Toby the explorer – an interactive educational game

Toby the explorer – an interactive educational game
for primary school pupils
Nenad Kaevikj, Angela Kostadinovska, Biljana Stojkoska, Marija Mihova, Kire Trivodaliev
Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering (FCSE)
University “Ss. Cyril and Methodius”
Skopje, Macedonia
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
Abstract—Technology enhanced education has been recently
established as a new approach for all stages of education.
Although computer games are often given little attention we
believe that within the vast amount of technologies and
instruments used to achieve the needed improvements it is
computer games that are playing the central role in delivering the
desired effects, in particular to children and teenagers. In this
paper we present the “Toby the Explorer”, an interactive
educational game for primary school students. We show in depth
the engineering behind the game, its design and structure. We
also give an insight and evaluation of the importance of the game
in enhancing the educational process. Our results show that the
learning process is regarded as more easy and fun by the students
that learned by playing, but also it increased their interest in
learning other subjects not included explicitly in the game.
Keywords—Educational games; Game-based learning; eLearning; Desktop games; Games for kids
I.
INTRODUCTION
Technology usage in the 21-st century is no longer an
exception, but a rule, especially in domains close to and
intertwining with computer science and engineering. People are
trying to ease their lives, prominently by using a plethora of
mobile applications in many, if not all, aspects of their daily
life. Education and learning, as an example of the previous, has
been under great influence of these technological processes,
and the rise of computer-based learning applications and
educational games is more evident than ever. Traditional
teaching, usually based on lectures and tutorials fosters the idea
of instruction-driven learning model [1] where students are
passive listeners. However, the technology aided learning
paradigm follow the constructivism learning theory, where
learning from real-world situations is put on the first place.
According to this “student centered” strategy [2][3], students
collect in-deeper knowledge when they directly experience the
situation. One such approach is the project based learning [4]
that improves professional skills related to a particular project
and specialized knowledge, provides an interdisciplinary
insight to a problem, and improves the overall socio-technical
skills of the students. Project based learning can be a very
useful tool in learning for higher education, however it is very
difficult to keep secondary, and even more so primary, school
students engaged in such a process. The “fun-based” approach
using games as a tool for learning is better suited for such
students. Numerous fields of learning, some being: languages,
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mathematics, programming, science, history, geography, art
and many other, are enhanced by wide range of educational
games [5]. Such applications are especially useful in
improving, and even enabling, the learning process in
youngsters since they tend to keep children mentally active,
can be used as an addition to the classroom work and as after
school fun activities that extend the learning process.
Adults may make up the majority of game players, but
video games are more popular than ever among kids, new
research shows. According to NPD [6], 91 percent of U.S.
children ages 2-17 play video games (64 million). More
interesting, these numbers are up nearly 13 percent from a
2009 study. The number of kids in the U.S. has increased by
1.54 percent in that time, but not nearly enough to make up for
the massive increase in game playing. Gaming among kids
ages 2-5 has increased the most.
“Year-to-date through August 2011, kids comprised 44
percent of new physical software dollar sales, representing a
vitally important consumer segment for the games industry,”
said Anita Frazier, industry analyst, The NPD Group.
“Knowing how kids are spending their gaming time and dollars
in both traditional and non-traditional outlets is key to staying
relevant to this highly engaged audience.”
Educational games are application software that helps
students to learn the lesson subjects and to develop their
problem solving skills by using their desire and enthusiasm to
play [7]. Such games can be observed as free fun activities that
provide students with the opportunity to reinforce their
knowledge by repeating it in a more comfortable environment.
Prensky in [8] distinguishes between six structural factors
that define an application as a game: Rules to impose limits
which force us to take specific paths to reach goals and ensure
that all the players take the same paths; Goals or objectives
which create a sense of duty, so we play the game voluntarily
and spend time and make an effort for it. Outcomes and
Feedback that give a measure of progress towards the goals.
Feedback comes when something in the game changes in
response to an action a player takes; Conflict, Competition,
Challenge and Opposition are the problems in a game that the
player tries to solve. Interaction can be viewed both as a player
– computer interaction, and an interaction amongst multiple
players playing the game; and finally Representation which
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refers to the essence of the game play, i.e. what the game
stands for.
vegetation. There is a small village nearby and a farm where
the player can learn more about the animals and nature. There
are also a lot of hidden geographical spots which are harder to
be found, but they discover more about some Earth
phenomena. Very interesting thing is that the game has a lot of
environmental sounds who make the game much more
realistic. For example, if the player comes near water, splashes
and stuff can be heard.
All of the before mentioned advantages of game based
learning motivated us to create an interactive game that
combines the processes of gaming and learning and produces a
gain greater than the sum of the two.
Fig. 1. Toby and his home
Most researchers believe that educational games have a
positive impact on children and those children using
educational games in the learning process have a greater
chance of success as compared to children that use the
traditional way of learning. Ritzhaupt at al. [9] noted several
advantages of educational games over the traditional learning:
children use action instead of explanation, create personal
motivation and satisfaction, they are able to accommodate
various learning styles and skills, they reinforce mastery,
impose making decisions and collaboration with other learners.
Divjak and Tomic [10] analysis of different research about the
influence of educational games suggests that playing a digital
computer game improves the spatial skills of the students and
reduces the difference in spatial skills between boys and girls.
This approach helps students in learning and improving skills
for social problems solving and new/unfamiliar situations.
However, it must be noted that in order to have a positive
impact on students a good computer game must meet
pedagogical criteria, be educational, but also interesting [11].
Taking into account that the use of tablets and mobile
phones is common for the children of today [12] and that they
tend to use such mobile devices instead of desktop computers,
we developed our game for both platforms. The game is
designed as a three dimensional (3D) adventure game, since we
believe that such a game will have greater appeal and will keep
our targeted users, i.e. children, interested. The game is
intended for primary school students aiming at extending their
knowledge in different disciplines, like biology, geography and
science.
The main advantages of “Toby the Explorer” are (but not
limited to): the easy learning process, the development of the
visual skills of the users, and the imperceptible transformation
of fun into productive brain activity. These goals are enabled
through the usage of highly visible performances and
photographs that augment the learning by adding visual stimuli
that accompany the written information. Additionally, the
environment has a very realistic representation and is
complemented with catchy music and special effects, and
finally information within the game is represented in a very
simple and reasonable way so it can be understood by
everyone, and is amended with interesting facts.
The rest of this paper is organized as follows. The second
section describes the game plot and scenario. The third section
provides implementation details. Section four evaluates the
game. This paper is concluded in section five.
II. GAME PLOT AND SCENARIO
The main character of this game is a little boy named Toby
who is very ambitious and curious. He wants to know more
about his surroundings and environment (Fig. 1). Toby lives in
a small house near the lake. Near his house there is a small
wood and a mountain abound with lots of animals and
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Since Toby is a very curious boy, he starts sniffing around
the area. His mission is to find out as much as he can about the
environment by collecting hidden scrolls and photos. On each
of the scrolls he finds, there is a content describing the area,
together with some facts about it. Photos show up very
different places as well, containing graphical perspective of the
area. But one thing Toby can’t do is swimming, so the player
must be careful to avoid deep waters. The player starts with
three lives. Once they are lost, the game starts over again and
the player needs to find the scrolls and photos again.
The game has a lot of detailed graphics and is made to
perfection to the smallest object. We tried to compress as much
as we can for the game to be easier to open on more devices.
Each time the game is started, an options window pops up and
prompts the player to choose graphics, controls etc. to match pc
performances (Fig. 2).
The user interface of the game is very friendly and easy to
navigate. It is separated on two parts:
 Main Menu User Interface
 In-game User Interface
The Main Menu User Interface consists of 4 buttons: Play,
About, Scores, Quit (Fig. 3). The “Play” button starts the game
and takes us to the main scene. The “About” button opens up a
new popup which has a brief description of the game. The
“Scores” button loads up all the scores the user has on his
record. These scores are loaded from the database so an
internet connection is be required for this option. The “Quit”
button shuts down the game.
The In-Game User Interface is separated into four parts,
and each fills a corner on the screen (Fig. 4). On the bottom left
corner there is a compass which allows the player to orientate
during the play. The compass has a mini-map arrow which
displays the player’s direction of movement. In the top left
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corner there is an icon with a number on its right side which
counts the lives left. Each time it hits zero, the game starts all
over again. On the top right side of the screen there is a pause
button used to stop the game and returns the control to the main
menu. On the bottom right side of the screen there are two
counters, dedicated to count the scrolls and the photos
collected.
Fig. 4. In-Game UI
Fig. 2. Configuration Window
Fig. 5. Photo Popup
III. IMPLEMENTATION OF “TOBY THE EXPLORER”
A. Used technology
“Toby the explorer” is an interactive learning game
targeting kids from age 7 to age 12. Since there are a lot of
technologies allowing us to implement 3D game, we decided to
use the latest game engine “Unity” [13]. Unity is a crossplatform game engine developed by Unity Technologies and
used to develop video games for PC, consoles, mobile devices
and websites. First announced only for OS X, at Apple’s
Worldwide Developers Conference in 2005, it has since been
extended to target more than fifteen platforms.
Fig. 3. Main Menu UI
The player’s mission is to collect all the scrolls and photos
in the area. They will serve as a way to learn more about the
environment. When the player collects a scroll, a paper-like
pop-up shows up with description about the current location.
The same happens with the photos. When the player collects a
photo it swirls up and pops at the screen with an imagery of the
current area. Fig. 5 shows it visually.
There is quite a lot to be discovered by the player. The
game abounds with actions and lots of excitement and is made
for the player to go deeper in the story and to explore more and
more.
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The reason we decided to use this engine is its clear and
simply written documentation which helped us to understand
the whole framework of the engine. Unity understands two
programming languages: C# and JavaScript. Mainly we used
C#, but there are a few scripts that are written in JavaScript.
The engine gives us a chance to easily scale the game for later
expansions. For example, the market is already thriving with
various platforms who occupy a lot of devices. Each of those
devices requires different optimizations and specifications,
which can be easily achieved with Unity.
Since this game has a lot of models used in it, we had to use
modeling software which helped us to import modeled objects
in the game. For that purpose we used Cinema 4D [14],
developed by MAXON Computer GmbH. It is a modeling
program based on xyz modeling axis and modeling rigs. Our
main character is designed exactly in this editor using rigs and
bones to make it more realistic and acting as a real person. It
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totally combined all the parts of the body, connecting them
with joints to act as ankles. On the top of it, we added
animations on the character which brought it to life.
Another technology we used but is less adapted and is used
in very little ranges is PHP and MySQL. We used these
technologies for data storage. The idea came because this game
needed competitiveness, so we decided to use databases to
store the scores of the player.
B. Developing the game
Unity engine was used for both front and back end of the
development. We used a lot of built in tools who helped us
develop the environment of the game, but we also used a lot of
external software.
The terrain of the game was made with the built in Terrain
Editor in Unity. It consists of brushes and terrain shifters. The
helpful tool in this terrain editor is the Height Map which
allows importing of black and white bitmap and converts them
into terrain; depending on the blacks and whites on the bitmap,
i.e. white parts make higher terrain, while black parts lower
terrain. As we mentioned above, we used Cinema 4D for the
modeling part. All the models were easy to import and all the
textures attached to them were easy to compress and attach.
The engine provides shaders, which allow us to make the
surface of the models much more realistic. All the lightings and
specular blooms are part of the engine. We used a lot of
lightning objects to make the ambient look real. In addition to
the lightning, we used a lot of ambient sounds to bring the
world alive and give a full sense of the surroundings.
Fig. 6. Communication between the Database and the Game
This is why we found PHP very useful in this project as a
mediator who handles the variables from the C# script to the
MySQL Database and vice versa. Thus, it has a simple
implementation and is easy to edit. The UML Class Diagram
on Fig. 7 shows all the classes used to make all the
communication works.
Apart from the frontend development and all the things
visible, we implemented a lot of backend scripts. Since the
game consists of many movements and physics, we had to
develop all objects, starting from the floating objects on the
water like the boat, to flickering leaves in the woods and waves
in the water.
Most of the scripts are attached to the boy, as it is the center
of everything that is triggered. In the desktop version, the
motion script for the boy uses the typical system input
(Keyboard) and is controlled by the “arrow” buttons or the
“w”,“a”,“s”,“d” buttons. The “space” button makes the boy
jump. Since the physics had big impact on this game, we had to
make sure that everything will move and act properly. For that
purpose, we used Unity’s Colliders and Rigid Bodies who
attach Physical parameters to the objects, allowing them to
bump on each other depending on their surface.
In order to store the player scores, we had to use PHP and
local server to test all of the storing process. For that purpose
we installed WAMP server locally and wrote two PHP scripts
(display.php, addscore.php). Using the myPHPAdmin panel on
the WAMP server we created an empty database and filled it
with three columns using a simple query. The second stage in
this process is writing a C# script in Unity where we pass the
variables between the PHP and the C# script. Fig. 6 describes
the communication between the database and the game.
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Fig. 7. UML Class Diagram
Creating the database requires installing WAMP which can
be downloaded from internet for free. It will install a virtual
server on the local computer with a phpMyAdmin panel. Since
our implementation is based on a local server, we need to do
this procedure on each device we run the game in order to save
palyer’s scores.
IV. EVALUATION
74% of the teachers in primary schools use digital games in
the classroom. The instructors report that video games increase
motivation and engagement in their students. 4 out of 5 of
video game-implementing teachers use games created
exclusively for educational purposes.
It’s not just teachers who are using games to assist in
educating the youth of today. 56% of parents say video games
positively affect their children [15].
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The statistics of these studies show that interactive
education might be very popular and effective in the future.
This is why we think this type of games will bring the new age
of education. We conducted our own small researches on how
kids would react on the game. We tested 34 children between
the age of 5 and 14. The research showed the following:






28 out of 34 children liked the game and were very
attracted by it.
7 out of 34 (age 12 and above) think that the game
could be a distraction to the kids during the classes.
9 out of 34 were unable to understand the plot of the
game.
23 out of 34 think that the game can be expanded a lot
more than it is now.
21 out of 34 think that the game should include other
topics from different subjects covered at school.
15 out of 34 think that the game can be modified by
means of covering not only science subjects, but also a
society subjects.
Following the results of our research, we believe that this
game could fit into the education system easily and could bring
more effort into studying. Certainly this game could be used
only for classes like Geography, Biology, Environments and
Nature, but it could be expanded to be used for classes like
Math, Physics, as well as for Society subjects. Hereafter, the
game needs a couple of improvements to make it more solid
for operating but mainly it is very scalable and easy to expand
for further purposes.
V.
CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, we describe the process of designing and
implementing a 3D educational game that is very useful, and it
for sure will develop the cognitive skills of the children.
Because we incorporated learning material from primary
school there is big chance of implementing this type of
educational games in the normal learning process of the
schools.
Every country should make bigger investments into this
kind of projects because the technology and its own benefits
are the center of the human development, in every view of our
living. Game designers should work more in the domain of Elearning through the process of games, because in our opinion
that is the easier way in which the kids remember things. The
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cognitive science states that the learning process in the children
brain is mainly occurred by animations and pictures, that was
the point of this game. We hope that “Toby the explorer” will
have positive impact to the children and in best way will
increase their environmental knowledge.
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
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