Research And Innovation In Conservation Of Manuscripts

Research Project of National Mission of Manuscripts
Research And Innovation In Conservation Of ManuscriptsAn Interim Report
B.V. Kharbade ,
Project officer and Project Principal Investigator
Regional Conservation Laboratory (Unit of National Research
Laboratory for Conservation Laboratory of Cultural property,
Lucknow), Govt of India, Ministry of Culture,
GITB Press Campus, Siddarthanagar,
Mysore- 570011 (India)
Introduction
Research in conservation provides essential information to conservators
and others caring for cultural heritage on causes of deterioration,
devising conservation solutions, option for appropriate method of
treatment and assessment of treatment performance and also help in
understanding the materials’ composition and techniques used to create
works of art. In addition ,also resolve the issues related to dating and
authentication of art objects. With these aims, It was appropriately
thought by the committee consisting of Director, National Mission
Manuscripts, New Delhi, Dr Sudha Gopalan,
Director, NRLC,
Lucknow, Dr M.V. Nair, Director, Ministry of Culture, Shri A.K. Singh,
Conservation Consultant to IGNCA, New Delhi, Shri K.K.Gupta visited
Regional Conservation Laboratory, Mysore in the year 2006 to initiate
1
the research project on conservation of manuscripts. It was decided by
the committee to allot a research project to RCL, Mysore on the topics;
use of traditional materials in manuscripts conservation, alternatives to
cellulose acetate hand lamination, suitable adhesives for palm leaf
manuscripts, use of oxygen free environment in control of museum
pests, storage and display, Development of eco-friendly showcase.
On signing a MoU between National Mission for Manuscripts and
National Research Laboratory for Conservation of Cultural Property,
senior and junior level project assistants on consolidated emolument
were engaged and work on all the project topics was started from
January, 2007. As stipulated in the MoU, the first report was sent and
power point presentation was also given at NMM office, Delhi in which
Director, NMM, Dr Sudha Gopalan, Professor ( conservation ) National
Museum Institute, New Delhi, Dr K.K. Jain and other staff of NMM and
IGNCA were participated. After that, the second report was also sent to
the Joint Secretary, IGNCA, Shri A.N. Jha (as the regular director, NMM
was resigned and NMM was put under the control of IGNCA) and
also discussed the findings of the project in person in his chamber.
Appreciating the project findings, the JS, IGNCA suggested for holding
a seminar for the beneficiaries, private and public cultural institutions.
Accordingly, it was held in January, 2008 at RCL, Mysore, inaugurated
by Shri A.N. Jha, Joint Secretary, IGNCA in which directors and heads of
many state and central government
conservation laboratories
2
museums, archives, libraries,
from all over India
were participated.
Proceedings of the seminar were prepared and copies were sent to
NMM, IGNCA and other participants of the seminar. It was felt in the
seminar that the time period of one year allotted for the project is too
short to conclude some of the findings and it should be extended for
one more year . Accordingly, the matter for extending the period of the
project was moved to IGNCA and the period of the project work was
extended up to the end of 2009 by the competent authority. The similar
seminar, as was organized in January 2008, was proposed to organize by
Dr Deepti
S. Tripathi, Director,
of NMM , New Delhi.
As a
requirement of the proposal , this report is prepared .
Alternatives to cellulose acetate hand lamination
Cellulose acetate discovered by Schutzenberger in 1869 was used first
time in lamination by New York Public Library probably in 1934 and
two years later, the same method was discovered by National Archives
of India. The use of Cellulose acetate lamination was increased
in
manifolds in India after simple solvent lamination method developed by
Shri. Y.P. Kathapalia of National Archives in 1958.
Though the
researches on cellulose acetate lamination carried during 1980 in USA,
Australia discarded the use of cellulose acetate as it attributes to acidity
in paper. This is still being used extensively in India mainly due to lack
of alternative method. Therefore, an immediate need has been felt to
find out an alternative to cellulose acetate lamination or to modify the
existing methods.
3
It is reported that Cellulose acetate releases acetic acid on hydrolysis in
hot and humid condition and when the free acid level goes to 0.5mq/g,
the hydrolytic degradation reaction becomes auto catalyzed. Those
reactions can be arrested if the free acid level of the laminated paper is
kept below the level of 0.5mq/g. Therefore, it is thought of building an
alkaline reserve in two tissue papers to be used in lamination. The
different methods for alkaline reserve building were evaluated but
Barrow’s two step method using calcium hydroxide and calcium
carbonate and single step magnesium bi-carbonate were found suitable.
While keeping optimum opacity in tissue paper, alkaline reserve up to 2
– 4% in tissue paper was built by multiple application and the reserve
estimated by the simple Kelly’s titrimetric method with the formula as;
Calculation of Alkaline reserve =
1000(ml of acid × normality of acid) - (ml of alkali× normality of NaOH)
________________________________________________________________
Weight of sample
Result expressed in meq / kg and (%) percentage
The samples were laminated in the laboratory with alkaline reserve
tissue paper prepared in the laboratory and then kept for accelerated
aging test. Alkaline reserve of the laminated manuscript samples was
estimated before and after accelerated ageing by the same method as
discussed above and the results is shown in figure 1 concludes that
4
1.20%
1.00%
0.80%
a
0.60%
b
0.40%
c
0.20%
0.00%
with out
ageing
3 days
aging
6 days
aging
Figure-1 graph shows trends in retention of alkaline reserve built in laminated
paper samples before and after subjecting them to accelerated ageing test ; asamples laminated with tissue paper with reserve of 3% MgCO3, b- samples
laminated samples laminated with tissue paper with reserve of 3% MgCO3 +
CaCO3 , c- samples laminated with tissue paper with reserve of 3% CaCO3.
modification made in the existing lamination system with alkaline
reserve in tissue paper works satisfactorily without any harmful effect
on manuscripts. Along with the above work, to find out alternative to
cellulose acetate lamination was attempted in which the data available
on films of cellulose polymers were collected, Table 1 which shows that
ethyl cellulose gives better option among all other films.
Table 1: Properties of film forming cellulose derivatives likely to be used in
paper lamination
S.
N
o
1.
5
Property
Reagent
Cellulose
acetate
Cellulose
+acetic acid
+ acetic
anhydride
+sulphuric
acid
Cellulose
propionat
e
Cellulose
acetate
butrate
Cellulose
+acetic
acid +prop
ionic acid
Cellulose
+ acetic
acid +
butyric
acid
Ethyl
cellulose
Sodium salt of
cellulose
+ethyl chloride
4.
Water
absorbtion
capacity
1/8in.
thik(%)
Tensile
strength
(Psi)
Hardness
5.
Flexibility
2.
3.
6.
7.
Uses
Conclusion
1.7-4.5
1.2-2.8
0.9-2.2
2200-6900
1400-7200
1400-6200 3000-4800
To 122
2500104000
To115
170010,000,
To112
180092500
Knob,
telephone
Fabric
toys,
coating
finding,
tooth
brush
Cellulose
Water
acetate have
absorption
more water
capacity is
Absorbtion
absorbtion
low
as
capacity is
capacity so,
compare
low
it
to
deteriorate
cellulose
fast
acetate
0.3-1.8
To79-106
4700-6800
-Hot
Melts
AdhesivesPaper
coatings
Fluorescent
Lighting
Its
water
absorption
capacity
is
very low so it
can use for
lamination
Since the ethyl cellulose film is not available in India, powder ethyl
cellulose of M/s S.d. fine chemicals, Mumbai was used in our study.
The film was casted by spreading the solution of ethyl cellulose in
toluene on a glass sheet and the obtained thin film was peeled off after
some time. The properties of prepared ethyl cellulose film e.g. pH,
color, flexibility, tensile strength were measured by the standard
methods. The manuscript samples were laminated with ethyl cellulose
film by solvent, toluene, laminated sample is readable, clear without any
fogginess, figure 2
6
Ethyl cellulose
A
Cast film of ethyl cellulose
B
C
Figure 2, shows the steps involved in ethyl cellulose lamination and comparison
between ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate lamination. A. Cellulose acetate
lamination, B. Ethyl cellulose lamination, C. De-lamination
Laminated samples then subjected to accelerated aging test. The efficacy
of the lamination system was determined on the basis of pH, colour,
flexibility and transparency measurements before and after the
accelerated aging of the samples. Results show paper laminated with
ethyl cellulose is transparent, flexibility is
very similar to that of
cellulose acetate lamination. Paper can be retrieved easily from ethyl
cellulose lamination whereas cellulose acetate lamination is irreversible.
Use of traditional materials in manuscript conservation
Since ancient times, India is known for the use of natural materials in
preserving households. In particular, Neem (Azadirachta indica) leaves
7
has been used in storing food grains and other materials like books, rare
manuscripts etc. . Some of the well known practices like application of
turmeric paste on skin, taking a bath with water boiled with neem
leaves, fumigating home with the smoke of neem and negundo leaves
and keeping the baby child infected with chickenpox over the bed of
neem leaves are still being carried out in Indian villages. Dr. B.B. Lal, exarcheological chemist, ASI suggested to take up study on banana stem
as he found interesting result when the banana stem extract was applied
on wall infested with termites. Woolen carpet stored with neem leaves
in Maharaj Palace, Jaipur found in good condition even after fifty years.
Considering the properties and easy availability, we have selected
turmeric, tobacco, banana stem, neem, and negundo leaves for this
study,
Antifungal cloth and paper
A lot of scientific studies on turmeric, Curcuma Longa have been carried
in laboratories all over the world and proved it as potent drug for curing
many ailments including cancer. Considering that, it is thought to use
this valuable indigenous herb in conservation of manuscripts as no
study is conducted so far in this field. Use of herbal powders in cloth
pouches in museum storage and display cases has been reported
elsewhere. This method cannot be applied to turmeric, as it stains the
objects very badly on contact. Hence, new method to use turmeric in
manuscript’s conservation was devised where the extract of active
ingredient of turmeric applied on the treated cloth and paper samples
with metallic mordant; ferrous sulphate, alum, copper sulfate,
8
potassium dichromate, tin chloride. The dyed cloth and paper samples
were evaluated for their antifungal, insect repellent and staining
property. Active ingredient of turmeric, curcumin was extracted
following CFTRI, method with slight modification.
Curcumin
complexes with metallic mordants in-situ on cloth and paper samples.
Like turmeric, active ingredients from banana stem, tobacco leaves were
extracted and fixed on cloth and paper samples, figure 3.
a
b
c
d
Figure3: (a) fabric samples impregnated with curcumin, (b).Handmade paper
samples impregnated with curcumin, (c) & (d). Fabric samples impregnated
with tobacco leaf and banana stem extracts.
Paper mats from Neem and Negundo leaves
Keeping dried neem twigs along with the art objects in storage cases is a
practice in some folk museums. But, such use is not advisable as it
stains the objects in humid condition. In this study, aromas of the neem
9
and negundo leaves were extracted by steam distillation method in
Clevenger apparatus, figure 4.
Figure 4: Aromas from Neem and Negudo leaves are extracted using
Clevenger apparatus based on the principle of steam distillation.
Collected aromas fixed on different paper mats impregnated with fixers,
Zeolite, sodium lauryl sulphate and sodium stearate. The paper mats
prepared in the laboratory by pouring the slurry of hand made acid free
paper in a die, figure 5.
b
c
Figure 5: Process of mat preparation, (a) Preparation of pulp and blending pulp
with chemicals, (b) Casting of paper mat with a mould, (c) paper mat
10
Bioassay of samples
All the samples; cloth and paper, mats, solid curcumin and its
complexes, extracts of tobacco, banana stem were tested for antifungal
and insect repellent properties following standard methods against 14
pure fungal strains, commonly occurring in museum objects and
silverfishes, book lice. Figures 6- 9 show the different stages involved in
bioassay.
Figure 6: Isolated fungal strains cultured in laboratory
11
Figure 7: Test plate showing growth inhibition at increasing concentration
of test sample P. chrysogenum and R. oligosporus.
Figure 8: Showing fabric and paper samples dyed with curcumin and
curcumin-copper sulfate complex effective in resisting fungal growth.
12
Figure 9: Showing the testing methodology and showing its effectivity
in terms of resisting fungal spore germination.
Results show that, among the 14 fungal strains tested for growth
inhibitory activity by using prepared complexes (Curcumin and its
metal complexes) in solid forms (table1), copper complex of curcumin
was found very effective in 500 and 1000 ppm concentration against the
strains tested but more effective against A. flavus, R. oligiosporous, A.
nidulans, F. solani, P. oxalicum, P. chrysogenum, P. digitatum, T. viride and
N. crassa. The antifungal activity of fabric samples and paper samples
dyed with same, tested by AATCC–30-1992 and ASTM-D-2020 method
respectively, the results were reported in the form of percentage (%)
growth in presence of test compounds and classified categorically.
Results were very much similar to that of solid samples, the test
compound inhibited growth lower to higher was indicated in order
F<G<E, where E indicate Excellent (<10%), G indicate Good (10%) and
F indicate Fair (<10 to  30%). Likewise in the case of paper samples had
shown excellent fungal growth resistance with the use of curcumin copper sulfate complex in most of the fungal strains.
13
Table 2: Antifungal activity of curcumin and its complexes in 100,500 and 1000 ppm concentrations against 14 fungal
strains using Neumann-keuls formula
gal strain
centrations
avus
giosporous
arasiticus
dulans
migatus
ani
onilforme
ger
Alum
500
1000
3.10
4.70
14.8
29.7
16.0
29.1
10.45 16.42
14.8 21.96
4.77
34.5
15.0
15.0
100
1.60
5.41
10.7
4.48
3.66
2.34
2.5
4.60
6.90
rsicolor
alicum
rysogenum
gitatum
assa
ride
7.26
1.82
0.00
10.35
(+)
(+)
11.5
3.58
24.8
13.8
(++)
(++)
+
++
+++
14
6.90
CuSO4
K2Cr2O7
100
500
1000
100
500
1.60
81.6
Complete 1.60
1.60
24.3 Complete Complete 1.60
7.15
1.79
13.8
56.2
1.79
1.79
11.95
70.1
complete 8.25
11.5
3.86
17.3
24.9
5.76
12.8
23.3 Complete Complete 4.37
14.7
6.00
12.5
15.0
1.60
3.40
1000
1.60
9.76
8.93
12.6
14.3
19.3
10.5
2.80
4.60
6.90
6.90
2.80
2.80
19.3
9.68
16.1
34.7
3.23
7.15
31.5 Complete Complete 1.60
27.6
41.0 Complete Complete 10.4
20.69 10.35
17.25
Complete 7.25
(+++) (+)
(++)
(+++)
(+)
(+++) (+)
(++)
(+++)
(+)
12.1
7.15
25.0
17.9
(++)
(++)
Less growth inhibition
Good growth inhibition
Excellent growth inhibition
100
3.10
2.71
5.36
4.39
8.93
9.53
2.53
FeSO4
500
7.19
3.14
7.60
7.57
10.49
14.29
5.54
1000
7.80
4.80
7.15
19.29
10.37
26.2
12.5
SnCl2
100
500
1.60 13.9
8.92 12.1
1.60 20.8
13.44 25.38
6.83 12.9
9.53 4.77
16.25 16.25
1000
23.1
21.63
22.8
29.11
19.2
7.95
18.21
Curcum
100
500
7.70
23.1
12.3
12.7
1.79
13.8
11.95
13.44
3.07
3.39
8.12
22.9
2.5
16.25
4.60
6.90
6.90
2.80
9.10
11.4
4.60
13.7
12.1 9.68
8.23
9.2
25.0 3.50
20.2 17.2
(+++) (+)
(+++) (+)
12.3
14.29
13.8
17.2
(++)
(++)
14.7
17.86
25.0
19.0
(+++)
(+++)
8.76
7.15
13.8
6.9
(+)
(+)
22.26 23.89
14.29 14.29
24.8
24.8
6.12 11.32
(++) (+++)
(++) (+++)
5.73
7.58
24.2
6.67
(+)
(+)
6.46
13.0
24.8
10.35
(++)
(++)
Table3: Antifungal activity of cloth samples impregnated with Curcumin and
its complexes.
Fungal strain
A.flavus
R.oligiosporous
A.parasiticus
A.nidulans
A.fumigatus
F.solani
F.monilforme
A.niger
A.versicolor
P.oxalicum
P.chrysogenum
P.digitatum
N.crassa
T.viride
E
G
F
Excellent
Good
Fair
Alum
F
G
G
G
F
E
E
F
E
G
G
G
G
F
CuSO4 K2Cr2O7 FeSO4
E
E
G
E
G
F
E
E
G
G
F
G
F
F
F
E
G
G
E
G
G
F
G
G
F
G
E
G
F
E
F
G
G
E
G
SnCl2
E
G
E
F
E
G
G
Curcumin
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
G
F
G
G
G
F
F
G
F
G
G
F
F
G
F
G
G
G
F
G
G
Percentage of Growth Area < 10
Percentage of Growth Area ≤ 10
Percentage of Growth Area < 10 to ≤ 30
Table 4: Antifungal activity of paper samples impregnated with Curcumin and
its complexes.
Fungal strain
A.flavus
R.oligiosporous
A.parasiticus
A.nidulans
A.fumigatus
F.solani
F.monilforme
A.niger
A.versicolor
P.oxalicum
P.chrysogenum
P.digitatum
N.crassa
T.viride
15
Alum
(+)
(++)
(+)
(+)
(+)
(+)
(++)
(+)
(++)
(++)
(++)
(++)
(+)
(+)
CuSO4 K2Cr2O7 FeSO4
(++)
(+)
(++)
(++)
(++)
(++)
(++)
(++)
(++)
(++)
(++)
(++)
(+)
(+)
(+)
(++)
(++)
(++)
(++)
(++)
(+)
(++)
(++)
(++)
(++)
(++)
(++)
(++)
(+)
(++)
(+)
(+)
(++)
(+)
(++)
(++)
(+)
(+)
(++)
(+)
(++)
(+)
SnCl2
(+)
(++)
(+)
(++)
(++)
(++)
(++)
Curcumin
(+)
(++)
(+)
(++)
(+)
(+)
(+)
(+)
(+)
(++)
(+)
(++)
(+)
(+)
(+)
(+)
(+)
(++)
(+)
(+)
(+)
+
++
+++
Less fungal growth resistance
Good fungal growth resistance
Excellent fungal growth resistance
Table 5: Antifungal activity of cloth samples impregnated with tobacco leaves
extract and its complexes.
Fungal strain
A.flavus
R.oligiosporous
A.parasiticus
A.nidulans
A.fumigatus
F.solani
F.monilforme
A.niger
Alum
F
G
F
F
F
E
E
CuSO4
E
G
G
G
F
E
E
K2Cr2O7
G
F
G
F
F
G
G
FeSO4
G
F
G
G
F
G
G
SnCl2
G
F
G
F
F
G
G
F
F
G
F
G
A.versicolor
P.oxalicum
P.chrysogenum
P.digitatum
N.crassa
T.viride
E
G
G
G
G
F
G
G
F
G
E
G
F
F
G
G
E
G
F
G
F
F
G
G
F
G
G
G
F
F
E
G
F
Excellent
Good
Fair
Percentage of Growth Area < 10
Percentage of Growth Area ≤ 10
Percentage of Growth Area < 10 to ≤ 30
Table 6: Antifungal activity of paper samples impregnated with Tobacco leaves
extract and its complexes.
Fungal strain
Alum
CuSO4 K2Cr2O7 FeSO4
SnCl2
A.flavus
(++)
(++)
(+)
(++)
(++)
R.oligiosporous
(++)
(++)
(++)
(+)
(++)
A.parasiticus
(+)
(+)
(++)
(++)
(+)
A.nidulans
(+)
(++)
(++)
(+)
(++)
A.fumigatus
(+)
(++)
(+)
(+)
(++)
F.solani
(++)
(++)
(++)
(++)
(++)
F.monilforme
(++)
(++)
(++)
(++)
(++)
A.niger
(+)
(++)
(++)
(++)
(++)
16
A.versicolor
P.oxalicum
P.chrysogenum
P.digitatum
N.crassa
T.viride
+
++
+++
(++)
(++)
(++)
(++)
(++)
(+)
(++)
(++)
(++)
(++)
(++)
(++)
(+)
(+)
(++)
(++)
(+)
(++)
(+)
(++)
(++)
(+)
(++)
(++)
(++)
(++)
(++)
(++)
(+)
(+)
Less fungal growth resistance
Good fungal growth resistance
Excellent fungal growth resistance
Table 7: Antifungal activity of cloth samples impregnated with Banana stem
extract and its complexes.
Fungal strain
A.flavus
R.oligiosporous
A.parasiticus
A.nidulans
A.fumigatus
F.solani
F.monilforme
A.niger
A.versicolor
P.oxalicum
P.chrysogenum
P.digitatum
N.crassa
T.viride
E
G
F
Excellent
Good
Fair
Alum
F
F
F
F
F
F
G
CuSO4
F
F
G
G
F
F
G
K2Cr2O7
F
F
F
F
F
G
G
FeSO4
G
F
F
G
F
G
G
SnCl2
F
F
G
F
F
G
G
F
E
G
G
G
G
F
F
F
G
F
G
F
G
F
F
F
G
G
E
F
F
F
G
F
F
G
F
F
F
G
F
F
F
F
Percentage of Growth Area < 10
Percentage of Growth Area ≤ 10
Percentage of Growth Area < 10 to ≤ 30
Table 8: Antifungal activity of paper samples impregnated with Banana stem
extract.
Fungal strain
Alum
CuSO4 K2Cr2O7 FeSO4
SnCl2
A.flavus
(+)
(+)
(+)
(++)
(+)
R.oligiosporous
(++)
(+)
(++)
(+)
(+)
A.parasiticus
(+)
(+)
(++)
(++)
(+)
17
A.nidulans
A.fumigatus
F.solani
F.monilforme
A.niger
A.versicolor
P.oxalicum
P.chrysogenum
P.digitatum
N.crassa
T.viride
+
++
+++
(+)
(+)
(++)
(++)
(++)
(+)
(++)
(+)
(++)
(+)
(++)
(+)
(+)
(+)
(+)
(++)
(+)
(+)
(++)
(++)
(+)
(+)
(+)
(++)
(+)
(+)
(+)
(+)
(+)
(+)
(++)
(+)
(+)
(++)
(+)
(+)
(+)
(+)
(+)
(+)
(+)
(+)
(+)
(+)
(+)
(+)
(++)
(+)
(+)
(+)
(++)
(+)
(+)
(+)
(+)
Less fungal growth resistance
Good fungal growth resistance
Excellent fungal growth resistance
Table 9: Antifungal activity of paper mats impregnated with essential oils from
extracted from plants (A. indica & V. negundo).
Sodium
Sodium
Sodium
Sodium
Fungal strain
laurel Zeolite
laurel Zeolite
stearate
stearate
sulfate
sulfate
A.flavus
(+)
(++)
(+)
(++)
(+ +)
(+)
R.oligiosporous
(++)
(+++)
(++)
(++)
(+++)
(++)
A.parasiticus
(++)
(++)
(++)
(++)
(+)
(+)
A.nidulans
(+)
(++)
(++)
(++)
(++)
(++)
A.fumigatus
(+)
(+)
(+)
(+)
(+)
(+)
F.solani
(++)
(+++)
(++)
(++)
(+++)
(+)
F.monilforme
(++)
(+++)
(++)
(+)
(+++)
(+)
A.niger
(+)
(++)
(+)
(++)
(+)
(+)
A.versicolor
(+)
(+)
(+)
(+)
(+)
(+)
P.oxalicum
(+)
(++)
(+)
(++)
(++)
(+)
P.chrysogenum
(++)
(++)
(+)
(++)
(++)
(++)
P.digitatum
(++)
(++)
(++)
(+)
(++)
(+)
N.crassa
(+)
(+)
(+)
(+)
(+)
(+)
T.viride
(+)
(++)
(++)
(+)
(+)
(+)
+
++
+++
18
Indicates less/ no growth inhibition
Indicate inhibition in c0omparison to control
Complete inhibition/ no growth
The experimental observation showing that essential oils from neem and
negundo extracts in combination with different carriers, among them essential
oils in combination with zeolite as carrier shown good activity.
Meanwhile antifungal activity of fabric and paper samples dyed with
tobacco leaves extract was tested had shown good antifungal
effectiveness where as banana stem extract dyed fabric and paper
samples found to prone to fungal growth.
The insect repellent and insect mortality activity of extracted aroma, in
addition to its antifungal activity was achieved and results showed
insect (silverfish) killing in very short time span, the fungal growth
inhibitory effect was observed in most of the fungal strains tested.
Use of oxygen free environment in manuscript conservation.
The concept of displaying and storing art objects in oxygen free
environment has now been transformed
into
the techniques for
preserving works of art as it is simple and can be modified accordingly
to specific needs. The same technique is applied in preservation of our
valuable manuscript, “Constitution of India” in which the prototype got
constructed by hiring the services of Getty Conservation Institute, USA
in 1995. Shin Maekawa, Senior Scientist at Getty Conservation Institute
has been working for last more than 20 years on use of oxygen free
environment in conservation and published a book but we did not find
any reference on this technique in Indian laboratories and universities
except a private firm, Pest Control Of India, who has been attempting to
devise a prototype named as Anoxicator. The work of GCI, USA
prompted us to take up this project to develop such technology in India.
After going through available literature on the subject, a proto type was
19
designed and got it fabricated by the local scientific manufactures M/s.
Murhopye Scientific, Mysore, figure 10.
The chamber was made out of Perspex sheet (Methylmethacrylate) and
layered with sun control film of M/s. Gareware India Limited, Mumbai.
To keep the chamber at 55% RH (relative humidity), required condition
for manuscripts, properly mixed dry and wet streams of nitrogen by
rotameter was passed in to the chamber.
Figure 10: Prototype designed and got fabricated by Murhopye scientific,
Mysore being used for carrying out experiments under oxygen free
environment. Oxygen of the chamber is replaced by purging Nitrogen
20
A
C
B
D
Figure 11: (A) The growth of foxed spots on paper is visible in 99% humidity
whereas no growth is observed when the paper is kept in developed prototype
at 50% humidity (B). Iron nail heavily rusted in high humidity and no rust
found on nails kept in the prototype (c) silverfish mortality is observed after
keeping it in the prototype (D)
The oxygen content of the chamber was monitored by oxygen sensor
(Ambiotronic Private Ltd., Mumbai) and oxygen scavengers, Methylene
Blue eye indicating tablets supplied by M/s. HiMedia, Mumbai. The
efficacy of the chamber was tested using three phenomena Iron nail
rusting, paper foxing and silverfishes mortality (figure11), (Table10-12).
21
Table 10:
shows change in oxygen and RH percentages of chamber on
purging with nitrogen (appropriate mixture of dry and wet nitrogen) at the
different interval of time during a day.
Hours of Nitrogen
Oxygen (%)
RH (%)
10:00
20.2
51
11:00
0.9
50
12:00
0.2
52
13:00
-0.4
52
14:00
-0.5
51
15:00
-0.5
51
16:00
-0:5
51
17:00
-0:5
51
18:00
-0:5
51
purging
Table 11: Show gradual change of rusting on the nails at different RH
conditions
50% RH (in
Time(hrs)
oxygen free
chamber )
22
99% RH ( in
desiccator )
Room RH
After 24hrs.
No change
Slight rust
No change
After 2days.
No change
Rusted
Slight rust
After 15 days
No change
Full rusted
Slight rust
Table 12: Showing the mortality of silver-fish at different conditions
Condition
Active
state
Inactive
state
Total
mortality
Dead
Stage
Nitrogen +
Fungus ( in
chamber)
10:00a
m
1:00pm
4:15pm
6 hrs
15mins
Silver to black
Nitrogen +
Colony of fungus
( in chamber )
10:30a
m
12:15pm
4:30pm
6 hrs
Silver to light
black
Oxygen + fungus
( in desiccator)
10:30a
m
Alive from 5months
No change
Oxygen + without
fungus ( in
desiccator)
9.30
am
Alive from 5months
No change
Observation
Rusting of nails was not observed inside the chamber whereas heavy
rusting and significant growth were seen when the paper and nails kept
in desiccators at high humidity. Mortality of silverfishes was very good
in the chamber as shown in figure 11 and table 11 and 12, Nitrogen
retention capacity of the chamber was verified experimentally by
carrying out the nitrogen purging at different interval of day’s hours for
a week, besides, the changes in Oxygen percentage, relative humidity
were measured by hygrometer and oxygen detector inbuilt with the
chamber as shown in table 10. Results show that the developed proto
type can be used in display, storage of artworks as well as in controlling
museum pests.
23
Development of Eco-friendly Showcase
Humidity and air pollution are serious agents of deterioration of
artworks. These cannot be controlled unless HVAC (Heating,
Ventilation and air conditioning) is installed in Museum which is based
on electrical power and needs air conditioning plants with skilled
engineers. India is not self sufficient in power owing to that we get a lot
of power failures even in metro cities. Therefore, there is a need to
develop showcases which can control relative humidity and air
pollution automatically without using any electrical gadgets. Custom
made or designer showcases for museums are available in western
countries. Many researchers worked on developing buffered or RH
stabilized museum showcases and on this subject a body of literature is
now available considering hygrometric half life, 20kg of silica gel for
1cubic meter area has been recommended for the climate of New Delhi
which can stabilize the required level of humidity for one year.
Chemical energy has been used in the researches carried out in the West
where different forms of Silica gel, effective humidity absorbent
materials, kept inside specially designed showcases. In this project an
attempt was made to develop a proto type showcase where the relative
humidity and gaseous pollutants like sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide
and organic humitents from wood and ply board, adhesives used in
fabrication of showcases are controlled. The proto type got fabricated
in the laboratory using perspects sheet as shown in the figure.
The proto type got fabricated in the laboratory using Perspex sheet. The
calculated quantities of Silica gel (figure12.A&B), Zeolite (figure12.C)
24
and Activated charcoal (figure12.D) as per the equation worked out and
placed in the chambers as shown in (figure13). The effect of gaseous
pollutants was assessed by introducing the fumes of acetic acid, formic
acid in the chambers and observing their corroding effect on silver
object.
A. Silica gel before moisture absorption
C: Natural form of Zeolite
B: Silica gel after moisture absorption
D: Forms of activated carbon
Figure 12.(A,B,C,D) showing moisture absorbing material placed
25
Figure13: Prototypes of showcases, fabricated out of Perspex sheet in
the laboratory having two unequal compartment, 1 cubic feet volume
of upper one , divided by drawer
RH inside the chambers and of the room was measured for about 4-5
months by hygrometer and thermo hygrograph, calibrated every week
by hand held whiling hygrometer and the data presented graphically as
follows:
26
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Temperature
inside room
RH inside room
RH inside
showcase1
9.3
12
2
4
6
RH inside
showcase2
Time(hrs) VS Temperature(oC)/RH(%)
Temperature(oC)/RH(%)
Temperature(oC)/RH(%)
Time(hrs) VS Temperature(oC)/RH(%)
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Temperature
inside room
RH inside the
room
RH inside
showcase1
9.3
12
Time(hrs)
Temperature
inside room
30
20
10
0
RH inside the
showcase 1
RH inside room
2
4
6
RH inside
showcase2
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
RH inside room
RH inside
showcase1
9.3
Temperature
inside room
RH inside room
RH inside
showcase1
4
2
4
6
RH inside
showcase2
6
RH inside
showcase2
Time(hrs)
Time(hrs) VS Temperature(oC)/RH(%)
Temperature(oC)/RH(%)
Temperature(oC)/RH(%)
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2
12
Time(hrs)
Time(hrs) VS Temperature(oC)/RH(%)
12
RH inside
showcase2
Temperature
inside room
Time(hrs)
9.3
6
Time(hrs) VS Temperature(oC)/RH(%)
Temperature(oC)/RH(%)
Temperature(oC)/RH(%)
70
60
50
40
12
4
Time(hrs)
Time(hrs)/Temperature(oC)/RH(%)
9.3
2
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Temperature
inside room
RH inside room
RH inside
showcase1
9.3
12
2
4
6
RH inside
showcase2
Time(hrs)
Figure 14: Graphs showing RH inside chamber and surrounding measured at
over the time various periods.
The satisfactory stability of RH was achieved by keeping the calculated
amount of adsorbents on at least three sides of the chamber. However,
keeping adsorbent at the bottom side also showed good stabilization of
+- 4-5 %RH. Besides, no any corroding effect on silver objects was
observed even after a period of 5 months.
Adhesives for palm leaf manuscripts
There are adhesives available for paper, textiles other cellulosic art
objects but no any attempt has been made so far to find out suitable
adhesive for palm leaf manuscripts though the need was felt since long
27
time and it was discussed during several national levels seminars and
workshops. Considering that this study on evaluation of available
adhesives, natural and synthetic for palm leave manuscripts is
undertaken as one of the NMM’s research projects.
Physics and
chemistry of adhesives have been studied extensively and a volume of
literatures are available.
From the literature survey,
some of the
natural and synthetic materials are selected for this study, Table 13.
Table 13: Natural and synthetic adhesives used in the study.
Adhesives
Botanical name/
Chemical
Common
zoological
Vernacular names
constitue
Name
name Order
nts
and family.
White
San:Ajakarna,
dammar
Veteria indica
Hin:Safed dammer,
white
linn.;
Ben:Chandrus,
dhup,
B resens
Gutteferales;
Kan: Rala,
Indian
Dipterocarpaceae
Mal.Name: payani.
copal,
Piney resin
San:Mandadhupa,
Hin:Kala damar,
Pentacycli
Canarium
Ben: goguldhup,
Kala
c alcohol
strictum:
Kan: Karedhupa,
dammer,
Alpha
Sapindales,
Mar:Dhup,
Black
and beta
Burseraceae
Mal.Name:
dammar.
amyrin
Karuttukaungiliam
.
San:Ajabaksha,
Hin:Babbula, Ben:
Acacia nilotica.;
Indian
Rhamnose
Babul, Kan:
Rosales,
Gum
,
Gobbali,
LeguminosaeArabic
Glucuroni
Mar:Kikar,
Mimosoideae.
c acid
Mal.Name:
karuvelakam.
Anogeissus
San:Baka,
Gum
Glucuroni
latifolia,
Hin:Bakla, Ben:
Ghatti
c acid,
Myrtales,
Bakli, Kan: Dindga,
xylose
Combretaceae.
Mar:Dhavada,
28
Mal.Name:
Malakkanhiram.
Azadirachcta
indica,
Meliaceae
Astragalus
gummifer Labill.
Leguminosae/
Cochlospermum
religiosum
shellac(insect
resin);
Laccifer lacca
Kerr,;
Laccciferidae
Wheat starch
Tamarind seed
paste
Egg albumin
Casein (milk
protein)
Animal glue
Gelatin
San: Arishta, Hin:
Balnimb, Ben:
Neem, Kan: Bevu,
Mar:Balantanimba,
Mal.Name:
Arayaveppu
Neem
Glucuroni
c acid,
fucose
-
Tragancan
th, katira,
Hog gum,
Indian
Tragancan
th
Rhamnose
, Xylose or
fucose
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
San: laksha, Hin:
lakh, Ben: gala,
Guj: lak,
Tel:kommolakka
Tam:Komburrk,
Mal.Name: arakku
ambalu.
-
Impure form is
termed glue
Purer forms,
termed gelatin
Polyvinyl
acetates (PVA)
Poly methyl
metha acryl ate
(PMMA)
Pedicryl
Ethyl cellulose
Abbreviations : San: Sanskrit, Hin: Hindi, Ben: Bengali, Kan:
Kannada, Mar:Marathi, Mal.: malayalum. Guj: Gujarath.
29
About 23 formulations of single component and 16 formulations
containing mixtures of adhesives were prepared, (table14).
Table 14: Details on the uni-component formulations prepared in the
laboratory from the selected adhesives.
30
Formulation
No.
Method of preparation
F1
3 g of gum Arabic in 7ml water taken, warmed at 40
- 500 and other components like Glycerin (0.25 g),
calcium hydroxide (0.006 g) and 2 drops of clove oil
(preservative) were added with stirring to make
homogenous solution.
F2
3 g of gum Arabic in 3ml water taken, warmed at 40
- 500 and other components like Glycerin (0.006g),
starch (1g) and 2 drops of clove oil (preservative)
were added with stirring to make homogenous
solution
F3
3 g of gum Arabic in 3ml water taken, warmed at 40
- 500 and other components like Gum Tragancanth
(1g) and 2 drops of clove oil (preservative) were
added with stirring to make homogenous solution
F4
F1 method of preparation + Neem gum was used
instead of gum Arabic
F5
F2 method of preparation + Neem gum was used
instead of gum Arabic
F6
F3 method of preparation + Neem gum was used
instead of gum Arabic
F7
F1 method of preparation + Gum Ghatti was used
instead of gum Arabic
F8
2g of powdered Animal glue was taken in 5ml of
cold water and heated at 650c over water bath and
other components like Glycerin (3g) and 2 drops of
Formaldehyde (preservatives) were added then
mixture stirred to make homogenous solution.
F9
3g of powdered Animal glue was taken in 2.9ml of
cold water and heated at 650c over water bath and
other components like 2 drops of Formaldehyde
(preservatives) were added then mixture is stirred
to make homogenous solution
F10
F9 + gelatin used instead of animal glue
F11
F10 + gelatin used instead of animal glue
31
F12
5g of casein powder dissolved in 18 ml lime water
by triturating it continuously to form homogenous
solution.
F13
One raw fresh egg white were added with 2 drops
of formaldehyde by stirring continuously and used
as adhesives.
F14
4.5 gram of powdered lac dissolved in 20ml ethanol
and other components like Rosin (1.5g), 0.5 ml
Turpentine and Barytes (3.5grm) were added by
triturating it continuously with pestle and mortar.
So that Rosin blended with shellac to give required
degree of hardness.
F15
Mix the 500 g Wheat flour with a little water in an
aluminum or enamel pan, the lumps, being broken
up with the hand to form a smooth cream. Boil the
remainder 2.5 liters of water separately and add it
to the cream, stirring continuously. Raw paste is
heated not directly but by standing the pan is a
container of water kept boiling (double Pan.) it
should be stirred meantime and will soon thicken.
After 10 minutes it may be decanted in to a suitable
vessel and to prevent a crust forming Small
quantities should be removed to a pasting dish and
thinned with water as required.
F16
3g of Powdered tamarind seed mixed with 2ml of
warm water to that mixture 1 drop of glycerin is
added. So by stirring to avoid lumps.
F17
3g of powdered white dammar dissolved in toluene
(15%) and added other components like Glycerin
(0.25g), wax (0.25g) and 2 drops of clove oil in the
formulation then mixture is triturated still
homogenous solution.
F18
0.5g of powdered Black dammar dissolved in
toluene (10%) and added other components like
Glycerin (0.25g), wax (0.25g) and 2 drops of clove
oil (preservative) in the formulation then mixture is
triturated still homogenous solution.
F19
1g poly venial acetate (PVA) dissolved in toluene
(10%) then this PVA adhesive are of emulsion type
were used
F20
2.5 g poly methyl metha acrylic (PMMA) is
dissolved in toluene (15%) and by stirring to form
homogenous solution.
F21
0.25g of Carboxyl methyl cellulose (CMC) soaked in
60ml of water then after 1 hour CMC dissolves
completely into solution and by stirring to form
homogenous solution.
F22
1 g EC dissolved in 10 ml toluene.
F23
Pedicryl, applied directly to the edges of palm leaf
to study adhesive power.
Table 15: Details on the multi-component adhesive formulations
prepared in the laboratory form selected adhesive materials.
Formulation
Components
M1
White dammar + Black dammer + Oil + wax
M2
Black dammer + wax + oil
M3
Gum Arabic + black dammar + wax + oil
M4
Gum Arabic + Shellac + black dammar +wax + oil
M5
Neem Gum + black dammar +wax + oil
M6
Neem Gum +Shellac + black dammar + wax + oil
M7
Gum Ghatti +Black dammer + wax + oil
M8
Gum Ghatti + Shellac + Black dammer + wax + oil
M9
Gum Arabic + egg albumin + black dammar wax
+ oil
M10
Gum Arabic + Casien + black dammar + wax + oil
M11
Neem Gum + egg albumin + black dammar + wax
+ oil
M12
Neem Gum + casein + black dammar + wax + oil
M13
Gum Ghatti + egg albumin + Black dammer +
wax + oil
M14
Gum Ghatti + casein + Black dammer + wax + oil
M15
Wheat starch + Egg albumin + gum Arabic + Black
dammer + wax + oil
M16
Wheat starch + Casein + Gum rabic + Black
dammer + wax + oil
Viscosity, surface tension of all the adhesive formulations were
measured by simple Viscometer and Stalagnometer before applying on
the samples of palm leaf manuscripts and the tensile strength of the
32
samples after mending with the adhesive formulations was also
measured by simple apparatus, designed in the laboratory as shown in
figure 15. pH of all adhesive formulation was measured by pH meter,
besides their colors were also recorded.
To ascertain the strength of the adhesive formulations on ageing, tensile
strength of the samples was measured before and after subjecting the
samples to accelerated ageing test. Results are presented in tables 15, 16
and figures 16-20
Stalognmeter
Viscometer
Fig 15: Displays viscometer, stalognometer, viscosity and surface tension
measuring equipments and a laboratory made apparatus for measuring
tensile strength of adhesive bond.
300
284
268
Formulations
3
F2
9
7
F2
1
F1
F1
F 23
F 21
F 19
F 17
F 15
F 13
F9
F 11
F7
F5
F3
F1
0
5
1
F1
2
F1
3
1
4
F1
3
5
F9
pH
6
F1
7
252
236
220
204
188
172
SURFAC E 156
TENSION 140
124
108
92
76
60
44
28
12
-4
F7
8
F5
9
F3
10
ADHESIVE FORMULATIONS
pH
Figure 16: Shows the trend in pH of
adhesive formulations
33
Figure 17: curve indicates the changes in surface
tensions of adhesive formulations
7
6
5
4
VISCOSITY
VISCOSITY
3
2
1
0
F1
F3
F5
F7
F9
F11
F13
F15
F17
F19
F21
F23
ADHESIVE FORMULATIONS
Figure 18: Bar chart shows variations in viscosity of adhesive
formulation
60 0 0
57 0 0
54 0 0
51 0 0
48 0 0
45 0 0
42 0 0
Tensile Strength 33 96 00 00
33 0 0
30 0 0
27 0 0
24 0 0
21 0 0
18 0 0
15 0 0
12 0 0
900
600
300
0
Be f ore a gi ng
F1 F5 F9 F13 F17 F21
Af t e r a gi ng
Formulations
Figure 19 Bar chart displays the changes in bond strength of adhesive
formulations after mending the palm leaf samples and before and after
accelerated ageing test.
600
500
400
Tensile
300
Strength
200
Before aging
After aging
100
0
M1
M4
M7
M10 M13 M16
Mixture Formulations
Figure 20: Bar chart shows bond strength of multi-component adhesive
formulations measured after mending the palm leaf samples and before and
after accelerated aging tests.
34
Table 15: Comparative study of properties of adhesive formulations.
Tensile
strengt
Surface
h of
Formula
tension Viscosit
adhesiv
PH
Color
tion
(dynes/c y (cps)
e bond
m)
in (pa)
Before
ageing
Light
F1
6.8
63.02
1.144
690.7
brown
Dull
F2
6.9
58.45
1.214
2370.1
brown
Brownis
F3
7.01
59.54
1.156
1996.2
h yellow
Dark
F4
6.84
65.85
1.018
1818.2
brown
Grayish
F5
7.5
66.45
1.005
3132.9
red
Grayish
F6
7.23
64.04
1.144
1692.08
red
Gray
F7
7.32
66.54
1.023
3529
colour
Whitish
F8
5.9
59.58
1.984
3529
brown
Whitish
F9
5.6
57.85
1.141
2965.8
brown
Light
F10
7.4
66.88
0.984
3821.44
yellow
Light
F11
6.3
60.05
2.064
7497
yellow
Light
F12
6.1
64.06
2.123
144.49
yellow
Light
F13
7.9
62.45
0.974
1977.2
yellow
Whitish
F14
9.3
59.58
1.004
3365.1
brown
Dark
F15
7.4
61.05
1.084
2886
brown
F16
5.4
55.85
1.045
Brown
95.06
F17
5.6
71.19
1.578
White
984.8
Light
F18
7.28
72.95
3.98
1045.6
brown
Light
F19
6.88
85.65
5.597
3642.7
white
35
Tensile
strengt
hof
adhesiv
e bond
in (pa)
After
ageing
221.79
126.73
101.37
69.69
189.47
373.8
969.6
1774.4
2338.4
3041.9
1964.5
1615.7
76
2604.6
171.1
63.3
57.03
475.3
1711.0
F20
F21
F22
6.68
6.45
7.8
291.90
150.69
-
3.225
5.049
-
White
colorless
white
475.30
57.02
4182.6
487.3
38.03
2490.5
F23
7.9
-
-
white
4213
1692.0
An adhesive is considered good if it has normal pH with less surface
tension and high viscosity
TABLE 16: Data of tensile strength of mixture Formulations
Load
Load
taken
taken
Formulati
Component
(before
(After
on
ageing) (
ageing)
gm )
(gm)
White dammar + Black dammer
M1
93.33
35
+ Oil + wax
M2
Black dammer + wax + oil
38
34
Gum Arabic + black dammar +
M3
248
208
wax + oil
Gum Arabic + Shellac + black
M4
166
96.66
dammar +wax + oil
Neem Gum + black dammar
M5
48
21.6
+wax + oil
Neem Gum +Shellac + black
M6
216
108.33
dammar + wax + oil
Gum Ghatti +Black dammer +
M7
391
191.6
wax + oil
Gum Ghatti + Shellac + Black
M8
541
25
dammer + wax + oil
Gum Arabic + egg albumin +
M9
375
100
black dammar wax + oil
Gum Arabic + Casien + black
M10
191.66
88.33
dammar + wax + oil
Neem Gum + egg albumin +
M11
225
86.88
black dammar + wax + oil
Neem Gum + casein + black
M12
333.33
170
dammar + wax + oil
Gum Ghatti + egg albumin +
M13
211.66
51.66
Black dammer + wax + oil
Gum Ghatti + casein + Black
M14
190
55
dammer + wax + oil
Wheat starch + egg albumin +
M15
gum Arabic + Black dammer +
183
54
wax + oil
36
M16
Wheat starch + Casein + gum
Arabic + Black dammer + wax +
oil
271.66
133
An adhesive is considered good if it has normal pH with less surface
tension and high viscosity. Following these parameters, values given in
tables and figures were interpolated and adhesive formulations F3, F8
and F 11 from single component formulations and M7, M8 and M12
from multi-component adhesive formulations found very good for the
repair of palm leaf manuscripts.
37
Acknowledgements
Author is highly thankful to National Mission for Manuscripts for
providing funds to carry out this research project and to Director,
National Research laboratory for conservation of Cultural Property,
Lucknow for providing administrative support . My thanks are due to
the research assistants who worked very hard and completed the
project with in the time frame .
References
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2.
3.
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48
B.V. Kharbade,
Director-in-charge
No.F. 121/2010-NRLC
22 nd October, 2010
Subject :
Seminar for end users of research findings in NMM’s
Research Project at RCL, Mysore
Dear Madam,
This refers to my earlier correspondence on the subject cited above and
the telephonic communication had from your office in this regard . To
decide on the
proposed seminar , as asked by your office, I am
submitting herewith an interim detailed report on NMM’s research
project carried out by me at RCL, Mysore for your perusal and
necessary further action in this regard.
It may be mentioned that with the changed circumstances I am now
looking after the charge of Director , NRLC, Lucknow and devoting
my major time here. Therefore, it may not be possible to hold the
seminar at earlier said venue i.e RCL Mysore. The best option now
would be either at NMM, New Delhi or NRLC, Lucknow. Just to say
again that the end users of this seminar will be directors, curators,
conservators, conservation scientists, restorers,
administrators,
planners, consultants working in and for public and private museums
, archives, libraries, art academies and other related institutions in
India. Estimate and other modalities will be worked out collaboratively
once the NMM approves our proposal in principle.
Yours Sincerely
(B.V. Kharbade)
Prof. Dipti S. Tripathi,
Diector,
National Mission for Manuscripts,
Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts,
11, Mansingh, Road, New Delhi - 110001
NRLC, Lucknow
No.F. 12-1/2010-NRLC
21st October, 2010
49
In continuation of the note, dated 8 th October, 2010 regarding NRLC
Newsletter, all scientific and technical staff of NRLC and RCL, Mysore
are required to prepare a write up on important activities,
achievements/findings and programs of the laboratory and submit it to
Smt Madhvi Naveen, Hindi Translator, who will be collecting and
compiling the material for NRLC Newsletter.
(B.V. Kharbade)
Director-in-charge
All Scientific and Technical Staff of NRLC
& RCL, Mysore and Smt. Madhvi Naveen, HT
NRLC, Lucknow
No.F. 12-1/2010-NRLC
21st October, 2010
In continuation of the note, dated 8 th October, 2010 regarding NRLC
Newsletter, all scientific and technical staff of NRLC and RCL, Mysore
are required to prepare a write up on important activities,
achievements/findings and programs of the laboratory and submit it to
Smt Madhvi Naveen, Hindi Translator, who will be collecting and
compiling the material for NRLC Newsletter.
(B.V. Kharbade)
Director-in-charge
All Scientific and Technical Staff of NRLC
& RCL, Mysore and Smt. Madhvi Naveen, HT
50