appendix - coremap

 Coral Reeef Informattion and Trraining Center
COREMAP LIPI
L REPO
ORT FINAL
RESEA
ARCH AGEN
NDA
SEA TURT
TLE PROT
P TECTIION SSTUDY
IN RE
EGEN
NCY OF
O BIINTA
AN
PPS
SPL UM
MRAH
H
Researrch Center for Coastaal and Mariine Resourrces
University of Marritim Raja Ali Haji
Tanjuungpinangg - 2009
Coral Reef Information and Training Center
COREMAP LIPI
SEA TURTLE PROTECTION
STUDY
IN REGENCY OF BINTAN
PPSPL UMRAH
(Pusat Penelitian Sumberdaya Pesisir & Lautan
Universitas Maritim Raja Ali Haji)
Research Center for Coastal and Marine Resources
University of Maritim Raja Ali Haji
Tanjungpinang – 2009
Kampus FIKP UMRAH Jl. Politeknik Senggarang Telp/Fax: (0771) 7004642 Tanjungpinang 29125
Email : [email protected]
SEA TURTLE PROTECTION STUDY IN REGENCY OF BINTAN 2009 THIS REPORT WAS MADE BY: THE TEAM WORK OF PPSPL UMRAH COVER PHOTOGRAPHY FRONT COVER : MEASURING SEA TURTLE FEMALE, HATCHLINGS EMERGENCES AND RELEASING, TAMBELAN, BINTAN. PHOTO : © PPSPL UMRAH 2009
TEAM WORK PPSPL UMRAH MANAGER PERSON IN CHARGE SUPPORTIVE TEAM : DONY APDILLAH, S.Pi, M.Si (CHIEF OF PPSPL UMRAH) : ARIEF PRATOMO, ST, MSi. (COORDINATOR/ MARINE CONSERVATION SPECIALIST) DONY APDILLAH, SPi, MSi. (MEMBER/ GIS SPECIALIST) Ir. SOEHARMOKO, MSc. (MEMBER/ SOCIO‐CULTURE SPECIALIST) : M. ZARKASIH DEDY AKAY ERPA MARDIYANTO (FIELD ASSISTANT) (FIELD ASSISTANT & DATA ENTRY) (FIELD ASSISTANT & DATA ENTRY) PREFACE
We thank Allah SWT a lots on Blessing and Presents infinitively to all, so
The Final Report of “Sea Turtle Protection Study in Regency of Bintan”
that could be finished completely.
Centre for Marine and Coastal Resources research of University of Maritim
Raja Ali Haji (PPSPL UMRAH) Tanjungpinang, Province of Kepulauan
Riau, should be grateful on the thrust given us to work the report. We also
thank the many persons who support us on completing the Final Report.
We accept responsibility for all mistakes in the report and please give the
comments and suggestions for improvement. Hopefully, the report gives
useful material to all stakeholders.
Tanjungpinang, November 2009
PPSPL UMRAH
i TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE ……………………………………………………...................................
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS …………..……………………………..….................…
ii
LIST OF TABLES……...….....………………..……………….……………………
iv
LIST OF FIGURES.....….….....………………..…………………………………...
v
LIST OF APPENDIX ….….....………………..…………………....…………...
vii
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background ..........................………….………………………………...
1
1.2. Purposes ……..................................................................................
2
1.3. Outcames ........................................................................................
2
2. METHODOLOGY
2.1. Research Location .............................................................................
3
2.2. Research Dates ................................................................................
3
2.3. Research Materials ……....................................................................
3
2.4. Sources and Type of Data ..................................................................
4
2.5. Data Collection Methods ....................................................................
4
2.6. Data .Analyses ...................................................................................
8
3. RESULT
3.1. Profile Sea Turtle Use …………..........................................................
11
3.1.1. The Historical Sea Turtle Use ..................................................
11
3.1.2. Sea Turtle egg Use by Local Community ..................................
13
3.1.3. Sea Turtle Egg Economic Values .............................................
17
3.1.4. Contribution of Sea Turtle Egg Trading .....................................
17
3.1.5. Trading Path of Sea Turtle Eggs Trading ..................................
19
3.1.6. Local Wisdom and Sea Turtle Management in Tambelan ........... 21
3.1.7. Impacts of Human Activities against Sea Turtle Habitats
Condition ................................................................................
25
3.2. Bio-Physical Condition of Sea Turtle Habitats in Regency of Bintan ...... 27
3.2.1. Biological Condition ................................................................
27
3.2.2. Physical Beach Condition of Sea Turtle Nest ............................. 38
3.3. Scoring Result ....................................................................................
40
3.4. Issues and Problems of Sea Turtle Management and Protection in
Regency of Bintan ...............................................................................
40
3.5. Prediction of Sea Turtle Population in Regency of Bintan in the Future ... 41
ii 4. SEA TURTLE MANAGEMENT AND PROTECTION
4.1. Directions and Recommendations of Zones .........................................
43
4.2. Direction of Vison and Mission ...........................................................
43
4.3. Planning Reccommendations .............................................................
44
4.3.1. Preparation and Pre-condition of the target community ............... 44
4.3.2. Local Practice Internalization into Sea Turtle Management and
Protection ..............................................................
45
4.3.3. Ecotourism, Centre for Education and Research Development
within The Sea Turtle Management and Protection Areas .......... 46
4.3.4. Sea Turtle Nesting Adoption System Method Application ............ 47
4.3.5. Sea Turtle Hatchery ………………………..................................... 47
4.3.6. Spatial Planning for Sea Turtle Management and Protection ........ 48
4.3.7. Management and Protection Institution Building .......................... 48
4.3.8. Surveillance and Controlling in Sea Turtle Management and
Protection Areas ………………………….....................................
4.4. Set in Short, Medium, and Long Term goals .......................................
48
48
4.4.1. Short Term Goals ……………………………………………............. 48
4.4.2. Medium Term Goals ……………………….................................... 49
4.4.3. Long Term Goals ........
49
5. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1. Conclusion ........................................................................................
50
5.2. Suggestion .......................................................................................
52
REFERENCES .............................................................................................
53
APPENDIX ...................................................................................................
54
iii LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1. The position of sea turtle research location in Regency of Bintan ........ 3
Table 2.2. Feature, form, and spatial definition of sea turtle habitat data …........... 9
Table 2.3. The zonation recommendation spatial definition used for sea turtle
protection effort ......................................................................…........... 10
Table 3.1. The period of eggs selling rights of the Tender Winner at District of
Tambelan. ......................................................................………............ 12
Table 3.2. Structure of price rates list of sea turtle eggs in Tambelan Archipelago 18
Table 3.3. Islands and beach managers who paying contribution …...................... 20
Table 3.4. Percentage of community perception about sea turtle management
and protection in Regency of Bintan ……............................................. 25
Table 3.5. The number of sea turtle nests, eggshells, dead and alive hatchlings
according to species and Island ........................................................... 28
Table 3.7. Year of data result from the beach owner and beach keeper in
Tambelan Archipelago .......................................................................... 29
Table 3.8. Sea turtle Nest and track measurements …........................................... 36
Table 3.9. The scoring result of observation location of sea turtle habitats in
Regency of Bintan ……………............................................................... 40
iv LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1. Methodology flow chart ……..…………….......................……........…
6
Figure 2.2. The data sheet form for the sea turtle field observation and
confirmation ……………………………………………...…….............
8
Figure 3.1. Sequels of sea turtle eggs harvesting activity ..................................... 15
Figure 3.2. Boiling sea turtle eggs for food preparation …….................................. 17
Figure 3.3. Graph of the number of sea turtle eggs contribution every Island
which yields eggs in Tambelan .......................................................... 18
Figure 3.4. Path pattern of sea turtle trading from District of Tambelan ................ 21
Figure 3.5. One of the beach where there are sea turtle nesting taken care well
in Kepala Tambelan Island ………………………………………........... 22
Figure 3.6. A hatchlings growing up station at Teluk Ayam, Tambelan Island ..... 23
Figure 3.7. Graph of the owner perception about declaration of sea turtle
conservation zone in District of Tambelan ......................................... 25
Figure 3.8. Dead hatchlings found at Menggirang Besar Island …........................ 27
Figure 3.9. Graph of relative frequency on the presence of sea turtle nest from
several observation locations ……...................................................... 29
Figure 3.10. Example of sea turtle nesting site in Tambelan Archipelago ……….. 30
Figure 3.11. The comparison of the number of sea turtle eggs according to
species, year and location .................................................................. 32
Figure 3.12. The chart of trend on the number of harvested sea turtle eggs
according to year and location ………................................................. 33
Figure 3.13. The Green Turtle female visiting in Wie Island ……........................... 33
Figure 3.14. The Hawksbill female visiting in Genting Island ……..….................... 33
Figure 3.15. The daily visiting chart of Hawksbill in Genting Island …………......... 34
Figure 3.16. The daily visiting chart of Green Turtle in Menggirang Besar Island .. 34
Figure 3.17. The Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas) laying eggs on Menggirang
Besar Island …………......................................................................... 35
Figure 3.18. Length and width of carapace measurement one of sea turtle ......... 35
Figure 3.19. Sea turtle nest and track measurement activities .............................. 36
Figure 3.20. Graph of percentage of physical condition in observed beaches ...... 38
Figure 3.21. Graph of percentage of protectively and stability condition of
observed beaches ………………………………………………........... 39
v Figure 3.22. This picture showing coral reef emergence during low tide at the
Beach of Menggirang Besar Island ……………….............................. 39
Figure 3.23. Focused Group Discussion (FGD) activity at District of Tambelan .... 41
vi APPENDIX
Appendix-1. Location Map of Sea Turtle Observations in District of Tambelan .....55
Appendix-2. Location Map of Sea Turtle Observations in Eastern Part of Bintan
Island ………..……………...................……........…............................ 56
Appendix-3. Path Pattern Map of Sea Turtle Eggs Trading Out of District of
Tambelan..…................................................................................ 57
Appendix-4. Location Map of Surveyed Sea Turtle Nests ……………................. 58
Appendix-5. Map of Coastal Ecosystem Distribution in Tambelan Waters ........... 59
Appendix-6. Map of Sea Turtle Feeding Grounds in Tambelan waters …............. 60
Appendix-7. Map of Sea Turtle Interbreeding in Tambelan Archipelago .............. 61
Appendix-8. Map of Sea Turtle Habitat Areas in Tambelan Archipelago............... 62
Appendix-9. Map of the Ranking of Nesting Location Scoring Result in
Tambelan …………………………………………………………........... 63
Appendix-10. Map of Potency of Sea Turtle Based on Manager Contribution of
Sea Turtle Eggs Trading in Tambelan ……………………….............. 64
Appendix-11. Map of the Zonation Proposal of Sea Turtle Management and
Protection in Tambelan ……………………………………….............. 65
Appendix-12. Map of the Zonation Proposal of Sea Turtle Management and
Protection in Eastern Part of Bintan ………………………….............. 66
Appendix-13. Data of Sea Egg Trading Manager Contribution in Tambelan
Archipelago in 2008 …………………………………………............... 67
Appendix-14. List of Questionnaires of Community Perception of Regency of
Bintan about Sea Turtle Management and Protection ……................ 72
Appendix-15
A. Calculation of the Sea Turtles and Females Population, and
Potential Eggs Total Estimation …………………………............... 73
B. Estimation to Eggs, Potential Populations and Potential Sea
Turtle Females in Tambelan ….…………………………............... 75
vii Appendix-16.
A. Data Result of Sea Turtle Area of Study Observations I .............. 78
B. Data Result of Sea Turtle Area of Study Observations II ............. 79
Appendix-17. Data of Amount of Sea Turtle Females Visiting and Egg
Harvestings in Tambelan ……………..……………………................. 81
Appendix-18.
A. Calculation to determine weight scores ........................................ 125
B. Result data of Sea Turtle Observation Location Scoring in
Regency of Bintan ……………………........................................
127
Appendix-19. List of Participants of Focused Group Discussion at Tambelan ...... 131
viii I.
1.1.
INTRODUCTION Background
Riau Archipelago has been known as the one of sea turtle distribution and habitat
area for some species of sea turtle namely, Hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata),
Green (Chelonia mydas), and Olive Ridley (Lepidochelis olivacae) (WWF 2005).
Furthermore, Bintan islands people informs that there are many of sea turtle
sightings, especially in Tambelan islands.
In global scope, The "Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species"
(CITES) controls sea turtle international trade. It is covered under Appendix I of
this agreement and receives protection from international trade by all countries
that have signed the treaty. In National conservation laws and regulations, sea
turtles are given legal protection under UU No. 5 Tahun 1990. This designation
makes it illegal to harm, harass or kill any sea turtles, hatchlings or their eggs. It
is also illegal to import, sell, or transport turtles or their products.
Currently, the Bintan sea turtle habitat and population are in threatened caused
by nesting site and feeding ground degradation. They face numerous problems
and for the most part, are humans and development coastal areas including
beach eroded, coastal sedimentation and bauxite mining.
As part of COREMAP program, the Government of Regency of Bintan worked on
create a marine protected areas system comprehensively. The Government has
recognized the urgent need for conservation measure to protect and restore of
sea turtle populations in Bintan. This may requires the efforts in establishment of
sea turtle protected areas and hatchery as well as public awareness.
On the other hand, Bintan people traditionally have been long harvesting sea
turtle eggs, mainly in Tambelan islands. In this condition, The Conservation Laws
enforcement has triggered conflicts in local community. The possible solution
approach for this problem is by building community initiatives in non extractive of
sea turtle use such as ecotourism, education and research. In these ways, it will
meet the conservation need and the community interest.
1 However, in the establishment of the sea turtle conservation and management
are still lacking of the scientific data, primarily in recent existing sea turtle
population and habitat distribution condition in Regency of Bintan. Because of
that, this research aim is to survey location of important sea turtle habitats
including an inventory the important sea turtle species in this area. With this
result research is hoped to provide a better understanding the dynamic
population of sea turtle and a number of key policies to support sea turtle
protection in Regency of Bintan.
1.2.
Purposes
The purpose of this research as follows:
‐
To obtain data on sea turtle nesting site, population and feeding ground in
Bintan
‐
To obtain data on bio-physics relating to sea turtle habitat
‐
To create location mapping for sea turtle nesting site and feeding ground
in Bintan
‐
To obtain data and information on local people activities for sea turtle
uses in Bintan
‐
1.3.
To identify sea turtle protection, hatchery and ecotourism areas in Bintan
Outcomes
The research outcomes as follows:
‐
Produce a thematic mapping for sea turtle nesting site and feeding ground
in Regency of Bintan
‐
Provide recommendations for sea turtle protection, hatchery and
ecotourism areas in Regency of Bintan
‐
Provide database on existing condition of sea turtle habitat, population,
and respectively bio-physics in Regency of Bintan
‐
Produce a profile of sea turtle use by local people in Regency of Bintan
‐
Provide recommendations for sea turtle protection, hatchery and
ecotourism implementation in Regency of Bintan
2 II.
2.1.
METHODOLOGY Research Location
The research location was in Regency of Bintan covering selected beach line
including the Bintan and Tambelan islands surrounding. There were 17 stations
where were consisted of 13 stations in Tambelan and 4 stations in Eastern part of
Bintan (See Map of Research Location in Appendix-1 and Appendix-2). For
detail of the position of research location please see table below:
Table 2.1. The position of sea turtle research location in Regency of Bintan
Station
Position
Location
Remark
1
N 0 58 23 E 107 23 53
P. Nangka
Tambelan
2
N 1 00 40 E 107 22 57
P. Lintang
Tambelan
3
N 1 01 50 E 107 22 53
P. Genting
Tambelan
4
N 1 06 27 E 107 24 26
P. Wie
Tambelan
5
N 1 01 43 E 107 31 00
Tanjung Kulak
Tambelan
6
N 1 01 32 E 107 30 45
P. Sendulang kecil
Tambelan
7
N 1 01 23 E 107 30 39
P. Bungin
Tambelan
8
N 0 57 40 E 107 29 20
P. Jelak
Tambelan
9
N 0 54 15 E 107 28 05
P. Kepala Tambelan
Tambelan
10
N 0 55 30 E 107 30 00
P. Lipeh
Tambelan
11
N 0 57 20 E 107 29 20
P. Serentang
Tambelan
12
N 0 52 09 E 107 32 43
P. Menggirang Besar
Tambelan
13
N 1 02 52 E 107 29 41
P. Sedua kecil
Tambelan
14
N 1 06 32 E 104 39 44
P. Penyusuk
Malang Rapat
15
N 1 05 30 E 104 38 16
Pantai Malang Rapat
Pulau Bintan
16
N 1 02 48 E 104 49 45
P. Sentut
Desa Mapur
17
N 1 04 00 E 104 50 40
Pantai Songseng
Desa Mapur
2.2.
Research Dates
The Sea Turtle Protection Study in Regency of Bintan Research has been held in
July to Oktober 2009.
3 2.3.
Research Materials
The equipmentss used in this research as follows:
‐
A Garmin Hand Held GPS (Geography Positioning System)
‐
A Digital camera for documentation
‐
A Roll meter
‐
Book notes and stationeries’
‐
Computer and printer
The materials used in this research as follows:
‐
The Base Map of Regency of Bintan, Province of Kepulauan Riau
‐
Some picture samples of sea turtle species
‐
Geographic Information System Software
2.4.
Sources and Type of Data
During in running of research, surprisingly, the team found addition data, those
were some local records on amount of sea turtle visiting and harvesting it eggs
and also contribution of eggs trading. Therefore, these data were decided to be
part of the research. The detail of sources and kind of data as follows:
2.4.1. Secondary Data Sources
‐
Baseline ekologi Bintan Coremap 2007
‐
The Coastal Resources of Bintan Regency
‐
The others relevant official Data
2.4.2. Primary Data
‐
Information on sea turtle uses by local people
‐
Sea turtle nesting site
‐
Feeding ground habitat
‐
Sea turtle habitat bio-physics
2.5.
Data Collection Methods
In preliminary stages, collection data are conducted together with local
communities guided by data and information provided through interviews. And
4 then with bio-physics surveys, data obtained will be reviewed and confirmed on
site by fieldwork. Figure 2.1. showing data collection and analyses.
2.5.1. Interview Methods
Firstly, we conducted the community meeting and doing Focused Group
Discussion (FGD) at the District of Tambelan office. The list of participants
involved in this meeting can be seen in Appendix-19.
The individual interview was done for selected person who have more in sea
turtle knowledge. Usually, they were the land Owner, sea turtle eggs trader, or
the relevant people. The method used was both deep-unstructured and
structured interview. The deep-unstructured was used to get information on:
‐
The Profile of sea turtle uses by local people in Bintan
‐
The sea turtle nesting location
‐
The sea turtle feeding ground
The information of the Profile of sea turtle uses by local people cover as follows:
‐
The local history and condition changes of sea turtle
‐
Forms and part of sea turtle to be used by people
‐
Sums, price, and income benefits from sea turtle eggs trading
‐
The network pattern of sea turtle eggs trading
In order to get easy when doing communication with local people, some pictures
were used to get information on:
‐
Beach or island location in which sea turtle nesting exist
‐
Sea turtle sighted location
‐
Eggs season of sea turtle
‐
Etc.
The structured interview was done by using questionnaires to get community
perception information of the recent sea turtle condition and their opinion in
management and protection of the sea turtle. The questionnaires and it
respondents can be seen in Appendix-14.
5 2.5.2. Field Observation and Confirmation
If the sea turtle information have been obtained, the field observation in selected
location will be done randomly for further confirmation. During observation,
research team will be accompanied by local expertise. The field observation was
done to find the sign of visiting turtle, such as remain the broken shell eggs, nest,
track of the sea turtle as well as dead or alive of the sea turtle babies of sea turtle
(Scao & Esteban 2003).
INTERVIEW Collecting information: ‐ Sea turtle nesting site ‐ Feeding ground Excursion and confirmation in fields Mapping I Bio‐fisik observation PROFILE of SEA TURTLE USE BY LOCAL COMMUNITY DATA BASE Completing and Improvement scoring criteria
SECONDARY DATA: SCORING
‐Baseline ekologi ‐Resources Map RECCOMMENDATION: ‐THE PROTECTION SITE ‐THE HATCHERY SITE ‐THE ECO‐TOURISMM SITE MAPPING II Figure 2.1. Methodology flow chart
Observation for determining the sea turtle feeding ground is indicated by existing
of coral reef or/ and sea grass communities. Generally, the adult green sea turtle
6 was herbivorous so that their feeding ground was indicated by sea grass or sea
weed communities. The adult Hawksbill was carnivorous so that the feeding
ground was indicated by coral reef communities (Nuitja 1992). The data sheet
form for this field observation activity can be seen in Figure 2.2. Furthermore, the
bio-physic observation respect to sea turtle habitats, those are:
‐
‐
‐
Biology aspect:
o
Coastal ecosystem
o
Amount of sea turtle nest
o
The beach vegetationi
o
The sea turtle eggs predator
Physic aspect:
o
Steepness of the beach
o
Sand type on the beach
o
Openness properties of the beach
o
The beach stability
The important aspects in management and the protection of sea turtle:
o
The human activity threat
o
Accessibility
o
Interest conflict
7 Lembar Data Tinjauan dan Konfirmasi Lapangan
No.:
Pengamat:
Tanggal:
Jam:
Musim Angin:
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
Gambar bentuk
Bulan di malam hari
Lebar karapas (m):
Panjang karapas (m):
Tambahan:
Cangkang telur:
Tukik hidup:
Tukik mati:
Jenis Penyu:
__________________
Kelamin:
__________________
Kegiatan Penyu:
__________________
(1.Baru tiba, 2.berjalan, 3.menggali,4.bertelur
5.menuju laut,6.Diam,7. Berenang,8. makan)
_________________ buah
_________________ ekor
_________________ ekor
__________________
__________________
Data Sarang
Koordinat:
__________________
__________________
Lokasi:
__________________
Jarak sarang ke garis pantai pasang tertinggi (m)
___________________________
Lebar jejak (m) 3 ulangan: __________________
__________________
__________________
Jarak sarang ke vegetasi terdekat (m)
___________________________
Kondisi pantai (abrasi/curam/landai)
Pasir (putih/ hitam)
Ekosistem laut (lamun/rumput laut/karang/pasir)
Predator (tikus/elang/hewan ternak/lain‐lain)
Gangguan lain (cahaya/sampah/aktivitas manusia/dll)
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
Keterangan Lain:
Figure 2.2. The data sheet form for the sea turtle field observation and
confirmation, Modified from Scao & Esteban (2003).
2.6.
Data Analyses
2.6.1. Mapping and Development of the Sea Turtle Geography Information
System (GIS) Database
Based on the sea turtle location position data obtained during field observation,
data were plotted on Regency of Bintan base map by GIS tools. Further
processed and analyzed data will obtain the thematic map feature of sea turtle
habitats in line and polygon form. Spatially, the feature is to define as seen in
Table 2.2.
8 Table 2.2. Feature, form, and spatial definition of sea turtle habitat data
Feature
Form
Spatial Definition
Nesting site
Line/ Beach line
Inter-breeding*
Polygon/ Areas
Feeding Ground
Polygon/ Areas
The sandy beach line in which
is found the sea turtle nesting
point in boundary range
between
the
nearest
vegetation to the highest tide
line
5 km buffer range from beach
line that is found sea turtle
nesting
Green turtle:
The whole of sea grass and
sea weed habitat in areas of
interest
Hawksbill:
The whole of coral reef habitat
in areas of interest
*) Interbreeding is the sea turtle mating site before the female sea turtle lays
its eggs on the nearest beach. This area is also the rearing for sea turtle
babies before going to the sea (Nuitja 1992).
2.6.2. The Relative Frequency on the Presence of Sea Turtle Nest
The relative frequency on the presence of sea turtle nesting on every observation
location is defined in percentages. The formula for it is:
%
Where:
fi
= Amount of sea turtle nesting for species i which are found in
every observation location (a the beach or an island)
n
= Total observation location
2.6.3. Estimation for Female Sea Turtle Population
Estimation for the potential of sea turtle population in regency of Bintan, in early
will calculated by amount of former sea turtle nesting that were finding on
observation location. But later, unpredictably the teams found contribution data of
benefit sea turtle eggs for all islands in which is it yield sea turtle eggs for trading
in District of Tambelan. These data more representative to describe the potential
9 of sea turtle in Regency of Bintan. The calculation procedures and also its
principles and assumption, completely can be seen in Appendix-15.
2.6.4. Scoring in Determining for Protection, Hatchery, and Eco tourism
Sea Turtle Based
Determination for protection, hatchery, and eco tourism sea turtle based locations
was done by scoring procedures. That work is based on criteria weight and
scores assessment of the sea turtle habitats. The list of weight and score used in
this research can be seen in Appendix-18.
Scoring result will be used to create the zonation map which that detail spatial
definition can be seen in Table 2.3.
Table 2.3. The zonation recommendation spatial definition used for sea turtle
protection effort
Zonation
Full Protection Zone
Function
Full protection for sea turtle
habitat and natural hatch
processes
Hatchery Zone
Semi natural hatch processes
and sea turtle monitoring site
Limited Using Zone
Hatchery site, Field office, and
eco tourism sea turtle based
destination
Spatial definition
40 % representative areas
of sea turtle habitats which
has the highest score
result. It are consist of sea
turtle nesting,
interbreeding, and feeding
ground
30 % representative areas
of sea turtle habitats which
has the moderate score
result. It are consist of sea
turtle nesting,
interbreeding, and feeding
ground
30 % representative areas
of sea turtle habitats which
has the lowest score result
It are consist of sea turtle
nesting, interbreeding, and
feeding ground
10 III. RESULT
3.1. Profile Sea Turtle Use
3.1.1. The Historical Sea Turtle Use
Sea turtle egg consumption tradition had been running for long time in Tambelan.
When it firstly was begun, no one knows exactly. Based on local interviewed, the
knowledge of sea turtle egg consumption was introduced by the first Tambelan
comer who came from Malay and Bugis people about 11st centuries. In early
time, Tambelan people used sea turtle egg temporarily and just for a supplement
food. But then, because many demand on sea turtle eggs, they began to make it
as high valuable commercial commodity. Finally, it drove local government to
take its benefit by applying such a system called “Sea Turtle Tax”. Based on
interviewed, this system had hold since Dutch colonial era and being continued to
post of Indonesian independence until finally, revoking the license of sea turtle
egg trading by Government of Republic of Indonesia Decree. The detailed
description of historical sea turtle use in Tambelan can be seen below:
A. Early Time Development of Historical Sea Turtle Use
Goes back in hundreds of years, mainly pre Japanese colonial of time, everybody
who found sea turtle eggs on beach so they could took and used it by free.
Usually it was used for consumption and subsistence only. But then, the people
began to have good knowledge about sea turtle nesting behavior and it made
them did eggs harvesting regularly on particular site. When demand on sea turtle
eggs increased, people began to trade sea turtle eggs.
In the later development of sea turtle egg trading, it drove the beach owner where
yield sea turtle eggs to keep their beach for others. In this case, the sea turtle
eggs taking were unallowable without the Owner permission. Especially in District
of Tambelan, the local Government through Chief of Resident took tax in the form
“Sea Turtle Egg Tax” as contribution of sea turtle eggs trading. But when Japan
came and took over, this practicing was revoked.
11 B. Early Independence Period, Dato era: 1945-1960
In this period of time, the Chief of District was called Dato. Dato implemented
again the “Sea Turtle Tax” by tender system. By this system, the local people had
no rights to sell sea turtle eggs although they took on their own beach. The sea
turtle egg selling rights was turned over for the winner of tender to put up for
action. Based on the sea turtle egg selling revenue, the winner of tender had
obligation to pay contribution to Dato. Dato managed this revenue for funding the
development of common utilization such as mosque and public facilities.
C. Period: 1960-1998
In this period, the Governance Dato was transformed to Governance District
called Kecamatan for territorial Tambelan. The tender-retribution system policy in
sea turtle egg selling was still to be kept on. The winner of tender could hold the
sea turtle selling rights period for some years. For example, the data list of tender
winner found from 1982 to 1998 can be seen in Table 3.1.
Table 3.1. The period of eggs selling rights of the Tender Winner at district of
Tambelan.
Period of years
The Tender Winner Names
1982-1983
Mokhtar
1984-1986
Lin Chiang
1987-1990
H. Ilyas
1991-1998
A Siang
(From: PPSPL UMRAH 2009)
D. Period: 1998- 2006
The Ministry of Home Affairs issued the Instruction on 1998 that the State cannot
impose the tax from sea turtle egg trading and turns over it to pertinent region.
However, In National Conservation Laws and Regulations, sea turtles are given
legal protection under UU No. 5 Tahun 1990. But, to avoid undesirable social's
conflict, Ministerial Forestry issued decree on 1999 that Green turtle (Chelonia
mydas) and Hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata) are the legal hunting species for
territorial Tambelan. Furthermore, the Governance District decreed that: (1) sea
turtle egg are legal to sell in condition that just 50% of total available sea turtle
eggs in nature (2) The land owner which yield sea turtle egg has rights to get sea
turtle eggs selling quotient (3 ) the sea turtle eggs selling procedure was done by
12 authorize institution which have sea turtle selling rights and then setting apart
partly the selling as part of regional income of District of Tambelan.
The first institution that trusted to perform the system was a cooperation form
named “Koperasi Usaha Bersama”. It was established on 1999 and run by local
residents. Unfortunately, it had just been running for one year. The selling of sea
turtle eggs was returned same as former system but the land owner was still hold
rights to get sea turtle egg benefit. The regulation had been decreed before tend
to being violated.
Because of it, sea turtle eggs tend to being over exploited and it got attention of
the Government of Indonesia immediately. At other hand, Indonesia is one of
State which greed to control sea turtle trade covered under Appendix I of CITES.
Based on this, The Government through Ministerial Forestry revoked Ministerial
Forestry Decree on 1999.
E. Period 2006 - Present
Although the Government had canceled sea turtle as legal species hunting, its
socialization at district level was not good. Therefore, most of community had
never been known this regulation. The Government of District, however, was still
running the sea turtle egg tender system. Consequently, this practicing sea turtle
egg selling was still going on. At last, on 2008, a Tambelan person was arrested
by official security agent at Province of West Kalimantan while would sell sea
turtle eggs. Another person was under arrested by low in Tanjungpinang City.
By these cases, the person in command of Regency of Bintan (Bupati) issued the
Letter of Instruction on 2008 instructing the District Leader called Camat to
terminate sea turtle exploitation in District of Tambelan. This policy of course
made some persons in Tambelan losing their incomes. On the other hand, the
illegal sea turtle eggs trading are still running up to present.
3.1.2. Sea Turtle Egg Use by Local Community
A. Sea Turtle Use Types
There are many islands in Bintan Archipelago where sea turtles come ashore to
lay their eggs. For Tambelan people, consuming sea turtle egg both Green Turtle
13 (Chelonia mydas) and Hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata) are part of their
common life since a long time ago. The culinary of sea turtle egg is always
dished in some traditional social activities, namely: ceremonial wedding party,
religious social meeting of Kenduri and etc. Sea turtle eggs had been the
valuable commodity and main income for the livelihood of Bintan people
especially at Tambelan since long time ago. They only consumed eggs, not sea
turtle meats. However, based on local information, about 1960, Balinese
fishermen came to Tambala Archipelago and took sea turtle to be eaten.
Community around Eastern part of Bintan, especially in District of Kijang where
they live in the Village of Teluk Bakau, Malang Rapat, and Mapur Island also
consume sea turtle eggs when they found eggs in sea turtle nesting on beach
accidently.
B. Sea Turtle Egg Harvesting
Sea turtle eggs usually were taken by the Owner or the beach keeper man or the
employed special person to take turtle eggs. In generally, the worker who special
to take sea turtle eggs have good knowledge about sea turtle nesting behavior
both Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas) and Hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata). The
sea turtle eggs harvesting time was done in early morning after the sea turtle laid
their eggs in the night time. It was done before predator preys sea turtle eggs.
The description of processing of sea turtle eggs harvesting as follows:
1. Firstly, the worker will look for the sea turtle track that indicates moving up to
beach. That track then is followed until finding presumed nesting site.
Possibility that the sea turtle have been laid it eggs there will be indicated by
an addition tail track between in middle part. Its means that the sea turtle had
moved down.
2. To ensure the position and depth of the eggs, the worker uses a tool such a
bar called Pencucuk which have diameter in range of 2 – 3 cm and long
about 1 m and its tip part are rounded. Its upper part, deberatelly, is designed
in order to easy be handled while operate it (see Figure 3.1). To use this tool,
the worker stabs down it at surrounding presumed sea turtle nest spot. If
eggs position is found, it will be marked by such sense mucus and fishy odor
at tip tool. An experienced worker can determine turtle egg position without
14 has to break sea turtle egg, but just by feels distinctive pressure while tool
touches the egg.
1) Sea turtle moving track
2) Stabbing down by Pencucuk
3) Digging up to take eggs
4) Washing eggs in net pocket
Figure 3.1. Sequels of sea turtle eggs harvesting activity
(Documented by PPSPL UMRAH 2009)
3. After sea turtle eggs position is known, the worker will dig sand up manually
by hand. It is done carefully to prevent cracking eggs. Sometimes, sand is so
over dry and fragile to dig up. Therefore, to easy in digging sand up, the
worker will put sea water on sand first.
4. The harvested sea turtle eggs are put into net pocket to be washed by sea
water until clean. Furthermore, the cleaned eggs are collected and then
packed within sack before further prepare processing.
15 B. Sea turtle egg prepare processing
Especially in Tambelan, before sea turtle eggs was consumed or sold, sea turtle
eggs will be processed first. This processing aim is to make eggs clean, ready to
be eaten or sold or longer in storage. Some people will let eggs be buried within
sand for 2 days before further process it in order to harden egg shell. Following is
some ways of preparation and processing of sea turtle egg done by Tambelan
people:
1. Ordinary Boiled Sea Turtle Egg
The sea turtle eggs taken from nesting, after been cleaned are direct to
be boiled until well done.
2. Linggang Egg
The Linggang word is referring to local term that meaning “to rock”. In this
processing, sea turtle eggs must be rocked first before being poached.
The aim of this is in order to be mixed well between the white of an egg
with the yolk part so that the egg taste will more delicious. The eggs rock
processing is done by put eggs on cooking pot or small woody boat and
then rocking eggs will take the time about 10 - 15 minutes. Another
processing is put eggs in a sack hanged at the boat and soaked into sea
water during the boat going home. Beside results the Linggang Egg, the
former processing will make eggs more harden and ball like
3. Salty Egg
Sea turtle eggs are soaked in salty water for 3 days afterwards be boiled
until well done. Local people call it as “Telur Masin”.
4. Lingking Egg
The Lingking word is referring to local term that meaning “to roast”. In this
processing, the Linggang eggs are soaked in salty water about 3 days
and then boiled. Afterwards, the eggs were dried under the sun. The
advantage of the Lingking eggs that it could be stock up in a lots and
longer, moreover, their weights have been much reduced. If someone
wants to eat the Lingking egg, he must be prepared first by re-boiling the
egg.
16 5. An
nother proce
essing type
So
ome people prepare se
ea turtle egg
g food as omelet
o
and the others use it
as chicken egg
e
substitu
ute for trad
ditional loca
al cake ca
alled kue bingka
b
be
erendam.
Figurre 3.2.
Boilin
ng sea turtle
e eggs for fo
ood prepara
ation.
(Docu
umented byy PPSPL UM
MRAH 2009
9)
3.1.3. Sea
a Turtle Egg Economiic Values
Sea turtle
e eggs havve high eco
onomic value and its selling be
ecome impo
ortant
income for
f
some people in Tambelan
n. Based on intervie
ewed, as trade
commoditties, turtle egg
e price avverage on level ownerr at Tambe
elan, for a Green
G
turtle egg is Rp. 1000
0,- and a Ha
awksbill is Rp.
R 500,-. While
W
turtle eggs are so
old at
East Kalim
mantan succh as Singka
awang and Mempawah, a Green Turtle egg price
can reach
h Rp. 1500,,-, as for a Hawksbill egg
e prices is Rp. 1200,-. Suppos
sedly,
this price is also sa
ame as the price in Tanjungpina
T
ang or Bata
am. Hereaftter at
e of a Gree
en Turtle eg
gg price is 8
80 cent Rin
nggits
Serawak, Malaysia, an average
cents or Rp.
R 2400,- on
o rate 1 Ringgit
R
= Rp
p. 3000,-, as
a for a Haw
wksbill egg is 60
Cent Ring
ggits or Rp. 1800,-.
3.1.4. Con
ntribution of
o Sea Turttle Egg Tra
ading
Successfu
ully, the ressearch team
m got the da
ata of tax paid as regio
onal contrib
bution
in 2008. Totally
T
are Rp.
R 177,875
5,000,- (Ap
ppendix-13)). Those co
ontributions were
resulted from
f
32 isla
ands of 42 islands tha
at are at Tambelan
T
A
Archipelago. Ten
islands did
dn’t come in
i to registe
er since the
e sea turtle egg results are undersize.
Island tha
at paid con
ntribution th
hat was bro
ought off by 111 of b
beach mana
agers
(Table 3.3
3). Each off beach ma
anager, at least emplo
oys a workker to nurse
e and
clean sea turtle nestiing site also
o to harvestt and take sea
s turtle e
eggs to Villa
age at
Tambelan
n Island. The wage of worker
w
is Rp.
R 200,- pe
er a Green tturtle egg or
o Rp.
100,- per a Hawksbiill. As seen
n in Figure 3.3., the Isslands thatt have given the
17 highest sea turtle egg contribution were Wie Island, Menggirang Besar Island,
Genting Island, Mendara Island, Pengikik Island, and Mentebung Island. They
contributed about 52 % of total contribution. Location map of the potency of sea
turtle egg based on contribution given by beach manager at District of Tambelan
is presented on Appendix-10.
Contribution of Sea Turtle Eggs in District of Tambelan in 2008 (rates in Rupiahs)
Rp20,000,000.00
Rp18,000,000.00
Rp16,000,000.00
Rp14,000,000.00
Rp12,000,000.00
Rp10,000,000.00
Rp8,000,000.00
Rp6,000,000.00
Rp4,000,000.00
Rp2,000,000.00
Wie
Menggirang Besar
Genting
Mendara
Pengikik
Mentebung
Pejantan
Pinang
Nangka
Kepala Tambelan
Jengkulan
Lintang
Tambelan
Menggirang Kecil
Tamban
Tukong Kemudi
Lesuh
Sedua Kecil
Nibung
Ibul
Sedua Besar
Sendulang Kecil
Menderiki
Kepayang
Sendulang Besar
Betung
Panjang
Jelak
Benua
Bungin
Benua (Batu Begiling)
Serentang
Rp0.00
Analyzed to data from District of Tambelan, 2008
Figure 3.3. Graph of the number of sea turtle eggs contribution every Island
which yields eggs in Tambelan.
No
1
2
3
4
Table. 3.2. Structure of price rates list of sea turtle eggs in Tambelan
Archipelago.
Location of Selling
Sea Turtle Egg Prices (Rupiahs)
Green
Hawksbill
The Owner
800
400
Eggs Agent at Tambelan
1000
500
Traders at Singkawang,
1500
1200
Mempawah, Tanjungpinang,
and Batam
Traders at Serawak,
2400 (80 cents
1800 (60 cents Ringgit)
Malaysia (Kuching)
Ringgit)
From: PPSPL UMRAH 2009
18 3.1.5. Path Pattern of Sea Turtle Egg Trading
The path of sea turtle trading at District of Tambelan were complicated that start
from the Owner distributed to several market places and in the end to the
consumer as seen in Appendix-9 and Figure 3.4. Following is an explanation
completely:
The sea turtle eggs in the nesting were taken by the egg collector man, a person
employed by the Owner and then distributed to the local sea turtle egg agents
who collect it before sold out. They commonly were more than one and live in
villages where are situated in the District. The agents usually were coordinated
by the “Tender Winner” however it was possible that the “Tender Winner” is also
as an agent its selves. The “Tender Winner” has a right for selling the sea turtle
eggs out from District of Tambelan. But since 1999 most of the sea turtle egg
agents were directly selling sea turtle eggs out from Tambelan under the control
of the “Tender Winner” by buying the selling right or pay such a tax (in local term
“Pajak”) to the “Tender Winner”.
Based on the information, the main route of sea turtle eggs trading that yielded
from Tambelan was the West Borneo. The alternative route was Tanjungpinang –
Bintan before it send to the buyer in Singapore or Malaysia. Especially in West
Borneo, the sea turtle eggs transportation commonly used “pompong” a local
small wooden boat that using motors. Sometime, the transportation used public
ferry that has route from Bintan, Province of Kepulauan to Sintete, Provice of
West Borneo. After sea turtle eggs were gathered in Sedau, Singkawang direcly
or use alternative Mempawah route before to Singkawang. From Singkawang,
the sea turtle eggs were send to kuching, Serawak, Malaysia. The gate to
Kuching according to several informants was through Entikong and District of
Jagoe Babang route in Regency of Bengkayang, West Borneo. After sea turtle
eggs arrived in Jagoe Babang trough District of Salikin, Malaysia, continued to
several places in Malaysia such as Kuching. Because of the intense inspection to
the sea turtle eggs as a forbidden good to be trade in Indonesia and Malaysia so
the Entikong route were rarely used.
19 Table 3.3. Islands and beach managers who paying contribution
Sum of Beach
Island
Manager
Mendara
8
Benua
3
Benua (Batu Begiling)
2
Betung
1
Bungin
1
Genting
6
Ibul
2
Jelak
5
Jengkulan
1
Kepala Tambelan
1
Kepayang
1
Lesuh
5
Lintang
4
Menderiki
1
Menggirang Besar
10
Menggirang Kecil
5
Mentebung
1
Nangka
1
Nibung
1
Panjang
6
Pejantan
1
Pengikik
1
Pinang
3
Sedua Besar
4
Sedua Kecil
3
Sendulang Besar
3
Sendulang Kecil
2
Serentang
1
Tamban
5
Tambelan
10
Tukong Kemudi
1
Wie
12
111
Total
Analized to data from District of Tambelan, 2008
20 Figure 3.4. Path pattern of sea turtle trading from District of Tambelan
The Owner (Of the land where Sea turtle nesting) A Worker taking eggs Sea turtle egg Agents at District of Tambelan
The Tender Winner (A person having a right of selling eggs) at District of Tambelan Sedau, Singkawang, Mempawah, West West Kalimantan Kalimantan
Jagoe Babang, Entikong (The boundary West Kalimantan
of Indonesia‐Malaysia) Distrik Salikin, Malaysia Malaysia
Kuching and other parts in Serawak, Malaysia 3.1.6. Local Wisdom and Sea Turtle Management in Tambelan
Tanjungpinang, Kepulauan Riau Batam, Kepulauan Riau Singapore
A. Local tenure on sea turtle egg
Someone that having land property on island within Tambelan Archipelago is a
person locally called as “Tuan” or equal to the Owner. In every island usually
have more than one the Owner. That land refers to above usually are the forest
or land farm or plantation which has either beach area or not. If the land has
21 beach area that becomes the location to sea turtle for nesting and then the egg
are exploited so in local term, it called “Lahan Pasir” or the Beach Property. The
Beach Property can be managed alone by the Owner or rent to other people.
Important to be noticed that in one island can have one or more Beach Properties
so that can implicating in one island can have several sea turtle nesting beach
managers. The managers usually will employ several workers for:
1. Guarding the Beach Property in order to the sea turtle eggs not stolen by
thief.
2. Guarding and protecting the sea turtle nesting spot from predator
especially Wild Iguana (Biawak) (Varanus sp)
3. Taking care the Beach by cleaning the beach, remove the rocks, and
leveling the sand, making sand thicker, with expectation to create high
probability of sea turtle to come ashore for nesting in the same location.
4. Collecting sea turtle eggs.
5. Recording sea turtle visiting and the number of harvested eggs.
6. Supplying the logistic and taking out the harvested eggs to Village.
Figure 3.5. One of the beach where there are sea turtle nesting taken care well
in Kepala Tambelan Island (PPSPL UMRAH, 2009)
There was a convention amongst stakeholders associated with sea turtle eggs
that they willing to not to kill and eat sea turtle meat, remain some nests not be
harvested, and not overall of eggs in one nest can be harvested. This convention
purpose was to give a chance for sea turtle females to mate again and sea turtle
22 eggs to ha
atching and
d become th
he adult sea
a turtle fem
male so that in the futurre will
come bacck for nesting in the sam
me location.
By the taxx and tende
er system, so
s the “Ten
nder Winnerr” will organ
nize the Ow
wners.
Based on the agreement, the Owners
O
or the beach managers will deliverr their
oney as taxx to the “Ten
nder Winne
er” and the “Tender Wiinner”
sea turtle eggs or mo
onsible for the contrib
bution to th
he local govvernment. Compare to the
fully respo
other regio
on in Regency of Binta
an, the loca
al tenure on
n sea turtle egg only ex
xist in
Tambelan
n communityy.
B. Hatchery and growing out
The local tenure on sea
s turtle eggs in Tam
mbelan Islan
nds driving over exploitation
to the sea
a turtle egg.. This can deplete
d
sea
a turtle popu
ulation. The
erefore, the local
governme
ent tried to force dow
wn it by intrroducing th
he sea turtle hatchery
y and
growing out
o activity to
t the Tamb
belan people. This acttivity was done by invo
olving
one of the
e Owner byy means built the statio
on of hatchlings growin
ng out cage
e and
call out to the Ownerr to deliver hatchlings
h
found
f
in the
eir beach to
o the station
n. The
efforts we
ere ensued by giving th
he hatchery
y operationa
al grant to in
ndividual orr local
cooperativve institute.
Figure. 3.6
F
A hatchlingss growing out
o at
T
Teluk
Ayam
m, Tambelan
n
I
Island.
(
(Documente
ed by PPSP
PL
U
UMRA,
200
09)
23 Mr Adi Suhardi was the villager in the Village of Melayu, District of Tambelan that
the first one in 2001 has an initiative to grow out the hatchling that found on his
own beach in Wie Island. The hatchlings of Green Turtle and Hawksbill were
taken care in floating net cage near his house. The hatchlings then were fed on
by catch fishes until it reached about one year old, and after that it would be
release to the sea. The motive of Mr Adi to do so that one day in the future after
the hatchling become adult and mating, it will come back again to his beach to
increase his sea turtle egg production. Because of the operational cost so
expensive, Mr Adi proposed a grant to Regency Government of Bintan as a part
of the turtle conservation program. The respond of the Government was good,
through DKP, an official agency for marine and fisheries administration,
promising to give a grant as much as Rp 100,000,000. However in present time,
the activity has terminated because there is no follow-up about the grant.
C. Community Perception to Sea Turtle Management and Protection Efforts
The sea turtle condition status can be seen in point view of community
perception. The result in Table 3.4. is showing that the Tambelan peoples never
felt any significant change in the number of the sea turtle population, year by
year. In contrary, The Bintan and Mapur peoples felt that the sea turtle population
was changing significantly compare to in the past. Deeper investigation,
according to the several old informants in Tambelan said that the sea turtle
population was not as much as, mostly, in the 1970.
However, Tambelan peoples agreed that the sea turtle egg use must be
forbidden, at least for trading. These responds may relate to the successful of the
Coremap program on socializing about sea turtle protection status to the
Tambelan peoples. The different respond showed by the peoples in Bintan and
Mapur, they did not agree if the sea turtle egg use were forbidden. However, they
used sea turtle eggs temporally.
On the other hand, most of the Owners were hesitate when they were asked
about whether or not if their land on Island will be converted for the sea turtle
conservation area (see Figure 3.7.). They always asking about the mechanism,
the benefit or lost if it is implemented. For the detail calculation of perception
result can be seen in Appendix-14.
24 Table 3.4. Percentage of community perception about sea turtle management
and protection in Regency of Bintan
No
1
2
3
4
Question
Respond
Do you agree that sea turtles are in depletion Yes, agree
and then extinct in Regency of Bintan in the No, disagree
Don’t know
future?
Yes, agree
Do you agree that sea turtle use to be No, disagree
forbidden? Don’t know
Yes, I Know
Do you know that sea turtle is forbidden No, I don’t know
based on Nation Act?
Doubt
Do you agree if sea turtle in Regency of Yes, agree
Bintan is protected?
No, disagree
Don’t know
Tambelan
Bintan
27
73
0
80
13
7
93
7
0
93
0
7
80
0
20
40
40
20
20
60
20
100
0
0
Yes, agree
No, disagree
Don’t know
29%
0%
71%
Figure 3.7. Graph of the owner perception about declaration of sea turtle
conservation zone in District of Tambelan (PPSPL UMRAH, 2009)
3.1.7. Impacts of Human Activities against Sea Turtle Habitats Condition
The sea turtle egg use can cause positive and negative impact. The positive
impact was the sea turtle egg use has given high commercial value especially to
the peoples in Tambelan Archipelago. The sea turtle egg use has become the
important source of income, create a job in the island, and play role in the
economic activities in Tambelan Archipelago.
25 Mapur
66.67
33.33
0.00
0.00
66.67
33.33
33.33
0.00
66.67
100
0
0 In other side, the sea turtle egg use tends to overexploitation so that can cause
declining to the sea turtle population directly. Naturally, the sea turtle will be
against several natural predators and obstacles, beginning of the hatching
emergence until to an adult and ready for mating and nesting. It is said that, the
successful rate for the sea turtle achieving adult stage only 1 % total of the
hatchling emergences that success reaching to the sea (Purwati 2004).
Other impacts occurred that after the revoking of sea turtle egg licenses, it makes
the Owner unwilling to take care and protect their beach anymore. This condition
and then stimulated the stealing of sea turtle eggs for their individual benefit
where that drives a internal conflicts as a new problem in community.
Beside above, the other human activities given significant impacts to the sea
turtle habitat are the growth of human population as well as residential and the
rapid development in coastal area and beach line in Regency of Bintan,
especially along the Trikora beach line. These activities have in Regency of
Bintan. The bad establishing of hard structure plant construction on beach line to
seaward will create the severe eroding of beach line and this, indirectly, will
threaten sea turtle habitats.
Residential on the sea is common for fishermen villages in Regency of Bintan.
Based interviewed, in Tambelan Archipelago, many of sea turtle nests had
decreased caused by the crowed by people on beach, the sand mining on beach
for the house construction material or as the filler of anchor sack for Bubu, a
traditional fish trap net.
26 3.2. Bio-Physical condition of sea turtle habitats in Regency of Bintan
3.2.1. Biological condition
A. The signs of sea turtle existence
The investigation on sea turtle existence was based on the local information. The
observation at Tambelan, Bintan and Mapur Archipelago were showing about the
presence of sea turtle in those areas.
The most presence signs of the sea turtle were showed by the abandon sea
turtle tracks and nests. The other signs were such as broken up of eggshells and
dead or alive hatchlings. Overall these data was based on the number of the
nest, eggshells, dead and live hatchlings can be seen at Table 3.6. The awkward
thing is there was a lot of dead hatchling founded on Menggirang Besar Island.
According to beach keeper on that Island, the hatchling died because it was
smashed by the sea wave and the nest was too close to the sea.
Figure 3.8. The dead hatchlings founded on Menggirang Besar Island
(PPSPL UMRAH, 2009)
B. The species of sea turtle
Species of sea turtle found on Regency of Bintan during the research were
Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas) and Hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata).
Beside the direct observation, the determining species of sea turtle can be done
base on the abandon track mark of it foreflippers. The track marks of Hawksbill
shows zigzag form but the track marks of Green Turtle were rather in parallel
form. Based on the observation result, the presences of Green Turtles were
showed in 9 Islands and the presences Hawksbills were showed in 5 Islands
27
within Tambelan Archipelago, and one each in Penyusuk Island and Mapur
Island within Eastern part of Bintan (see Table 3.6).
Table 3.6. The number of nests, eggshells, dead and alive hatchlings according
to species and Island
Species
Green
Total 1
Island
Genting
Jelak
Kepala Tambelan
Lintang
Menggirang Besar
Nangka
Sendulang Kecil
Serentang
Wie
Nest
45
4
119
19
9
22
7
3
92
320
Eggshell
0
0
150
0
0
1
0
0
0
151
Dead
Hatchling
0
0
1
0
54
0
0
0
0
55
Alive
Hatchling
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
9
30
0
0
Hawksbill Bungin
Genting
3
0
0
0
Lintang
12
0
0
0
Lipih
2
5
0
0
Penyusuk, Bintan* 3
0
0
0
Sentot, Mapur*
5
0
0
0
Serentang
3
7
0
0
Total 2
37
42
0
0
Grand Total (1 +2)
357
193
55
1
(PPSPL UMRAH 2009)
Note:
*) except Sentot and Penyusuk island, the rest are within Tambelan Archipelago
Based on local interviewed, there are sea turtle species excluding Green Turtle
and Hawksbill. These call these species are “Kambau Turtle” and “Keran Turtle”.
The characteristic of Kambau body is bigger than Green Turtle and only
produces a few eggs but the size is bigger than Green Turtle egg. The
characteristic of Keran is almost similar to Hawksbill but the body slightly smaller
and often seen trapped on the fisherman net and sometime found were
swimming near the muddy mangrove areas. However the team didn’t success to
proving and confirming of both turtle species.
28
C. The number and relative frequency on the presence of the turtle nest
and the number of sea turtle females
The findings of sea turtle nests were indicating that sea turtles were still active
laying eggs during the survey. One nest only can be used for a single female.
The high relative frequency of sea turtle nest was found in Kepala Tambelan, Wie
and Genting Island. A nest with many broken up eggshells was found in Kepala
Tambean Island and Bungin Island. The finding of broken up eggshells indicate
that hatching emergences have happened on those islands. The observation
result of the relative frequency on the presence of sea turtle nest within on
Tambelan Archipelago can be seen on Figure 3.9
Relative Frequency on The Presence of Sea Turtle Nest (%)
35
30
25
%
20
15
10
5
0
Figure 3.9. Graph of relative frequency on the presence of sea turtle nest from
several observation locations.
The number of sea turtle nest that has been found can become an indicator for
the potential presence of sea turtles that laying their eggs. The data limitation to
predict a sea turtle population that was the data didn’t able to distinguishing
between the latest and the old nest. Moreover, the observation didn’t do in long
term or at least in one year. Even though so, the team accidentally got the data
record of eggs harvesting and the presence of sea turtle that came from Wie,
Genting and Menggirang Besar Island, from 1999 to 2009 (see Table 3.7).
29
Table 3.7. Year of data result from the beach owner and beach keeper in
Tambelan Archipelago
No.
Island
Year
1
Wie
1999, 2000, 2001, dan 2002
2
Genting
2007, 2008, dan 2009*
3
Menggirang Besar
2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, dan 2009
*) Recording data of sea turtle female presences and the number of turtle eggs
harvesting have been going on August 2009.
Figure 3.10. Example of sea turtle nesting site in Tambelan Archipelago
(PPSPL UMRAH, 2009)
Based on the data result shown that sea turtle species come to made a nest and
lay the egg was dominated by Green Turtle (see Figure 3.11.). The interesting is
in Genting Island showing that Hawksbill females came ashore much more
compare to the Green Turtle.
D. Number of the harvested sea turtle eggs
The data result based on eggs harvesting record from beach keepers describing
that the harvested sea turtle eggs were so great. The calculation showed that the
averages of Green turtle egg in one nest are 101 eggs and as for Hawksbill were
153 eggs. As a comparison, according to Nuitja (1992) a Green Turtle can lay
eggs in range of 80 – 195, whereas Hawksbill about 128 to 210 eggs. The data
calculation result taken from Tambelan Archipelago showed that the ratio of the
number eggs of Green turtle and Hawksbill are 4,5:1. The trend on the number of
harvested sea turtle eggs in those Islands can be seen on Figure 3.12.
E. The lay eggs season
Base on the data of sea turtle females visiting and number of egg in Tambelan
archipelago, it can be concluded that the green turtle and the hawksbill turtle
30
were laying eggs all the year round. Even though so there were peak seasons
where sea turtle came ashore and lay the egg more compare to the other month.
The pattern of peak season on the turtle lay eggs cycle often similar on all
location, but the pattern of Green Turtle is different from Hawksbill. The peak
season for the Green Turtle were on May until July. The peak season for the
hawksbill turtle were on March until May. The examples of data result on the
Green Turtle in Wie Island and Hawksbill in Genting Island can be seen in Figure
3.13. and 3.14.
1600
1400
Females
1200
1000
800
600
Sum of Ekor Penyu
Green
400
Sum of Ekor Sisik
Hawksbill
200
0
1999
2000
2001
2002
P. Wie
2500
2000
1500
females
1000
Sum of Ekor penyu
Green
Sum of Ekor sisik
Hawksbill
500
0
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2009
MENGGIRANG BESAR
31
Females
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Sum of Ekor Penyu
Green
Sum of Ekor Sisik
Hawksbill
2007
2008
2009
P. Genting
Figure 3.11. The comparison of the number of sea turtle eggs according to
species, year and location
160000
140000
120000
100000
80000
60000
40000
20000
0
1999
2000
2001
2002
P. Wie
300000
250000
200000
150000
100000
50000
0
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2009
MENGGIRANG BESAR
32
45000
40000
35000
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
2007
2008
2009
P. Genting
Figure 3.12. The chart of trend on the number of harvested sea turtle eggs
according to year and location
350
300
Ekor
250
200
150
100
50
Des
Nop
Okt
Sep
Agus
Jul
Jun
Mei
Apr
Mar
Feb
Jan
0
2001
P. Wie
Des
Nop
Okt
Sep
Agus
Jul
Jun Jun
Mei
Apr
Mar
Feb
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Jan
Ekor
Figure. 3.13. The Green Turtle female visiting in Wie Island.
2008
P. Genting
Figure. 3.14. The Hawksbill female visiting in Genting Island.
33
The pattern of sea turtle behavior in laying the eggs daily shows that there is
repeating pattern on it (see Figure 3.15. and Figure 3.16). According to Nuitja
(1992), a Green Turtle female can lay the egg three times in one season with
interval time range from 9 to 16 days. After that the female will come back three
years later. For the Hawksbills, they can lay the egg four times in one season
with interval time average of 15 days. Below these were the example of that data
result in Genting Island and Menggirang Island.
That pattern behavior was also observed by the local people in Tambelan and
especially the beach keeper and they call that in local term as “Disirat” which
means that sea turtle already laid eggs will come back for laying eggs again in
the same location or in around that area in 12 to 15 next days. These pattern
behaviors guided the beach keeper in predicting the arrival of the turtle for lay
eggs.
12
10
Ekor
8
6
4
2
0
2
7
12
20
Mar
28
5
9
14
20
26
30
Apr
7
13
17
21
28
38
Mei
2008
P. Genting
Figure 3.15. The daily visiting chart of Hawksbill in Genting Island
60
50
Ekor
40
30
20
10
0
1 2 3 5 6 7 101314151718192122242730 2 5 8 1114172023262730 1 3 6 9 1215182124272931
5
6
7
2006
Figure 3.16. The daily visiting chart of Green Turtle in Menggirang Besar Island
34
Figure 3.17.
3
The Green
G
Turtle
e (Chelonia
a mydas) la
aying eggs o
on Menggirang
Besar Island (Doccumented by PPSPL UMRAH
U
200
09)
Figure
e 3.18. Leng
gth and wid
dth of carapace measurement one
e of sea turtle
(Documentted by PPSP
PL UMRAH
H 2009)
F. The potential of sea turtle population
n
The poten
ntial of sea turtle popu
ulation is de
efined that the possibility of hatch
hlings
that can be producced in one
e area by assuming that there were no eggs
g activities at all. Basically, the
e potential of this pop
pulation ca
an be
harvesting
predicted well from the
t
numberr of observ
ved nests, recording
r
o
of the numb
ber of
d eggs, and recording data
d
of sea turtle eggs trading con
ntributions which
w
harvested
those are available in the resea
arch. Howev
ver, the callculation on
n the potenttial of
n prediction
n reported was
w selecte
ed only base
ed on the rrecording da
ata of
population
sea turtle
e eggs trad
ding contrib
butions in District of Tambelan. The reason is
because the
t data wa
as official, complete
c
an
nd covering almost all of Islands within
w
Tambelan
n so that the calculattion result was expeccted more close to actual
a
population
n (For the calculation
n can be seen in Appendix-15
A
5). If ecolo
ogical
inhibitor fa
actors such
h as nests success ra
ate and nattural predattor (Nuitja 1992)
1
weren’t in
ncorporated
d in calcula
ation so the sea turtlle populatio
on in Tambelan
Archipelag
go are 1.28
84.035 of se
ea turtles. But if it were incorporate
ed and assu
umed
it that wass 50% the hatchling would
w
surviv
ve so the population
p
a
approximately is
35
600.000 of sea turtles. Based on this data was also predicted that the sea turtle
females visited in Tambelan Archipelago are 9088 of sea turtle females.
G. Sea turtle nest and track measurements
Nest position was determined by measuring the distance from nest spot to the
highest tide level and the nearest vegetation boundary. Generally, based on
observation found that the Green Turtle nest position is farther from the highest
tide level and nearer from vegetation boundary than showed by the Hawksbill.
And for the track measurements, the Green Turtle tracks observed generally that
were wider than the Hawksbill tracks (see Table 3.8).
Table 3.8. Sea turtle nest and track measurements
Distance between nest ‐ highest tide (cm) Green Hawksbill Bungin ‐ 1483.33 Genting 1290.00 1300.00 Jelak 200.00 ‐ Kepala Tambelan 2966.67 ‐ Lipih ‐ 133.33 Lintang 766.67 500.00 Penyusuk ‐ 1500.00 Menggirang Besar 333.33 ‐ Nangka 604.17 ‐ Sendulang Kecil 891.67 ‐ Sentot ‐ 700.00 Serentang 0.00 320.00 Wie 1328.57 ‐ Total means 956.98 782.31 Location Distance to Vegetation (cm) Green Hawksbill t.a. 133.33 240.00 150.00 66.67 ‐ 150.00 ‐ t.a. 333.33 466.67 33.33 t.a. 175.00 Track width (cm) Green Hawksbill 59.67 52.67 60.00 75.00 ‐ 80.00 ‐ ‐ 50.00 77.50 51.67 ‐ 60.00 166.67 12.08 91.67 t.a. 0.00 91.43 118.26 63.33 66.71 75.83 ‐ 0.00 65.00 67.07 ‐ ‐ ‐ 100.00 0.00 ‐ 148.08 From: PPSPL UMRAH, 2009
Figure 3.19. Sea turtle nest and track measurement activities (Documented by
PPSPL UMRAH 2009)
36
‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 70.00 60.00 56.46 H. Sea Turtle Feeding Ground, Interbreeding and Nest Distribution in
Regency of Bintan
Observation and searching for habitat of sea turtle in Regency of Bintan showed
that sea turtle habitats were distribute on Tambelan, Bintan, and Mapur Islands.
Tambelan Archipelago are consist of 42 of Islands where 32 of Islands are
recorded as sea turtle eggs yield officially. Further observations have been found
that there were other Islands as sea turtle eggs yield too. Therefore, it could be
said that the probability to find sea turtle nest in every sandy beach Island in
Tambelan is large (Appendix-4).
By large potencies on the number of sea turtle visiting and eggs so Tambelan
Archipelago are the main sea turtle habitats and feeding ground in Regency of
Bintan. The prediction of sea turtle feeding ground is covered a whole of coral
reef and sea grass ecosystem in Tambelan waters. Mapping of these habitats,
feeding ground, and ecosystems are presented in Appendix-5 and Appendix 6.
The area where there was occurred sea turtle mating so that areas called
interbreeding area of sea turtle and it was usually occurred about several
kilometers from sea turtle nest site (Purwati 2004). Mapping of sea turtle
interbreeding was done by GIS tools by creating 5 km of buffer areas around nest
sites (see Appendix-7).
Sea turtles habitats in Regency of Bintan are distributed on eastern Part of
Bantam Island along Trikora, from Village of Teluk Bakau to Malang Rapat.
Based on interviewed, villagers often saw the Hawksbill presence in Penyusuk
Island. It was reported too that the sea turtle presences in Nikoi Island but the
team can’t enter there because the island under control a resort investor. Some
villagers of Malang Rapat have been finding Green Turtle and Hawksbill sighting
to come ashore along beach.
The distribution of sea turtle in Mapur Archipelago can be found at Merapai,
Ledang, and Sentot Islands. The species found usually are Green and Hawksbill
but according to villagers there, Hawksbill is dominant. Determining sea turtle
habitats zone in Regency of Bantam is done by using map overlay operating
amongst map of sea turtle feeding grounds and map of nest sites (see maps in
Appendix-8). As the results, the areas of sea turtle habitats 81.618,57 ha, where
37
it is consist of 57.832,68 ha in Tambelan Archipelago and 23.785,89 ha in
Eastern Part of Bintan Island and Mapur Island.
3.2.2. Physical Beach Condition of Sea Turtle Nest
The small islands in Tambelan Archipelago in generally have many of hills with
plain forest vegetation. The beaches are sandy white, short, and narrow. Usually
the beach is situated between two rocks of headland that local people call it as
Pempang. The rocks are usually in the cape part and in the bay part usually
consist of mangrove vegetation. The long beach can be found at eastern Part of
Bantam Island and Mapur Island.
The physical condition of observed beach both Tambelan Archipelago and
Eastern Part of Bintan Island can be seen in Figure 3.20. and Figure 3.21.
% Beach Condition Bintan Timur
Bintan
Kepulauan Tambelan
Tambelan
93
75
80
50
25
25
20
7
>50%
plain
> 50% Landai
>50% steep
> 50% Curam
>50%
sandy white
> 50 % Berpasir putih
>50%
gravels
> 50% batu mix sand
berkarang
Figure 3.20. Graph of percentage of physical condition in observed beaches.
38
%
% Protecti
ively and SStability off Beach Binta
an Timur
Bin
ntan
KeTambelan
Tpulauan Tambelaan
80
0
50
25
50
47
25
7
Terlindu
ng Musima
an
Full
prottected
season
nal
penuh
h
13
20
13
25
25
20
0
Terbuka pe
brasi Abrasi rin
ubah‐ Abrasi be
gan Pantai beru
open enuh Tak ada ab
no erod
ded
light erroded
changeeable
severerat
re
ubah settiap Beach
h line
erodeed
tahun
n
Figurre 3.21. Gra
aph of perce
entage of prrotectively and
a stabilityy condition of
o
o
observed
be
eaches.
erties of be
each where
e found sea
a turtle nesst are the ssandy white
e with
The prope
grains are
e fine to coarse.
c
Disstinctively, sea turtle nest beacch propertie
es in
Penyusukk and Senttot Island showed that being dominated
d
by gravels
s and
cobbles with
w
small part sand areas. Th
he average
es of the b
beach leng
gth in
Tambelan
n Islands arre about 50
00 m with th
he averagess of the beach width are
a in
range of 5 to 50 m. Especially for the bea
ach at Binta
an Mapur Issland, the beach
b
width can reach 100 m
In the edg
ge of the islland beach both in Ta
ambelan and
d Bintan ussually seen dead
fringing co
oral reef alikke that it wiill emerge during
d
low tiide (see Fig
gure 3.22.). This
condition forces sea turtle females to come
e ashore in condition th
hat the sea level
ugh to subm
merge the co
oral reef tho
oroughly.
high enou
Figure. 3.22.
This pictture showin
ng
coral ree
ef emergence
during lo
ow tide at th
he
Beach o
of Menggirang
Besar Issland.
(Documented by
PPSPL UMRAH 20
009).
39
3.3. Scoring Result
Scoring results indicate on biology, physic, and socio-economy criteria of the
quality of sea turtle habitat. Those scoring results every observation site can be
seen Table 3.9. The results demonstrate that the islands of Genting, Lintang,
kepala Tambelan, Jelak, and Wie were the highest scores. It results suggested
that those islands to be recommended as part of the sea turtle full protection
zone. The ranking of scoring results map can be seen in Appendix-9.
Table 3.9. The scoring result of observation location of sea turtle habitats in
Regency of Bintan
Criteria Scores
Ranking
Location
biology
Physic
Social
Total
45.40
26.63
13.18
1 Genting
85.21
45.40
28.59
10.00
2 Lintang
83.99
44.20
26.63
12.27
3 Kepala Tambelan
83.10
35.40
26.63
17.73
4 Jelak
79.75
45.40
21.94
11.36
5 Wie
78.70
41.40
24.38
11.00
6 Menggirang Besar
76.78
39.40
24.00
13.18
7 Serentang
76.58
35.40
26.63
14.55
8 Tanjung Kulak
76.57
37.20
28.03
10.00
9 Nangka
75.23
35.40
28.59
11.00
10 Penyusuk
74.99
35.40
25.31
13.27
11 Lipih
73.99
35.40
23.06
14.55
12 Sedua kecil
73.01
37.20
25.31
8.18
13 Bungin
70.69
35.20
20.63
14.55
14 Mapur
70.37
35.40
14.44
20.00
15 Sentot
69.84
35.80
24.00
9.18
16 Pantai trikora
68.98
30.20
21.94
14.55
17 Sendulang kecil
66.68
From: PPSPL UMRAH, 2009
3.4. Issues and Problems of Sea Turtle Management and Protection in
Regency of Bintan
Based on Focused Group Discussion results, issues and problems obtained
were:
-
The sea turtle eggs exploitation ban based on Ministry of Forestry Decision
Number: 392/menhut-II/2006 that issued in 2006 was not socialized well.
Moreover, the District of Tambelan had been run a sea turtle eggs tender until
December 2007, legally based on Letter of Decision issued by District
Government.
40 -
One of Tambelan people was arrested by police in early 2009 and the law
processing has been running until present. It was caused that s/he was
bringing sea turtle eggs of Tambelan to the city of Tanjungpinang by local
transport ship illegally.
-
To be said that the population sea turtle in Tambelan was still in stable
condition. The banning of sea turtle use will disturb local people economical
activity, mainly for the land owner or sea turtle eggs keeper.
-
Sea turtle eggs uses have been done since Dutch colonial era and this was a
custom that transferred by the parents in Tambelan community.
-
The exploitation sea turtle eggs ban in an expected way will make the new
conflict of interest to Tambelan community. Beside economical problems,
there will be a social conflicts such as will unmanaged sea turtle eggs beach
by the owner and that will drive a stranger to steal sea turtle eggs
uncontrollably.
-
However, the outsiders always desire the sea turtle eggs to take and bring
away. It is because the sea turtle eggs have good prices outside and there
are many sea turtle egg agents both Tambelan and out of Tambelan.
-
Recently, the people are still hunting sea turtle eggs illegally although not as
much as in the past when the exploitation ban not be issued yet.
Figure 3.23. Focused Group Discussion (FGD) activity at District of Tambelan
(Documented by PPSPL UMRAH 2009)
3.5. Prediction of Sea Turtle Population in Regency of Bintan in the Future
Based on results shown on recent data obtained and if assumed there are no sea
turtle eggs exploitation and survival rate are 50%, so estimated to the potency of
sea turtle population resulted in regency of Bintan every year are in range
500,000 – 750,000 turtles. It also can be estimated that the sea turtle females
41 came lay eggs to ashore of Regency of Bintan were about 10,000 females. By
assuming that 1 % adult and mature females come back again on the same
beach (see Purwati 2004), so there will be about 5000-7500 females back to
Regency of Bintan in the next 20 years. It is means there will be deficit to 50002500 females if would like to achieve the same population before. Theoretically,
this deficit will be fulfilled through the sea turtle habitat network from other
adjacent regions (see Cahyani et al 2007).
Description above just want to show, even though there are no sea turtle eggs
exploitation at all, however sea turtle population status in Regency of Bintan very
vulnerable to decrease and local people will never realize this evident
immediately. In fact, illegal turtle eggs trading have been sustaining and of course
will be up the sea turtle mortality rate. Just in short, the decreasing of sea turtle
population in Regency of Bintan will be more accelerated.
42 IV. SEA TURTLE MANAGEMENT AND PROTECTION 4.1.
Directions and Recommendations of Zones
Based on results shown by GIS interpretations and scoring data of sea turtle
habitats in Regency of Bintan so the direction for sea turtle management and
protection areas are as follows:
1. Sea Turtle Protection Zone areas in District of Tambelan are 33.566,60
ha. It is to serve as sea turtle habitat full protection and natural hatching.
2. Hatchery Zone areas in District of Tambelan are 24.266 ha. It is to serve
as semi natural hatching and sea turtle monitoring site
3. Limited Using Zone areas in Eastern part of Bintan and Mapur Island are
23.785,89 ha. It is to serve as hatchery site, field office, and sea turtle
based ecotourism destination
Furthermore, this zonation will be directed to The Local Zone for Sea Turtles
Management and Protection of Regency of Bintan. The zonation proposal map in
Regency of Bintan will be shown in Appendix-11 and Appendix-12.
4.2.
Direction of Vision and Mission
The vision of The Local Zone for Sea Turtles Management and Protection of
Regency of Bintan, that is to protect sea turtle species habitats and populations
which are found within the region mainly to Chelonia mydas and Eretmochelys
imbricata in long term of time. The covering habitat includes nesting sites,
interbreeding zones, and feeding or foraging ground.
The basic concept of sea turtle management and protection is community based
management and sustainability. The community either in inside or inside of
interest zone always be participated in overall phase to both sea turtles
management
and
protection
activities
including
planning,
monitoring,
management, and surveillance.
43 The main challenging is to reduce all of threats to persistence of sea turtle
habitats and population and also all of illegal activities within the Local Zone for
Sea Turtles Management and Protection of Regency of Bintan.
The mission of the Local Zone for Sea Turtles Management and Protection of
Regency of Bintan is as follows:
•
Establish the conservation zone to protect, restore, and preserve the sea
turtle populations by communitiy based management and sustainability
ways.
•
Monitors the existing sea turtle habitats and populations condition within
the zone in long term.
•
Increase the sea turtle populations by doing hatchery and relocation of
some sea turtle eggs to better hatch site within the zone
•
Develop the limited and non extractive use within the zone in the form
ecotourism, education, and research
•
Raise awareness and educate Bintan and Kepulauan Riau residents
about need for sea turtle conservation and it protection status by law both
nationally and internationally.
•
Enforce the law to protect sea turtle habitats and populations, either within
or out of the zone by preventing on violation of sea turtle protection
regulation and also doing surveillance effectively.
4.3.
Planning Recommendations
4.3.1. Preparation and Pre-condition of the Target Community
A social approach will be done in order to raise local community awareness and
get better understanding about sea turtles protection. The goal is to increase
community supporting and doing agreement to establishment of the Local Zone
for Sea Turtles Management and Protection. The actions that will be done are to
socialize about sea turtle protection status, create local curriculum about sea
turtle, training and education, and many more respectively.
44 4.3.2. Local Practice Internalization into Sea Turtle Management and
Protection
Sea turtle management and protection in Regency of Bintan requires local
participation. The target key people involved should be individuals who have long
experience in sea turtle use, namely:
1. The beach sea turtle eggs yield owner or it operator.
2. The beach owner’s or operator’s workers such as the beach sea turtle eggs
yield keeper.
3. Agents and traders of sea turtle eggs.
4. The other parties which gain the sea turtle trading benefit.
One of strategic in sea turtles management and protection implementation is to
internalize local practices in provided that ecological sound, such as:
1. Keeping to sea turtle nesting beaches from egg stolens and predations
2. Maintainance to sea turtle nesting sites like to clean up the beach from any
garbages
3. Records amount of species of female sea turtle come to beach for nest
making
4. Maintain local wisdoms, those are, never hunt and consume sea turtle meat
Practices that have been implemented can be extended by means:
1. Records hatclings emergence as well as moving seawards
2. Records the other important parameters for sea turtle habitat and population
monitoring
There are some advantages that why the local practices to be applied:
•
Have high acceptance and supporting by local communities
•
Durable in long term
•
Not contradiction with ecology principles
•
Have positive impacts to socio cultural economy aspects
•
Easy to be applied and implemented by local
Practice local Internalization is one of effort to zero or reduce the ilegal sea turtle
hunting in Regency of Bintan. However, in that implementation, we must notice in
some matters, those are:
45 •
Because of it has become the local tradition, full forbidden to sea turtle
eggs consumption likely is hard to be accepted by local. Therefore, the
implementation needs to be done gradually. The one possibility is the sea
turtle consumption only occurs for legitimate traditional and does not
exceed sustainable levels or significantly impact the populations. To do
so, needed to make local regulation definition clearly.
•
Because of being sacrificial, benefit and work time lost, so it needs to be
considered the proper compensation to stakeholders who are involved.
•
Considerable compensation above should be a good designated in it
technical implementation, mainly is how to identify the compensation
receiver and how much it must be paid.
•
It is deeply to be suggested the presence of a high credible independent
institution that has capability to supervise and then give such an official
claim for this system. For examples, the official claim can be in the form
an right licensee for compensation.
•
Cost of the implementation above that is a part of budget to sea turtle
management and protection that could be taken from some environmental
donation sources, those are: sustainable self financing, local and central
government,
and
relevant
international
institutions
as
well
as
environmental donors.
4.3.3. Ecotourism, Centre for Education and Research Development within
the Sea Turtle Management and Protection Areas
This development phase is one of strategic tool for non extractive use or
alternative livelihood to replace sea turtle eggs trading and also one of self
financing source type to the sea turtle management.
In this phase, the Centre for sea turtle education and research development is
used to educate and raise the awareness to rescue sea turtle habitats and
populations in communities.
In ecotourism activities, the ecotourists usually seek for an alternative or
adventurous recreation. Because of that, the possibility development of the sea
turtle based ecotourism attraction as follows:
46 •
Build the sea turtle sighting homestays in the particular islands to come
and see a making sea turtle nest behaviors at night.
•
Visit to sea turtles hatchery site to see hatchlings pond and it daily
activities.
•
Releasing hatchlings to the beach or the sea.
•
Ecotourism supporting services such as transportation, restaurants, and
accommodation
•
Ecotourism supplement activities such as souvenir shops and traditional
performance shows.
4.3.4. Sea Turtle Nesting Adoption System Method Application
Sea Turtle Nesting Adoption System Method is to offer one sea turtle nest to be
adopt by individuals, tourists, environmentalists, organizations, governments,
privates, in which the adoption participants will give donation to sea turtle
management by fees have been determined before (Purwati 2004). This donation
and then will be used by individual or group which has commit to, to keep and
maintain the nest until hatchlings emergence. For example, this application has
been applied in Perancak Beach, Bali, and Selingan Turtle Island, Malaysia, by
adoption value of one sea turtle is about US$ 25-50.
In Perancak Bali, this method has been developed by Group of Kurma Asih which
since 1999-2001 has been adopted 30 – 60 of sea turtle nests and have got
management donation totally about $1500 – 3000. This action needs marketing
and communication and also accountable donation management. In addition, this
method can be extended to a management self financial source, alternative
livelihood, and a part of ecotourism.
4.3.5. Sea Turtle Hatchery
The sea turtle hatchery is a increasing the sea turtle populations effort in semi
natural way. It can be achieved by to increase nest success rate and hatchling
survival rate to reach the sea. The sea turtle hatchery is done by building a
hatching location and hatchlings growth up pond or floating cage. The hatchery
location can be served as management field office, monitoring station, education
and research field base, information centre and etc.
47 The local people can take part of these efforts in the form to help translocation
sea turtle eggs and some new emerged hatchlings from their beach to hatchery
station. Actually, the local can do eggs translocation to better place in their own
beach. It is good if they get the training that is how to find a good site to hatch, a
good eggs translocation location, and it handling.
4.3.6. Spatial Planning for Sea Turtle Management and Protection
The spatial planning is done by determining management and protection areas.
In this processing, the local government together with local communities and
stakeholders discuss and make agreement in spatial planning for sea turtle
management and protection. The end of goal is to launch the establishment of
Local Zone for Sea Turtle Management and Protection of Regency of under the
Local Government Decree.
4.3.7. Management and Protection Institution Building
In the institution mechanism and structural building, the local government
together with local communities and stakeholders discuss and make agreement
in it. The institution function is to plan and execute the sea turtle management
and protection programs.
4.3.8. Surveillance and Controlling in Sea Turtle Management and
Protection Areas
In this phase will be designed about law and regulation enforcement that is
relation to sea turtle management and protection in local and national level.
Designate
4.4.
Set in Short, Medium and Long Term Goals
4.4.1
Short Term Goals
1. Increase the rate of local community perception and understanding about sea
turtle management and protection in Regency of Bintan.
2. Increase the rate of community participation to sea turtle management and
protection in Regency of Bintan.
3. Reduce the illegal practice to sea turtle exploitation in Regency of Bintan.
4. Increase the capability and skill of local institution in sea turtle management
and protection in Regency of Bintan.
48 4.4.2
Medium Term Goals
1. Develop the sea turtle management and protection compensation with local
community involvement and agreement.
2. Build the local sea turtle management and protection.
3. Develop of the centre for sea turtle education and research.
4. Declare legally the Local Zone for Sea Turtle Management and Protection.
5. Programmatically implement the monitoring and surveillance sea turtle
protection areas.
6. Build and implement the concept of sustainable sea turtle based ecotourism.
7. Develop methods that have viable actions to increase sea turtle habitats and
populations resilience.
4.4.3
Long Term Goals
1. The zonation management system hoped have been fully implemented in the
Local.
2. Zone for sea turtle management and protection in regency of Bintan.
3. There are no degradation in sea turtle habitats, nesting sites, and feeding
grounds to entire Regency of Bintan region.
4. There are no ilegal sea turtle exploitations in entire Regency of Bintan region.
5. Restore thoroughly the degraded sea turtle habitats in Regency of Bintan.
6. Develop and implement the sustainanble self financing for sea turtle
management and protection opertional cost.
49 V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1. Conclusion
Following the highlighted some results in this research, those are:
A. Profile of sea turtles use:
•
The community of Regency of Bintan, especially in Tambelan
Archipelago, have been consuming and trading sea turtles eggs
since long time ago.
•
There are 32 Islands officially had given sea turtle egg
contributions before revoking the legal of sea turtle egg use by
Government Decree in Tambelan.
•
Sea turtle eggs trading is supplied out of Tambelan, primarily to
Serawak, Malaysia through Singkawang route, West Kalimantan.
•
The community of Regency of Bintan supports the sea turtle
protection efforts.
B. Sea turtle biological aspects:
•
Sea turtle nesting locations distribute almost all of Islands in
Tambelan Archipelago and some islands in Eastern part of Bintan
Island.
•
The existing sea turtles were confirmed by being found the sign
presence of sea turtles such as sea turtle tracks, egg broken
shells, and alive or dead hatchlings.
•
There are two species of sea turtle in Regency of Bintan; those
are Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas) and Hawksbill (Eretmochelys
imbricata).
•
Field observation have found 357 sea turtle nests consist of 320 of
Green Turtle nests and 37 of Hawksbill nests which 11 nests
found on eastern part of Bintan Island.
•
Tambelan Archipelago is major sea turtle nesting location in
Regency of Bintan.
50 •
The averages of yield egg rate per a female turtle in Tambelan
Archipelago for Green Turtle are 101 of eggs, and for Hawksbill
are 153 of eggs.
•
Total estimation of eggs harvesting in Tambelan Archipelago are
in range 978,313 – 1.284,035 of eggs per a year.
•
Estimation of visiting female sea turtles come ashore in Tambelan
Archipelago are in range 9,088 – 11,928 of females per a year.
•
The sea turtle nest peak season in Regency of Bintan for Green
Turtle is from May to July and for Hawksbill is from March to May.
•
The main hatchlings predator in Regency of Bintan is wild iguana
(varanus sp.)
C. Bio-physical aspects
•
The characteristic of nesting beaches, generally are not steep,
white sandy, short line, and seasonally changeable in a year.
•
Major of the beach edge, there are coral reefs where it tips always
emerge to surface when low tide.
•
The highest score for nesting habitats are spotted at Lintang
Island, Kepala Tambelan Island, and Menggirang Besar Island.
D. Recommendations to management
•
The recommended sea turtle full protection areas are 33.566,60
ha and the hatchery areas are 24.266 ha where both are in
Tambelan Archipelago. The sea turtle based ecotourism areas are
23.785,89 ha where are located in Eastern part of Bintan Island
and Village of Mapur.
•
The sea turtle habitats and populations show indication of
depletion therefore urge to action plan for sea turtle rescue.
•
The short term policies are to drive the sea turtle community
based management, the medium term policies are to develop the
hatchery and sea turtle based ecotourism, and the long term
policies are to build fully implemented Local Zone for Sea Turtle
Management and Protection in regency of Bintan.
51 5.2. Suggestion
Based on observation results have been done, suggests that the sea turtle
research could be extended to other of Province of Kepulauan Riau regions. The
whole of existing sea turtle habitats and populations condition in this province can
be better understanding comprehensively.
52 VI. REFERENCES Batam Pos. 28 Januari 2009. Masyarakat Perjuangkan Izin Konservasi Penyu.
Cahyani, N. K. D., Adnyana, I. B. W., Arthana, I. W. 2007. Identifikasi Jejaring
Pengelolaan Konservasi Penyu Hijau (Chelonia mydas) melalui
Penentuan Komposisi Genetik dan Metal Tag di Laut Sulu, Sulawesi.
Ecothophic. Vol.2, No.2.
Le Scao, R., Esteban, N. 2003. St. Eustatius Sea Turtle Monitoring Programme
Annual report. STENAPA. Netherlands Antilles.
LIPI–Komisi Nasional Pengkajian Stok Sumber Daya Ikan Laut. 1998. Potensi
dan Penyebaran Sumberdaya Ikan Laut di Perairan Indonesia.
Nuitja, I, N,S. 1992. Biologi dan Ekologi Pelestarian Penyu Laut. IPB Press.
Bogor.
Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan No. P. 57/ Menhut-II/2008. Arahan Strategis
Konservasi Spesies Nasional 2008 – 2018.
Purwati. 2004. Perdagangan Telur penyu Tidak Sesuai Protokol Konservasi
Penyu. www.Beritabumi.com
Sijori Mandiri, 23 Pebruari 2009. Jutaan Telur Penyu Sia-sia.
Universitas Maritim Raja Ali Haji. 2009. Pendidikan dan Pembangunan Berbasis
Maritim. UMRAH Press, Tanjung Pinang.
WWF. 2005. Indonesian Sea Turtle Conversation. Yayasan WWF Indonesia.
www.profauna.org. Menteri Kehutanan mencabut peraturan perburuan telur
penyu di Kepulauan Riau, press release. 2006
53 Appendix‐14. List of Questionnaires of Community Perception of Regency of Bintan about Sea Turtle Management and Protection. No 1 Question Do you agree that sea turtles are in depletion and then extinct in Regency of Bintan in the future? A Yes, agree Tambelan Respondent = 15 ∑ % 4 26.67 B No, disagree C Don’t know 11 0 Answer 2 Do you agree that sea turtle use to be forbidden? A Yes, agree B No, disagree C Don’t know 3 Do you know that sea turtle is forbidden based on Nation Act? A Yes, I Know B No, I don’t know C Doubt 4 Do you agree if sea turtle in Regency of Bintan is protected? A Yes, agree (Just for The Owner of Nesting Beach in Tambelan) Do you agree if his/her nesting beach is acquitted for sea turtle protection areas? A Yes, agree B No, disagree C Don’t know 5 B No, disagree C Don’t know ∑ 4 Bintan Respondent = 5 % 80 Mapur Respondent = 3 % 66.67 ∑ 2 73.33 0.00 0 1 0 20 1 0 33.33 0.00 2 12 1 14 1 0 14 13.33 80.00 6.67 93.33 6.67 0.00 93.33 2 2 1 1 3 1 5 40 40 20 20 60 20 100 2 0 1 1 0 2 3 66.67 0.00 33.33 33.33 0.00 66.67 100.00 0 1 4 0 10 0.00 6.67 26.67 0.00 66.67 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00 0.00 72 Appendix-15.
A. Calculation of the Sea Turtles and Females Population, and Potential Eggs Total Estimation BASIC PRINCIPLES AND ASSUMTION: 1 Average of a Green Turtle Egg Price = Rp. 1000,‐ (Based on field observations) 2 Average of a Hawksbill Turtle Egg Price = Rp. 500,‐ (Based on field observations) 3 Average of Amount of eggs of Green Turtle: Hawksbill ratio = 4.5: 1 (Based on sea turtle manager record data calculation) 4 Sea Turtle Egg Benefit Contribution Data in 2008 5 Average of sea turtle eggs selling = 5 X Contribution (Based on Interview in Tambelan) 6 Hatchlings emergence success rate = 50 % (Nuitja 1992) 7 Average of a Green Turtle Eggs = 101 eggs (Based on sea turtle manager record data calculation) 8 Average of a Hawksbill Turtle Egg = 153 eggs (Based on sea turtle manager record data calculation) 9 Amount of islands which give a contribution = 32 Islands (Data Kecamatan Tambelan 2008) 10 Amount of islands in Tambelan = 42 (Data Kecamatan Tambelan 2009) By assumption above, to calculate unknown sea turtle eggs, mathematically written: Sea turtle Eggs Selling = Contribution x 5 = (1000 X Green turtle eggs + 500 x Hawksbill eggs) where Green turtle eggs: Hawksbill eggs = 4.5 : 1 = 9 : 2 The statements above are two equations with two unknown variables so the unknown Green Turtle and Hawksbill eggs are soluble that the results are: Green turtle eggs = Eggs Selling / (1000 + (1000/ 9)) Hawksbill eggs = Eggs Selling / (1000/5000) Potential sea turtle populations = sea turtle eggs x 50% Potential sea turtle female populations = sea turtle eggs / Average of Amount of eggs a sea turtle 73 Estimation to entire of Tambelan Archipelago are calculated to the average results of a recorded island times total islands in Tambelan Archipelago. Example (the number are rounded): 1 Sea turtle eggs Selling in Wie Island = 5 x Rp. 18,600,000 = Rp. 93,000,000 2 Green Turtle eggs in Wie Island = 93,000,000 / (1000 + (1000/ 9)) = 83,700 eggs 3 Hawksbill eggs in Wie Island = 93,000,000 / (1000/5000) = 18,600 eggs 4 Total eggs in Wie Island = 102,300 butir 5 Potential sea turtle populations in Wie island = 102,300 x 50% = 51,150 ekor 6 Potential Green Turtle populations in Wie Island = 83,700 / 101 = 829 ekor 7 Potential Hawksbill populations in Wie island = 18,600 / 153 = 122 ekor The same calculation is applied to all of islands in which give contribution so that the averages result of an island is known. The whole of results can be seen in the next appendix. 74 B. Estimation to Eggs, Potential Populations and Potential Sea Turtle Females in Tambelan (Based on sea turtle benefit contribution data in 2008) ∑Hawksbill Total ∑Sea Potential ∑ Green ∑Hawksbill total ∑ Sea Contribution Eggs Selling ∑ Green Eggs Eggs Turtle Eggs Population Females Females Turtle Females Location (Rp) (Rp) (turtles) (turtles) (turtles) (turtles) Wie 18,600,000.00 93,000,000.00 83,700 18,600 102,300 51,150 829 122 950 Menggirang Besar 17,525,000.00 87,625,000.00 78,863 17,525 96,388 48,194 781 115 895 Genting 16,700,000.00 83,500,000.00 75,150 16,700 91,850 45,925 744 109 853 Mendara 16,050,000.00 80,250,000.00 72,225 16,050 88,275 44,138 715 105 820 78 613 Pengikik 12,000,000.00 60,000,000.00 54,000 12,000 66,000 33,000 535 Mentebung 12,000,000.00 60,000,000.00 54,000 12,000 66,000 33,000 535 78 613 Pejantan 10,000,000.00 50,000,000.00 45,000 10,000 55,000 27,500 446 65 511 Pinang 7,500,000.00 37,500,000.00 33,750 7,500 41,250 20,625 334 49 383 20,625 334 49 383 Nangka 7,500,000.00 37,500,000.00 33,750 7,500 41,250 Kepala Tambelan 7,000,000.00 35,000,000.00 31,500 7,000 38,500 19,250 312 46 358 Jengkulan 6,750,000.00 33,750,000.00 30,375 6,750 37,125 18,563 301 44 345 Lintang 5,300,000.00 26,500,000.00 23,850 5,300 29,150 14,575 236 35 271 Tambelan 4,450,000.00 22,250,000.00 20,025 4,450 24,475 12,238 198 29 227 Menggirang Kecil 3,800,000.00 19,000,000.00 17,100 3,800 20,900 10,450 169 25 194 To be continued in the next page. 75 Tamban Tukong Kemudi Lesuh Sedua Kecil Nibung Ibul Sedua Besar Sendulang Kecil Menderiki Kepayang Sendulang Besar Betung Panjang Jelak Benua Bungin 3,050,000.00 3,000,000.00 2,750,000.00 2,550,000.00 2,500,000.00 2,500,000.00 2,100,000.00 2,000,000.00 2,000,000.00 2,000,000.00 1,850,000.00 1,600,000.00 1,550,000.00 1,200,000.00 1,000,000.00 500,000.00 15,250,000.00 15,000,000.00 13,750,000.00 12,750,000.00 12,500,000.00 12,500,000.00 10,500,000.00 10,000,000.00 10,000,000.00 10,000,000.00 9,250,000.00 8,000,000.00 7,750,000.00 6,000,000.00 5,000,000.00 2,500,000.00 13,725 13,500 12,375 11,475 11,250 11,250 9,450 9,000 9,000 9,000 8,325 7,200 6,975 5,400 4,500 2,250 3,050 3,000 2,750 2,550 2,500 2,500 2,100 2,000 2,000 2,000 1,850 1,600 1,550 1,200 1,000 500 16,775 16,500 15,125 14,025 13,750 13,750 11,550 11,000 11,000 11,000 10,175 8,800 8,525 6,600 5,500 2,750 8,388 136 20 156 8,250 134 20 153 7,563 123 18 140 7,013 114 17 130 111 16 128 6,875 6,875 111 16 128 5,775 94 14 107 5,500 89 13 102 5,500 89 13 102 5,500 89 13 102 5,088 82 12 95 4,400 71 10 82 4,263 69 10 79 3,300 53 8 61 2,750 45 7 51 1,375 22 3 26 To be continued in the next page. 76 Benua (Batu Begiling) Serentang Total Average Grand Total 400,000.00 150,000.00 177,875,000.00 2,000,000.00 750,000.00 889,375,000.00 1,800 675 800,438 25,014 1,050,574 400 150 177,875 5,559 233,461 2,200 825 978,313 30,572 1,284,035 1,100 18 413 7 489,156 7,925 15,286 248 642,018 10,402 3 1 1,163 36 1,526 20 8 9,088 284 11,928 77 Appendix‐17. Data of Amount of Sea Turtle Females Visiting and Egg Harvestings in Tambelan (Based on Data of The Owner Daily Record) Island Year Genting 2007 To be continued Month Date ∑ Green Females ∑Green Eggs 1 2 3 9 12 15 18 24 27 30 4 8 10 12 14 18 20 23 25 28 5 7 10 13 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 1 1 1 2 1 91 98 125 136 129 ∑ Hawksbill Females 2 5 2 4 8 1 1 2 8 1 3 2 2 2 1 1 4 4 2 10 3 2 1 1 8 9 9 3 2 ∑ Hawksbill Eggs 315 652 308 552 1051 95 115 365 1100 193 445 305 325 385 122 155 615 640 327 1317 450 305 165 125 1040 1258 1200 440 268 81 Island Year Genting 2007 To be continued Month Date 4 5 6 7 2 4 6 8 11 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 2 6 7 10 14 17 22 25 4 7 9 13 15 18 22 24 26 28 ∑ Green Females 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 25 1 1 1 3 4 2 3 2 1 1 3 1 4 1 2 1 3 1 1 3 2 1 ∑Green Eggs 81 218 111 105 219 103 250 250 3215 112 124 125 367 412 140 320 207 103 93 300 82 450 125 230 95 375 110 65 340 205 105 ∑ Hawksbill Females 2 5 3 7 2 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 ∑ Hawksbill Eggs 286 710 420 1020 310 150 133 75 312 473 145 173 170 550 93 175 149 360 127 119 290 115 140 240 143 425 124 180 65 82 Island Year Month Date Genting Total 2007 2007 8 9 10 11 12 1 3 5 7 10 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 31 3 5 8 12 14 17 23 26 29 5 8 10 15 17 19 23 26 29 6 14 18 26 4 12 18 24 27 ∑ Green Females 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 128 ∑Green Eggs 310 237 133 210 174 215 106 170 111 131 202 107 140 173 86 120 83 143 175 84 105 101 98 190 63 108 125 117 13633 ∑ Hawksbill Females 1 4 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 186 ∑ Hawksbill Eggs 130 600 270 115 255 65 70 275 160 152 100 175 165 150 138 160 150 160 320 190 310 167 235 26817 83 Island Year Genting 2008 To be continued Month Date 1 2 3 4 1 5 18 21 27 29 2 6 9 12 14 19 22 25 27 31 2 5 7 10 12 16 20 25 28 30 5 7 9 11 14 17 20 23 26 28 30 ∑ Green Females 1 ∑Green Eggs 80 ∑ Hawksbill Females 1 1 2 6 2 1 1 3 2 2 1 3 2 2 1 2 1 1 5 4 2 1 1 3 6 2 3 1 3 2 7 4 1 2 3 10 ∑ Hawksbill Eggs 155 135 335 785 303 173 162 437 310 265 241 505 311 320 162 300 190 225 702 586 272 150 220 515 810 275 401 135 475 305 925 575 210 350 392 1335 84 Island Year Month Date Genting 2008 5 6 7 8 3 7 11 13 16 17 18 21 26 28 30 38 2 7 8 10 13 15 18 21 23 26 2 5 7 10 12 15 18 22 24 30 1 4 7 14 17 20 22 24 27 30 ∑ Green Females 3 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 ∑Green Eggs 283 60 114 229 113 137 155 240 160 190 285 120 180 102 225 87 64 120 121 178 95 67 260 134 103 229 196 200 98 20 84 ∑ Hawksbill Females 2 3 5 8 3 2 1 1 1 1 3 1 2 2 1 1 4 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 ∑ Hawksbill Eggs 259 392 680 1125 474 280 177 114 125 137 450 220 373 280 159 169 595 405 400 207 200 156 125 112 300 140 150 279 150 85 Island Year Month Date Genting Total 2008 2008 9 10 11 12 1 2 2009 To be continued 2 6 8 10 16 19 23 25 28 2 7 9 12 18 21 1 3 8 15 28 3 9 12 18 21 27 30 ∑ Green Females 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 68 3 7 18 22 25 29 1 5 18 21 24 1 ∑Green Eggs 90 101 205 107 107 85 160 93 106 82 102 82 65 105 86 88 6393 ∑ Hawksbill Females 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 4 2 4 1 3 181 ∑ Hawksbill Eggs 109 160 300 136 267 140 140 135 164 155 321 145 542 290 563 155 415 26717 105 2 1 3 4 2 1 2 6 1 7 4 315 250 450 615 352 150 350 820 118 930 528 86 Island Year Month Date Genting Total 2009 2009 3 4 5 6 7 8 3 15 21 23 25 27 30 7 15 18 24 1 4 7 12 14 17 18 28 2 4 8 12 15 18 24 27 2 5 8 11 14 20 24 8 12 ∑ Green Females 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 3 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 32 ∑Green Eggs 127 175 125 104 95 100 72 215 70 117 104 200 130 112 339 122 92 104 190 105 355 103 3261 ∑ Hawksbill Females 3 5 1 1 4 1 7 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 74 ∑ Hawksbill Eggs 447 697 145 125 528 102 970 260 110 150 250 143 215 100 265 124 237 179 218 140 130 170 255 150 10988 87 Island Year Wie 1999 To be continued Month Date 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 1 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 ∑ Green Females 2 1 3 3 1 1 1 3 1 5 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 ∑Green Eggs 202 151 214 271 95 100 100 279 110 521 198 127 91 212 152 113 127 78 113 77 136 ∑ Hawksbill Females 5 3 24 9 8 5 1 3 1 3 1 2 3 6 2 4 4 1 2 1 3 3 5 6 5 4 1 2 7 4 1 5 1 19 1 14 3 5 3 8 2 6 ∑ Hawksbill Eggs 773 702 3458 1460 1249 792 150 448 173 409 162 262 403 863 329 583 532 213 317 232 413 508 747 875 832 622 232 283 1060 648 188 707 150 2672 180 1843 435 896 421 1210 275 902 88 Island Year P. Wie 1999 Total 1999 2000 To be continued Month Date 5 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 24 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 ∑ Green Females 4 5 3 1 3 2 3 4 2 2 1 66 2 6 3 2 1 3 8 2 9 6 6 5 5 2 1 5 6 7 7 6 8 7 3 6 3 1 5 1 ∑Green Eggs 402 512 284 125 289 83 294 407 190 195 101 6349 243 672 166 201 108 332 815 215 897 650 632 553 473 216 89 524 644 760 734 650 894 676 311 690 315 106 410 102 ∑ Hawksbill Females 5 11 11 8 6 18 5 5 5 9 1 280 3 ∑ Hawksbill Eggs 860 1602 1845 1395 934 2511 764 693 683 1433 228 42557 439 89 Island Year Month Date Wie 2000 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 ∑ Green Females 9 8 6 8 3 4 5 7 14 1 9 4 7 6 4 5 6 5 5 13 2 12 3 8 4 4 9 1 12 8 5 8 10 8 6 3 4 7 10 11 4 6 3 10 6 3 ∑Green Eggs 995 850 614 912 336 421 425 789 1562 109 855 446 725 685 492 505 428 619 479 1450 216 1251 302 926 370 379 909 115 1297 818 569 847 1036 765 652 300 325 747 1185 1153 423 637 353 1036 616 342 ∑ Hawksbill Females ∑ Hawksbill Eggs 90 Island Year Wie 2000 To be continued Month Date 7 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 27 28 29 30 ∑ Green Females 7 6 8 9 9 5 7 9 3 4 5 4 4 8 6 7 2 4 6 3 7 3 4 2 1 3 3 3 3 3 5 1 4 5 5 1 2 4 6 ∑Green Eggs 701 731 931 1100 961 553 783 890 351 429 584 491 361 928 588 872 203 405 615 303 797 283 450 193 95 285 276 297 343 309 568 101 363 425 77 127 188 237 361 ∑ Hawksbill Females 1 2 3 ∑ Hawksbill Eggs 233 370 595 91 Island Year Month Date Wie 2000 8 9 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 16 18 19 20 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 15 17 18 20 21 22 ∑ Green Females 4 2 1 4 6 2 2 2 1 4 2 2 3 1 5 1 4 2 1 5 1 2 2 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 ∑Green Eggs ∑ Hawksbill Females 1 2 376 208 96 391 654 215 182 182 94 446 230 228 282 105 598 90 2 392 206 98 502 120 1 161 228 1 2 86 58 95 260 87 96 55 311 124 115 192 209 101 62 109 90 ∑ Hawksbill Eggs 84 265 269 230 161 269 92 Island Year Wie 2000 Total 2000 Month 10 11 12 Date 24 25 27 28 2 4 5 8 9 13 15 17 18 25 27 28 29 3 4 6 13 16 18 23 25 26 27 29 30 4 5 6 8 9 10 16 17 18 19 21 22 27 28 29 30 ∑ Gr. Fmales 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 736 ∑Green Eggs
190 229 202 97 98 73 182 111 73 187 102 185 94 81 99 120 93 70 90 96 103 113 94 175 116 125 123 82 98 111 100 110 105 102 90 81 86 73 185 117 69 101 215 76079 ∑ Hawks Fmles 3 1 22 ∑ Hawks Eggs 733 136 3784 93 Island Wie Year 2001 Month 1 2 Date 1 3 7 8 10 11 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 12 13 14 15 16 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 ∑ Gr. Fmales 1 3 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 3 5 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 ∑Green Eggs 84 300 105 188 194 113 99 121 77 87 135 112 106 75 205 125 245 84 210 171 99 112 121 164 107 110 227 312 603 97 98 177 101 113 98 241 240 217 ∑ Hawks Fmles 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ∑ Hawks Eggs 137 147 135 132 143 135 139 139 94 Island Wie Year 2001 Month 3 4 Date 26 27 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 12 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 ∑ Gr. Fmales 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 4 1 3 3 2 2 1 6 1 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 5 5 4 5 1 2 5 5 4 4 5 6 5 1 4 6 3 7 7 8 ∑Green Eggs 225 77 124 121 170 107 240 85 413 105 315 301 225 213 95 525 97 163 186 243 341 191 215 205 596 510 420 506 92 246 554 542 465 454 561 658 556 61 462 618 380 825 786 930 ∑ Hawks Fmles 2 9 ∑ Hawks Eggs 278 1210 95 Island Year Wie 2001 To be continued Month 5 Date 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 ∑ Gr. Fmales 5 11 5 5 3 5 6 6 6 3 12 11 10 4 2 5 6 9 8 9 12 18 11 6 3 10 7 11 11 6 10 6 13 4 9 9 6 6 12 15 8 14 10 ∑Green Eggs 573 1357 535 495 371 522 729 677 657 313 1242 1077 1108 396 200 515 692 989 815 905 1306 1850 1200 670 273 1096 628 1165 1178 571 1265 750 1412 456 990 927 532 533 1312 1562 864 1536 1036 ∑ Hawks Fmles ∑ Hawks Eggs 96 Island Year Month Date Wie 2001 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ∑ Green Females 11 3 11 5 10 8 15 15 15 11 4 11 5 7 6 18 10 7 9 10 15 10 6 8 7 10 13 11 11 11 2 10 3 5 14 9 2 10 4 11 7 12 15 13 8 ∑Green Eggs 1204 362 1112 447 928 780 1660 1555 1616 1086 462 1125 641 780 565 1935 1008 740 933 935 1560 1115 590 750 650 1000 1210 1330 1103 1150 220 1085 350 490 1500 1000 225 1050 400 1150 700 1230 506 1410 815 ∑ Hawksbill Females ∑ Hawksbill Eggs 97 Island Year Month Date Wie 2001 8 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 28 29 30 31 ∑ Green Females 8 5 4 12 10 8 5 5 14 4 9 9 9 5 11 4 3 4 6 8 5 8 12 7 9 4 4 5 2 6 3 2 10 6 6 5 3 2 3 3 2 2 8 5 5 ∑Green Eggs 911 603 389 1130 1080 760 515 560 1367 450 915 995 810 518 1050 500 302 410 660 840 540 800 1129 657 750 460 350 490 205 660 265 186 636 962 684 554 290 190 327 273 174 171 813 579 425 ∑ Hawksbill Females 2 ∑ Hawksbill Eggs 449 98 Island Year Month Date Wie 2001 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 23 24 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 13 14 15 17 18 19 20 21 ∑ Green Females 5 1 3 3 2 2 6 3 4 2 1 2 1 4 4 4 5 2 1 2 2 2 1 3 2 4 2 1 1 1 1 2 4 1 3 3 1 1 1 1 3 1 3 4 2 ∑Green Eggs 456 85 344 280 175 218 500 342 394 158 96 223 86 355 347 392 432 177 77 253 209 171 50 256 229 349 195 85 105 81 88 186 351 100 272 313 107 120 74 100 279 71 304 310 200 ∑ Hawksbill Females 3 ∑ Hawksbill Eggs 395 99 Island Year Month Date Wie 2001 11 12 22 23 25 27 28 29 30 31 1 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 13 14 15 17 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 29 30 31 1 2 3 5 7 9 10 12 13 14 15 16 17 19 ∑ Green Females 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 5 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 3 4 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 ∑Green Eggs 117 112 80 75 92 95 199 312 88 91 161 159 135 105 189 525 205 107 79 83 170 105 198 275 358 95 118 106 95 225 176 90 100 90 210 90 131 184 200 208 174 200 100 90 128 110 ∑ Hawksbill Females ∑ Hawksbill Eggs 100 Island Year Wie 2001 Total 2001 2002 Month Date 1 2 21 22 25 26 28 30 1 3 5 6 7 10 11 12 13 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 16 ∑ Green Females 1 1 2 2 2 1 1429 1 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 ∑Green Eggs 90 120 174 210 205 124 146308 105 303 137 142 200 97 87 95 119 79 95 200 125 106 101 92 87 114 205 199 178 201 84 108 90 200 179 147 179 186 185 213 216 141 98 ∑ Hawksbill Females 24 1 1 1 ∑ Hawksbill Eggs 3439 190 172 187 101 Island Year Wie 2002 To be continued Month Date 3 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 31 ∑ Green Females 2 3 1 2 2 2 3 2 1 9 2 1 2 2 1 3 3 2 1 1 2 3 3 2 1 1 4 2 1 2 2 2 4 2 2 6 3 4 4 ∑Green Eggs 213 301 112 162 174 192 236 242 77 190 206 108 126 207 117 278 317 168 85 99 249 270 301 200 105 90 378 209 111 217 190 200 409 211 191 596 310 420 397 ∑ Hawksbill Females 1 1 ∑ Hawksbill Eggs 139 140 102 Island Year Month Date Wie 2002 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 ∑ Green Females 2 6 3 2 1 3 8 2 9 6 6 5 5 2 1 5 6 7 7 6 8 7 3 6 3 1 5 1 9 8 6 8 3 4 5 7 14 1 9 4 7 6 4 5 ∑Green Eggs 248 672 166 201 108 332 815 215 897 650 632 553 475 216 89 524 644 760 734 650 894 676 311 690 315 106 410 102 995 850 614 912 336 421 425 789 1562 109 865 446 725 685 492 505 ∑ Hawksbill Females 3 ∑ Hawksbill Eggs 439 103 Island Year Wie 2002 To be continued Month Date 6 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 ∑ Green Females 4 6 5 13 9 12 2 5 8 4 4 12 8 5 8 10 8 6 9 4 7 10 11 4 6 3 10 6 3 7 6 8 9 9 5 7 9 3 4 5 4 4 2 ∑Green Eggs 428 619 479 1472 909 1250 216 551 926 370 379 1297 818 569 847 1036 765 652 300 325 747 1185 1153 423 637 353 1036 616 342 701 731 931 1100 961 553 785 890 351 429 584 491 361 204 ∑ Hawksbill Females 13 ∑ Hawksbill Eggs 3022 104 Island Year Month Date P. Wie 2002 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ∑ Green Females 5 8 9 7 5 3 3 7 11 11 4 6 3 10 6 3 7 7 9 11 9 5 8 8 3 4 6 5 4 2 13 8 1 8 5 9 5 8 5 3 10 2 13 3 3 4 ∑Green Eggs 560 850 1036 764 651 301 324 746 1184 1152 422 636 352 1035 615 341 701 731 930 1102 960 552 782 890 350 429 585 492 361 201 1357 810 45 832 515 963 502 877 517 296 1056 286 1273 290 276 470 ∑ Hawksbill Females ∑ Hawksbill Eggs 105 Island Year Month Date Wie 2002 9 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 ∑ Green Females 10 7 6 7 4 6 5 3 9 5 7 8 3 3 5 4 4 8 4 3 5 3 6 6 3 2 4 8 5 4 4 2 7 2 2 3 4 7 4 7 2 4 2 2 ∑Green Eggs 1018 750 646 776 433 632 450 266 960 456 759 828 351 280 505 365 415 812 470 289 554 342 661 660 348 208 402 547 835 394 435 220 700 240 179 280 461 705 420 710 255 430 230 170 ∑ Hawksbill Females ∑ Hawksbill Eggs 106 Island Year Month Date Wie 2002 10 11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 ∑ Green Females 3 2 3 1 2 2 5 1 1 7 3 4 3 3 2 3 6 4 3 3 8 5 2 3 2 3 3 2 1 1 2 5 2 2 1 2 1 5 2 2 1 2 1 3 2 3 ∑Green Eggs 278 192 347 90 198 200 456 88 67 688 242 389 289 273 188 300 608 411 315 280 796 492 180 277 159 300 281 212 81 119 210 490 148 179 105 189 112 517 219 213 90 170 129 273 181 312 ∑ Hawksbill Females ∑ Hawksbill Eggs 107 Island Year Wie 2002 Total 2002 Month Date 12 22 23 24 25 26 28 29 30 1 2 4 5 7 8 9 10 12 13 14 15 18 19 20 21 24 25 26 27 28 29 ∑ Green Females 2 1 3 2 3 2 3 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 3 2 3 1 2 2 1342 ∑Green Eggs 219 81 271 174 281 225 301 168 201 93 114 201 97 169 83 209 114 213 80 101 100 209 91 100 297 139 249 80 190 169 136944 ∑ Hawksbill Females 21 ∑ Hawksbill Eggs 4289 108 Island MENGGIRANG BESAR Year Month Date ∑ Green Females 2003 1 15 1 ∑Green Eggs 62 ∑ Hawksbill Females ∑ Hawksbill Eggs 123 93 119 219 90 115 266 118 651 402 369 259 569 356 411 1664 1522 676 1161 1319 696 683 1971 1038 1519 1126 1048 180 791 1428 2026 139 100 565 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 140 250 230 137 140 190 126 126 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 22 17 31 5 10 15 20 30 5 11 15 19 23 27 4 8 12 15 19 23 29 1 3 5 7 9 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 31 2 4 6 1 1 1 2 1 1 3 1 6 4 3 3 5 3 4 14 14 7 10 12 7 8 17 9 13 11 9 2 7 13 18 2 1 6 109 Island Year Month Date ∑ Green Females Menggirang Besar 2003 8 5 10 6 12 1 16 6 18 4 20 5 22 7 24 4 26 2 28 1 30 8 11 5 4 10 3 15 4 21 1 24 3 12 3 7 7 3 12 3 17 5 22 3 27 3 31 3 Total 2003 311 2004 1 6
11
16
21
26
31
2 2
7
12
17
18
22
28
3 4
9
14
18
22
5
3
6
2
1
3
1
3
3
2
2
5
3
3
3
7
5
8
∑Green Eggs 573 670 108 620 434 537 741 350 185 128 748 446 299 376 122 256 647 302 294 473 290 324 305 33102 464
303
680
242
82
325
107
289
271
137
136
467
267
303
291
844
561
751
∑ Hawksbill Females 2 1 13 ∑ Hawksbill Eggs 231 185 1755 1 1 1 109
130
135
110 Island Year Month Date ∑ Green Females Menggirang Besar 2004 26
30
31
4 2
5
6
9
12
14
15
18
21
24
27
30
5 2
4
6
8
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
31
6 2
4
6
8
9
11
13
14
16
18
20
3
8
3
8
8
1
4
8
1
12
6
5
9
14
10
9
10
12
19
5
8
10
12
10
11
13
16
12
14
10
15
24
14
4
12
2
12
7
1
7
11
10
∑Green ∑ Hawksbill ∑ Hawksbill Eggs Females Eggs 331
4 400
820
1 128
290
1 87
637
3 306
820
109
388
808
1 177
95
1252
717
489
970
1567
1060
880
1099
1 114
1356
2080
462
780
1016
1 127
1232
1144
1166
1289
1716
1236
1580
1137
1665
2511
1529
1 150
407
1197
211
1195
809
96
708
1232
1108
2 150
111 Island Year Month Date ∑ Green Females Menggirang Besar 2004 22
24
26
28
30
7 2
4
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
31
8 2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
31
9 2
4
6
8
10
12
10
8
11
8
5
9
13
10
9
12
9
3
12
9
12
5
4
8
4
6
8
5
11
7
4
10
5
9
11
7
2
4
4
5
8
7
3
2
4
3
4
3
∑Green ∑ Hawksbill ∑ Hawksbill Eggs Females Eggs 1021
937
1169
864
448
978
1303
1024
1020
1278
953
317
1287
1211
1387
530
406
952
410
629
833
537
1207
781
1 112
386
1070
538
842
1346
775
240
435
448
562
813
755
290
209
454
346
394
283
112 Island Year Month Date ∑ Green Females Menggirang Besar 2004 14
3
16
4
18
5
20
2
22
3
24
2
26
6
28
2
30
3
10 2
2
4
1
6
4
9
2
10
1
13
5
16
1
19
3
22
1
25
6
28
1
31
1
11 3
6
6
6
9
5
13
5
21
4
25
4
30
4
Total 2004 840
2005 2 1 3 6 6 10 7 15 5 20 8 25 4 28 3 3 5 6 9 1 15 5 19 2 23 6 27 9 ∑Green Eggs 256
455
537
174
241
161
620
158
304
245
72
414
212
77
454
347
299
125
559
73
68
851
608
575
482
440
369
437
88995
318 478 509 453 903 358 294 483 90 485 195 592 735 ∑ Hawksbill Females ∑ Hawksbill Eggs 19 3 4 4 12 4 3 10 3 3 5 1 2125
380 658 441 1666 481 425 1483 508 416 690 100 113 Island Year Month Date ∑ Green Females Menggirang Besar 2005 29 2 31 6 4 10 15 13 4 16 4 19 11 22 9 25 11 28 17 30 24 5 2 18 3 20 4 12 6 40 8 23 9 27 10 19 12 48 14 16 15 14 16 18 18 48 20 7 21 34 22 9 24 45 26 23 27 26 28 11 29 21 30 18 31 23 6 2 25 4 23 5 4 6 24 8 21 10 19 12 21 14 21 16 17 17 5 ∑Green Eggs 132 564 1508 365 365 1345 867 1099 1637 2706 1591 1948 1346 4199 2392 2802 1916 4533 1673 1374 1879 5366 543 3381 808 4925 2643 3104 1228 2515 1837 2390 2427 2482 476 2625 2180 1754 2236 2376 2019 567 ∑ Hawksbill Females 3 2 1 2 1 3 3 2 2 2 3 5 1 5 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 ∑ Hawksbill Eggs 514 414 177 295 135 409 480 308 260 302 492 528 150 620 132 155 113 122 435 110 130 151 150 114 Island Year Month Date ∑ Green Females Menggirang Besar 2005 18 17 20 6 22 11 24 19 26 22 28 11 30 18 7 2 8 4 24 6 47 8 15 10 23 12 24 14 24 16 29 18 10 20 28 22 26 24 28 26 31 28 30 31 19 8 2 53 4 29 6 40 8 20 10 14 12 18 14 22 16 15 18 31 20 12 22 21 24 26 26 22 28 13 31 27 9 2 29 4 12 6 19 8 15 10 10 ∑Green Eggs 1928 422 1171 2253 2643 1228 2038 818 3046 5454 1666 2544 2648 2808 3252 1062 2988 2780 2900 3640 3646 2050 6450 3378 4516 2320 1396 2114 2422 1770 3474 1337 2556 3148 2222 1308 3210 3250 1232 2233 1702 1025 ∑ Hawksbill Females 1 ∑ Hawksbill Eggs 152 115 Island Year Month Date ∑ Green Females Menggirang Besar 2005 12 12 14 17 16 11 18 19 20 11 22 12 24 16 26 12 28 15 30 19 10 3 16 6 15 9 15 12 24 15 15 18 12 21 23 24 12 27 15 30 9 31 3 11 10 12 11 4 14 17 21 6 24 7 12 18 3 23 4 28 5 Total 2005 2147 2006 1 2 2 5 1 7 8 9 3 12 2 14 4 17 2 19 4 21 1 25 9 2 2 1 3 2 ∑Green Eggs 1326 1847 1196 2124 1175 1292 1643 1150 1325 2114 1804 1722 1525 2601 1544 1165 2411 1189 1440 937 300 1164 284 1722 644 764 331 432 509 231744 180 122 712 323 150 394 136 390 125 877 118 227 ∑ Hawksbill Females 4 1 105 1 2 2 ∑ Hawksbill Eggs 406 100 14488 133 240 302 116 Island Year Month Date ∑ Green Females Menggirang Besar 2006 6 2 10 1 11 1 13 1 16 2 20 2 21 3 24 1 28 2 3 1 3 2 3 4 5 7 1 8 1 9 4 12 1 14 3 19 15 23 24 2 27 6 28 1 31 5 4 1 3 2 1 5 4 6 6 8 3 9 4 10 11 12 5 14 4 15 3 16 1 18 17 21 4 22 8 24 1 25 9 26 3 28 2 30 18 ∑Green Eggs 208 66 105 120 173 214 338 135 174 293 366 468 105 94 380 85 318 1554 142 622 74 611 364 190 410 628 259 447 1104 522 358 265 114 1938 330 900 126 760 334 235 2023 ∑ Hawksbill Females 1 11 11 6 5 2 7 1 6 1 1 7 7 1 2 2 ∑ Hawksbill Eggs 130 1329 1360 872 791 242 854 120 672 190 195 907 856 176 332 220 117 Island Year Month Date ∑ Green Females Menggirang Besar 2006 5 1 2 2 9 3 4 5 7 6 14 7 2 10 21 13 5 14 16 15 6 17 4 18 29 19 4 21 29 22 8 24 14 27 22 30 29 6 2 36 5 28 8 25 11 28 14 26 17 24 20 35 23 23 26 30 27 12 30 29 7 1 3 3 39 6 30 9 38 12 48 15 37 18 46 21 27 24 54 27 22 29 18 31 8 8 2 15 ∑Green Eggs 211 1009 492 684 1301 213 2284 608 1766 691 496 3402 440 3170 952 1440 2290 2960 3994 3108 2810 3194 2874 2500 3914 2618 3356 1258 3292 311 4444 3262 4218 5260 3941 5069 2926 5844 2340 1920 775 1589 ∑ Hawksbill Females 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 2 2 1 ∑ Hawksbill Eggs 300 502 108 162 155 103 172 153 131 293 300 227 279 140 118 Island Year Month Date ∑ Green Females Menggirang Besar 2006 4 24 6 10 8 30 10 31 12 30 14 27 16 28 18 19 20 30 22 36 24 28 26 35 28 22 30 18 9 1 26 3 15 5 25 6 1 7 37 9 29 10 1 11 31 12 1 13 19 15 12 17 27 19 29 21 37 22 2 23 36 25 4 27 21 28 1 30 21 10 1 4 2 19 3 7 4 28 6 12 7 9 8 14 9 5 ∑Green Eggs 2636 976 3374 3260 3572 2909 3041 2111 3350 4064 2956 3775 2496 1969 2609 1700 2660 80 4014 2758 120 3522 84 1839 1161 2886 3084 4051 141 3923 356 2168 113 2130 479 2031 746 3122 944 1036 1340 539 ∑ Hawksbill Females 1 1 ∑ Hawksbill Eggs 195 139 119 Island Year Month Date ∑ Green Females Menggirang Besar 2006 10 20 12 1 13 18 15 2 16 23 19 32 22 3 23 22 24 6 26 2 27 1 28 16 31 13 11 3 5 6 8 9 7 10 3 12 7 15 4 17 1 19 6 21 1 23 8 25 6 29 2 30 3 12 2 1 3 1 6 2 10 2 16 3 20 2 25 1 Jumlah 2006 2190 Menggirang Besar 2007 1 14 3 2 5 2 8 3 10 2 14 2 15 2 17 2 20 3 ∑Green Eggs 2006 61 1793 196 2604 3405 301 2269 717 183 69 1784 1187 571 807 685 303 644 399 101 518 81 726 676 202 270 122 70 141 177 360 189 96 234770 232 236 295 175 185 149 242 315 ∑ Hawksbill Females 101 1 1 1 ∑ Hawksbill Eggs 13280 135 175 149 120 Island Year Month Date ∑ Green Females Menggirang Besar 2007 23 4 26 4 28 3 31 2 3 1 1 5 10 8 10 10 4 14 7 17 2 19 2 20 8 22 2 24 2 25 1 26 24 27 30 1 31 11 4 5 10 10 15 14 12 19 11 24 26 30 11 31 1 5 5 23 10 26 14 18 18 17 22 29 23 2 24 2 25 16 28 18 31 15 6 3 31 6 40 9 30 12 18 15 35 18 24 ∑Green Eggs 321 386 249 165 110 841 953 334 800 135 137 864 201 150 87 2482 103 1048 1042 1609 1195 884 2725 1194 116 2507 2685 1685 1858 2834 216 172 1409 1931 1638 3284 4342 3035 1774 3804 2331 ∑ Hawksbill Females 2 2 1 5 1 2 1 4 2 2 5 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 ∑ Hawksbill Eggs 170 295 185 718 122 224 134 361 191 274 717 123 151 140 277 135 210 91 168 121 Island Year Month Date ∑ Green Females 21 39 24 31 27 46 30 26 7 3 48 5 19 6 22 9 89 10 10 12 20 14 16 15 39 17 24 18 11 19 31 20 3 21 16 22 6 23 23 24 8 25 8 27 16 28 9 29 36 30 10 31 35 8 2 17 4 10 6 14 8 16 10 25 12 22 15 21 17 21 19 24 21 18 23 14 25 23 27 15 29 18 31 19 9 2 14 ∑Green Eggs 4069 3268 5010 2653 5172 2218 2350 10744 1035 2280 1584 4015 2717 1126 3282 377 1518 685 2426 964 862 1538 970 3902 1114 3796 1702 1116 1460 1524 2706 2256 2206 1923 2300 1945 1562 2561 1600 1858 1864 1262 ∑ Hawksbill Females 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 ∑ Hawksbill Eggs 200 182 152 114 130 300 120 111 174 122 Island Year Month Date ∑ Green Females Menggirang Besar 2007 4 6 6 10 8 15 10 15 12 21 15 14 18 10 21 4 24 13 27 12 30 13 10 4 14 8 16 15 6 28 2 30 6 11 3 8 6 7 9 2 13 2 17 2 21 4 30 4 Total 2007 1685 2009 6 2 4 4 3 6 2 9 2 11 3 14 3 15 2 16 3 17 3 18 4 19 3 20 1 21 2 22 3 23 0 24 4 25 3 26 1 ∑Green Eggs 774 1084 1816 1465 1928 1447 982 380 1487 1330 1317 1480 1794 630 228 572 750 804 250 184 208 278 276 176449 412 309 206 206 309 309 206 309 309 412 309 103 206 309 0 412 309 103 ∑ Hawksbill Females 2 2 1 57 ∑ Hawksbill Eggs 159 150 127 7064 123 Island Year Month Date ∑ Green Females Menggirang Besar 2009 27 2 28 3 29 5 30 1 7 1 4 2 0 3 1 4 2 5 2 6 1 7 5 8 4 9 3 10 4 11 2 12 1 13 3 14 4 15 4 16 3 17 2 18 4 19 3 20 4 21 7 22 3 23 4 24 2 25 2 26 4 27 3 28 2 29 3 30 0 31 2 Total 2009 145 ∑Green Eggs 206 309 515 103 412 0 103 206 206 103 515 412 309 412 206 103 309 412 412 309 206 412 309 412 721 309 412 206 206 412 309 206 309 0 206 14935 ∑ Hawksbill Females ∑ Hawksbill Eggs 124 Appendix‐18. A. Calculation to Determine Weight Scores Criteria I. Biology Criteria 1. Beach Ecosystems 2. Nesting relative frequencies 3. Beach Vegetations Weight Weight 2(B) 1(A) (scale 1 ‐ 10) Normalization I (N1)
An/(∑Bn*Bn) Weight 3 (C) (sklala 1 ‐ 10) Normalization II (N2)
(Final Weight) B3n*N1n Highest Weight 5 a. Exist 3 major ecosystem ( >= 30% sea grass/Coral Reef/Seaweed) b. Exist 2 major ecosystem ( >= 30% sea grass/Coral Reef/Seaweed) c. Exist 1 ecosystem, >50% sea grass/Coral Reef/Seaweed) d. > 50% sands 7 1.40 10 14.00 14.00 9 12.60 8 11.20 5 10 7 7.00 20.00 16.00 14.00 10.00 10.00 5.00 6.00 4.20 20.00 10.00 6.00 5 3.00 10 2.00 a. 25% sample total highest rank b. 50‐25% sample total highest rank c. 75‐50% sample total highest rank d. 100‐75% sample total highest rank 10 8 7 5 5 1.00 a. > 50% Beach vegetations b. > 50% Beach no vegetations 4. Predators 10 5 3 a. No predator b. Exist 1 predator (Crab/mouse/Iguana) c. Exist 2 predators (Crab/mouse/Iguana) d. > 2 predators (Crab/mouse/Iguana) 0.60 3
1.80
125 II. Physic Criteria 1. Beach Condition 3
10
0.94
a. > 50% not steep b.> 50% steep 2. Sand form 10
5
4.Beach stability Socio‐economy criteria 1. Threaten 9.38
2.81
10
7
5
4.69
3.28
2.34
10
5
7
3
6.56
3.28
4.59
1.97 0.66
a. No eroded b. Light eroded c. Changeable beach in a year g. Severe eroded 2
7
0.64
a. Save b. Moderate c. threatened 2. Accessibility 5
10
a. Low (idle land) b. Moderate (at least exist 1 home stay)
c. High ( many human activities) 10
5
3
6.36
3.18
1.91
10
5
3
4.55
2.27
1.36
10
5
3
Highest Scores 9.09
4.55
2.73
0.45
a. High (relatively near villages) b. Moderate c. Hard (relatively far from villages) 3. Potency of Conflict 10
3
0.47
a. Fully protected b. Seasonal protected c. Fully open areas 7
9.38
4.69
0.94
a. > 50 % white sandy b. > 50% stone‐coral sandy 3. Energy exposure 10
5
9.38 9.38 4.69 6.56 0.91
126 6.36 4.55 9.09 100 B. Result data of Sea Turtle Observation Location Scoring in Regency of Bintan Criteria I. Biology Criteria 1. Beach ecosystems a. Exist 3 major ecosystems ( >= 30% sea grass/CReef/Seaweed) b. Exist 2 major ecosystems (>= 30% sea grass/Creef/Seaweed) c. Exist 1 ecosystems >50% Sea grass/CReef/ Seaweed d. > 50% sand 2. Nesting Relative Frequency a. 25% highest ranking Number of Observation Location*
Tambelan Islands (1 ‐ 15) Eastern Part of Bintan (16‐19) 1 2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19 0.00 0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
14.00
0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 11.20 0.00
11.20
11.20
11.20
0.00
0.00
11.2
0 11.2
0 0.00
11.2
0 11.2
0 11.2
0 11.2
0 11.2
0 11.2
0 0.00
0.00
11.20 0.00 7.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
7.00
7.00
0.00
0.00 7.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
7.00
0.00 20.00 0.00
20.00
0.00
20.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
b. 50‐25% highest ranking 0.00 16.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00
0.00
c. 75‐50% highest ranking 0.00 0.00
0.00
14.00
0.00
14.00
14.00
0.00
0.00 16.0
0 0.00
20.0
0 0.00
0.00
0.00
d. 100‐75% highest ranking 0.00 0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
10.0
0 0.00
10.0
0 3. Beach Vegetation a. > 50% beach vegetation 10.0
0 14.0
0 0.00
10.00 10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
5.00
10.0
0 0.00
10.0
0 0.00 10.0
0 0.00
10.0
0 0.00
10.0
0 0.00
b. > 50% beach vegetation 4. Predator a. no predator b. Exist 1 predator (Crab/mouse/iguana) c. Exist 2 predator (Crab/mouse/iguana) d. > 2 predator (Crab/ mouse/iguana) 0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 0.00
16.0
0 0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 10.0
0 0.00
0.00
10.0
0 10.00
14.0
0 0.00
10.0
0 0.00
10.0
0 0.00
10.0
0 0.00
10.0
0 0.00
10.00
10.00 0.00
10.0
0 0.00
10.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 4.20 4.20
4.20
4.20
4.20
4.20
4.20
4.20
4.20 4.20
4.20
4.20
4.20
0.00
4.20
4.20
0.00
4.20
4.20 0.00 0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
3.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.80
0.00
0.00 127 Tambelan Islands (1 ‐ 15) Criteria Eastern Part of Bintan (16‐19) 1 2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19 Biology Criteria Sub Score 45.40 37.20
45.40
39.40
45.40
35.20
30.20
35.4
0 37.2
0 39.4
0 35.4
0 35.4
0 44.2
0 41.4
0 35.4
0 35.80
35.2
0 35.40 II. Physic Criteria 1. Beach condition a. > 50% not steep b.> 50% steep 2. Sand form a. > 50 % White sandy b. > 50% Stone‐coral sandy 3. Energy Exposure a. Fully protected b. Seasonal protected c. Fully open areas 35.4
0 4. Beach Stability a. No eroded b. Light eroded c. Changeable beach in a year g. Severe eroded Physic Criteria Sub Score 9.38 9.38
9.38
0.00
0.00
9.38
0.00
9.38
9.38 9.38
9.38
9.38
9.38
9.38
9.38
9.38
9.38
9.38
0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00
4.69
4.69
0.00
4.69
0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
4.69 9.38 9.38
9.38
0.00
9.38
9.38
9.38
9.38
9.38 9.38
9.38
9.38
9.38
9.38
9.38
9.38
9.38
0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00
2.81
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
2.81 0.00 4.69
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
4.69
0.00 3.28 0.00
3.28
3.28
3.28
3.28
3.28
0.00
3.28 3.28
3.28
3.28
3.28
3.28
0.00
3.28
3.28
0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
2.34
0.00 0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
2.34
0.00
0.00
0.00
2.34 6.56 0.00
0.00
6.56
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
6.56
0.00
6.56
0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 3.28
0.00
3.28
0.00
0.00
3.28
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 0.00 4.59
4.59
0.00
4.59
0.00
4.59
0.00
4.59 0.00
0.00
0.00
4.59
4.59
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
4.59 0.00 0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.97
0.00
1.97
0.00 0.00
1.97
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.97
0.00
0.00 28.59 28.03
26.63
17.34
21.94
24.00
21.94
23.0
6 26.6
3 25.3
1 24.0
0 25.3
1 26.6
3 26.6
3 24.3
8 28.5
9 24.00
20.6
3 14.44 128 Tambelan Islands (1 ‐ 15) Eastern Part of Bintan (16‐19) Criteria 1 Socio‐Economy Criteria 1. Threaten a. Save b. Moderate c. Threaten 2. Accessibility a. High (relatively near village) b. moderate c. Hard (relatively far from village) 3. Potency of conflict a. low (land idle) b. moderate (at least 1 home stay) c. High (many human activities) Socio‐economy Criteria Sub Score Total Score 2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19 0.00 0.00
6.36
0.00
6.36
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 0.00
6.36
0.00
6.36
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
6.36 3.18 3.18
0.00
3.18
0.00
0.00
3.18
3.18
3.18 3.18
0.00
0.00
0.00
3.18
0.00
0.00
0.00
3.18
0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.91
0.00
0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00
1.91
0.00
0.00
1.91
1.91
1.91
0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
4.55
4.55
4.55
4.55
0.00
4.55 2.27 2.27
2.27
2.27
2.27
2.27
2.27
2.27
2.27 2.27
2.27
2.27
2.27
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
2.27
0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
9.09
9.09
9.09 0.00
0.00
9.09
9.09
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
9.09
9.09 4.55 4.55
4.55
4.55
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 0.00
4.55
0.00
0.00
4.55
4.55
4.55
0.00
0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00
0.00
2.73
2.73
0.00
0.00
0.00 2.73
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
2.73
0.00
0.00 10.00 10.00
13.18
10.00
11.36
6.91
14.55
14.5
5 14.5
5 8.18
13.1
8 13.2
7 17.7
3 12.2
7 11.0
0 11.0
0 9.18
14.5
5 20.00 83.99 75.23
85.21
66.74
78.70
66.11
66.68
73.0
1 76.5
7 70.6
9 76.5
8 73.9
9 79.7
5 83.1
0 76.7
8 74.9
9 68.98
70.3
7 69.84 129 *) Explanation on number of beach location scoring No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Island Lintang Nangka Genting1 Genting2 Wie Sendulang kecil1 Sendulang kecil2 Sedua kecil Tanjung Kulak Bungin Serentang Lipih Jelak Kepala Tambelan Menggirang Besar Penyusuk Pantai trikora Mapur Sentot 130 Appendix-19
List of Participants of Focused Group Discussion at Tambelan.
131 Lampiran-19
132 TEAM WORK PPSPL UMRAH
Name
Work
Address
Job on the team on
the team
Name
Work
Address
Job on the team
Name
Work
Address
Job on the team
Name
Work
Address
Job on the team
Name
Work
Address
Job on the team
Name
Work
Address
Job on the team
:
:
:
:
Arief Pratomo, S.T, M.Si
Dosen FIKP UMRAH
Kampus FIKP UMRAH Tanjungpinang
Conservasi Specialist
:
:
:
:
Dony Apdillah, S.Pi, M.Si
Dosen FIKP UMRAH
Kampus FIKP UMRAH Tanjungpinang
GIS Specialist
:
:
:
:
Ir. Soeharmoko, M.Sc
Dosen FIKP UMRAH
Kampus FIKP UMRAH Tanjungpinang
Sosio-Culture Specialist
:
:
:
:
M. Zarkasih
Dosen FIKP UMRAH
Tambelan – Kabupaten Bintan
Field Assistant
:
:
:
:
Dedy Akay
Mahasiswa FIKP UMRAH
Tambelan – Kabupaten Bintan
Field Assistant & Data Entry
:
:
:
:
Erpa Mardiana
Dosen FIKP UMRAH
Tambelan – Kabupaten Bintan
Field Assistant & Data Entry