The Future of Data Storage

The Future of Data Storage
Principles, Potential and Problems
Hans Coufal
IBM Almaden Research
Center
6
10
1E+6
5
10
1E+5
Travelstar 40GN
IBM Areal Density
45 Years of Technology Progress
Perspective
1st AFC Media
4
10
1E+4
1st GMR Head
Ultrastar 73LZX
100% CGR
3
10
1E+3
60% CGR
1st MR Head
2
10
1E+2
Areal Density
Megabits/in2
Deskstar 120GXP
Microdrive II
1st Thin Film Head
10
1E+1
~17 Million X Increase
25% CGR
1
1E+0
IBM Disk Drive Products
-1
10
1E-1
Industry Lab Demos
arpers2001ab2.prz
-2
10
1E-2
-3
IBM RAMAC (First Hard Disk Drive)
10
1E-3
1960
1970
1980
Production
Year
1990
2000
2010
Ed Grochowski at Almaden
100
Time, milliseconds
IBM Server HDD Access/Seek Time
Performance Increase
Acce
ssing
Ultrastar 2XP
Ultrastar 18XP
Ultrastar 36XP
Ultrastar XP
Ultrastar 18ZX
Ultrastar 9ZX
Ultrastar 36LZX
Ultrastar 73LZX
Ultrastar 36ZX
Ultrastar 36Z15
S
10
eekin
g
SEEK2001A.PRZ
Rotating
seek time ~(inertia/power)
-1
rotational time ~ (RPM)
(latency)
1/3
2/3
x (data band)
1
1990
1995
2000
Availability Year
2005
2010
Magnetic Hard Disk Drive Internal Data Rate
IBM Products
Maximum Internal Data Rate, MBytes/s
drtrd2001va.prz
1 GHz
100
Ultrastar 73 LZX
Ultrastar 36Z15
Data Channel
Performance
Ultrastar 36 LZX
3.5 inch Server
Products
40 % CGR
Deskstar 120GXP
Deskstar 75GXP
Ultrastar 36ZX
Ultrastar 36XP
Ultrastar 18ZX
Ultrastar 9ZX
Ultrastar 18XP
Travelstar 60GH
Travelstar 48GH
Travelstar 32GH
Travelstar 25GS
Travelstar 14GS
Travelstar 8GS
Travelstar 10GT
Travelstar 5GS
Travelstar 6GT
Ultrastar XP
MHz
Travelstar
3GN
Travelstar 3XP
Travelstar 4GT
Travelstar 2XP
Travelstar VP
Spitfire
Travelstar 2LP
Travelstar XP
Allicat
Ultrastar 2XP
100
10
Sawmill
2.5 inch Mobile
Products
Travelstar LP
Travelstar
Corsair 1,2
Linear
Data rate =.
x RPM x Disk
Density
Diam.
10 MHz
1
90
90
9595
2000
100
Availability Year
2005 105
Ed Grochowski at Almaden
1000
8KB
DRAM
Seagate ST500
64KB
Price/MByte, Dollars
IBM6150
Wren II
10
1
Range of Paper/Film
0.1
0.01
DRAM
1985
Paper/Film
256KB Flash
512KB Flash
2MB
1MB
4MB Flash
1MB Flash
4MB
IBM0615
16MB Flash
64MB Flash
96 MB Flash Camera
128MB Flash
Mem.
64MB
128MB Flash
Flash
IBM0663
IBM 340 MB Microdrive
64MB
IBM 9.1GB Ultrastar
IBM 1 GB Microdrive
Seagate B'cuda4
Flash Projection
IBM 8.1GB
IBM Deskstar3
DataQuest 2000
Travelstar
IBM Deskstar4
Toshiba 6.4GB
1" HDD Projection
Quant 4.5GB
IBM 18.2GB Ultrastar
Travelstar 25GS
DataQuest 2000
IBM 16.8GB Deskstar
Seagate 36GB 15K
Seagate 8.6GB
IBM Deskstar 25GB
Travelstar 30GN
Travelstar 60GH 1 " HDD
IBM Deskstar 37GB
IBM Deskstar 75GXP
Maxtor 60GB
2.5 " HDD
IBM Deskstar 120 GXP
IBM 9.1GB Ultra 2XP
3.5 " HDD
0.0001
1980
Flash
128KB
128KB Flash
512KB
Seagate ST125
Maxt170
0.001
oemprc2001a1.prz
HDD
32KB
100
Average Price of Storage
1990
1995
2000
Desktop HDD Projection
IDC 2000
2005
2010
Year
Ed Grochowski at Almaden
Physical Spacing, nm
100
Physical spacing and disk surface
evolution
3 Gbits/in2
10
Ultrastar XP
Ultrastar 2XP
Ultrastar 18XP
Travelstar 2XP
Textured Disk
Travelstar 4LP
Ultrastar 18ZX
Ultrastar 36XP
Travelstar 4GT
5 Gbits/in2
Ultrastar 36ZX
Travelstar 3GN
Ultrastar 36LZX
Travelstar 6GT
Ultrastar 73LZX
Travelstar 6GN
Travelstar 30GT
12.1 Gbits/in2
Travelstar 18GT
20.3 Gbits/in2
Smooth Disk
35.3 Gbits/in2 demo
Load/Unload
Slider Overcoat
Magnetic
Element
Recession
Magnetic Spacing
Physical Spacing
Server Products-3.5 Inches
Mobile Products-2.5
Lab Demos
Overcoat
Magnetic Film
spac2000f.prz
Lube
High ID/low OD air bearing
surface Disk Substrate
Supersmooth disk/substrate
1
92
94
96
98
Year
2000
100
102
02
104
04
IBM Advanced Storage Roadmap
10000
Superparamagnetic Effect
Advanced Storage
Technology
Areal Density, Gbits/in2
1000
130 Gbits/in2
106 Gbits/in2
63.2 Gbits/in2
35.3 Gbits/in2
100
20.3 Gbits/in2
12.1 Gbits/in2
10
Deskstar 120GXP
Ultrastar 73LZX
5 Gbits/in2 Demo
3 Gbits/in2 Demo
1 Gbit/in2 Demo
1
0.1
advrdmp21a.prz
Enhanced
Magnetic
Disk Drive
Travelstar40GN
Milliactuator
AFC media
15K RPM
Microdrive
10K RPM
Integrated Head/Suspension
Giant MR Head/Pico Slider
Ramp Load/Unload, Glass Substrates
No-ID
MR Head/Nano-slider
PRML Data Channel
Thin Film/High Coercivity Disks
Small Form Factor
Lab Demos
3.5 Inch FF
2.5 Inch FF
>10 Inch FF
0.01
85
90
95
2000
100
15
Availability Year
05
105
10
110
115
ED GROCHOWSKI at ALMADEN
Non-Volatile Magnetic Memory
SL m
Select
column
Sense
path
SL m+1
Select
row
SL m-1
Current for
write
IB
IW
WL
WLn-1
WL n
WL
WLn+1
SL
Magnetic
Tunnel
Junction
Tunneling
Barrier
Diode
p
n
Amplifier
SL
Moving Atoms
"Millipede" Nanoscale Mechanical Data Storage
Single Lever Write / Read
Principle
Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
IBM Zurich Research Laboratory
Nanoscale Mechanical
Data Storage
Single Lever Write / Read Principle
Video Animation
"Millipede" Nanoscale Mechanical Data Storage
Single Lever Write / Read
Principle
Video Animation
"Millipede" Nanoscale Mechanical Data Storage
Highly Parallel
Recording
Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
IBM Zurich Research Laboratory
Nanoscale Mechanical
Data Storage
Highly Parallel Recording
Video Animation
"Millipede" Nanoscale Mechanical Data Storage
Highly Parallel
Recording
Video Animation
Thermomechanical read/write
Results
40 nm bit size
400 Gbits/inch2
120 nm pitch
"Millipede" Nanoscale Mechanical Data Storage
erasing two lines
"Millipede" Nanoscale Mechanical Data Storage
"Millipede" Nanoscale Mechanical Data Storage
keeping one line
"Millipede" Nanoscale Mechanical Data Storage
erasing line but keeping one line
"Millipede" Nanoscale Mechanical Data Storage
Fabricated "Millipede" Chip
Integration in a 7 × 14 mm2 chip size of:
• An array of 32 × 32 (1024) Cantilever
• Approaching, leveling sensors (4)
• Thermal sensors (4)
• Heaters
Microfabricated Si / Cu Scanner
Cu springs
fixed frame
suspended
platform
30 mm
Experimental System
Magnetic xyz
actuators
Millepede
Polymer
damped
spring
support
Magnets
coated in
Ferro-fluid
Holographic Storage - Recording Data
laser
light
spatial
light
modulator
from
s
e
g
a
cp
i
n
tro
c
e
el u
cp
recording
medium
reference
beam(s)
record one page at a time,
each with a different
reference beam
Science & Technology
Holographic Storage - Retrieving Data
recording
medium
reference
beam
detector
array
pu
c
to
s
e
ag
p
ic
n
o
r
ct
ele
retrieve one page from many
by using corresponding reference beam
Science & Technology
DEMON I
Retrieve by Content
search
pattern
correlation
peaks
recording
medium
reference
beam
M. Sanchez - ln98.prz
Science & Technology
Associative Retrieval
Search
pattern
Correlation
peaks
Retrieved
data
Decoded images
ED GROCHOWSKI at ALMADEN
HOLOHD9.CDR
Holographic Storage
4 Product Scenarios
Extended DRAM
Product
Hard Disk Drive
(DASD) Product
Total Capacity: 25 GB
High Capacity: 1 TB
High Capacity: 1 TB
High Capacity: 1 PB
Access Time: 10 ls
Access Time: 10 ms
Access Time: 10 ms
Access Time: 10 s
Non Volatile Cache
High Reliability/Availability
High Capacity/Low Cost
High Volumetric Density
Hard Disk Drive
(CDROM-Type) Product
Rack Mounted
Archive Product
IBM Advanced Technology
PRISM
(media tester)
Demon I
(first test bed)
Optical Beam
Associative
Retrieval
Apodizer
Demon II
(second test bed)
IBM Advanced Storage Roadmap
10000
Areal Density, Gbits/in2
1000
Superparamagnetic Effect
100
>60 Gbits/in2
35.3 Gbits/in2
20.3 Gbits/in2
12.1 Gbits/in2
10
5 Gbits/in2 Demo
3 Gbits/in2 Demo
1 Gbit/in2 Demo
1
0.1
advrdmp21a.prz
Advanced Storage
Technology/Holography
Travelstar30GN
Deskstar 40GV
Ultrastar 73LZX
Enhanced Magnetic
Disk Drive
AFC media
15K RPM
Microdrive
10K RPM
Integrated Head/Suspension
Giant MR Head/Pico Slider
Ramp Load/Unload, Glass Substrates
No-ID
MR Head/Nano-slider
PRML Data Channel
Thin Film/High Coercivity Disks
Small Form Factor
Lab Demos
3.5 Inch FF
2.5 Inch FF
>10 Inch FF
0.01
85
90
95
2000
05
100
105
15
Availability Year
10
110
115
ED GROCHOWSKI at ALMADEN