E-mail: M Soleimani @ araku. ac. ir

*
H&E
E-mail: M Soleimani @ araku. ac. ir
N
NMDA
D
NMDA
NMDA
.
K
p
P
P
p
x
H&E
8. Fujinaga M, Mazze RI. Teratogenic and
postnatal developmental studies of morphine in
Sprague-Dawley rats.Teratology 1988; 38(5),
401-10.
9. Dohler KD. The pre - and postnatal influence
of hormones and neurotransmitters on sexual
differentiation of the mammalian hypothalamus
. Int Rev Cytolo 1991; 131 : 1-75.
10. Ahmed MS, Timothy S, Zhou DH , Quarles
C. Kappa opioid receptors of human placental
villi modulate acetylcholine . Life Sci 1989; 45
: 2383-2393 .
11. Leslie FM, Chen Y, Winzer - Serhan UH.
Opioid receptor and peptide mRNA expression
in proliferative zones of fetal rat central
nervous system. Can J Physiol Pharmacol
1998; 76:284-293 .
12. Iordanova MD, et al. Opioid receptors in the
nucleus accumbens regulate attentional learning
in the blocking paradigm. Neuroscience 2006;
12;26(15):4036-45.
13. Pickel VM, et al. Compartment-specific
localization of cannabinoid 1(CB1)and Opioid reseptours in rat nucleus Accumbens.
Neuroscience 2004;127:101-112.
14. Reisine T, et al. Opioid analgesics and
antagonists. In: Harden JG, et al ediors. The
pharmacological basis of therapeutics, 9th ed.
New york:Mc Grow-Hill; 1996.p. 521-556.
15. Ray SB, Wadhwa S. Mu opioid receptors in
developing humane spinal cord. J Anat 1999;
195:11-18.
16.Solomon H, et al. Historical review: Opioid
receptors. Pharmacological Science 2003; 24:
198-205.
17. Wilson I , Gamble M. The hematoxylins
and eosin . In: Bancroft JD, Gamble M, editors.
th
Theory and practice of histological. 5 Edition.
London:Churchill Livingston;2000.p.125-138.
18. Smart D, Lambert DG. The stimulatory
effects of and their possible role in development
of tolerance . Trends Pharmacol Sci 1996;
17,264-269.
19. Feigenbaum JJ, Howard SG. Effects of
naloxone on amphetamine induced striatal
dopamine release in vivo:a microdialysis study.
Life Sci 1997; 50(19):1959-68.
1. Ornoy A , Michailevskaya V, Lukooshov I.
The developmental outcome of children born to
heroin - dependent mothers , raised at home or
adopted. Child Abuse Negl 1996; 20:385-396.
2. Reisine T, et al. Opioid analgesics and
antagonists. In: Harden JG, et al, editos. The
pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 9th ed.
New york :Mc Grow-Hill ;1996.p.521-556.
3. Zagon IS , Mclaughlin PJ. Naltrexone s
influence on Neurobehavioral development.
Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1985; 22:507-511.
4. Chooa RE, Huestis MA , Schroeder JR , Shin
AS , Jones HE. Neonatal abstinence syndrome
in methadone - exposed infants is altered by
level of prenatal tobacco exposure . Drug and
Alcohol Dependence 2004; 75 : 253 - 260 .
5. Williams JT , Christie MJ , Manzoni O.
Cellular and synaptic adaptations mediating
opioid dependence. Physiological Reviews
2001; 81:299-343.
6. Little BB, Snell L, Klein VR, Gilstrap LC,
Knoll KA, Breckenridinge JD. Maternal and
fetal effects of heroin addiction during
pregnancy. J Reporod Med 1990; 35:159-162.
7. Enters EK, Guo H, Pandey U, Ko D,
Robinson SE. The effect of prenatal methadone
exposure on development and nociception
during the early postnatal period of the rat.
Neurotoxicol Teratol 1991; 13:161-166.
20. 0shoaib M, Spanagel R, Stohr T,
Shippenberg TS. Strain differences in the
rewarding and dopamine-releasing effects of
morphine in rats. Psycholopharmac Berl 1995;
117(2),240-7.
21. Bajo M, et al. Chronic morphine treatment
alters expression of N-methyl-D-aspartate
receptor subunits in the extended amygdale.
Neuroscience 2006; 83(4):532-7.
22. Tao PL, Yeh GC, Su CH, Wu YH. Coadministration of dextromethorphan during
pregnancy and throughout laction significantly
decreases the adverse effects associated with
chronic
morphine administration in rat
offspring. Taiper Taiwan 2001; 69:2439-2450.
23. O Brien CP. Drug addiction and drug
abuse. In :Hardman JG, Limbird LE, editors.
Goodman & Gilman s The pharmacological
basis of therapeutics. New york:McGraw - Hill;
1996.p.557-577 .
24.0shoaib M, Spanagel R, Stohr T,
Shippenberg TS. Strain differences in the
rewarding and dopamine-releasing effects of
morphine in rats. Psycholopharmac, Berl 1995;
117(2),240-7.
25. Diamond A. Close interrelation of motor
development and cognitive development and of
the cerebellum and prefrontal cortex. Child
Development 2000; 1:44-56.
26. Doya K. Complementary roles of basal
ganglia and cerebellum in learning and motor
control. Neurobiology 2000;10:1-19.
27. Kopcky EA , Simone C, Knie B , Koren G.
Transfer of morphine across the human
placenta and it s interaction with naloxone. Life
Science1999; 65: 2359-71.
28.Bayer SA, Altman J. Neurogenesis and
Neuronal Migration. Rat Nervous System1995;
1065-1066.
29. Juriloff DM, Harris MJ. Mouse models for
neural tube closure , defects. Human Molecular
Genetic 2000; 9:993 - 1000.
Effects of prenatal Morphine exposure on the Basal Ganglia
development in rat embryo
Soleimani M1, Sahraei H2, Sadooghi M3, Maleki P4
Abstract
Introduction: Investigations has showed that prenatal exposure to Morphine causes
drug dependency and behavioral complications in new born rats. In this study effect of
prenatal Morphine on the development of basal ganglia in rat embryos is investigated.
Materials and Methods: In this experimental study 36 female rats with body weight
between 250-300 grams were selected. After crossing with male rats they were divided into
six groups of 12days control-Morphine, 14days control-Morphine and 17days controlMorphine groups. Morphine groups received 0.01mg/ml Morphine through their drinking
water until the 12, 14 and 17th day of pregnancy (20ml each rat). Then rats were anesthetized
and embryos were taken out and fixed. Their body weight and crown-rump length were
measured. Then 5 micrometers sections were provided and stained using H & E method
which were then evaluated using mutic program.
Results: Body weight and length of embryos were reduced significantly in the
th
12&14 day of Morphine group rats in compare to their controls. The significant reduction of
Basal Ganglia thickness was also found in all Morphine groups compared to their controls.
Conclusion: Results showed that prenatal Morphine exposure may cause impairment
in change development of Basal Ganglia.
Key words: Rat, embryo, Basal Ganglia, development, morphometry, Morphine
1- Assistant professor of histology and embryology, department of biology , School of science , Arak
University.
2- Assistant professor of physiology, department of physiology and biophysicas, Baqiyatallah University of
medical sciences.
3- Associate professor of embryology, department of Biology, Islamic Azad University, Tehran north branch.
4- MSc. in embryology.