Grading and Pricing Hardwood Lumber

Transcription

Hardwood Lumber
Pricing and Grading
Daniel Cassens, Professor
Dept. of Forestry & Natural Resources
Purdue University
West Lafayette, IN
©2016, Daniel L. Cassens, 5038 Morehouse Rd., West Lafayette, IN 47906
Rules for the Measurement and
Inspection of Hardwood
and Cypress Lumber
The hardwood rules are used to grade
lumber which will be cut up into smaller
parts for use in furniture, cabinets, millwork,
and similar applications.
Maintained by
National Hardwood Lumber Association
Box 34518
Memphis, TN 38184-0518
Phone: 901-377-1818
Rules Book
Standard Hardwood
Lumber Grades
1
National Hardwood Lumber Association (2011).
See Box 4-2 for additional restrictions for grades FAS and F1F.
3 The reverse side of the cuttings for both the FAS and No. 1 Common sides are not required to be sound for the
grades of F1F and Selects.
4 The grade No. 2A Common requires clear face cuttings. Grade No. 2B Common meets all of the requirements
of No. 2A, except that the cuttings are sound as defined in sound cuttings (Box 4-1).
2
Requirements for
Additional Cutting
Grade of board
Requirements for one
additional cutting
FAS
No. 1 Common
No. 2A and No. 2B Common
Surface measure needed to take
one additional cutting
6–15 ft Surface measure
Additional yield required when
taking one additional cutting
Surface measure × 11
91⅔%
75%
66⅔%
1
Definitions of selected
standard terms used in
hardwood lumber grading1
Surface measure (SM)
Width of the board in inches and fractions of inches times length in whole feet divided by 12. The surface measure is rounded to the
nearest whole number.
Board foot (BF)
Width of the board in inches times length in feet times the thickness in inches divided by 12 or it is equal to the SM times the
thickness.
Cutting
A portion of a board obtained by cross-cutting, by ripping, or by both. Diagonal cuttings are not permitted. Note: In lumber grading
the cuttings, are only visualized; no cross-cutting or ripping actually takes place.
Cutting unit
One inch by 1 foot or 12 square inches of board surface. The unit is used to determine whether or not a board has enough clear
surface to make a certain grade. The number of units in a cutting is equal to the width in inches and fractions of an inch times the
length in feet and fractions of a foot.
Clear face cutting
A cutting having one clear face (ordinary season checks are admitted) and the reverse side sound (see below).
Sound cutting
A cutting free from rot, pith, shake, and wane. Texture is not considered. It will admit sound knots, bird pecks, stain, streaks, or
their equivalent, season checks not materially impairing the strength of the cutting, pin, shot, and spot worm-holes. Other holes ¼
inch or larger are admitted, but shall be limited as follows: one ¼ inch in average diameter in each cutting of less than 12 units; two
¼ inch or one ½ inch to each 12 units on one side only of a cutting.
1
Additional restrictions for the FAS grade.
With the exception of wane, these same
restrictions apply to the FAS face of both
F1F and Selects grades1
1
Pith
Pith is the soft textured tissue located in the very center of a cross section of a tree. If a board is cut from this portion
of a tree or log, the pith will then appear along the length of the board. The length of pith in the FAS grade is
limited. In total, it shall not exceed a number equal to the surface measure expressed in inches. Thus, a board with
12 feet of surface measure shall not contain more than 12 inches of pith.
Wane
For FAS, wane is allowed up to one-half the length on one or both edges. For F1F, the length of wane on the No.1
Common side is the same as FAS. In addition, the sum of the width of the wane from both edges cannot exceed 1/3
of the total width of the piece. For Selects, 6 in. and wider, wane is restricted on the No. 1 Common side just as for
the No. 1 Common side of F1F. For 4 in. and 5 in. wide pieces, the width of wane is restricted on both sides just as
for the No. 1 Common side of F1F, but the total length of wane on both edges, when added together, cannot exceed
½ the length.
Splits
The maximum total length of splits is limited to twice the surface measure of the piece expressed in inches except
when 1 foot or shorter. Splits may diverge up to 1 inch to the lineal foot, except when one foot or shorter. Splits
shorter than one foot are not covered by this rule.
First Lineal Foot
Within one lineal foot from the ends of the boards of standard length there shall be 50% or more clear-face. And
another 25% sound wood. The remaining 25% may contain defects, sound or unsound.
Knots
The average diameter of any knot shall not exceed in inches one-third the surface measure of the piece.
97% Rule
This rule admits pieces 6 inches and wider of 6 feet to 12 feet surface measure that will yield 97% in two clear-face
cuttings of any length, full width of the board.
Lumber Pricing Reports
Prices for hardwood
lumber are published
by two different
sources.
Market Reports
Provide
Bench Mark of Prices
Indicator of Past Trends
Commentary
Market Regions
from Hardwood Review Weekly, Aug. 24, 2012, Vol. 28, Issue 50
Lumber Prices
Table 4-1. Lumber prices in dollars per thousand board feet for Appalachian white
oak reported by the Hardwood Review Weekly for the week August 24, 2012
(Hardwood Publishing, Inc. 2012)
Wholesale Green and kiln-dried
Lumber Prices
Table 4-2 Wholesale green and kiln-dried lumber prices (not surfaced) as reported
by the Hardwood Review Weekly (Hardwood Publishing, Inc. 2016) and kiln-dried
surfaced on two sides retail prices as reported by the Woodshop News (Dominion
Enterprises 2015)
How drying affects lumber value
Wholesale1
Species Green
Dollars per
MBF
Green
Dollars per MBF
Kiln-dried (KD)
Net Tally
Dollars per BF
Ash
1110
1525
4.004
Cherry
1160
1730
5.40
Hard Maple #1@2 White
1825
2230
5.25
Hickory2
825
1590
4.504
Oak, Red
1150
1615
4.004
Oak, White
1510
2030
5.00
Walnut
22752
40952
6.50 – 8.503
Yellow Poplar
8302
11952
2.754
1 Northern
(North Central) stock FAS/F1F truckload quantities
2 Appalachian
3
4
Retail Kiln-dried
Large Flitches $25 to $30/BF
Hearne Hardwoods, Inc.
Scale Stick
The standard tool in hardwood lumber grading is the scale stick, which is
used to obtain the surface measure of each board.
Depending on board length and width, the
surface measure is given by the built-in
scale sticks in this automated
lumber handling system.
In larger operations, the lumber is handled by
machine. As the board is examined by the grader,
the surface measure is read from a series of
scales placed behind it. Surface measure can
also be determined electronically, as in this
state-of-the-art operation.
Why Grade
Hardwood Lumber?
Profit!
The top grades of green hardwood
lumber of the more valuable species are
often wholesale priced at 1-3/4 to over 2
times that of the No. 1 Common grades.
Lumber Thickness
Grade lumber is measured on a
quarter basis. That is, 4/4
indicates 1 inch thick lumber plus
1/16 to 1/8 inch to allow for
shrinkage and sawing variation.
Two inch thick or 8/4 lumber is
often cut 1/4 inch over in
thickness.
Standard Hardwood
Lumber Grades
FAS
FAS One Face (FIF)
Selects
No. 1 Common
No. 2A and 2B Common
No. 3A and 3B Common
“A” indicates clear cuttings
“B” indicates sound cuttings
Steps to Grading a Board
Obtain Surface Measure (SM)
Determine Grading Face
Outline Cuttings
Establish Grade on Face
Board Size
Size of Cuttings
Number of Cuttings
Area of Cuttings Compared to SM
Additional Details
Calculating Board Feet (BF)
Width of the board in inches times length
in feet times the thickness in inches all
divided by 12
BF 
th ick n es s
( in .) x w id th
( in .) x len g th ( ft .)
12
BF

1 ( in .) x 1 2 ( in .) x 1 2 ( ft .)
12
 12
Calculating Surface Measure (SM)
Width of the board in inches and
fractions of inches times length in feet
divided by 12 rounded to the nearest
whole number
sm 
sm 
w i d t h ( i n .) x l e n g t h ( f t .)
12
1 2 ( i n .)
x 1 2 ( f t .)
12
 12
Cuttings
A portion of a board obtained by crosscutting, by ripping or by both.
Diagonal cuttings are not permitted.
Note: In lumber grading the cuttings
are only visualized; no cross-cutting or
ripping actually takes place.
Crosscut and Rip
OK
Clear Face Cuttings
A cutting having one clear face
(ordinary season checks are admitted)
and the reverse side sound.
Sound Cutting
A cutting free from rot, pith, shake, and wane.
Texture is not considered. It will admit sound knots,
bird pecks, stain, streaks, or their equivalent,
season checks not materially impairing the strength
of the cutting, pin, shot, and spot worm-holes.
Other holes 1/4 inch or larger are admitted but shall
be limited as follows: one 1/4 inch in average
diameter in each cutting of less than 12 units; two
1/4 inch or one 1/2 inch to each 12 units on one side
only of a cutting.
Cutting Unit
A cutting unit is one inch by one foot or 12
square inches of board surface or the
equivalent. The “unit” is used to determine
whether or not a board has enough clear
surface to make a certain grade.
Examples of Cutting Units
1”
6”
(12”) or 1’
2”
6’’
2”
Cutting Unit and Surface
Measure Relationship
One square foot
of SM contains
144 square
inches or 12
cutting units.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
12”
12”
The concept of 12 cutting units for each foot of
surface measure is critical. It forms a system of
12ths and it allows for easy calculations to
determine the percent of a board which is in the
cuttings as laid out.
Calculating Cutting Units
The number of cutting units is easily
calculated. Multiply the width of the
cutting in inches and fractions by the
length in feet and fractions.
5” x 10’ = 50 units
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5-1/2” x 12’ = 66 units
12”
12’
This board contains 144 cutting units
total and both cuttings contain 116
cutting units.
Establishing the Grade (1)
Board Size Required
FAS and F1F
6+”
8’ - 16’
Selects
4+”
6’ - 16’
No. 1, 2 and 3 Common
3+”
4’ - 16’
Minimum Cutting Size Required
FAS and F1F
7’
3”
5’
4”
No. 1 Common
3’
3”
2’
4”
No. 2A, 2B, 3A
Common
2’
3”
Maximum Number of Cuttings Allowed
FAS =
SM
4
Not to exceed 4
1C=
SM+1
3
Not to exceed 5
2A=
SM
2
Not to exceed 7
Round all fractions down to whole numbers.
Establishing the Grade
Calculating Yield of Cutting Units
FAS is 10/12 or 83-1/3% clear
Cutting units equal SM x 10
1C* is 8/12 or 66-2/3% clear
2C* is 6/12 or 50% clear
*Boards with just 1 or 2 feet of SM require higher yields
FAS Requirements
Review
Board size
6+” x 8’ to 16’
Minimum size cuttings
4” x 5’
3” x 7’
Number of cuttings permitted
SM (Maximum of 4)
4
Area required in clear cuttings
10/12 or 83-1/3%
Number of cutting units needed
SM x 10
Sample Board
8’
7’
6”
Good Side
Poor Side
Board size and cutting size okay for FAS
SM
One cutting allowed for FAS
( 4
Number of cutting units available
6”x7’=42
SMx10 or 4x10=40
o r 4 4  1)
1 Common Requirements
Review
3+” x 4’ to 16’
Board size:
Minimum size cuttings: 3” x 3’
4” x 2’
Number of cuttings Permitted:
(Maximum of 5)
SM+1
3
Area required in
clear cuttings:
8/12 or 66-23%
Number of cutting units needed: SM x 8
Sample Board
8’
6”
5’4”
Good Side
Poor Side
Board size and cutting size okay for 1 Common
One cutting allowed for 1 Common
SM 1
(
or
3
5-1/3 x 6=32
SMx8 or 4x8=32
5
3
 1)
2 Common Requirements
Board size:
Review
3+” x 4’ to 16’
Minimum size cuttings
3” x 2’
Number of cuttings permitted:
SM (Maximum of 7)
2
Area required in clear cuttings:
6/12 or 50%
Number of cutting units needed:
SM x 6
Sample Board
8’
6”
4’
Good Side
Poor Side
Board size and cutting size okay for 2 Common
SM
( 2
or 4 2
Two cuttings allowed in 2 Common
6”x4’=24
SMx6 or 4x6=24
 2)
FAS I F
Grades FAS on one face
Grades No. 1 Common on reverse face
Wane on No. 1 Common side shall not
exceed one-third the width
Wane on No. 1 Common side shall not
exceed one-half the length in the
aggregate
Reverse side of the cuttings are not
required to be sound
Selects
Minimum Size Board is 4” by 6’
Grades FAS on one face and No. 1 Common on
reverse face
Wane on pieces 6” or wider, 3’ or more surface
measure on the No. 1 Common side shall not
exceed one-third the width by one-half the
length in the aggregate
Reverse side of the cuttings are not required to
be sound
Additional restrictions for pieces of 2’ and 3’
surface measure and 4” and 5” wide
Important Exceptions to the
Standard FAS Rule
Minimum widths rule allows 10% of
green/air dried boards to be 5-3/4
inches wide.
8’
5-3/4”
Important Exceptions to the
Standard FAS Rule
The 97% rule admits pieces 6” to 9” wide
of 6’ to 12’ surface measure that will
yield 97% in two clear-face cuttings of
any length, full width of the board.
12’ 2”
6”
2’
10’
Restrictions for the FAS Grade
Wane Limitation
Wane is allowed on one or both
edges of the piece and up to onehalf the length in the aggregate.
12’
8”
3’
1’
6’
2’
Maximum allowable wane based on length
End Foot Rule
Within one lineal foot from the ends of the
boards of standard length there shall be
not less than 50% clear-face in not more
than two pieces of any shape. And in
addition there shall not be less than 25%
sound wood in the aggregate.
12’
12”
Clear
(50%)
25%
“Stained” Sound Wood
Wane
(25)%
Knot Diameter
The average diameter of any knot shall
not exceed in inches one-third the
surface measure of the piece.
12’
9”
3”
SM

9 x1 2
 9
12
Maximum knot diameter allowed
SM
3
9
o r 3  3"
Split Rule
The maximum total length of split is
limited to twice the surface measure
of the piece expressed in inches
except when one foot or shorter.
Splits may diverge up to one inch to
the lineal foot, except when one foot
or shorter. Splits shorter than one
foot are not covered by this rule.
Split Rule
12’
12”
2’
SM = 12
Maximum Split = 12 x 2 = 24” or 2’
Shipping Grade Lumber

Grading and Pricing Hardwood Lumber

Transcription

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