Unheard Voices: Representation of Roma in Swedish and German

Acknowledgements This thesis would not exist in its current form, nor its writer in really any semblance of sanity, without these people. With all the gravitas appropriate for an MA Thesis Acknowledgements page, I must give a huge number of thank you’s: To Mada, Emi and Catherine, the Delanty Fan Club, my co-­‐conspirators, critics and collaborators over the last two years. I’m so proud of us, you guys! To Marta, for keeping me sane and human and well-­‐coffee’d when I needed it most. My answer will always be Yes. To David, for letting me follow him to Uppsala without too much complaint, and for extending both his patience and prowess to the fine-­‐tuning of this tome. To Matthew, whose invaluable guidance and support helped me stay on track. To Lars, who knows I’m incapable of staying on track but guided and supported me anyway. To Betül (and Dave!), who spent nights at Göttingen’s Juridicum gathering data for me when I had run out of options. To Siân, my relentless cheer squad and attentive proofreader. To Zora, Sonja, and everyone at ECMI who helped me so much in the beginning of this project. To Fred Taikon, who gave me pastries, tea and several hours of his valuable time to teach me more than I could learn in several months. To the journalists at Radio Romano, for pushing me to think harder and more critically. To Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, whose speech was the first spark of inspiration, and whose novel kept me company in my weeks of hermit-­‐like writing. And to my mother, whose faith in my ability never wavers, and who has taught me the most valuable lessons in understanding the stories of others. 3 Table of Contents Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................... 3 Table of Contents ............................................................................................................... 4 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 6 1.1 A Traumatic Past, a Troubling Present ........................................................................................ 6 1.2 Research Question ................................................................................................................................ 7 1.3 Outline of Thesis Structure ............................................................................................................... 9 1.4 Selected Existing Studies ................................................................................................................. 10 2 Context ............................................................................................................................ 15 2.1 Context Literature Review I – The Roma in Europe ............................................................ 15 2.2 Who are the Roma? ............................................................................................................................ 17 2.2 Europe’s Minority ............................................................................................................................... 19 2.3 The Roma in Sweden ......................................................................................................................... 22 2.4 The Roma and Sinti in Germany ................................................................................................... 25 2.5 Context Literature Review II -­‐ The Media and Public Perceptions ............................... 27 2.6 Profile of newspapers ....................................................................................................................... 29 2.6.1 Swedish Newspapers ............................................................................................................... 29 2.6.2 German Newspapers ................................................................................................................ 30 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................................... 31 3 Fieldwork ....................................................................................................................... 33 3.1 Methodology ......................................................................................................................................... 33 3.2 Interviews .............................................................................................................................................. 39 3.2.1 Fred Taikon .................................................................................................................................. 39 3.2.2 Radio Romano ............................................................................................................................. 40 3.3 Results – Sweden ................................................................................................................................. 41 3.3.1 Major news stories .................................................................................................................... 41 3.3.2 Dagens Nyheter ............................................................................................................................ 43 3.3.3 Aftonbladet .................................................................................................................................... 44 3.3.4 Svenska Dagbladet ..................................................................................................................... 45 3.3.5 All Swedish newspapers ......................................................................................................... 46 4 3.4 Results – Germany .............................................................................................................................. 47 3.4.1 Major news stories .................................................................................................................... 47 3.4.2 Süddeutsche Zeitung .................................................................................................................. 48 3.4.3 Bild .................................................................................................................................................... 49 3.4.4 Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung ............................................................................................ 50 3.4.5 All German newspapers .......................................................................................................... 51 3.5 Transnational Comparison ............................................................................................................. 52 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................................... 55 4 Analysis .......................................................................................................................... 56 4.1 Theoretical Literature Review ...................................................................................................... 56 4.2 Theoretical Approaches ................................................................................................................... 60 4.2.1 Intra-­‐European Orientalism? The Other Within .......................................................... 60 4.2.2 Gatekeepers and Structural Power .................................................................................... 65 4.2.3 The Danger of Stereotypes ..................................................................................................... 68 4.2.4 Identity Crisis: Homogenising a Diverse Minority ....................................................... 72 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................................... 74 5 Conclusions ................................................................................................................... 75 5.1 The Consequences of Unheard Voices ....................................................................................... 75 5.2 Towards Contestation and More Complex Representation ............................................. 76 5.3 Further Research ................................................................................................................................. 79 Bibliography ..................................................................................................................... 81 Appendix I ......................................................................................................................... 84 Appendix II ........................................................................................................................ 96 Appendix III .................................................................................................................... 133 Appendix IV .................................................................................................................... 159 Appendix V ...................................................................................................................... 162 5 1 Introduction Whilst no community retains an uncontested image of itself and its identity, Roma communities have little or no control over how they are represented in the public sphere. Usually, representations of Roma originate and are sustained by non-­‐
Romani actors...1 1.1 A Traumatic Past, a Troubling Present The Roma, or Romani, are the EU’s largest transnational minority.2 As a group, Roma are subject to widespread vilification and stereotyping in media throughout Europe, particularly those living in or originating from Central and Eastern European countries. However as the EU expands and borders have opened, the high levels of migration from east to west have made this issue increasingly important in the older EU member states.3 Germany and Sweden both present interesting cases in the study of Roma communities and populations. Both countries have a long history of ‘native’ Roma minorities. Both countries have recently experienced an increase in migrant and refugee populations as a result of the conflicts in the Balkan regions in the 1990s, and are currently dealing with the effects of the accession and expansion of the EU in the mid to late 2000s. The history of the Roma in Germany is underscored by particularly grievous trauma during National Socialism. That legacy, which is underrepresented in comparison to other groups who suffered persecution during those years, is crucial to the nation’s relationship with its minority population today. This can be juxtaposed with Sweden, a country often lauded as a leader in human rights both within the EU and internationally, which has recently gone through a deeply troubling controversy regarding a police register of Roma and Travellers in the southern district of Skåne, in direct contravention of rules outlawing the processing of personal information by ethnicity. This juxtaposition between the two countries Aidan McGarry, “Roma as a Political Identity: Exploring Representations of Roma in Europe,” Ethnicities 14, no. 6 (2014): 756, doi:10.1177/1468796814542182.
2 Heide Castañeda, “European Mobilities or Poverty Migration? Discourses on Roma in Germany,” International Migration (2014): 3, doi:10.1111/imig.12166. 3 Ibid. p. 3
1
6 must of course acknowledge the vast disparity in the severity and scale of the stated instances of each country’s mistreatment of the Roma – by no means do I wish to insinuate that an ethnic register is comparable to the wholesale execution of hundreds of thousands of people – however the comparison of historical legacy with present turmoil is a valuable and fascinating insight. By examining the media of these two countries, I aim to investigate prevalent depictions of the Roma in Western Europe. Both Germany and Sweden are styled as leaders in the protection of minorities and conscientious policies, and thus may provide insight not only on the problems associated with the representation of Roma in the media, but also best practices which could be of use to the wider debates and discourses on the Roma. Melanie Ram highlights the importance of media discourse in the integration of Roma populations in social and economic state structures, and asserts that state policies of inclusion cannot be effective if they exist in an environment that is exclusionary – and the media has a significant impact on public opinion of groups such as the Roma.4 1.2 Research Question My question, then, is this: When mainstream newspapers in Germany and Sweden discuss or portray Roma people or issues, how are Roma given a voice within that discourse? I hypothesise that there is an underrepresentation and a lack of diversity in Roma voices in mainstream media discourse even in countries that are regarded as having better than average human rights records and treatment of the Roma. I will investigate the rate of representation within a sample of articles from six newspapers. I will then problematise and discuss this in relation to various theories on representation, media, and minorities, and supplement my findings with an interview conducted with Fred Taikon, the editor of Swedish magazine É Romani Glinda and a prominent member of the Swedish Roma community. 4 Melanie H Ram, “Europeanization and the Roma: Spreading the Norms of Inclusion and Exclusion,” paper presented at the 10th Biennial Conference of the European Community Studies Association -­‐ Canada (Montreal, 8th-­‐10th May, 2014). 7 In this thesis, I examine the prevalence of Roma voices within the dominant media discourses of Sweden and Germany over a two-­‐year period, and the variety of the voices represented. In discussing my findings, I aim to contribute to a more complex understanding of the importance of representation and voice, and the effects that under-­‐ or mis-­‐representation may have on minority groups. Moreover, I explore the importance of Sweden and Germany’s roles as leaders and examples in a European context. Although my research focuses on these two countries specifically, it is also vital to understand the Roma as a transnational minority within Europe, and therefore I aim to provide this broader European context. I analyse the results of this research through a number of theories that pertain specifically to the exclusion of minority groups. I draw on the ideas of the ‘Other’ in European identity-­‐building as presented by theorists such as Edward W. Said and Gerard Delanty, media representation and race as discussed by Stuart Hall and Simon Cottle, and the importance of access to and participation in discourse about oneself as explained by Nigerian author Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie.5 In considering my approach to this topic, I have chosen not to conduct an in-­‐depth linguistic discourse analysis on the articles themselves, as my language skills in both German and Swedish are insufficient to adequately analyse the subtleties of various linguistic techniques. I also decided not to investigate the policies or laws in place in each country regarding the representation of the Roma, or particular journalistic guidelines or practices specified by the media outlets themselves. Although I believe both methods would provide valuable insight into the production of news media related to the Roma, the lack of data on the actual proportion of representation and voice in the news media compelled me to dedicate the scope of this thesis to gathering that data, and to leave the more explanatory methodologies to further research in the field. This 5 Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, “‘The Danger of a Single Story’ -­‐ Talk Subtitles and Transcript,” TED.com, 2009, http://www.ted.com/talks/chimamanda_adichie_the_danger_of_a_single_story/transcri
pt?language=en. 8 paper is therefore exploratory and provides a solid foundation for further explanatory studies. 1.3 Outline of Thesis Structure This thesis begins with the presentation and explanation of the hypothesis in the introductory chapter, and an overview of selected existing studies in the field of Roma representation in the media. Chapter 2 provides historical and contemporary context for the study. It begins with a literature review on texts about the history and present situation of the Roma in Europe, Sweden, and Germany. This is followed by a brief introduction to the complexities surrounding the term ‘Roma’, and explains the idea of ‘Roma’ as a political identity. A short history of the Roma in Europe, Sweden, and Germany follows. The second literature review in Chapter 2 focuses on texts that highlight the importance of the media to representation and social participation of minorities, and ends with a discussion on this topic. The chapter concludes with profiles of the six newspapers included in the study. Chapter 3 presents the methodology and fieldwork for this thesis. The methodology is primarily composed of three rounds of quantitative coding to generate a sample of articles for data analysis. The data is presented by country, by individual newspaper, and by political leaning. Chapter 4 develops a theoretical framework with which to discuss and analyse the results of the research. It begins with a literature review of several major theorists in the fields of Orientalism, European studies, and media studies, and draws all these theories together in a frame developed from a speech by Nigerian author Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie. The discussion examines the context in which the discursive marginalisation of the Roma in Europe arises, and explores the consequences of under-­‐ and mis-­‐representation in the media. Finally, the conclusion draws together the ideas presented in the analysis, and proposes best practices for the improvement of Roma representation in mainstream media. The presentation of several avenues for further study brings the thesis to a close. 9 1.4 Selected Existing Studies This field of research is still relatively sparse, although some media analysis has been carried out in various European countries including Finland, Germany, the UK and Serbia. The studies discussed in this section give a select overview of research published in the last ten years and reflect a growing academic interest in the presence of stories about Roma in mainstream media, coupled with the increase in the number of stories in Western newspapers due to rising immigration. The rapidly changing political and social landscape means that research from the last ten years is most relevant to the situation today. There is quite a lot of variation in the approach, methodology, and scope of the studies, which indicates a lack of consistency or sense of unified methodology in this field of research. However the studies in this review share a common focus on enduring and multi-­‐layered racism and the role of the media in perpetuating harmful narratives. Camilla Nordberg at the University of Helsinki carried out a study with similar aims and methods to my own in 2006, examining the claims around the ideas of citizenship with relation to Finnish Roma in Finnish press media.6 She uses a data set of newspaper articles between 1990 and 2003 – a total of 263 articles taken from one Finnish-­‐language and one Swedish-­‐language newspaper, Helsingin Sangomat and Hufvudstadsbladet, respectively. Unlike in my study, Nordberg conducts extensive qualitative analysis of the particular discursive themes associated with Roma-­‐focused articles. However she also looks at the variety and prevalence of Romani actors and participants in articles. She notes a shift in the percentage of Romani voices and actors from 39.1% in 1990, to as high as 42.6% and as low as 26.2% over the thirteen-­‐year span of her studies. Significantly, Nordberg also criticises the lack of diversity both in the topics covered in relation to the Roma and in the actual voices represented as Romani. She discusses the adverse societal implications of under-­‐ and misrepresenting minority groups within media discourse, and elaborates on the power of the media as a discursive arena to determine common history. 6 Camilla Nordberg, “Beyond Representation: Newspapers and Citizenship Participation in the Case of a Minority Ethnic Group,” Nordicom Review 27, no. 2 (2006): 87–104, doi:10.1080/09528822.2012.679041. 10 Heide Castañeda, researcher at the University of South Florida in Tampa, USA, uses media analysis and ethnographic research to examine “discursive framing of displacement and legitimacy of Roma migrants living in Germany” across the period of 2011 to 2013.7 She examines three cases of media coverage within that period – specifically, controversy around the Harz Street apartment complexes in Neukölln Berlin in 2012, the Görlitzer Park evictions in 2011, and the deportation of non-­‐EU refugees from Kosovo. She singles out a particular issue, perception or prejudice about the Roma that is central to each controversy, providing an insightful discussion of some of the major themes relating to Roma in German newspaper discourse. However, the study lacks a consistent or explicit methodological approach to her data. The most relevant elements of her research are those in which she links the central theme of each news story to a wider issue pertaining to the treatment of Roma in Germany, drawing a clear link between media narratives and their impact in creating and/or reinforcing prejudices among the public. Jo Richardson of De Montfort University in the UK takes a more rigorous approach to the examination of media narratives surrounding the Roma in the UK, investigating “why [the negative portrayal of Roma, Gypsies and Travellers in Britain] matters through an example of a specific discourse incident in late 2013/early 2014.”8 In doing so she clearly states her normative stance – that there is a problem with this negative portrayal – and outlines a clear methodology and data sample. Her analysis involves 89 articles drawn from the Lexis Nexis news database relating to the key words “Sheffield” and “Roma”, and she draws on the framework constructed by Ruge & Galtung describing the twelve factors that determine whether events turn into news, commonly referred to as their list of “news values”.9 This analysis is then discussed using the theories of Foucault and Laclau & Mouffe, and Richardson draws conclusions about the contagious nature of certain hegemonic discourses in news media and 7 Castañeda, “European Mobilities or Poverty Migration? Discourses on Roma in Germany” p. 1. 8 Jo Richardson, “Roma in the News: An Examination of Media and Political Discourse and What Needs to Change,” People, Place and Policy 8, no. 1 (2014): 51–64, doi:10.3351/ppp.0008.0001.0005. 9 Ibid. p. 52.
11 the theoretical framework of ‘othering’. She argues the need for a new framework through which to portray and represent Roma issues throughout Europe that encourages a more balanced and positive narrative, and condemns the lack of engagement by the UK government in EU strategies for Roma inclusion. Biljana Ratkovic Njegovan at the University of Novi Sad in Serbia takes a different angle to the previous two studies, investigating the impact of Roma-­‐
targeted and Romani-­‐language media on the perceived image of the group in the wider Serbian society.10 Njegovan highlights the specific problems faced by the Roma population of Serbia, including chronic poverty, high unemployment, low health protection, and – crucially to my own study – illiteracy and low education. Her research thus focuses on broadcast media and its role in promoting inclusiveness, and investigates policy and practices that may help or hinder this inclusiveness. Njegovan’s suggestions for eliminating obstacles to the positive depiction of Roma in mainstream media include the removal of racial stereotyping and hate speech in the media, the education of media professionals about their responsibility and role in media depictions of the Roma, the development of campaigns to educate the public, the encouragement and support for Roma-­‐produced media and training for Roma journalists, and the development of codes of ethics and self-­‐monitoring and sustainable systems surrounding media depiction.11 Her discussion also reflects on the conclusions of a 2008 study on the engagement with Romani-­‐language media in Voivodina, which revealed that there was a positive attitude towards broadcasting Roma-­‐
targeted media in the majority language of Serbian to open it up to non-­‐Roma consumers. Although Njegovan’s research and approach differ significantly from my own, in that she examines the effects of Roma-­‐produced media on the mainstream rather than the integration of Roma voices within the mainstream, her conclusions about the importance of self-­‐representation in the media and the ramifications for wider social attitudes are highly relevant. 10 Biljana Ratkovic Njegovan, “Social Integration of Roma People -­‐ the Importance and Remit of Roma Media: A Case Study,” Trames 15, no. 1 (2011): 102–19, doi:10.3176/tr.2011.1.05. 11 Ibid. p. 108.
12 There are other studies with less scientific or academic approaches to the subject matter, such as the one carried out by Ana Rodica Stăiculescu and Mirea Gherasim at the University of Bucharest.12 Their paper examines the role of mass media in perpetuating stereotypes, using the negative depiction of Roma as criminals as an example, and they expound on the danger of these stereotypes as instigators of and justification for violence. While there are several crucial inconsistencies in their studies, particularly between the data presented and the assertions made in the text, like Castañeda they contribute to the discussion of the link between racism and the media. More tangentially related studies include discussions regarding cultural policy-­‐making in media in Europe, specifically those relating to minorities. Karina Horsti of the University of Helsinki and Gunilla Hultén of Stockholm University investigate media policies in the Finnish and Swedish public broadcasting services, which highlights the complex nature of creating and ensuring a certain level minority-­‐targeted media content within a market values-­‐
driven media landscape.13 Of particular note is their finding that despite European-­‐level recognition for multicultural media, “interviews with Swedish journalists with migrant backgrounds reveal disappointment with their company’s efforts to put diversity efforts into practice... [they] often feel that much of the company’s diversity efforts are mere window-­‐dressing.”14 Finally, Melanie Ram at California State University presents a wider examination of the potentially harmful effects of EU-­‐level measures against racial inequality, specifically directed towards addressing inequality among Roma groups.15 She argues that the EU’s efforts have created a “schizophrenic model of minority protection in Central and Eastern Europe.”16 Although inclusive legislation, funds, organisations, and projects have been created, they exist in the 12 Ana Rodica Stăiculescu and Mircea Gherasim, “Roma Representation in the Media,” Contemporary Readings in Law and Social Justice 5, no. 2 (2013): 947–55. 13 Karina Horsti and Gunilla Hultén, “Directing Diversity: Managing Cultural Diversity Media Policies in Finnish and Swedish Public Service Broadcasting,” International Journal of Cultural Studies 14, no. 2 (2011): 209–27, doi:10.1177/1367877910382180. 14 Ibid. p. 221. 15 Ram, “Europeanization and the Roma: Spreading the Norms of Inclusion and Exclusion.”
16 Ibid. p. 2. 13 same space as ingrained and systematic discrimination and exclusion, which is often reinforced by rhetoric from the media, as well as politicians and the general public. Ram’s research examines Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Slovakia and the Czech Republic for evidence of this conflict, thus providing valuable context at a European level for the discursive themes and political positioning of Roma, and more importantly she highlights the role that Western European countries such as Germany and Sweden play in influencing the behaviour of Central and Eastern states. While each of these studies contributes to the broader picture of Roma representation in the media, there is a conspicuous and telling lack of research that looks specifically at Roma voices in mainstream media discourse. While the studies discussed above highlight the impact of negative media portrayals, they do not fully investigate the Roma’s lack of access to the discourse itself, and by extension to self-­‐determination in the public eye. I propose a methodological approach to comparative analysis of the prevalence of Roma voices in mainstream newspapers in multiple countries, and argue the need for further research into the importance of self-­‐determination for the Roma within public discourse. 14 2 Context The Roma face the worst of all worlds – hounded from the East by a rising tide of fascism and unchecked popular racism, despised in the South as part of a foreign influx, rejected from paths to citizenship and settlement in the North. Wherever they are in Europe, they face a variation of a pan-­‐European, anti-­‐Roma racism.17 This chapter provides an overview of the situation of Roma at a European level, at the national level within Germany and Sweden, and a discussion of the importance and relevance of media studies. It begins with a review of the literature pertaining to the history and contemporary context of Roma in Europe, and continues with a brief description of the complicated place Roma occupy in European history and societies, with specific reference to Sweden and Germany. This is followed by a review of literature related to the examination of the media, which leads into a discussion of the specific trends in media representation of Roma in Europe. The chapter concludes with an overview of the six newspapers examined in this study. 2.1 Context Literature Review I – The Roma in Europe The field of literature around the historical and contemporary political and social context of European Roma communities has yielded a number of interesting discussions in recent years. The European Decade of Roma Inclusion, which concludes in 2015, has prompted a greater interest in this topic. The following is a very brief selection of articles and reports that I have found to be of particular relevance to my study and hypothesis. Adrian Marsh, a British researcher of Romany-­‐Traveller origins, provides a concise yet illustrative description of the sheer diversity and breadth of the Roma communities across Europe in his article accompanying an animated history of the Roma on the Open Society Foundation’s website. He describes the way in which these communities are united by a sense of “Otherness” in 17 Liz Fekete, “Europe against the Roma,” Race & Class 55, no. 3 (2014): 61, doi:10.1177/0306396813509196. 15 European societies, and the many linguistic and cultural links that form part of the Romani heritage.18 Aidan McGarry of Brighton University problematises the political representation of Roma peoples in Europe, and explores the heterogeneity of the groups that fall under the umbrella term “Roma”.19 His research does not seek to validate the representations themselves, but rather to explore the link between representation of and representation for Roma people, and whether multiple representations foster or prohibit inclusion of communities in the public sphere. Despite the fact that McGarry focuses on representation in political institutions, many of his ideas translate effectively to a discussion of media representations, particularly as regards the agency of Roma actors in contributing to and defining prevalent images and ideas about Roma identity. Liz Fekete, director of the Institute of Race Relations in the UK, outlines how events from the division of the Balkan states and the bloody conflicts of the early-­‐ to mid-­‐1990s to the Global Economic Crisis (GEC) have contributed to the continued displacement and alienation of Roma groups across the continent. The GEC, she argues, has created a new framing of Romani peoples within the “post-­‐
austerity fear of the destitute ‘scrounger’”,20 in which the racism experienced by the Roma for centuries is compounded by classism and hatred of the poor. While this is not a new combination, Fekete argues that the relevance of issues facing the Roma are particularly relevant at this juncture, as “Roma – largely unrepresented in parliaments, and whose vote is deemed insignificant by mainstream political parties – are particularly vulnerable at times of severe economic depression and rising nationalism”.21 Lars Lindgren and Heidi Pikkarainen, both of whom work in the Swedish Office of the Ombudsman against Ethnic Discrimination, describe the discrimination experienced by Roma from the Swedish social system in an article 18 Adrian Marsh, “Gypsies, Roma, Travellers: An Animated History,” Open Society Foundations, 2013, http://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/voices/gypsies-­‐roma-­‐
travellers-­‐animated-­‐history. 19 McGarry, “Roma as a Political Identity: Exploring Representations of Roma in Europe.” 20 Fekete, “Europe against the Roma.” p. 60. 21 Ibid. p. 60.
16 for Roma Rights Quarterly in 2007.22 They deem the position and conditions of the Roma to be alarmingly poor despite government initiatives, and assert that there is considerable under-­‐reporting of cases of discrimination against Roma due to a lack of trust in authorities and the normalisation of everyday discrimination. Reports published in 2012 by the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRANET) for both Sweden and Germany note that since ethnicity is not recorded in either country’s census, there is a lack of accurate statistical data specifically relevant to Roma.23 While the FRANET reports cover a wide range of issues, the segments concerning education and active citizenship (including political participation) are of particular interest to this thesis. Information on the education of Roma in the respective countries gives us insight into the accessibility of the written newspaper format as a forum for discussion – a certain level of academic achievement may be required to work as a journalist for a newspaper, and even reading (and thus being able to respond to) articles requires a standard of literacy. Similarly, the level of participation in government and civic life gives us an indication of the political agency exercised by the Roma in each country, and the extent of the ‘official’ representation recognised by the government and thus media outlets. 2.2 Who are the Roma? The term Roma is somewhat misleading as a social or cultural idea, as it covers a geographically diverse and enormously heterogeneous range of people. Heide Castañeda identifies this as deeply problematic for discussion of so-­‐called ‘Roma issues,’ explaining that “many analyses... portray a monolithic ‘Roma culture’ or a singular community exposed to discrimination... ‘Roma’ is in fact an umbrella 22 Lars Lindgren and Heidi Pikkarainen, “Discrimination against Roma in the Swedish Social System,” Roma Rights Quarterly, no. 4 (2007): 23–24. 23 Skaraborg Institute for Research and Development, Sweden FRANET National Focal Point -­‐ Social Thematic Study: The Situation of Roma (Skövde, Sweden, 2012), http://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/situation-­‐of-­‐roma-­‐2012-­‐se.pdf; Claudia Lechner, Germany FRANET National Focal Point -­‐ Social Thematic Study: The Situation of Roma European (Bamberg, Germany, 2012), http://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/situation-­‐of-­‐roma-­‐2012-­‐1-­‐de.pdf.
17 term for many distinct ethnic identities and is fluid, contextual and contested.”24 Adrian Marsh describes the term Roma as encompassing Romanichals in England; Kalé in Wales and Finland; Travellers in Ireland (who are not Roma), Scotland, Sweden, and Norway; Manouche from France; Gitano from Spain; Sinti from Germany, Poland, Austria, and Italy; Ashakli from Kosovo; Egyptians from Albania; Beyash from Croatia; Romanlar from Turkey; Domari from Palestine and Egypt; Lom from Armenia, and many others.25 Furthermore, he notes, their faiths include Catholic Manouche, Mercheros, and Sinti; Muslim Ashkali and Romanlar; Pentecostal Kalderash and Lovari; Protestant Travellers; Anglican Gypsies; and Baptist Roma.26 Even within Sweden and Germany, there is a huge amount of variation within the groups commonly identified as Roma. This complexity presents a serious problem when attempting to examine the Roma as a transnational minority within Europe. Indeed, the unique situations of each national minority group within each national context has provided both researchers and policy makers with something of a quandary – although the Roma as a ‘whole’ are experiencing severe levels of discrimination across the continent, defining the cultural, social or even linguistic parameters of that ‘whole’ seems impossible. McGarry, however, proposes a solution – instead of attempting to confine the definition of ‘Roma’ to cultural or social heritage, the Roma minority can instead be understood as a political identity. This allows for a more fluid and complex understanding of who belongs to the group. McGarry asserts that: ...we can research Roma as an explicitly political project by exploring the relationship between identity, inclusion and policy and can set aside problematic ontological questions. There exists a separation between Roma as a group of diverse individuals and cultures in which self-­‐determination and self-­‐ascription are key on the one hand, and the political identity of Roma which is constructed as more coherent, on the other. These dual processes of identity construction are not 24 Castañeda, “European Mobilities or Poverty Migration?” p. 2. 25 Marsh, “Gypsies, Roma, Travellers: An Animated History.” para. 2. 26 Ibid. para. 3.
18 just reproduced in different political contexts but also involve numerous actors with diverse motives.27 This might be compared to Stuart Hall’s reference to the usage of the term “black” to describe a common experience of racism and marginalisation in Britain, despite the people making up that group having very different histories, traditions and ethnic identities.28 The comparison has its limits, however – both terms are complex, carrying other connotations and usages at a European and international level. McGarry’s framing allows this study to examine the representation of Roma in Sweden and Germany with the understanding that each country has a specific and unique history and relationship with the Roma minority, while also recognising the common discrimination faced by Roma communities in both countries. It does, however, have the drawback of defining the parameters of ‘Roma’ according to the understanding of the majority, rather than the members of the minority themselves. This is a risk and a common pitfall of Roma representation, indicative of the Foucaldian power structures at play within academic, political and media discourse. Richardson argues that the changing portrayal of Roma identities serves the purpose of “keep[ing] identities from fixing long enough for them to be rebutted”.29 I have attempted to address this issue by integrating an interview and discussion with members of the Roma community in Sweden, however as McGarry astutely points out, it is difficult to say that one voice is capable of representing the Roma as a whole.30 2.2 Europe’s Minority While looking at the Roma as a transnational minority group across Europe allows us to identify patterns and common problems regarding discrimination, marginalisation, lack of access to resources and infrastructure, and – as in this 27 McGarry, “Roma as a Political Identity: Exploring Representations of Roma in Europe.” p. 759. 28 Stuart Hall, “New Ethnicities,” in Modern Criticism and Theory, ed. David Lodge and Nigel Wood, Third (Harlow: Pearson Education Ltd, 2008), 581–91. 29 Richardson, “Roma in the News: An Examination of Media and Political Discourse and What Needs to Change.” p. 59. 30 McGarry, “Roma as a Political Identity: Exploring Representations of Roma in Europe.” p. 759.
19 thesis – representation, there are significant issues with framing these problems on a European political level. As McGarry points out, by designating Roma issues as pertaining to a “European minority”, the responsibility for addressing them is passed from state governments to the European Union, Council of Europe or similar transnational bodies.31 This serves to effectively dilute that responsibility, as instead of a national or local government dealing with fairly localised problems directly, a large and notoriously bureaucratic entity is tasked with addressing a hugely complicated and diverse range of problems across the continent. Castañeda elaborates on another aspect of this issue, stating that the Roma are further marginalised by this delegation of responsibility due to the fact that “... their alleged ‘Europeanness’ (and subsequent lack of national belonging) also functions to exclude them symbolically from their own national spaces.”32 This is echoed by McGarry, as he states that rhetoric framing the Roma as European “fuels the image of Roma as not constitutive of the dominant nation and not full citizens of the states in which they reside.”33 Indeed, through McGarry’s explanation we see that the movement to classify and understand the Roma as a European group, which was begun by Roma activists in the 1970s, has in time been used by national governments for their own ends and to the detriment of the Roma populations in those nations. He goes so far as to state that while Roma activists sought new political audiences for their political concerns, state actors instead saw the movement as an opportunity to halt the westward migration of Romani populations during the EU expansion.34 This deliberate shift in the intended meaning and purpose of the movement is key to understanding the importance of Romani actors being able to contribute to discussions regarding their identity and agency at all levels. Moreover, the EU’s ability to act on pan-­‐European Roma issues has been condemned by writers such as Ram, who calls EU efforts “top down and 31 Ibid. p. 767. 32 Castañeda, “European Mobilities or Poverty Migration? Discourses on Roma in Germany.” p. 4. 33 McGarry, “Roma as a Political Identity: Exploring Representations of Roma in Europe.” p. 767. 34 Ibid. p. 766-­‐67. 20 seemingly half-­‐hearted,” with endless numbers of positive proposals and statements and no measurable positive action or results.35 Instead of fostering an interest in actually improving the situation of Roma populations within their respective countries, she argues that Brussels has simply demanded policies from prospective EU members. “The EU provided impetus and funds to candidate countries to demonstrate they were doing something to address the problems Roma faced,” Ram says. “What the EU did not do, however, is substantially change views on the need for minority rights when they were not already present, or erase fundamental prejudices regarding Roma.”36 While the existence of the policies and measures along with agencies dedicated to promoting the causes and concerns of Roma communities is a step in the right direction, without the will to actually change the situation these measures cannot be effective. The East-­‐West divide in Europe plays a significant role in the treatment of Romani peoples and Roma-­‐related issues. Fekete details the extreme violence and prejudice experienced by Roma in the south and east of Europe, both from government and police forces and from communities themselves.37 Ram argues that anti-­‐Roma racism is ingrained all across Europe, and not just in central and eastern states, and posits that the northern and western states have set the tone for the treatment of Roma throughout. “EU Member States from CEE [Central and Eastern Europe] have continually looked to Western Europe for laws and practices on which to base (or justify) their own policies, including restrictive ones,” she argues. “When the EU and other international organisations have criticised their policies or proposals, they have frequently pointed to specific examples of similar policies in older EU Member States."38 Despite the proclaimed liberal, progressive politics of many northern and western states, including Sweden and Germany, the contentious issue of integrating but also catering for the specificities of Romani social and cultural heritage has proven 35 Ram, “Europeanization and the Roma: Spreading the Norms of Inclusion and Exclusion.” p. 3.
36 Ibid. p. 7-­‐8. 37 Fekete, “Europe against the Roma.” 38 Ram, “Europeanization and the Roma: Spreading the Norms of Inclusion and Exclusion.” p. 18. 21 difficult to realise. Fekete explains the political quandary: “Here the view, first promulgated by centre-­‐right but also now by centre-­‐left parties, is that too much diversity, too many claims for cultural differences to be observed and too much liberal leeway harm the core cohesion of society.”39 In posing the Roma as a threat to the integrity of the nation-­‐state, as lazy profiteers compounding the negative effects of the economic crisis, and as permanent outsiders even within their own home countries, Europe has created what is perhaps the greatest proof against the notion that ‘European Ideals’ of inclusiveness, liberal-­‐mindedness and value for human rights have been realised through its various transnational projects. ‘Europe’s minority’ is persistently framed as Europe’s Other, and vastly unequal power structures mean that without a serious shift in wider public perceptions, this is unlikely to change. 2.3 The Roma in Sweden The Roma in Sweden have been recognised as a historical minority, and Romani Chib as a national minority language, since 1999.40 According to a factsheet issued by the Swedish Ministry of Employment in October 2014, “The Roma population in Sweden is heterogeneous and consists of various groups with cultural and linguistic variation such as Kalderash, Lovari, Churani, Kalé, Travellers, Sinti, Arli and Gurbeti. There are an estimated 50,000 Roma in Sweden.”41 The FRANET focal study on Roma in Sweden quotes a report that divides the Roma population in Sweden into five major groups: Swedish Roma, Finnish Roma, non-­‐Nordic Roma, Travellers and “recently arrived Roma who come mainly from the former Yugoslavia.”42 The same report estimates that of these groups, 4000 are Swedish Roma, 4000 are Finnish Roma, 5000 are Roma 39 Fekete, “Europe against the Roma.” p. 66.
40 Lindgren and Pikkarainen, “Discrimination against Roma in the Swedish Social System.” 41 Swedish Ministry of Employment, A Strategy for Roma Inclusion 2012-­‐2032 (Stockholm, 2014), http://www.regeringen.se/contentassets/176ade8198a9418ab33a449833b65f3a/fact-­‐
sheet-­‐a-­‐strategy-­‐for-­‐roma-­‐inclusion-­‐2012-­‐2032. 42 Skaraborg Institute for Research and Development, Sweden FRANET National Focal Point -­‐ Social Thematic Study: The Situation of Roma. p. 7. 22 refugees or non-­‐Nordic Roma who emigrated in the 1970s, 10,000 are newly arrived and around 20-­‐30,000 are Travellers. These various groups have come in successive waves since the Sinti arrived in the mid-­‐1500s, followed by the Swedish Roma in the 19th century, the Finnish Roma in the 1950s and the non-­‐
Scandinavian Roma in stages since the 1960s.43 On the 25th of March 2014, the Minister for Integration, Erik Ullenhag, presented the government’s White Paper investigating the persecution of the Roma during the 20th century in Sweden. This event falls within the time period of this study, and several articles make reference to it before and at the time of publication, and in its aftermath. While the conditions in Sweden may not have reached the heights of the atrocities committed in Germany during World War II, the paper outlines the horrific living conditions, discrimination and registration of Roma by police and authorities, and forced sterilisation of Roma women and removal of children from their families throughout the decades. The report is intended as an acknowledgement and form of apology by the present day government, as part of an effort to close the persistent gap between the living conditions and situation of the Roma and the rest of the Swedish population. With regards to education, the FRANET report found that discrimination, a lack of inclusion of Roma communities and children, and a lack of a studying tradition in many families contributed to a higher rate of dropping out of schooling among Roma children, and that Roma girls in particular often drop out after seventh grade. Of particular concern are the results of a roundtable discussion with Roma children, which revealed that “[they] were rarely contacted by the school when absent from lessons, [their] knowledge... about their rights was low, and [they] often felt ambivalent about their identity.”44 However, there are various initiatives in place to create Roma-­‐specific educational centres or schools at various levels, and efforts to involve Roma teaching assistants and Roma-­‐language classes in mainstream schooling, although the report notes that the latter are often short-­‐lived and underfunded. The FRANET report also attributes poor participation in the educational system 43 Ibid. p. 8.
44 Ibid. p. 12. 23 to a lack of trust in schools and the state, an observation that is echoed by Lindgren and Pikkarainen in their report on the Swedish social system.45 The FRANET focal study also reports high levels of awareness of Roma organisations among the Roma population, but a lack of a centralised or unified voice, especially compared to other minorities in Sweden. The study further places Sweden in an international context in the field of active citizenship and political participation, stating: The report ‘Roma rights – a strategy for Roma in Sweden’.... of the Delegation for Roma Issues from 2010 notes that Sweden is far behind in its international commitments [in the area of political participation and representation]. From a European comparison, Sweden was also found to be far behind many of its Eastern neighbours, both those who have more and those who have fewer Roma among its citizens when compared to Sweden.46 The factsheet issued by the Ministry of Employment also notes the need for a concerted and long-­‐term strategy to improve the situation of Roma in Sweden, with special focus on women and children. The strategy in place from 2012-­‐2032 has the goal that “a Roma person who turns 20 years of age in 2032 is to have the same opportunities in life as a non-­‐Roma,” although, interestingly, there is no mention made in the report of immigrant populations.47 Horsti and Hultén note that “Sweden has the largest migrant population among the Nordic countries... at a European level, Sweden tends to stress human rights perspectives with regard to asylum seekers.”48 This characteristic makes Sweden particularly interesting for this thesis, since we can investigate how this translates to the media representation of the Roma and how that might set a standard for other European countries. Indeed, as Ram points out, in an EU survey in 2008 Sweden was the only country where more than half the 45 Lindgren and Pikkarainen, “Discrimination against Roma in the Swedish Social System.”
46 Skaraborg Institute for Research and Development, Sweden FRANET National Focal Point -­‐ Social Thematic Study: The Situation of Roma. p. 38 47 Swedish Ministry of Employment, A Strategy for Roma Inclusion 2012-­‐2032. 48 Horsti and Hultén, “Directing Diversity: Managing Cultural Diversity Media Policies in Finnish and Swedish Public Service Broadcasting.” p. 211 24 participants (52%) stated that they would be comfortable with having Roma neighbours.49 2.4 The Roma and Sinti in Germany Heide Castañeda notes that the Roma demographic is complex in Germany due to multiple instances of migration and varying degrees of ‘belonging’ and ‘identity’.50 Roma are also recognised as a national minority in Germany, however this protection is intended for Roma and Sinti with German citizenship. Estimates from the Central Council of Sinti and Roma put the number of Roma with German citizenship at 70,000, with 60,000 of those being Sinti.51 That is the most conservative estimate included in the FRANET report – another puts the number of German Roma and Sinti at around 120,000, plus 50,000 refugees and migrants.52 Castañeda describes the Roma demographic in Germany as including the Sinti, Jenisch, Manisch and Zigeuner, who have been living in the country since medieval times. The second wave of Roma were the Gastarbeiter of the 1960s and 70s, similar to the Turkish immigrants of the same period, who were followed by about 50,000 refugees fleeing conflicts in the Balkans and former Yugoslavia during the 1990s. Most recently arrived are those coming from Romania and Bulgaria post-­‐2007, who are experiencing employment issues due to labour market agreements for EU member states. This has subsequently led to issues securing housing and healthcare.53 The history of Sinti and Roma in Germany is indelibly marked and shaped by the Holocaust in the 1930s and 40s, although anti-­‐Roma legislation was in place in Germany before the Nazi party came to power. The systematic persecution, displacement, imprisonment and execution of Roma groups inside 49 Ram, “Europeanization and the Roma: Spreading the Norms of Inclusion and Exclusion.” 50 Castañeda, “European Mobilities or Poverty Migration? Discourses on Roma in Germany.”
51 Lechner, Germany FRANET National Focal Point -­‐ Social Thematic Study: The Situation of Roma European. p. 6. 52 Ibid. 53 Castañeda, “European Mobilities or Poverty Migration? Discourses on Roma in Germany.” 25 and outside of Germany by the Nazi regime has been an often-­‐marginalised aspect of the Holocaust, and estimates of those killed range from 220,000 to 1.5 million.54 A Memorial to the Sinti and Roma Victims of National Socialism was opened in Berlin in October 2012. The German FRANET study reveals serious concerns about the accessibility of both primary and secondary schooling to refugees and migrants. Moreover, a study of German Sinti and Roma of all ages showed that 13% had never attended school, and 44% had not completed primary or secondary education, although those numbers are decreasing with later generations. However, currently “German Sinti and Roma are underrepresented in higher secondary education (Gymnasium, Realschule) and at the same time over-­‐
represented in lower education (Hauptschule, Förderschule) as well as in special needs schools.”55 Like Sweden, there are particularly poor results for Roma girls in terms of attendance. There are a number of regional and national representative organisations for Roma in Germany. The most prominent is the Central Council of German Sinti and Roma, or Zentralrat der Sinti und Roma, which is based in Heidelberg and coordinates other state-­‐ and regional-­‐level organisations. There are various other networks within Germany, some with the purpose of promoting Roma and Sinti as a German national minority, and others to emphasise the transnational Roma community.56 There is reportedly some minimal participation in the lower levels of local administration by Roma men, however a lack of ethnically specific information means that no substantial comment can be made about politicians or those holding executive or judiciary offices.57 Describing the national situation of Roma in Germany is further complicated by the system of federal states, or Länder, each of which holds an enormous amount of legislative power. Many standards and regulations are not 54 Carmelo Lisciotto, “Sinti and Roma -­‐ ‘the Gypsies,’” Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team, 2010, http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/holoprelude/romasinti.html.
55 Lechner, Germany FRANET National Focal Point -­‐ Social Thematic Study: The Situation of Roma European. p. 12. 56 Ibid. 57 Ibid. 26 federally controlled or enforced, but rather differ from state to state, making monitoring especially difficult. Liz Fekete pinpoints the rhetoric in German politics, and state policies of “returning” Roma to Kosovo and Serbia at increasing rates, as evidence of the pervasiveness of the European anti-­‐Roma sentiments.58 It is particularly interesting to note that most German legislation and institutions are careful to use the phrasing “Sinti and Roma” when referring to the national ethnic minority group, which reflects at least a certain amount of awareness that the Roma in Germany are not simply one homogenous group. This is also reflected in the media discourse, although Melanie Ram asserts that the German media have perpetuated anti-­‐Roma prejudices.59 2.5 Context Literature Review II -­‐ The Media and Public Perceptions Media analysis is a relatively broad field of study, with a wide range of methodological approaches and techniques. My selection and discussion of the literature below seeks to justify the importance of media analysis in understanding minority rights and representation in society. This will, naturally, expand to a more theoretically grounded position in the Analysis chapter, however I wish at this juncture to create a specific focus on the importance of media in influencing public perceptions. Dan Caspi and Nelly Elias, of the Ben-­‐Gurion University of the Negev in Israel, explore the distinction between media produced about an ethnic minority and media produced from that minority’s initiative and with their control.60 They emphasise the importance of such media for both maintaining the identity of the minority and for navigating within the majority population. Moreover, such media outlets are faced with the task of “challenging the minority stereotyped representation prevailing in the majority media and providing a compensative means of expression for groups whose image the mainstream media tend to 58 Fekete, “Europe against the Roma.” 59 Ram, “Europeanization and the Roma: Spreading the Norms of Inclusion and Exclusion.” p. 21.
60 Dan Caspi and Nelly Elias, “Don’t Patronize Me: Media-­‐by and Media-­‐for Minorities,” Ethnic and Racial Studies 34, no. 1 (2011): 62–82, doi:10.1080/01419871003743413. 27 ignore.”61 While my study does not cover content from minority media outlets, Caspi and Elias touch upon the issues of power, autonomy and gatekeeping in the media industry, which is highly relevant to the analysis and discussion of my data. The culture and media studies textbook Ethnic Minorities and the Media, edited by Simon Cottle, provides an array of fascinating perspectives on media representation by some of the foremost researchers in the field. The two sections of particular interest are Simon Cottle’s “Introduction – Media Research and Ethnic Minorities: Mapping the Field” and Charles Husband’s afterword “Media and the Public Sphere in Multi-­‐Ethnic Societies”.62 In his introduction, Cottle discusses the multi-­‐layered and dynamic complexities of the factors that contribute to ethnic minority representation in mainstream media, emphasising the interdependence of each area of research on the others. He states that definitions of the included and the excluded in society are built and reinforced within media discourse. “At the same time, however,” Cottle reasons, “the media can also serve to affirm social and cultural diversity and, moreover, provide crucial spaces in and through which imposed identities or the interests of others can be resisted, challenged and changed.”63 Cottle’s writing forms a key section of my theoretical approach, and will be discussed further in Chapter 4 in the theoretical literature review. Charles Husband, meanwhile, discusses the “right to communicate” – that is, the right to participate in public discourse. In addition to this, he proposes that minority groups also have a “right to be understood”, in which there is a “duty to seek comprehension of the other.”64 Husband advocates for the burden of responsibility to be on the state to implement measures so as to make this viable, while acknowledging the utopian quality of such a goal. 61 Ibid. p. 63 Simon Cottle, “Introduction: Media Research and Ethnic Minorities: Mapping the Field,” in Ethnic Minorities and the Media: Changing Cultural Boundaries, ed. Simon Cottle (Berkshire, UK: Open University Press, 2000), 1–30; Charles Husband, “Media and the Public Sphere in Multi-­‐Ethnic Societies,” in Ethnic Minorities and the Media: Changing Cultural Boundaries, ed. Simon Cottle (Berkshire, UK: Open University Press, 2000), 199–214. 63 Cottle, “Introduction: Media Research and Ethnic Minorities: Mapping the Field.” p. 2. 64 Husband, “Media and the Public Sphere in Multi-­‐Ethnic Societies.” p. 209 62 28 Florian Arendt, of the University of Vienna, uses principles of cultivation theory to test the effect of newspaper articles from Austrian paper Krone on the attitudes of a sample of 453 students.65 Cultivation theory arose from findings that more exposure to certain ideas or stereotypes on TV led to a higher chance of an altered perception of reality in line with those ideas or stereotypes. While I am not necessarily applying the principles of cultivation theory to my own work, the study serves as an example of the powerful effect of media narratives upon attitudes. Arendt also proposes an additional dimension to the currently established dependent variables – first-­‐order cultivation and second-­‐order cultivation – namely “implicit cultivation”. The central nature of media analysis to a larger examination of discourse and public participation is evident in each of these texts. As Husband states, “With the increasing social complexity and mobility that characterises late-­‐
twentieth-­‐century societies the mass media have been perceived as having an increasingly central role in facilitating dialogue among citizens.”66 This social dialogue has more significant implications than a simple discussion. Nordberg identifies the media as being crucial to the framing of citizenship identity, and asserts that “the very function of the media has always been to create shared narratives and a shared history which promotes shared values.”67 This is a much more optimistic view than the one proffered by Richardson, who describes negative discourse as a “hegemonic cacophony which can control the ‘other’.”68 2.6 Profile of newspapers 2.6.1 Swedish Newspapers Dagens Nyheter is a daily newspaper established in 1864, and publishes its editorial under the heading “Oberoende Liberal”, or independent liberal. Based in Stockholm, along with the other Swedish newspapers in this study, it has the 65 Florian Arendt, “Cultivation Effects of a Newspaper on Reality Estimates and Explicit and Implicit Attitudes,” Journal of Media Psychology 22, no. 4 (2010): 147–59, doi:10.1027/1864-­‐1105/a000020.
66 Husband, “Media and the Public Sphere in Multi-­‐Ethnic Societies.” p. 201. 67 Nordberg, “Beyond Representation: Newspapers and Citizenship Participation in the Case of a Minority Ethnic Group.” p. 88. 68 Richardson, “Roma in the News: An Examination of Media and Political Discourse and What Needs to Change.” p. 53. 29 widest circulation of any paper in the country with around 758,000 copies sold daily in 2013.69 Dagens Nyheter journalist Niklas Orrenius broke the story of the Skåne police’s Roma register on the 23rd of September 2013, and consequently the newspaper had by far the most extensive coverage on a story that received widespread media and political attention throughout Sweden. Aftonbladet, a daily tabloid paper established in 1830, has a somewhat smaller distribution of physical newspapers than Dagens Nyheter with a circulation of 318,100 daily in 2014.70 However its online presence is significantly more substantial than Dagens Nyheter’s 1.5 million unique visitors every week; Aftonbladet’s total daily reach including Internet visits is 3,183,000.71 Like DN, Aftonbladet has a left-­‐leaning political stance, describing itself as independent social-­‐democratic. Svenska Dagbladet, established in 1884, also publishes daily. Its politics are more closely aligned with the country’s conservative parties, and it describes its editorial position as Independent Moderate. It has the smallest circulation of all the newspapers in this study, with 158,000 copies sold daily in 2014, however it remains one of the more influential newspapers in Sweden.72 Its web presence, SvD.se, also reaches about 1 million “readers across channels per day”.73 2.6.2 German Newspapers Süddeutsche Zeitung has been operating since the end of the Second World War in 1945 and is based in Munich. It publishes a daily edition from Monday to Saturday, with a weekend edition on Sundays. Like Dagens Nyheter, Süddeutsche Zeitung has a left-­‐leaning political stance, though it should be noted that the political spectrum in Germany is weighted considerably further to the 69 Dagens Nyheter AB, “Om Dagens Nyheter -­‐ Kort Fakta,” DN.se, accessed July 9, 2015, http://info.dn.se/info/om-­‐oss/korta-­‐fakta/. 70 PwC, “Aftonbladet April 2014,” PwC:s Medieintyg, 2014, http://www.pwc.se/sv/media/assets/pwcs-­‐medieintyg-­‐april-­‐14-­‐aftonbladet.pdf.
71 Dagens Nyheter AB, “Om Dagens Nyheter -­‐ Kort Fakta”; PwC, “Aftonbladet April 2014.” 72 Tidningsstatistik AB, “Snabbfakta: Svenska Dagbladet,” TS Mediafakta, accessed July 9, 2015, http://ts.se/mediefakta-­‐upplagor/snabbfakta?mc=001848. 73 “SvD in Brief -­‐ SvD Kundservice,” Svenska Dagbladet (SvD.se), accessed July 12, 2015, https://kundservice.svd.se/Ovrigt/Om-­‐SvD/SvD-­‐in-­‐brief/. 30 conservative right than in Sweden. As of the beginning of the time period of this study, the first quarter of 2013, Süddeutsche Zeitung had a daily circulation of 503,105.74 Its online site, Süddeutsche.de, had 45,244,942 daily visitors in January 2013, 14.52% of whom were outside of Germany.75 BILD, also known as Bild or Bild-­‐Zeitung, is a tabloid daily newspaper, and has the highest circulation of any newspaper in Germany at 3,324,776 daily from Monday to Saturday in the first quarter of 2013.76 Based in Berlin, Bild was founded in 1952 and has a strongly populist right-­‐wing editorial style. In addition to its physical circulation, the website Bild.de received an astounding 259,032,901 visits daily in January 2013, of which 12.12% were international.77 Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung is renowned both within and outside of Germany, and was established in 1949 in Frankfurt. It also publishes a daily newspaper Monday to Saturday, and its circulation was 411,545 in the first quarter of 2013.78 Its online presence, FAZ.net, receives fewer visitors than either of the other German papers in this study, with 28,616,252 in January 2013, although it had the highest percentage of international visitors at 19.22%.79 FAZ is politically aligned with the centre right and is liberal-­‐conservative. Conclusion This chapter has examined the systematic discrimination against Roma peoples in Europe, and specifically Germany and Sweden, in recent history. Both countries have conducted extensive internal research on the situation of Roma within their borders. Although both countries hold leadership positions in Europe in the fields of human rights and protection of minorities, they are 74 IVW, “Quartalsauflagen | Informationsgemeinschaft Zur Feststellung Der Verbreitung von Werbeträgern e.V.,” Informationsgemeinschaft Zur Feststellung Der Verbreitung von Werbeträgern e.V., accessed July 8, 2015, http://www.ivw.eu/aw/print/qa. 75 IVW, “IVW Ausweisung Digital-­‐Angebote,” Informationsgemeinschaft Zur Feststellung Der Verbreitung von Werbeträgern e.V., accessed July 8, 2015, http://ausweisung.ivw-­‐
online.de/.
76 IVW, “Quartalsauflagen | Informationsgemeinschaft Zur Feststellung Der Verbreitung von Werbeträgern e.V.” 77 IVW, “IVW Ausweisung Digital-­‐Angebote.” 78 IVW, “Quartalsauflagen | Informationsgemeinschaft Zur Feststellung Der Verbreitung von Werbeträgern e.V.” 79 IVW, “IVW Ausweisung Digital-­‐Angebote.”
31 struggling to close the gap between the opportunities and living situations afforded to the majority population, and those that are afforded to the Roma. The review and discussion of literature regarding the importance of the media in forming public perceptions has demonstrated the relevance of examining newspaper articles in an effort to analyse the representation of minorities. The specific methods used to do so in this study will be presented in the next chapter. 32 3 Fieldwork ... the role of the media in relation to citizenship is to serve as an arena for negotiation and contestation. Not only elite actors but also ordinary citizens can participate through letters to the editor and interviews. The potential diversity of voices turns the daily press into a powerful arena for empirical analysis of citizenship agency.80 In this chapter I present the results of my original research. The chapter begins with a description of my methodology, and continues with an overview of two interviews I conducted in preparation for the thesis. This is followed by the results of the research, divided into sections according to country. The chapter concludes with a presentation of the rates of representation according to the political leanings of the newspapers in a transnational analysis. 3.1 Methodology The key focus of my research is the presence and frequency of Roma voices within mainstream media discourse, including an investigation of the nature of those voices and the breadth of diversity they represent. I analyse these findings and compare the practices of each country, as well as the tendencies within the political alignments of newspapers in both countries. This study is not a comparative case study of the level of representation of different minorities within media discourse. I do not seek to hold the case of Roma participation in mainstream newspapers up to a benchmark that may be set by women, or Muslims, or other ethnic minorities. Such a comparison is beyond the scope of this work, which instead examines the unique and specific circumstances of the Roma in Europe. My thesis begins with the premise that the Roma should be able to participate in public discussions and representations of themselves, and examines to what extent they are able to do so in major national Swedish and German newspapers. Nordberg, “Beyond Representation: Newspapers and Citizenship Participation in the Case of a Minority Ethnic Group” p. 88.
80
33 To do this, I selected three major national newspapers to examine from both Germany and Sweden. Newspapers still represent the most easily analysed and accessible forms of mass media for research of this kind, as archives are generally thorough and easily translated. The choice to examine written media rather than video (television), audio (radio) or visual (photojournalism) came from a desire for simplicity in analysis of the texts – to analyse other forms of media requires additional dimensions to the interpretation of the texts, including extensive theory from the field of visual communication. It is far simpler to compare written texts from a theoretical standpoint as they can be easily set beside a vast historical cache of similarly formatted media. This push for simplicity comes partially from the fact that I wish to examine the stories in their least complex format – although written language is, of course, no simple matter – due to the lack of research thus far in the field of Roma participation in mainstream media. There is immense potential for expansion in the future. In selecting the newspapers for my study, I aimed to cover a relatively diverse range of political stances and formats. As noted in section 2.6, all of the newspapers I reviewed publish daily. I have endeavoured to include a politically equivalent paper in each country. Independent-­‐liberal Dagens Nyheter is therefore the approximate comparison paper for Süddeutsche Zeitung, and conservative Svenska Dagbladet for Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. Aftonbladet and Bild are the exceptions, because while each is the most popular tabloid paper in its respective country, the political leanings of their social and cultural segments are very different. This gives my study a more or less even distribution across the political scale when considered as a whole, while maintaining local character and idiosyncrasy. I decided to cover the time period from the 1st of January 2013 to the 31st of December 2014. As well as giving us the most up-­‐to-­‐date picture of the state of Roma representation in newspapers, this time period includes the Skåne police register scandal, a very significant news event regarding Roma in Sweden. While this means that the period I am examining will not be indicative of the typical state of representation in Sweden, it is an interesting case study to set against the less dramatic two-­‐year period in Germany. A span of two years also allows 34 for a substantial set of data to be collected, while also being short enough that the data can be analysed in some detail. My methods comprised of three rounds of coding – firstly to determine the relevance of a particular article to my study, secondly to determine the presence of a Roma voice in the article, and thirdly to determine what kind of Roma voices were present. This quantitative approach to the research is in line with the exploratory nature of the study. Gathering data from the respective countries necessitated slightly varied methods and sources. For the Swedish newspapers, I used Mediearkivet through Uppsala Universitetsbibliotek,81 a database run by Retriever Research containing an extensive archive of print news media from Sweden.82 Using the database’s search engine, I analysed results for the term “romer” – Swedish for the plural form of “Roma”, and unambiguous in its associations – between the 1st of January 2013 and the 31st of December 2014. This returned 477 articles from Dagens Nyheter, 261 articles from Aftonbladet and 260 articles from Svenska Dagbladet. I then coded each article to determine its relevance to my study by answering the following questions with Yes/No categories. •
Is the article primarily about Roma, or Roma-­‐related issues? •
Would it be reasonable to expect the inclusion of a Roma spokesperson or individual in this article? •
Does the article contribute substantially to the image of Roma constructed in the media discourse? Each article had to elicit a “yes” to at least one of these questions for inclusion in the study, while relevance was increased with additional “yes” responses. This process eliminated a number of irrelevant texts, such as “wrap up” articles summarising recent events, articles regarding the conflict in Ukraine that mentioned Roma only in factoids or overviews, and articles referring to the 81 Uppsala University Library, “Newspapers and Magazines” (Uppsala University, Sweden), accessed March 1, 2015, http://www.ub.uu.se/samlingar/dagstidningar/?languageId=1. 82 “News Archive,” Retriever, accessed March 31, 2015, http://www.retriever-­‐
info.com/en/category/news-­‐archive/. 35 Skåne register only in passing, or were exclusively about the legal procedures surrounding the Skåne register and not about the Roma themselves. In this way, I followed a similar filtering process to that of Nordberg’s study.83 Arguably the distinctions between articles that could and could not reasonably be expected to contain a Roma voice are deeply subjective. I included a number of articles that might not be expected to include a Roma voice (such as letters to the editor, which would not contain more than the writer’s voice) but which nevertheless contributed to a narrative or overall picture of Roma, and this again was dependent on what I considered to be “contributing substantially”. However in order to analyse a sample of articles which are truly representative of the issues of voice in discourse, I determined that a certain amount of subjective filtering must take place. The criteria for whether an article about Roma could be expected to include a Roma voice included the presence of non-­‐Roma voice/s, the length of the article, whether Roma were the primary focus of the article and whether an opinion was stated about Roma. I constructed a spreadsheet for collecting the data, in which I entered information for each article under the following headings:84 •
Newspaper •
Date •
Title •
Author •
Presence of Roma voice (Y/N) •
Section of newspaper •
Notes •
Voice/s (including the names of those quoted, or an indication that the person quoted was anonymous) This allowed me to more easily process the data, and examine trends in frequency regarding certain issues and news stories. 83 Nordberg, “Beyond Representation: Newspapers and Citizenship Participation in the Case of a Minority Ethnic Group.” p. 90. 84 See Appendix II
36 As there is no German equivalent to Mediearkivet, I was obliged to rely on the individual websites of each of the German papers, and to use the search functions they provided to generate the population. Due to the fact that the search engines used by those websites also returned articles containing the word “Rom” when searching for “Roma”, I was obliged to manually filter out a number of articles relating to sport, religion and travel. This meant that I could not accurately gauge an initial unfiltered sample size as I did with the Swedish newspapers, and could rely only on the filtered sample. The different editorial decisions around what is published in online news versus what is published in the printed newspaper also meant that certain types of articles, such as smaller opinion pieces, follow-­‐ups and letters to the editor that are present in the Swedish sample, do not appear in the German sample. This in part accounts for the much smaller number of articles from Germany. After an initial reading of the articles I decided to create an additional heading for the tables of German newspaper articles, indicating whether or not the Sinti were mentioned in the article.85 The terms “Sinti und Roma” or “Roma und Sinti” are quite common when discussing the population of Roma who have been in Germany since the early 20th century or before, and reflect an acknowledgement – albeit a slight one – of the heterogeneity of the Roma groups. In the second round of coding – determining the presence of a Roma voice in each article – I encountered some difficulty in determining which voices should be considered Roma, and which should not. Although the speakers are frequently signposted as Roma in human interest stories about immigrants or the history of Roma, articles about begging, and major news events such as the Skåne register scandal or the case of Maria, a girl in a Greek Roma camp, are more ambiguous. In cases where I was uncertain, particularly with a person who sounded like a well-­‐known figure, I would perform a perfunctory Google search to triangulate and compensate for my possible lack of ‘assumed knowledge’ that a German or Swedish reader might have. In the end I had to rely on a few key assumptions, such as that someone who was acting in the capacity of a representative for a Roma-­‐focused organisation was probably Roma. The matter 85 See Appendix III 37 is further complicated by the pervasive use of euphemisms to refer to Roma, particularly “poverty migrants” or “economic refugees” from Bulgaria and Romania. It is also worth considering that a voice from someone who may be Roma, but does not identify as such or is not designated as such, does not substantially contribute to a Romani perspective within the media discourse on Roma. I resolved these complications by calculating a margin of error in my study – I was uncertain about 12 articles, or 1.7% of the total 706 articles in this study.86 Having gathered my data set, I went back through the names in my “Voice/s” column and sought to establish some groupings for the types of voices included. After some review, I settled on the following list for my third round of coding: •
Anonymous (or only the first name) •
Human interest stories (which provided in-­‐depth stories about a person or group of people) •
Authority voices •
Non-­‐Swedish/non-­‐German •
Skåne victims (in Sweden only) •
Sinti (in Germany only) •
Other Unsurprisingly, a number of voices fit into more than one category – for example, there were a number of non-­‐Swedish authority voices, and the ‘human interest’ stories were often about Roma in other countries.87 I have used these categories to help determine the variety of voices in each newspaper’s articles, and in each country as a whole. In his writing on media in multi-­‐ethnic societies, Charles Husband argues that media studies must branch out beyond descriptive methodology, moving from a reactive to a proactive stance – what the media should do. “Instead of examining data and ‘facts’ about what the media have done, in which our own 86 See Appendix IV 87 See Appendix V 38 values and preference can be quietly implicit in our confident analysis, here we must deliberately make explicit our political stance as individuals in a particular society.”88 In my methodology, I am attempting to find a point between descriptive analysis and a proactive stance, by interrogating power structures and proposing better practices for media outlets. This is achieved in part through the integration of Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s speech on “The Danger of a Single Story” – a speech that takes a very definite stance on the importance of inclusive, diverse representation – in my Analysis, as is explained in Chapter 4. 3.2 Interviews Given my personal context as non-­‐Roma and non-­‐European, I believed it was important to conduct interviews with members of the Roma community to help inform my research. This allowed me to hear an internal perspective of the problems faced by Roma in Sweden, and to triangulate my empirical results with the actual experiences of Roma people. While the interviews are not part of the core data of this study, they are integral to the analysis of the data. I set out to interview subjects who worked within the media, in order to gain the most relevant information for my study. I chose to conduct semi-­‐structured interviews that would allow the subjects to introduce and expand upon topics I might not know about, while still addressing the core question of my thesis. 3.2.1 Fred Taikon I reached out to Fred Taikon, the editor of the Roma journal É Romani Glinda in early March 2015, and after some correspondence I set up an appointment to interview him on the 19th of May at the journal’s office. É Romani Glinda is an organisation that spreads far beyond the publication of the journal, although that is its most well known activity. The organisation also provides consultation to government offices, conducts educational programs in schools, and acts as a point of reference and a hub of knowledge about the Roma in Sweden. I went to the office with some broad questions written down to prompt discussion, however the primary purpose of speaking with Mr Taikon was to gain a Roma perspective on my research and on the issues I was dealing with. As 88 Husband, “Media and the Public Sphere in Multi-­‐Ethnic Societies.” p. 200. 39 such, I felt the best way to conduct the interview was to allow him to direct the discussion to the issues he felt were most important. Bengt O Björklund, an editor for the magazine, was also present during the interview, and often helped with translation and supplementary information. I have included an abridged transcription of my interview with Fred Taikon as Appendix I, and his insights have informed a significant portion of my Analysis. As my research is investigating the absence of Roma voices from public discourse, my thesis would be markedly incomplete without the inclusion of his experiences and observations. 3.2.2 Radio Romano I also met with the journalists at Radio Romano, the Romani Chib-­‐language section of Sweden’s national radio broadcaster, later in the day on the 19th of May. When I arrived at the office, the producer Luise Steinberger pointed out to me that Radio Romano falls under the management of Radio Sweden, Sveriges Radio’s international arm, rather than the national radio as does the programming for the other four national minority languages in Sweden: Finnish, Sami, Meänkieli and Yiddish. I had organised the meeting in order to gauge the possibility of conducting interviews with one or more of the journalists working there, since I was looking for interview subjects working within the media. The journalists asked me extensive questions about my methods and research, and were particularly interested in establishing the breadth of my knowledge as regards the diversity of the Roma population in Sweden. The main points I drew from my hour-­‐long discussion with the group was that the need for Roma voices within mainstream media is extremely important, and that the misrepresentation of Roma in media discourse had bred a sense of antipathy and distrust towards media structures. Although they told me that they themselves could not spare the time for an interview, the journalists at Radio Romano were very helpful in brainstorming other potential interviewee candidates, and particularly in ensuring that I had names from a range of different sub-­‐groups within the Swedish Roma community, such as Finnish Roma. They expressed somewhat 40 cautious interest in the results of my work, and stated several times the importance of including Roma voices, experiences, and opinions within my research. Due to the constraints of this thesis, both in terms of time and scale, I decided not to pursue more interviews; especially since none of the suggested interview subjects were especially involved in the media. Despite this decision, I regret that I was not able to include a wider range of voices and opinions. My experiences, however, are somewhat telling when one considers the journalistic practices of newspaper writers, who may come up against similar obstacles in their own research. As a student in a Masters programme, I have a responsibility for academic integrity, diligent research and thoughtful reflection upon these issues, despite the fact that my writing is intended for a relatively small audience. Journalists for major national newspapers, however, arguably have a more serious responsibility to accurately represent a diverse range of voices, and to provide a forum for those concerned to state their opinions and relate their experiences. It seems reasonable to conclude that the severe under-­‐ and misrepresentation of Roma both in the media and in academia, both historically and in the present, have contributed to the reluctance of those journalists to speak with me. 3.3 Results – Sweden 3.3.1 Major news stories On 23rd September 2013, Dagens Nyheter journalist Niklas Orrenius broke the story that the police in the district of Skåne kept a register titled “Kringresande”, in which a large number of Roma families and individuals were listed, many of whom had never been convicted of a crime. The register included the names of over a thousand children, and many people who were deceased. The processing of personal information based on ethnicity or race is illegal in Sweden, and many commentators – both Roma and non-­‐Roma – saw the register as a return to the days when Romani peoples in Sweden were tracked and registered for the purposes of racial discrimination and persecution. As the story broke, a number 41 of accounts of antiziganism and racism in Sweden’s police force were discussed, along with the tracking of Roma peoples during the spread of fascism in 1930s Europe. Though Dagens Nyheter covered the story most extensively by virtue of its access to exclusive information, all three Swedish newspapers provided coverage of the Skåne register and the subsequent inquiry by the Swedish Commission on Security and Integrity Protection (SIN). The Skåne register scandal is perhaps the most significant news event involving Roma in Sweden in many years, and thus received a large amount of attention. It accounts for a considerable number of the articles in this study. There were several other major news stories involving Roma over the course of the two-­‐year period. There is an on-­‐going discussion in Swedish media and politics around begging, charity, poverty, and the possibility of a ban on begging, and a number of articles on the subject were published at various points. A more time-­‐specific news story focused on the Romanian and Bulgarian residents of a “shanty town” in Högdalen in the south of Stockholm, where several evictions took place in April and August of 2013, and February and September of 2014, culminating in a fire which claimed the life of a Roma man. A smaller number of news stories focused on the achievements of Roma within Sweden. Soraya Post, a member of the political party Feminist Initiative, became the first Swedish Roma elected to the EU Parliament in May 2014. Post’s role as a politician and influential member of the Roma community means that she is a prevalent voice throughout the two-­‐year period in a number of news stories. The leader of the Young Roma group, Emir Selimi, received the Raoul Wallenberg prize for awareness-­‐raising activities among children and young people in August 2014. Several European stories also received attention from Sweden’s newspapers. The Slovakian town of Košice was widely criticised in August 2013 for its wall that separates the Roma population from the rest of the town. Notably, Süddeutsche Zeitung in Germany also covered the story in May and October of 2013. The August 2013 convictions of three men for the murder of six 42 Roma in Hungary in 2009 featured in articles in all three Swedish papers. The case of the blonde girl, Maria, found in a Roma camp in Greece was also discussed in October 2013. Dagens Nyheter published an article on the deportation of Leonarda Dibrani from France in October 2013, a story that received extensive coverage in Germany. Finally, the 70th anniversary of the massacre of around 3000 Roma in Auschwitz-­‐Birkenau was commemorated in August 2014. 3.3.2 Dagens Nyheter After the filtering process, the sample of articles from Dagens Nyheter was reduced from 477 articles to 215. Of those 215 articles, 70 included a Roma voice or voices, or 32.56% of the articles. Figure 1 shows the number of articles in the sample each month, along with the number of those that included a Roma voice or voices. Figure 1 demonstrates the sharp spike in articles in September 2013 due to the Skåne register scandal, and also shows how the number of articles relating to the Roma is higher in the period following the scandal and its aftermath than in the period before. Figure 1 also shows that the number of articles that include Roma voices spiked in March and May of 2014 – the latter, as explained in the subsection 3.3.1, was during the period in which Soraya Post was elected to the EU Parliament, and the former represents Integration Minister Erik Ullenhag’s presentation of the White Paper, as mentioned in Section 2.3 of this thesis. The Dagens Nyheter sample is almost twice as large as that of any of the other newspapers in this study. In total, the articles over the two-­‐year period contained 57 separate named Roma voices, with an additional 14 anonymous or anonymised voices, such as those with the name changed or only a first name provided. Of those 57 voices, 16 were “authority voices” such as representatives of government or advocacy organisations, politicians, lawyers, and experts – 12 Swedish and four non-­‐Swedish. 20 of the voices were victims of the Skåne register, although there was some overlap between the authority voices and those of the Skåne register victims, so that only 15 of those voices were solely associated with the register. There were 12 voices within the ‘human interest’ 43 articles, all of which were non-­‐Swedish. Two of the articles in Dagens Nyheter were actually written by Roma authors, Hans Caldaras and Rosa Taikon. 39 36 33 30 27 24 21 18 15 12 9 6 Dec-­‐14 Nov-­‐14 Oct-­‐14 Sep-­‐14 Aug-­‐14 Jul-­‐14 Jun-­‐14 May-­‐14 Apr-­‐14 Mar-­‐14 Feb-­‐14 Jan-­‐14 Dec-­‐13 Nov-­‐13 Oct-­‐13 Sep-­‐13 Aug-­‐13 Jul-­‐13 Jun-­‐13 May-­‐13 Apr-­‐13 Mar-­‐13 Feb-­‐13 0 Jan-­‐13 3 Dagens Nyheter articles about Roma Dagens Nyheter articles including Roma voice Figure 1 – Dagens Nyheter articles 3.3.3 Aftonbladet After the filtering process, the sample of articles from Aftonbladet was reduced from 261 articles to 101. Of those 101 articles, 39 included a Roma voice or voices, or 38.61% of the articles. Figure 2 shows the number of articles in the sample each month, along with the number of those that included a Roma voice 44 or voices. Figure 2 shows a similar pattern to Figure 1 in its spikes of higher rates of articles, just in much smaller numbers. The Aftonbladet sample contained 28 separate named voices, with 14 additional anonymous or anonymised voices. Of those 28 voices, 11 were “authority voices” – nine Swedish and two non-­‐Swedish. Five voices were identified solely as Skåne register victims. There were two ‘human interest’ voices, both of which were non-­‐Swedish. Four articles in the Aftonbladet sample were written by Roma authors – one each by Dezideriu Gergely and Soraya Post, an article written with other national minority representatives by Hans Caldaras, and a collaborative article by Domino Kai, Mirelle Gyllenbäck, Rosita Grönfors, and Ingrid Blomerus. 18 15 12 9 6 Dec-­‐14 Nov-­‐14 Oct-­‐14 Sep-­‐14 Aug-­‐14 Jul-­‐14 Jun-­‐14 May-­‐14 Apr-­‐14 Mar-­‐14 Feb-­‐14 Jan-­‐14 Dec-­‐13 Nov-­‐13 Oct-­‐13 Sep-­‐13 Aug-­‐13 Jul-­‐13 Jun-­‐13 May-­‐13 Apr-­‐13 Mar-­‐13 Feb-­‐13 0 Jan-­‐13 3 Aftonbladet articles about Roma Aftonbladet articles including Roma voice Figure 2 – Aftonbladet articles 3.3.4 Svenska Dagbladet After the filtering process, the sample of articles from Svenska Dagbladet was reduced from 260 articles to 91. Of those 91 articles, 23 included a Roma voice or voices, or 25.27% of the articles. Figure 3 shows the number of articles in the sample each month, along with the number of those that included a Roma voice or voices. Unlike Figures 1 and 2, Figure 3 does not have the same spike pattern 45 during 2014, and instead has just the one spike corresponding with the Skåne register story. 18 15 12 9 6 Dec-­‐14 Nov-­‐14 Oct-­‐14 Sep-­‐14 Aug-­‐14 Jul-­‐14 Jun-­‐14 May-­‐14 Apr-­‐14 Mar-­‐14 Feb-­‐14 Jan-­‐14 Dec-­‐13 Nov-­‐13 Oct-­‐13 Sep-­‐13 Aug-­‐13 Jul-­‐13 Jun-­‐13 May-­‐13 Apr-­‐13 Mar-­‐13 Feb-­‐13 0 Jan-­‐13 3 Svenska Dagbladet articles about Roma Svenska Dagbladet articles including Roma voice Figure 3 – Svenska Dagbladet articles The Svenska Dagbladet sample contained 22 named voices, with 2 additional anonymous or anonymised voices. Of those 22 voices, 12 were “authority voices” – eight Swedish and four non-­‐Swedish. Two voices were identified solely as Skåne register victims. There were no ‘human interest’ voices in the Svenska Dagbladet sample. Three of the articles in the Svenska Dagbladet sample were written entirely or partially by Roma authors – Hans Caldaras wrote one article and collaborated on another, and Soraya Post collaborated with another author. 3.3.5 All Swedish newspapers The total percentage of articles in the Swedish sample that included a Roma voice or voices was 32.43%. Figure 4 shows the time period of this study divided into three eight-­‐month periods, which roughly correspond to before the Skåne register scandal, the scandal itself and the aftermath, and post-­‐scandal coverage. 46 133 Dagens Nyheter articles about Roma Dagens Nyheter articles including Roma voice Aftonbladet articles about Roma Aftonbladet articles including Roma voice Svenska Dagbladet articles about Roma Svenska Dagbladet articles including Roma voice 58 33 49 47 40 32 29 14 14 7 19 12 11 16 13 2 10 Jan 2013 -­‐ Aug 2013 Sep 2013 -­‐ Apr 2014 May 2014 -­‐ Dec 2014 Figure 4 – All Swedish newspaper articles This figure demonstrates that although the post-­‐scandal period contained a higher number of articles about Roma than the pre-­‐scandal period, the percentage of those articles that contained Roma voices remained about the same during both periods. 3.4 Results – Germany 3.4.1 Major news stories Unlike in Sweden, there was no singular story about the Roma that stood out at a specific time in Germany during 2013 and 2014. There is a noticeable spike in the number of articles in October 2013, however, and this can primarily be attributed to the stories of Maria, the blonde child found in the Greek Roma camp, and Leonarda Dibrani, a 15 year old student living in France who was taken from a school excursion to be deported with her family to Kosovo, sparking outrage and protests across France. Dagens Nyheter in Sweden also picked up the story of Leonarda’s deportation. Domestic media discussions about the Roma include a persistent debate around the issue of “poverty migrants” or “economic refugees” from Romania and Bulgaria, similar to those discussions in the Swedish press. While begging, which receives an enormous amount of attention in Sweden, is relatively 47 unmentioned, the living conditions and concentration of immigrant populations in areas such as Duisberg and Dortmund are the source of fierce debate. All three German newspapers covered the topic repeatedly over the course of the two years. Other national news stories focused on the changing or banning of the name “Zigeunersauce” or “gypsy sauce” from the menus of cafeterias in public buildings in August and October of 2013. The Bosnian film An Episode in the Life of an Iron Picker, centred on the story of a Bosnian Roma man and his family, won the Grand Jury Prix and Silver Bear for Best Actor at the Berlin International Film Festival in February 2013. The murder of an 8-­‐year-­‐old Sinto boy named Armani in Freiburg received coverage in both Bild and FAZ in July 2014. The declaration of Serbia, Macedonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina as “safe” countries of origin for refugee applicants prompted extensive political discussion in September 2014. As in Sweden, all three German newspapers also covered the conviction of the Hungarian men in August 2013 for the murders of six Roma, including a five-­‐
year-­‐old child. Süddeutsche Zeitung published two articles on the wall separating Roma in Košice, Slovakia, and Bild also commemorated the 70th anniversary of the massacre of Roma and Sinti in Auschwitz. 3.4.2 Süddeutsche Zeitung The Süddeutsche Zeitung sample contained 101 articles, of which 29 included a Roma voice or voices, or 28.71%. Figure 5 shows that there was a significant spike in the number of articles published in October 2013, as discussed in subsection 3.4.1. There is also a large spike in the number of articles containing Roma voices during this month, which can be attributed to the many quotes from Leonarda Dibrani about her deportation and defiant response to Jacques Hollande, and to quotes from both the biological and foster parents in the Maria case in Greece. 48 21 18 15 12 9 6 Dec-­‐14 Nov-­‐14 Oct-­‐14 Sep-­‐14 Aug-­‐14 Jul-­‐14 Jun-­‐14 May-­‐14 Apr-­‐14 Mar-­‐14 Feb-­‐14 Jan-­‐14 Dec-­‐13 Nov-­‐13 Oct-­‐13 Sep-­‐13 Aug-­‐13 Jul-­‐13 Jun-­‐13 May-­‐13 Apr-­‐13 Mar-­‐13 Feb-­‐13 0 Jan-­‐13 3 Süddeutsche Zeitung articles about Roma Süddeutsche Zeitung articles including Roma voice Figure 5 – Süddeutsche Zeitung articles The articles gathered from Süddeutsche Zeitung contained 26 named voices, with three additional anonymous or anonymised voices. Of those named 26 voices, three were “authority voices” – two German and one non-­‐German. One voice was identified as Sinti. There were 11 ‘human interest’ voices, four of which were German. 3.4.3 Bild The Bild sample contained 120 articles, of which 22 included a Roma voice, or 18.33%. Figure 6 shows that there were two major spikes in articles about Roma in March and October of 2013. The spike in March is due to a variety of minor stories, including a slightly larger one about Social Democratic Party (SPD) member Martin Korol receiving criticism and backlash within his own party for publishing allegedly racist comments about Roma people on his website. The articles gathered from Bild contained 12 named voices, with 14 additional anonymous or anonymised voices. Of those 12 named voices, eight were “authority voices” – seven German and one non-­‐German. Two of these authority voices were identified as Sinti. There was one ‘human interest’ voice. 49 27 24 21 18 15 12 9 6 Dec-­‐14 Nov-­‐14 Oct-­‐14 Sep-­‐14 Aug-­‐14 Jul-­‐14 Jun-­‐14 May-­‐14 Apr-­‐14 Mar-­‐14 Feb-­‐14 Jan-­‐14 Dec-­‐13 Nov-­‐13 Oct-­‐13 Sep-­‐13 Aug-­‐13 Jul-­‐13 Jun-­‐13 May-­‐13 Apr-­‐13 Mar-­‐13 Feb-­‐13 0 Jan-­‐13 3 Bild articles about Roma Bild articles including Roma voice Figure 6 – Bild articles 3.4.4 Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung The Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung sample contained 78 articles, of which 22 included a Roma voice, or 28.21%. Figure 7 shows that unlike the other newspapers in this study there was no large spike in articles during the two-­‐year period, although there were more articles published in February 2013, October 2013 (as in the other German newspapers), and January 2014. The articles in both February 2013 and January 2014 were primarily about so-­‐called “poverty migration” from Bulgaria and Romania, and the difficulties with integrating and housing those migrants. 50 12 9 6 Dec-­‐14 Nov-­‐14 Oct-­‐14 Sep-­‐14 Aug-­‐14 Jul-­‐14 Jun-­‐14 May-­‐14 Apr-­‐14 Mar-­‐14 Feb-­‐14 Jan-­‐14 Dec-­‐13 Nov-­‐13 Oct-­‐13 Sep-­‐13 Aug-­‐13 Jul-­‐13 Jun-­‐13 May-­‐13 Apr-­‐13 Mar-­‐13 Feb-­‐13 0 Jan-­‐13 3 Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung articles about Roma Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung articles including Roma voice Figure 7 – Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung articles The articles gathered from Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung contained 18 separate named voices, with two additional anonymous or anonymised voices. Of those 18 voices, six were “authority voices” – five German and one non-­‐
German. One of these authority voices was identified as Sinti. There were eight ‘human interest’ voices, one of which was German. 3.4.5 All German newspapers Süddeutsche Zeitung articles about Roma 59 Süddeutsche Zeitung articles including Roma voice Bild articles about Roma Bild articles including Roma voice FAZ articles about Roma 49 41 38 28 27 24 20 19 9 4 10 5 9 13 6 3 2 FAZ articles including a Jan 2013 -­‐ Aug 2013 Sep 2013 -­‐ Apr 2014 May 2014 -­‐ Dec 2014 Roma voice Figure 8 – All German newspaper articles 51 The total percentage of German news articles in this study that contained a Roma voice or voices is 22.41%. Figure 8 shows the number of articles in three eight-­‐
month periods. As in the Swedish sample, there are a higher number of articles in the middle period from September 2013 to April 2014 (despite the high number of Bild articles in the first period), however unlike Sweden the final period has fewer articles overall and a similar number of articles including a Roma voice. An additional factor to consider in the German sample is the inclusion of the Sinti. Only three voices in the German sample were identified as Sinti, however as Table 1 shows, 27.76% of articles mentioned the Sinti at least once. While this number is not particularly high, it is notable that the term Sinti is often used to distinguish the ‘native’ German population of Roma from the international or migrant population, and that a large section of the articles in the study were specifically discussing this migrant population, or the Roma of Europe as a whole. Table 1 – Articles that mention Sinti Newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung Bild Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung TOTAL % of articles that mention Sinti 35.64% 27.50% 17.95% 27.76% 3.5 Transnational Comparison In order to conduct a transnational comparison of the results of this study, I have divided the newspapers into two groups according to their political leaning. This places the left-­‐leaning Süddeutsche Zeitung with Swedish newspapers Dagens Nyheter and Aftonbladet, and conservative Svenska Dagbladet with Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung and Bild. Figures 9 and 10 display the percentage of articles in each newspaper that include a Roma voice in six four-­‐month periods. 52 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Dagens Nyheter Aftonbladet Süddeutsche Zeitung Average Jan-­‐Apr May-­‐Aug Sep-­‐Dec Jan-­‐Apr May-­‐Aug Sep-­‐Dec '13 '13 '13 '14 '14 '14 Figure 9 – Percentage of articles about Roma in left-­‐leaning newspapers including a Roma voice over time Figure 9 shows that although the rates vary between the three newspapers, the percentage of articles including a Roma voice sits around the 35% mark throughout the course of the two years. The combined average of articles including Roma voices in these newspapers is 33.46%. 100 Svenska Dagbladet 90 80 70 Bild 60 50 40 Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung 30 20 Average 10 0 Jan-­‐Apr May-­‐Aug Sep-­‐Dec Jan-­‐Apr May-­‐Aug Sep-­‐Dec '13 '13 '13 '14 '14 '14 Figure 10 – Percentage of articles about Roma in right-­‐leaning newspapers including a Roma voice over time Figure 10 shows a very interesting pattern: all three conservative newspapers closely follow the same rate of representation, except in the period May to August 2014. There is insufficient evidence to suggest the extreme similarity in the rates of representation are anything more than a coincidence, particularly since the German news media and the Swedish news media 53 discussed very different stories throughout the course of the two years. Nonetheless, it is notable that all three of the conservative papers had lower rates of representation overall than all three of the liberal newspapers. The combined average of articles including Roma voices in the right-­‐leaning newspapers is 21.17%. It is also interesting to note similarities in the percentages of certain types of voices between the two countries.89 “Authority voices” represent 19% of the total voices in Germany, and 20% of the total voices in Sweden. Meanwhile, anonymous or anonymised voices account for 28% of the total voices in Germany, and 25% in Sweden. The most prevalent named voice in each country was an authority voice – Soraya Post in Sweden, who appeared in 6% of Swedish articles about Roma, and Romani Rose in Germany, who appeared in 4% of German articles about Roma. The most glaring absence in the Swedish articles, especially given the historical context discussed in Section 2.3, is mention of the diversity within the Roma population in Sweden. Although the immigrant population is often signposted with terms such as “immigrants from Bulgaria and Romania”, there is no acknowledgement of the number of different groups within the ‘native’ population, who were, for example, the primary target of the Skåne register. This is in contrast to the inclusion of the Sinti in the description of the ‘native’ Roma population of Germany, although two names do not encapsulate the diversity of Roma groups in Germany, either. The Swedish sample includes nine articles written or partly written by Roma authors. While this represents only 2% of that sample, there are no articles written by Roma authors in the German sample. Nordberg’s remarks on the dominant subjects of news stories in her study of Finnish media have some bearing here too. She says, “The most dominant topics have been reviews of culture, crime, discrimination and racism. All these 89 See Appendix V 54 topics may imply a rather reactive form of newspaper coverage.”90 This is also true of the articles covered in this study, although there are some notable exceptions such as Soraya Post’s election, which will be discussed further in the analysis. Conclusion The sample of articles for this study were processed using a combination of quantitative analysis for the percentage of articles that included Roma voices, and qualitative coding of the voices included in articles to determine the diversity of those voices. The results were compiled according to newspaper and country. This was followed by a transnational comparison, which first compared results based on political leaning instead of country, and then examined common patterns in both countries. These results were then presented in a series of graphs and tables, to be further discussed and analysed in Chapter 4. 90 Nordberg, “Beyond Representation: Newspapers and Citizenship Participation in the Case of a Minority Ethnic Group.” p. 91. 55 4 Analysis The media occupy a key site and perform a crucial role in the public representation of unequal social relations and the play of cultural power.91 My approach to the theoretical section of this thesis draws on the works of a number of scholars and theorists, primarily from the fields of European culture and media studies. The ideas in these texts are then grouped together in a framework inspired by Nigerian author Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s speech “The Danger of a Single Story”, which allows us to follow her ideas on misrepresentation, exclusion and marginalisation while analysing the results of the fieldwork conducted in Chapter 3. The first two subsections of discussion look at some of the causes of exclusion from media discourse, while the latter two examine some of the outcomes. 4.1 Theoretical Literature Review The study of representation, culture and the media has yielded a number of influential writers and texts over the last forty years in particular. My theoretical analysis draws on some of the most important texts from each field, and creates a cohesive approach to the representation of minorities as the Other within Europe. Edward Said’s seminal text Orientalism, first published in 1978, has been the source of much academic discussion and debate. Critics such as Danish academic Hans Hauge have noted that as a literary theorist, Said’s approach to his topic often occurs within a literary context rather than that of Arabic or Oriental Studies, which results in a confusion of disciplines.92 However for the purposes of this thesis, it is this literary approach to representing the Other that is most pertinent to the discussion. Said examines the implications of who is telling the story within a discourse and how that affects power structures and political relationships, specifically examining the European context and tradition. In the Simon Cottle, “Introduction: Media Research and Ethnic Minorities: Mapping the Field,” in Ethnic Minorities and the Media: Changing Cultural Boundaries, ed. Simon Cottle (Berkshire, UK: Open University Press, 2000), 2. 92 Hans Hauge, “Hvorfor Er Edward W . Saids Orientalisme Endnu Så Populær ?,” Norsk Litteraturvitenskapelig Tidsskrift 12, no. 2 (2009): 92–102.
91
56 preface to the 2003 edition of Orientalism, Said reiterates the relevance and timeliness of his topic despite the passing years, insisting that “the terrible reductive conflicts that herd people under falsely unifying rubrics... and invent collective identities for large numbers of individuals who are actually quite diverse, cannot remain as potent as they are, and must be opposed.”93 Also of particular interest is Said’s follow-­‐up article, published seven years after Orientalism, called “Orientalism reconsidered,” in which he reflects upon the key themes of his book and “the most familiar of Orientalism’s themes – they cannot represent themselves, they must therefore be represented by others who know more about Islam than Islam knows about itself.”94 Said ties this discussion to Europe’s need to designate an ‘Other’ in order to define itself. He argues that Orientalism is never far from... the idea of Europe, a collective notion identifying “us” Europeans as against all “those” non-­‐Europeans, and indeed it can be argued that the major component in European culture is precisely what made that culture hegemonic both in and outside Europe: the idea of European identity as a superior one in comparison with all the non-­‐European peoples and cultures.95 Gerard Delanty picks up this idea in his book Inventing Europe and traces the way Europe was created as a concept, culture and continent over the last several centuries.96 This constructed entity known as Europe is built, in several theories including Orientalism, around the Other; it is defined through contrast and rejection of the Other. Notably, both Germany and Sweden are situated in the heartland of Delanty’s ‘Invented Europe’ and have played key roles in the definition process – Sweden having shored up the borders of Europe against Russia in the early nineteenth century, while Germany has often been the centre of European identity building and conflict, from the time of the Holy Roman Empire to the Cold War. Although the Roma are not part of the Orient, these theories’ relevance lies in the designated Other through which European 93 Edward W. Said, Orientalism (London: Penguin Books, 2003): xxii. 94 Edward W. Said, “Orientalism Reconsidered,” Race & Class 27, no. 2 (1985): 1–15, doi:10.1177/030639688502700201. 95 Said, Orientalism. p. 7. 96 Gerard Delanty, Inventing Europe: Idea, Identity, Reality (Hampshire, UK: Macmillan Press, 1995).
57 ‘civilisation’ is reaffirmed. Due to extensive persecution and marginalisation, the Roma have become a kind of internal Other – intrinsically European, and yet excluded socially, culturally and politically. Anthony Pagden also touches on the notion of tenuous European identity in “Europe: Conceptualising a Continent”, and his thoughts on land ownership and the concept of civilisation being linked to power and possession are worth considering in light of the Roma people’s traditionally nomadic lifestyle.97 Although this is no longer an accurate representation of the majority of Romani groups, there is a strong implication in this idea for early exclusion of Roma from European society. The idea of the Other and its role in defining identity, along with the power structures in media which facilitate the creation of the Other, are central to the writings of Simon Cottle (discussed in Section 2.5) and renowned cultural theorist Stuart Hall. Cottle describes the ability of the media to create ‘imagined communities’ – an idea popularised by Benedict Anderson in the early 1990s, in his book of the same name – and uses Hall’s work to illustrate the formative power of the media in creating moral panics over racialised stereotypes that lead to oppressive policies.98 These discussions contribute to the notion of mass media as a space in which narratives are created according to a hegemonic structure that dictates whose voices are privileged, which ties into Said’s theories. Indeed, Stuart Hall draws directly on Said’s writings in his book chapter “The Spectacle of the ‘Other’,” and describes how “Said’s discussion of Orientalism closely parallels Foucault’s power/knowledge argument: a discourse produces, through different practices of representation (scholarship, exhibition, literature, painting, etc.), a form of racialised knowledge of the Other (Orientalism) deeply 97 Anthony Pagden, “Europe: Conceptualizing a Continent,” in The Idea of Europe: From Antiquity to the European Union, ed. Anthony Pagden (Cambridge, UK: University Press, 2002), 33–54. 98 Cottle, “Introduction: Media Research and Ethnic Minorities: Mapping the Field.” p. 11.
58 implicated in the operations of power (imperialism).”99 Hall’s writing explores the importance of the concept of “difference” through a number of theoretical approaches, drawing on the writings of scholars such as Freud, Saussure, Lévi-­‐
Strauss and Douglas, Bakhtin and Derrida. He looks at linguistic, social, cultural and psychological explanations, and extrapolates on the ambivalence of “difference” as a concept and the myriad ways in which it can be applied. His discussion is focused on the experiences of Black people within Europe and the USA and specifically Britain, and expands further upon these ideas in his article “New Ethnicities”,100 but much of what is written is pertinent to the case of Roma in Europe and indeed in both Germany and Sweden. Finally, we come to Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s speech, “The Danger of a Single Story.” Adichie is a Nigerian literary author who gave the speech at a TED Talk conference in October 2009. It is an eloquent and evocative piece of writing, full of accessible ideas that help to structure the approach to the analysis of this data. In her discussion of the effects of underrepresentation, Adichie uses the example of a poor boy who worked in her childhood household, but whose brother produced beautiful baskets. She explains that the limited story she had been told of his family made it “impossible for me to see them as anything else but poor. Their poverty was my single story of them.”101 She herself then encountered a similar phenomenon when she moved to the US, when confronted with her American roommate’s assumptions about what it meant to be African. “In this single story, there was no possibility of Africans being similar to her in any way, no possibility of feelings more complex than pity, no possibility of a connection as human equals.” Adichie’s discussion of ‘stories’ refers to both literature and media narratives, and her ideas work with astounding versatility between the two forms. Of course, the two do not exist independently of each other, as novel writers are exposed to the news and journalists read books, and each informs their worldview and the 99 Stuart Hall, “The Spectacle of the ‘Other,’” in Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices, ed. Stuart Hall (Milton Keynes, UK: The Open University, 1997): 260, doi:10.1017/S0964028299310168. 100 Hall, “New Ethnicities.” 101 Adichie, “‘The Danger of a Single Story’ -­‐ Talk Subtitles and Transcript.”
59 media they produce. Adichie points to the prevalence of certain stories and images about Africa, which together overwhelmingly construct an idea of Africa in the American consciousness. These images are disseminated and perpetuated by the media, in its role as a forum for discourse between citizens, and a site of power constructs. This chapter will use Adichie’s insights into the effects of the American media narratives upon its own ‘Others’ to discuss some of the causes and effects of the Swedish and German media’s impact upon public imaginings of the Roma, through an analysis of the prevalence of Roma voices within mainstream newspaper discourses. 4.2 Theoretical Approaches 4.2.1 Intra-­‐European Orientalism? The Other Within “Power is the ability not just to tell the story of another person, but to make it the definitive story of that person.”102 This quote by Adichie could also serve as a concise summary of Edward Said’s Orientalism. The privileging of majority (or in Said’s case, Occidental) voices when discussing the minority’s (or the Orient’s) culture, history and identity is a result of engineered power structures that designate the majority as the site of knowledge construction, and the minority as an object to be analysed. The result, in this case, is that majority media culture in Europe is telling the story of its largest minority, without allowing that minority to tell its side of the story. Only 32% of Swedish articles and 22% of German articles included quotes from any Roma person, when the article specifically discussed or contributed to the public conversation about the Roma. The only newspaper in which more than a third of the articles included a Roma voice was Aftonbladet in Sweden, at around 39%. There are many factors that contribute to this underrepresentation, and this subsection will examine the suitability of theories such as Orientalism in 102 Ibid. 60 explaining some of those factors. This involves the temporary separation of the term “Orientalism” from the actual Orient or Middle East itself – a paradoxical move, and one that Edward Said might not approve of – to examine the traditions of knowledge production and power in Europe rather than the specific relationship between the Occident and Orient. This is not a particularly revolutionary approach – as Hans Hauge points out, Orientalism is about the Western view of the Orient and not the Orient itself.103 Indeed, despite the long history of the Roma in Europe, they have been associated with the Orient since their arrival in Europe. The term “Gypsy” or the Spanish “Gitanos” is the result of confusion about their place of origin, which was believed to be Egypt.104 The larger population of Roma groups in Southern and Eastern Europe continue to contribute to the notion of the Roma as outsiders to the European heartland in the north and west. The privileging of the white or majority cultural voices in Europe over the knowledge or experiences of the minority itself is, according to Said, “a statement of power and a claim for absolute authority. It is constituted out of racism, and it is made comparatively acceptable to an audience prepared in advance to listen to its muscular truths.”105 This might be contested by the fact that not all of the journalists who wrote the articles in this study are white or even necessarily “European”. However the specific case of the Roma in Europe sets them on a particularly low rung in the ladder of power, even though considering their history it is incongruous to call them anything other than “European”. To discover why this is, we might turn to Delanty’s discussion of the origins of the invented concept of Europe. He notes that the early stages of this invention involved the transformation of “Europe” from simply a geographic location to a cultural-­‐social space imbued with “civilisational” values.106 The 103 “Orientalismen handler om, konstituerer og afspejler os selv. Den handler netop om den vestlige opfattelse af orienten og ikke das Ding an sich.” Hauge, “Hvorfor Er Edward W . Saids Orientalisme Endnu Så Populær ?” p. 97. 104
Marsh, “Gypsies, Roma, Travellers: An Animated History.”
105 Said, “Orientalism Reconsidered.” p. 8. 106 Delanty, Inventing Europe: Idea, Identity, Reality. p. 30. 61 Roma, when they first arrived in Europe, were primarily nomadic, and were characterised by their travelling lifestyle – indeed, as previously noted, many of the groups that come under the political label “Roma” include Travellers, Resande, and other translations of the term. This meant that the Roma did not or were not considered to own land. As Anthony Pagden explains, “If European society was, and remains, one broadly committed to a life of civility, it is also one in which identity has been closely associated with ownership.”107 From the first, the Roma have been considered as outsiders under this concept of European society, and initial discrimination and marginalisation has been difficult to overcome. It is in fact a self-­‐perpetuating phenomenon, as those on the margins have the most difficulty in influencing the tide of public opinion towards acceptance or even tolerance. The differences of language, cultural practices, even the notion of the family become insurmountable societal barriers. By not participating in this seemingly fundamental aspect of European society and culture, Europe has deemed the Roma to be Other, even now when the majority of the Roma population is sedentary and much like the rest of society. The initial Othering generates suspicion, which produces prejudices that then also must be overcome. Thus, the majority has gained the power of telling the “definitive story” of the Roma, just as Adichie described. Stuart Hall describes the way the term ‘black’ came to be used to describe a vastly heterogeneous section of the population, saying that they were positioned as an “unspoken and invisible ‘Other’ of predominantly white aesthetic and cultural discourse.”108 This marginalised group was consciously placed on the margins by discursive practices of normalising certain aspects of (in the case Hall describes) British culture. There are evident parallels here, particularly considering McGarry’s discussion of the definition of the term ‘Roma’. Just as Hall describes, the Roma have been consciously relegated to the margins by European cultural discourse, and unified by this marginalisation. There are, of course, currently various political and social initiatives in place to integrate the Roma into European society today. However, as Fred 107 Pagden, “Europe: Conceptualizing a Continent.” p. 47-­‐48.
108 Hall, “New Ethnicities.” p. 584. 62 Taikon discusses, the term “integration” can often seem disingenuous when put into practice: You want us to be integrated by you, but do you want to be integrated with us? That’s the question. Do you know what integration means? Integration means that you should be into the country, without to leave your faith; you should be on equal level to be integrated, without to say that you are not allowed to speak your own language, you’re not allowed to have your religion, not allowed to have your manners or – I mean it should be on the same level. So I used to say, do you want to live with me one week, in my house? I can live with you one week in your house but do you want to live with me? That is integration. So that is the big question. Do they want to be integrated with us?109 The form that “integration” currently takes at a European level suggests assimilation rather than a genuine melding of cultures, simply because Roma cultures are seen to be incompatible with European values as they have been since the origins of the idea of Europe. The participation of Roma voices in media discourse is not necessarily an indication of cultural integration. Much like the Bechdel test in feminist film criticism, the presence of Roma voices in the domain of public discussion should be regarded as the absolute baseline of participation in society. The media, as discussed by Nordberg, plays a vital role in creating shared narratives and shared histories.110 It is what allows the Roma population to go from being the “studied object” of Orientalist practices to contributors to and creators of their own “definitive story”. But the simple inclusion of voices does not demonstrate how much space those voices are given, or whether their authority is considered equal to a non-­‐Roma politician’s or academic’s. We might, however, consider that during the height of the Skåne register scandal in September 2013, only 22.2% of Dagens Nyheter articles about Roma contained a Roma voice, while the number of articles containing voices from the government or police was considerably higher. 109 See Appendix I 110 Nordberg, “Beyond Representation: Newspapers and Citizenship Participation in the Case of a Minority Ethnic Group.” p. 87-­‐88. 63 As Nordberg explains, the Roma currently find themselves caught within a contradictory position in society. “On the one hand,” she says, “the Roma have continuously been defined as the eternal ‘Other’. On the other hand, they have a long historical and institutional anchorage within the nation-­‐state.”111 Nordberg is referring to Finnish society here, however the same is true of Sweden and Germany. Both countries recognise the Roma as national ethnic minorities with deep roots and historical ties to their respective nations, and yet they are not socially included. McGarry points out a further paradox – the Roma are expected to conform to the nation state, while policy and legislation marks them as separate and different.112 It is not a conundrum that is easily solved, and variations of this problem are recognisable in other minority groups. Said points out that there are similar starting points for black, feminist, and socialist studies, “all of which take for their point of departure the right of formerly un-­‐ or mis-­‐represented human groups to speak for and represent themselves in domains defined, politically and intellectually, as normally excluding them, usurping their signifying and representing functions, overriding their historical reality.”113 In exploring the notion of stereotyping and its role in creating the ‘Other’, Hall asserts that power has to be understood “in broader cultural or symbolic terms, including the power to represent someone or something in a certain way... It includes the exercise of symbolic power through representational practices.”114 The specific practices that are part of media representation and participation will be discussed in the next subsection. 111 Ibid. p. 88.
112 McGarry, “Roma as a Political Identity: Exploring Representations of Roma in Europe.” p. 767. 113 Said, “Orientalism Reconsidered.” p. 3. 114 Hall, “The Spectacle of the ‘Other.’” p. 259. 64 4.2.2 Gatekeepers and Structural Power “Like our economic and political worlds, stories too are defined by the principle of nkali [“to be greater than another” in Igbo]: How they are told, who tells them, when they’re told, how many stories are told, are really dependent on power.”115 Here, Adichie is describing how the inherent power structures and motives of society and the media dictate the kinds of stories that get published and who they are written by, as well as the fact that media such as newspapers are the forums for the discourse at all. As Delanty describes, Europe’s mastery over the non-­‐European rested very much on intellectual mastery by which the Orient in particular was constituted as an object of knowledge... With its control of the means of communication [in this case, language], Europe was able to create the structures of a discourse in which other civilisations were forced to forge their identity.116 There is no equivalent opportunity to use other forums to promote the identities and stories of the Roma; the established mainstream media still have too much power. The continuing integration of social media into the public consciousness may provide an alternative, but still requires adapting to the templates provided by the majority in order to gain comparable dissemination. This is why the issues of education and literacy are so important to this discussion. As Sections 2.3 and 2.4 of this thesis explained, there is a serious underrepresentation of Roma in higher education, and a higher rate of illiteracy than the rest of the population in both countries. This represents both symbolic and practical obstacles to participation in media discourse. The ability to actively, rather than passively (as e.g. an interviewee) participate in written discourse depends on a certain amount of literacy and taught skill, and the qualifications that may be required to be hired as a journalist require admission to educational or vocational institutions. These institutions might be regarded as the first gatekeepers to public discourse, as they often have the power to determine who receives sufficient education and qualifications to participate. Given the extensive problems the Roma population has had with educational systems, both 115 Adichie, “‘The Danger of a Single Story’ -­‐ Talk Subtitles and Transcript.” 116 Delanty, Inventing Europe: Idea, Identity, Reality. p. 88.
65 historically and today, this presents a serious problem. We see the effects of this in the fact that only 2% of the articles in the Swedish sample and none of the articles in the German sample were actually written by Roma. The discussion of issues pertaining to the Roma is also subject to the impetus of what is considered “newsworthy”. As Fred Taikon remarked, “I used to say, journalists, newspapers, newspaper mans, article writers, they are always out to sell headlines.”117 Dagens Nyheter had almost twice the number of articles about Roma than any other newspaper in the study, but we must ask ourselves whether this is due to their commitment to representing a marginalised minority, or because of the specific value their exclusive access to information on the Skåne register scandal gave to articles about one of the most controversial topics of the year. It is worth noting at this point that the political leanings of a newspaper seem to have some effect on the number of articles about the Roma that are published, and more importantly how high the rates of representation are. As examined in Section 3.5 of this thesis, the newspapers with a more liberal or social democratic political stance had a far higher number of articles that included a Roma voice than those with a more conservative stance, and in fact Aftonbladet had a significantly higher number of articles including Roma voices than any other paper. Despite its tabloid format and populist news pages, Aftonbladet is known as a forum for left wing discussion in the media (particularly in the Culture section). The analysis of the political motives behind the inclusion of minority studies would make for interesting further research on the topic. Simon Cottle discusses some of the bureaucratic and organisational pressures that affect how minority voices are represented in the media. “Confronted with the daily pressures of news deadlines and the uncertainty of tomorrow’s news events,” he says, “news teams seek, as far as possible, to ‘tame the news environment’ and ‘routinize the unexpected’. One way of doing this is to rely on key institutional sources of news, such as the police or government 117 See Appendix I 66 sources, for example, who serve as the nation’s primary definers of reality.”118 Here again we see the importance of institutional power and education as requirements for political representation. The self-­‐perpetuating cycle of marginalisation is at work here too. The lack of Roma representation in government, police, and other institutions of power leads to underrepresentation in the media, which in turn leads to further marginalisation. Soraya Post represents a remarkable case in this sense; although she was a prominent public figure as an activist, she has become a more acceptable authority figure for the media to refer to as a politician in a major national party (Feminist Initiative), and since her election as a member of the European Parliament. Her power in the discourse around Roma derives at least as much, if not more, from her position as a politician than from her status as a Roma spokesperson. Cottle continues in this line of thought, concluding: The result is that little energy or resources are devoted, as a matter of routine, to the search for non-­‐institutional voices and viewpoints. When coupled with a professional journalistic claim to impartiality and objectivity... the bureaucratic nature of news production is geared to privilege the voices and viewpoints of (white) social power holders, and not those excluded from powerful institutions.119 While there are more forces at work outside of an individual media outlet or newsroom, this is an essential component of the problem with media representation. Journalists, editors and owners of media outlets act as the ultimate gatekeepers to media discourse, and the stories that are told (and whose voices are in those stories) are at their discretion. Ultimately, it is clear that traditionally powerful media such as mainstream newspapers contain complex power structures and pressures that contribute to the marginalisation of minority voices. Caspi and Elias come to the same conclusion in their study of minority media outlets, stating that “the media-­‐
for may not suffice to guarantee the minority’s authentic expression, since they are primarily committed to the majority’s goals, whereas well-­‐developed media-­‐
118 Cottle, “Introduction: Media Research and Ethnic Minorities: Mapping the Field.” p. 20. 119 Ibid. p. 20. 67 by are likely to offer a better means of minority expression.”120 The ideal situation for minority representation would therefore include the involvement of Roma people at all levels of power within the media; however, given the inequality at all levels of the system, this is unlikely to be the case for many years to come – if ever. 4.2.3 The Danger of Stereotypes In her speech, Adichie tells us that although she had a happy childhood and a loving family, there were many traumatic aspects of her past and family history. She explains: All of these stories make me who I am. But to insist on only these negative stories is to flatten my experience and to overlook the many other stories that formed me. The single story creates stereotypes, and the problem with stereotypes is not that they are untrue, but that they are incomplete. They make one story become the only story.121 Stereotypes are powerful because they often go unquestioned. Without the participation of the minority group in the discourse, there is no one to contest stereotypical depictions and advocate for more complex and considered representations. Hall discusses the results of this: ... people who are in any way different from the majority – ‘them’ rather than ‘us’ – are frequently exposed to [a] binary form of representation. They seem to be represented through sharply opposed, polarised, binary extremes – good/evil, civilised/primitive, ugly/excessively attractive, repelling-­‐because-­‐different/compelling-­‐
because-­‐strange-­‐and-­‐exotic. And they are often required to be both things at the same time!122 In the case of the Roma, this appears to have manifested as a binary of victim/criminal, where a large number of stories depict them either as victims of attacks, persecution, or poverty, or as troublesome elements in the community. As noted by Hall, the two sides of the binary are not mutually exclusive, in that a person depicted as impoverished may also be considered an undesirable neighbour or part of a criminal begging ring. 120 Caspi and Elias, “Don’t Patronize Me: Media-­‐by and Media-­‐for Minorities.” p. 79. 121 Adichie, “‘The Danger of a Single Story’ -­‐ Talk Subtitles and Transcript.”
122 Hall, “The Spectacle of the ‘Other.’” p. 229. 68 Analysis of the voices in the articles included in this study’s sample revealed that in Sweden, 21% of the voices included were depicted as named victims of the Skåne police register, and a further 25% were anonymised voices that generally fell into the category of additional victims of the Skåne register, or immigrant Roma who have been forced into terrible conditions. While this is still less than 50% of all voices, we must consider how many of the articles that did not include a Roma voice may fall into the same binary description. Such is the case in Germany, where 28% of the voices were anonymised, and yet the same binary trend is still overwhelmingly present in the larger sample of articles. The large spikes in the number of articles at various points across the two years were almost all centred on a particular type of story – the Skåne register, the deportation of Leonarda Dibrani (who was an “illegal immigrant” but also a victim of overly harsh regulations), the case of Maria in Greece (which fluctuated wildly between a victim and criminal framing of all the Roma involved), or the issues with “poverty migration” and integration. Even Erik Ullenhag’s presentation of the White Paper in Sweden can be viewed as a representation of the Roma as victims. Moreover, there is a tendency towards euphemism when speaking about the Roma at all. While all the articles included in this study had to include the word ‘Roma’ or ‘romer’ somewhere in their text, it does not take long to notice that the words ‘beggars’ or even ‘Romanians and Bulgarians’ in Sweden, or ‘poverty migrant’ or ‘economic refugee’ in Germany have become synonymous with ‘Roma’. This complicated the process of coding, and made it difficult to determine who exactly was Roma and who was not in these discussions. An article in Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung actually discussed the topic at some length: The shameful silence has a dramatic impact on the current immigration debate. Those who do not want to address the Roma issue speak of the seemingly neutral topic of "Romanians and Bulgarians". This complicates the search for political solutions. Integration help is not needed for the Romanian doctor in Berlin or 69 the Bulgarian nurse in Munich (whether they are Roma or not), but for the educationally disadvantaged family in Duisburg.123 Nordberg presents the opposite side of this discursive coin in her study. She explains: Stories on discrimination and racism as well as on crimes directed towards the Roma elucidate the oppression of the Romani people and the need to take action against discriminatory and criminal practices. Nonetheless, it potentially contributes to constructing the Roma in a rather essentialist and stereotypical way if these reports are not counterbalanced with stories about the Roma as full and equal members of society, of Roma who are not victims of discrimination or involved in criminal acts.124 We might see the articles that featured ‘human interest’ voices as a partial antidote to this. They contained in-­‐depth research and more complex representations of individual stories, allowing space for the person’s voice to develop. However a large number of these human interest stories were focused on Western journalists investigating claims of poverty or hardship in an effort to prove or disprove them – either way, the focus is still on poverty and victimisation. A better counter-­‐narrative is that of Soraya Post, who is represented in a variety of roles, and whose election to the EU Parliament caused a spike in the number of articles in Swedish newspapers. Of course, as one of the few such stories in the study, she risks becoming subject to the effects of tokenism – when one voice is expected to speak for a whole group. This is evident in one particular article in which Soraya Post is pitted against Romanian Roma politician Damian Draghici in a debate over whether the Roma have a choice to beg or not. 123 “Das schamhafte Beschweigen hat in der aktuellen Einwanderungsdebatte dramatische Folgen. Wer die Roma-­‐Frage nicht thematisieren will, redet scheinbar neutral von "Rumänen und Bulgaren". Das erschwert die Suche nach politischen Lösungen. Integrationshilfe benötigt nicht der rumänische Arzt in Berlin oder die bulgarische Krankenschwester in München (ob sie Roma sind oder nicht), sondern die bildungsferne Familie in Duisburg.” Ralph Bollman and Inge Kloepfer, “Debatten: Die Schwulen Und Die Roma -­‐ Wirtschaft -­‐ FAZ,” FAZ.net, January 19, 2014, http://www.faz.net/aktuell/wirtschaft/debatten-­‐die-­‐
schwulen-­‐und-­‐die-­‐roma-­‐12758483.html. 124 Nordberg, “Beyond Representation: Newspapers and Citizenship Participation in the Case of a Minority Ethnic Group.” p. 92.
70 Tokenism is also a problem in this study, due to the fact that Fred Taikon is the only Roma person that I managed to interview in sufficient detail for inclusion in the study. My meeting with Radio Romano was intended to address this problem, however as discussed in Chapter 3 I was unsuccessful in doing so. In a way, the inclusion of so many voices – including Soraya Post – in the coverage of the Skåne register scandal shed light on the fact that Roma make up all different parts of Swedish society. The voices of teachers, politicians and journalists all contributed to the story, and although all were portrayed as victims, it drew attention to the fact that full, contributing members of society still suffered persecution due to their Roma identity. This is clearly a complicated aspect of representation. On the one hand, there are elements of truth to the depiction of Roma as victims of violence and poverty, and indeed, as Fred Taikon pointed out to me, to depictions of criminality. But as he continued, “It’s not so wide as they want to spread it out that it is. I used to say, do you think that there [is] no criminality among twelve million Roma? Stupid to think there isn’t. But it’s also [stupid] to think that everybody is criminal. So it’s two ways to see it.”125 While drawing attention to the harm done to the Roma through racism and discrimination is important, it cannot be the only story. Cottle discusses the response to a number of academic surveys on the topic, and says that “qualitative findings emerge that often reveal collective minority dissatisfaction and frustration with the media’s seeming inability to provide representations that portray their communities and cultures, their difficulties and diversity, in ways that are thought to be valid or fair.”126 The reduction of a minority identity to such categories is limiting and not reflective of reality, and certainly not of the actual diversity present within the Roma population, which will be discussed in the next subsection. 125 See Appendix I 126 Cottle, “Introduction: Media Research and Ethnic Minorities: Mapping the Field.” p. 25. 71 4.2.4 Identity Crisis: Homogenising a Diverse Minority “Show a people as one thing, as only one thing, over and over again, and that is what they become.”127 When Adichie says, “that is what they become,” she is saying that the group is reduced to that limiting story in the public consciousness. Richardson expresses much the same idea: “Labelling Roma, Gypsies and Travellers as ‘other’ is actually making them ‘other’, their identity is reconstructed as different in the public imagination and this can result in physical and social exclusion.”128 In reality, the identities of the Other are just as complicated and multifaceted as our own, and we need a media discourse that allows us to access an imagining of the complex Other in order to reduce or eliminate the cultural barriers that create the need for an Other in the first place. The identities of the Roma across Europe are both diverse and complex. Fred Taikon bases his understanding of the Roma identity on self-­‐identification. “For me I am very open minded about that,” he told me. “That person who just comes in that door and says ‘Hi, Fred, I’m a Roma,’ I believe him.”129 There are in fact several groups who fall under the politically designated identity of Roma (as discussed by McGarry), who themselves do not identify as Roma – and as Fred pointed out, there is often times no consensus even within groups such as the Resande in Sweden about whether they belong to the Roma identity or not. “[The] Travellers, Resande here in Sweden,” he says, “they are asking themselves when does the blood, the connection with the blood, when is it going out, is it the second generation or the third generation?”130 This, however, has troubling implications for racial identification: Now we are speaking about race biology as the Germans did. When are you “pure” and “not pure”? When are you half, quarter, or three quarters? If you are three quarters, are you still Roma? It’s only 127 Adichie, “‘The Danger of a Single Story’ -­‐ Talk Subtitles and Transcript.” 128 Richardson, “Roma in the News: An Examination of Media and Political Discourse and What Needs to Change.” p. 58-­‐59. 129 See Appendix I
130 Ibid.
72 yourself who can say, I am a Roma, and I want to be and live as a Roma.131 The spectre of racial biology and eugenics is present in the histories of the Roma in both Sweden and Germany. As discussed in Chapter 2, the racial classification of the Roma was used as justification for their persecution and extermination in the Holocaust, and for forced sterilisation and oppression in Sweden. This particular act of homogenisation has had devastating consequences in the past, and they are still keenly felt today. While the German media discourse often includes the term “Sinti” in the discussion of the German Roma population, and three of the voices in this study were identified as Sinti, overall there is a distinct absence of recognition that the Roma constitute a heterogeneous variety of cultural identities. Fred Taikon attributes this to a lack of educational programs in school: I used to give lessons in the university and in high school classes and I used to ask them, the pupils – do you know anything about Sami? Not so much. About the Roma? No. Do you know anything about American Indians? Oh yes! How come that you know more about American Indians that are not even Swedes? How do you know so much about them? Oh we learn at school, we have seen movies where it’s very clear in the film whether they are Cherokee or Mohican. Okay, I will give you one example. Let’s make a roof. We have a common name, American Indians. But we know there are different tribes under that roof, and we do know there are different dialects or languages. That we know about the American Indians. Exactly the same is with the Roma. We have a common name – Roma – different groups, different dialects, but still a common name of Roma. And if you can’t give the information in schools and have them in the history books, how should any journalist know if he’s not specialised on Roma articles? How can he know?132 Simon Cottle comes to the same conclusion: “If journalists are found to come predominantly from white middle-­‐class homes, select educational institutions and/or share similar middle-­‐ground political values, undoubtedly this will influence the sensibilities and knowledge base informing journalistic output.”133 131 See Appendix I
132 Ibid. 133 Cottle, “Introduction: Media Research and Ethnic Minorities: Mapping the Field.” p. 19. 73 Fred Taikon points out that there ought to be consideration of the reasons for including or excluding the specifics of a person’s cultural identity, and that the editorial staff of É Romani Glinda take this into account. “We, for example, we are doing articles when there is different – like a conference, for example. Fred Taikon, a Kalderash Roma from Sweden, or Aaron Schwartz, Roma from Finland. Finnish Roma or something like that. That’s when we’re presenting the groups, that’s why we are doing it,” he says. “And that is only positive articles, because they feel themselves good when they see oh, he was representing me as Finnish Roma and I’m very proud of that. So it’s only in positive articles we are doing that.”134 The results of homogenisation in media discourse are perhaps evident in the insistence of the journalists at Radio Romano that I include voices from all the different Roma groups in Sweden in my study, when I had not considered that as a factor for choosing interview subjects. The perpetuation of the phenomenon is perhaps evident in my inability to include those voices. Both the media and academic discourses need more diversity, and the best way to achieve that is through active participation of Roma themselves. Conclusion The causes and effects of underrepresentation or misrepresentation of minorities are manifold. In the case of the Roma, we can see the origins in the fundamental concept of ‘Europe’ as a site of ‘civilisational values’. The power structures of media, combined with lack of access to education and institutions, also present obstacles to adequate representation and participation in media discourse. This in turn leads to limited portrayals of the Roma that generate stereotypes, homogenise diverse identities and foster a further sense of disconnect between mainstream media producers and Roma groups. 134 See Appendix I
74 5 Conclusions Stories have been used to dispossess and to malign, but stories can also be used to empower and to humanise.135 5.1 The Consequences of Unheard Voices One of the most fundamental issues in the case of the Roma as a minority is that they have no “home country” or state beyond the one they live in, that could advocate for them or create a sense of belonging – they are an intrinsic part of the national population of almost every European country. Yet media and political discourse works to keep them outside this definition. The media’s representation does not simply reflect the Roma’s position in society; it creates and perpetuates their marginalisation. Nordberg argues that “the media, in this case the daily press, has the potential of involving all kinds of voices or agents, debating all kinds of issues. Access to the media brings about the power of influencing those claims which successfully reach the public arena.”136 Without the tools to access the media, most of which are given to the individual through education, and without the will of media gatekeepers, the lack of access becomes a cyclic problem. McGarry notes the same problem in academia: “The presence of ‘a Romani voice’ within research is crucial so that Roma do not remain mere objects of research but become active players in informing research agendas.”137 As it stands, Roma voices are not given priority or even necessarily authority in discussions about Roma issues and identity in newspaper discourse. This study has shown that in both Sweden and Germany, over twice as many articles specifically about the Roma do not contain Roma voices at all compared to those that do. As long as journalists, commentators, politicians and other figures are given more power to determine how the Roma are depicted than the Roma themselves, we cannot consider the media to present a fair or accurate 135 Adichie, “‘The Danger of a Single Story’ -­‐ Talk Subtitles and Transcript.” 136 Nordberg, “Beyond Representation: Newspapers and Citizenship Participation in the Case of a Minority Ethnic Group.” p. 100. 137 McGarry, “Roma as a Political Identity: Exploring Representations of Roma in Europe.” p. 758.
75 depiction. Given both Sweden and Germany’s leadership roles within Europe, this is a grave signal to the rest of the continent. The marginalisation of Roma voices in the media contributes to the homogenisation of the many different groups and identities that fall under the term “Roma”, and perpetuates harmful stereotypes. As Adichie concludes, I’ve always felt that it is impossible to engage properly with a place or a person without engaging with all of the stories of that place and that person. The consequence of the single story is this: It robs people of dignity. It makes our recognition of our equal humanity difficult. It emphasises how we are different rather than how we are similar.138 5.2 Towards Contestation and More Complex Representation There are lessons to be learned from the cases of Germany and Sweden, however. While the development and implementation of inclusive social policy is important, it must be combined with the impetus for social change, and media narratives are uniquely placed to facilitate this. It will require a fundamental change in the approach to knowledge production about the Roma, and we must ask ourselves, as Said does, “how knowledge that is non-­‐dominative and non-­‐
coercive can be produced in a setting that is deeply inscribed with the politics, the considerations, the positions and the strategies of power.”139 Fred Taikon believes that change is already happening in Sweden. “I would say that it’s much, much better now, and the Roma have also a chance to make comments in the articles. I think that the journalists today here in Sweden, they have been educated, so to say, to be in touch with the target group. You can’t make articles about them, because they have to say their own minds. And always plus and minus.”140 The results of this study do show that Sweden has somewhat better levels of participation and representation than Germany overall, particularly in that there are articles actually written by Roma published in all three major newspapers within the time period of this study, on a variety of topics. This kind of active participation in the media (rather than passively being interviewed) is sadly absent from the German articles. 138 Adichie, “‘The Danger of a Single Story’ -­‐ Talk Subtitles and Transcript.” 139 Said, “Orientalism Reconsidered.” p. 2. 140 See Appendix I
76 More telling than the national divide, however, is the political divide. Left-­‐
leaning newspapers have a higher percentage of articles including Roma voices than right-­‐leaning newspapers overall. The association of left-­‐wing politics with progressive policy and social responsibility seems to hold true in this instance. This is consistent with the higher levels of representation in Sweden, which is a traditionally left-­‐wing social democratic nation, compared to Germany, in which the conservative Christian Democrats enjoy widespread political leadership. Unfortunately, there do not seem to have been significant improvements in the representation or participation of the Roma within the two-­‐year period included in this study. The data shows that although the number of articles about Roma in Sweden increased in the wake of the Skåne register scandal, the percentage of those articles that contained a Roma voice did not. In Germany, there were fewer articles about Roma in the latter period of the study than in the earlier ones. Both countries saw the percentage of articles including a Roma voice remain more or less stable over time, fluctuations due to specific stories or total numbers of Roma-­‐related articles notwithstanding. Both countries have seen changes in the media representation of Roma in recent years. As Fred Taikon notes, the Roma themselves contributed significantly to the changes in and reduction of the usage of the terms ‘gypsy’, ‘Zigeuner’, ‘zigenare’ and other translations, particularly in Western Europe.141 This is in line with Hall’s observation that meaning is fundamentally dialogic in nature, and that the Other is crucial to that dialogue.142 The participation of the Roma in that particular discussion changed the publicly recognised meaning of ‘gypsy’ from an acceptable (if derogatory) term to describe the Roma, to a pejorative slur that is no longer acceptable. Articles in this study also tended towards a few specific topics, most of which focused on either the victimisation or the criminality of the Roma. A case could be made for a concerted effort to include more stories about the culture of the Roma, and their history and identities. However Cottle warns against the uncritical broadcasting of ‘celebratory’ features on ethnic minorities focused on 141 See Appendix I 142 Hall, “The Spectacle of the ‘Other.’” p. 235.
77 festivals, individual success stories and ‘cultural exotica’. “Despite the best intentions of the producers, such ‘multiculturalist’ representations,” Cottle argues, “may actually serve to reinforce culturally sedimented views of ethnic minorities as ‘Other’ and simultaneously appear to give the lie to ideas of structural disadvantage and continuing inequality.”143 It seems clear that regardless of topic, there must be a balance between a range of diverse representations and voices. The participation of Roma voices in discourse allows for contestation of stereotypes and inaccuracies. Hall investigates the many methods of contestation employed by those falling under the ‘black’ identity in Britain, and notes that all of those include participation. Minority media outlets such as É Romani Glinda are already working to counteract the stereotypes and misrepresentation of the mainstream media while also consulting with government agencies and conducting educational programs. It is this kind of multifaceted approach that is most likely to see effective results – improving the educational and governmental participation of Roma while simultaneously working to improve media representation. The three are intrinsically linked, as we have seen in the discussion of the previous chapter. Ultimately Germany and Sweden have a responsibility, both to their national Roma populations and to the wider European community, to uphold the Roma’s right to be understood, as detailed by Husband.144 Sweden and Germany must actively seek to comprehend the Roma in a manner that goes beyond understanding them as the Other, and recognises the Roma as a core component of their own national identities. As Fred Taikon concludes: The thing is that the majority of the Swedish, they start to understand now more, because we are highlighting the Roma culture. We are highlighting and we are telling them please, listen. We might be more Swedes than you are, because we have been here for five hundred years. And you can go three generations back, maybe you were Finnish, you were Danish, you were German. But we have been here 143 Cottle, “Introduction: Media Research and Ethnic Minorities: Mapping the Field.” p. 11. 144 Husband, “Media and the Public Sphere in Multi-­‐Ethnic Societies.”
78 for five hundred years and that is how many generations – who are the Swedes? Is it you, or we? We don’t know.145 5.3 Further Research As this thesis has served an exploratory function, there are numerous avenues for further research in the field. The first would be to expand the methodology and theory of this original study to include a wider number of countries across Europe, perhaps focused in specific regions to identify trends and patterns. A more comprehensive study with a focus on qualitative Critical Discourse Analysis would give further insight into the particulars of the discussion surrounding Roma and Roma issues in the mainstream media discourse. It would shed light on the topics under discussion, and give a fuller understanding of the diversity of voices represented in the media, and how much space and priority those voices are given. There is ample space for the examination of different forms of media. For example, Hall’s discussion of the imagery of representation could be explored with relation to photos attached to newspaper articles, or to representation in televised news media.146 Further explanatory studies might focus on the political motivations for the inclusion of Roma voices, as discussed in subsection 4.2.2 of this thesis. In the same vein, a closer analysis of the power structures that determine Roma participation in the media would address Cottle’s criticism that “studies of media representation often lack a theory of ‘mediation’ and, in consequence, collapse the forces of production into culturally defined ‘frameworks of knowledge’... as such, they tend to overlook Hall’s recognition of ‘the relations of production’, the ‘technical infrastructure’ and the ‘institutional structures’ that also condition and shape the practices and output of media workers.”147 Or we might turn once more to Adichie, who proclaims that we must look beyond the simple presentation of minorities’ and dispossessed peoples’ 145 See Appendix I 146 Hall, “The Spectacle of the ‘Other.’”
147 Cottle, “Introduction: Media Research and Ethnic Minorities: Mapping the Field.” p. 16. 79 histories. “Start the story with the arrows of the Native Americans, and not with the arrival of the British,” Adichie argues, “and you have an entirely different story. Start the story with the failure of the African state, and not with the colonial creation of the African state, and you have an entirely different story.”148 If we look to the media discourse itself to pinpoint what various actors are saying about the history of the Roma, we might see whether there is a constructive discussion taking place about how the discrimination of the past is contributing to the poverty of the present. Whatever the approach of further studies, they should recall Charles Husband’s argument that we must investigate not simply what the media does, but what it should do.149 The research and analysis in this thesis has demonstrated that there is a serious problem with the current state of representation and participation of Roma in media discourse, and future research must address this. In this way, we might see a way for the media itself to lift the stories of the Roma out of the margins and obscurity, and bring the unheard voices to the public’s attention. 148 Adichie, “‘The Danger of a Single Story’ -­‐ Talk Subtitles and Transcript.”
149
Husband, “Media and the Public Sphere in Multi-­‐Ethnic Societies.” p. 200.
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b65f3a/fact-­‐sheet-­‐a-­‐strategy-­‐for-­‐roma-­‐inclusion-­‐2012-­‐2032. Tidningsstatistik AB. “Snabbfakta: Svenska Dagbladet.” TS Mediafakta. Accessed July 9, 2015. http://ts.se/mediefakta-­‐upplagor/snabbfakta?mc=001848. Uppsala University Library. “Newspapers and Magazines.” Uppsala University, Sweden. Accessed March 1, 2015. http://www.ub.uu.se/samlingar/dagstidningar/?languageId=1. 83 Appendix I Interview with Fred Taikon at É Romani Glinda, 19th May 2015 – abridged for relevance. Also present: Bengt O Björklund, who also works on the magazine. [Some initial discussion took place before the recording began] Fred Taikon: ... Then we was more, we looked more over the articles, how they was written. And as you was asking before, are the Roma involved in the articles that was produced, I said not in that was that it is today. This is our fight, to fight against the newspapers and reporters and to write. For example now we took away, in 1971 in London they took away the name of Zigeuner and so on, and changed it to Roma, or Romer in Swedish. Means that it’s not political correct from ten years ago to put in articles Zigenarer. Now they have to write Rom or Romer. That is also, that’s why the reporters now was reacting on Åsa Romström, the Miljoparteiet when she went out to this, have you heard about the refugees in Italia? She went out in television and said that it’s the same situation, no, I don’t really remember but she... Bengt O Björklund: She made a comparison with the people on the Mediterranean with people in Auschwitz. Fred: And in the very same minute she said, she went out and said I’m sorry, I’m apologising if I hurt anyone when I said that, it was in the heat of speech. She said and of course it can’t be compared with those people, for example the Jews and Zigenarer. So. Then it starts again. And all those who are in opposition – Bengt: I think she’s right in some ways Fred: Yes that’s one way to see it but in this discussion it was not the politically right way, I mean if we are doing it, that’s different. But a politician should know how to express this. So of course all the opposition parties were like tigers on it. But I mean that was so very late, just one week ago. But back to the articles let’s say ten years ago, it was more, it started to be better because we was complaining. Now for example talking two or three years back, now the journalists know, and also you know we have seen since 15 years ago we got minority status in Sweden, which means you can’t offend the minority people. There are five minorities here now. You have to be politically correct about that. I would say that it’s much, much better now, and the Roma have also a chance to make comments in the articles. I think that the journalists today here in Sweden, they have been educated, so to say, to be in touch with the target group. You can’t make articles about them, because they have to say their own minds. And always plus and minus. Caitlin Boulter: Would you say the representation now is good, or just better? 84 Fred: It’s better because we saw for nearly, say ten months ago in summertime, it was a Finnish family in Södertälje, it was on Sunday or something. They was by Rusta and I think they had a girl with ten, eleven years old and she wanted a perfume and the father or mother said no, you can’t, I don’t know why. But the younger brother felt sorry for her so he took it and put it in the pocket. It wasn’t expensive, I mean Rusta don’t have any expensive perfumes or anything, but he took it – and that is not right. But the guards, they saw him, so they took the boy and were holding him quite hard, I mean it’s a small boy, you don’t need that force. And when that boy was screaming for his father, “Papa!” and the father saw it and went very quickly and said if you don’t let my son go... he said in a threatening way. You don’t need that force, I am here now so let him go and we can speak about the rest. And they was calling the police and the police came. Also correct, nothing with that. But the thing was, the day after, there was an article on the newspaper in Södertälje, it said – just about – ‘The father was yelling at the police in spite of his thieving son’. It sounds like he was a thief, a really thief, I mean professional thief. And it was a very bad made article. So I went back to the newspaper and I said where did you get that information? No, we don’t have to say our sources, so we just have this. Then I went back to the police and said I would like to have the report of this, what happened. Ah, but we don’t have it. Oh, you don’t have it? But you should have because it was a telephone call to the police should be registered. And should also know which car it was that was out because each car has a number. And also the policeman who made the report, I would like to see it because now there is an article, very badly written, and we will see where he got that information about this incident. But they couldn’t give anything. That is also in my investigations about the articles, that we can see that the police didn’t really take care. And also we couldn’t – nothing happened, he didn’t get into any court or anything because the boy was too young and nothing, but it should be registered. Something. But if they was hiding it I don’t know, because as you said they should be registered in some way, something, but here was nothing and I didn’t want to get further because nothing happened and it’s only wasting my time for nothing, you know. So sometimes there are badly written articles. Again I would say it’s much better than it was before. But we have a very very very big problem with – hur säger man nyatidningen, Bengt? Bengt: Online magazines. Fred: I don’t really remember the names of them because they are changing you know, they can be up for one or two months and then they have to close and then they start in another way, you know? I don’t know Bengt if you could find just one of the articles... I mean they are always pronouncing zigenarer and not Roma – zigenarer did that, and I did so and she was a zigenarer... Bengt: Oh you mean these terribly racist ones. Oh okay. Fred: So it means that they are making very good investigation about one case for example. Take this, make it on me for example. “Fred Taikon, gypsy -­‐” not gypsy, zigenarer, “he was stealing, and he also changed his name because now he is called Fred Andersson but before he was Fred Taikon...” I mean they are going so deep, you know? And making – 85 Bengt: Okay I found one, they’re very easy to find. Fred: Would you please-­‐ Bengt: Okay, I just make uh, “Having gypsy as a neighbour is hell.” It says, “I have had these animals next to me for a month now, it’s so bloody annoying, I can’t even go out for a smoke without these gypsies appearing, yelling, screaming in the yard or with babies sitting screaming,” et cetera et cetera... and in the last line it says, “it doesn’t seems to be enough that they have these bloody Somalians and all the other wogs...” Caitlin: Great. Really enlightened humans. Bengt: “On the yard, now we have to have the bloody gypsies, these disgusting gypsies as well.” Fred: This should be something for authorities to look for but you know that kind of hate speech is on internet and don’t leads to anything, no trial, nothing, and it’s very difficult – for them, they say – but one good technical person who knows how to use the internet can easily find them. So I mean the police also have forces who know how to get in and to see who wrote this. Caitlin: different... If they were making a threat against national security it would be a Fred: Yeah, yes. But you know it’s also the right of free speech, you know. And you have your own mind; you can express your own mind without to be, uh... Caitlin: Persecuted. Fred: Yes. So uh that is difficult here in Sweden. You can’t get, I mean they have to make another legislation about this, for hate speech on the internet, and that is very difficult to take to the court. So that is what we are fighting against now, and the government know this and even calls all those authorities who are working, the justice ombudsman and justice counsellor, there is even one Ombudsman for internet and ombudsman for newspaper, ombudsman for the radio and television, and they are looking but they can’t do anything. So we have a racism and intolerance program here in our organisation that we are asking ourself how long can you go before you are offending a group, a person, in your way to express yourself, or in drawings or something. And that is one of the projects we have here. We are out in the schools giving lessons and making workshops about this. There are no answers to our questions, just to discuss. There are different cultures – the Roma can’t do like that, the Roma don’t have the right to free speech we can’t do it because then we are offending people, nobody can write anyway “that bloody Fred Taikon,” if someone is doing that the other Roma will take him like “ah, what are you doing? You can say he’s a – but you can’t say, you have to say it in another way, don’t offend him like this. It’s against all the rules.” [...] 86 Caitlin: Can I just ask you some questions, I just had some general things I wanted to ask. When we’re talking about the representation of Roma in Sweden, I know this is a really complicated question with a lot of answers, but who falls into that group of Roma, in your opinion? Is it just Swedish Roma or is it also the Romanians coming or the Finnish and so on... Fred: For me I am very open minded about that. The only, that person who just comes in that door and says “Hi, Fred, I’m a Roma,” I believe him. Caitlin: So it’s about self-­‐identification? Fred: Yeah. This is what you yourself want to be. It might be that he is a very white one, and it might be that I am, “oh yeah, very nice” but then I ask his family’s name and I can recognise him on the name. And if he has a Swedish sounding name then it might be that I am asking, “how are you related to the Roma,” and he explains “well my grandma” and so and so on. And then okay, it was a long time ago but still you are identifying yourself as a Roma. Well come in! Come in! And I do understand that you might have been speaking to Matthew about that there are some arguments about who is Roma and not Roma. And now I think you are thinking about the Swedish Resande – are they Roma or not Roma? And that’s a big discussion. I don’t know, have you heard anyone say “I am not Roma, I am Resande” or something? Caitlin: I’m still collecting my data at the moment but I read an article in Svenska Dagbladet that made the distinction between Travellers and Roma, saying that there was a relation between them but discussed Travellers as a separate group to Roma. Fred: Right, a separate group, but how can you be separate to Roma? No, we are speaking about, to say that I don’t belong to the Roma, that’s un-­‐
knowledge about your heritage; I don’t think they know their own history. If you take for example, as they call themselves, Resande – if you’re not Roma, why are you calling your language Svensk Romani? Why are your language included of my international Romani, Kalderash? Why do they have similar spelling in another way, I see this is a dialect of Romani Chib? And you say suddenly I am not Roma, I am Resande. So this is very difficult. Anyway, it’s up to themselves, to identify – [...] Fred: But it also gets me angry. If you want to be a national minority and call yourself Resande – welcome. Do that. But don’t call your language any more for Swedish Romany. That is what I am saying. May be my opinion. But you know they are also, some of the Resande who say “of course we are Roma, Fred! We are.” I don’t know if they are saying that to me because they have the right to apply for some different projects in the name of Roma, or whatever it is, I don’t know. Because as we have minority status, it’s also a special chance, because there are different kinds of money for minorities, for example by Kulturrådet, is the government, they have seven million crowns for the minorities, and if you belong to one of them then you can go there and ask for some cultural money. There are different possibilities. I am not researchers, but I also know that when 87 I am looking at the text of the Romani text in the dictionaries, and also other texts maybe of them, I can see they have quite lots of similarities with the group of Sinti. And we just had this discussion a month ago of this. I mean, the Resande. They have kind of, lots of German family names, only translated. I mean for example we have the German “Rosenbaum”, means “Rosengrän”, we have the “Schwarz”, made into Swedish “Svartsch” [spelling?] and other name. And that also means that the group of Sinti, they came from the old time Berman [??], and Berman [??] was split, so it’s in Czech, East Germany, West Germany, and for example in Germany lives lots of Sinti. And Resande have those connections with the Sinti more than they have with us “black” Roma. We are the blackest Roma from Romania and so on. So this is a special chapter. Very difficult. We don’t even know how to handle it. Maybe not. It’s very difficult for me to go out to say that you don’t belong to the Roma when I would like to include you but you are excluding yourself from our group. But okay. If the group decide we are not of the Roma, we are Resande, then you can’t claim that you have the language of Svensk Romani and you can’t speak our language, I mean. There are some different theories about who are the Travellers, who are the Resande and Reisande and Tatare as they called them before, because the name of Tatare was a misunderstanding, they thought they was Tartare. I don’t know if you know David Gaunt, he’s a historical professor, we have been discussing lots of times. His description about the Roma – who they are, where they came from – we have been speaking of a group of the name of Ashkali, and the Ashkali they say – [...] There is also one group in Balkan. They say we are not Roma, we are Ashkali, we are not Roma. But how come that you are, that you look like the Roma, you are living like a Roma, and you’re not a Roma? You’re Ashkali. The same as it is in Romania, there is another group with the name Rodari, have you heard of them? If you ask them – they are the beggars, one of the beggars, and you say do you speak Romani? No? Aren’t you Roma? No, I am Rodari. Well how come that you have a special name? You should call yourself Romanian, if you’re not. But you are a group living in Romania and it’s a very big group living in Romania. And you look like me and you’re even darker than me. And you don’t call yourself Roma. But you are still begging together with the Roma. How come? I don’t think they know their own history. And also the Ashkali – So. For example, if we are going back to the Byzantine time, when we were speaking, me and David, and I said David, don’t you see those Ashkali, they are the ones who was travelling around in Europe and even went to Britain, to England. And in England they became Travellers. And they are not Roma, they are Travellers. And they have the same way to think – we are not the Roma, we are Travellers. But still you live in caravans. Still you have the manners, rules – why should it be separated from other Balkan groups if you’re not the Roma? But this is – I don’t want to really get into race biological because we had enough of that with Roma. So that is, as we go back again, self identification. And by Travellers, Resande here in Sweden, they are asking themselves when does the blood, the connection with the blood, when is it going out, is it the second generation or the third generation? Now we are speaking about race biology as the Germans did. When are you “pure” and “not pure”? When are you half, quarter, or three quarters? If you are three 88 quarters, are you still Roma? It’s only yourself who can say, I am a Roma, and I want to be and live as a Roma. Self identification. Caitlin: If you’re looking at it from a media point of view, if you see the way the media portrays or uses the word Roma to describe a group, do you think that they have enough – do they differentiate between the groups or do they just, everything is all together. Fred: No. It’s all together. Because that is what we are fighting about. We are a national minority but we are not in the school books. And as long as we are not in the school books and can’t tell who are the Roma – that it’s not a homogenous group... I used to give lessons in the university and in high school classes and I used to ask them, the pupils – do you know anything about Sami? Not so much. About the Roma? No. Do you know anything about American Indians? Oh yes! How come that you know more about American Indians that are not even Swedes? How do you know so much about them? Oh we learn at school, we have seen movies where it’s very clear in the film whether they are Cherokee or Mohican. Okay, I will give you one example. Let’s make a roof. We have a common name, American Indians. But we know there are different tribes under that roof, and we do know there are different dialects or languages. That we know about the American Indians. Exactly the same is with the Roma. We have a common name – Roma – different groups, different dialects, but still a common name of Roma. And if you can’t give the information in schools and have them in the history books, how should any journalist know if he’s not specialised on Roma articles? How can he know? So it took quite long time to convince the government that we are not a homogenous group. And it also for example now, we are speaking at least thirteen to fifteen dialects here in Sweden, so many different kinds of Roma there are. I belong to the Swedish Roma, and then we have different waves of immigration, so we have the Polish Roma, the non-­‐
Nordic Roma, we have the Finnish Roma, we have the Travellers, the Resande, and now we have seen that it is the Polska Roma with a different kind of dialect, and the Finnish Roma and Spanish Roma and France Roma and so on. I mean we are speaking about sixty dialects – and how come? We are Indian. We are from India. And how many languages is it in India? Caitlin: A huge number. Fred: Then you understand. So. But the thing is, who knows? Do the journalists know about our history? No. If it isn’t a journalist who just wants to get in – as they do, of course, they do like a, for example, now we are a Swedish minority and some journalist want to make a serious article, he go in and look – who are the Swedish minorities? And then he start to read about them and learn, but... they are specialised. To make a special article. And we try to highlight. You came now here because we are a magazine, don’t you? Caitlin: Uh, yeah. Fred: But the magazine is the smallest work that we are doing. The magazine is the most visible, but the other work we are doing is five times more than we are doing with the newspaper. Means that we are in discussion with the government, we give lessons, we are at the school departments and we are with 89 all the departments, we are in the strategy, we are speaking just with one month ago, we spoke to the Cultural Minister, have an audience with her, and also a Roma organisation highlighting the five national minorities in festivals. So we are preparing the second year’s festival of “Five Folk Festival”. Caitlin: So is that under the organisation É Romani Glinda? Or is that just the name of the magazine? Fred: No, it started there, so everything is Romani Glinda, it’s very difficult to separate – the magazine is Romani Glinda, the organisation is Romani Glinda, and also we are editors of books. But we try to call it “ERG” Verlag. So there might be some confusion about that but you know we have been growing without thinking about the name, but it’s better to have, I mean we are the most famous organisation here in Sweden, everybody know them. And why? Because we are giving the magazine free to all the Roma. And you know our, those people give us money to do it but they say, you have to sell it. You can’t give it free. If we can’t give it free we will stop with it. Because this is what the Swedish government earned the Roma, to have an information about themselves. Made by Roma. Caitlin: How does that change... I’m trying to figure out the right way to phrase it – What’s the effect of the narratives, the stories that you see in mainstream newspapers about Roma people? You’ve said in the past that they were negative and that they were full of misinformation. What’s the effect on the actual Roma community itself, when they read stories like this, or...? Fred: I’m not sure that I understood what you mean, but I think it is, if they make an article – we are not interested if you are writing if it was a Kalderash Roma or if it was Lovara Roma who was in the article. We have a common name – Roma. And don’t has to give out the name of the tribe. Because that doesn’t give any point to the article. Caitlin: Even understanding that, if there are multiple articles saying that Roma are thieves, or that they are causing problems with their neighbours or things like this, how is that, does that have an effect on the Roma community to see these things being written about them? Fred: The Roma can think by themselves but they are not expressing it. For example if there is an article, a negative article or criminal article, and then the Roma thinks oh, that’s the Lovara, it was the Lovara who did that, or the Lovara say it’s a Kalderash who did that. So that means that, it’s very difficult. You don’t have to point out which group it is. But also it’s not right maybe, in different articles, to have a common explanation, because if someone gets hurt, the whole group gets hurt, because you are using the name of Roma, not the tribe. So it depends how it is. We, for example, we are doing articles when there is different – like a conference, for example. Fred Taikon, a Kalderash Roma from Sweden, or Aaron Schwartz, Roma from Finland. Finnish Roma or something like that. That’s when we’re presenting the groups, that’s why we are doing it. Otherwise we say Aaron Schwartz or Fred Taikon, don’t have to say it, depends what it is. So it depends what it is, so maybe they have some time to tell which group they belong to. And that is only positive articles, because they feel 90 themselves good when they see oh, he was representing me as Finnish Roma and I’m very proud of that. So it’s only in positive articles we are doing that. Caitlin: Okay. So do the negative, when there are negative portrayals of Roma, putting aside the separate groups within the Roma identity, and looking at it as a whole – when there are negative depictions, you know, do you think people read that article and that has an effect on their own idea of themselves as Roma? Fred: Depends who is writing the article. As we said before I don’t think the journalist is pointing out any groups, just Roma, because he don’t know who it is. And that is also if there is a negative written history he don’t go to the target and ask him, is it right so and so, he’s writing on his, where he got his sources. But if there is an article, for example we are doing now together with the historical museum a project together with them and another organisation, to find the Roma camps around Stockholm. And it was one of my ideas and they hooked on it and now we are doing this. So in those articles about this phenomenal project, they are always interviewing me. It’s strange that I am, because the project doesn’t belong to us, I am, I was just one of the initiative takers. But it’s the historical museum that has been asking for the money to the project, they are the leading ones on the project and they are also archeologic things to do here, they should ask them maybe. But they say they have been seeing the value of an interview with me, because now they went to the target. The museum is not the target. The museum is only the one that is going to make the investigation about this. But the target is the Roma. And who should you speak to? You have to speak to the initiative taker. And then it’s coming out. I mean it starts to be much better. They could have been making the interview with one institute, I mean it’s a governmental institute, Museum, they could go to the internet and say how is it, could you explain this, it sounds very nice – but they didn’t. They are making, in the first they ask, I say yes but we should do it together with the museum, I don’t want to take the honour or anything, just to share it. And that is what we are doing. Caitlin: You say that often they come to you for news, so journalists will come to you if there’s something about – Fred: Not really, but you know journalists can make one phone call, even radio, television, other authorities, they make one phone call – as I said É Romani Glinda is the biggest information centre, call us and we will tell you where to go. So we are trying to, when newspapers or other media say do you have someone who knows about scholarships, schools, or do you know anything about discrimination who can I speak about discrimination in this case or another case, we give it out – you speak to that one, you speak to that one. And that is good, because we know when the qualities of people who can express themselves good, in a good way, to give the right answer and so on, without to umm and ahh and not really know. They give the right answer directly. And that makes also a good impression when you know what you are speaking about and you are not always thinking about each question. Caitlin: So is there enough, do you think, enough diversity of voices? So that, so for example when I’m looking through examples of articles, and I see that, 91 okay there’s something to do with Roma issues – the Skåne registry scandal, for example, and you see that okay they’ve spoken to some people, but half of the incidents of there being a quote from someone who’s Roma are, they’re all Soraya Post. For example. So that she’s kind of put up there as the one voice. Fred: Ye-­‐ Well, so, about the register. When it came out, Dagens Nyheter was calling me the very same night and was speaking about that and saying do you know there is a registry about the Roma? Yeah, but I don’t know why and which purpose and, the journalist was very stupid, he should have been telling me about that, this is the police registry do you happen to know about this and so on. And I was saying but of course, that register it might be that the social services did a register or family register, because maybe the family, the parents are druggists or something and they have to make some kind of family tree to take care of the human messes. Okay. And also it could be another kind – I was guessing, you know, I was guessing what is this about. So the day after, I get a telephone and the day after I saw what it was. After that when I wrote it, I was immediately calling the government and I tried to call Ullenhag but he wasn’t in, then I tried to call the secretary and said listen, I’m going to the book fair at Göteborg and I’m not back for one week. And I know that Mr Ullenhag is also going to be away. So try to have a meeting on Monday next week and I will assemble the Roma, we have to speak about this. And it was next week, a meeting all together with all the Roma. And that means that the journalist, and other journalists, has been calling because they saw the name – I don’t know how they could go so deep, they could see the name, so that’s why they was calling those people who was in the register, for example Erland Kalderas in Malmö, his family and his children, I mean, so of course he was one of those who was raising his voice and speaking to our Justice Minister Beatrice Ask and so on. And it was other chairmen of other organisations who was now raising their voice. That means that we had a meeting with the Police Commissioner and it was special people who had the right, not the right but the authority to have the voice of the Roma who could go in there and speak. So of course they are, it’s not all the Roma who speak, and I don’t say I am a representant of the Roma but people are listening. And also when we knew about this register and we went deeper – I was stupid enough to think of course I’m not in the register, but I would like to help the other ones, and then I was thinking – no, okay, I will write to the police and ask them am I in the register? And it came back – yes you are. And I was thinking bloody hell, I am not even criminal, I maybe have a parking ticket or maybe I drove too fast sometime but I don’t even have a point in my driving licence. And I am in a police register. And then all the families are members. Everybody is in there. That means my daughter, Mia, she had been living in Italy for thirty years, she is in there. And her husband is there, and her two boys, in the register. My wife, and some others – I mean why are we there, if it isn’t an ethnic register? We are not criminal! But we were in that register and they wouldn’t recognise it as an ethnic register. But that was about reputation, how are we speaker for the Roma, there was an article just now from Romania, I don’t remember his name, and he claimed that he is the king of the Roma. And I said okay if I call him I say okay you are the king of your family, you are not my king, don’t give me that. I mean this is also the representation, I am only the head of my family, no one else. There don’t exist any kings, maybe it was before very long time ago, it was older 92 persons as we call here in Sweden, older man, it’s a wise person. That kind of representation. But it was lots of older person and wise person in different places. But also only the head of the family. Caitlin: So you said that the narratives and the representation in the media are getting better. Do you think that’s being accepted by the Swedish community, do they also, do they read these articles that have a better representation and do they internalise, do they take in a better idea of the Roma by reading these newspaper articles? Fred: I used to say, journalists, newspapers, newspaper mans, article writers, they are always out to sell headlines. Yesterday it was an article about the Roma in Expressen where it stood that now the police figured out that there are criminal organisations who are running this begging. And when you went into the article the police deny it. We never said that. I mean that is what the journalists have been saying. And they are reading between the lines, but you know if there is a headline and you go to that article and read. I mean it was a long article, but in the end of the article it was – I was reading it on the phone on the train back from Malmö and I was reading and I was tired, it was a long article but the other journalist said but this is what you said before. Ah, a misunderstanding, we haven’t said that. Maybe you can look for that article and translate it in Google. So I mean depends what the journalists want to do. And always, not always but most of the articles are half-­‐truths according to the headlines. So I mean it’s also for example now about the EU members – we call them that, we don’t call them beggars because it’s not so nice to be called “beggars”. So we have been claiming that it isn’t a criminal organised it, because the police of Göteborg, they went out very early to say it was criminalised. And it took quite a long time for the police to go out and say no, we have been looking about this and we are taking it back, it isn’t criminal actions. And now it starts again. We are back at the step of number one, where you can see such articles that it is criminalised. They are criminals. But if you read the article they couldn’t really see if it was or not. But it might be one of the policeman who said but we have been investigating – I mean they are saying it, in one way they are saying it is criminal, because they have people who was watching them. They also saw that it was people who was picking up them each morning and put them out in different places, and that is not a criminal thing. But they are connecting it with criminal things. And they said also that they have been seeing that they are collecting the money from the beggars, and that is also not criminal things, if you give it freely. Because, in my opinion I do think there is some criminality about this because there are people who are using the Roma, because of their bad situation they have home. They are very easy to use them. So I do think there is, but it’s not so wide as they want to spread it out that it is. I used to say, do you think that there are no criminality among twelve million Roma? Stupid to think there isn’t. But it’s also to think that everybody is criminal. So it’s two ways to see it. Before if you go back when the Roma was living in the camps together, they had some very bad situation, so they was out doing, in the morning they went out from the camp in different places, went out to do some work and so on, the men was doing it and the women was home with the children and so on, and they came home, and put all the money together and split it. That was the way to live. And often it was not your family, my family, or another family. It was one 93 family who was living together. And it was, let’s call him Boss, the oldest one with his wife, and then with his children and grandchildren and so on. So I mean during fifty years you have three generations in one family. As I have now. I am seventy years old. I have children, grandchildren, grand-­‐grandchildren. I mean, in that time we can make a camp and living together. And means that we have to survive, and went out in different work and came home and we put the money together, let the women go out and buy the food or so on and still have the money in the family. That was the way to work. And now today. It isn’t forbidden to collect the money, but we don’t know what happens with the money. They have seen that they are colleting the money. They have seen that people are driving them out to different places. So I mean if it was in the modern time, I would do the same with my family. We live far away from the city, and we have a car and I leave you there, you there and you there, and I pick you up later on. So this is the way it was describing. Is it a criminal action? I don’t know. But it might be they are doing it by force. But how come so many people are doing it by force? One or two or three four five men? Easily if there was a criminal way, I mean, even if you are Roma and you are quite peaceful, if you’re someone threatening your family you are going to go against – you will beat him up or you will kill him maybe. But here is nothing of that. That we know. Caitlin: Do you think the wider Swedish community, do you think their ideas about Roma are changing? If you look at Sweden as a whole. Fred: The thing is that the majority of the Swedish, they start to understand now more, because we are highlighting the Roma culture. We are highlighting and we are telling them please, listen. We might be more Swedes than you are, because we have been here for five hundred years. And you can go three generations back, maybe you were Finnish, you were Danish, you were German. But we have been here for five hundred years and that is how many generations – who are the Swedes? Is it you, or we? We don’t know. So that means, when it was anniversary of five hundred years belonging to Stockholm or to Sweden, it was just three years ago we made that, and it was in the Parliament, a thing for the government to highlight, and then they know. Okay. People used to say “go home to your home country.” Yeah, but where is that? Five hundred years in Sweden. Where is it? Where is yours? Three or four generations from your family maybe you was in – whatever you was. I mean it’s very difficult. And also when people say like that, “Go home to your own country,” or sometimes in seminars people are asking but don’t you want an own country? No. Which one should we push out, to have our own country? Caitlin: We’ve seen how that happens in Israel and Palestine. Fred: I mean who are we going to push out to have our own country? We are not interested. Or maybe we should do like the Romanian president said and take all the Roma, put them out in the desert. Is that what you want? So no. There is no Roma own country and it wouldn’t work either because we don’t have the education to run a country, we don’t have the knowledge about, we don’t have the administration knowledge how to administrate, we don’t have the knowledge how to make agriculture or so on. We are not, no, there is no. We want to live in that country where we are born. 94 Caitlin: So there’s a sense of belonging to that country. Is that the same as belonging to the Roma identity, like the two go together, or -­‐ ? Fred: Yes. But also, there are some countries who say we have to integrate the Roma in the community, and they are asking for European social funds money and so on and they have some special money to make this. But then I used to go back. You want us to be integrated by you, but do you want to be integrated with us? That’s the question. Do you know what integration means? Integration means that you should be into the country, without to leave your faith, you should be on equal level to be integrated, without to say that you are not allowed to speak your own language, you’re not allowed to have your religion, not allowed to have your manners or – I mean it should be on the same level. So I used to say, do you want to live with me one week, in my house? I can live with you one week in your house but do you want to live with me? That is integration. So that is the big question. Do they want to be integrated with us? [...] It’s a different way to tackle, you know. Always when we are doing, we have to think or put ourself in another position. How would it be if you was coloured? How would it be if you was handicapped and you can’t walk and so on? How is the possibility to be one of the Swedes? To be integrated without to feel that I am integrated because I don’t have any legs or this is something they are doing for me, I mean there are special laws, special rules for handicapped people – now they don’t say handicapped, they say disabilities or something, people with disabilities, I have to learn that word. But I mean you can’t be, you can’t understand if you don’t put yourself in that situation, otherwise you can’t do it. There are lots of, not only lots of journalists but other people have been trying to live as a handicapped person, to see what are the, what do they meet? For example they are sitting in a rollerchair for one week, and they remind themselves, I can’t go up, I can’t go on the bus, I can’t go in those stairs, I can’t go in that restaurant, and even if I want to have work there has to be the possibility to get in with the chair or – I mean there are lots of things that we don’t even think about. Because you are not there. So. This is also what we have in our mind in our organisation, we have special programs, we don’t make any seminar if we don’t know there is a possibility to come in with a rollerchair, and we are not going there if we don’t have ramps to go out and so on. We also have environment quality programs that we are trying to not buy things, only buying paper that belongs to the environment things you know, that makes very expensive for us but anyway we have that program in our organisation and the government know that. So, yeah. Caitlin: great. Thank you so much for talking to me, this has been really really 95 Appendix II -­‐ Swedish Articles
Newspaper
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Date
Title
Romer berättar om hat och 4/01/13 hot
”Ska vi ha sjukvård bara för 10/01/13 den som kan betala?”
Nyfikenheten på en utsatt 22/01/13 folkgrupp
Author
Presence of Roma voice Y/N
Section of paper
Emma Lofors
Y
Insidan
Rolf Bystrom
Y*
Stockholm
Lars Linder
N
Kultur
Y
Familj
Y
Insidan
Y
Stockholm
N
Ledare
Y
Stockholm
N
Stockholm
Y
Stockholm
Josefine Hökerberg
N
Stockholm
N/A
Dagens Nyheter
Kampen mot orättvisor 22/01/13 fortsätter
Jan Falk
”Våra traditioner borde tas 13/02/13 på allvar”
Thomas Lerner
Dagens Nyheter
”Jag ska inte behöva leva så Josefine 11/03/13 här”
Hökerberg
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
12/03/13 Farlig jakt på syndabockar
”Vi trodde det skulle vara 12/03/13 bättre i Sverige”
N/A
Josefine Hökerberg
Josefine Hökerberg
Dagens Nyheter
15/03/13 Frågor och svar.
Dagens Nyheter
Snart ska Claudia hem till sin Josefine 15/03/13 sjuka dotter
Hökerberg
Dagens Nyheter
” Jag vill inte titta folk i 20/03/13 ögonen och be”
Världens största romska 24/03/13 befolkning
N
Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Romerna har drabbats hårt 24/03/13 av krisen i EU
Ingrid Hedstrom Y
Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Notes
Discrimination against Roma in 20th century VOICE: Erland Kaldaras, leader of Roma Youth
Health care for undocumented EU migrants in Sweden. VOICE*: Anonymous Roma
Voice/s
Erland Kaldaras
Anon
Discussion of the lost art of the Roma carriages
Roma musician Hans Caldaras reminisces on his life and the influence of Simon Brehm. VOICE: Hans Caldaras
Hans Caldaras
Fred Taikon discusses the health traditions and situation of Roma in Sweden. VOICE: Fred Taikon Fred Taikon
Beginning of the story of Claudia and Nico Sbircea, who are begging to send money to their daughters Vandana and Andrea. VOICES: Claudia Claudia Sbircea, and Nico Sbircea
Nico Sbircea
Editorial warns of the dangers of seeking scapegoats for Europe's problems, especially Roma
Story of Claudia and Nico Sbircea in their home in Claudia Sbircea, Stockholm. VOICES: Claudia and Nico Sbircea
Nico Sbircea
Josefine Hökerberg answers questions about DN's review of begging in Sweden
Story of Claudia and Nico Sbirceas begging for money to help their disabled daughter in Claudia Sbircea, Romania. VOICES: Claudia and Nico Sbircea
Nico Sbircea
Romanian man begging in Stockholm's streets believes Roma have brought down reputation of Romania
World's largest Roma population is in Romania
The Eurocrisis has hit the Roma across the continent hard VOICE: Anonymous Bulgarian Roma
Anon
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Pengarna från svenska gator Josefine 24/03/13 håller byn vid liv
Hökerberg
Y
Katerina 31/03/13 Fler partier vill införa förbud Lagerwall
N
Cecilia Wikström, Olle ”Romska tiggare är en Schmidt, Marit 3/04/13 europeisk angelägenhet”
Paulsen
N
Nyheter
Nyheter
Claudia Sbircea, Nico Sbircea, Corneliu Tamas, DN reporter investigates the stories of Sweden's Florica Tamas, Zoita beggars back to Romania VOICES: Claudia and Munteaun, Nico Sbircea, Corneliu* Tamas, Florica Tamas, Constantin Bologe, Zoita Munteaun and Constantin Bologe, Ion Ion Munteaun, Iion Munteaun, Iion Tamas -­‐ all villagers in Malu Vinat Tamas
More Swedish parties want to ban people begging, most of whom are Roma
Dagens Nyheter
3/05/13 Han vill ta plats i historien
Jan Falk
Y
Familj
Dagens Nyheter
9/05/13 Farlig jakt på syndabockar
N/A
N
Ledare
Poor outcomes for Roma are a concern across Europe
Editorial says the mistreatment of Roma is Europe's greatest shame
Increase in children living homeless VOICE: Narcissa, recently homeless Romanian Roma woman
Integration Minister Erik Ullenhag criticises the governments of Europe for unwillingness to help Roma
Romanian Roma from Malu Vinat are once more being evicted from Högdalen VOICES: Marica Gigi, Elena, Ninel
Author of biography about Katarina Taikon goes to Budapest to investigate Roma culture VOICE: Ágnes Daróczi, Katalin Barsony, Timea Junghaus
Renowned Swedish actor Willie Andreason wants history to recognise the Roma as part of Sweden. VOICE: Willie Andreason
Warning about treating Roma as scapegoats for Europe's problems
N
Skriv i DN
Author states that begging will not help the Roma, and that other strategies should be employed
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
8/04/13 Europas största skam
Dagens Nyheter
8/04/13 Fattiga barn blir allt fler
”Europeiska regeringar saknar vilja att 10/04/13 hjälparomerna”
Dagens Nyheter
N/A
N
Ledare
TT
Y
Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Erik Ullenhag
N
Josefine Tiggarna vräks från boplats i Hökerberg, Ole 11/04/13 dag
Rothenborg
Y
Dagens Nyheter
På spaning efter det romska 14/04/13 kulturlivet i Budapest
Lawen Mohtadi Y
Dagens Nyheter
Debatt
Vi kan starta projekt på plats Katherine 10/05/13 i Rumänien
Ekblad
Debatt
Stockholm
Kultur
Narcissa (anon)
Marica Gigi, Elena (anon), Ninel (anon)
Ágnes Daróczi, Katalin Barsony, Timea Junghaus
Willie Andreason
" Romer måste ges plats bland Förintelsens offer" -­‐ 2/08/13 Förintelsen.
N*
Debatt
7/08/13 Livstid för mord på romer
AFP
En dom gör ingen rättsstat -­‐ 8/08/13 Ungern.
Elsa Kugelberg
Y
Världen
N
Ledare
N
Nyheter
N
Stockholm
Illegal residents of Högdalen being evicted once again
N
Stockholm
N
Ledare
N
Nyheter
N
Världen
N
Nyheter
N
Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
13/08/13 Åtalas för diskriminering
TT
I dag vräks romerna på nytt -­‐ Högdalen. Kronofogden: "De kanske inte förstod vad vi sade när vi underrättade Josefine 14/08/13 dem" Hökerberg
Polisen dementerar: De har inte hotat oss -­‐ Högdalen. Josefine 16/08/13 Avhysningen av romerna
Hökerberg
Lögnhals söker vräkning -­‐ 17/08/13 Antiziganism.
Elsa Kugelberg
Fredrik 21/08/13 EU kritiserar mur mot romer Soderling
Anti-­‐romsk mur ett 22/08/13 svartbygge
TT, AFP
Satsning för att få romers förtroende -­‐ 8/09/13 Höstbudgeten.
Ann Persson
"Förbjudet registrera på 23/09/13 etniska grunder"
Niklas Orrenius
Lång historia av våld och registrering -­‐ Bakgrund. 23/09/13 Förföljelsen av romer
Niklas Orrenius
Call for recognition of the Roma as victims of the Holocaust. *Unsure of authors?
Three men with Neo-­‐Nazi links sentenced to life imprisonment for murder of 6 Roma in Hungary. VOICE: Dezideriu Gergely, director of ERRC
Dezideriu Gergely
Three Hungarian men convicted for the murder of six Roma, including a 5 y.o. boy
Campsite owner in Halland is prosecuted for unlawful discrimination against Roma family
N
General
Dagens Nyheter
Sara, 2, hamnade i registret som spädbarn -­‐ DN granskar. 23/09/13 Polisens romska register
Niklas Orrenius Y
Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
N/A
Police deny reports that they claimed Roma evicted from Högdalen threatened them
Group of Romanian Roma being chased away from a campsite in Högdalen
EU condemns wall built in Slovak town of Kosice to separate Roma EU calls on Slovakia to demolish a wall separating Roma from rest of population
Autumn budget wil attempt to rebuild Roma confidence in govt and social services
Legal expert says registry on ethnic grounds is illegal, re: Skåne
Background information on the persecution of the Roma in Sweden
Shock, outrage and fear from Roma community as registry is revealed. VOICES: Sandra Håkansson Sandra Håkansson, and her three children, and mother Susanne Susanne Håkansson, Håkansson; Erland Kaldaras
Erland Kaldaras
Dagens Nyheter
23/09/13
Dagens Nyheter
24/09/13
Dagens Nyheter
24/09/13
Dagens Nyheter
24/09/13
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Över tusen barn med i olaglig kartläggning Varningsklockorna borde ha ringt -­‐ DN granskar. Polisens romska register
En skam för Sverige-­‐ Registreringen av romer.
Det hände då, det händer i dag -­‐ Polisens romska register.
Niklas Orrenius Y
General
Ewa Stenberg
N
Nyheter
N/A
N
Ledare
N
General
N
General
Anti-­‐Roma rhetoric in Paris mayoral election
N
General
Y
Nyheter
Y
General
"Regeringen har mycket att 25/09/13 bevisa"
Hans Rosen
N
Romerna är alltid på fel plats -­‐ Polisens romska register. Maciej Zaremba om 25/09/13 DN:s avslöjande
Maciej Zaremba N
Skånepolisen teg om sina register -­‐ DN granskar. 25/09/13 Polisens romska register
Niklas Orrenius N
Idé & Kritik
Marcello Demeter
Nobody will take responsibility for the Skåne police's Roma registry
Editorial calls the Skåne police registry a disgrace to Sweden
Comparison with the incarceration of Roma in camps during WWII and the Skåne registry
Jeanette Larsson describes how Roma photos were kept in a separate box to other offenders in the police in the 1990s
Lawen Mohtadi N
Polis: "Foton på romer lades 24/09/13 i särskilda lådor"
Niklas Orrenius
Hets mot romer i Paris 24/09/13 borgmästarval
Malin Ullgren
Mircea Cartarescu för DN: Också nazisterna Mircea 24/09/13 registrerade romer
Cartarescu
Ivans föräldrar dödades -­‐ nu är han registrerad av polisen -­‐ DN granskar. Polisens 24/09/13 romska register Niklas Orrenius
Hundratals romer i nytt register -­‐ DN granskar. 24/09/13 Polisens romska register
Niklas Orrenius
Story breaks of a biologically-­‐based registry of Roma people at the Skåne police station VOICE: Marcello Demeter
Comparison between Nazi registration of "undesirables" and the Skåne police Roma registry
Roma whose parents and families were persecuted by the Nazis now face discrimination in form of police registryVOICES: Ivan Nikolizsson Ivan Nikolizsson, and Monica Kaldaras
Monica Kaldaras
Nyheter
A second registry, containing hundreds of names, has been discovered in Skåne. VOICE: Soraya Post Soraya Post
Government must appoint a committee including Roma reps to investigate systematic discrimination, says CoE and Amnesty International alum Thomas Hammarberg
Idé & Kritik
A look at structural racism against Roma
General
Police are staying silent about Skåne registry
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Uppgifter mejlades ut i 25/09/13 landet
Mikael Delin
N
"Integritetsskyddet måste stärkas i svensk lagstiftning" -­‐ Polisens register Mårten Schulz, 25/09/13 över romer. David Brax
N
Dagens Nyheter
25/09/13
Dagens Nyheter
26/09/13
Dagens Nyheter
26/09/13
Dagens Nyheter
26/09/13
Dagens Nyheter
26/09/13
Dagens Nyheter
26/09/13
Dagens Nyheter
26/09/13
Dagens Nyheter
26/09/13
Dagens Nyheter
27/09/13
Skandalen har raserat många romersförtroende för staten
Mikael Delin
Vi måste krossa rasismen Christoffer inom oss
Abrahamsson
Ministern: Det kan handla om rasism
Mats J Larsson
Chatt på DN.se. Niklas Orrenius svarade på läsarnas frågor
Niklas Orrenius
Dags för storstädning -­‐ Registreringen av romer.
N/A
Utvandrarna -­‐ Dikt. Kjell Espmark om romer
N/A
Jag berättade för en landslagsstjärna i en populär bollsport att hon är -­‐ ...registrerad. Hon kunde inte tro det. "Är det dolda kameran?" frågade hon. DN granskar.
Niklas Orrenius
Niklas Orrenius: I registret finns musiker, fritidspolitiker, författare, -­‐ ...debattörer och massor av vanliga familjer. DN granskar. Polisens romska register Niklas Orrenius
Romer kontrollerades i sina egna hem -­‐ DN granskar. Regeringens rapport
Niklas Orrenius
General
Debatt
Emails about Roma with information from registry was circulated outside Skåne as well
In the wake of the Skåne registry revelations, Swedish privacy law must be strenghened
Roma communities and organisations do not trust Gregori Kwiek, Lars the state in the wake of the Skåne registry Demetri, Mia VOICES: Gregori Kwiek, Lars Demetri, Mia Taikon, Taikon, Maja Lena Maja Lena Taikon Taikon
Skåne registry reveals internalised racism within us all
Justice Minister Beatrice Ask states that the Skåne registry could be racist
Y
Nyheter
N
Skriv i DN
N
Nyheter
N
Nyheter
N
Ledare
N
General
Niklas Orrenius answers submitted questions about Skåne registry Is the Skåne registry an anomaly, or indicative of larger system?
Poem from 1972 titled 'Emigrants' about Roma by Kjell Espmark
Frontpage
Registered people shocked by revelations of Skåne registry. VOICE*: Unnamed national sports star
Anon
Y*
Nyheter
Niklas Orrenius is receiving a huge number of calls from people asking if they are in the Roma registry. VOICES*: Anonymous Roma
Anon
N
Nyheter
Revelations that the City of Stockholm held a racial registry of Roma inhabitants until 1996
Y
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Kraven ökar på oberoende 27/09/13 utredning
Resan till tiggarnas hemby blev en chock -­‐ Tiggarna i Stockholm. Socialtjänsten 28/09/13 har besökt byar i Rumänien
Boplatser ett svårlöst 28/09/13 problem
Register över romer granskas -­‐ Efter 28/09/13 DN:s avslöjanden.
Anna Fagerlind
Josefine Hökerberg
Josefine Hökerberg
Pea Nilsson
N
Nyheter
N
Stockholm
N
Stockholm
N
Nyheter
"Ullenhag tar vår oro på 28/09/13 allvar"
Niklas Orrenius Y
Två greps 29/09/13 under romers manifestation TT
N
Polisens värdegrundsarbete 29/09/13 döms ut -­‐ Miljonsatsning.
Peter Wolodarski: A var inte först med att Z-­‐stämpla människor -­‐ 29/09/13 Söndagskrönikan.
Björn Wiman: Fascination och förakt präglar litteraturens bild av romer -­‐ 29/09/13 Krönikan. "Dags att göra upp med den statliga antiziganismen" -­‐ 1/10/13 Polisens romska register.
"Registrets användning utvidgades" -­‐ Polisens 1/10/13 kartläggning av romer.
Krav från romer: En 1/10/13 oberoende granskning
Nyheter
Two social workers travel to Romania to see living conditions of Roma for themselves
Hard to find alternatives to illegal campsites for Roma, say officials
Examination of Stockholm's registry of Roma which existed 1958-­‐1996
Ullenhag still has the confidence of the Roma community VOICE: Erland Kaldaras, head of Roma Erland Kaldaras, Youth; Marian Wydow
Marian Wydow
Marijana Dragic, Stefan Lisinski N
Nyheter
Two arrested at "Roma rally" in Malmo
Much has been invested in establishing a set of values in police force, but to what end? Ingrained racism against Roma persists
Peter Wolodarski
Ledare
Editor Peter Wolodarski discusses the history of classification of Roma
N
Nyheter
Calls for an independent inquiry into Skåne registry, including Roma reps
Martin Kellerman
N
General
N/A
N
Debatt
Niklas Orrenius Y
Nyheter
Mikael Delin
Nyheter
Y
Examination of the role of literature and fiction in the construction of the Roma in Europe's imagining
Government must come to terms with its anti-­‐
Gypsyism, write researchers from the Nordic Roma and Traveller History Network
Roma registry was used for more than just "family feuds", e.g. immigration VOICE: Susanne Håkansson, one of the registered
Susanne Håkansson
Roma reps express concern that police are being left to investigate themselves. VOICE: Rosita Grönfors, President of the International Romani and Traveller Women's Centre
Rosita Grönfors
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Nu ska polischefen öka förtroendet hos romer -­‐ 2/10/13 Polisens kartläggning.
Etnicitet. Sortering av människor är rasismens grundpelare -­‐ Debatt. Sherlot Jonsson om 3/10/13 registreringen av romer
Granskare kräver polisen på fler svar om registret -­‐ 4/10/13 Registreringen av romer.
Nyheter
Sherlot Jonsson N
General
Andreas Nordstrom
Nyheter
Sherlot Jonsson argues that sorting people by ethnicity -­‐ a la Skåne registry -­‐ is a pillar of racism
SIN requires more answers from Skåne police, who say registry was kept to track family feuds between Roma families.
Nyheter
Janek Lundman, Eva Extensive investigative piece about the Lundman Lundman, Charlie family's lives and experiences, in light of the Skåne Lundman, Ylvali registry. VOICES: Lundman family -­‐ Janek, Eva, Lundman, Monica Charlie, Ylvali; Monica Kaldaras
Kaldaras
N
De väntar ännu på svar från polisen -­‐ Polisens romska 6/10/13 register.
Niklas Orrenius Y
Polisen måste satsa på möten i vardagen -­‐ 7/10/13 Registreringen av romer.
Michael Lundh N
Sverige måste inse att man 8/10/13 inte är bäst
Henrik Brors
De romska registren blir en fråga för EU -­‐ Polisens 8/10/13 kartläggning.
Mikael Delin
"Det är förnedrande att 8/10/13 behöva tigga"
Romska register vanliga i Frankrike -­‐ Frankrike. Romerna möter 8/10/13 motstånd
Dags för en kommission om historisk och samtida 9/10/13 antiziganism -­‐ Krönikan.
Police attempt to rebuild trust with Roma community VOICE: Erland Kaldaras, chairman of Roma Youth
Stefan Lisinski, Niklas Orrenius Y Skriv i DN
Erland Kaldaras
Author testifies to leaving the police force years ago due to the discrimination against the Roma
Sweden must realise that it is no better than many other EU countries with history of discrimination against Roma
N
Världen
N
Nyheter
Magnus Falkehed
Y
Världen
Magnus Falkehed
Y*
Världen
Roma registry becomes a matter for the EU
23 y.o. student Anina Ciuciu tells her story and says that begging is a humiliating thing to resort to. VOICE: Anina Ciuciu
Anina Ciuciu
Registering, tracking and mapping of Roma common in France. VOICE*: Stéphane Lévêque, though he himself may not be Roma? Director of Roma solidarity organisation FNASAT
Stéphane Lévêque*
General
Reflections on the fifty years since the publication of Katarina Taikon's 'Gypsy Woman'.
Lawen Mohtadi N
Dagens Nyheter
Inget besked om den svenska polisens romregister -­‐ EU-­‐debatt 10/10/13 om romer.
Henrik Brors
Dagens Nyheter
Larmet: Nu tar de med sig barnen till hemlösheten -­‐ EU-­‐
11/10/13 medborgarna i Stockholm. Mia Tottmar
Därför förstår inte Norge faran med regeringens rasism -­‐ Norge. Henrik Arnstad om ett oroväckande 14/10/13 regeringsskifte
Henrik Arnstad
"Registren bryter mot Staffan 16/10/13 reglerna"
Kihlström
Dagens Nyheter
Massprotester efter romska Magnus 18/10/13 utvisningar -­‐ Frankrike.
Falkehed
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
N
Nyheter
EU Parliament debate on Roma doesn't mention Skåne registry
N
Stockholm
Concerns about children being brought into homelessness, including Roma
N
Helsidan
N
Nyheter
Y
Världen
Racist parties take government in Norway, with anti-­‐Roma rhetoric among others.
European Commission Vice-­‐Pres Viviane Reding says Roma registry breaks the rules.
School students in France protest expulsion of Roma classmates. VOICE: Leonarda Dibrani, 15y.o. Leonarda Dibrani
A girl has been taken from a Roma family in Ireland under suspicion she is not their child. I korthet
Dagens Nyheter
Ny blond flicka funnen 23/10/13 hos romer -­‐ I korthet.
DN
N
Polisen: Barnen registreras för att komma åt kriminella -­‐ 24/10/13 Registreringen av romer.
Niklas Orrenius N
"Jag tror att poliser fått en maktkick av registret" -­‐ De 25/10/13 romska registren.
Niklas Orrenius Y
Dagens Nyheter
Polischefen: Etnicitet kan ha 25/10/13 betydelse
Hans Rosen
Y
Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Gör om, gör mer -­‐ 26/10/13 Antiziganism.
N
Ledare
Skåne police chief Monica Nebelius defends inclusion of children in registry
Jenni Acar, whose family was on the Skåne registry, tells how she believes the police get a power kick from the registry. VOICE: Jenni Acar
Police chief denies that Skåne registry is a family tree. VOICES: Angelina Dimiter-­‐Taikon, teacher in Stockholm; Erland Kaldaras Nikolizsson from Roma Youth
In the wake of the 'Maria' incident in Greece, the editorial reflects on the ingrained prejudices against Roma regarding children
Dagens Nyheter
Peter Wolodarski: Ny kränkning av redan oskyldigt Peter 27/10/13 kartlagda -­‐ Söndagskrönikan. Wolodarski
N
General
Editor Peter Wolodarski discusses the new violation of the Roma
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
N/A
Världen
Nyheter
Nyheter
Jenni Acar
Angelina Dimiter-­‐
Taikon, Erland Kaldaras Nikolizsson
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Granskare kräver polisen på 29/10/13 svar -­‐ Romregistret.
Mikael Delin
31/10/13
Dagens Nyheter
1/11/13
Dagens Nyheter
1/11/13
Dagens Nyheter
3/11/13
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
"Att vi skulle ha koppling till kriminalitet är absurt" -­‐ Polisens romska register. Även ickeromer registrerade
De gör film om "Sveriges Martin Luther King" -­‐ Dokumentär. Ny film om Katarina Taikon ligger rätt i tiden
Känd opinionsbildare -­‐ Katarina Taikon.
Dilsa Demirbag-­‐Sten: Skyddet av fem minoriteter väcker frågor -­‐ Krönika. Söndag
5/11/13 Ingen tigger för att det är kul
Anställda på Sveriges Radio med i polisens kartläggning-­‐ 8/11/13 Romska register. Det kan vi poliser lära oss av det romska registret -­‐ 12/11/13 Polisens romska register.
N
Niklas Orrenius Y
Nyheter
Police are reluctant to give clear answer on the purpose of the Skåne registry
Nyheter
Even non-­‐Roma who are related to Roma have been included in the Skåne registry. VOICE: Jeimi Demeter
Jeimi Demeter
Sverker Lenas
N
Nyheter
N/A
N
Nyheter
Dilsa Demirbag Sten
N
Nyheter
Mirjam Tapper
Skriv i DN
N
Niklas Orrenius Y
Nyheter
Martin Marmgren
General
N
Sexköparna kommer fram när han tigger -­‐ DN granskar. Josefine 15/11/13 Tiggarna i Stockholm
Hökerberg
Y
Frågorna om romregistret som ska få sina svar i dag -­‐ 15/11/13 Skånepolisens kartläggning. Niklas Orrenius Y
Beslut: Polisens register över romer olagligt -­‐ Efter Niklas Orrenius, 16/11/13 DN:s granskning.
Mikael Delin
N
Stockholm
Nyheter
Nyheter
A new documentary about Katrina Taikon frames her as the "Swedish Martin Luther King", according to the directors
Factoid about renowned Roma author Katrina Taikon.
Dilsa Demirbag Sten, Swedish author/journo of Kurdish origins, questions the parameters of minority protection in Sweden in light of the Skåne registry scandal
Author appeals to the humanity of passersby in their treatment of beggars
Several of the employees at Radio Romano are Adam Szoppe, Veli included in the Skåne registry. VOICES: Adam Brijani, Ramona Szoppe, Veli Brijani, Ramona Mutto,
Mutto
There is much for police to learn from the Skåne registry scandal, says police officer Martin Marmgren
Dimitri, 25, tells his story as a beggar who has sold his body for sex in the past as it makes more money than begging. VOICE: Dimitri, not his real name
Dimitri (anon)
The issues surrounding the "Roma Registry" will be answered today. VOICE: Jenni Acar
Jenni Acar
The Discrimination Ombudsman (DO) has declared the Skåne police registry illegal, as being too loosely categorised and over-­‐registered
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Nu krävs det att regeringen 16/11/13 agerar skarpt
Ewa Stenberg
Kritiken är glasklar -­‐ 16/11/13 Skånepolisen.
N/A
N
Nyheter
N
Ledare
Political Commentator Ewa Stenberg calls for swift action from the government in response to Skåne registry scandal and an apology to Roma people
There are clear issues with the Skåne police registry, in the wake of the SIN investigation
Nyheter
Jenni Acar, whose family was on the Skåne registry, says that it is vindication that the registry has been declared illegal. VOICE: Jenni Acar
Jenni Acar
General
Editor Peter Woldarski discusses the loss of trust in the police in the wake of the Skåne registry
General
Pål Veiden responds to an article criticising his attitudes towards Roma people, defending himself and claiming he was misrepresented.
General
Culture editor Wiman responds to Pål Veiden's self defence, stating that he has been guilty of stoking prejudices against Roma in more than just the document referred to in the original article.
Jenni Acar: "Det är lite av en 16/11/13 upprättelse"
Niklas Orrenius Y Peter Wolodarski: Vi borde kunna lita på polisen i Peter 17/11/13 Sverige. -­‐ Söndagskrönikan. Wolodarski
N
Medveten felcitering. Absurda påståenden om min inställning till romer -­‐ Debatt. Pål Veiden bemöter Henrik Arnstads kritik mot 20/11/13 Norges nya regering
Pål Veiden
N
Svar: Veiden legitimerar 20/11/13 fördomar
Björn Wiman
N
"Rumäniens regering är en skammens regering" -­‐ Tiggarna i Stockholm. Utspel 21/11/13 under budgetdebatten
Mia Tottmar
N
Bisarrt förringa rasismen -­‐ 21/11/13 Diskriminering.
Erik Helmerson N
Registrering av romer. Vem kan åtala sin egen regering? -­‐ Debatt. Rosa Taikon om 500 21/11/13 års förföljelse Rosa Taikon
Y
Ledare
Folkspartiet group leader in Stockholm Lotta Edholm says that the government of Romania should be ashamed that Roma beggars seek a better life on Sweden's frozen streets.
Opinion piece about the dismissal of racism in Sweden, particularly against the Roma
Debatt
Rosa Taikon describes 500 years of persecution of Roma peoples. VOICE: Rosa Taikon
Rosa Taikon
Stockholm
Dagens Nyheter
Romer kritiska -­‐ kräver ny utredning av polisens register -­‐ Underkänt för 7/12/13 staten.
Inte bara romer lever på 14/12/13 gatan
Dagens Nyheter
Uppgifter om romer flyttas 14/12/13 till nytt register -­‐ Polisen.
Mikael Delin
Dagens Nyheter
19/12/13
Dagens Nyheter
20/12/13
Dagens Nyheter
21/12/13
Dagens Nyheter
28/12/13
Dagens Nyheter
Inga kameror på hotad 31/12/13 utställning
Y
Arto Moksunen N
Polisen måste visa att registren sköts -­‐ Efter DN:s avslöjande om romregistret. Mikael Delin
Le Pen fick böta för förolämpning
AFP
Tjänstemän åtalas inte för olagligt register -­‐ Polisens Niklas Orrenius, romska listor.
Ossi Carp
"Därför bör vi göra det förbjudet att ge till tiggare" -­‐ Tiggeri. Bo Rothstein
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Mikael Delin
Clas Barkman
Y
Skriv i DN
A new independent review of the Skåne registry is called for, requiring Roma representatives from across the country. VOICE: Marian Wydow
Marian Wydow
Author points out that Roma are not the only people living on the streets in Sweden.
Nyheter
Skåne registry will be removed, but some information will be transferred to a new database, and it is unclear which. VOICE: Soraya Post
Soraya Post
Nyheter
N
Nyheter
N
Världen
Acting Justice Minister Beatrice Ask says regulations on how people are registered must be tightened
Jean-­‐Marie Le Pen fined 5000€ for saying that Roma people are thieves "by nature".
Y
Nyheter
Officials are not being prosecuted for the Skåne registry. VOICE: Soraya Post
N
Debatt
N
Kultur
Strid om invandring får 4/01/14 Merkel att agera -­‐ Tyskland. Jan Lewenhagen N
Världen
Dagens Nyheter
"Så kan Europa bidra till att minska antalet tiggare" -­‐ Thomas 12/01/14 Gatutiggeri.
Hammarberg
N
Debatt
Dagens Nyheter
Allt börjar i skolan -­‐ 14/01/14 Fattigdom.
N
Ledare
N/A
Opinion piece about banning begging.
Gothenburg City Museum has been forbidden from running a continuous camera feed on its "We Are Roma" exhibition, which it did in response to threats against the exhibits.
Newly formed German government in turmoil over immigration issue, primarily over Roma immigrants from Romania and Bulgaria
Thomas Hammarberg, Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights, argues that a broader approach to combatting poverty among Roma is needed and that banning begging will not help
Professor Bo Rothstein wrote that giving to beggars should be outlawed to improve prospects for those in poverty. School-­‐age education should instead be the solution
Soraya Post
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Dagens Nyheter
18/01/14 Kultur hellre än tiggare?
Ord mot ord när 23/01/14 campingägare frias
Minnet av Förintelsen byggs bit för bit -­‐ Förintelsens minnesdag. Elisabeth Åsbrink skriver på dagen 69 27/01/14 år efter Auschwitz befrielse
"Europa måste se upp med rasismen" -­‐ Förintelsens minnesdag. Romani Rose är 27/01/14 huvudtalare
Gunnar Lamin
N
Skriv i DN
TT
N
Nyheter
Author believes the Romanian Institute is evidence that Romania could be conducting effective programs for its poor, mainly Roma
Campsite owner is cleared of suspicion of discriminating against two Roma campers
Idé & Kritik
Author Elisabeth Åsbrink writes about the politics of memory and history surrounding the Holocaust, describing the plight of the Roma in modern day Hungary
Elisabeth Åsbrink
Staffan Kihlström
Y
Nyheter
N
Stockholm
N
Nyheter
N
Debatt
Y
Stockholm
N
Skriv i DN
Tage Magnusson N
Skriv i DN
Mikael Delin
General
Rumänsk polis vill patrullera Josefine 30/01/14 i Stockholm -­‐ Tiggare.
Hökerberg
Djupare granskning av fler polisregister -­‐ Registreringen 1/02/14 av romer.
Mikael Delin
"Att tillåta tiggeri försvårar för romerna att integreras" -­‐ 8/02/14 Gatutiggeri. Raduta Matache
Systrarna väntar på att avhysas av fogden -­‐ 8/02/14 Högdalen. Ole Rothenborg
Har romerna det bra i 11/02/14 Rumänien?
Varför kan vi inte ta hand om våra fattiga? -­‐ Sverige 12/02/14 förr och nu.
"Det viktiga är att registret är olagligt" -­‐ Romregistret. 14/02/14 JK prövar skadeståndsrätt
N
Siv Tonder
Y
Romani Rose is the keynote speaker and guest of honour at Holocaust Remembrance Day. VOICE: Romani Rose
Romani Rose
Romania offers to send police to Sweden to deal with beggar issue. Sweden declines, says it's a social issue and that it could be combated by Romania complying with action plan for inclusion of Roma.
Further investigation into more records in the wake of the Skåne registry. No police are being prosecuted. Romanian ambassador Raduta Matache writes that allowing begging prevents the integration of Roma into Sweden
39 Roma people in Högdalen are being evicted from their settlement. VOICES: sisters Elena and Elena (anon), Maria Maria, no surname given.
(anon)
Reader writes in disbelief to question the Romanian ambassador's statement that the Roma have it good in Romania
Reader writes in to compare the discrimination against the poor in the early 1800s to that against Roma today
Victims of Skåne registry must be compensated. VOICES: Marcello Demeter and Monika Kaldaras, Marcello Demeter, whose families were on the register
Monika Kaldaras
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
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Dagens Nyheter
"Etnisk profilering kan inte uteslutas" -­‐ Polisens romska register. DO:s granskning 21/02/14 klar
Mikael Delin
N
Niklas Orrenius: I en rättsstat måste poliskåren vara till för alla -­‐ Krönika. 22/02/14 Lördag
Niklas Orrenius N
"Så kan vi bryta romernas tiggeri och 22/02/14 utanförskap" -­‐ Gatutiggeriet. Rickard Klerfors N
Vi ska inte förbjudas att visa medmänsklighet -­‐ 27/02/14 Samhällsklimatet.
Isaac Skogstad N
28/02/14 Polisen jobbar med romer Livsvalen: Tiggeri eller prostitution -­‐ 13/03/14 Rumäniens romer.
"Ohållbar situation" -­‐ EU-­‐
migranter avhystes. 14/03/14 Aktivister protesterade
Rumänsk talesman: Romerna har ett val om de vill tigga -­‐ EU-­‐
14/03/14 konferens.
General
Skåne police records may be a case of ethnic profiling
Nyheter
Niklas Orrenius gives an opinion piece stating that the police must be a police force to protect the Roma, too
Skriv i DN
Romanian studies scholar Rickard Klerfors writes an opinion piece about solutions to the begging issues
Reader writes that we should be able to express our compassion and empathy for those in difficult situations, i.e. Roma beggars
Debatt
TT
N
Nyheter
Police are working with Roma in Skåne to combat prejudices against both Roma and police. I korthet
Josefine Hökerberg
Y
Stockholm
Expose on Romania's Roma and their living conditions. VOICE: Valeriu Nicolae
Ulrika By
N
Nyheter
Josefine Hökerberg
Y
Nyheter
Y
General
N
Nyheter
Gettots barn dansar för sin Josefine 15/03/14 framtid -­‐ DN i Rumänien
Hökerberg
Socialtjänst och hyresvärdar i nästa stora granskning -­‐ 24/03/14 Register över romer.
Mikael Delin
Activists protest eviction of people -­‐ mostly Romanian Roma -­‐ camped on municipal land
Uproar as Romania's Advisor on Roma Issues Damian Draghici says Roma have a choice whether to beg or not. VOICES: Damian Draghici and Soraya Post
Roma children in Bucharest becoming professional dancers to improve their futures. VOICES: Kiki, 14; Valeriu Nicolae, human rights activist; Maria (no surname); Olga Anghel, project manager; Florin Botonogo
Government investigating social services and housing for evidence of discrimination in wake of Skåne registry scandal
Valeriu Nicolae
Damian Draghici, Soraya Post
Maria (anon), Kiki (anon), Valeriu Nicolae, Olga Anghel, Florin Botonogo
Dagens Nyheter
Börja med att visa egen 25/03/14 solidaritet
Dagens Nyheter
25/03/14
Dagens Nyheter
26/03/14
Dagens Nyheter
26/03/14
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
26/03/14
"Omfattande kartläggning av romer i 1900-­‐talets Sverige" -­‐ Romerna
Ullenhag: Behöver göra mer mot hatet
Romsk kvinna nekad frukost på lyxhotellet -­‐ Inbjuden av regeringen.
Ola Larsmo: Vitboken om romer visar vikten av att en stat lyser in i sitt -­‐ ...eget mörker. Kommentar. Kartläggningen av svensk antiziganism
Ulf Gran Borg
N
Skriv i DN
Erik Ullenhag
Y
Debatt
Mikael Delin
N
Nyheter
Mikael Delin
Y
Nyheter
Ola Luoto
Vårt mörkaste kapitel -­‐ 26/03/14 Övergrepp mot romer.
N/A
Krismöte efter nekad frukost Katerina på Sheraton -­‐ Romsk kvinna Lagerwall, Erik 27/03/14 stoppades.
de la Reguera
Nekad frukost blir DO-­‐fall -­‐ I 28/03/14 korthet.
DN
Josefine 30/03/14 "Rumänien måste ta ansvar" Hökerberg
Y
General
Y*
Ledare
N
Nyheter
Y
Nyheter
N
General
Reader writes that providing amenities to Roma free of charge would lead to an invasion of Roma people in Sweden
Mikael Demeter Taikon, Rose-­‐Marie Integration Minister Erik Ullenhag presents the Wallengren, Soraya government's white paper on mistreatment of Post, Kurt Roma in the 20th century. VOICES: Mikael Magnusson, Rosa Demeter Taikon, Rose-­‐Marie Wallengren, Soraya Taikon, Singoalla Post, Kurt Magnusson, Rosa Taikon, Singoalla Millon, Hans Millon, Hans Caldaras
Caldaras
Integration Minister Erik Ullenhag says more needs to be done against hatred
Diana Nyman denied breakfast at luxury Sheraton Hotel in Stockholm. VOICE: Diana Nyman, Roma activist and spokesperson
Diana Nyman
Revelations of the government's white paper investigating mistreatment of Roma people in 20th century. VOICE: Soraya Post
Soraya Post
Government white paper is a "kind of apology" for mistreatment of the Roma, says Minister for Integration. VOICE*: Katarina Taikon, children's author, but the quote is from an interview in the 70s
Katarina Taikon*
Emergency meeting called about Diana Nyman case
Diana Nyman files her case with the Discrimination Ombudman. I korthet VOICE: Diana Nyman
Diana Nyman
Interview with EU Commissioner Laszlo Andors about the issue of Romanian Roma
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
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Därför kommer inte EU:s pengar fram -­‐ 30/03/14 Rumäniens romer. Del 3
Ur mörkret som Europa skapade -­‐ Roman. Majgull Axelsson om identitet, 2/04/14 ursprung och utanförskap
Josefine Hökerberg
Y
Fokus
Ulrika Milles
N
Idé & Kritik
Y
Frontpage
N
Skriv i DN
N
Skriv i DN
Barn gick till attack mot 3/04/14 tiggare
N/A
EU måste tvinga Rumänien att ta hand om sina romer -­‐ Margaret 4/04/14 Politik i Europa
Carlson
Invandring inte bara 7/04/14 svart/vit
Rumänien vill inte samarbeta -­‐ DN avslöjar. Regeringens hemliga förhandlingar om tiggarna 8/04/14 har havererat
Sven-­‐Olof Petersson
Josefine Hökerberg
N
Rumänien måste ta ansvar -­‐ 9/04/14 Tiggare. Erik Helmerson N
Det var jag som var "Z-­‐173"-­‐ Debatt. Hans Caldaras om etnisk registrering i 9/04/14 folkhemmet Hans Caldaras Y
Investigation of why EU money is not reaching Romanian Roma. VOICES: Valeriu Nicolae, founder of the aid organization Policy Center for Roma and Minorities in Bucharest and former director of the Open Society Foundations Project: Making the Most of EU funds; Gelu Duminica, head of aid organisation Impreuna (Together); Florin Botonogu, president of the Organization Policy Center for Roma and Minorities
Ulrika Milles discusses Majgull Axelsson's novel "Jag heter inte Miriam".
Children attack 60 year old Roma woman Ileana Stanescu. VOICE: Ileana Stanescu, victim of beating
Ileana Stanescu
Author urges people to take to the streets to protest living conditions for Roma and Romania's treatment of them
Author provides opinion piece on "Oss alla"s article about immigration myths, says the problems Roma immigration causes in Swedish society doesn't get publicity
Ledare
Sweden and Romania have been conducting negotiations about beggars, and Romani doesn't want to cooperate, says Birgitta Ohlsson.
EU Affairs Minister Birgitta Ohlsson criticises Romania's lack of responsibility for Romanian Roma
Idé & Kritik
Hans Caldaras tells his story of being Romani and subjected to discrimination such as registration. VOICE: Hans Caldaras
Hans Caldaras
Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
"Utspelet kan gynna romer" -­‐ Efter kritiken mot Staffan 10/04/14 Rumänien. Kihlström
21/04/14
Nyheter
N/A
N
Ledare
TT
N
Nyheter
N/A
N
Ledare
The registry should never have happened in Sweden -­‐ forcing self-­‐examination
Staffan Kihlström
Y
Nyheter
Niklas Orrenius Y Nyheter
Stefan Lisinski N
Mikael Delin, Staffan "Skadestånd är bra -­‐ men en Kihlström, Niklas förklaring vore bättre" -­‐ Orrenius, Polisens olagliga Kristoffer 9/05/14 romregister.
Törnmalm
Y
Skånepolisen ska tvingas förklara sig -­‐ Registreringen 10/05/14 av romer.
Emma Lofgren N
Nyheter
Compensation and remuneration for Skåne Registry victims is not enough. VOICE: Soraya Post Soraya Post
Niklas Orrenius gives account of Roma discrimination in Sweden in the wake of Skåne registry. VOICE: Soraya Post
Soraya Post
5000SEK is insufficient compensation for Skåne registry scandal victims
Nyheter
An apology and explanation are required, not just money, for the Skåne registry scandal. VOICES: Eva Lundman, Eva Lundman, Adam Szoppe
Adam Szoppe
Nyheter
Skåne police will have to explain themsleves with regards to the registry
28/04/14
Dagens Nyheter
2/05/14
Dagens Nyheter
8/05/14
Dagens Nyheter
8/05/14
Dagens Nyheter
Nyheter
N
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Mattias Carlsson N
Negotiations on Sweden's plans to send experts to Romania to help (Roma) beggars there is neither accepted nor rejected by EU Commission
Begging is challenging Sweden's idea of decency and dignity
Four Roma men denied service at a Max restaurant. I korthet
28/04/14
Dagens Nyheter
Nyheter
Josefine Hökerberg
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
"Vårt svar kommer vara att vi skjuter skarpt" -­‐ DN i Ukraina Krisen i Ukraina.
Förhandlingar om tiggare flyttas till EU -­‐ EU-­‐
kommissionen svarade Sverige.
Vi ska inte vänja oss -­‐ Tiggare.
Max nekade romer fika -­‐ I korthet.
Upprättelse -­‐ och tid för självrannsakan -­‐ JK:s rombeslut.
"Ersättningen till romerna ett skambud"-­‐ Registreringen av romer. N
Former Human Rights Commissioner Thomas Hammarberg believes that Birgitta Ohlsson's criticism of Romania could improve the situation of Roma
Self-­‐appointed mayor and commander in Sloviansk (Ukraine), Ponomarev, describes situation incl. Roma people being expelled and dealing drugs.
Registreringen var en 8/05/14 allvarlig kränkning
Polisen måste inse 9/05/14 misstaget -­‐ Kommentar
Dagens Nyheter
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Emanuel Karlsten. Känns det inte jobbigt att se alla Emanuel Charles 10/05/14 fattiga? -­‐ Krönika. Lördag
Stone
N
Peter Wolodarski: Första steget mot försoning. -­‐ Peter 11/05/14 Söndagskrönikan.
Wolodarski
Y
Lawen Mohtadi: Ingen frågade efter romska kvinnors erfarenhet i -­‐ ...koncentrationslägren. 14/05/14 Krönikan.
Lawen Mohtadi N
Cynism i renaste form -­‐ SD-­‐
15/05/14 kampanj.
Erik Helmerson N
Till minne av ett ögonblicks uppror -­‐ Romernas historia. 70-­‐årsdagen av upproret i 16/05/14 Auschwitz-­‐Birkenau
Majgull Axelsson N
Soraya Post: "Vi skapar historia i hela världen" -­‐ EU-­‐
valets toppnamn 21/05/14 Feministiskt initiativ
Mats J Larsson Y
Historiskt -­‐ då hyllades Post 26/05/14 som en rockstjärna
Niklas Orrenius
"Allt handlar om mänskliga 27/05/14 rättigheter"
Niklas Orrenius
Romerna fortsätter att vara 28/05/14 Västeuropas paria
Claes Möre
16-­‐årig romsk pojke Magnus 18/06/14 misshandlad
Falkehed
Dubbelt så många vräks från 29/07/14 läger
TT
29/07/14 Inga enkla lösningar
Om detta har ni glömt att 3/08/14 berätta
Nyheter
Ledare
Beggars (associated with Roma ipso facto) show the flaws in society
Skåne registry scandal victims were insufficiently compensated. VOICE: Eva Lundman, one of the people on the register
Eva Lundman
Ledare
Stories of Roma women during the Holocaust have been silenced. (Lawen Mohtadi wrote biography of Katarina Taikon)
Swedish Democrats are campaigning on the "begging problem". DN congratulates itself on "telling Roma stories"
Idé & Kritik
Majgull Axelsson's new novel "Jag heter inte Miriam" covers the Roma uprising in Auschwitz of 16 May 1944
General
General
Y
Nyheter
Y
Nyheter
N
Skriv i DN
N
General
N
Nyheter
N/A
N
Ledare
Elsa Kugelberg
N
Ledare
Soraya Post discusses the possibility of Feminist Initiative entering the EU Parliament. VOICE: Soraya Post
Feminist Initiative's Soraya Post wins election to EU Parliament with much celebration. VOICE: Soraya Post
Soraya Post is elected to the EU Parliament. Extensive article! VOICE: Soraya Post
The Roma are Western Europe's pariah -­‐ an "acceptable" target of racism
16 year old Roma boy in France beaten. I korthet
Twice as many EU migrants evicted from camps in Sweden, many of them Roma
No simple solution to the problem of begging in Sweden
70th anniversary of a massacre of Romani people prompts reflection on history and forgetting
Soraya Post
Soraya Post
Soraya Post
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Romer får ta plats på gator 5/08/14 och torg
Lars Epstein
Stockholm
N
Debatt
Y
General
N/A
N
Ledare
Mikael Delin
N
Nyheter
Gothenburg MP Cecilia Magnusson writes opinion piece about banning begging
Roma music festival in Stockholm. VOICE: organiser Harry Kwiek
Harry Kwiek
Discussion of Gothenburg's proposed ban on begging
Students will learn about persecution of the Roma in Sweden
Y
Insidan
VOICE: Emir Selimi, who is up for the year's Raoul Wallenberg Prize, discusses his experiences of discrimination and oppression as a Roma
Emir Selimi
N
Stockholm
N
Nyheter
Niklas Orrenius N
Nyheter
TT
N
Ekonomi
TT
Y
Nyheter
"Förbjud gatutiggeriet för att Cecilia 13/08/14 minska risken för fattigdom" Magnusson
"Vi försöker bygga broar 13/08/14 mellan kulturer"
Hanna Fahl
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
"Att få pris till Wallenbergs minne är stort" -­‐ Emir Selimi: Fler romer ska kunna stå 27/08/14 upp för sin etniska bakgrund Thomas Lerner
Dagens Nyheter
Så vill partierna i Stadshuset 9/09/14 hjälpa Stockholms tiggare
Mia Tottmar
Löfven ångrar 9/09/14 zigenaruttalande
TT
Dagens Nyheter
SD jublar -­‐ trots alla 15/09/14 skandaler
Statoil erkänner 19/09/14 diskriminering
Dagens Nyheter
Få östeuropeiska romer 29/09/14 anmäler hatbrott
Dagens Nyheter
Husby kl 18.43 -­‐ Sthlm i mitt Behrang 12/10/14 W
Behdjou
N
Stockholm
Dagens Nyheter
14/10/14 Unga romer: Döp om korven TT
Y
Stockholm
Dagens Nyheter
Daniel Marinov, Susanna Hedman, Sunita Memtovic, Jadwiga Markowska
Y
14/08/14 Förhastad förbudsiver
Elever ska lära sig mer om 21/08/14 förföljelsen avromer
Dagens Nyheter
Anders Ryman's Roma Voices exhibit at Nybroplan. VOICES: Daniel Marinov, Susanna Hedman, Sunita Memetovic and Jadwiga Markowska -­‐ subjects in the exhibition
Members of various parties in Stockholm describe how they would deal with the beggar problem
Politician Stefan Löfven regrets his usage of the term "gypsy"
Sweden Democrats are increasing in power & influence despite racism and hatred incited against minority groups including Roma
Statoil paying reparations for a case in which Roma were refused car rentals. A large number of hate crimes against Roma are speculated to go unreported. VOICE: Gina, 24 year old Roma beggar from Romania
Gina (anon)
Author recalls incident in which Roma man intervened in conflict, mourns prejudices in society
Request from Roma Youth organisation to rename "gypsy" sausage. VOICE: Emir Selimi, head of organisation
Emir Selimi
Dagens Nyheter
Rykten om maffiafasoner 17/10/14 förstör för en sårbar grupp
Cecilia Hector
N
Skriv i DN
Dagens Nyheter
5/11/14 Så får de papperslösa vård
Jessica Ritzén
N
Stockholm
Dagens Nyheter
5/11/14 Hotell stäms av DO
TT
N
Nyheter
Frida Nygren
Y
General
Opinion piece about the harm caused to discussions re: Roma when mafia links are implied
New registry in Skåne under scrutiny -­‐ contains some info from the previous one, which was ruled illegal.
New registry in Skåne is not breaking the law. I korthet
Sweden's difficulties in reconciling its values/policies with the realities of the population. Difficulties getting Romani children into schooling. "The luxury of being able to represent oneself" -­‐ indeed! VOICE: Soraya Post, Swedish politician and EU parliamentarian
Soraya Post
Sweden whitewashing its human rights report. Notable that a Sami representative was quoted.
Street artist's sentence for producing racist images of Roma and Africans is reduced. I korthet
Health care for undocumented EU migrants in Sweden
About Diana Nyman being ejected from a breakfast room at the Sheraton Stockholm. Very short piece! I korthet
Salvation Army's centre in Hornstullstrand has tripled in occupants. VOICE: Maria, Roma woman describing her life & experiences
Dagens Nyheter
Nytt register 17/10/14 över romer under lupp
Mikael Delin
N
Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
18/10/14 Polisregister granskas
Mikael Delin
N
Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
22/10/14 Plågsam dissonans
N/A
N
Ledare
Y
General
N
Stockholm
TT
N
General
Niklas Orrenius Y*
Nyheter
Regarding racism in Sweden. VOICE: unnamed Roma woman, not directly quoted*
TT
N
Nyheter
Very short piece! Only 3 sentences. I korthet
Dagens Nyheter
Lyxen att få representera sig Amanda 30/10/14 själv
Björkman
Sverige anklagas för att 31/10/14 förminska diskriminering
Mikael Delin
Dagens Nyheter
31/10/14 Sänkt straff för Dan Park
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Fler får hjälp hos 19/11/14 Frälsningsarmén
Niklas Orrenius: Mekanismerna från 1948 29/11/14 lever kvar i vår egen tid Romer har inte samma 3/12/14 chanser
Dagens Nyheter
4/12/14 Romer får stöd i nytt projekt Frida Nygren
N
Stockholm
Re: Vinternatt project, homelessness
Dagens Nyheter
Lotten avgör vem som får en 4/12/14 sovplats
Frida Nygren
N
Stockholm
Vinternatt lottery -­‐ Roma refusing to take sleeping places du to reluctance to split from others
Anonymous
Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter
Aftonbladet
Aftonbladet
Aftonbladet
Aftonbladet
Aftonbladet
Aftonbladet
Aftonbladet
Aftonbladet
Aftonbladet
Enstaka fall där romer har 6/12/14 registrerats
Mikael Delin
N
Trycket ökar på länder som Annika Ström 27/12/14 diskriminerarromer Melin
Y
Oavbrutet våld mot romer -­‐ Gellert Tamas om ett förtvivlat läge och ett 4/01/13 samhälle som blundar Gellert Tamas
Y
Ett förbud mot tiggeri slår Domino Kai, mot de fattigaste -­‐ Mirelle Debattörerna: Kritisera Gyllenbäck, diskriminering i stället för att Rosita Grönfors, 6/01/13 kriminalisera offren
Ingrid Blomerus Y
Organiserat tiggeri hjälper inte tiggarna -­‐ Replik Förbud 10/01/13 mot organiserat tiggeri
Lunchätarna på Stadsmissionen är inga 4/02/13 lodare -­‐ bara arbetslösa
Man göder inga ligor med 13/02/13 några kronor
Nyheter
Världen
Investigating systematic registration
VOICE: Damian Draghici, EU parliamentarian and Soraya Post, Swedish politician for Feminist Damian Draghici, Initiative and EU parliamentarian
Soraya Post
Kultur
Prejudice against Roma in Hungary is a persistent issue. VOICE: Agnes Osztolykán, member of parliament
Agnes Osztolykán
Debatt
Four Romani activists make the case for preventing the ban on begging. VOICES: Domino Kai, Mirelle Gyllenbäck, Rosita Grönfors, Ingrid Blomerus
Domino Kai, Mirelle Gyllenbäck, Rosita Grönfors, Ingrid Blomerus
Anti Avsan
N
Debatt
Peter Kadhammar
Y
General
Elsa Magnuson
N
Inkorgen
Malin Krutmeijer
N
Kultur
LAS
N
Inkorgen
14/04/13 Romerna är vår tids "judar" Janne B
N
Romerna fördrivs i dagens Sverige -­‐ ★16 MAJ 17/05/13 2013 Romer
Anders Lindberg N
Inkorgen
Argument that organised begging does not help beggars, specifically Roma.
Story of Alexandru, a Roma Romanian beggar struggling to find work on Stockholm's streets. VOICE: Alexandru, 42 y.o. (anon?)
Alexandru (anon)
Author invokes readers' humanity when dealing with Roma beggars
Review of 'An Episode in the Life of an Iron Picker', a film at Berlin Film Festival about poor Romani family
Author argues that beggars are just trying to survive, and questions prejudice against Roma
Author proposes that the Roma are essentially facing today what the Jews faced in the early 20th century, and criticises EU for doing nothing
Ledare
Discussion of Roma living conditions in Sweden in wake of evictions
15/02/13 Krossar myt om romerna
Tiggarna försöker bara 6/04/13 överleva Aftonbladet
"Vi ska göra deras liv till ett helvete" -­‐ Fattiga och övergivna i ett ödsligt getto -­‐ då går Jobbik till attack Peter 5/07/13 mot romerna
Kadhammar
Y
General
Aftonbladet
Svarta ord från 7/08/13 Transylvanien
Bengt Berg
Y
Kultur
Aftonbladet
7/08/13 DAGENS CITAT
Dezideriu Gergely
Y
Ledare
Peter Kadhammar
Y
General
Daniel Swedin
N
Ledare
Aftonbladet
Aftonbladet
Aftonbladet
Aftonbladet
Aftonbladet
Bråket är oviktigt i livets 8/08/13 eviga kamp -­‐ GÄVLE.
Alla åker inte taxi med 14/08/13 Stoltenberg
4 029 svenskar i hemligt register -­‐ ■ DN: Polisen har olaglig databas ■ Sunita: 23/09/13 Känns väldigt obehagligt
"Det är inget register utan 24/09/13 en analysfil"
Expolis: Vi skrev upp alla -­‐ 24/09/13 AFTONBLADET AVSLÖJAR
Olof Svensson, John Granlund N
Lisa Röstlund, Kenan Habul
N
Pelle Tagesson
Aftonbladet
Har utsatts för 24/09/13 diskriminering i århundraden Britt Peruzzi
Ska polisen få registrera 24/09/13 människors ursprung? -­‐ Vi 5 N/A
Återigen krackelerar bilden 24/09/13 av vårt Sverige
Lena Mellin
Aftonbladet
Vackra ord -­‐ och den värsta 24/09/13 sortens fördomar
Petter Larsson
Aftonbladet
Aftonbladet
General
General
N
General
N
General
N
General
N
General
N
Kultur
Juxtaposition of the stories of Hungarian Roma Jozsef Harkacy, 36, and Jobbik chairman David Janiczak, 26. VOICE: Jozsef Harkacy
Jozsef Harkacy
Transylvanian Roma poet Lajos Rafi visits Stockholm, his story/writing set against discriminatory speech from others. VOICE: Lajos Rafi, Romanian Roma poet
Lajos Rafi
Quote from Dezideriu Gergely, director of ERRC (is he Roma??) re: verdict in Hungarian trial of murderers of Roma. VOICE: Dezideriu Gergely
Dezideriu Gergely
Fight breaks out in Gävle between Roma worker groups. VOICES: Nika Ilisjeva, Vajsi Alexiev -­‐ Roma Nika Ilisjeva, Vajsi part time workers
Alexiev
Discussion of election in Norway and racism against Roma in Norwegian politics & society
Breaking news of Skåne police "Travellers" registry
Denials by police that the Skåne registry was an ethnic database
Exclusive: ex police chiefs reveal the origins of the Roma registry in Lund in 2005
Factoids about the history of the Roma in Europe
Readers' opinions about whether the Skåne police should have gathered the registry's data
The revelations about the Roma registry in Skåne is cracking the image of Sweden
Actions do not match words -­‐ despite Roma Culture year in 2012, Skåne registry was founded and laws re: banning begging proposed
Aftonbladet
Aftonbladet
Aftonbladet
Aftonbladet
Aftonbladet
Aftonbladet
Aftonbladet
Aftonbladet
Aftonbladet
Aftonbladet
Reinfeldt: Är oacceptabelt -­‐ Statsministern ilsken över registret: Jag blev lika förvånad som alla andra 24/09/13 NEW YORK
Per Bjurman
24/09/13 Registrerade romer
Martin Ericsson
Rasism mot romer är vår blinda fläck -­‐ ■ 24 SEPTEMBER 2013 24/09/13 Registerskandalen
Karin Pettersson
Ilija är rom och arbetar inom polisen: Jag blev så klart 24/09/13 väldigt besviken
Olof Svensson
Emmelie 24/09/13 '106 barn i ännu ett register' Wallroth
"Det känns som Hitler" -­‐ Sandra och hennes tre barn finns med i registret: Det är 24/09/13 så obehagligt
Lisa Röstlund
Rasregistret är en skandal -­‐ 25/09/13 även utan barn
Petter Larsson
Tillbaka till rasbiologi' -­‐ Stockholm hade register över romers renlighet på Emmelie 27/09/13 1990-­‐talet
Wallroth
Förföljda-­‐av forskare -­‐ Fredrik Persson-­‐Lahusen om akademiska studier som grundlade svenska rashetsen Fredrik Persson-­‐
30/09/13 mot romer
Lahusen
Inspektör: Skånepolisen lämnade ut romregistret till 1/10/13 Migrationsverket
Olof Svensson
Prime Minister Reinfeldt reacts to news of the Skåne registry, states he understands the distrust and distress of Roma people at the news
Registration of Roma in Sweden has a long history, says author, exploring early 1900s
N
General
N
Kultur
N
Ledare
Y
General
Y
General
Y
General
Y
Kultur
Skåne registry is indicative of the larger problem of racism in Sweden
Police worker Ilija Rajkovic is Roma and distressed by revelations of Roma registry. VOICE: Ilija Rajokvic, police worker
Ilija Rajokvic
Soraya Post describes distress about inclusion in Skåne registry. VOICE: Soraya Post
Soraya Post
Sandra Håkansson, Roma react to the Skåne registry and share their Lejdi Horvath, emotions. VOICES: Sandra Håkansson, Lejdi Gustav Demetri-­‐
Horvath, Gustav Demetri-­‐Friberg
Friberg
Skåne registry is a scandal even without the inclusion of children. VOICE: Ivan Nikolizsson
Ivan Nikolizsson
N
General
Stockholm municipality kept record of Roma "cleanliness" in 1990s
N
Kultur
N
General
Examination of the role of scientists and academics in the persecution of Roma in Sweden
Skåne registry accessed by Migrationsverket and other authorities. Skåne police claim registry was used to track "family feud".
Aftonbladet
Aftonbladet
Aftonbladet
Aftonbladet
Aftonbladet
Aftonbladet
Aftonbladet
Aftonbladet
Aftonbladet
Aftonbladet
Aftonbladet
David, 5, får åka till Sverige igen -­‐ Familjen Bajric utvisades -­‐ fick hjälp av Gardell Jonas Gardell pratar 3/10/13 pengar Intervju på s. 36-­‐37 Kenan Habul
Äntligen hemma igen -­‐ Här landar utvisade David, 5, och 10/10/13 hans familj i Sverige
Martin Nilsson
M slår i luften -­‐ och mot romer -­‐ ■ 19 OKTOBER 19/10/13 2013 M-­‐stämman
Daniel Swedin
Familjens bevis: Film med Maria -­‐ Föräldrarna kämpar för att få tillbaka flickan: Det har inte förekommit någon Andreas 20/10/13 kidnappning
Söderlund
Y
General
Y
General
N
Ledare
Y
Provet avslöjar Marias ålder -­‐
Romer: Det är rasism att Andreas 22/10/13 beskylla oss för barnarov Söderlund
Y
En farlig myt att romer stjäl barn -­‐ ■25 OKTOBER 2013 25/10/13 Fallet "Maria"
Anders Lindberg Y
Romskräcken finns även på Natalia 26/10/13 de mest oskyldiga platser
Kazmierska
N
Rött vin populärare än romers utsatthet -­‐ 26/10/13 Virtanen
Fredrik Virtanen N
Byt ledning för Skånepolisen -­‐ 31/10/13 Romregistret Anders Lindberg N
Hetsen fortstätter -­‐ trots att romerna erkänts som Fredrik Persson-­‐
5/11/13 offer
Lahusen
Y
Regeringen: Romregister var 16/11/13 olagligt
Ida Gustafsson N
General
General
Ledare
General
Ledare
Ledare
Kultur
General
5 year old David and his family were expelled from Sweden to Bosnia despite his cerebral palsy & health issues, but Swedish supporters have helped him and family regain entry to Sweden. VOICE: Hasan Bajric, David's father
Hasan Bajric
5 year old David Bajric and family have returned to Sweden with the help of Swedes. VOICE: Hasan Bajric, David's father
Hasan Bajric
The Moderate Party's policy includes cracking down on "organised begging" among Roma. Author refutes notion of crime links to Roma families begging on the streets.
In Greece, the case of blonde Maria found with Romani family. Family protests they did not kidnap her, authorities still suspicious. VOICE: anonymous member of family
Authorities continue to investigate the case of Maria, the girl found with Romani family in Greece. Roma protest that it is racism to accuse them of kidnapping. VOICE: anonymous The harmful myth of Roma stealing children is found in literature, but also all over Europe. VOICE: Hans Caldaras
Critical examination of appropriation of Roma culture in the context of discrimination against Roma
Critical reflection on the tendency of the affluent to dismiss/ignore Roma issues, lessons to be learned by being 'disrupted' by beggars
Condemnation of Skåne police, discussion of wider spread racism in Sweden e.g. "zigenarsoppa" incident in Malmö
Panel discussion in Berlin marks 1 yr anniversary of Roma & Sinti holocaust memorial; persecution persists across Europe. VOICE: Zoni Weisz
Amid protests the Skåne registry was not based on ethnicity, it is nevertheless deemed illegal
Anon
Anon
Hans Caldaras
Zoni Weisz
Aftonbladet
Aftonbladet
Aftonbladet
Aftonbladet
Aftonbladet
Aftonbladet
Aftonbladet
Aftonbladet
Aftonbladet
Invandrares skepsis mot polisen begriplig -­‐ Peter Sunde Kolmisoppi: Jag bad om hjälp -­‐ avfärdades som 18/11/13 "jävla zigenarbråk"
Peter Sunde Kolmisoppi Kontrasten mellan lyxig julshopping och utblottade Anders 25/11/13 tiggare är outhärdlig
Westgårdh
Gunnar Hjälp romer bygga Gadderyd 1/12/13 verksamheter
Sandsjöfors Han tog sig tid att hjälpa -­‐ på riktigt -­‐ David uppfyllde livsdrömmen för en hel 17/12/13 familj
Martin Nilsson
Tiggaren Vasil mötte en ängel -­‐ David, 23, åkte till Rumänien -­‐ byggde ett hus 21/12/13 åt familjen
Martin Nilsson
Vi lever inte som människor här' -­‐ ■ I Högdalen bor människor i nedgångna husvagnar utan vatten och el ■ Viorica, 42: Alla som bor 29/12/13 här tigger
Martin Nilsson
N
Debatt
N
General
N
Inkorgen
Y
General
Account by Finnish man of how his surname attracted discrimination from police, even though he is not Roma.
Reflection on the contrast between affluent shoppers and desperate beggars on the street, many of them Romani, which causes the writer to feel distress
Author writes to praise the efforts made to foster projects in underprivileged Roma villages in their countries of origin
23y.o. David Larsson befriends and helps Romanian Roma beggar Vasil Toader and his family. Larsson is winning a humanity award VOICE: Vasil Toader
Vasil Toader
General
Continuation of the story of Swede David Larsson helping build a house for Romanian Roma Vasil Toader
General
Story on the living conditions in Högdalen 'shanty town'. Unclear if this is actually about Roma or just Romanians in general VOICE*: Viorica Vaduva, 42.
Viorica Vaduva*
N
Y*
"Skicka notan till Rumänien" -­‐ ■ Politiker ifrågasätter FP-­‐ Anette förslaget ■Tiggarna -­‐ en Holmqvist, Pär 24/01/14 viktig valfråga i EU Karlsson
N
Vi fortsätter att registrera romer -­‐ ■ 27 JANUARI 2014 Mänskliga 27/01/14 rättigheter
Somar Al Naher Y
Tycker du att man ska ge 3/02/14 pengar till tiggare?
N/A
N
General
Ledare
General
Debate on how to deal with "begging issue" in parliament -­‐ lay blame with Romania?
Rosa Taikon wins Olof Palme award and discusses human rights, prejudice and discrimination against Roma throughout her lifetime. VOICE: Rosa Taikon
Readers' opinions about whether or not people should give money to beggars
Carsten Palmær N
Kultur
Aftonbladet
■ Medmänsklighet, -­‐en -­‐ 10/02/14 vacker känsla
I kväll kör vi igen! -­‐ Missa inte när Fridolin gästar 19/02/14 "Partiprogrammet"
Pär Karlsson, Tina Remius
N
General
Aftonbladet
Drömmen om befrielse 19/02/14 börjar nog inte i Bryssel
Peter Kadhammar
Y
General
Aftonbladet
Som ett eko från tältlägret i 24/02/14 Högdalen
Jack Hilden
Y
Kultur
Aftonbladet
Agera humant även mot 28/02/14 svenskar
N
Inkorgen
N
Kultur
Aftonbladet
Aftonbladet
Aftonbladet
Aftonbladet
Bo H.
Ta ansvar -­‐ eller tala 15/03/14 klarspråk om romerna
Jack Hilden
Jag slutar inte förrän ni lyssnar -­‐ Debattören: Europas romer behöver en 16/03/14 sanningskommission
Soraya Post
Y
Debatt
N
Inkorgen
N
Böcker
Aftonbladet
18/03/14 Allt är inte svart eller vitt
Michael Rünz
"Romerna stod längst ner på skalan i nazistlägren -­‐ Majgull Axelsson drömde mardrömmar när hon skrev Ingalill 22/03/14 sin roman om Förintelsen
Mosander
Aftonbladet
Ingen vill knäcka äggen 25/03/14 för romerna
Petter Larsson
N
Kultur
Aftonbladet
26/03/14 Dagens -­‐ Sheraton Hotel
N/A
N
Kultur
Satirical piece criticising attitudes in parliament about Roma beggars
Review of upcoming programme on TV in which political and media leaders will discuss "Roma problems" e.g. evictions, begging
The problem of trust in electing Romani politicians VOICE: Marian Wydow, project manager at Romani Information and Knowledge Centre in Malmö
Marian Wydow
Lament for the loss of the great Roma poets and lyricists of earlier generations. VOICE: Papusza (Bronisława Wajs), famous Romani-­‐Polish poet
Papusza
Author argues that people should act humanely towards the impoverished of all nationalities, not just Roma -­‐ e.g. Swedes. Criticism of Hemköp manager who poured water on a beggar outside his store, and a call for municipalities to take responsibility for the plight of Roma in their towns and accept political onus.
Call to action for Roma recognition and rights by Soraya Post, first Swedish-­‐Romani parliamentary candidate in the EU. VOICE: Soraya Post Soraya Post
Author says that one cannot take the racist actions of one Swede as an indication of racism by all Swedes.
Majgull Axelsson has written a book, "Jag heter inte Miriam," about a Roma girl in Auschwitz
Though there is political rhetoric calling for hard decisions about Roma beggars, nobody wants to make hard decisions in favour of them
V. brief sentence about DN's reportage on Diana Nyman being rejected from the Sheraton
Aftonbladet
Aftonbladet
Aftonbladet
Aftonbladet
Aftonbladet
Aftonbladet
Aftonbladet
Aftonbladet
Aftonbladet
Rasism mot romer en skam för Sverige -­‐ ■ 26 MARS 26/03/14 2014 Diskriminering
Somar Al Naher Y
Vad kan -­‐ och bör -­‐ vi göra åt 28/03/14 tiggeriet
Johan Hakelius
Romernas röst -­‐ Malin Krutmeijer om Majgull Axelssons nya roman: Chockerande och grandiost om övergreppen som ännu Malin 3/04/14 pågår
Krutmeijer
Ledare
N
General
N
Kultur
Jan Selling
N
Jim Rickard Erkänn oss resande som ett Hartman, Rolf eget folk -­‐ Debattörerna: Fel Karlsson, Peter att som i regeringens vitbok Lindberg, Britt-­‐
6/04/14 slå ihop oss med romerna
Inger Lundqvist N
Kultur
Majgull Axelsson sprider 4/04/14 myter om romer
"En tiggare kan få ihop 60-­‐80 22/04/14 kr"
Karin Östman
Hon får inte gå i skolan -­‐ Ivana, 8, är född i Sverige men har inte rätt till 22/04/14 undervisning
Karin Östman
Samarbete på alla nivåer är nyckeln -­‐ Debattörerna: Anna Maria Både EU och svenska Corazza Bildt, kommuner måste hjälpa Anna König 23/04/14 tiggarna
Jerlmyr
Hans Caldaras, Annika Wennström, Rädda översättning till Katarina Kieri, 23/04/14 minoritetsspråk
Paula Grossman
Discrimination against Roma in 20th century is a shame for Sweden. VOICE: Soraya Post
Musings on why the Roma beg in Sweden, and what Sweden can do, referring to DN's article series
Soraya Post
Review of Majgull Axelsson's book "Jag heter inte Miriam", about a Roma girl in Auschwitz
Criticism of Majgull Axelsson for saying that the Roma lifestyle is purely transient with no regard for history or future
N
General
Y
General
Several members of the Travellers community protest the Integration Minister's White Paper grouping Roma and Travellers together as one. Beggars, primarily Roma from other countries, are spreading out into smaller towns in Sweden as the cities overcrowd
Story of Ivana, 8, who falls into the cracks of the Swedish system as she was born in Sweden but is unregistered. VOICES: Ivana's parents, Vasil and Vasil (anon), Serafina (no surname given)
Serafina (anon)
Debatt
Opinion piece about helping beggars, tied closely to issues of discrimination against and integration of Romanian Roma
Debatt
Call to preserve the Podium translation project, translating texts into minority languages (including several Romani Chib dialects). VOICE: Hans Caldaras
N
Y
Debatt
Hans Caldaras
Aftonbladet
Aftonbladet
24/04/14 Det är inte 1914 längre
Nationalister saknar lösningar för tiggare -­‐ 3/05/14 Virtanen
Carina Bergfeldt N
General
Fredrik Virtanen N
Ledare
Aftonbladet
De som fanns med i Skånepolisens "romregister" 8/05/14 kan få skadestånd
Martin Schori
Y
General
Aftonbladet
9/05/14 Ta ansvar för romregistret
Y
Ledare
Y
General
Aftonbladet
Aftonbladet
Aftonbladet
Aftonbladet
Eva Franchell
"Mina barn ska inte växa upp i ett läger" -­‐ Ionel hjälper andra romer -­‐ och drömmer om att jobba som Johanna 14/05/14 tolk PARIS, FRANKRIKE
Frändén
"SD-­‐kampanjen är så jävla rasistisk" -­‐ Fi-­‐kandidaten Soraya Post, 57, tänker ta kampen för jämställdhet och 17/05/14 mot fascismen
Lisa Röstlund
24/05/14 VALGUIDE: MIGRATION
Soraya påminner oss om 27/05/14 historien
N/A
Y
General
N
General
Somar Al Naher N
Ledare
Indictment of Swedish treatment of Roma over the last 100 years
Author describes an incident in Södermalm where two Roma women faced prejudice in a pub, decries the hypocrisy of Swedes
Those registered in the Skåne registry are eligible to be paid damages, but only 5000 SEK. VOICE: Erland Kaldaras
A call for those responsible for the Skåne registry to take responsibility for bad police behaviour VOICES: Soraya Post, Erland Kaldaras
Part of a series investigating post-­‐crisis marginalised communities. Story of Ionel, who wants to work as a translator for the French government. VOICES: Ionel, Claudia (no surnames), others although it's not clear who is and is not Roma
Erland Kaldaras
Soraya Post, Erland Kaldaras
Ionel (anon), Claudia (anon)*
Soraya Post declares she is not afraid to be a "pain in the ass" about Roma issues, denounces SD. VOICE: Soraya Post
Soraya Post
A survey of major political parties on their opinions re: immigration, esp. Romania and the Roma
Soraya Post's election is a hopeful sign for the future after a dark past
Aftonbladet
Hon är första romen att ta plats i Bryssel -­‐ Hon har gjort en osannolik resa. Född i utanförskap har hon kämpat sig uppåt, framåt. Soraya Post, 57, är Feministiskt Initiativs kvinna i Bryssel. -­‐ Jag vill skapa en bättre framtid för mina barn och barnbarn och för alla andras 27/05/14 barn och barnbarn.
Eric Tagesson
Y
Ännu ingen plan för Thomas 30/06/14 rumänska romer
Hammar
N
Varnades -­‐ för romer i butiken -­‐ Här är mejlet till anställda: De är väldigt 8/07/14 fingerfärdiga
Gustaf Eriksson Y
Aftonbladet
Glömskan gör livet farligt 10/07/14 för romerna
Patrik Lundberg N
General
Aftonbladet
Tiggare är offer för politisk 10/07/14 jakt
Linnea Swedenmark
N
Ledare
Jan Guillou
N
General
Katarina Wendelin
Y
General
N/A
N
SUPERVALÅRET
Aftonbladet
Aftonbladet
Aftonbladet
JAN GUILLOU -­‐ Om vi är åt helskotta politiskt korrekta 27/07/14 blir Danmark helt normalt
"Mina idoler har varit personer som honom" -­‐ Emir, 31, fick Wallenberg-­‐
28/08/14 priset
Ilska efter Stefan Löfvens 9/09/14 uttalande om romer
Aftonbladet
Brände någon 23/09/14 ner romernas läger?
Aftonbladet
Aftonbladet
Anders Lindberg N
EU Elections
Inkorgen
General
Ledare
Soraya Post is first Roma parliamentarian elected to the EU. VOICE: Soraya Post
Soraya Post
Author criticises the lack of an integration plan for Romanian Roma
An email has gone out to all Pressbyrån and Seven-­‐
Eleven offices warning of thieving Roma VOICE: Erland Kaldaras
Erland Kaldaras
Forgetting Sweden's history means a more dangerous life for Roma -­‐ Swedes were once impoverished immigrants too
Denmark and Norway are using immigrant beggars -­‐ often Roma -­‐ as political pawns, and Sweden is joining
Report on a satirical Danish radio program criticising taboo topics in Sweden, including beggars, whom they cite as synonymous with Roma
Emir Selimi has won the Wallenberg Prize, wants to create educational opportunities through his organisation Unga Romer (Young Roma). VOICE: Emir Selimi
Emir Selimi
Social Democrats leader Stefan Löfvan under fire for calling Roma "gypsies"; apologises
Fire in Högdalen camp kills Roma father of two, author compares to the case in Hungary which took years to prosecute, calls for swifter action
Aftonbladet
Aftonbladet
Aftonbladet
Aftonbladet
Aftonbladet
Aftonbladet
Aftonbladet
Aftonbladet
Aftonbladet
Aftonbladet
29/09/14 DAGENS CITAT
Påvens kalott stärker 16/10/14 svenska romer
N/A
Y
Ledare
TT
N
General
N
Inkorgen
Quote from Roma beggar Gina, who says nobody is forced to give her money, but they don't have to be racist. VOICE: Gina, 24
Gina (anon)
Pope gives his skullcap to be auctioned to raise money for Roma in Sweden
Author calls for Sweden to take responsibility for immigrant beggars, since their home countries will not
Extra
A number of attacks on Roma beggars have taken place recently. VOICE: Veneta Petrova, victim of attack
Veneta Petrova
Hemländerna struntar i dem -­‐ 25/10/14 Sverige måste ta sitt ansvar Bo W.
Hotas -­‐ för att de tigger -­‐ ■ Flera våldsamma attacker mot romer ■ Butiksägare 4/11/14 dömd: Agerade avsiktligt
Ida Persson
Stoppa attackerna mot romerna -­‐ Mattias Gardell om höstens våg av hatbrott -­‐ och ett mänskligare alternativ till 20/11/14 tältlägren
Mattias Gardell
LENA MELLIN -­‐ Tiggarna är en skam för EU, Rumänien -­‐ 23/11/14 och för oss alla
Lena Mellin
"För en femma kan jag sova på en toa" -­‐ Aftonbladet träffar romer som drömmer om ett bättre liv: Allt är 24/11/14 jättesvårt
Malvina Britts
Ny lösdriverilag löser ej 26/11/14 tiggeriet
Anders Lindberg
SD ljuger om de romska tiggarna -­‐ Debattörerna: Partiet väljer att i sin kampanj medvetet bortse Rola Brentlin, 9/12/14 från fakta
Aaron Israelson
SD lutar sig mot förljugen statistik och friserade citat -­‐ Rola Brentlin, 11/12/14 Slutreplik Tigger Aaron Israelson
Y
Y
Kultur
N
General
Y
General
N
Ledare
N
Debatt
N
Debatt
Discussion of hate crimes against Roma and humane alternatives to tent camps. VOICES: Alexandru and Drina, not their real names
The poverty of the Roma begging on Sweden's streets is a shame for Sweden, Romania and all Europe
Alexandru (anon), Drina (anon)
Story of Florinel and Annika, Romanian Roma struggling on the streets of Goteborg. VOICE: Florinal (anon), Florinel, Annika
Annika (anon)
Proposals for new loitering laws target beggas and Roma
Authors Rola Brentlin and Aaron Israelson decry SD's underhanded and false rhetoric re: beggars and Roma
SD Party is relying on dishonest stats and doctored quotes to further its anti-­‐beggar, anti-­‐
Roma agenda -­‐ Opinion piece
Svenska Dagbladet
Svenska Dagbladet
"Jag vill stanna här tills jag dör" -­‐ Gica säljer gatutidningar för att kunna försörja barnen: Var misär i 19/12/14 Rumänien
Malvina Britts
Vi har inget annat val, vi måste tigga' -­‐ SE NYA PARTIPROGRAMMET Marina träder fram och berättar om sin situation i Partiprogrammet: Många hatar och spottar på oss 20/12/14 PARTIPROGRAMMET
Pär Karlsson
Vi kallar dem tiggare för att 30/12/14 slippa kalla dem människor Ronnie Sandahl
Romska konstnären Ceija Elisabet 31/01/13 Stojka död
Andersson
Anyuru: ”Vi är monster om vi vänder oss bort från 20/03/13 tiggarna”
N/A
Fri rörlighet sprängstoff -­‐ Tyska kommuner befarar kostnadsexplosion -­‐ högerpopulisterna laddar för 21/03/13 het valfråga i höst
Tomas Lundin
Robert Hårdh, 21/04/13 Stoppa avvisningen av romer John Stauffer
Svenska Dagbladet
Aftonbladet
Aftonbladet
Aftonbladet
Svenska Dagbladet
Svenska Dagbladet
General
Story of Gica, Romanian Roma struggling on the streets of Goteborg. VOICE: Gica Y
General
On TV programme Partiprogrammet the issue of begging was discussed, Roma woman Mari(a?)na described her and family's desperate situation. VOICE: Marina? Mariana? Misspelled several times throughout article.
Marina (anon)
N
General
N
Kultur
N
Kultur
Y
Y
Utrikes
N
Brännpunkt
Svepande och felaktig kritik Anders 26/04/13 mot Migrationsverket
Danielsson
N
Brännpunkt
Svenska Dagbladet
Migrationsverket intar en 30/04/13 offerroll -­‐ SLUTREPLIK
Robert Hårdh, John Stauffer
N
Brännpunkt
Svenska Dagbladet
Färre hatbrott anmäls i 28/06/13 Sverige
N/A
N
Nyheter
Gica (anon)
Reflection on the dehumanisation of beggars
Roma artist Ceija Stojka, Holocaust survivor, has died age 79
Swedish author Johannes Anyuru declares that he cannot turn away from Roma beggars as he is not a monster
Racial tensions flaring in Duisberg, Germany, as Roma families in a large apartment building are criticised by authorities, politicians and residents. VOICE: Mircea, anon.
Mircea (anon)
A call to the Swedish government to cease deporting declined Roma refugees from Kosovo
Response to article by Robert Hårdh and John Stauffer, contesting their premise and defending Migrationsverket against accusations of insufficiently investigating cases of Roma asylum
Retort by Robert Hårdh and John Stauffer to Anders Danielsson's critique of their article about Roma in Kosovo Although hate crimes in Sweden have reduced overall, crimes against Roma and Africans have increased
Svenska Dagbladet
Svenska Dagbladet
Rasism, korruption och bordeller. Svärtan bultar under ytan på en av -­‐ 14/07/13 ...Europas vackraste städer. Hynek Pallas
Livstid för mord på romer i 7/08/13 Ungern
N
General
N
Världen
Katia Ostrowska N
Nyheter
N/A
Svenska Dagbladet
12/08/13 Bärplockare lever i misär
Svenska Dagbladet
Tiggarnas misär sopas under 21/08/13 mattan -­‐ INLÄGG
Hans Caldaras
Y
Brännpunkt
Svenska Dagbladet
22/08/13 "Riv muren"
N/A
N
Världen
24/09/13 Det kommer att bli värre
Maria Ludvigsson
N
General
24/09/13 Sverige kritiseras hårt av FN Gunilla von Hall N
Erik Paulsson Rönnbäck, Ia Wadendal, Maria Sundén Drabbade kan få Jelmini, Mikaela 24/09/13 miljonskadestånd
Åkerman
Y
General
Svenska Dagbladet
Svenska Dagbladet
Svenska Dagbladet
Svenska Dagbladet
Svenska Dagbladet
General
Nu ökar trycket på 25/09/13 regeringen -­‐ ANALYS
Goran Eriksson
N
Nyheter
25/09/13 REAKTIONER
N/A
N
Nyheter
An article about the dark underside of Prague, including a description of the unbridled racism against Roma in the Czech Republic
Three men sentenced to life imprisonment in Hungary for the murder of six Roma and wounding five
Story about underpaid berry pickers from Thailand and various Eastern European countries. Roma only mentioned once, semi-­‐tangentially, towards the end of the article but the insinuation is that many of the EE's are Roma and they are discriminated against.
Criticism of proposed ban on begging, outline of widespread discrimination/oppression faced by Roma throughout European history. VOICE: Hans Caldaras
Hans Caldaras
Very short piece about call from EU Cultural Commisioner to tear down wall in Slovakia separating Roma and other citizens
News about the Skåne Roma registry scandal expected to get worse, according to Dagens Nyheter
Sweden under fire from EU regarding discrimination against and persecution of Roma
Victims of Skåne registry scandal may receive a large payout in compensation. VOICES: Mika Palmroth, Soraya Post
Swedish government receiving criticism for treatment of Roma in wake of Skåne registry scandal
Reactions to the Roma registry by authority and expert figures
Mika Palmroth, Soraya Post
Svenska Dagbladet
Larm om register för flera år Hannes Delling, 25/09/13 sedan
Karin Thurfjell Y
Nyheter
Svenska Dagbladet
26/09/13 Vi har haft fem-­‐sex personer N/A
Nyheter
Svenska Dagbladet
Z-­‐registren räknade 26/09/13 alla romer
Svenska Dagbladet
Svenska Dagbladet
Svenska Dagbladet
N
Ingemar Schmied
N
Hannes Delling, Jenny Stiernstedt, Erik Paulsson 26/09/13 Myndigheter letar i registren Rönnbäck
N
General
Nyheter
Barn har rätt till en framtid -­‐ 27/09/13 REGISTRERING AV ROMER Inger Ashing
N
Brännpunkt
27/09/13 Ilska efter utspel om romer
TT
N
Världen
Svenska Dagbladet
Svenska Dagbladet
28/09/13 Ljuset i mörkret -­‐ LEDARE
Reding till försvar för 28/09/13 romerna
Sanna Rayman
N
General
N/A
N
General
Svenska Dagbladet
Allt var mer akut än jag 28/09/13 kunde förstå -­‐ KRÖNIKA
General
Svenska Dagbladet
Stockholm granskar 28/09/13 registrering
Elisabeth Hjorth N
Erik Paulsson Rönnbäck, Hannes Delling N
TT
Nyheter
Svenska Dagbladet
1/10/13 Ministrar mötte romer
Y
Nyheter
There was already warning signs that Roma were being mapped and registered five years ago. VOICES: Domino Kai, former chairman of the Domino Kai, Soraya Delegation for Roma Issues; Soraya Post
Post
Chief legal counsel Monica Nebelius says they have received a barrage of phone calls about the register
Very long piece about the history of registering Roma in Sweden, along with widespread discrimination, sterilisation and oppression
Authorities investigate Roma registry. Many reserved voices urging caution and consideration.
President of Save the Children argues that children have a right to a future, including Roma children who should not be on police registers while still kids
French Interior Minister Valls says Roma will never be integrated and ought to be deported
Editorial describing the dark events of recent weeks including hate crimes and discrimination against Roma and immigrants and calling for hope.
EU Human Rights Commissioner Viviane Reding accuses French officials of scapegoating Roma
Writer and literary critic reflects on the fact that discrimination against he Roma was more severe than she imagined
City of Stockholm conducts an inquiry into its own records of a Roma registry from 1959-­‐1996
Roma groups consult with ministers and request independent investigation into Registry. VOICE: Rosita Grönfors
Rosita Grönfors
Svenska Dagbladet
Svenska Dagbladet
Svenska Dagbladet
Qaisar Mahmood
N
General
10/10/13 Register chockar EU
Teresa Küchler
N
General
Bo Löfvendahl
N
General
Svenska Dagbladet
Svenska Dagbladet
13/10/13 När zigenare blev romer
En skänk från ovan för Europas högerpopulister -­‐ 23/10/13 UTBLICK
Skånepolisen försvarar 24/10/13 romregistret
Tomas Lundin
N
General
N/A
N
Nyheter
Svenska Dagbladet
Makteliten tiger om hot 24/10/13 mot romer
Tomas Lundin
Y
Världen
Sanna Rayman
N
General
Svenska Dagbladet
25/10/13 Var registret rasistiskt?
Förtroendekris bland romer efter 25/10/13 avslöjandet
TT
Y
Nyheter
Svenska Dagbladet
27/10/13 Okritisk hållning till rasism
Per Bauhn
N
Fokus
N
General
Svenska Dagbladet
Svenska Dagbladet
Svenska Dagbladet
Svenska Dagbladet
Svenska Dagbladet
Svenska Dagbladet
Politiken måste vara 7/10/13 färgblind
3/11/13 När rädsla förvandlas till hat Bo Löfvendahl
Återigen visar rasismen sitt 16/11/13 fula tryne i Europa
Polisens romregister ett 16/11/13 brott mot lagen
Therese Larsson Hultin
N
Erik Paulsson Rönnbäck
Y
29/11/13 2 hundra svenskar har vänt
TT
N
General
30/11/13 EU måste pressa Rumänien
Lotta Edholm
N
Brännpunkt
Världen
General
Cultural writer reflects on the difficulty of trying to create policy for groups that do not necessarily feel affiliation, but are simply lumped together
EU Parliament is shocked by the revelation of the Skåne registry
Discussion on the vernacular shift from "gypsy" to "Roma"
The influx of "social tourism" from Bulgaria and Romania (including Roma) in Germany is fuelling arguments of right-­‐wing populists
Skåne police defend the registry and say it is not based on race or ethnicity
Ahead of Czech national elections, rhetoric is turning against he Roma. VOICE: Jozef Miker, Jozef Miker, Jolana Romany activist; Jolana Schützova
Schützova
Criticism of the uncritical acceptance of the Skåne registry as racist -­‐ author posits that it was simply crime-­‐related
Roma trust in the police has been shattered by registry scandal. VOICE: Erland Kaldaras
Erland Kaldaras
Critical article discussing the fact that the prevalence of Roma people on the Skåne police registry does not indicate racism, comparing it to tracking a Mafia network or radical Islamists.
Follow up to the linguistic discussion of Gypsy/Roma and the construction of 'antiziganism' Parallels between the rise of racism in Europe against e.g. the Roma and the fascist era of 1930s and 40s
Skåne police are being criticised for the registry and its use. VOICE: Erland Kaldaras
Erland Kaldaras
Two hundred Swedes have applied to see if they are on the Skåne registry
Politician for FP discusses the poverty among migrant Roma and the need for the EU to improve conditions in their home countries
Svenska Dagbladet
Svenska Dagbladet
Rumänien lyfts fram som 4/12/13 syndabock -­‐ REPLIK
Muntlig skatt fångad i rik 14/12/13 sagobok
Svenska Dagbladet
Svenska Dagbladet
Răduţa Matache N
Brännpunkt
Åsa Warnqvist
N
Kultur
Nedlagd förundersökning 21/12/13 om register upprör romer
Erika Oldberg
Y
Nyheter
2/02/14 När Rumänien gick med
Traian Băsescu
N
Världen
Nyheter
Detailed review of a book of Roma fairy tales
Judicial system finds there is no reason to prosecute the two officers under questioning, Marian Wydow, Roma faith in system lessens. VOICES: Marian Robert Nikolic, Wydow, Robert Nikolic, Erland Kaldaras
Erland Kaldaras
Quote by President of Romania, who says that there was no clause that said the Roma would be left out of EU movement and benefits when Romania joined the EU
Following the Romanian ambassador's advice to ban begging would pose a threat to Roma survival. VOICE: Constantin David, resident of Högdalen shanty town
Constantin David
Soraya Post tops FI's EU election ballot in a historic move. VOICE: Soraya Post
Soraya Post
Shantytown of Högdalen is emptied, many of its residents were Roma. Unclear if any of the people interviewed are Roma
Discrimination Ombudsman pens opinion piece that the Skåne registry was an example of racial profiling
Employment service creating opportunities for Roma
Y
Nyheter
Following the arrest of ten in Högdalen evictions, Damian Draghici maintains Romanian Roma travel to Sweden because they like to travel by nature Damian Draghici
Svenska Dagbladet
Svenska Dagbladet
"Förbud skulle slå mot 9/02/14 romerna"
Joakim Lundgren Y
Historiskt namn toppar FI:s 10/02/14 sedel
Fredrik Mellgren Y
Svenska Dagbladet
Okänd adress efter tömd 12/02/14 kåkstad
Mira Hjort
N
Polisens register kan vara etnisk profilering -­‐ INLÄGG | 21/02/14 DISKRIMINERING
Agneta Broberg N
Projekt skapar jobb 4/03/14 åt romer -­‐ NOTERAT
TT
N
Svenska Dagbladet
Svenska Dagbladet
Svenska Dagbladet
Svenska Dagbladet
Svenska Dagbladet
Svenska Dagbladet
Response to Letta Edholm from Romania's ambassador to Sweden regarding the diverse situations of Roma in Romania.
Nyheter
Nyheter
Nyheter
Brännpunkt
14/03/14 Tio greps när tältläger revs
Förbud stoppar inte 19/03/14 tiggarna -­‐ KOLUMN
Karin Thurfjell
Gunilla von Hall N
Världen
24/03/14 Romregister ska granskas
Romer vill ha en officiell 26/03/14 ursäkt
N/A
N
Andreas Örwall Lovén
Y
Nyheter
General
Prohibition does not stop the beggars
Investigation to be carried out into the possibility of a Roma housing registry
Roma want an official apology for the Skåne Soraya Post, Erland registry. VOICES: Soraya Post, Erland Kaldaras
Kaldaras
Svenska Dagbladet
Svenska Dagbladet
Svenska Dagbladet
Svenska Dagbladet
Svenska Dagbladet
Förtryck skildrat så att det 2/04/14 gör ont
5/04/14 11 kandidater från
Romsk rumba del av 16/04/14 historien -­‐ SKIVOR
Tiggeri i Sverige håller byn 18/04/14 vid liv
Kultur
Teresa Küchler
N
Världen
Lars Lovén
N
Kultur
Helena Ekinge
N
General
Y
Nyheter
Max Byström
N
Hans Caldaras, Thomas Hammarberg, Mats Åberg
Y
Nyheter
"Roma rumba" part of Roma cultural history
Dire situation of beggars, including Roma, in Romania. Unclear if any voices are actually Roma
People in the Skåne registry to be awarded 5000 SEK. Roma advocates displeased with low amount. VOICE: Erland Kaldaras
Erland Kaldaras
Christian Democrats believe that penalising Romania or banning begging or restricting free movement is the wrong way to go about solving issues of Roma poverty in Sweden.
Fokus
Authors call for Roma issues to be central to EU elections, addressing living conditions. VOICE: Hans Caldaras, artist and social commentator
Registrerade personer får 5 8/05/14 000 kronor var i skadestånd TT
Svenska Dagbladet
KD vill lätta på kraven för 11/05/14 rumänskt EU-­‐stöd
Svenska Dagbladet
Romernas villkor måste bli 18/05/14 valfråga
När vi som individer inte kan hjälpa dem, så känner vi att det är vårt fel. -­‐ ...När det Susanna ändå inte spelar någon roll Alakoski, 1/06/14 vad vi gör.
Mattias Mächs
Svenska Dagbladet
Svenska Dagbladet
Svenska Dagbladet
Svenska Dagbladet
Svenska Dagbladet
Review of Majgull Andersson's 'Jag heter inte Miriam'
Eleven Roma candidates will stand in Czech elections
Therese Eriksson N
Y
Kultur
16/06/14 Rapport larmar om rasism
"Att få gå i skola har varit 13/07/14 alla romers dröm."
Gunilla von Hall N
Henrik Johansson
Y
Nyheter
29/07/14 "800"
TT
N
Nyheter
Romer -­‐ en punkt på en 31/07/14 checklista
Mira Hjort
Y
Världen
General
Hans Caldaras
Extensive piece about begging in Swedish society VOICES: Soraya Post, radio interviewee Duske Soraya Post, Duske Jovanovich (Romanian?)
Jovanovich
Reports of racism on the rise in Sweden, including against the Roma.
In depth interview with Rosa Taikon about her life as a Roma woman. VOICE: Rosa Taikon
Rosa Taikon
800 EU migrants, mainly Roma, have been evicted from camps so far in 2014
Discussion on the implications of Roma living conditions on Serbia's accession to the EU. Borka Vasić, Sahdna VOICES: Borka Vasic, Sahdna Omerovic, and Fetija Omerović, Fetija Ametović, Serbian Roma; Marija Manić of the Ametović, Marija ERRC
Manić
Svenska Dagbladet
Svenska Dagbladet
Svenska Dagbladet
3/08/14 "70"
Seven Kings på romsk 15/08/14 festival
Vältajmad utställning om 4/09/14 romerna
TT
Svenska Dagbladet
Svenska Dagbladet
Svenska Dagbladet
Rumänska staten måste ta 5/09/14 ansvar
Löfven ber om ursäkt för 9/09/14 ordet 'zigenare' i intervju
Omotiverad och brutal 12/09/14 aktion mot romer
Svenska Dagbladet
Svenska Dagbladet
Svenska Dagbladet
Svenska Dagbladet
"Felaktig bild av insats 16/09/14 mot romer" [Mer Debatt]
Man avled efter brand i 21/09/14 tältläger
Svenska Dagbladet
Svenska Dagbladet
Svenska Dagbladet
Y
Nyheter
Anna Ångström N
Kultur
Eva Backstedt
N
Kultur
Victor Emanuel Chiorean
N
Fokus
Peter Alestig
Thomas Hammarberg
N
Nyheter
N
Fokus
N/A
N
Fokus
Mattias Mächs
N
Nyheter
TT
N
Nyheter
N/A
N
Världen
"Det är ett skällsord, det är 14/10/14 förnedrande."
TT
Y
Nyheter
21/10/14 EU-­‐romer får gratis tandvård TT
N
Nyheter
24/09/14 "9.3"
1/10/14 KONTROVERSIELL FLYTT
Symboler för olösta 6/11/14 samhällsproblem
Malin Hoelstad, Tomas Lundin Y
Europas Nya Murar
Ceremonies held to commemorate 70 years since the "zigenarnatten" when almost 3,000 Roma were gassed at Auschwitz-­‐Birkenau. VOICE: Domino Kai
Domino Kai
About a Roma arts festival in Stockholm
Review of the "Vi är Roma" exhibit at the Forum for Living History in Stockholm
Romanian citizen expresses opinion that Romania must take responsibility for the hardships faced by its Roma population, in light of Sweden's White Paper revelations
Stefan Löfven regrets his usage of the word "gypsy" when describing the Roma
Response to the brutal evictions of Roma from camp in Högdalen
Comment from Eva Liedström of national enforcement, rejecting Thomas Hammarberg's invocation of the Högdalen evictions as an example of discrimination against Roma in Sweden
One man dies as a result of the fire at the Högdalen Roma camp evictions
9.3 mill SEK claimed in compensation by Roma and Travellers on the Skåne registry
Roma protest in Athens against authorities destroying camps
Emir Selimi demands that "Zigenarwurst" be removed from sausage cart menus. VOICE: Emir Selimi
Emir Selimi
Dentists are giving Roma EU immigrants free dental care
Walls dividing Roma population from majority in Slovakia draw criticism. VOICE: Stanislaw Duzda, Slovakian Roma; Inga Kalejova, Roma social Stanislaw Duzda, worker
Inga Kalejova
Svenska Dagbladet
Stockholm ökar hjälp till EU-­‐
8/11/14 migranter
Hannes Delling
N
Nyheter
N
Brännpunkt
Svenska Dagbladet
Svenska Dagbladet
Svenska Dagbladet
N/A
Thomas Hammarberg, 10/11/14 Stoppa brutala avhysningar Soraya Post
Brand i läger misstänks vara 12/11/14 anlagd
TT
Utbredda fördomar 3/12/14 mot romer
Anton Karlsson
Y
Brännpunkt
N
Nyheter
N
Nyheter
Svenska Dagbladet
17/12/14 Ministermöte om migranter Hannes Delling
N
Nyheter
Svenska Dagbladet
Misären på tippen stänger 20/12/14 av känslorna
Lotta Lundberg N
Kultur
Svenska Dagbladet
Skapa konto för stödet 24/12/14 till romer
Per Kågeson
N
Fokus
Svenska Dagbladet
Om vådan av avtrubbad 25/12/14 empati
Sanna Rayman
N
Ledare
Svenska Dagbladet
25/12/14 Tiggarnas liv blir allt svårare Maria Sundén
N*
Nyheter
Svenska Dagbladet
Kyrkor ökar insats för 30/12/14 migranter
Y
Nyheter
Svenska Dagbladet
10/11/14 Brännpunkt
Hannes Delling
Numbers of beggars, many of them Roma, have doubled in many Swedish towns since the previous year.
Quotes from four different commentators/politicians about Roma and begging in Sweden
Winners of the Stieg Larsson Prize call for Sweden to take responsibility for the Roma in Sweden. VOICE: Soraya Post
Soraya Post
Fire in a Romanian Roma camp in Dala suspected to be arson
New report reveals that there is still serious discrimination against the Roma in Sweden.
Ministers to discuss immigrant Roma in Sweden and the possibility of Sweden helping Romania to access & utilise more earmarked EU funds to help them
Journalist travels to Cluj to investigate the poverty of the Roma community there and those who travel to Sweden to beg. Call for politicians to create accounts and collect funds for European Roma, who do not have the same protection as refugees but are as vulnerable nonetheless
A reflection on Swedish attitudes towards beggars and specifically the reasons Romanian Roma come to Sweden
Beggars on the streets of Stockholm, many of them Roma, have it hard during the Swedish winters. *No explicitly signalled Roma voices
Churches are better equipped to accommodate beggars, but there are still people freezing on the streets. VOICE: Irina, Romanian Roma
Irina (anon)
Appendix III -­‐ German Articles
Author
Presence of Roma voice Y/N
Section of paper
N/A
N
Politik
Martina Knoben N
Kultur
N/A
N
Kultur
Artur Lebedew
N
Wirtschaft
Sinti und Roma beklagen "aggressiv geführte" 5/03/13 Zuwanderer-­‐Debatte
N/A
Y
Politik
Süddeutsche Zeitung
5/03/13 Könige ohne Königreich
Max Biederbeck, Donja Gračenica Y
Politik
Süddeutsche Zeitung
Friedrich betont "Schwachstellen" in 7/03/13 Bulgarien und Rumänien
N/A
Politik
Süddeutsche Zeitung
Leute, auf die man sofort 13/03/13 Feuer geben darf
Newspaper
Süddeutsche Zeitung
Date
Title
Verfolgt, vertrieben, 12/01/13 verzweifelt
Süddeutsche Zeitung
Wenn Robin Hood Strom 14/02/13 stiehlt
Rumänischer Film gewinnt 16/02/13 Goldenen Bären
Süddeutsche Zeitung
28/02/13 Angst und Arbeit
Süddeutsche Zeitung
Süddeutsche Zeitung
Süddeutsche Zeitung
Süddeutsche Zeitung
Jens Bisky
Stadt Dortmund muss neuen 21/03/13 Strich suchen
Bernd Dörries
Gauck beklagt Stigmatisierung von Sinti 22/03/13 und Roma
N/A
N
Notes
Photo essay of marginalised minorities, including Roma and Sinti
Bosnian film maker Danis Tanovic is submitting a film to the Berlinale called an Episode in the Life of an Iron Picker, about a Roma family
Success at Berlinale -­‐ Bosnian film about Roma iron-­‐collector wins its star Best Actor award
Discussion around the fear of immigrants and immigrant workers, poverty migrants from Romania and Bulgaria e.g. Roma who are difficult to integrate
Central Council of Sinti and Roma complain to President Gauck about the rhetoric around the Bulgaria and Romania debate. VOICE: Romani Rose
The story of two Roma brothers who were on track to become successful rappers in the Ruhr before they were deported to Kosovo, their parents' home country. VOICES: Selamet and Kefaet Briszeni
German Interior Minister Friedrich votes against opening the borders to Romania and Bulgaria at present, in light of projected poverty-­‐driven migration of e.g. Roma
N
Kultur
N
Gesellschaft
Klaus-­‐Michael Bogdal's new book "Europa erfindet die Zigeuner" investigates the marginalisation of Sinti and Roma throughout history.
Dortmund wrestles with legalised street prostitution as a number of Bulgarian Roma migrate to take part in the industry.
N
Politik
German President Joachim Gauck criticises the poor situation of Roma and Sinti in Europe
Voice/s
Sinti?
Y
N
N
N
Romani Rose
Y
Selamet Briszeni, Kefaet Briszani
N
Y
Y
N
Y
Süddeutsche Zeitung
Süddeutsche Zeitung
Süddeutsche Zeitung
Süddeutsche Zeitung
Süddeutsche Zeitung
Süddeutsche Zeitung
Süddeutsche Zeitung
30/04/13 Das Leben von Z-­‐3529
Mehr Zuwanderer beantragen Hartz IV und 3/05/13 Kindergeld
6/05/13 Vorverurteilt
Bernd Kastner
Wirtschaft
Tim Neshitov
N
Kultur
N
Wissen
Cathrin Kahlweit Y
Klaus-­‐Michael Bogdal
N
Reise
Stefan Ulrich
N
Reise
N/A
N
Politik
N
München
N
Politik
N
Politik
N
Politik
Cathrin Kahlweit N
Politik
Süddeutsche Zeitung
14/06/13 Stadt der Diebe
EU-­‐Kommission mit Roma-­‐
26/06/13 Integration unzufrieden
Süddeutsche Zeitung
"Juristisch schlichtweg nicht 28/06/13 möglich"
Alex Rühle
Süddeutsche Zeitung
Rechtsnationale drehen 5/08/13 Roma das Wasser ab
N/A
Süddeutsche Zeitung
Wie rechtes Gedankengut 6/08/13 Ungarns Politik durchsetzt N/A
Rechtsradikale Roma-­‐
Mörder zu lebenslanger Haft 6/08/13 verurteilt
N/A
Süddeutsche Zeitung
7/08/13 Zweifel an Ungarn bleiben
Süddeutsche Zeitung
Politik
Thomas Öchsner N
Von Roma-­‐Slums und "Gipsy 21/05/13 Industry"
Klaus Brill
Aufwachen aus dem 24/05/13 Dornröschenschlaf
Leben mit Hass und 10/06/13 Verachtung
Y
Politik
Story of Sinto Hugo Höllenreiner, who survived the Holocaust and Mengele's medical Hugo experiments. VOICE: Hugo Höllenreiner
Höllenreiner
Piece about immigrants in Germany applying for social support benefits e.g. Hartz IV, particularly Roma
Roger Köppel and Swiss newspaper Weltwoche come under fire in Milo Rau's fictitious theatrical court proceeding agaisn the paper for their misleading and prejucdiced depiction of the Roma.
Book by author Norbert Mappes-­‐Niediek outlines the history of the Roma and Sinti and discrimination against them. Book title is "Arme Roma, böse Zigeuner".
Review of Košice, second largest city in Slovakia and on the rise in the EU, but plagued with social issues esp with its minorities, including Roma. VOICE: Romani artist Blanka Berkyova
Blanka Berkyova
Discussion on the history of the persecution of Roma and Sinti in Europe
Paris named the City of Thieves in this article, and Roma youths blamed for crime rate increase
European Commission dissatisfied with progress of EU countries as re: Roma integration
Asylum applications in Bavaria are processed very quickly for Serbian and Macedonian Roma, but all rejected.
City government in Ózd, Hungary has turned off water to Roma settlement, claiming they would only "waste" the water.
An overview of the outcome of the court case regarding the murders of six Roma in Hungary, and the political situation which led to the murders and perpetuates the discrimination
Four men have been sentenced in Hungary over the deaths of six Roma, including a small child
Although four men have been sentenced for the murder of several Roma in Hungary, author says the government is not on the side of the victims
Y
N
N
Y
N
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Süddeutsche Zeitung
Süddeutsche Zeitung
Nicht nur eine 14/08/13 Geschmacksfrage
N
Panorama
N
Panorama
N
Politik
Y
Kultur
N
Politik
N
Politik
N
Gesellschaft
Mareike Nieberding
Y
Panorama
N/A
N
Politik
Süddeutsche Zeitung
12/09/13 Gegen den Wind
Bernd Dörries
Antonie Rietzschel
Süddeutsche Zeitung
Vertane Chance für die 14/09/13 Kunst
Catrin Lorch
Süddeutsche Zeitung
Süddeutsche Zeitung
Süddeutsche Zeitung
1/09/13 Ratlos in Rheinhausen
Felicitas Kock
Behörden gehen gegen NPD-­‐
19/09/13 Plakate vor
N/A
EU ermahnt Innenminister Valls wegen Roma-­‐
25/09/13 Äußerungen
N/A
Willkommen bei den 4/10/13 Unwillkommenen
Irene Helmes
Süddeutsche Zeitung
Hannover verbannt das 8/10/13 Zigeunerschnitzel
Innenminister Valls droht Verfahren wegen 11/10/13 Volksverhetzung
Süddeutsche Zeitung
Eine alltägliche Abschiebung Christian 18/10/13 empört Frankreich
Wernicke
Y
Politik
Süddeutsche Zeitung
Erklären Sie sich, Monsieur Christian 19/10/13 le Président!
Wernicke
N
Politik
Süddeutsche Zeitung
Roma-­‐Mädchen Leonarda 19/10/13 lehnt Hollandes Angebot ab N/A
Y
Politik
Süddeutsche Zeitung
Discussion about the banning of the name "Zigeunersauce" Conflict in Duisberg over an influx of Romanian Roma residents who are not fitting in with the population, despite efforts of the city to integrate them.
Antiziganist election posters by the NPD have been creatively resisted in several cities.
Discussion of Istanbul Art Biennale, which features an audiovisual work about a Roma neighbourhood. VOICE: Quote from the video, Hip hop group indirectly hip hop group Tahribad-­‐ı isyan
Tahribad-­‐ı isyan
Authorities ban posters by the NPD insulting Sinti and Roma near the site of a Nazi concentration camp.
French Interior Minister Manuel Valls is criticised by the EU for his controversial comments about Roma
Photo series by Getty photographer Sean Gallup on Roma in Romania. Hannover has banned the "Zigeunerschnitzel", to the applause of Sinti and Roma reps. VOICE: Regardo Rose, Hannover chairman of the Forum of Sinti and Roma
Regardo Rose
French Interior Minister Manuel Valls comes under fire for his comments about Roma being unable to integrate into French society
The case of Leonarda Dibrani, a Roma girl from Kosovo studying at high school in France, has sparked outrage among her classmates and the population after her deportation. VOICE: Leonarda Leonarda Dibrani
Dibrani
Opinion piece about Hollande and his government's expulsion of the Roma and other minorities.
Leonarda Dibrani rejects Hollande's offer for her to return to France alone without her family. Leonarda VOICES: Leonarda Dibrani, her father Resat Dibrani, Resat Dibrani
Dibrani
Y
N
Y
N
Y
Y
N
Y
N
N
N
N
Süddeutsche Zeitung
Hollandes Schlichtungs-­‐
20/10/13 Show misslingt
Christian Wernicke
Y
Politik
Süddeutsche Zeitung
Falsche Eltern kommen in 21/10/13 Untersuchungshaft
N/A
N
Panorama
Süddeutsche Zeitung
22/10/13 Schluss mit der Sippenhaft
Klaus Brill
N
Meinung
Süddeutsche Zeitung
Das Schicksal der 22/10/13 verschwundenen Kinder
Christiane Schlötzer
Y
Panorama
Süddeutsche Zeitung
24/10/13 Wettlauf gegen die Zeit
N/A
N
Gesundheit
Süddeutsche Zeitung
Irische Polizei gibt Roma ihre 24/10/13 Kinder zurück
N/A
N
Panorama
Süddeutsche Zeitung
Eltern der kleinen Maria stammen offenbar aus 24/10/13 Bulgarien
N/A
Y
Panorama
Süddeutsche Zeitung
24/10/13 Der Tag, als keiner half
Ronen Steinke
Y
Politik
French President Jacques Hollande under fire after the deportation of 15-­‐year-­‐old Roma student Leonarda Leonarda and her family. VOICE: Leonarda Dibrani Dibrani
N
The Roma couple with whom blonde Maria was found are in detention for suspected fraud and kidnapping.
N
Opinion piece stating that the Roma themselves must initiate change in order to better their situation in Europe.
N
In light of the case of Maria, an examination of the fate of hundreds of missing Roma children. VOICES: Vasilis Paiteris, Roma musician and politician in Greece, and Babis Dimitrou, president Vasilis Paiteris, of the Roma from Farsala
Babis Dimitrou N
Leonardo Petrovic, the young Roma boy in a refugee camp in Bavaria, nearly lost his life to meningococcal infection, which should have been addressed immediately.
N
Irish authorities have returned two Roma children to their families after tests show they were their biological children. N
Bulgarian woman may be the mother of Maria, the child taken by authorities from Greek Roma camp. Suspicion of child trafficking is high. VOICE: Sascha Rusewa, Sascha R., Jesus R.
Jesus Rusewa
N
The story of Leonardo Petrovic, a Roma boy who nearly died in Zirndorf in 2011 when he was denied help and medical attention despite his parents' pleas. VOICES: Klaudia and Jovica Klaudia Petrovic, Petrovic, Roma from Serbia.
Jovica Petrovic N
Süddeutsche Zeitung
Behörden finden Eltern von 25/10/13 Maria
N/A
Panorama
Maria's parents have been identified as two Bulgarian Roma, Sascha and Anatas. VOICE: Maria's brother, not named
(Anon) Unnamed brother of Maria N
Another Roma couple is accused of having bought a child for 4000 euro, in the wake of the Maria furore. Context refers to quote by Maria's brother
Sascha Rusewa, Maria's biological mother, wants her daughter back. VOICE: Sascha Rusewa
(Anon) Unnamed brother of Maria N
Süddeutsche Zeitung
Süddeutsche Zeitung
Paar soll sich für 4000 Euro 25/10/13 Kind gekauft haben
N/A
Leibliche Mutter fordert 28/10/13 Kind zurück
N/A
Y
Y
Panorama
Y
Panorama
Sascha Rusewa
N
Süddeutsche Zeitung
Süddeutsche Zeitung
Süddeutsche Zeitung
30/10/13 Hinter den Mauern
"Immer nur ein Teil der 3/11/13 Roma im Blickfeld"
Behörden nehmen Eltern von Maria weitere Kinder 5/11/13 weg
Süddeutsche Zeitung
Wenn Vorurteile neu 6/11/13 erblühen
Jüdische Organisationen fordern rasche Entschädigung von NS-­‐
8/11/13 Opfern
Süddeutsche Zeitung
8/11/13 Zahlen gegen Vorurteile
Süddeutsche Zeitung
Süddeutsche Zeitung
Süddeutsche Zeitung
Tim Neshitov
Panorama
Bernd Dörries & Ralf Wiegand
Y
Politik
N/A
Panorama
N
Isabel Pfaff
Y
Panorama
N/A
N
Politik
Caro Lobig
N
Politik
N
Panorama
N
Politik
N
München
N
Politik
N
Bayern
Y
Panorama
Erneut Mädchen aus Roma-­‐
13/11/13 Familie genommen
N/A
Süddeutsche Zeitung
25/11/13 Aufstieg eines Roma-­‐Hassers N/A
Antonie 3/12/13 Chancen unter Null
Rietzschel
Le Pen zu Geldstrafe 19/12/13 verurteilt
N/A
Süddeutsche Zeitung
CSU plant Offensive gegen 28/12/13 Armutsmigranten
Süddeutsche Zeitung
Menschen, auf die niemand 29/12/13 wartet
Bernd Dörries
Süddeutsche Zeitung
Y
Robert Roßmann
Story of Roma living in Lunik 9, a large building in Košice, Slovakia, behind a wall segregating them from the rest of the population. VOICES: Helena Danrov, mother; Dionyz Slepcik, mayor of the Roma community
Romani Rose states that only one aspect of the Roma population is ever depicted. VOICE: Romani Rose
The Bulgarian biological parents of Maria have had more children taken from them by authorities.
Story of Maria in Greece is an example of the deep seated prejudices held against Roma in Europe -­‐ the outright rejection of the idea that a fair child could 'belong' to dark-­‐skinned Roma parents. VOICES: Romani Rose, Dezideriu Gergely
Helena Danrov, Dionyz Slepcik N
Romani Rose
Y
N
Romani Rose, Dezideriu Gergely
Jewish and Roma organisations call for overdue compensation for victims of Nazism
Interrogating myths about refugees in Germany, including the idea that Roma from the Balkan states and Russia are simply looking for better quality of life rather than fleeing persecution
A second blonde child is taken away from Roma carers in Greece in the wake of the case of Maria, and the Irish child. It is suspected the child was kidnapped
Elections in Slovakia result in a win for renowned Roma-­‐hater Marian Kotleber
Difficulties faced by migrant workers in Germany, including Roma.
Jean-­‐Marie Le Pen fined for insulting Roma as "birds who steal by nature."
CSU planning offensive against "poverty migrants" anticipated as of 1st Jan 2014, among them many Bulgarian and Romanian Roma.
The Roma in Germany, difficulties integrating -­‐ the ignored people. Both German and foreign. VOICES: Tolga, 16, semi-­‐anon; Mustafa Zekirov, Tolga (anon), musician
Mustafa Zekirov
Y
Y
N
Y
N
N
Y
N
Y
Süddeutsche Zeitung
Inseln der Dritten Welt in 30/12/13 Europa
Klaus Brill
Y
Politik
Süddeutsche Zeitung
31/12/13 Unfertige Träume
Michael Glawogger
N
Kultur
Süddeutsche Zeitung
N
Politik
N
Service
N
Wirtschaft
Süddeutsche Zeitung
1/01/14 Hässlicher Stempel
Roland Preuß
"Ich möchte Sachlichkeit in 2/01/14 der Debatte und Fakten"
N/A
Jannis Brühl & 3/01/14 Mythos Armutsmigration
Kathrin Haimerl
Linke fordert Hartz IV für EU-­‐
Ausländer nach drei 17/01/14 Monaten
Roland Preuß
N
Politik
Süddeutsche Zeitung
"Unerträgliche und 21/01/14 beschämende Diskussion"
Paul Katzenberger
Y
Politik
Süddeutsche Zeitung
"Einwanderung tut diesem 24/01/14 Land sehr gut"
N/A
N
Politik
Süddeutsche Zeitung
Der Filmpreisträger aus dem 24/01/14 Flüchtlingsheim
Charlotte Theile Y
Kultur
Süddeutsche Zeitung
27/01/14 Schwierige Erinnerung
N
München
N
Politik
N
Politik
Süddeutsche Zeitung
Süddeutsche Zeitung
Süddeutsche Zeitung
Süddeutsche Zeitung
Jakob Wetzel
Ermittlungen gegen "Neger" 30/01/14 und "Zigeuner"
Tanjev Schultz
Deutschland will weniger 14/03/14 Asylsuchende vom Balkan
N/A
Story about the Roma of Eastern Europe today, discussion of their situation and history. VOICES:Nedjo Osman, Macedonian; Nizaqete Nedjo Osman, Bislimi, Albanian
Nizqete Bislimi
Fiction piece based on observations in Serbia. Depictions of Roma as exoticised peasants, though given some (fictitious) voice.
Opinion piece about the CSU's depiction of workers coming from Romania and Bulgaria, rules & regulations, particular mention of Roma
Readers respond to the debate around "poverty migrants".
Q&A about the myths of poverty migration, with a focus on Roma from Romania and Bulgaria
Interview with former independent politician Ulla Jelpke on rights for temporary work visa holders, esp Roma from Romania and Bulgaria.
Interview with Romani Rose, chairman of the Central Council for Sinti and Roma, regarding immigration from Romania and Bulgaria.
Romani Rose
German president Joachim Gauck says immigration does Germany good, but says that there are still inherent issues with e.g. Roma families not sending kids to school
Story of the star of a Berlinale-­‐celebrated film, Bosnian Roma scrap collector Nazif Mujić, who is now suffering under terrible conditions in Bosnia and is expelled from Germany after a rejected asylum application. VOICE: Nazif Mujić
Nazif Mujić
Memorial to victims of Nazis in Munich is the site of dispute -­‐ whether the Roma and Sinti should have their own memorial or not. It's gone back and forth a few times.
Questions about the racist procedures in a murder investigation, in which the perpetrato is referred to as "gypsy" and suspects are treated with racist overtones
Germany wants fewer asylum seekers from the Balkans, specific mention of Roma
Y
N
N
Y
Y
N
Y
N
N
Y
Y
N
Süddeutsche Zeitung
Süddeutsche Zeitung
Mehr Kontrolle, mehr 25/03/14 Integration
N/A
Amnesty beklagt zunehmende Gewalt gegen 8/04/14 Roma
N/A
N
Politik
Y
Politik
German cities plan to implement integration courses for immigrant and Roma and Sinti, and increase control over those abusing the social system
Amnesty Internation decries the rising violence and discrimination against Roma in Europe. VOICE: Romani Rose
Süddeutsche Zeitung
Widersprüche in der 17/04/14 Peripherie
Paul Katzenberger
N
Kultur
Süddeutsche Zeitung
Massenquartier mit 3/05/14 ungeklärtem Status
Verena Mayer
N
Politik
Süddeutsche Zeitung
Schärfere Regeln für 8/05/14 Asylbewerber
Roland Preuß
N
Politik
Süddeutsche Zeitung
Kim Björn 4/06/14 Die Vermessung der Rechten Becker
N
Politik
Süddeutsche Zeitung
De Maizière verteidigt Pläne 6/06/14 für schärfere Asylpolitik
N/A
N
Politik
N
Panorama
Film festival goEast provokes the question of Hungary's place in the EU in light of discrimination against minorities like the Roma, e.g. the murder of six Roma in hate crime in 2008/09
Story of the people living in a school in Kreuzberg, including families of Roma from Romania, Bulgaria and Spain
Germany tightens asylum application regulations in response to incfeasing numbers of applications by Roma from Balkan states
Despite fewer Germans holding extreme right-­‐
wing views, prejudices against Muslims, Roma and Sinti, and asylum seekers are on the rise
Interior Minister Thomas de Mazière wants to classify Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Macedonia as "safe countries" of origin for potential asylum seekers, effectively cutting off their ability to claim refugee status -­‐ most are Roma
Refugees, homeless and drug dealers living in an old school building in Kreuzberg, Berlin, in poor conditions. Roma families living in classrooms, homeless.
N
Panorama
Roma teenager in France is attacked in a suspected lynching/revenge act, and is in a coma.
Süddeutsche Zeitung
Süddeutsche Zeitung
Süddeutsche Zeitung
Süddeutsche Zeitung
16/06/14 "Ich bitte um mein Leben" Verena Mayer
Jugendlicher nach mutmaßlicher Lynchjustiz im 17/06/14 Koma
N/A
Caroline Eichhorn, Christoph 22/06/14 Am Tropf Europas
Behrens
5/08/14 Hörbare Armut
Y
Ferdinand Otto N
Politik
München
Y
Romani Rose
Investigative piece about the people returned to Kosovo from Germany, particularly a Roma family named Avdo. VOICE: Erdin Avdo
Erdin Avdo
Musicians and beggars in Munich are cause for legal and policy reviews -­‐ inferred correlation with Roma
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Y
Süddeutsche Zeitung
7/08/14 Jagd auf Bettler
Helmut Zeller
N
München
Süddeutsche Zeitung
21/08/14 Projekt Hoffnung
Helmut Zeller
Y
München
Süddeutsche Zeitung
Studie dokumentiert erhebliche Vorbehalte gegen 3/09/14 Sinti und Roma
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Politik
Süddeutsche Zeitung
4/09/14 Die Gewalt des Vorurteils
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Politik
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Politik
Heribert Prantl
Thorsten Denkler
Süddeutsche Zeitung
18/09/14 Grüne Identitätskrise
Süddeutsche Zeitung
So sieht der Asylkompromiss 22/09/14 aus
Roland Preuß
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Politik
Süddeutsche Zeitung
26/09/14 Unsäglich!
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Service
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Süddeutsche Zeitung
Ihre Post zur Änderung des 30/09/14 Asylrechts
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Wissenschaftler kritisieren Zuspitzung der Sinti-­‐und-­‐
5/10/14 Roma-­‐Studie
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Süddeutsche Zeitung
"Ich werde mir gleich eine 11/10/14 Arbeit suchen"
Roland Preuß
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Politik
Süddeutsche Zeitung
Diese Menschen fliehen 17/10/14 nach Deutschland
Martin Anetzberger
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Politik
Süddeutsche Zeitung
Roma beggars and musicians on the railway between Munich and Dachau face prosecution, though there is some resitance to this approach from Dachau.
Steiner school in Munich receives accolades for its initiative where students go to Romania and build houses and buildings there to help Roma communities.VOICE: Romani Rose
Romani Rose
Study by Anti Discrimination Agency (ADS) shows Roma and Sinti are most discriminated against group. Zentralrat der Sinti und Roma call for societal change. VOICE: Romani Rose
Romani Rose
Author calls Sinti and Roma Europe's forgotten people, says that they are the most discriminated against group in Germany
Bundesrat votes on the right to asylum of Balkan citizens, e.g. Roma
Q&A about changes to asylum law regarding 3 Balkan countries, and the Roma, who are strongly affected by it.
Online readers respond to decision to class several Balkan states as "safe" countries as re: asylum seekers
Readers respond to the decision to class several Balkan states as "safe" countries as re: asylum seekers.
Study conducted by Anti Discrimination Agency to test attitudes towards Sinti and Roma is criticised for its methods
Compromise on asylum regulations re: Balkans by Baden-­‐Württemburg's prime minister (of Die Grüne) Winfried Kretschmann causing controversy. Roma citizens tell their stories. VOICES: Majer Gercken and Arif Mustafovski, Majer Gercken, Macedonian Roma
Arif Mustafovski
A large number of asylum applications in Germany come from Serbia, Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Albania, where many -­‐ especially Roma -­‐ face discrimination
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Süddeutsche Zeitung
Le Pen muss Geldstrafe wegen Roma-­‐Beleidigung 20/11/14 zahlen
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Süddeutsche Zeitung
20/11/14 Der ist ja so nett
Hannah Beitzer N
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Heribert Prantl
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Politik
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Heribert Prantl
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Süddeutsche Zeitung
Vom Vorurteil zur 10/12/14 Fremdenfeindlichkeit
Markus C. Schulte von Drach
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Politik
Süddeutsche Zeitung
Gauck würdigt Ramelows 10/12/14 Antrittsrede
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Politik
Süddeutsche Zeitung
Beyoncé und Jay-­‐Z sollen 17/12/14 abgekupfert haben
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Kultur
Süddeutsche Zeitung
21/12/14 Asyl auf der Alb
Josef Kelnberger N
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Süddeutsche Zeitung
Karlsruhe soll neues 28/11/14 Asylrecht prüfen
Gericht bewahrt Roma-­‐
28/11/14 Familie vor Abschiebung
Süddeutsche Zeitung
Bethlehem ist heute in 8/12/14 Syrien
Süddeutsche Zeitung
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70 Prozent mehr Einbrüche M. Liebelt & S. 14/01/13 im Winter!
Sievering
Kolat will im März Aktionsplan für Roma-­‐
26/01/13 Integration vorlegen
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French FN founder Jean-­‐Marie Le Pen fined 5.000€ for public statement demeaning Roma as thieves by nature
Head of the Alternative für Deutschland in Hamburg, Jörn Kruse, is well received. He says that the Roma have a right to move to Germany.
Controversy in Baden-­‐Württemburg over whether Serbia should be classified as a safe country of origin, thus stopping Serbian asylum seekers -­‐ in the kerfuffle one Roma family has been saved from deportation. Roma in Serbia face persecution
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Roma family saved from deportation to Serbia
Article about asylum policies in Europe, closes with a paragraph warning not to simply cast Roma as "bad" asylum seekers.
Interview with Andreas Zick, from the Institute for Interdisciplinary Research on Conflict and Violence (IKG), regarding the rise of xenophobia against immigrants including Roma New head minister of Thuringen Bodo Ramelow is being prosecuted for participation in an anti-­‐Right-­‐
wing demonstration in 2010, and is supported by the Zentralrat der Sinti und Roma and its chairman. VOICE: Romani Rose
Romani Rose
Hungarian Roma singer Mitsou sues Beyonce for use of her song without permission. VOICE: Monika Juhasz Mitsou, real name Monika Juhasz Miczura
Miczura
First child born in the asylum seeker camp in Swabian Meßstetten is born to Serbian Roma parents, named Lea -­‐ short for "Landeserstaufnahmestelle". Controversy over Balkan asylum seekers
BILD claims a 70% increase in home break-­‐ins in this winter. Says Romanian and Bulgarian (esp Roma) crime is behind it
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Berlin Senator Dilek Kolat plans to present a Roma inclusion action plan in March
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Berliner erinnern an Opfer 27/01/13 des Nationalsozialismus
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Landtagspräsident betont Gleichberechtigung von Sinti 27/01/13 und Roma
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Berlin schiebt 84 Flüchtlinge 30/01/13 in Balkanstaaten ab
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Asylverfahren von Roma aus 15/02/13 Ex-­‐Jugoslawien verzehnfacht N/A
Goldener Bär geht erstmals 16/02/13 nach Rumänien
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Minister warnt vor Armuts-­‐
17/02/13 Einwanderung
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Dieser SPD-­‐Politiker warnt 21/02/13 vor Roma-­‐Ansturm
Holger Bloehte
Osteuropäische Schlossfestspiele in 22/02/13 Ludwigsburg
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Sinti-­‐und-­‐Roma-­‐Rat warnt vor Kriminalisierung von 23/02/13 Armutszuwanderern
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Grüne beschimpfen Korol als 23/02/13 politischen Wirrkopf
Holger Bloehte
Wirbel um Abschiebung 26/02/13 nach Ministerwechsel
Droht Deutschland eine 27/02/13 Roma-­‐Welle?
No Angels-­‐Sängerin lästert 27/02/13 über Roma
SPD-­‐Fraktion will Roma-­‐
1/03/13 Kritiker rauswerfen
Andreas Schopf Y
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1/03/13 Krasser Hilferuf aus Duisburg Mathis Volg
Day of memorial for victims of Nazis, including Roma and Sinti
Landtagspräsident Guido Wolf of the CDU takes the opportunity of the memorial day to emphasise the equal rights of Roma and Sinti to opportunities and commemoration.
84 Roma Balkan asylum applicants deported from Berlin in 2012
Number of asylum applications of Roma from former Yugoslavia has increased tenfold in the past four years in Dusseldorf.
63rd Berlinale. Roma actor wins best actor in "Episode in the Life of an Iron Picker"
NRW Integration Minister Guntram Schneider warns about poverty immigration i.e. Roma
SPD politician Martin Korol warns about the trouble with Roma.
Festival in Ludwigsburg features a Roma and Sinti section called "Gipsy Time".
Chairman of Central Council of Sinti and Roma warns against criminalising Roma immigrants. VOICE: Romani Rose, chairman
Romani Rose
Greens party criticises Martin Korol for his comments about Roma A Roma mother is deported to Kosovo, leaving her children behind, as Lower Saxony changes government
BILD does a "fact-­‐check" on whether Germany is immersed by a Roma-­‐wave.
Review of an episode of Maischberger dealing with Roma integration. VOICE: Roma activist Hamze Bytyci
Hamze Bytyci
SPD threatens to expel Martin Korol based on his derogatory remarks about Roma and Sinti
Review of an episode of Maybrit Illner dealing with the Duisberger's complaints about the Roma neighbours. German Sinteza Dotschy Reinhardt Dotschy was on the panel. VOICE: Dotschy Reinhardt
Reinhardt
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„Roma kosten uns 15 1/03/13 Millionen im Jahr“
Ist dieser SPD-­‐Politiker ein 1/03/13 rassistischer Hetzer?
Migrationsforscher warnt vor Abschottung gegen 2/03/13 Roma
HIER kniet sich die Kölner 4/03/13 Polizei in eine Roma-­‐Diebin
Mo Hänig
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Holger Bloehte
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G. Xanthopoulos N
Maximilian BILD-­‐Reporter zu Besuch im Kiewel & Fabian 4/03/13 Roma-­‐Haus
Matzerath
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Ich bin Roma – und habe es Maximilian 5/03/13 geschafft
Kiewel
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„Die Klau-­‐Kids lachen sich 6/03/13 doch über uns kaputt“
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Bei 7 von 10 Diebstählen und Einbrüchen sind Roma J. Brücher & G. 6/03/13 die Täter
Xanthopoulos
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Die 6 Wahrheiten über 6/03/13 Roma in Deutschland
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Maximilian Roma-­‐Mädchen an Kiewel & Peter 7/03/13 deutsches Bordell verkauft Müller
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Einreise-­‐Sperre für Armuts-­‐
8/03/13 Zuwanderer aus Rumänien N/A
Ich lasse mich nicht 11/03/13 unterkriegen
Holger Bloehte
Pistorius beantragt Visa für 11/03/13 abgeschobene Roma-­‐Familie N/A
Land erinnert an Deportation von Sinti und 14/03/13 Roma
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Sören Link appears on TV to decry the prostitution and theft problems associated with Roma
Questions of whether Martin Korol is a racist for his comments about Roma on his website.
Migration researcher warns against a hysterical reaction to an influx of Roma immigrants from South Eastern Europe
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Teenage Roma pickpocket arrested in Cologne
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BILD reporters go inside a Roma house to speak to Alex (anon), the inhabitants about their lives in Germany. Claudio (anon), VOICES: Several anonymised residents
Rebecca (anon) N
Story of Jane Simon, German Roma woman who pursued education as an adult.
Jane Simon
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Discussion about the "Klau-­‐Kids" in Germany, who are Roma, with Chief Prosecutor Egbert Bülles
Review of petty theft crime in Cologne, for which Roma are responsible 70% of the time according to internal statistics, including by children who are too young to be prosecuted
Discussion of the main myths/ideas about Roma immigrants in Germany
Story of Roma girl Maria, who was sold to a brothel at the age of 17
Maria (anon)
Federal Interior Minister Hans-­‐Peter Friedrich proposes a re-­‐entry ban for poverty immigrants (i.e. Roma) from EU countries
Martin Korol faces backlash from the SPD over his comments about Roma
Lower Saxony Interior Minister Boris Pistorius asks for the speedy issuing of visas for Roma mother to be allowed back to her children in Germany
Baden Württemburg memorialises Nazis deporting Roma and Sinti to concentration camps 70 years ago
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Innenminister Ulbig reist auf den Balkan: 14/03/13 Flüchtlingsproblematik
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Pistorius: Familien werden nicht mehr durch 14/03/13 Abschiebungen getrennt
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Duisberg "problem house" is the epitome of integration problems with Roma immigrants
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US Ambassador visits Roma House to declare solidarity with Roma and Sinti
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The state leader of the Sinti and Roma in Hesse has been honored for his decades of commitment
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Red-­‐Green coalition wants Roma and Sinti to have one vote in the Migration Commission
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Ratgeber
Daniel Killy
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Senate plans emergency housing in Charlottenburg for homeless, in particular Roma
Measles make a comeback in Europe -­‐ small part notes that a return in Romania was mainly due to the fact that Roma had not been covered by the vaccine regimen.
Fears around the rise of the far-­‐right extremists Jobbik in Hungary, who are violently anti-­‐Roma, saying they "cannot be allowed to exist" (among other minorities)
Red-­‐Green parliamentary coalition has elected to bring Roma and Sinti representation into the Migration Commission
Regio
Meeting of Ruhr cities on Roma immigration that is summed up by the statement: "The gypsy life is fun but do it elsewhere".
Graffiti-­‐Anschlag gegen SPD-­‐
15/03/13 Politiker Korol
Holger Bloehte
Schwierige Integration am Duisburger Rumänen-­‐
25/03/13 «Problemhaus»
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US-­‐Botschafter besucht Roma-­‐Haus: «Wir sind auf 8/04/13 Eurer Seite»
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Unerwünschtes Comeback 28/04/13 der Masern in Europa
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Angst vor 5/05/13 Ungarns Judenhassern
Rot-­‐Grün holt Sinti und Roma in Migrations-­‐
29/05/13 Kommission des Landtags
«Vom Ende der Toleranz»: Tagung macht Armutszuwanderung zum 6/06/13 Thema
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Saxony's Interior Minister Markus Ulbig goes to the Balkans to discuss refugee problem i.e. Roma
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Lower Saxony's Interior Minister Boris Pistorius promises that families will no longer be separated by deportations in the wake of a Kosovo Roma family leaving two minor children behind
Disgraced Minister Korol's house is graffitied after his comments about Roma sending their children to steal instead of to school
Verdienstorden für den 8/04/13 Roma-­‐Vorsitzenden Strauß N/A
Rot-­‐Grün will Sinti und Roma in Migrations-­‐Kommission 17/04/13 des Landtags
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Senat plant Notunterkunft für obdachlose Familien in 25/04/13 Charlottenburg
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Dortmund sieht keine Alternative zu 7/06/13 Integrationsmaßnahmen
Friedrich will illegale Armutseinwanderer 7/06/13 ausweisen
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Darum kann keiner diese 19/06/13 Klau-­‐Kids stoppen
Katrin Weuster
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Integration is seen as the only option for cities dealing with Roma poverty, not rejection of immigrants
German Interior Minister Friedrich wants to expel illegal poverty immigrants, e.g. Roma from Romania and Bulgaria
Problem with thieving children such as Roma girl Elisabeta since under the age of 14 kids cannot be prosecuted.
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Christiane Hörbiger dreht 30/06/13 Roma-­‐Drama
Lena Obschinsky & Henning Scheffen
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Christiane Hörbiger will star in an episode of "Bis zum Ende der Welt" focused on Roma issues
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Residents of Duisberg ask why they have not been given help to deal with their Roma neighbours
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10/07/13 Warum hilft uns keiner?
Frank Schneider N
Land bringt Staatsvertrag mit Sinti und Roma auf den 16/07/13 Weg
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Keine Rente für Witwe von 18/07/13 KZ-­‐Opfer
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Lebenslange Haft für Roma-­‐
5/08/13 Mörder
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Heißt Zigeunersauce bald 14/08/13 nicht mehr Zigeunersauce? N/A
Rettet die Zigeuner-­‐Soße 18/08/13 und die Nonnenfürzle!
Peter Hahne
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Das miese Geschäft mit den 20/08/13 Armutseinwanderern
Mathis Vogel
Strafanzeige wegen Wahlplakat der 21/08/13 rechtsextremen NPD
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Sinti gehen gegen NPD-­‐
22/08/13 Plakat vor
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Baden Württemburg has established a new treaty with the Roma and Sinti about funding
Widow of a victim of concentration camps, represented by the Central Council for Sinti and Roma, will not receive compensation
Five years after the crime, three have been charged with life sentences for the murder of six Roma in Hungary, with a fourth also receiving a jail sentence
Forum for Sinti and Roma in Hannover request the banning of the term "Zigeunersoße". VOICE: Regardo Rose, chairman
Regardo Rose
Opinion piece ridiculing the proposal to ban the term "Zigeunersoße"
Poverty immigrants' including Roma from Bulgaria are being exploited in Germany for cheap labour and with outrageous rent prices
Politician from Die Linke has made a complaint about the NPD's election posters, which are discriminatory against Roma
The German Sinti Alliance is proceeding against the NPD for their racist posters. VOICE: Ricardo Ricardo Laubinger, chairman of the Alliance
Laubinger
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Hausbesuch bei Deutschlands fleißigstem 25/08/13 Schulschwänzer
RBB: Hunderte Menschen 29/08/13 unzumutbar untergebracht
Kolat: Roma-­‐Lauben in 29/08/13 Neukölln abgerissen
Prozess: Familie soll Minderjährige entführt 2/09/13 haben
Wohnprojekt für Sinti 5/09/13 und Roma bekommt Preis
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Grass unterstützt 10/09/13 Strafanzeige gegen NPD
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10/09/13 SPD schmeißt Korol raus
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Katharina Nachtsheim
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Dina Körzdörfer & Anja Wieberneit
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Lucas Negroni
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Story of Lorenzo, who has missed almost 1200 days of school, and is presumably Roma since there is reference to the "integration course for Renata P., Roma" that is his last chance at educational Lorenzo P. (both qualification. VOICE: Lorenzo, his mother Renata anon)
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Hundreds, including Roma families, are living in an abandoned school in Kreuzberg
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Gazebos/arcades where Roma families were living in Neukölln have been demolished.
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Roma family is charged with abduction of two minors, girls to be wed in the "Roma custom", case is in progress.
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Housing project in Berlin for Sinti and Roma wins prize
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Nobel Prize winner Günter Grass supports the State Association of Roma and Sinti in their conflict with the NPD over racist posters
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SPD member Martin Korol is expelled from the party for racist remarks agains the Roma
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Roma girl Ramona is being prosecuted for attempting to scam a couple with the "Grandchildren trick".
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23rd Film Festival in Cottbus in November will have "Roma and Sinti" as its focus
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City of Hannover has banned the use of the term "Zigeunersoße" in its canteens. VOICE: Regardo Rose of the Forum for Sinti and Roma
Regardo Rose
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The Karola Association in Hamburg, which takes care of Roma women primarily from Serbia, wins the Max Brauer prize.
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Dortmund/Duisberg brings in Bulgarian police to track down criminals, heavily implied that Roma are involved.
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Greek police seek the parents of a blonde child named 'Maria' found in a Roma camp in Farsala.
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Blonde child found in a Roma camp in Farsala, Greece, is with authorities and cried herself to sleep.
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A Roma family who were deported from Germany to Kosovo are now back with their minor children.
Rentner tricksen Trick-­‐ 17/09/13 Betrügerin aus
23. Filmfestival Cottbus mit 25/09/13 Sinti und Roma im Fokus
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Hannover verbietet 8/10/13 Zigeunerschnitzel
Max-­‐Brauer-­‐Preis 2013 für Vereine KAROLA und 10/10/13 Geschichtswerkstätten
Dortmund holt die Bulgaren-­‐
16/10/13 Polizei
F. Schneider
Polizei ratlos: Wer ist dieses 18/10/13 kleine Mädchen?
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„Sie hat so lange geweint, 19/10/13 bis sie eingeschlafen ist“
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Abgeschobene Roma-­‐Familie wieder vereint im Kreis 20/10/13 Lüchow-­‐Dannenberg
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Frankreichs Innenminister bleibt bei Kurs gegen illegale 20/10/13 Ausländer
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20/10/13 Das Maria-­‐Rätsel
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Hier tanzt Maria im Roma-­‐
21/10/13 Lager
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Angebliche Eltern müssen 21/10/13 vor den Haftrichter
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21/10/13 Marias „Eltern“ in U-­‐Haft
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Wurde Maddie von Roma 22/10/13 entführt?
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Waffen bei Marias „Eltern“ 22/10/13 gefunden
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So lebte Maria bei ihren 22/10/13 Roma-­‐Eltern
Kai Feldhaus
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Kauften sie den „blonden 22/10/13 Engel“ für 1000 Euro?
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Blondes Mädchen in Irland 23/10/13 zurück bei Roma-­‐Familie
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Sollte Maria mit 12 24/10/13 verheiratet werden?
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24/10/13 Ist das Marias echte Familie? N/A
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News
French Interior Minister Valls maintains hardline against illegal immigrants living in France, after outrage sparked by the deportation of a 15 year old student.
Questions over who the small blonde child found in a Farsala Roma camp in Greece might be.
Extensive story about the mystery of Maria, the "Blonde Engel" discovered in a Roma camp in Greece, and her alleged kidnapping.
"Parents" of Maria are before a magistrate regarding charges of kidnapping, theft and forgery
"Blonde Engel" Maria's foster parents in pre-­‐trial detention. Q&A style report about the case. VOICES: Christos Salis and Eleftheria Dimopoulou, the alleged foster parents of Maria
Speculation, in light of the "Maria case", over whether Madeleine McCann was abducted by Roma
Weapons found in the home of the Roma couple Maria was found with. VOICES: Roma couple with whom Maria was found, Christos and Eleftheria
Report on the conditions of the house Maria the "Blonde Engel" was found in. Her "false" mother claims they wanted the best for her and gave her everything. VOICE: Eleftheria, the woman Maria was found with
Suggestions that Maria the "Blonde Engel" was bought for 1000 euros. VOICES: Nikos Paiteris of local Roma association, Dimitra S (anon)
Blonde Irish children are found to be the biological children of the Roma family they were taken from. VOICE: Older sister of the children Questions about what the intended fate of "Blonde Engel" Maria might have been -­‐ child bride, blonde beggar, etc. Claims authorities may have found Maria's real (Roma) mother in Bulgaria, but that the child may have been sold for 250 euros. VOICE: Sasha R, Maria's suspected "real" mother
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Christos Salis, Eleftheria Dimopoulou
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Christos and Eleftheria (anon) N
Eleftheria (anon) N
Nikos Paiteris
Sister of Irish Roma children (anon)
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Sasha R.
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Bulgarische Roma-­‐Frau ist Mutter von blondem 25/10/13 Mädchen Maria
Bulgarian Roma woman is discovered to be the mother of "Blonde Engel" Maria
DNA test proves that Bulgarian Roma woman Sasha Rusewa is the biological mother of "Blonde Engel" Maria, she is suspected of having sold her child. VOICE: Sasha Rusewa
Sasha Rusewa
Both her foster and biological parents wish to take "Blonde Engel" Maria back.
Story about child trafficking rings, stating that Maria the "Blonde Engel" who was "freed" from a Greek Roma camp was part of one, and that Roma are purchasing children for nefarious purposes in Europe.
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28/10/13 Streit um die kleine Maria
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Minister: Filmfestival liefert Beitrag zur 29/10/13 Migrationsdebatte
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Stürmen Rumänen und Bulgaren unseren Job-­‐
28/12/13 Markt?
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News
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Geld
H. Bruns & S. Bilges
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Politik
Mirko Voltmer
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Regio
Kerstin Hense
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Ulrich Altmann & Malte Krudewig
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Regio
Predictions about the incoming migrants from Romania and Bulgaria, many of whom are Roma.
Heinz Buschkowsky says Roma immigrants from Bulgaria and Romania have almost no chance of employment in Germany and must be qualified and integrated.
Sinto man says he cannot have used furniture because of his culture, despite being on benefits. VOICES: Regardo Rose of the Forum for Sinti and Regardo Rose, Roma, Mario (not his real name)
Mario (anon)
Sammy, a 23 year old Bulgarian worker in a Berlin ice factory, works as a transvestite prostitute at night. His mother was Roma. VOICE: Sammy (not his real name)
Sammy (anon)
Regio
Elderly woman is attacked in her home, assailants described as "Sinti or Roma."
DNA-­‐Test beweist: Das ist 25/10/13 Marias echte Mutter
Zieh-­‐Eltern wollen kleine 26/10/13 Maria zurückhaben
Kinderhandel – Report des 26/10/13 Grauens
Justiz muss über Schicksal der kleinen Maria 27/10/13 entscheiden
Hartz IV für 40 Prozent der 7/01/14 Armuts-­‐Zuwanderer
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Hartz-­‐IV-­‐Empfänger will 13/01/14 keine gebrauchten Möbel
Bild
Sammy, die Wander-­‐
Hureaus der Berliner 14/01/14 Eisfabrik
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Rentnerin (83) überfallen, 17/01/14 gewürgt und geknebelt!
The court must decide on the fate of blonde Bulgarian Roma child Maria
Question of who will retain custody over Maria, the blonde Roma girl found in Greece -­‐ her bio-­‐
mother or adoptive parents?
Minister Ralf Christoffers says the film festival in Cottbus, Potsdam with the focus on "Sinti and Roma" will contribute to migration debate.
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Duisburgerin: So sind meine 17/01/14 Roma-­‐Nachbarn
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Roma-­‐Nachbarin zeigt die 18/01/14 schlimmsten Ecken
Christoph Witte N
EU-­‐Kommissar verspricht 7/02/14 mehr Geld
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Kayhan Özgenç, Tanit Koch & Thilo Sarrazin wettert gegen Hans-­‐Jörg 23/02/14 die Homo-­‐Ehe
Vehlewald
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„Klau-­‐Kid“ Elisabeta (14) 24/04/14 wieder vor Gericht
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Roma-­‐Mutter kauft Braut für 27/05/14 ihren Sohn
M. Engelberg
Aus Eifersucht Freundin Gesicht 3/06/14 aufgeschlitzt?
Mirko Voltmer
Diese Idylle ist Berlins Katja nächstes Flüchtlings-­‐
Colmenares & 10/06/14 Problem
Carina Ebert
A. zu Castell-­‐
Ministerium schafft Ruedenhausen 13/06/14 „Zigeunerschnitzel“ ab
& R. Mühleback
Das sind Deutschlands 7/07/14 gemeinste Abzocker
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Regio
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Regio
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Y
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G. Xanthopoulos & M. Wegerhoff N
Regio
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Roma-­‐Haus für Marc Oliver 16/07/14 unbewohnbar erklärt
Hänig
Krücken-­‐Posse um Bein-­‐ab-­‐
17/07/14 Bettler
S. Schulenburg
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800 Trauergäste nehmen 25/07/14 Abschied von Armani († 8)
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Politik
Diana Frik & Christoph Baumer
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Regio
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N*
Regio
Sabine Kessler, Duisberger resident, goes on talkshow Maybritt Illner to talk about her suffering as a neighbour to Roma immigrants.
Duisberger Sabine Kessler tells of how she has suffered having Roma immigrants as neighbours.
European Commissioner promises more money to improve the situation of Roma and Sinti in their home countries.
Interview with Thilo Sarazin about his new book, and he designates Roma as a "problem" for Europe, citing a time when he was robbed by a "Romanian gang of thieves".
14 year old Roma girl Elisabeta, called "Klau-­‐Kid" or "thief-­‐child" in the article, is facing court.
Scandal over a 17 year old girl who was "bought" by a man's mother to be his bride and sexually abused. Newspaper says it is a "deep insight into Roma culture".
A woman is scarred by her boyfriend with what is referred to as a "Roma and Sinti" method of exacting revenge on unfaithful women.
Roma families set up camp on a construction site in Charlottenburg, Berlin.
Zigeunerschnitzel' removed from the menus of the Interior Ministry in Stuttgart. VOICE: Arnold Rossberg of the Zentralrat der Sinti und Roma
Arnold Rossberg
Three brothers in a Roma family arrested for scamming elderly women through fake emergency services calls
Residents of so-­‐called "Roma House" in Duisberg given final eviction notice to the relief of neighbours
Court proceedings in the case of a one-­‐legged Roma beggar stabbing his girlfriend
Funeral for Armani, 8 year old boy murdered in Freiburg. Implication is that he and his family are Roma or Sinti since the "whole service was held in Jenisch, the language of Roma and Sinti in Germany", but *nothing explicit.
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Klau-­‐Pärchen schlägt 27/08/14 Supermarkt-­‐Chefin nieder
F. Schneider
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Berlins erste Favela nach 19/09/14 Brand geräumt
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Jetzt reißen Bagger die 22/09/14 Hütten der Cuvry-­‐Brache ab N/A
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Ex-­‐Favela-­‐Bewohner ziehen 24/09/14 auf die Oberbaumbrücke
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„Kindergeld höher als ein Heinz 29/09/14 Lehrer-­‐Gehalt in Rumänien“ Busckowsky
N
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Sachsen soll Parkplatz 18/10/14 umbenennen!
Jürgen Helfricht Y
Regio
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Dieser Mann ist ein 5/11/14 Enkeltrick-­‐Betrüger
Petra Braun
Regio
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Die Wut-­‐Akte der Klau-­‐
5/11/14 Mütter
G. Xanthopoulos & N. Stampflmeier
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Regio
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Das grausame Geschäft mit 15/11/14 der Ware Mensch
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Geld
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Wann sind Sie tolerant, 17/11/14 Christiane Hörbiger?
N
Unterhaltung
Nicole Richter
Roma "thief-­‐couple" in Essen arrested after beating a supermarket owner.
Three arrested for fire in Cuvry-­‐Brache, Kreuzberg. Roma families living in the favela were evacuated, offered hotel rooms, some of which were accepted.
After a fire in the Cuvry-­‐Brache, police are sending in excavators to clear the remnants of shelters of the residents, including many Roma families
After the clearing of the burned favela in Kreuzberg, former residents of Cuvry-­‐Brache are sleeping under bridges, including about 50 Roma
Advance extract of a book by Heinz Buschkowsky, SPD politician, who says that Roma minorities in Romania and Bulgaria can earn much more on child support in Germany than as teachers in their home countries
German Sinti ask for renaming of the "Zigeunerplatz" in Saxony. VOICE: Manfred Böhmer, executive member of the Association of Manfred German Sinti
Böhmer
Report of court proceedings against a man, allegedly part of a "Polish-­‐born Roma gang", who engaged in grandson-­‐scamming
Story of two Roma women, mothers, who have been arrested as ATM thieves as part of a 'Roma gang'
Interview with the author of a book about the slave trade, human trafficking and organ black market in Europe, Michael Jürgs. Although there's a "not all Roma" disclaimer he describes begging children as being drugged and enslaved by organised crime gangs.
Review of an episode of 'Bis zum Ende der Welt' which dealt with a Roma youth, and an interview with the (non-­‐Roma) star of the show.
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Das miese Geschäftder 10/12/14 Menschenhändler
Niclas Renzel
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News
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„Wir können nicht jeden 18/12/14 Flüchtling aufnehmen“
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Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
Ausreißer Jeremie -­‐ 4/01/13 Berühmtes Zirkuskind
Roma aus Südosteuropa -­‐ Friedrich will stärker gegen Armutseinwanderung 18/02/13 vorgehen
Armut und Abwanderung -­‐ 18/02/13 Exodus aus Bulgarien
Armutseinwanderung -­‐ 19/02/13 Roma
Armutseinwanderung -­‐ Gefahr für den sozialen 19/02/13 Frieden
Im Gespräch: Guntram Schneider -­‐ „Armutsmigration wird 20/02/13 zunehmen“
Armutseinwanderung -­‐ Die 21/02/13 Kellerbewohner
Armutseinwanderung -­‐ Dortmund rechnet mit 21/02/13 Millionenkosten für Roma
Tschechische Republik -­‐ Wo Feindschaft fest verankert 23/02/13 ist
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
Armutseinwanderung von Roma -­‐ „Das Heil Osteuropas Timo Frasch, 23/02/13 liegt nicht in Deutschland“ Yvonne Staat
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
Frank Pergande N
Gesellschaft
Report on human trafficking and forced prostitution in Germany, many from Romania and Bulgaria including anonymised Roma girl Maria. VOICE: Maria, who was forced into sex work in Germany
Maria (anon)
Review of an episode of talkshow Anne Will, in which politicians and spokespeaople discuss Germany's intake of refugees.
Story of Jeremie, the troubled Roma boy in foster care in the circus, who drove a van a hundred kilometres to Hamburg.
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Reiner Burger
N
Peter Carstens
N
Jan Hauser
N
German Interior Minister Hans-­‐Peter Friedrich wants Bulgaria and Romania to do more for the Inland integration of Roma in their societies.
N
Bulgaria experiencing a 'brain drain', and Roma Europa
are under-­‐integrated
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Gloomy predictions about the increasing rate of Inland Roma immigration from CEE countries
N
Predictions are grim for the future of Duisberg, with the rising rate of Roma immigration from CEE Inland countries
N
Interview with North Rhine-­‐Westphalian Integration Minister Schneider, who makes alarming predictions about Roma immigration Europäische Union from CEE countries
N
Opinion piece calling for Roma to be more Politik
included in European identities.
N
City of Dortmund estimates that it will have to spend an extraordinary amount of money on Wirtschaftspolitik Roma "poverty migrants"
N
Karl-­‐Peter Schwarz
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Europa
Report condemns the situation of the Roma minority in the Czech Republic
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Inland Romani Rose urges German government not to marginalise immigrant Roma populations into crime, and to do more in their home countries
Romani Rose
Y
Peter Carstens
Michael Martens
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Reinhard Veser N
Reiner Burger & Rüdiger Soldt
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Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
Roma-­‐Clans -­‐ Elend als 24/02/13 Geschäftsmodell
Europa
Interview with social worker Norbert Ceipek, who describes a highly structured crime business model among Roma in Romania, trafficking children to beg in the streets in Germany.
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Inland Interview with Romani Rose, chairman of the Central Council for German Sinti and Roma, about immigration and racism. VOICE: Romani Rose Romani Rose
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Politik
Rüdiger Soldt
N
Inland Michael Martens
Y
Europa
Reiner Burger
N
Inland Yvonne Staat
Armutseinwanderung von Roma -­‐ „Deutschland muss 24/02/13 viel mehr Druck ausüben“
Timo Frasch
Armutseinwanderung von Roma -­‐ Es gibt keinen Michael 4/03/13 Zigeunerkönig
Martens
Roma in Mannheim -­‐ Auf 6/03/13 dem Arbeiterstrich
N
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
Filmemacherin Lidija Mirkovic im Gespräch -­‐ Ein 10/03/13 Leben in Belleville
Armutseinwanderung -­‐ Das bessere Leben im Problem-­‐
11/03/13 Hochhaus
Interview mit Klaus-­‐Michael Bogdal Europa erfindet die Zigeuner, um sie zu 13/03/13 verachten
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
Armutseinwanderung -­‐ 17/03/13 Diskussion ohne Worte
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
EU -­‐ Schärferes Vorgehen gegen Armutseinwanderung 24/04/13 gefordert
Nikolas Busse
N
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
Armutseinwanderung -­‐ 26/04/13 Brüssel will konkrete Belege Nikolas Busse
N
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
Uwe Ebbinghaus N
Timo Frasch
Y
Cliches about the Roma are reductive and make it harder to understand integration
N
CDU officials in Mannheim inspect living conditions for Bulgarian/Roma immigrants, discuss their work prospects
N
Interview with filmmaker Lidija Mirkovic, whose mother is Roma, on her flim about life in a Roma camp in Belgrade; discussion about "visible" and "invisible" Roma
Lidija Mirkovic
Duisberg struggling with Bulgarian Roma immigration
Interview with Klaus-­‐Michael Bogdal about his book, "Europe Invents the Gypsy", and the Geisteswissenscha changing representation of Sinti and Roma ften
throughout the centuries.
Politik
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Opinion piece about the difficulties of political Romani Rose, correctness when dealing with "Roma issues". Dotschy VOICES: Romani Rose, musician Dotschy Reinhardt Reinhardt
Several EU member states call for clamping down Europäische Union on poverty migration, including Roma
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Brussels demands evidence of the negative effects so called "poverty immigration" is having before it responds to the demands of EU members to Europäische Union clamp down on immigration
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Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
Einwanderung aus Rumänien Willkommen im 26/06/13 Roma-­‐Dorf
ARD-­‐Doku über Roma -­‐ Im 13/07/13 Westen nichts Neues
Metalldiebstahl auf Friedhöfen -­‐ Altmetall statt 29/07/13 Totenruhe
Aus Rumänien nach Deutschland -­‐ „Alleine, 30/07/13 nonstop“
Migranten aus Osteuropa Gratwanderung für 30/07/13 städtische Behörden
UngarnLebenslange Haft für 6/08/13 Roma-­‐Mörder
9/08/13 „Zigeuner“!
Roma -­‐ Ziganismus und 27/09/13 Antiziganismus
Peter Carstens
Y
Europa
Kathrin Maurer N
Medien
Philipp Steffan
N
Kriminalität
Rainer Schulze
N
Rhein-­‐Main
Christian Palm, Rainer Schulze N
Rhein-­‐Main
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Europa
Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht
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Blogs
Michael Martens
Y
Dora Stefam, Victor Gheorghe, Damian Draghici N
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Discussion on the decline and usage of the word "gypsy", and other demonyms for Romani peoples N
Conference in Bonn on the situation of the Roma produces colourful discussion VOICE: Greens Party Europa
politician Romeo Franz
Romeo Franz
European Commission study finds that immigration of Roma/Romanians and Bulgarians does not unduly burden the welfare system of Wirtschaftspolitik countries. N
Friction between Minister of the Interior Friedrich and the European Commission on issues of immigration and integration of Roma/CEE Europäische Union immigrants
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Outline of the many problems caused by Roma Wirtschaftspolitik immigration to the Ruhr area
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Review of the film "The Life of an Iron Picker", which is a 'Cinema Veritas' piece about a Roma family in Bosnia
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Studie der EU-­‐Kommission -­‐ Armutseinwanderung nach 7/10/13 Deutschland nicht belegt
Hendrik Kafsack N
Armutseinwanderung -­‐ Friedrich: EU-­‐Kommission ist 8/10/13 ignorant
N/A
Armutseinwanderung -­‐ Alarm im Getto Dortmund-­‐ Hendrik 12/10/13 Nord
Ankenbrand
„Aus dem Leben eines Schrottsammlers“ im Kino -­‐ Wahrheit oder Pflicht oder 14/10/13 Idylle
Andreas Kilb
Fantanele profile VOICES: Headmistress Dora Stefam, Mayor Victor Gheorghe, politician and musician Damian Draghici
Review of a documentary about a Roma man and his family.
Rise in the theft of non-­‐ferrous metals from cemeteries and railways; impoverished CEE Roma thought to be the culprits
Romanian Ciprian Popescu travelled alone to Germany, distances himself from Roma whom he calls "gypsies" and refers to as crooks
Municipal authorities struggling to cope with immigrants working the system, specifically Roma from CEE
Three men in Hungary receive life imprisonment for the murder of six Roma Kino
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Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
Frankreich -­‐ Abgeschoben 17/10/13 auf dem Schulausflug
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
Präsident Hollande lenkt ein -­‐ Abgeschobene 15-­‐Jährige darf Schule in Frankreich 19/10/13 beenden
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Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
N
N
Germany seeking a national solution to "poverty Europäische Union migration" of Roma from Eastern Europe
N
Y
N
Wirtschaft
Cities demand more help with the influx of immigration of Roma from Bulgaria and Romania N
N
N
Opinion piece about Brussels' role in dictating the Europäische Union integration of Roma into Western countries
N
N
Michaela Wiegel N
Fall Maria -­‐ Griechische 22/10/13 Behörden werden überprüft N/A
DNA-­‐Tests -­‐ Bulgarische Behörden ermitteln Eltern 25/10/13 der kleinen Maria
N/A
Roma-­‐Mädchen in Griechenland -­‐ Was wird aus 31/10/13 Maria?
N/A
Bundespräsident GauckZu 7/11/13 Besuch in der Realität
French Interior Minister under fire after a 15 year old Roma girl is taken from a school trip to be Politik
deported
N
French President Hollande has relented and said that Roma girl Leonarda Dibrani may finish her schooling in France if she wishes, which she has refused saying she won't leave her family. VOICE: Leonarda Politik
Leonarda Dibrani
Dibrani
Interpol and Greece police are searching for Maria's parents and wondering how she ended up Kriminalität
in the hands of the Roma
N
Bulgarian authorities believe they have found the parents of Maria, the girl found in the Roma camp Kriminalität
in Greece.
N
Uncertainty over the future of Maria, the Roma girl found in Greece. VOICE: Her unnamed birth Gesellschaft
mother, not interviewed but on television
Anon
President Gauck visits a school in Mannheim to see the "reality" of Roma immigrants in Germany. VOICE: Daniel Strauss, the state chairman of the Inland Sinti-­‐Roma Association.
Daniel Strauss
Despite a ruling introducing harsher restrictions on access to welfare, more immigrants -­‐ mainly Roma from Romania and Bulgaria -­‐ are receiving Wirtschaftspolitik Hartz IV benefits
N
Association of Cities President Ulrich Maly (SPD) calls for magnanimity in dealing with the Roma of Inland Romania and Bulgaria
N
Rüdiger Soldt
Trotz Urteil -­‐ Viele Einwanderer kriegen weiter 14/11/13 Hartz IV
Jan Hauser
Armutseinwanderung -­‐ Städtetagspräsident: Es gibt 4/12/13 keinen Sozialtourismus
Susanne Kusicke
Armutseinwanderung -­‐ Deutschland erwägt 5/12/13 nationale Lösung
Nikolas Busse
Armutseinwanderung -­‐ Städte verlangen mehr Hilfe 6/12/13 für Zuwanderer
Jan Hauser
Einwanderung und Binnenmarkt -­‐ Europäisches 18/12/13 Armutszeugnis
Nikolas Busse
Armutseinwanderung -­‐ Arbeitsministerium lässt CSU abblitzen: Keine 30/12/13 Neuregelung geplant
N/A
Y
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Y*
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Politik
Disagreements between labour unions and CSU over regulations on employment of Romanian/Bulgarian immigrants (Roma)
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Y
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N
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
Arbeitnehmerfreizügigkeit -­‐ Die Städte rüsten sich für die 30/12/13 Armutswanderung
Jan Hauser
Karl-­‐Peter Schwarz, Arbeitnehmerfreizügigkeit -­‐ Michael 2/01/14 Gegen gefährliche Vorurteile Martens
Armutseinwanderung -­‐ Die Verweigerung der Jasper von 6/01/14 Wirklichkeit
Altenbockum
Roma in Südosteuropa -­‐ Michael 7/01/14 Bildung, Bildung, Bildung?
Martens
Zuwanderung aus Südosteuropa -­‐ 11/01/14 Die Roma von Neukölln
Julia Schaaf
Einwanderung -­‐ Der neue, schändliche Anti-­‐
12/01/14 Romanismus
Dirk Schümer
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
TV-­‐Kritik „Maybrit Illner“ -­‐ Frank 17/01/14 Das „Roma-­‐Problem“ der EU Lübberding
Y
TV-­‐Kritik
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
Campus Bockenheim -­‐ Roma-­‐
Vertreter regt Wohnprojekt 23/01/14 in Frankfurt an
Christian Palm
Y*
Rhein-­‐Main
N
Inland N
Rhein-­‐Main
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
N
Germany's larger cities are preparing for a poverty hike with the influx of Roma immigrants from Wirtschaftspolitik Bulgaria and Romania
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N
More dangerous prejudices in Germany and the UK about Roma from Bulgaria and Romania and Europäische Union the opening of labour markets
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N
Politik
N
Y
N
Europa
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N
Gesellschaft
N
N
N
Feuilleton
N
N
Dzoni Sichelschmidt
N
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
Gauck im Interview -­‐ „Einwanderung tut diesem 23/01/14 Land gut“
N/A
Frankfurt-­‐Bockenheim -­‐ Kaum Chancen für Roma-­‐
25/01/14 Wohnprojekt
Christian Palm
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
Armutseinwanderung -­‐ Eine Matratze für 300 Euro pro 2/02/14 Monat
Reiner Burger
N
Inland Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
NSU-­‐Prozess -­‐ Zentralrat der Sinti und Roma wirft Polizei 4/02/14 Rassismus vor
N/A
Y
NSU-­‐Prozess
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
Opinion piece about addressing the realities of poverty and migration.
Bulgaria's Roma had it better in the past, and the way to a better future is education
Description of the Roma housing project in Harzstraße in Neukölln -­‐ a pragmatic and more successful approach than others in the country.
Discussion and opinion piece about the ostracisation and prejudices against Roma from Romania and Bulgaria in Western Europe
Discussion of the "Roma Issue" in Europe on talk show Maybritt Illner. VOICE: Dzoni Sichelschmidt, Roma immigrant from Kosovo
The Förderverein Roma in Frankfurt is initiating housing for 80 to 100 Sinti and Roma in a university. VOICE: Managing director Joachim Brenner* (is he Roma?)
German President Joachim Gauck says that immigration is good for Germany, and that the Roma are still an unfortunately marginalised population in Europe who nevertheless should follow the rules.
Prospects for proposed housing project for Sinti and Roma look bad.
Rising alarm over the cost of housing "poverty immigrants" in a dozen German cities, strong allusions to the fact that they are Roma from Romania and Bulgaria
The Central Council of Sinti and Roma accuses police in Heilbronn of racial profiling in a 2007 murder case. VOICE: Chairman of the Central Council of Sinti and Roma, Romani Rose
Joachim Brenner Y
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Y
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N
Romani Rose
Y
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
Streetworkerin in Hanau -­‐ 7/02/14 Einsatz für Roma-­‐Kinder
EU-­‐Justizkommissarin -­‐ Reding: „Armutseinwanderer sind 8/02/14 meistRoma“
N/A
N
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
Viviane Reding im Gespräch -­‐ „Es gibt ein reales Problem 9/02/14 mit Roma“
N/A
N
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
Luise Glaser-­‐Lotz N
Rumänische Zuwanderer in Hanau -­‐ Eine Chance für 21/02/14 Liana, Marina und Eugen
Luise Glaser-­‐Lotz Y
Hessen schließt Übereinkunft mit Verband -­‐ Schüler sollen mehr über 12/03/14 Sinti und Romalernen
Eigentümer will Gelände räumen -­‐ Rumänen sollen 15/03/14 Industriebrache verlassen
Sinti und Roma -­‐ Amnesty: Diskriminierung wird 8/04/14 hingenommen
Videobotschaft -­‐ Merkel: Faire Chancen auch für Sinti 26/04/14 und Roma
Serbien, Mazedonien, Bosnien -­‐ Regierung verschärft Asylbedingungen 30/04/14 für Balkanstaaten
N/A
Y
Christian Palm
N
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Studie zum Rechtsextremismus -­‐ Große Mehrheit der Deutschen 4/06/14 lehnt Asylbewerber ab
Stefan Locke
N
Profile of Lucia Bleibel, who is working with Roma in Hanau to build trust and connections.
N
Justice Commissioner Viviane Reding says all European countries need to work better to integrate Roma. Emphasises need for individual Europäische Union rather than blanket approach.
N
European Justice Commissioner Viviane Reding discusses the need for Germany to better provide for Roma migrants, and dispels myths about Hartz Feuilleton
IV benefits
N
Roma families that have migrated to Germany are happy at the opportunities they have and dispirited by the obstacles to those opportunities. VOICES: Gabriela Popescu (name changed), Ana Gabriela (anon), Rhein-­‐Main
Ionescu
Ana Ionescu
Hessian govt has signed an agreemend with the State Association of Sinti and Roma to expand teaching of the history of Sinti and Roma to school students. VOICE: Chairman of State Association of Rhein-­‐Main
Sinti and Roma, Adam Strauss
Adam Strauss
Rhein-­‐Main
15 Romanian Roma are being evicted from an industrial plot in Frankfurt
Amnesty International warns that racist attacks against Roma in Europe are on the rise and Aktuell
implores nations to take action.
Chancellor Angela Merkel has spoken out in her podcast against discrimination against Sinti and Inland Roma.
Federal government seeks to increase restrictions on asylum seekrs from Serbia, Macedonia and Bosnia despite the persecution of minorities in Inland these states, claiming they will still be protected
Right wing extremist political views are declining in Germany, however there is an increase in prejudice against Roma and Sinti, with 56% of respondents believing they tend towards crime Rechtsextremismu and 55% having a problem with having Roma and s
Sinti as neighbours
Rhein-­‐Main
N
N
N
Y
N
N
N
Y
N
Y
N
N
N
Y
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
Erste Lesung im Bundestag -­‐ De Maizière verteidigt 6/06/14 Verschärfung des Asylrechts
Überbelegtes Haus in Frankfurt -­‐ Hausverwaltung 28/07/14 auf die harte Tour
Toter Junge in Freiburg -­‐ 6/08/14 Dem Mörder auf der Spur
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
Wohnprojekt für Roma in Berlin -­‐ „Sie sind alle 7/08/14 Europäer“
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
Roma aus Fântânele -­‐ Auf 27/08/14 halbem Weg zum Paradies
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
Roma in Südosteuropa -­‐ Wie sicher sind sichere Michael 18/09/14 Herkunftsstaaten?
Martens
N
Politik
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
Asylrechtsreform -­‐ Die 19/09/14 Grünen müssten stolz sein
Daniel Deckers
N
Inland Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
Asylreform im Bundesrat -­‐ Der schwere Gang des 19/09/14 Winfried Kretschmann
Rüdiger Soldt
N
Inland Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
Flüchtlingspolitik -­‐ Asyl-­‐
14/10/14 Gipfel bringen nichts
Jasper von Altenbockum
N
Politik
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
N/A
Katharina Iskandar & Christian Palm
N
Inland N
Rhein-­‐Main
Rüdiger Soldt
N
Kriminalität
N/A
N
Inland Karl-­‐Peter Schwarz
Y
Inland Interior Minister Thomas de Maizière defends tightening of asylum laws, which would see many from the Balkans -­‐ including persecuted Roma and Sinti -­‐ facing greater obstacles to asylum.
N
Overpopulated house in Frankfurt is in terrible condition, inhabited by Romanian Roma.
N
Armani, an eight year old Sinti boy in Freiburg, was murdered. Police are investigating the case. N
Interview with the founder of a project to improve the lives of Roma in Berlin and Aachen, discussing the situation of Roma in Fantanele as a "model village"
N
Profile of the semi-­‐affluent village of Roma village Dumitru Fântânele in Romania, where everyone loves Godelea, Germany and aspires to go there. Overview of Constantin history, heterogeneity of Roma in Europe. VOICES: Nicolae, Sandu Dumitru Godelea, Constantin Nicolae, Sandu Miriuta, Ion Miriuta, Ion Miriuta Miriuta
Nazif Mujic, Roma star of the Berlinale winner "Episode in the Life of an Iron Picker", did not have as many hardships as he claimed when he applied for asylum in Germany, and has been denied. Roma are "marginalised but not politically persecuted".
N
The Greens Party have managed to push through many issues regarding asylum seekers during the last ten years in opposition, including issues surrounding Roma -­‐ whose situation should not be improved through German asylum law
N
Greens leader of Baden-­‐Württemburg Winfried Kretschmann has walked a difficult path departing from party lines to introduce stronger restrictions on Balkan asylum seekers, though Roma and Sinti still have access to apply.
N
Summit on asylum seekers has not resulted in relief for federal states, who are being asked to pay for "economic refugees" -­‐ Roma from south-­‐
east Europe
N
N
N
Y
Y
N
N
N
Y
N
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
Armutseinwanderung -­‐ Kämpfen, damit sie nicht 15/10/14 entgleiten
Reiner Burger
Rechtsextremismus-­‐Studie -­‐ Ressentiments gegen Asylbewerber weit 20/11/14 verbreitet
N/A
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
Zuzug aus Rumänien -­‐ Der 28/12/14 Aufstieg der Einwanderin
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
Lena Schipper
Y
Inland N
Inland N
Arbeitswelt
Many Roma "poverty migrants" in Germany are struggling with conditions and prejudice, including Gellu Lincan and his family. VOICE: Gellu Lincan
Gellu Lincan
Rise of right wing attitudes across Germany include a growing resentment of Roma and Sinti N
Story of Romanian Anca Popa, who has come to Germany to work. She wants to prove that she is not like the Roma.
N
N
Y
N
Appendix V -­‐ Data
Initial Filtered Newspaper sample sample VOICE = N VOICE = N* TOTAL N
VOICE = Y VOICE = Y* TOTAL Y
Dagens Nyheter
477
215
144
1
145
65
5
Aftonbladet
261
101
62
0
62
37
2
Svenska Dagbladet 260
91
67
1
68
23
0
Süddeutsche Zeitung
/
101
72
0
72
29
0
Bild
/
120
97
1
98
22
0
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
78
62
0
62
14
2
Sweden:
407
Germany:
299
70
39
23
29
22
% N
67.4418605
61.3861386
74.7252747
71.2871287
81.6666667
Mention of % Y
Sinti
% Sinti
32.5581395
/
/
38.6138614
/
/
25.2747253
/
/
28.7128713
36 35.6435644
18.3333333
33
27.5
16 79.4871795 20.5128205
14 17.9487179
Jan-­‐13
Feb-­‐13
Mar-­‐13
Apr-­‐13
May-­‐13
Jun-­‐13
Jul-­‐13
Aug-­‐13
Sep-­‐13
Oct-­‐13
Nov-­‐13
Dec-­‐13
Jan-­‐14
Feb-­‐14
Mar-­‐14
Apr-­‐14
May-­‐14
Jun-­‐14
Jul-­‐14
Aug-­‐14
Sep-­‐14
Oct-­‐14
Nov-­‐14
Dec-­‐14
TOTAL
Dagens Nyheter
Aftonbladet
Svenska Dagbladet
articles articles articles articles including articles including articles including about Roma Roma voice
about Roma Roma voice
about Roma Roma voice
4
3
Jan-­‐13
3
2
Jan-­‐13
1
0
1
1
Feb-­‐13
3
1
Feb-­‐13
0
0
10
5
Mar-­‐13
0
0
Mar-­‐13
2
1
6
3
Apr-­‐13
2
0
Apr-­‐13
3
0
3
1
May-­‐13
1
0
May-­‐13
0
0
0
0
Jun-­‐13
0
0
Jun-­‐13
1
0
0
0
Jul-­‐13
1
1
Jul-­‐13
1
0
9
1
Aug-­‐13
4
3
Aug-­‐13
4
1
36
8
Sep-­‐13
16
4
Sep-­‐13
15
2
26
10
Oct-­‐13
10
5
Oct-­‐13
10
3
18
5
Nov-­‐13
4
1
Nov-­‐13
5
1
8
3
Dec-­‐13
4
2
Dec-­‐13
3
1
8
1
Jan-­‐14
2
1
Jan-­‐14
0
0
11
2
Feb-­‐14
6
2
Feb-­‐14
5
2
15
9
Mar-­‐14
8
2
Mar-­‐14
5
2
11
2
Apr-­‐14
8
2
Apr-­‐14
4
0
16
7
May-­‐14
8
5
May-­‐14
3
2
1
0
Jun-­‐14
1
0
Jun-­‐14
2
1
2
0
Jul-­‐14
4
1
Jul-­‐14
3
2
7
3
Aug-­‐14
1
1
Aug-­‐14
2
1
5
1
Sep-­‐14
3
1
Sep-­‐14
7
0
9
2
Oct-­‐14
2
0
Oct-­‐14
3
1
4
2
Nov-­‐14
5
3
Nov-­‐14
5
2
5
1
Dec-­‐14
5
2
Dec-­‐14
7
1
215
70 TOTAL
101
39 TOTAL
91
23
Jan-­‐13
Feb-­‐13
Mar-­‐13
Apr-­‐13
May-­‐13
Jun-­‐13
Jul-­‐13
Aug-­‐13
Sep-­‐13
Oct-­‐13
Nov-­‐13
Dec-­‐13
Jan-­‐14
Feb-­‐14
Mar-­‐14
Apr-­‐14
May-­‐14
Jun-­‐14
Jul-­‐14
Aug-­‐14
Sep-­‐14
Oct-­‐14
Nov-­‐14
Dec-­‐14
TOTAL
Süddeutsche Zeitung
Bild
Frankfurter Allgemeine articles articles articles articles including articles including articles including about Roma Roma voice
about Roma Roma voice
about Roma Roma voice
1
0
Jan-­‐13
5
0
Jan-­‐13
1
0
3
0
Feb-­‐13
10
2
Feb-­‐13
11
2
6
2
Mar-­‐13
20
4
Mar-­‐13
6
2
1
1
Apr-­‐13
5
0
Apr-­‐13
2
0
4
1
May-­‐13
2
0
May-­‐13
0
0
4
0
Jun-­‐13
5
0
Jun-­‐13
1
1
0
0
Jul-­‐13
3
0
Jul-­‐13
4
0
5
0
Aug-­‐13
9
3
Aug-­‐13
2
0
5
1
Sep-­‐13
6
0
Sep-­‐13
1
1
18
11
Oct-­‐13
25
8
Oct-­‐13
9
2
7
2
Nov-­‐13
0
0
Nov-­‐13
2
1
6
2
Dec-­‐13
1
0
Dec-­‐13
6
0
9
2
Jan-­‐14
6
2
Jan-­‐14
9
2
0
0
Feb-­‐14
2
0
Feb-­‐14
6
2
2
0
Mar-­‐14
0
0
Mar-­‐14
2
1
2
1
Apr-­‐14
1
0
Apr-­‐14
3
0
2
0
May-­‐14
1
0
May-­‐14
0
0
5
1
Jun-­‐14
3
1
Jun-­‐14
2
0
0
0
Jul-­‐14
4
0
Jul-­‐14
1
0
3
1
Aug-­‐14
1
0
Aug-­‐14
3
1
6
1
Sep-­‐14
4
0
Sep-­‐14
3
0
3
1
Oct-­‐14
1
1
Oct-­‐14
2
1
4
0
Nov-­‐14
4
0
Nov-­‐14
1
0
5
2
Dec-­‐14
2
1
Dec-­‐14
1
0
101
29 TOTAL
120
22 TOTAL
78
16
Appendix V -­‐ Voices
SWEDEN
Foreign?
Erland Kalderas
Hans Caldaras
Fred Taikon
Claudia Sbircea
Y
Nico Sbircea
Y
Corneliu Tamas
Y
Florica Tamas
Y
Zoita Munteaun
Y
Constantin Bologe
Y
Ion Munteaun
Y
Iion Tamas
Y
Ágnes Daróczi
Y
Katalin Barsony
Y
Timea Junghaus
Y
Willie Andreason
Dezideriu Gergely
Y
Sandra Håkansson
Susanne Håkansson
Marcello Demeter
Ivan Nikolizsson
Monica Kalderas
Soraya Post
Gregori Kwiek
Lars Demetri
Mia Taikon
Maja Lena Taikon
Marian Wydow
Rosita Grönfors
Eva Lundman
Janek Lundman
Charlie Lundman
Ylvali Lundman
Anina Ciuciu
Y
Stéphane Lévêque
Y
Leonarda Dibrani
Y
Jenni Acar
Angelina Dimiter-­‐Taikon
Jeimi Demeter
Adam Szoppe
Veli Brijani
Ramona Mutto
Rosa Taikon
Romani Rose
Y
Valeriu Nicolae
Y
Damian Draghici
Y
Olga Anghel
Y
Florin Botonogo
Y
Authority?
Y
Y
Y
Human interest? Skane?
Y
Other?
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Mikael Demeter Taikon
Rose-­‐Marie Wallengren
Kurt Magnusson
Singoalla Millon
Diana Nyman
Katarina Taikon
Ileana Stanescu
Daniel Marinov
Susanna Hedman
Sunita Memtovic
Jadwiga Markowska
Harry Kwiek
Emir Selimi
Agnes Osztolykan
Y
Domino Kai
Mirelle Gyllenbäck
Ingrid Blomerus
Jozsef Harkacy
Y
Lajos Rafi
Y
Nika Ilisjeva
Vajsi Alexiev
Ilija Rajokvic
Lejdi Horvath
Gustav Demetri-­‐Friberg
Hasan Bajric
Y
Zoni Weisz
Y
Vasil Toader
Y
Viorica Vaduva
Y
Papusza
Y
Veneta Petrova
Mika Palmroth
Jozef Miker
Y
Jolana Schützova
Y
Robert Nikolic
Constantin David
Duske Jovanovich
Borka Vasić
Y
Sahdna Omerović
Y
Fetija Ametović
Y
Marija Manić
Y
Stanislaw Duzda
Y
Inga Kalejova
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
36
30%
TOTAL
89 named voices
plus 30 anon
(25% anon)
24
20%
8
7%
25
21%
22
18%
GERMANY
Foreign?
Romani Rose
Hugo Höllenreiner
Regardo Rose
Dezideriu Gergely
Y
Mustafa Zekirov
Nejdo Osman
Y
Nizqete Bislimi
Y
Selamet Briszeni
Kefaet Briszeni
Blanka Berkyova
Y
Tahribad-­‐I isyan [hip hop Y group]
Leonarda Dibrani
Y
Resat Dibrani
Y
Vasilis Paiteris
Y
Babis Dimitrou
Y
Sascha Rusewa
Y
Jesus Rusewa
Y
Klaudia Petrovic
Jovica Petrovic
Helena Danrov
Y
Dionyz Slepcik
Y
Nazif Mujić
Y
Erdin Avdo
Y
Majer Gercken
Y
Arif Mustafovski
Y
Mitsou
Y
Hanze Bytyci
Dotschy Reinhardt
Jane Simon
Ricardo Laubiger
Christos Salis
Y
Eleftheria Dimopolou Y
Nikos Paiteris
Y
Arnold Rossberg
Manfred Böhmer
Gellu Lincan
Dumitru Godelea
Y
Constantin Nicolae
Y
Sandu Miriuta
Y
Ion Miruta
Y
Adam Strauss
Ana Ionescu
Y
Joachim Brenner
Dzoni Sichelschmidt
Y
Daniel Strauss
Romeo Franz
Y
Dora Stefam
Y
Victor Gheorghe
Y
Damian Draghici
Y
Lidija Mirkovic
Y
Authority?
Y
Sinti?
Human interest?
Other?
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
32
46%
TOTAL
50 named voices
plus 19 anon
(28% anon)
13
19%
3
4%
19
28%
9
13%