley, both inoculated with culture No. 517. Note the difference in severity of attacks , Ingrid barley being most affected. - 67 - The points score for discoloured roots follows the decrease in dry-naatter yield. The oats are only insignificantly affected by both isolates and, like the rye (by No. 517), without discolouration on the roots. 3. The effect of autoclaved inoculum compared with that of living inoculum. In a third series (table 3) the effect of autoclaved (20 nain. at 1 kg per cna 2 ) inoculuna was conapared with that of living inoculuna in order to see whether the isolates produced a thernaostable toxin-X- ) as pointed out by LUDWIG et al. (1956). In this series, too, the effect of a larger anaount of easily deconaposable organic naatter in the inoculuna naediuna (naediuna 2) was tried, but in wheat only. No difference was denaonstrated between uninoculated autoclaved control (naediuna 1) and untreated raw K-soil. The autoclaved inocula proved toxic, which naust be ascribed to the previous growth of the isolates of C. sativus. No. 500, autocl., thus significantly dinainished the dry-naatter production of Ingrid barley, but not that of Carlsberg II barley and Starke wheat. No. 517, autocl., on the other hand, showed a strong effect on Starke wheat (both naedia) and on Petkus II rye as well as on Ingrid barley, but not on Carlsberg II barley and Stål oats. Autoclaved inocula gave no or practically no synaptonas on the roots. The living inocula of both isolates had a stronger effect than the autoclaved inocula, due to the fungus and to the toxic substance produced before and during the experinaent. In wheat and rye both isolates caused a significant decrease in the nunaber of plants per pot. On conapensation for this, the loss caused by No. 500 disappeared on naediuna 1, in both wheat and rye, but not on naediuna 2 (wheat). The conapensation could not elinainate the effect of No. 517. In barley and oats there was no effect on the nunaber of plants. These results are in agreenaent with those of HORRICKS (1963), who found wheat generally naore susceptible to toxic substances in soil than *) The significance of the toxin produced by Oochliobolus sativus was first demonstrated by LUDWIG (1957). In 1961 DE MAYO et al. isolated and characterized the toxin as an unsaturated aliphatic dialdehyde of terpenoid structure with the formula C15H220 2. In 1963 COREY & NOZOE made the total synthesis and were able to provide the absolute stereochemistry of the toxin. It is named helminthosporal. 5'" - 68- TABLE 3. Infection experiment with Cochliobolus sativus An infection experiment with living and autoclaved inoeulum of O. sativus. 6 replicates, with and without eompensation to 25 plants per pot. Nutrient solution added from below. Temperature 20 ° C. Harvested 3 weeks after sowing. Medium 1 K-soil : wheat straw meal in 30:5; medium 2 K-soil : meal of wheat straw grains in 30:5. = Without eompensation for number of plants drymatter g = + relative value value relative to medium 1 With eompensation for nu mb er of plants drymatter g relative value Control .... .... .......... No. 500, autoclav.. ... .. 517, ... ... " 500, living " ..... .... " 517, ... .... .. " Untreated "raw K-soil Starke wheat, medium 1: 1.42 100 1.44 101.6 1.32 93.3 1.28 90.3 1.05 74.3 1.40 98.7 1.53 1.59 1.44 1.60 1.32 1.48 100 103.7 93.9 104.6 86.3 96.3 Control .... ......... .. ... No. 517, autoclav . .... .. 500, living .. . .... . . " 517, ..... .... Starke wheat, medium 2: 1.30 100 91.9 1.20 92.2 90.8 0.84 64.3 65.4 0.76 58.5 72.4 1.35 1.28 1.24 1.00 100 94.2 91.8 74.2 Control ................ .. No. 500, autoclav .. .. . .. 517, ...... " 500, living " . .... . ... " 517, ....... .. Carlsberg II barley, medium 1: 1.60 100 1.71 1.65 103.1 1.75 1.66 103.6 1.80 1.63 101.4 1.68 1.25 78.0 1.40 100 102.6 105.3 98.4 82.0 Control ...... ......... ... No. 500, auto elav .... ... 517, ..... . " 500, living " ... .... " 517, .. ....... Ingrid barley, medium 1: 1.65 100 1.39 84.3 1.46 88.3 1.33 80.9 1.10 66.6 1.83 1.56 1.57 1.54 1.24 100 85.1 85.7 83.9 67.6 Control .... ...... ........ No. 517, autoelav .. ..... 500, living ....... .. " 517, ......... Petkus II (2n) rye, medium 1.10 100 0.99 89.8 0,89 80.9 0.66 59.4 1: 1.22 1.08 1.21 0.97 100 88.3 98.5 78.8 Control ... ....... ... .. ... No. 517, autoelav . .. . . . . 500, living ...... ... " 517, ... ...... Stål oats, 1.43 1.47 1.33 1.37 1.47 1.52 1 .37 1.42 100 103.4 93.2 96.3 " " " " " " " " " " I medium 1: 100 102.7 93.0 95.6 value relative to medium 1 - - 88.3 88.6 77.5 75.9 -- - - - - - - Points for diseolouration of roots 0.1 0.1 O 0.3 1.2 O 0.3 O 1.5 2.5 0.1 0.1 O 0.8 2.1 O 0.2 O 1.4 3.0 O O O O O O O O - 69- Fig. 4. Toxic action of culture filtrates of Oochliobolus sativus on young barely leaves. Left, Carlsberg II , control in water or pure medium; middle Carlsberg II , and right, Ingrid culture filtrate for 48 hours . O ll barley and oats; confer further GREANEY & MACHACEK (1946). Apart from this, the effect of the living inoculum agreed with that observed in the two previous series. On medium 2 there was a substantially greater effect on both dry-matter yield and symptoms than on medium 1. This is probably due to a heavier growth of the fungi on medium 2 together with an increased production of the toxin. The significantly smaller drymatter yield of the controIon medium 2 as compared with the control on medium 1 is not due to a toxic effect of the medium, but rather to a very rapid growth of random microorganisms on the more easily decomposable medium 2 immediately after sowing (author unpubl.; cf. further LUDWIG et al. 1956, HORRICKS 1963). 4. Demonstration of toxin production on liquid media. Supplementary investigations showed that the toxin production on liquid media (method of GAYED 1961) is easily demonstrable (Fig. 4). Af ter the fungus has been grown on the medium for about one month, whole leaves or pieces of leaves are placed in the filtered - 70- Fig. 5. Barely leaves four days af ter inoculation with conidia of Cochliobolus sativus. Incubation in a humid atmosphere at ca. 20 0 C. Left leaf, contro l. medium for 48 hours. By this time necrotic spots of varying size develop. The small spots are dark brown while the greater ones have a paIe dea d centre surrounded by an intensely brown halo. H was thus possible, both by inoculation of seedlings and by growing the fungi on an artificial medium, to demonstrate the production and effect of the crude toxin. 5. Spraying of young plants of barley and wheat with canidia af Cochliobolus sativus. Finally barley and wheat plants at the three-four-Ieaf stage were spraye d with a suspension of conidia in order to see if they could produce symptoms on the upper part of the plants. AIready four days after inoculation severe symptoms occurred on barley leaves at 20 ° C in a humid atmosphere (Fig. 5). At this time only faint symptoms were seen on wheat where attacks develop more slowly than on barley, but may become severe. - 71 - The more or less necrotic spots are dark brown and oval to fusiform, on the lea f edge greater and less uniform, and surrounded by a yellowish green halo which may spread to greater areas of the leaves so tha t they a ttain asenescent colour (Fig. 5). The coleoptile seems especially susceptible. These findings agre e with LANGE-DE LA CAMP (1958), LUDWIG (1960), and MULLER (1956). In three-four weeks the attacked leaves may wilt so that the plants become somewhat defoliated - the defoliation beginning at the lower part. Secondary infections occurred on la ter developing leaves. On the lower leaf sheats near the stem base, oblong brown spots developed, which, although atypical, may be interchangeable with symptoms of Cercosporella herpotrichoides under ' field conditions. According to LANGE-DE LA CAMP (1958) these symptoms may become real eyespots. 4. D I S C U S S ION The fact that Cochliobolus sativus in Denmark is nearly exclusi vely known from grains and seeds of cereals and grasses may ha ve several causes. First of all the climatic and edaphic factors may play a part as it is known that severe attacks on all parts of the plants occur primarily in countries with warm and dry summers and that the fungus prefers soils of low fertility (BUTLER 1959, GARRETT 1966). For these reasons the propagation may be so slow and the attacks so late in this country that symptoms on the upper parts of the plants may be hidden under senescent or ripenning colours, which can be promote d by the fungus (cf. e.g. GARRETT 1963). However, as shown in infection experiments, the symptoms of C. sativus may als o occur disguised under symptoms of Ophiobolus graminis and CercosporelZa herpotrichoides. It might be from plants thus attacked that the grains are infected (LANGE-DE LA CAMP 1958, MULLER 1956, DE TAMPE 1964). The most essential difference between the two isolates used in the experiments seems to be in the amount of toxin produced. Greater differences are thought to occur in the field (cf. e.g. WOOD 1962). The difference in susceptibility found between the species and varieties of cereals tried seems determined by one or both of two agents, namely the toxin and the fungus. Starke wheat and Ingrid barley are susceptible to both the fungus and the toxin. In these - 72 - Fig. 6. A severe attack of Cochli obolus sativus in a barley field at Hanehøj, Zealand. Great spots wi t h sparse growth of small, poorly deve loped p lants, often wi th rudimen tary, steri le side-shoots. Photo 9 August, 1967_ experiments at least, Petkus II rye nearly exclusively and Stål oats exclusively but insignificantly are affected by the toxin. Carlsberg II barley is mainly attacked by the fungus. Thus, in agreement with LUDWIG (1957), the toxin may affect all the four species. The results of the experiments and the fact that nobody knows the distribution and severity of attacks by CochZioboZus sativus in Danish agriculture point to the expediency of searching for an elucidation of its importance. This is especially imperative for an exact diagnose in field experiments with breeding for resistance to root rot of cereals where even a small attack can make troubles. ADDENDUM In the summer of 1967, two months after the manuscript was forwarded, a rather severe spontaneous attack of CochZioboZus sativus was observed and identified as the primary cause of a diseased crop for the first time in Denmark. The attack covere d about 5,000 m 2 in a barley field at Hanehøj, Tjæreby (near Roskilde), Zealand (Fig. 6). - 73 - Fig. 7. CochZioboZu s sativus at the base of ba r ley plants. From left to right increasing degree of attack, the firs t pl an t to the left being h ea lthy. The attacked roots an d straw base vary in co lour from paie greyis h ( diffuse necro tic areas - sometimes with brown h alos like the eyespots, see plants 2 and 4 fro m the left) to uniform dark brown . The conditions for an attack were excellent: The summer was warm and dry and the soil light and sandy. The barley was secondcrop spring barley. In the time between the two crops there were pits of narcissus bulbs covered with barley straw on the area. After the pits had been removed most of the straw was burned, but some was ploughed down and may have brought about some nitrogen deficiency here and there (compare e.g. BUTLER 1959, GARRETT 1966). Of course the damage was aggravated by the drought, but neither this nor a possibIe deficiency in nitrogen could be primarily responsibIe for it. The attack was found on straw, roots (Fig. 7) and kerneIs, from which the fungus could be isolated very eas ily after a surface sterilization. AIso the characteristic brown spots on leaves (compare Fig. 5) were observed - mainly on young leaves of a regrowth brought forth after the rain. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author is indebted to the Government Plant Pathology Institute and to Professor C. A. JØRGENSE N for lending me the herbarium used in the investigations; furthermore to H. DOLL, lic. agro., for valuable advic'e concerning the analysis of variance. - 74 - REFERENCES Andersen, H. (1953 a): 1.-3. årsberetning fra Statens Plantetilsyn vedrørende frøpatologisk kontrol. - T. Planteavl (København) 56: 67-86. English summary. (1953 b): 4. årsberetning fra Statens Plantetilsyn vedrørende frøpatologisk kontrol. - Ibid. 56: 501-512. English summary. (1954): Species of Helminthosporium on cereals and grasses in Denmark. - Friesia 5: 80-89. (1959) :Helminthosporium catenarium DRECHS. på græsser i Danmark. - T. Planteavl (København) 63: 710-736. English summary. Butler, F. C. (1959): Saprophytic behaviour of some cereal root-rot fungi. IV. Saprophytic survival in soils of high and low fertility. Ann. appl. Biol. 47: 28-36. Corey, E. J. & Nozoe, S. (1963): Total synthesis of Helminthosporal. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 85: 3527-3528. Dastur, Jehangir Fardunji (1942): Notes on some fungi isolated from 'black' affected wheat kernels in the central provinces. Indian J. Agric. ScL 12: 731-742. Davies, F. R. (1935): Superiority of silver nitrate over mercurie chloride for surface sterilization in the isolation of Ophiobolus graminis Sacc. - Canad. J. Res. 13: 168-173. Dickson, J. G. (1956): Diseases of field crops. - 2. Ed. 517 pp. McGrawHill, London. Drechsler, C. (1923): Some graminicolus species of Helminthosporium. I. - J. Agric. Res. 24: 641-740. (1934): Phytopathological and taxonomical aspects of Ophiobolus) Pyrenophora) Helminthosporium) and a new genus Oochliobolus. - Phytopathol. 24: 953-983. Fritz, T. (1965): Forekomsten af olika parasitsvampar på stråsad från två sydsvensk a områden år 1963. - Medd. Statens centr. Frokontroll.-anst. 40: 44-47. (1966): Undersokning av skjutkraft hos stråsad. Inverkan framst av utsadesburna parasitsvampar. - Ibid. 41: 42-98. Garrett, S. D. (1960): Inoculum potential. - In: J. G. HORSFALL & A. E. DIMOND: Plant Pathology, vol. III: 23-56. Acad. Pres s, London. (1963): Soil fungi and soil fertility. - 165 pp. Pergamon Press, Oxford. (1966): Cellulose-decomposing ability of some cereal foot-rot fungi in relation to their saprophytic survival. - Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 49: 57-68. Gayed, S. K. (1961): Production of symptoms of barley leaf-spot disease by culture filtrat e of Helminthosporium sativum. Nature 191: 725-726. Greaney, F. J. & Machacek, J. E. (1946): The prevalence and control of seed-borne diseases of cereals. - ScL Agric. 26: 59-78. - 75 - Hamilton, D. G. et al. (1960): Reacition of barley varieties and selections to root rot and seedling blight incited by H elminthosporium sativum P., K. and B. - Canad. J. Plant. ScL 40: 713-720. Hewitt, E. J. (1952): Sand and water culture methods used in the study of plant nutrition. - Techn. Comm. No. 22, 241 pp. C. A. B., Farnham Royal, Bucks, England. Horricks, J. S. (1963): The influence of crop residue on solI microorganisms in relation to plant growth. - Thesis 139 pp., Univ. of Minnesota. Hughes, S. J. (1958): Revisiones Hyphomycetum aliquot cum appendice de nominibus rejiciendis. - Canad. J. Bot. 36: 727-836. Jørgensen, Johs. (1966): Meddelelser fra kromosomlaboratoriet og plantepatologisk laboratorium. Statsfrøkontrol. beretn. 95. arbejdsår: 59-61, København. Kolk, H. (1966): Utsadesburna svampsjukdomar på stråsad. - Kungl. Skogs- och Lantbr.-akad. Tidskr. 105: 353-375. Lange-de la Camp, M. (1958): Helminthospori'Ltm sativum in Mittel- und Norddeutschland. - Phytopathol. Z. 32: 167-180. Loiselle, R. (1962): Note on additional sources of resistance to H elminthosporium sativum P., K. and B. - Canad. J. Plant ScL 42: 368-369. Ludwig, R. A. (1957): Toxin production by Helminthosporium sativum P., K. and B. and its significance in disease development. Canad. J. Bot. 35: 291-303. (1960): Toxins. - In: J. G. HORSFALL & A. E. DIMOND: Plant Pathology, vol. II: 315-357. Acad. Press. London. et al. (1956): Studies on the seedling disease of barley caused by Helminthosporium sativ'Ltm P., K. and B. - Canad. J. Bot. 34: 653-673. de Mayo, P. et al. (1961): Helminthosporal, the toxin from Helminthosporiu'm sativum. I. Isolation and characterization. - Canad. J. Chem. 39: 1608-1612. Mliller, H. E. H. (1956): Die Verbreitung von Helrninthosporium sativum P., K. und B. in Bayern und seine Bedeutung als Krankheitserreger an Gerste und Weizen. - Bayer. Landw. Jahrb. 33: 610-640. Rapilly, F. (1964): Valeur taxonomique de l'appareil sporifere du genre Helminthosporium Link. - Ann. Epiphyties 15: 257-268. Shoemaker, R. A. (1959): Nomenclature of Drechslera and Bipolaris, grass parasites segregated from "Helminthosporium«. - Canad. J. Bot. 37: 879-887. de Tempe, J. (1964): Helminthosporium spp. in seeds of wheat, barley, oats, and rye. - Proc. Internat. Seed. Test. Ass. 29: 117-140, 17 pI. (38 fig.). Wood, L. S. (1962): Relation of variation in H elminthosporium sativum to seedling blight of small grains. - Phytopathol. 52: 493-498. Roskilde, June 1967. FRIESIA . Bind VIII . Hefte 1 . 1966 NY LITTERATUR Roger Heim: Les champignons toxiques et hallucinogenes. - 327 s . N. Boubee & Cie, Paris 1963. - Pris : 42 F + tillæg. Den første del af ROGER HEIlVI'S bog er en interessant sammenfatning af, delvis også supplering af vor hidtidige viden om giftsvampe, hvorom der er udgivet mange bøger. Af størst værdi er bogens anden del: de hallucinogene svampe. Forf. giver i indledningen et historisk tilbageblik over svampeforgiftninger. Talrige steninskriptioner og rester af de schweiziske pælebygninger viser, at svampe i årtusinder har været kendt og anvendt som menneskeføde. Det er let at genkende Velsmagende Mælkehat (Lactarius deliciosus) på kalkmalerierne i Herculanum. De romerske aristokrater ansatte tidligere plebejer til at samle svampe. SENECA sagde herom: "Du store Gud! Hvor folk dog arbejder bare for mavens skyld!" Hvor der er svampeforbrug, forekommer også forgiftninger. Ud over rene forgiftningsulykker kendes også flere overlagte kriminelle tilfælde; blandt disse er det mest berygtede: kejser CLA UDlUS' død. AGRIPPIN A, den foregående kejser CALIGULA'S søster, var utålmodig efter, at hendes søn, NERO, skulle bestige tronen. Hun sørgede for ved hjælp af sine hoffolk, at en ret af den fine Kejserfluesvamp (Amanita caesarea) J som kejseren skulle spise, blev gennemvædet med saft udpresset af Løgknoldet Fluesvamp (Amanita phalloides) . Efter det underholdende historiske kapitel følger en datarig redegørelse over svampeforgiftninger i tropiske og subtropiske egne. Beskrivelsen af de forskellige sygdomsbilleder (syndromer) kan især regne med speciallægers og toxikologers opmærksomhed. En gennemgang af de talrige arter og ikke mindst af de arter, der betragtes som farlige - indbefattet nogle mikroskopiske svampe, f. eks. Monilia sitophila - er også fra et rent mykologisk synspunkt interessant. Det lille kapitel om de "rehabiliterede" arter byder sandsynligvis for manges vedkommende på overraskelser. Volvaria gloiocephala og dens var. speciosa er spiselige lige som alle de andre arter inden for slægten. Den pågældende art sælges i øvrigt på Nord-Portugals frugtmarkeder. Amanita citrina (A. mappa) betragtedes længe som værende lige så farlig, ja dødsensfarlig som A. phalloides. Bønderne i Cevennerne spiser A. citrinaJ og CHAUVIN påviste eksperimentelt dens uskadelighed (sml. BUCHWALD i "Friesia" 2: 243-263, 1943). Blandt de hallucinogene svampe spiller Rød Fluesvamp (A mani ta muscaria) en vigtig rolle. En gastro-intestinal forgiftning fremkalder ved dens toxin, muscarin, frem for alt en tilstand af vildelse, beruselse, eventuelt sansepirring eller hallucinationer. Forf. fortæller - idet han nævner R. G. & V. P. WASSON (1957) som kilde - , at svenske soldater fra Varmland-regimentet i begyndelsen af det 19. århundrede var helt ophidsede, ja bogstavelig talt rasende som følge af indtagelse af A. muscaria J før de gik i kampen. Det gjorde de herefter med skummende mund, og deres dumdristighed kendte ingen grænser (sml. POUL THORSEN i "Friesia" 3: 333-351, 1949). - 76- - 77 - Amerikanske stenstatuetter af svamp e. Fra venstre til højre: Statuette med en skrubtudse fra sidste del af den præklassiske periode 500 f. Kr.-200 e. Kr., Mexico, Guatemala; med en jaguar fra epoken Miraflores 1000-500 f. Kr., Kaminaljuya, Guatemala; med en menneskelig figur, sidste del af den præklassiske periode, Guatemala. Indianerne lige fra Mexico til Peru spiste ofte hallucinogene svampe ved deres religiøse-kultiske fester. Stenstatuetter af skrubtudser, jaguarer og mandsskikkelser - fra hvis hoveder fremvokser en hatsvamp - vidner om de gamles kendskab til denne dæmoniske narkomani. New-Guineas's urbefolkning så vel som Sibiriens samojeder anvender den dag i dag giftige svampe som aphrodisiaca. Ved en mængde eksempler gennemgås de enkelte hallucinogene svampeslægters psykiske virkning, først og fremmest Psilocybe) som rummer mange hallucinogene arter, dernæst S trop haria) Panaeoltts) Amanita m. fl. Et særligt kapitel beskæftiger sig med ergotismens (meldrøjer-forgiftning) historie og med kemien af de alkaloider, der fremkalder denne frygtede forgiftning, så som ergotamin, ergosin, ergokryptin, ergocornin og det i vore dage så ofte omtalte LSD 25. Forf., den fremragende mykolog, behandler med elegant sikkerhed de til emnet hørende arkæologiske, kulturhistoriske, etnografiske, biokemiske, toxikologiske og psykopatologiske enkeltheder. - Det er en bog langt ud over det sædvanlige. GEORG KovAcS. Reid, Derek A.: Coloured leones of Rare and Interesting Fungi. Part L 32 s., 8 farvetavler, 14 tekstfigurer. Suppl. til Nova Hedwigia XI. Verlag von J. Cramer. Lehre 1966. - Pris: DM 25.-. Som tillæg til N ova Hedwigia XI er kommet det første hefte af en række med titlen "Coloured Illustrations of Rare or Interesting Fungi", af DEREK A. REID, Kew. Det er forf. s tanke at publicere fuldstændige beskrivelser af sjældne eller interessante svampe ledsaget af stregtegninger af mikroskopiske karakterer og farvetavler med akvareller udført af forfatteren selv efter frisk materiale. Hovedvægten tænkes lagt på Agaricales (hatsvampordenen), men også nogle svampe fra Aphyllophorales (poresvampordenen) skulle medtages. I foreliggende hefte er beskrevet 4 Boletus-arter, 1 Laccaria-art, 4 Lepiota-arter, 1 A manita-art og 1 Stropharia- - 78 - art med tilhørende farvetavler. Heftet er smukt, og rækken som helhed skulle med sine omhyggelige beskrivelser af svampe, hvorom det ellers kan være vanskeligt at finde publikationer, kunne blive en værdifuld støtte ikke blot for fagmykologer, men også for særligt interesserede amatørmykologer. Det er ikke nødvendigt at abonnere på "Nova Hedwigia" for at erhverve tillæggene. J. KOCH. Helmut Garns: Flechten (Lichenes) . Kleine Kryptogamenflora III, udgivet af HELMUT GAMS. - 244 s., 84 fig. Gustav Fisehers Verlag. Stuttgart 1967. - Pris DM 28.-. I den nyttige serie af mellemeuropæiske kryptogamfloraer i lommeformat er der nu også kommet et bind om laver, udarbejdet af seriens redaktør. En sådan bog har længe været imødeset med forventning, for vi mangler i høj grad sammenfattende lavfloraer. De færreste lichenologer har haft mod til at gå i gang hermed måske afskrækkes de af, at der stadig mangler special-monografier over mange store og artsrige slægter af laver, samt af det forhold, at laverne er dobbelt-organismer, hvad der yderligere gør det vanskeligt at opstille en fornuftig lav-systematik. Det er derfor meget fortjentsfuldt, at HELMUT GAMS, som ikke selv er lavforsker af faget, har påtaget sig at skrive en lavflora for Europa, og det skal siges med det samme, at det er lykkedes ham at løse opgaven fortrinligt, når der tages hensyn til den begrænsede plads, der har stået til hans rådighed. Det siger sig selv, at det har været umuligt at få alle de fra Mellemeuropa angivne arter af laver med, især af skorpelaverne; men det er der nu heller ikke sket nogen større skade ved, for en stor del af disse arter er ret tvivlsomme og skal maske snarere betegnes som modifikationer end som arter. Ligeledes har forf. i almindelighed ikke medtaget arter, som kun adskiller sig fra andre lignende arter ved sporernes dimensioner eller ved kemiske reaktioner, og der er heller ikke medtaget arter, som kun er angivet fra en enkelt lokalitet. Til brug for dem, som ønsker at gå mere i dybden med deres lavstudier, er der givet oplysning om den forhåndenværende (men desværre ikke altid tilstrækkeligt fyldestgørende) speciallitteratur. Oplysningerne om arternes udbredelse er ret detaillerede med rimelig hensyntagen til de nordiske lande. Det kan således nævnes, at det er om den i Nordamerika hyppige, men i Europa sjældne art Caloplaca microphyllina (TUCK.) HASSE angives, at den forekommer i 0stalperne, i Danmark og i Sydsver~ge. Ligeledes noteres, at det om den i Troperne og i Subtroperne vidt udbredte art Graphis elegans (SM.) ACH. angives, at den forekommer i Vesteuropa indtil Skotland, i Danmark og i Tyskland til Weser og Schwarzwald. Det kan yderligere nævnes, at der også er blevet plads til en omtale af de hovedsageligt subarktiske og alpine basidiolichener. Af særlig interesse for danske forhold er de dobbelt-organismer, som dannes ved symbiose mellem grønalger af slægten Coccomyxa og bladhatte af slægten Omphalina) dels Botrydina vulgaris med homoeomert, grynet thallus og dels Coriscium vulgare med heteromert thallus af form som små runde skæl. De anførte eksempler turde være tilstrækkelige til at dokumentere, at bogen er særdeles brugbar, også for et dansk publikum. Den være hermed anbefalet på det bedste. M. SKYTTE CHRISTIANSEN. FRIESIA . Bind VIII . Hefte 1 . 1966 MEDDELELSER fra FORENINGEN TIL SVAMPEKUNDSKABENS FREMME. ORDINÆR GENERALFORSAMLING I 1963. Torsdag d. 21. februar 1963, kl. 20,00, afholdtes den ordinære generalforsamling i Botanisk Laboratoriums auditorium, Gothersgade 140. Fabrikant Sv. TROYER valgtes til dirigent og erklærede generalforsamlingen for lovligt indvarslet. a. Formanden, professor N. F ABRITIUS BucHwALD, aflagde derpå beretning for året 1962. Sommerens triste vejr, der var koldt og fugtigt, er der gjort nærmere rede for i indledningen til ekskursionsberetningerne for 1962 ("Friesia " 7: 134-135, 1963). N år artsantallet på svampeudstillingen trods de dårlige vejrforhold kom op på 256, skyldes det en stor ihærdighed hos de mange, der deltog i indsamlingen. Om udstillingen, se "Friesia" 7: 147-149, 1963. Blandt ekskursionerne var der særlig grund til at nævne den vellykkede weekend-tur den 8.-9. september til Andrarum i Skåne, hvor der blev fundet bemærkelsesværdigt mange eksemplarer af Pisolithus tinetorius (ærtetrøffel ). *) Efter ekskursionsberetningen vistes farvelysbilleder fra årets ekskursioner optaget af redaktør BØRGE RØNNE. Angående "Friesia" nævnte formanden, at heftet, der skulle gælde for 1962, var på trapperne. En glædelig ting var det, at overlærer K. BJØRNEKÆR havde modtaget 13.000,00 kr. af Carlsberg-Fondet til trykning af sin store monografi over de danske slimsvampe.*":- ) Fra undervisningsministeriet var modtaget 1.750,00 kr. for finansåret 1961/62. * ) Se i øvrigt "Friesia" 6: 356-358, 1961. ** ) Se " Friesia" 7 : 149A-296, 1963. - 79 - - 80 - Medlemstallet viste en tilbagegang på 4 medlemmer. I beretningsåret var 5 medlemmer afgået ved døden, nemlig: Sproglærer VALDEMAR CHRISTENSEN, overretssagfører W. KARNOV, fhv. retspræsident K. MUNDT, overlærer F. H. MØLLER og fil. dr. E. G. RENNERFELT. Formanden udtalte særlige mindeord over retspræsident K. MUNDT, fil. dr. E. G. RENNERFELDT og overlærer F. H. MØLLER. Over K. MUNDT og E. G. RENNERFELDT er der optaget nekrologer i "Friesia", henholdsvis i bd. 7: 105-106 (1963) og 7: 372-374 (1964). Om sidstnævnte udtalte formanden: "Ved overlærer F. H. MØLLER'S død har dansk, ja nordisk mykologi lidt et meget stort tab. Der vil utvivlsomt gå mange år, inden Danmark atter fostrer en så dygtig amatørmykolog. MØLLER begyndte allerede få år efter sin indtræden i foreningen i 1912 - han havde altså ved sin død netop været medlem i 50 år at publicere om svampe. Et par af hans første betydelige bidrag til dansk mykologi var fundene af den overordentlig giftige Teglstensrød Trævlehat (Inocybe patouillardii) syn. I. lateraria) og den ligeledes meget giftige Satans-Rørhat (Boletus satanas) ) begge arter påvist første gang i Danmark af MØLLER. Siden har han, som vi alle ved, skrevet meget. Jeg skal nøjes med blot at nævne hans to hovedværker: "Fungi of the Færoes", I-II (1945,1958) og den store Champignon-monografi: "Danish Psalliota species" (1950-52). Det sidstnævnte arbejde må vel betegnes som hans betydeligste og har vundet almindelig anerkendelse overalt i den mykologiske verden. Den fremragende svenske agaricaceforsker, fil. dr. SETH LUNDELL skrev, da han hørte om overlærer MØLLER'S død, bl. a.: "Han var den store svampentusiasten ...... Fremforallt genom sin overdådiga Psalliotamonografi kommer hans namn alltid att leva, - et sannskyldigt monumentum aere perennius!(( Personligt vil jeg mindes MØLLER som min bedste mykologiske ven gennem 40 år. I næsten 20 år var han min medredaktør af "Friesia". En mere nidkær, samvittighedsfuld og pligtopfyldende medredaktør kan ingen ønske sig". - En nekrolog over overlærer MØLLER vil senere fremkomme i "Friesia". Vi vil ære disses minde. b. Kassereren fremlagde derefter regnskabet, som blev godkendt. c. De fire bestyrelsesmedlemmer, Fru ELISABETH ANDERSEN, professor N. F. BUCHWALD, amanuensis J. KOCH og redaktør BØRGE RØNNE og suppleanten, afdelingsbestyrer PAUL NEERGAARD, der afgik efter tur, blev alle genvalgt. d. Som revisor genvalgtes ekspeditionssekretær K. RANKOV. - 81 - e. Formanden forelagde et forslag om at udnævne fil. dr. h. c. SETH LUNDELL til æresmedlem af foreningen. Særligt fremhævede formanden SETH LUNDELL'S udforskning af den svenske hymenomycetflora og hans medvirken ved udgivelsen af exsikkatværket "Fungi exsiccati suecici". Forslaget blev vedtaget med akklamation (se "Friesia" 7:107, 1963). f. Følgende ekskursioner blev foreslået: Boserup Skov og Skovvænge samt Hvalsø-skovene, Romele Klint, Tisvilde Hegn, Aastrup Skov og Kongsøre Skov. g. Eventuelt. Intet at bemærke. Generalforsamlingen hævet. Formanden takkede dirigenten. sign. Sv. TROYER Efter generalforsamlingen holdt forsøgsleder, havebrugskandidat C. RIBER RASMUSSEN et interessant foredrag med titlen: "Nyere fremskridt inden for champignondyrkningen". Efter mødet samledes man til tvangfrit samvær på Universitetets Spisestuer, Nørregade 10. J. KOCH EKSKURSIONER I 1963. Søndag den 19. maj 1963. Ekskursion til B o s e r u p S k o v og S k o v h u s V æ n g e. Ca. 45 deltagere, hvoraf 31 med bus. Efter en usædvanlig lang vinter med is og sne blev det endelig forår. Bøgeskoven havde kun været fuldt udsprunget et par dage, da ekskursionen fandt sted. Bøgebladene var endnu smukt lysegrønne, violerne netop kommet i blomst, slåenbuskene var lige ved at springe ud, og skovbundsfloraen, som er så rig både i Boserup og Skovhus Vænge, stod på sit højeste. Det måtte være Morkeltid ! Men nej! De var endnu ikke rigtigt kommet frem, så der fandtes kun få eksemplarer (Morchella esculenta) i Boserup og slet ingen i Skovhus Vænge. Jordtemperaturen var åbenbart endnu for lav. Skønt det øsregnede klo 6-7, var skovbunden allerede blevet tør ved ankomsten til Boserup Skov, og det blev tørvejr resten af dagen. På Hotel Postgaarden, Køge, hvor frokosten skulle være indtaget, var der ikke plads, og vi kørte derfor videre til Vallø Strandhotel, syd for Køge, efter at vi ved en opringning havde forvisset os om, at FRIESIA VIII - 82- hotellet havde plads til et halvt hundrede frokostgæster. Efter frokosten kørte vi kl. 13112 til Skovhus Vænge, og kl. 16 forlod vi parkeringspladsen ved Yderholm Kro og var i København ved 17-tiden. Storsvampefloraen, især Bladhatfloraen, var yderst ringe på begge lokaliteter, øjensynligt af samme årsag som angivet for Morklernes vedkommende. Opmærksomheden koncentreredes derfor for en del til de parasitiske Mikromyceter. Der er grund til at nævne, at ny for den danske flora er vist H eterosporium vegetum) der fandtes i Skovhus Vænge på en nedfalden Bøgepind sammen med Hypoxylon fragiforme) samt at Fusidium eburneum fandtes på en for landet ny vært, Ficaria verna. laIt iagttoges 56 arter. Bestemmelsen af de resupinate arter skyldes tandlægerne K. HAUERSLEV og J. E. BREGNHØJ LARSEN. B = Boserup Skov; S = Skovhus Vænge. Myxomycetes Lycogala epidendron B Puccinia (Tranzschelia) jusca (Anemone nemorosa) B, S Uromyces jicariae (Ficaria verna) B, S Phycomycetes Peronospora corydallis (Oorydallis cava) S, jicariae (Ficaria verna) B Plasmopara nivea ( Aegopodium podagraria) B, pygmaea (Anemone nemorosa) B, (Anemone ranttnculoides) S Synchytrium anemones (Anemone nemorosa) B, mercurialis (M ercurialis perennis) B Ascomycetes Helotium jructigenum (på skåle af Fagus) S Hypoxylon jragijorme (Fagus) S Morehella esculenta B Propolis versicolor (Quercus) B Ustulina maxima (Fagus) S Uredinales Ochropsora sorbi (Anemone nemorosa) S Tremellales Dacryomyces deliquescens B Eichleriella spinulosa (Fagus) B Exidia glandulosa (Robinia pseudacacia*) B Tulasnella pruinosa (Picea) B Aphyllophorales Antrodia mollis B Oorticium conjluens (Querct~s) B, (Fagus) S, sambuci (Sambucus nigra) B, tuberculatum (Larix) B, (Blad af Fagus) S Oristella jarinacea (Picea) B, (Fagus) S Hyphoderma roseocremeum B, setigerum S, tenue (Picea) B, S Merulius corium B, (Fagus) S Mycoacia uda S Odontia bicolor (Picea) B, hydnoides (Fagus) S *) Robinia pseudacacia er ikke nævnt som vært i K. BJØRNEKÆR'S monografi over Tremellaceae (Friesia 3: 8, 1944). 83 Peniophora cremea S, incarnata (Betula) Robinia pseudacacia) B, (Betula) Fagus) S, limitata (Fraxinus) B, longispora B, S, lycii S, velutina B, (Fagus) S Phlebia radiata (Betula) B Polyporus adustus B, fomentaritts (Fagus) S, squamosus (Fraxinus) B Poria ferruginosa B, versipora B, S Sistotrema brinkmannii B, commune S Stereu'm hirsutum (Fagus) B Trametes mollis B Tubulicrinis subulatus S Xenasma tulasnelloideum S Agaricales Entoloma clypeatum B Flammulina (Collybia) velutipes B Psathyrella disseminata B Fungi imperfecti Fusidium eburneum (Ficaria verna) ny vært) B Heterosporium vegetum (Fagus) S (ny art) Ramularia primulae (Primula elatior) B Trlchoderma viride S N. F ABRITIUS BUCHWALD. Søndag den 25. august 1963. Ekskursion til L i Il e D y r e h a v e, I n d e l u k k e t og J æ g e r b a k k e n. Deltagerantal 27 med tog til Slotspavillonens st., hvortil ankomst kl. 9,16; en halv snes deltagere kom i egen befordring. - August måned var usædvanlig regnfuld, med en samlet nedbør på 154 mm (normalt 83 mm) og således endnu fugtigere end nogen måned i de ellers regnrige somre 1960-62 (jfr. Friesia 7: 134-135).*) Da temperaturen tilmed for hele måneden lå lidt over normalen, var der således skabt betingelser for en god svampesæson. Svampeudbyttet på denne og de følgende efterårsekskursioner skuffede da heller ikke, tværtimod. Der fandtes på denne ekskursion 159 arter, hvoraf alene 99 Agaricalesj som sædvanligt på denne årstid dominerede rør- og skørhattene, med henholdsvis 10 og 19 arter. Fra Slotspavillonens st. gik man gennem anlægget omkring S l o t s p a v i Il o n e n, der viste sig at være en god lokalitet for Boleter(Boletus miniatoporus og B. edulis) og Kantareller; her fandtes også 4 smukke eksemplarer af Tue-Poresvamp (Polyporus jrondosus) ved foden af gamle Ege. Derefter gik turen ind i L i Il e D y r eh a v e, hvor bl. a. et enkelt mindre Egetræ tiltrak sig opmærksomheden ved dets mange hvide blade, som lyste langt bort. Bladene viste sig at være tæt dækket med peritecier af Egemeldug ; endvidere note*) Man skal helt tilbage til 1891 for at træffe en tilsvarende stor nedbør i august. - 84 - redes her de sjældnere rørhatte: Boletus castaneus og B. pulverulentus samt Russula sororia under Eg. Ved 12-tiden indtoges frokosten i restaurant "Rosenhaven" ved Frederiksborg Slotssø. I kronen af et stort Gråpæretræ (Pyrus communis) i restaurationshaven sad taglagt stillede frugtlegemer af Polyporus sulphureus. Efter en demonstration af formiddagens svampefund sejlede vi over Slotssøen til I n d el u k k e t, hvor vi straks overraskedes af en regnbyge, der dog kun blev kortvarig. I Indelukket fandtes ikke nær så mange svampe som i Dyrehaven. På et gammelt Bøgestød voksede en rig flora: Crepidotus moZlis) Polyporus giganteus) P. varius og Stereum rugosum. Peritecier af Egemeldug fandtes også her på en gammel Eg's lavt siddende blade*). Fra Indelukket gik vi ind i Frederiksborg Slotsh a v e, hvor det interessantes te fund var den sjældne Thelephora spiculosa) der voksede op ad græsstængler, og ekskursionen sluttede på "J æ g e r b a k k e n", hvor der fandtes talrige i græs voksende eksemplarer af Hummer-Skørhat (Russula xerampelina) i mange udviklingsstadier . Udbyttet af spisesvampe var ret stort. Der indsamledes mange Kantareller, "Karl Johan", Punktstokket Rørhat og enkelte eksemplarer af Mandel-Champignon og Pigsvamp. Ved udarbejdelsen af den følgende artsliste er foruden egne notater benyttet lister modtaget fra fru ELISABETH ANDERSEN, overlærer M. P. CHRISTIANSEN, tandlæge K. HAUERSLEV og tandlæge J. E. BREGNHØJ LARSEN. D = Lille Dyrehave; F = Frederiksborg Slotshave ; I = Indelukket; J = Jægerbakken; S = Slotspavillonens Anlæg. Ascomycetes Coryne sarcoides (Fagus) D Helvella crispa F, lacunosa F Hypocrea rufa (Fagus) Hypoxylon coccineum (Fagus) Lachnea scutellata D Microsphaera alphitoides (Quercus robur) D, I (peritecier!) Peziza badia D, cupularis J vesiculosa D Ustulina maxima (Tilia) F *) Fundet af peritecier hos Egemeldug (Microsphaera alphitoides) i stor mængde må betegnes som ekskursionens mest interessante oplevelse. Det skulle senere vise sig, at Egemelduggen også havde udviklet peritecier på andre lokaliteter i landet; bl. a. fandtes talrige peritecier på egetræer i Landbohøjskolens have, Rolighedsvej. Der er tidligere mange gange søgt efter peritecier, men indtil 1963 var de kun iagttaget 2-3 gange i Danmark (jfr. FERDINANDSEN & JØRGENSEN: Skovtræernes Sygdomme, 1938-39). Uredinales Coleosporium petasitis (Petasites hybridus) Puccinia asperulae-odoratae ( Asperula odorata) circaeae (Circae a lutetiana) ) taraxaci (Taraxacum sp.) 85 phureus (Pyrus communis) "Rosenhaven", varius (Fagus) I, (Fraxinus) S Sistotrema brinkmannii (Acer) D, oblongisporum D Stereum rugosum (Alnus) (Fagus) I Thelephora spiculosa (Græsstæng- ler) F Trernellales Calocera cornea (Fagus) Dacryomyces deliquescens (Quercus) Exidia glandulosa (Fagus) ) (Tilia) J, albida (Fagus) D Sebacina subhyalina D Aphyllophorales Botryobasidium pruinatum var. laeve D Cantharellus cibarius Clavaria cristata Corticium confluens D, evolvens (Fagus) I, sambuci (Sambucus racemosa) S Cristella confinis (Quercus) S, farinacea (Fagus) I Daedalea gibbosa (Fagus) D Fistulina hepatica (Quercus) S Grandinia mutabilis (granulosa) (Fagus) D H ydnum repandum Hyphoderma setigerum (Betula) I Hypochnicium punctulatum D Odontia bicolor D Peniophora cinerea (Fagus) J, quercina (gren af Fagus) rufomarginata (Tilia) F, velutina (Fagus) Quercus) D Phlebia livida D, pubera J, radiata (Fagus) D Polyporus applanatus (Fagus) D, frondosus S, giganteus (Fagus) I, hirsutus (Fagus) I, perennis D, radiatus (Alnus) Fagus) D, squamosus I, sul- Agaricales Agaricus (Psalliota) abruptibulbus (silvicola) D, bisporus (hortensis) ) silvaticus (sanguinaria) D Amanita citrina (mappa) S, excelsa) pantherina) phalloides D (eet eksemplar), rubescens D, spissa) vaginata var. plumbea I, vaginata var. fulva Boletus badius) castaneus D, chrysenteron S, edulis S, grevillei (elegans) (Larix) miniatoporus (erythropus FR. ?) *) F, S, luteus) piperatus S, pulverulentus D, subtomentosus D Clitocybe aggregata F, connata D, infundibuliformis I, odora Clitopilus prunulus S Collybia asema) dryophila Coprinus atramentarius (Ulmus) J, comatus D, fimetarius) micaceus F, plicatilis D Cortinarius elatior) glandicolor D Crepidotus mollis (Fagus) I Cystoderma (Lepiota) amianthinum Entoloma clypeatum) sericeum D, speculum Inocybe flocculosa J, lanuginella D, maculata D Kuehneromyces (Pholiota) mutabilis Laccaria amethystina Lacrymaria lacrymabunda D Lactarius blennius (Fagus) ) mitissi mus I, pallidus D, subdulcis Lentinus cochleatus D *) H. & L LUTHER (Mern. Soe. Fauna et Fl. Fenniea 41: 33-36, 1965) har givet stærke grunde for, at det rette artsnavn er Boletus miniatoporus SEeR. (1833) og ikke B. erythropus FR. Lepiota cristata F, I, rhacodes Leptonia lampropus D, placida Marasmius alliaceus (Fagus) ) bulliardii) oreades F, peronatus D, I, rotula D Mycena corticola form a apud LANGE (M. pseudocorticola KOHN.) D, galopus) polygramma N olanea cetrata D, minuta D Omphalia fibula D, swartzii D Oudemansiella (Collybia) plat yphylla D, (Collybia) radicata Panus conchatus (Fagus) ) stipticus Paxillus involutus D Pleurotus nidulans) rhacodium BK. & CURT. (på stub) (det. M. P. CHR.) Pluteus cervinus Psilocybe atrorufa J 86 Russula atropurpurea (Fagus) cyanoxantha) delica D, fellea) foetens) graveolens) lepida) mairei D, nigricans D, S, ochrolet~ca F, parazurea S, solaris (Fagus) I, sororia (Qttercus) D, velenovskyi D, ves ca) vete1' nosa I, violeipes D, virescens) xerampelina J Stropharia coronilla Tricholoma brevipes) melaleucum) strictipes KARST. (?) (det. M. P. CHR.) "Rosenhaven" Gasteromycetales Cyathus crucibulum S Lycoperdon perlatum D, pyriforme Scleroderma aurantium S, verrucusom D N. F ABRITIUS BUCHwALD • . Søndag den 8. september 1963. Ekskursion til G a n l ø s e E g e d, K r o g e n l u n d og U g g e l ø s e S k o v. Ca. 55 deltagere mødte op ved togets ankomst til Farum st. kl. 9,49, hvorfra de i taxa og private vogne transporteredes videre til vestkanten af Bastrup Sø; her tog ekskursionen sin begyndelse med en gennemsøgning af Ganløse Eged. Af mere bemærkelsesværdige fund kan nævnes Boletus appendiculatus og B. porphyrosporus) som begge fandtes flere steder, Clitocybe injundibulijormis med et frugtlegeme i superposition i normal stilling, Lactarius volemus) flere eksemplarer, og en snes individer af Amanita phalloides) hvoraf et enkelt med en stærk afvigende farve, nærmest glinsende grå og kun med en ganske svag grønlig tone i hatranden, men med tydeligt vatret stok. Frokosten indtoges på traktørstedet ved Bure Sø, som desværre viste sig at være alt for lille til det store rykind; adskillige måtte betjene sig selv, og mange nåede endda ikke at få en kop kaffe. Om nogen svampedemonstration kunne der under disse forhold ikke blive tale. Efter frokosten gik turen op gennem den vestlige del af Krogenlund, som væsentligt består af gammel Bøgeskov. Her var det interessanteste fund Hydnotrya tulasnei. Sammen med redaktør B. RØNHE, - 87 - der fandt det første eksemplar, lykkedes det os på morbund under en gammel Bøg at finde 15-20 eksemplarer. De ti største frugtlegemer, der tilsammen havde en friskvægt på 86 g -X- ), havde følgende mål: 4.75X3.75X2.25 cm 4.25 X 4.25 X 2.50 4.25 X 3.00 X 2.00 4.00 X 3.50 X 1.50 4.00 X 3.25 X 1.75 - 3.50 X 3.00 X 2.00 cm 3.50 X 2.50 X 1.50 3.25 X 2.75 X 1.75 3.00 X 2.25 X 1.00 2.00 X 1.50 X 1.00 - Et andet interessant fund var Hypholoma cotoneum) ved hvis gule stokbasis der fandtes sklerotier:>:--X- ) På den kendte store hængebøg i den nordlige udkant af Krogenlund voksede Armillaria mucida. Ekskursionen afsluttedes med et på grund af den stærkt fremrykkede tid kortvarigt besøg i Uggeløse Skov. Her voksede Schizophyllum commune og Polyporus hirsutus i stor mængde på tørre, barksprukne, gamle Bøgekævler, der havde ligget for længe i skoven. Der noteredes lige som på den forrige ekskursion et ret betydeligt artsantal, nemlig 139, hvoraf 90 var Agaricales; der noteredes ingen resupinate arter. Udbyttet af spisesvampe var godt og bestod især af Kantarel, Trompetsvamp, Pigsvamp, Punktstokket Rørhat, PerleFluesvamp og Rabarber-Parasolhat. G = Ganløse Eged, K = Krogenlund, U = Trernellales Ascomycetes Bulgaria inquinans (Fagus ) Quercus) U Coryne sarcoides (Fagus) G H elvella atra K Hydnotrya tulasnei (Fagus) K Hypo x ylon cocci n eum (Fagus) U Nectria cinn ~ barina (Fagus) U Pezi za ( Aleuria) aurantia G, (Lachnea) h emisphaerica G Xylaria polymorpha Uggeløse Skov. Calocera viscosa K Aphyllophorales Cantharellus cibarius) tubaeformis Clavaria cristata K, rugosa G, stricta G Craterellus cornucopioides G Daedalea gibbosa (Fagus) K, quercina (Quercus) U * ) Efter opbevaring en månedstid ved stuetemperatur vejede de ti eksem- plarer 67 g og havde altså tabt 19 g i vægt. ** ) Sml. M. P. CHRISTIANSEN i "Medd. Foren. Svampek. Fremme" 4: 34-35, 1929. J. E. LANGE omtaler ikke sklerotier i F. A. D., IV: 76, men nævner, at frugtlegemerne udspringer fra et svovlgult mycelium. H ydnum repandum K Irpex obliquus (Fagus) Lenzites sepiaria (Picea) G Merulius corium (Fagus) Polyporus annosus (Picea abies) G, applanatus(Fagus) G, U, caesius (Fagus) G, giganteus U, hirsutus (Fagus) U, varius (Fagus) K, versicolor Poria vitrea G Stereum fuscum (Fagus) G Agaricales Agaricus (Psalliota) haemorrhoidarius) silvaticus) silvicola G Amanita citrina) citrina var. alba G, muscaria G, phalloides G, porphyria U, rubescens) spissa) vaginata var. plumbea G Armillaria mellea (Fagus) G, K Bolbitius titubans Boletus appendiculatus (Fagus) G, badius G, chrysenteron G, edulis G, grevillei (elegans) ) miniatoporus (erythropus FR. ?) *) G, porphyrosporus (Fagus) G, scaber) strobilaceus G, subtomentosus Olitocybe aggregata U, clavipes) connata U, infundibuliformis G, suaveolens Oollybia asema) confluens) dryophila U Ooprinus comatus) micaceus) picaceus Oortinarius anomalus G, elatior U Orepidotus mollis Entoloma rhodopolium K Galera tenera H ebeloma crustuliniforme G, U Hygrocybe obrussea K Hypholoma cotoneum K, fasciculare G, K, sublateritium G Inocybe fastigiata Kuehneromyces (Pholiota) mutabilis Laccaria amethystina G, laccata G 88 Lactarius blennius G , camphoratus) deliciosus G, fuliginosus) lilacinus) obscuratus (Alnus) G, piperatus) quietus) subdulcis G, volemus G Lentinus cochleatus G Lepiota amianthina) clypeolaria) rhacodes Mycena crocata G, inclinata (Quercus) K, pura (lyserød), zephirus Omphalia fibula Oudemansiella ( Armillaria) mucida G, (Fagus) K, (Oollybia) platyphylla G, U, (Oollybia) radicata G Panus conchatus (torulosus) U Paxillus atrotomentosus G, involutus G Pholiota caperata U, flammans Pluteus cervinus G, U Psathyrella conopilea U, gracilis G Russula aeruginea (Betula)) alutacea) atropurpurea) cyanoxantha) delica) fellea) integra G, lepida G, mairei G, nigricans K, ochroleuca K, solaris G, vesca G, veternosa G, violeipes G Schizophyllum commune (Fagus) U Stropharia aeruginosa G, squamosa G, thrausta K Tricholoma nu dum) rutilans) saponaceum K Tubaria furfuracea G Gasteromycetales Oyathus striatus (Fagus) U Lycoperdon perlatum G Phallus impudicus S cleroderma aurantium G Fungi imperfecti Sepedonium chrysospermum (Boletus subtomentosus) U N. F ABRITIUS BUCHWALD. * ) Se fodnote s. 85. - 89 - Søndag den 22. september 1963. Ekskursion til G r e v i n g e S k o v og K o n g s ø r e S k o v. Ekskursionen udgik fra Studenterforeningen, H. C. Andersens Boulevard, hvor 27 deltagere samledes kl. 8. Under køreturen fortalte redaktør B. RØNNE i korte træk om inddæmningen af Lammefjord og Sidingefjord. Samtidig gjorde han opmærksom på, at da Gundestrup Kro kun kunne huse 30 personer med "medbragte madkurve", var frokosten blevet forlagt til Vig Kro, hvor vi senere blev vel modtaget, og hvor arrangementet klappede fuldkomment. Ingenør HERTZ gennemgik her efter frokosten i korte træk formiddagens fund. Efter ankomsten til Grevinge Skov ved 9,15-tiden spredtes man i terrænet. Af særlige fund i denne skov kan nævnes: Xylaria longipes på bøg; M erulius serpens også på bøg; Trametes mollis på asp; Hypholoma cotoneum med sklerotier*); Lactarius acer (eet eksemplar) ; Hebeloma (Pholiota) radicosum i adskillige eksemplarer. Fra eftermiddagens tur i Kongsøre Skover der anledning til at notere følgende fund: Microsphaera alphitoides med peritecier på talrige blade af stødskud ; **) Gomphidius viscidus)· Russula sororia under eg; Geaster jimbriatus)· N aucoria myosotis f. macrospora. Dagens samlede høst udgjorde 161 arter. En fuldstændig liste følger nedenfor. G = Grevinge Skov; K = Kongsøre Skov. Myxomycetes Pezi za cupularis (cati mts) onotica Fuligo septica G Leocarpus fragilis (på nedfalden gren af Picea) K Stemonitis fusca G Xylaria hypoxylon) longipes (Fagus) G (store frugtlegemer) G Trernellales Ascomycetes Cordyceps parasitica G Elaphomyces cervinus G Helvella crispa G, K, lacunosa K Hypoxylon coccineu'm (Fagus) G, rubiginosum (Fagus) G Microsphaera alphitoides (Perite- cier på talrige blade af stødskud!) K *) Sml. fodnote s. 87. * *) Sml. fodnote s. 84. Calocera viseosa Aphyllophorales AlettTOdiscus acerinus G Cantharellus cibarius (ret alm.) G,K Clavaria abietina G Corticium atrovirens G CrateTellus cornucopioides K Daedalea gibbosa (Fagus) Fistulina hepatica G, K Grandinia mutabilis G H ydnum repandum Merulius serpens (Fagus) G Mycoacia uda (Fagus) G Peniophora laeta (Carpinus) G ) Polyporus adustus (Fagus) G, K, annosus (Picea abies) G, applanatus (Fagus) G, elegans (Fagus) G, fumosus (Fagus) G, giganteus (Fagus) G, schweinitzii (sistotremoides) (Larix) G, versicolor (Fagus) G Poria versipora (Fagus) G, xantha (Amyloporia xantha f. pachymeres (syn. Trametes cinereosulphureus FERD. & WINGE)) (Larix) G Stereum hirsutum Thelephora terrestris Trametes mollis (Populus tremula) G Agaricales Agaricus silvaticus (Psalliota sanguinaria) Amanita excelsa (under Acer) G, citrina (mappa) G, K, mus caria K, phalloides (ret alm.) G, K, rubescens G, K, vaginata var. fulva G, K Armillaria mellea G Boletus badius) chrysenteron) edulis) felleus K, grevillei (elegans) K, scaber G, K, strobilaceus K Clitocybe clavipes K, infundibuliformis G, inversa G, K, nebularis G, K, suaveolens Collybia asema) confluens G, fusipes G, maculata K Coprinus comatus G, K, plicatilis G Cortinarius alboviolaceus G, K, cinnabarinus G, hinnuleus G, multiformis K, torvus K Crepidotus variabilis K Entoloma rhodopolium G Flammula carbonaria K, lenta G 90 Gomphidius rutilus (viscidus) K Hebeloma crustuliniforme) (Pholiota) radicosum G Hygrocybe coccinea G Hygrophorus (Limacium) eburneus G Hypholoma cotoneum (med sklerotier ) G, fasciculare G, K, sublateritium Inocybe geophylla G, lanuginosa G, macttlata G, petiginosa G Kuehneromyces (Pholiota) mutabilis Laccaria amethystina K, laccata (ros ella) Lactarius acer (eet eks.) G, aurantiacus G, blennius G, K, deliciosus) fuliginosus G, K, necator K, pallidus G, quietus K, rufus K, subdttlcis G, torminosus K) vietus (alm. under Betula) K Lentinus cochleatus ( cornucopioides) G Lepiota acutesquamosa G) clypeolaria G, K, rhacodes G M arasmi'l-ts oreades K, peronatus G, rotula) scorodonius K Mycena crocata G) inclinata K, pelianthina G, pttra G N aucoria myosotis f. macrospora (to eks.) K OudemansielZa (Armillaria) mucida) (Collybia) platyphylla K, (Collybia) radicata G, K Panus stipticus Paxillus atrotomentosus K, involutus (Betula) G Pholiota adiposa G, (på nedfalden gren og højt til vejrs, Fagus) K, squarrosa G, spectabilis G Pluteus cervinus) salicinus K Russula aeruginea G, K, alutacea) G, atropurpurea G, cyanoxantha G, K, delica G, K, fellea K, foetens G, heterophylla G, mairei G, nigricans G, K, ochroleuca G, K, sororia (under Quercus) K, xerampelina (under Pi nus ) K Stropharia aeruginosa G, K, squamosa Tricholoma album G, brevipes K, 91 flavobrunneum (Betula) K, lascivum, melaleucum G, nudum G, panaeolum (det. M. P. CHRIST.) K, sulphureum G, ustale K, virgatum G, K Lycoperdon perlatum G, K Phallus caninus G, K, impudicus G,K Scleroderma aurantium K, bovista K, cepa K, verrucosum K Fungi imperfecti Gasteromycetales Oyathus crucibulum Geastrum fimbriatum K Ramularia stachydis (Stachys silvatica) G BØRGE RØNNE. S. HERTZ. Søndag den 6. oktober 1963. Ekskursion til V r a n g e s k o v og S k j o l d n æ s h o l m. 56 deltagere. I gråvejr startede man med bus lidt over kl. 8 fra Studenderforeningen og nåede frem til Vrangeskov Kro til planlagt tid, ca. kl. 9,30. Efter at professor N. F. BUCHWALD havde givet en lille oversigt over de historiske begivenheder omkring mordet på Knud Lavard i 1131, gennemsøgte man "skoven med de vrange bøge". Noget rigt svampeflor var her ikke; der er dog noteret 140 arter herfra. På et bøgetræ bag kroen fandtes mange frugtlegemer af Polyporus pjeifferi) og på et dødt, kroget bøgetræ foran kroen fandtes følgende 7 arter: Coprinus micaceus) Dictydiaetalium plumbeum) Hypoxylon coccineum) Libertella jaginea) Polyporus jomentarius) Psathyrella disseminata og Ustulina maxima. Efter frokosten og fru ELISABETH ANDERSEN'S demonstration af de indsamlede svampe fortsattes turen til Skjoldnæsholm. På vejen dertil gjorde man et øjeblik holdt for at betragte mindekorset for KNUD LAVARD. I skoven ved Skjoldnæsholm fandtes straks en interessant lokalitet i en beplantning med Cypres, hvor der før havde stået Rødgran; det bløde mostæppe var rigt på svampe, især Cortinarius cinnamomeus, Lepiota amianthina) Lepiota carcharias og Limacium pustulatum. Efter et besøg på Gyldenløveshøj, hvor det blæste koldt, tiltrådtes hjemturen; dog måtte man først beundre to flotte eksemplarer af Pholiota aurea) som fru ASTA PETERSEN havde fundet ved vejen. Dagen var forløbet godt, til dels i solskin og med kun en enkelt regnbyge ved frokosttid. Ved hjælp af lister fra professor N. F. BUCHWALD, kaptajn M. P. CHRISTIANSEN og ingeniør S. HERTZ kommer den fuldstændige liste på 202 arter og varieteter til a t se således ud: V = Vrange skov, S = Skjoldnæsholm. - Myxomycetes Ceratiomyxa fruticulosa s Dictydiaethalium plumbeum (Fagus) V Lycogala epidendron V, S Trichia varia V Ascomycetes Ascotremella faginea (Fagus) V Coryne sarcoides V Helvella crispa V, lacunosa V Hypoxylon coccineum (Fagus) V Nectria cinnabarina (Fagus) V, (Fagus) S Peziza aurantia V) catinus (cupularis) V Phaeobulgaria polymorpha (Quercus) S Quaternaria persoonii (Libertella faginea) (Fagus) V Ustulina maxima (Fagus) V Xylaria hypoxylon V Trernellales Calocera cornea (Fagus) V, viscosa S Dacryomyces deliquescens (Picea) V, S Helicobasidium purpureum (på gren af Fagus) V Tremella foliacea (Betula) S, mesenterica (Fagus) V, (Fagus) S 92 Daedalia gibbosa (Fagus) V Grandinia mutabilis (Fagus) V Hydnum repandum V, S Lenzites betulina (Fagus) V Merulius corium (papyrinus) V Odontia bicolor (Picea) S Peniophora cinerea V, incarnata (Fagus) V, (Picea) S, longispora (Fagus) V, velutina (Fagus) V Polyporus adustus (Fagus) V, annosus (Picea abies) alm. S, caesius (Fagus) V, (Picea) S, elegans (Fagus) V, fomentarius (Fagus) V, giganteus (Fagus) V, hirsutus (Fagus) S, pfeifferi (Fagus) (mange frugtlegemer) V, radiatus (Fagus) V, versicolor (Fagus) V Poria sanguinolenta S Radulomyces (Corticium) confluens V, (Fagus) S Sistotrema brinkmannii (Fagus) V Steccherinum fimbriatum D, ochraceum (Fagus) V, (Picea) S Stereum hirsutum (Fagus) V, S, purpureum (Fagus) V, sanguinolentum (Larix) Picea) S Tomentella fuseella (på Polyporus pfeifferi) V, pilosa (Fagus) V Tylosperma asterophorum (Picea) S Xenasma tulasnelloideum V Agaricales Aphyllophorales A mphinema byssoides V, S Athelia epiphylla (Picea) S Botryohypochnus isabellinus S Clavaria cristata V, fragilis (under Picea) S, pistillaris V, rugosa S, stricta V Coniophora arida (Picea) S Corticium evolvens (Fagus) V, (Betula) S Cristella sphaerospora (Picea) S, sulphurea S Amanita citrina (mappa) V, citrina var. alba V excelsa V, phalloides V, rubescens V, vaginata V, virosa V Armillaria mellea (alm.) V, S Bolbitius vitellinus Boletus c7~rysenteron V, duriusculus (rødbrun hat, grønlig stokbasis) S, strobilaceus V, subtomentosus S Clitocybe angustissima S, cerussata V, infundibuliformis V, inversa S, nebularis (alm.) V, S, odora V, suaveolens S, 93 Collybia asema V, butyracea (Picea) S, dryophila V, erythropus V, fusipes V, tuberosa V Coprinus atramentarius V, comatus V, micaceus (Fagus) V, picaceus V Cortinarius anomaZus V, cinnabarinus V, cinnamomeus S, rigidus V, sanguineus S J torvus V Cystoderma (Lepiota) amianthinum V, (alm.) S, carcharias OudemansieZZa ( ArmiZZaria) mucida (Fagt~s) V, (CoZZybia) pZatyphyZZa V, radicata V, S PaxiZZus acheruntius S, invoZutus V PhaeoZepiota (PhoZiota) vahZii (aurea) S PhoZiota fZammans S, (GaZerina) marginata S, squarrosa V PZeurotus dryinus (corticatus) V, mitis (Picea) S, subpZicatus S PZuteus cervinus V Psathyrella conopiZea V, disseminata V, graciZis S RussuZa aZutacea V, chamaeZeontina S, cyano x antha V, felZea V, Ztttea V, mairei V, nigricans V, ochroZeuca V, queZetii S Stropharia aeruginosa V, S, squamos a V, squamosa var. thrausta V Tricholoma Zascivum V, nu dum V, rutiZans S, saponaceum V, suZphureum V (alm.) S FZammuZa Zenta S HebeZoma crustuZiniforme V, mesophaeum V Hygrophorus (Camarophyllus) pratensis ( ?) S, (Limacium) ag athosmus S, eburneus V, Zeucophaeus V, penarius V, pustuZatus S HyphoZoma capnoides S, cotoneum V, fascicuZare V, hydrophilum V, subZateritium V Inocybe asterospora V, geophylla var. ZiZacea S Kuehneromyces (PhoZiota) mutabilis S Laccaria amethystina V, S, Zaccata (roseZZa) V, S Lactarius bZennius V, deZiciosus S, subduZcis V, voZemus S Lepiota procera V, rhacodes V Leptonia euchroa (AZnus) V Limacella guttata (Lepiota ZenticuZaris) V Macrocystidia (Naucoria) cucumis Gasteromycetales Cyathus striatus V, S Geastrum fimbriatum S, tripZex V Lycoperdon ec7'/'inatum V, perZatum V, pyriforme V, saccatum S, umbrinum S Phallus caninus V, S, impudicus V, S V, S Marasmius alliaceus V, S, buZZiardii (Fagus) V, foetidus V, S, oreades V, perforans S, peronatus V, wynnei (gZobuZaris) Scleroderma aurantium V, verrucosum S V Mycena citrinomarginata S, crocata V, epiphZoea S, epipterygia V, S, fiZopes S, gaZericuZata S, gaZopus V, S, poZygramma V, pura V, S, tintinnabuZum V, sanguinoZenta V, vitiZis S, zephirus S N oZanea cetrata Fungi imperfecti Fusidium aeruginosum (blade af Quercus) V Libertella faginea (Quaternaria persoonii) (Fagus) V Trichoderma viride V E. ANDERSEN. K. HAUERSLEV. - 94 - Søndag den 20. oktober 1963. Ekskursion til J æ g e r s b o r g D Y r eh a v e. Ca. 50 mødtes ved Klampenborg St. Vejret var mildt efter årstiden, og solen skinnede. Om formiddagen afsøgtes den sydøstlige del af Dyrehaven, og af fund kan nævnes Hydnum coralloides på en i hvert fald for Danmark ny vært, Ulmus glabra.*) Desuden kan nævnes Tremella joliacea på Eg og Phaeolepiota (Pholiota) vahlii. Frokosten spiste s på "Kildeøen", for manges vedkommende i det fri, lokket af solen. Om eftermiddagen gik man ad Indelukket til, men da der ekskursioneredes under vejs, nåede kun et fåtal frem. Indelukket bør stryges, da det ikke er første gang, man ikke er nået frem, og man må om eftermiddagen i stedet for koncentrere sig om den sydlige del af Dyrehaven, i hvert fald hvis udgangspunktet er "Kildeøen". Efterfølgende 133 arter noteredes. Myxomycetes Arcyria denudata Fuligo septica Trichia varia Ascomycetes Coryne sarcoides Daldinia concentrica (Alnus) Lachnea scutellata Nectria cinnabarina (Fagus) N eotiella rutilans Peziza aurantia U stulina maxima Xylaria hypoxylon Trernellales Dacryomyces deliquescens Exidia glandulosa) truncata Platygloea vestita Tremella foliacea (Quercus) Aphyllophorales Clavaria geoglossoides Coniophora puteana (cerebella) Corticium evolvens Cristella confinis Daedalea gibbosa Fibuloporia reticulata Fistulina hepatica Hydnum coralloides*) (Ulmus glabra!)) repandum Hyphoderma roseocremeum) setigerum) tenue Hypochnicium (Corticium) geogenium) punctulatum Lenzites sepiaria M erulius tremellosus Peniophora cinerea) longispora) lycii) quercina) velutina Phlebia hydnoides) livida) pubera Polyporus applanatus) betulinus) brumalis) caesius) fomentarius) hirsutus) pfeifferi (cupreo-laccatus)) radiatus) rutilans) varius Poria versipora Radulomyces (Corticium) confluens Sistotrema brinkmannii) niveocremeum) sernanderi Stereum gausapatum) hirsutum) purpure'Ltm) rubiginosum Thelephora terrestris Tomentella microspora) pannosa Trametes mollis Vuilleminia (Corticium) comedens *) Arten bør hedde Hericium (Hydnum) ramosum (BULL. ex MERAT) LETELLIER, og navnet H. coralloides forkastes som nomen ambiguum (MAAS GEESTERRANUS i Persoonia 1: 115-147, 1959). -- 95 Agaricales Amanita citrina (mappa)) spissa) vaginata Armillaria mellea Boletus subtomentosus Camarophyllus niveus) p1'atensis CZitocybe cyathiformis) nebularis Coprinus micaceus) picaceus) pZicatilis Cortinarius candelaris Crepidotus mollis Cystoderma (Lepiota) amianthinum Flammula lenta Hebeloma crustuZiniforme) mesophaeum) (PhoZiota) radicosum Hygrocybe psittacina) punicea Hygrophorus (Limacium) eb'u rneus Hypholoma fasciculare) hydrophilun Inocybe geophylla Kuehneromyces (PhoZiota) mutabiZis Laccaria laccata (1'osella) Lacrymaria lacrymabunda Lactarius blennius) paZZidus Macrocystidia (Nattcoria) cucumis Marasmius alliaceus) peronattts Mycena alcaZina) crocata) galericulata) haematopus) polygrammaj pura Oudemansiella (ArmiZZaria) mucida) (Collybia) platyphylla Panus conchatus) stipticus Panaeolus acuminatus PaxiZZus acheruntius) involutus Phaeolepiota (PhoZiota) vahlii Pholiota adiposa Pleurotus corticatus) ostreatus) rhacodium) serotinus) subplicatus Pluteus ce1'vinus Psathyrella conopiZea Psilocybe semilanceata Russula atropurpurea) fellea) lepi da Schizophyllum commune (alneum) Stropharia aeruginosa) semiglobata Tricholoma personatum) populinum) sulphureus) terreum Fungi imperfecti H eZicomyces roseus Sirobasidium cerasi (Fagus) *) T1'ichoderma viride K. HAUERSLEV. J. KOCH. SVAMPEKURSUS 1963. For medlemmer (begyndere) afholdt foreningen på Den kgl. Veterinær- og Landbohøjskole et svampekursus mandagene den 23. og 30. september og den 7. og 14. oktober 1963, hver gang kl. 19,30-21,00. Kurset omfattede dels en gennemgang af storsvampenes systematik og biologi, dels en vejledning i bestemmelse af storsvampe. I kurset, der lededes af foreningens formand og sekretær, deltog 22 medlemmer. Prisen pr. deltager var 25 kr. *) Sml. M. p, CHRISTIANSEN, der henfører Sirobasidium cerasi til Fungi imperfecti (Friesia 7: 69-74, 1962), og MALENCON, som henfører arten til en ny imperfekt slægt EndostiZbum MALEN-cON (BULL. Soc. Myc. France 80: 102-112, 1964). ' - 96 - ORDINÆR GENERALFORSAMLING I 1964. Fredag den 28. februar 1964, klo 20,00, afholdtes den ordinære generalforsamling i Botanisk Laboratoriums auditorium, Gothersgade 140. Fabrikant Sv. TROYER valgtes til dirigent og konstaterede, at geneneralforsamlingen var lovligt indvarslet. a. Formanden, professor N. FABRITIUS BUCHWALD, aflagde derefter beretning for året 1963. I tilknytning til omtalen af de enkelte ekskursioner fremvistes farvelysbilleder, et festligt og godt indslag. Foruden ekskursionsbillederne vistes der farvelysbilleder af den sjældne Rørhat, Boletus satanas. Billederne var taget af politiadvokat BIRGER WILCKE, som havde fundet Satans-Rørhatten i det sydlige Fyn. I 1963 var der ingen svampeudstilling, men der afholdtes et svampekursus. Nærmere herom side 95. I slutningen af 1963 udsendtes et stort hæfte af "Friesia" på næsten 160 sider, det første hæfte af det nye bind 7. Hovedafhandlingen er en detaljeret redegørelse af fil. dr. LENNART HOLM & professor J. A. NANNFELDT for det berømteste af alle svampeexsiccater, nemlig det af E . FRIES udgivne exsiccat "Scleromyceti Sueciae", der udsendtes i 10 fascikler indeholdende 340 svampearter, ganske overvejende Pyrenomycetes) udgivet 1819-1822 (1825). Hæftet indeholder desuden et billede af foreningens første udenlandske æresmedlem dr. h. c. SETH LUNDELL og en medlemsfortegnelse. Næste hæfte var på trapperne og vil indeholde overlærer K. BJ0RNEKÆR'S og grosserer A. B. KLINGE'S store monografi over danske Slimsvampe. Fra undervisningsministeriet modtoges for 1962/63 kr. 1.750.-; for nærværende finansår er der, som sidste år, søgt om kr. 2.000.-. Medlemstallet var desværre gået tilbage fra 482 pr. 1.1.1963 til 463 pr. 1.1.1964. Antallet af udenlandske medlemmer er glædeligvis i stadig stigen og udgør 140 pr. 1.1.1964. Også i dette beretningsår har foreningen lidt store tab ved dødsfald: Professor E. GAUMANN, grosserer A. B. KLINGE, frk. R. MUNKVAD og direktør M. P. WILKENS, alle medlemmer, der havde stået i foreningen i mange år:r.) På en af de sidste dage døde den betydelige schweiziske mykolog og plantepatolog E. GAUMANN (1893-1963), kort efter at være fyldt *) Nekrologer er optaget i "Friesia" (Bd. 7, 1966) over grosserer KLINGE (s. 375-376) og direktør WILKENS (s. 377-378). - 97 - 70 år. Han var vel på sine ældre dage foreningens mest berømte medlem; han havde været abonnent på "Friesia" siden dets start i 1932*). Deres minde blev æret. b. Kassereren fremlagde herefter det reviderede regnskab, der blev godkendt uden bemærkninger. Af regnskabets poster kan nævnes, at udgiften til trykning af det netop udkomne nummer af "Friesia" beløb sig til kr. 13.606. c. Bestyrelsesmedlemmerne overlærer K. BJØRNEKÆR, tandlæge K. HAUERSLEV og ingeniør S. HERTz afgik efter tur og blev genvalgt. Suppleanten, mag. scient. fru E. LøHR ønskede ikke genvalg, og formanden foreslog som ny 1. suppleant dr. JOHANNES JØRGENSEN, som valgtes. d. Som revisor genvalgtes K. RANKov. e. Som emner til ekskursioner blev foreslået Kongelunden, Mogenstrup As, Bornholm (week-endtur). En sommertur til Tisvilde Hegn med tog eller til Rådvad. Endvidere week-endtur til Midtjylland eller Corseli tze-skovene. f. Under eventuelt oplæste formanden et brev fra ingeniør E. TRYLL, hvori denne foreslog en ændring af forenings navnet. Formanden redegjorde for forenings navnets tilblivelseshistorie og konkluderede, at han og andre i bestyrelsen fandt det uheldigt at skifte navn, idet det kun ville skabe uklarhed, men erklærede, at generalforsamlingen hverken kunne forkaste eller godkende forslaget, da dette ikke var fremsendt til bestyrelsen inden afvigte nytår, som det skulle have været efter foreningens love. Generalforsamlingen hævedes, og dirigenten takkedes. (sign.) Sv. TROYER. Professor N. F. BUCHWALD holdt efter generalforsamlingen følgende foredrag: "I hundredåret for tre danske mykologers fødsel". De tre mykologer er: JAKOB E. LANGE (1864-1941), POUL LARSEN (1864-1938) og OVE RoSTRUP (1864-1933). Foredraget ledsagedes af lysbilleder. - Efter mødet var der tvangfrit samvær på Universitetets Spisestuer. J. KOCH. *) Nekrologer findes bl. a. i Mitt. Naturforsch. Ges. Bern, N. F. 21: 245-249, 1964; Angew. Bot. 37: 297-298, 1964; Ann. Appl. Biol. 53: 345-347, 1964 og Mycologia 57: 1-5, 1965. Et festskrift udgaves til hans 70 årsdag 6.10.1963 ved L. ZOBRIST et al.: Herrn Professor, Dr. Ernst Gaumann zum siebenzigsten Geburtstag gewidmet von seinen Schtilern und Mitarbeitern, Kollegen und Freunden. 68 s. Biichler & Co., WabernBern 1963. FRIESIA VIII - 98- EKSKURSIONER I 1964. Søndag den 24. maj 1964. Ekskursion til B o s e r u p S k o v og H e r t h a d a l e n. Ca. 30 deltagere, hvoraf 30. med bus. Landet var usædvanligt grønt og frodigt og præsenterede sig særligt godt i det smukke solskinsvejr. Boserup Skov gav mange eksemplarer af Spiselig Morkel (Morchella esculenta) og en enkelt Hætte-Morkel (M. rimosipes). Om eftermiddagen gik hovedparten af deltagerne gennem Herthadalen til Ledreborg Slotspark; de øvrige af selskabet kørte. Eftermiddagsturen volder vanskeligheder for bilisterne, der må tilbage for at hente deres vogne. Det var nok rimeligt af denne grund at lægge turen noget om. Kun ganske få Agaricaceer noteredes. De resupinate arter er samlet og bestemt af tandlægerne K. HAUERSLEV og J. E. BREGNH0J LARSEN, og de parasitiske micromyceter af licentiatstuderende L. A. HoBOLTH. Der fandtes ialt 64 arter. B = Boserup Skov; H = Herthadalen ; L = Ledreborg Slotspark. Myxomycetes Comatricha typhoides (umoden) H Trichia persimilis H Tubife?'a ferruginosa H M o'rchella esculenta B, Timosipes B Taphridium umbelliferarum (Heradeum sphondylium) B Taphrina cerasi (Cerasus avium) B, crataegi (Crataegus monogyna) B U stulina maxima B, L Phycomycetes Peronospora calotheca (Asperula odorata) B, viciae (Vicia sepium) H Plasmopara nivea ( Aegopodium podagraria) B Synchytrium anemones (Anemone nemorosa) B, mercurialis (Mercurialis perennis) B Ascomycetes Botrytinia globosa (Allium uTsinum) H Diatrype discifoTmis B, stigma B Disciotis venosa B Hypocrea rufa L Hypoxylon multiforme (Betula) B, rubiginosum B, L Ustilaginales U'rocystis anemones (Anemone nemoros a) B Uredinales Puccinia aegopodii (Aegopodium podagraria) J (Tranzschelia) anemones (fusca) (Anemone nemorosa) J op?,zn (Lactuca muralis) J violae (Viola silvatica) Tremellales Dacryomyces deliquescens gus) L Helicogloea lagerheimi L (Fa- - Aphyllophorales Antrodia mollis L Bjerkandera (Polyporus) adusta B Corticium evo lvens B, tub erculatum L, (Quercus) B Chaetoporus (Poria) euporus L Cristella (Grandinia) farinacea B Fibuloporia (Po ria) reticulata B, L Gloeocystidiellum (Corticium) poro sum B Grandinia helvetica B Hyphoderma poZonense (UZmus) B, raduZa (RaduZum orbicuZare) (Cerasus) B J roseocremeum L Hyphodontia (Odontia) arguta B, L, (Corticium) sambuci (Sambucus nigra) B, L Hypochnicium sphaerosporum L Laxitextum (Stereum) bicoZor (St. fuscum) B MeruZius corium (papyrinus) B, (Fraxinus) L Mycoacia uda (UZmus) L 99 Peniophora cinerea B, cremea B, incarnata L, (Robinia pseudacacia) B, Zongispora B, Zycii B, veZutina B PhZebia (Corticium) livida L, (Odontia) hydnoides B, L Phellinus (Poria) ferruginosus L Sistotrema commune (Picea J Lenzites sepiaria) L, commune f. efibulatum (Picea) L, brinkmannii B, L Steccherinum (Odontia) fimbriatum B Stereum hirsutum L Trametes mollis L XyZodon (Poria) versiporus B Fungi imperfecti M astigosporium rubricosum (Dactylis gZomerata) Trichoderma viride L J. KOCH. Søndag den 23. august 1964. Ekskursion til R u d e S k o v. Der var 25 deltagere med toget til Birkerød st., hvortil vi ankom kl. 9,54; en halv snes deltagere kørte i egen befordring. Sommeren 1964 havde været kølig og juni og juli haft ret mange regnsvejrsdage, men august var mod sædvane meget fattig på nedbør (sml. årene 1962 og 1963, "Friesia" 7: 134-135 og 8:83). Ugen forud for ekskursionen var ganske tør, og solen strålede på hele ekskursionsdagen. Om formiddagen gik turen forbi Ebberødgaard og Skovrøddam. Frokosten spistes på "Lollikhus", og efterfulgtes af en demonstration af de indsamlede svampe. Om eftermiddagen fortsatte man gennem den østlige del af Rudeskov og gennem Holte Villaby til stationen, hvorfra de fleste deltagere tog hjem med toget 16,48. Af de fundne svampearter må bl. a. fremhæves følgende: Boletus pachypus) Helicomyces roseus) der dannede smukke, lillafarvede overtræk på Bøgestød, Helotium monilijerum på Bøgestød, som var angrebet af Bispora monilioides) Hypocrea citrina på og omkring stærkt frønnet Egestød, Schizophyllum commune på grene af Larix) Rutstroemia petiolorum på fugtigt liggende, visne Egeblade samt Puccinia i* - 100 - komarovii på Impatiens parviflora) en rustsvamp, som ikke tidligere synes at være rapporteret fra Danmark. Skønt der blev noteret ikke færre end 162 arter, deriblandt 87 Agaricales) må svampefloret ikke desto mindre betegnes som meget pauvert. Der samledes næsten ingen spisesvampe, væsentligt Boletus edulis og B. appendiculatus. De res up ina te svampearter er bestemt af tandlæge K. HAUERSLEV. Myxomycetes Cerati omyxa fruticuZosa FuZigo septica Physarum nutans (det. K. BJØRNEKÆR) Ascomycetes EZaphomyces cervinus HeZotium moniZiferum (Fagus) Hypocrea citrina (Quercus) HypoxyZon coccineum (Fagus) ) rubiginosum (Fagus) Nectria cinnabarina (Fagus) Pezizza aurantia) succosa PhaeobuZgaria polymorpha Rutstroemia petioZorum (Quercus) XyZaria hypoxyZon) polymorpha Uredinales Puccinia circaeae (Circaea Zutetiana)) komarovii (Impatiens parvifZora) Trernellales CaZocera cornea (Fagus) ) viscosa (Picea) Aphyllophorales Amphinema byssoides AtheZia epiphyZla (Fagus) Botryobasidium subcoronatum (brændt træ) CanthareZlus cibarius Corticium evoZvens CristeZla (Grandinia) farinacea) sphaerospora) sulphurea (Corticium fumosum) DaedaZea gibbosa (Fagus) ) quercina (Quercus) GZoeocystidieZlum (Corticium) citrinum Hyphoderma argiZZaceum) setigerum (Fagus) ) tenue (Fagus) Hyphodontia aZutaria) (Corticium) sambuci Irpex obZiquus Laxitextum (Stereum) bicolor (fuscum) (Fagus) M ycoacia uda Odontia bicoZor (Picea) Peniophora affinis) cinerea (Fagus)) incarnata (Fagus) ) veZutina (Fagus) PhZebia hydnoides PoZyporus adustus (Fagus) ) aZbidus (Picea)) appZanatus (Fagus)) betuZinus) caesius (Fagus)) fomentarius (Fagus) ) versicoZor (Fagus) Stereum hirsutum (Quercus) ) sanguinoZentum (Picea) TheZephora terrestris TomenteZla bourdotii) fusceZZa) microspora Tyromyces (PoZyporus) vaporarius Xenasma filicinum (Pteridium aquiZinum) XyZodon (Poria) versiporus Agaricales Agaricus (PsaZliota) bus) eduZis abruptibuZ- 101 Amanita citrina) citrina var. alba) excelsa) mus caria) rubescens) vaginata Boletus appendiculatus) chrysenteron) edulis) felleus) grevillei (elegans) ) miniatoporus) pachypus) piperatus) scaber) subtomentosus Cantharellus (Hygrophoropsis) aurantiacus Clitocybe clavipes) connata) infundibuliformis Collybia asema) confluens) dryophila Coprinus comatus) plicatilis Cortinarius alboviolaceus) anomalus) elatior) rigens) torvus Galera tenera f. major Hebeloma crustuliniforme) mesophaeum Hygrophorus (Limacium) eburneus) penarius Hypholoma candolleanum) fascicuZare) sublateritium lnocybe abjecta) asterospora) cincinnata) fastigiata) geophylla) posterula Kuehneromyces (Pholiota) mutabilis Laccaria amethystina) laccata (rosella) Lactarius camphoratus) deliciosus) helvus) mitissimus) piperatus) rufus) torminosus Lepiota cristata M arasmius alliaceus) bulliardii (Quercus)) peronatus Mycena crocata) galericulata) galopus) pura) sanguinolenta Oudemansiella (Collybia) plat yphylla) radicata Paxillus atrotomentosus) involutus Pluteus cervinus) leoninus Psathyrella disseminata Russula aeruginea) cyanoxantha) fellea) laurocerasi) lepida) mairei) nigricans) ochroleuca) romellii Schizophyllum commune (Lari x ) Stropharia aeruginosa) coronilla Tricholoma melaleucum) terreum) ustale Tubaria furfuracea Gasteromycetales Lycoperdon perlatum) pyrif01 me Phallus impudicus Scleroderma aurantium) verrucosum Fungi imperfecti Aegerita candida Bisp01'a monilioides (Fagus) Helicomyces roseus (Fagus) Libertella faginea Trichoderma viride (Fagus) N. FABRITIUS BUCHWALD. Søndag den 6. september 1964. Ekskursion til G a v n ø. Der var 28 deltagere med bussen, og et dusin kom i egen befordring. Det tørre vejr, som kendetegnede august, fortsatte ind i september måned, og følgen blev, at svampefloret også fortsatte med at være fattigt. Der noteredes ganske vist 120 arter på denne ekskursion, men heraf hørte kun 40 til AgaricaIes) medens de øvrige overvejende var træboende former, bl. a. 31 resupinate arter. Ekskursionen indledtes med et besøg i den store Gavnø Slotspark, som viste sig at være en forholdsvis rig svampelokalitet. Her vokser mange sjældne træarter, og på flere af de gamle træer fandtes Pore- - 102 - Fig. 1. Fomes robustus på Quercus robur) Lønned Skov, Gavnø. De talrige frugtlegemer af Fomes robustus sidder i en mægtig, ca. 3 m høj, barkklædt nekrose, der på siderne er omgivet af tykke, barkklædte kallusvolde. Egens diameter i brysthøjde ca.1m. Fot. J. KOCH den 6. september 1964. svampe, således Polyporus (Ganoderma) applanatus på Sorbus la tifolia) P. squamosus på Magnolia og P. varius på Sorbus intermedia og S. latifolia; alle de nævnte træarter er nye værter her i landet for de pågældende svampe. I parken fandtes også Coprinus fuscescens - 103 - Fig. 2. Fomes robustus på Quercus robur. Detailbillede af den øverste del af venstre side af nekrosen, som er afbildet i fi g . 1. - Fot. J. KOCH den 6. september 1964. KONR. & MAUBL., der minder stærkt om C. atramentarius} men er slankere, mangler hatskæl og har større sporer. Formiddagen afsluttedes med et besøg kl. 11-12 i slotskapellet, hvor vi først påhørte en højttalerudsendelse (indtalt ved baron REEDTZ-THOTT) om Gavnø Slots historie og derefter under kyndig vejledning vistes rundt i slottets storslåede malerisamling, den største privatsamling i Skandinavien.-x-) *) I 1960 overlod den nuværende ejer, baron AXEL REEDTZ-THOTT Gavnø Slot, parken og den væsentlige del af det historiske indbo (herunder malerisamlingen) til en selvstændig institution: Gavnø Fonden. - 104 - Frokosten indtoges kl. 12,15-13,30 i "Karetmagerens Hus", en smuk gammel bindingsværksbygning, nu indrettet til restaurant. Efter en svampedemonstration kørte vi til Lønned Skov på sydspidsen af øen Gavnø. Den mest interessante lokalitet her var græssletten omkring baron REEDTZ-THOTT'S sommerhus, "Sofienlyst", hvor der vokser mange gamle, fritstående ege. På et enkelt træ taltes ikke færre end 34 frugtlegemer af Polyporus (Fomes) robustus (se fig. log 2); i øvrigt noteredes på Egene: Daedalea quercina) Polyporus dryadeus ved grunden af en stamme, P. fumosus på et stød og P. sulphureus i kronen af et træ. I Lønned Skov fandtes bl. a. den af M. P. CHRISTIANSEN beskrevne Phlebia (Peniophora) danica på gren af Fraxinus. Godt 16,00 forlod vi Gavnø og var hjemme i København ved 18tiden efter en vel tilbragt dag trods det noget pauvre svampeudbytte. Foreningen havde gennem Gavnø Godskontor indhentet særlig tilladelse til fri entre til slotsparken og slottet samt til ekskursion i Lønned Skov. De resupinate arter i nedenstående fortegnelse er bestemt af tandlægerne K. HAUERSLEV og J. E. BREGNH0J LARSEN. P = Slotsparken; L = Lønned Skov syd for Gavnø. Ascomycetes Tremellales Diatrype stigma Erysiphe depressa (cichorac earum) (Arctiu'm lappa) L Hypoxylon coccineum) rubiginosu'm Microsphaera euonymi (Euonymus europaeus) N ectria cinnabarina Peziza aurantia P Phaeobulgaria polymorpha (Bulgaria inquinans) Taphrina betulina) tosquinetii (Alnus glutinosa) L Xylaria polymorpha P Platygloea peniophorae (Hyphoderma tenue) (Picea) Sebacina incrustans (Polygonum sac halinense) Uredinales Puccinia calcitrapae (P. bardanae) (Arctium lappa) L, phragmitis (Phragmites communis) L Aphyllophorales Olavaria stricta Daedalea quercina (Quercus) L Polyporus adustus) annosus (Picea) P, L, applanatus (Sorbus latifolia) P, betulinus) caesius P, dryadeus (Quercus) L, fumosus (Quercus) L, giganteus (Fagus) P, L, robustus (Quercus) L, squamosus (Magnolia) P, sulphureus (Quercus) L, ungulatus) varius (Sorbus intermedia) P, (S. latifolia) P, versicolor 105 Stereum (Lopharia) chailletii (Picea)) hirsutum (Fagus) ) (Hymenochaete) rubiginosum (Quercus) L Thelephora terrestris Agaricales Agaricus purpurellus (Psalliota amethystina) Amanita citrina (mappa) Armillaria mellea Boletus grevillei (elegans) Clitocybe gigantea) inversa Collybia dryophila) erythropus Coprinus comatus P, fuscescens (det. M. P. CHR.) P, micaceus) plicatilis Galera (Conocybe) lactea P H ebeloma sacchariolens P Hypholoma capnoides) fasciculare) sublateritium Inocybe geophylla P Kuehneromyces (Pholiota) mutabilis P, L Laccaria amethystina Lacrymaria velutina (lacrymabunda) P Lactarius subdulcis Lepiota cristata P, rhacodes Mycena galopoda) pura Omphalia fibula Oudemansiella (Collybia) plat yphylla) radicata Panus stipticus Pholiota adiposa) togularis Pluteus cervinus P Psathyrella disseminata P Psilocybe foenisecii Russula alutacea P, L, delica P, L Stropharia aeruginosa P, L Tricholoma (Tricholomopsis) rutilans P Gasteromycetales Cyathus crucibulum Lycoperdon perlatum Phallus impudicus Sphaerobolus stellatus Fungi resupinati Aleurodiscus acerinus (Acer campestre) A mphinema byssoides Byssocorticium atrovirens (Abies)) pulchrum Cristella con/inis (Ulmus) ) sulphurea Fibuloporia rhodella Gloeocystidiellum luridum) porosum Grandinia mutabilis (Sambucus) Tilia) Hyphoderma setigerum (Betula)) tenue (Quercus) Tilia) Ulmus) Hyphodontia aspera) papillosa) sambuci (Magnolia) Sambucus nigra) P Hypochnicium punctulatum Merulius corium (Fagus) Mycoacia uda (incrusterende form; på stød af Fagus) Peniophora abietis (Picea)) af/inis) lycii (Fraxinus)) polygonia (Populus)) quercina (Quercus)) velutina (Fagus) Phellinus (Poria) /erruginosus (Populus) Phlebia danica (Fraxinus)) hydnoides) pubera Podoporia (Poria) sanguinolenta Radulomyces (Corticium) con/luens Sistotrema brinkmannii) commune (Tilia) Steccherinum ochraceum (Quercus) Thelephora terrestris f. resupinata (Picea) Tomentella einerascens) /uscella) rubiginosa Xylodon (Poria) versiporus (Quercus) Fungi imperfecti Gloeosporium nervisequum (Platanus) P Marssonina juglandis (Juglans regia) P Trichothecium roseum (Hymeniet af Polyporus applanatus) N. FABRITIUS BUCHWALD. - 106 - Søndag den 13. september 1964. Ekskursion til H a r e s k o v. Selv om svampeudstillingen blev aflyst,+<) løb denne lille halvdagsindsamlingsekskursion alligevel af stabelen. Der mødte 9 deltagere, og der blev i løbet af formiddagen fundet 44 arter. Der var mange svampe i Hareskoven, hvilket var forbavsende i betragtning af, hvor få storsvampe der fandes på ekskursionen til Gavnø. Af fund var det mest nævneværdige nok nogle smukke eksemplarer af Cortinarius bolaris. Myxomycetes FuZigo septica Ascomycetes Phaeobulgaria polymorpha garia inquinans) (BuZ- Trernellales Calocera viseosa A phyllophorales Cantharellus tubaejormis Hydnum repdandum Polyporus adustrus) applanat~ts Stereum juscum (Laxitextum bicolor) Boletus badius) edulis) grevillei (elegans) ) scaber Clitocybe clavipes Collybia asema) dryophiZa Cortina'r ius aZbovioZaceus) anomalus) bolaris) caninus HyphoZoma jascicuZare) subZateritium Kuehneromyces (PhoZiota) m~ttabilis Laccaria Zaccata Lactarius bZennius) vietus M arasmius alliaceus Mycena epipterygia Oudemansiella (Collybia) plat yphylla Paxillus involutus Pholiota caperata Pluteus cervinus Russula aZutacea) cyanoxantha) jragilis ) lepida) nigricans) ochroleuca) rosea) virescens Tricholoma suZphureum Agaricales A manita excelsa) vaginata ArmilZaria mellea Gasteromycetales Scleroderma aurantittm J. KOCH. Søndag den 27. september 1964. Ekskursion til N ø r r e s k o v og s k o ven e s y d f o r F a r u m S ø. Ca. 30 deltagere mødtes ved Farum T., hvorefter turen gik syd på gennem Nørreskoven langs de mordækkede skrænter ned mod Furesøen. Vejret var godt, og selv om der i ugen forud var kommet nogen regn, bar svampefloret stadig *) Se s. 112. 107 præg af den forholdsvis tørre eftersommer. Der blev således ikke fundet mange individer, selvom arts antallet sneg sig op på 105. Eftermiddagen blev kort, og der nåedes ikke over til Ryget. Bestemmelsen af de resupinate arter skyldes tandlæge K. HAUERSLEV. Myxomycetes Fuligo septica Lyco gala epidendron Stemonitis jusca Trichia persimilis) varia (alle lVlyxomycetes det. K. BJØRNEKÆR ) Ascomycetes Cordyceps parasitica Coryne cylichnium) sarcoides Diatrype stigma H elvella cripsa) lacunosa, Hypoxylon coccineum Peziza aurantia U stulina maxima Xylaria hypoxylon) longipes Trernellales Calocera C01'nea Dacryomyces deliquescens Sebacina caesio-cinerea)subhyalina Tulasnella violea Uthatobasidium jusispoTum Aphyllophorales Cantharellus cibarius) tubaejormis Clavaria stricta Craterellus cornucopioides Daedalea quercina Hydnum repandum Polyporus adustus) annosus) appZanatus) brumalis) jragilis) giganteus) radiatus) versicoZor Ptychogaster aZbus TheZephora terrestris Agaricales Agaricus abruptibuZbus (Psalliota silvicola) Amanita citrina (A. mappa)) phalloides) rubescens) vaginata Armillaria mellea Clitocybe injundibuZijormis Clitopilus prunulus Collybia butyracea) conjluens) dryophiZa) maculata) tenacella Coprinus comatus) micaceus Cortinarius bolaris) cinna,mome'Us) jlexipes) sanguineus Cystoderma (Lepiota) amiantinum Hygrophorus (Limacium) eburnetts) penarius Hypholoma hydrophilum) sublateritium Inocybe geophylla Kuehneromyces (Pholiota) mutabilis Laccaria laccata Lactarius blennius) camphoratus) deliciosus) quietus Lepiota rhacodes lVl arasmius alliacetts) bulliardii) epip hyllus lVlycena crocata) epipterygia) galericulata) pelianthina) pura N aucoria scolecina Nyctalis (Asterophora) parasitica Oudemansiella ( Armillaria) mucida) (Collybia) platyphylla) (Collybia) radicata Paxillus involutus Pholiota adiposa) caperata) squarrosa Pleurot'Us corticatus (P. dryinus) Pluteus cervinus Ripartites tricholoma Russula adusta) atropurpurea, cyanoxantha) j ellea) lepida nigricans) ochroleuca Schizophyllum commune Stropharia aeTuginosa Tricholoma portentosum) rutilans) sulphureum) terreum) virgatum Gasteromycetales Lycoperdon echinatum) perlatum (gemmatum) pyriforme Phallus caninus) impudictts Fungi resupinati Botryobasidium subcoronatum Botryohypochnus isabellaninus Cristella (Poria) candidissima) confinis) f arinacea Fibuloporia reticulata) rhodella Gloeocystidiellum furfuraceum (Picea) Grandinia mutabilis Hymenochaete (Stereum) tabacina (Salix) 108 Hyphoderma argillaceum) pallidum) roseocremeum (Salix) ) tenue Peniophora candida (Salix) incarnata (Fagus) ) limitata (Fraxinus)) velutina Phlebia hydnoides) pubera Podoporia sanguinolenta Sistotrema brinkmannii Stereum hirsutum) purpureum) rugosum) sanguinolentum Tomentella albomarginata) echinospora) rubiginosa Xen asma filicinum (Pteridium aquilinum) Xylodon (Poria) versiporus Fungi imperfecti Aegerita candida J. KOCH. Søndag den 4. oktober 1964. Ekskursion til Køge Strandskov, p r a m s k o v og P u r l u n d. Der var 29 deltagere med bus og en halv snes i egen befordring. September måneds tørre vejr fortsattes ind i oktober og satte sit præg på ekskursionens svampe udbytte, men i øvrigt blev søndagen den 4. oktober en dejlig efterårsdag med strålende sol og vindstille. Om formiddagen ekskursioneredes i Køge Strandskov, hvis vestlige del - vest for volden - i de senere år er blevet forvandlet fra Fyrreskov til Bøgeskov. Som sædvanligt bød skoven på interessante ting som Flammula penetrans i stor mængde på Fyrregrene, Lepiota clypeolaria og L. seminuda omkring bevoksninger af Brændenælder, Mycena janthina sensu RICKEN med smuk lilla stok, hat og lamelrande, Omphalia pyxidata) Pluteus salicinus på Quercus og Polyporus annosus på Pinus silvestris) flere steder. Efter frokost på Vallø Strandhotel afholdtes svampedemonstration, og derpå gik turen videre til Pramskov og Purlund. Udbyttet i disse to småskove, der overvejende består af Bøg, var meget ringe; et af de interessantes te fund var Polyporus (Fomes) pfeifferi ved grunden af en gammel Bøg. Der noteredes ikke færre end 184 arter, et ret betydeligt antal i betragtning af den tørre, svampefattige sæson, men individrigdommen - 109 - var ikke stor. Kun 96 arter hører til Agaricales) og 45 er resupinate træboende arter. Foruden på egne optegnelser bygger den nedenstående fortegnelse på lister modtaget af fru ELISABETH ANDERSEN, tandlæge K. HAUERSLEV og tandlæge J. E. BREGNH0J LARSEN. S = Køge Strandskov ; P = Pramskov og Purlund. Myxomycetes Leocarpus fragilis S Ascomycetes Belonidium pruinosum (Diatrype stigma) S Coryne sarcoides S Diatrype stigma S Elaphomyces cervinus S Helotium citrinum P Helvella crispa P, S Hypoxylon coccineum (Fagus) P, rubi gino sum P N ectria cinnabarina S U stulina maxima P Tremellales Calocera cornea P, S, viscosa S Dacryomyces deliquescens S Exidia albida (Fagus) P, glandulosa P Sebacina incrustans (Betula) P, sublilacina S Tremella mesenterica P Tulasnella pruinosa P, violea (Picea) S Aphyllophorales Cantharellus cibarius Clavaria fastigiata S, pistillaris P, rugosa p Corticium evolvens (laeve) (Betula) S Daedalea gibbosa S Lenzites sepiaria S Merulius corium (Fagus) P Polyporus adustus (Fagus) S, anno sus (Pinus) S, betulinus S, hirsutus (Fagus) S, pfeifteri (Fagus) P Stereum rugosum S, sanguinolentum (Pinus) S Agaricales Amanita citrina (mappa) S, muscaria S, phalloides S, rubescens) vaginata S Armillaria mellea Boletus badius S, chrysenteron S, edulis P, subtomentosus S Camarophyllus niveus Cantharellus (Hygrophoropsis) aurantiacus (Kogle af Picea) S Clitocybe geotropa S, infundibuliformis P, S, nebularis P Clitopilus prunulus P Collybia asema S, conigena) maculata S Coprinus comatus S) picaceus Cortina1'i'/,~s anomalus S, castaneus S, cinnamomeus S, infractus P Crepidotus variabilis S Cystoderma (Lepiota) amiantinum S Entoloma rhodopolium P, sericeum p Flammula lenta S, penetrans S Galera (Conocybe) tenera P Hebeloma crustuliniforme P, elatum S, testaceum S, (Pholiota) radicosum P Hygrocybe psittacina Hygrophorus (Limacium) eburneus Hypholoma fasciculare) hydrophilum S, sublateritium Inocybe geophylla P 110 Kuehneromyces (Pholiota) mutabUis Laccaria amethystina P, laccata Lactarius necator (turpis) S, quietus S, vellereus P, vie tus S, violascens S Lepiota clypeolaria S, cristata P, seminuda S Marasmius alliaceus P, S, androsaceus S, bulliardii (Quercus) S Mycena adonis S, crocata S, epipterygia) jilopes S, galop oda S, janthina ss. RICKEN S, pelianthina P, polygramma P, S, pura S, sanguinolenta P Omphalia pyxidata S Oudemansiella (Armillaria) mucida P, (Oollybia) radicata S Paxillus involutus S Pholiota adiposa S, erebia S, jlammans Pleurotus corticatus S, mitis S Pluteus cervinus S, salicinus (Quercus) S Psathyrella gracilis P Rhodophyllus (Olaudopus) byssisedus S Russula alutacea S, atropurpurea P, cyanoxantha S, jellea P, lepida P, ochrolettca S, queletii S, xerampelina S Stropharia aeruginosa S, squamosa P, S Tricholoma lascivum S, melaleucum P, S, myomyces S, nttdttm S, personatum) rutilans S, virgatum P Gasteromycetales Oyathus olla Lycoperdon caelatum S, pyrijorme S Phallus inpudicus S Scleroderma verrucosum S Botryobasidium pruinatum var. laeve (Oonijerae) S Botryohypochnus isabellinus (Picea) S Ooniophora arida (Oonijerae) S, puteana forma laxa S Oorticium evolvens (Fagus) S, sttblaeve (Oonijer) S Oristella candidissima (Fagus) P, conjinis P, S, jarinacea S, sulphurea P, S Fibuloporia reticulata (Fagus) P, rhodella (Fagus) Quercus) S Gloeocystidiellum jurjuraceum (Fagus) S, porosum (Fagus) P, (Betula) S Grandinia helvetica (Picea) S Hyphoderma roseocremeum (Fagus) S, tenue S Hyphodontia abieticola S, arguta S, pallidula (Pinus) S, setigerum P Merulioporia (Poria) purpurea (Quercus) S M ycoacia stenodon S, uda S Odontia bicolor (Oonijerae) Peniophora affinis (Pi nus) S, cinerea (Fagus) P, S, eichleriana P, incarnata P, (Fagus) S, nuda (Tilia) P, quercina (Quercus) P, (Fagus) S, velutina P, S Phlebia pubera S, (Fagus) P Radulomyces (Oorticium) conjluens S Sistotrema brinkmannii (Fagus) P, (Betula) S Tomentella crustacea S, echinospora (Pterid'ium aquilinum) S, puberola S, spinijera S, subjerruginea S Vuilleminia (Oorticium) comedens P Xenasma tulasnelloides (Fagus) S Xylodon (Poria) ve1'siporus P Fungi imperfecti Fungi resupinati A mphinema byssoides P Athelia epiphylla (Tilia) P Anthina jlammea S Helicomyces roseus (Fagus) P N. FABRITIUS BUCHWALD. - 111 - Søndag den 18. oktober 1964. Ekskursion til J æ g e r s b o r g D Y r eh a v e. Ca. 50 deltagere var mødt i det gode vejr. Turen gik ned til skovridergården og derfra til restaurationen "Kildeøen". Straks ved turens begyndelse lykkedes det redaktør B. RØNNE at genfinde den sjældne pigsvamp Hydnum ramosum (coraZloides) på en kævle af en UZmus sp. (se beretningen for Dyrehaveturen d. 20. oktob. 1963). Af formiddagens fund kan endvidere nævnes et usædvanligt stort og smukt eksemplar af TrichoZoma personatum. Eftermiddagsturen gik ned langs Fuglesangssøen, hvor det var blevet meddelt foreningen, at der stod en gruppe af PhaeoZepiota vahZii. Gruppen blev genfundet ved nordsiden af søen på en for denne svamp typisk lokalitet: dyb, fed muld i kraftig omsætning, bevokset med en rig nældevegetation. Der taltes 140 store, veludviklede eksemplarer på et område af størrelsen % X 1% m. På hjemvejen gik vi en lille omvej for at syne en belægning af slimsvampen BrejeZdia maxima i VON LANGEN'S Plantage. Svampen dækkede næsten fladen af et 8tort bøgestød og var desuden "klatret" op i nogle nærstående nælder, omkring hvis stængler den havde dannet belægninger, der af størrelse og farve mindede om den valseformede frugtstand hos Dunhammer. Myxomycetes Aphyllophorales Arcyria incarnata BrefeZdia maxim a Physarum Zeucophaeum Trichia varia (alle Myxomycetes det. K. BJ0RNEKÆR) DaedaZea gibbosa FistuZina hepatica Hydnum ramosum (coraZZoides) (UZmus sp.) Lenzi t es betuZinus M eruZius treme!.Zosus PhZebia aurantiaca PoZyporus adustus) appZanatus) b1'umaZis) fomentarius) fumosus) hirsutus) pfeifferi) radiatus) versicoZor Stereum hirsutum, purpureum) rugosum Trametes moZZis Ascomycetes Ooryne sarcoides DaZdinia concentrica H eZveZZa crispa Hypocrea rufa Lachnea scuteZZata PhaeobuZgaria poZymorpha garia inquinans) XyZaria hypoxyZon (BuZ- Agaricales Tremellales H eZicogZoea Zagerheimii (Fagus) PZatygZoea vestita (AZnus) Sebacina subZiZacina Amwnita citrina (mappa) ArmiZlaria meZZea BoZetu8 badius) miniatoporus) subtomentosus OamarophyZZus niveus: vratensis 112 Cantha rellus (Hygrop horopsi s) aurantiacu s Clitocyb e connata , cyathifo rmis, nebular is Coprinu s micaceu s, picaceu s Cortina rius elatior Entolom a sericeu m Hygrop horus (Limaci um) eburneus Hypholo ma fascicul are, hydroph ilum Inocybe geophy lla Laccari a laccata Lactari us blennius M. Mycena corticol a (blå form pseudo corticol a KOHN.) , filopes, haemat opus, leptocep hala, polygra mma, pura, sanguin o- = lenta Oudema nsiella (Armilla ria) mucida, (Collyb ia) radicata . Panaeo lus fimicola Phaeole piota (Pholio ta) vahlii (aurea) Pholiot a adiposa , margina ta, spectabilis, squarro sa Pleurot us corticat us, ostreatu s, serotinus Psathyr ella gracilis Russula cyanoxa ntha, fragilis Schizop hyllum commun e (alneum ) Stropha ria aerugin osa Tricholo ma myomyc es, oriruben s, persona tum Gaster omycet ales Phallus impudic us Fungi resupin ati Aleurod iscus acerinu s (Acer) acerinus f. buxi (Acer) Athelia epiphyl la Botryob asidium pruinat um var. laeve Conioph ora ari da, puteana (cerebella) Corticiu m evolven s Cristell a confinis , sulphur ea Fibulop oria reticula ta, rhodella Hyphod erma tenue Mycoac ia uda Penioph ora candida , incarna ta (Fagus), longisp ora (Alnus) , lycii (Fagus) , nuda, quercin a (Fagus), velutina (Fagus) Phlebia livida (Fagus) , pubera Radulom yces confluen s Sistotre ma brinkm annii (Fagus) Stecche rinum fimbria tum, ochraceum Xylodon (Po ria) versipo rus Fungi imperl ecti Aegerit a candida Oidium aureum Trichod erma viride K. HADER SLEV. J. KOCH. SVAMP EUDST ILLING 1964. Den til dagene den 10.-13. septem ber 1964 beramm ede svampe af, at udstilli ng i Havese lskabet s Have måtte aflyses på grund yderst var er måned ber septem og svampe floret i de tørre august ber fattigt. Sml. beretni ngerne for ekskur sionern e i august og septem . 1964. Friesia udkommer i Hefter med tvangfrit Mellemrum. Aarskontingent er 25 Kr. Ny tiltrædende Medlemmer af Foreningen til Svampekundskabens Fremme faar gratis tilstillet, hvad der er udgivet i Indtrædelsesaaret. Sekretariatets og Redaktionens Adresse er Rolighedsvej 23, København V. Her modtages saavel Ind- og Udmeldelser af Foreningen som Anmeldelser om Flytning. Al Korrespondance vedrørende Tidsskriftet rettes til samme adresse. Af det afsluttede "Meddelelser fra Foreningen til Svampekundskabens Fremme" haves endnu et Restoplag, der kan afgives til en Pris af 5 Kr. pr. Bd. (Bd. I (1912-15) og II (1916-20), inkomp!.; Bd. III~IV (1921-30), komp!.). Friesia is published at irregular intervals. Subscription price: Danish crowns 25.00 per year. Address: Department of Plant Pathology. The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural College, Rolighedsvej 23, Copenhagen V, Denmark. PRICE: Danish Crowns 40.00.