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108 F F F F
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Cache [ 15 Mar. 1999 ]
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Relate Link
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%!*%$%!*%$-
Intel Celeron
o
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RAM
Cache and More Cache at OverClocker.com ... [Web Link]
Cache and everything about cache at PC Guide ... [Web Link]
Introduction about Cache at WebOpedia ... [Web Link]
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What's Cache
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L2 Company. ... [Web Link]
© Copyright 1999. BeyondXtreme-ByX's eXtreme. All Rights Reserved.
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24
6 ( CPU )
[ 11 June 1999 ]
Intel Pentium Pro ( P64C )
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IOufbVa MpjC_aU\IMiaXGYMFfVQ 266 PKF 300 MHz PKmaSihfm^VC\UBlmIX_kCkK[GDCUf 0.25 micon fma[ noYLBCljaLCVHCIRL SihfmXTUSUMbVfMU_U CPU DRLbCKLRGS fma[ IJ`YR^\U[eF
PDjLSVQ Intel Pentium MMX ( _Lh\j^aVLeFPDjLSVQ Pentium Pro KF_MVQ IJMUF ICmCbKUf_CKFfmUCSVC )
]ZYLXGY AMD K6 \GIJZY\IbZ\I^C`RhOSajU Intel Pentium MMX XGYI^iChfmlVfg Si_`R DCUfDRL Cache {U[BC ^M`R Cache MFfVQ 1 ( L1 Cache ) noYLeF\GDCUfIOWC
IXjUbVaDRL Intel Pentium MMX noYLSi_`R \G Data Cache 32 K PKF Intruction Cache 32 K
Pbj]ZYLXGYXTUB^m AMD K6 h\jI^C`RhOSajU Intel Pentium MMX R[jUL]\QNMEc CVYCSi_`R IM`YRLDRL SUM_TUCaCIlZLXCZ[\ IJMUF[VL_LXTUhfmlmUSajU E XGY CPU _aU\IMiaIXjUgSVC noYLBC
DEFCVHC IS\]c 3 \ZbZ ( 3D ) STUKVLIOWCXGYPJMj^KU[ PKFIOWCXGYXMUQSVCajU SUM_TUCaCIlZL 3 \ZbZCVHCbmRLBlm SUM_TUCaCIlZLXCZ[\R[jUL^CVS bMLepfCGHIRL XGYXTUB^m Intel Pentium
MMX [VL_LI^C`RSajU ( E XGY_aU\IMiaDRL CPU IXjUgSVCCF )
Pbjfma[OeeV[DRLMU_U noYL BCDEFCVHCMU_UDRL AMD K6 300 MHz CVHCJRgSVC ^M`RPJLSajUIJG[LIKiSCmR[ SVQ Intel Pentium MMX 233 MHz PKFfma[_aU\]U\UMs
BCSUM_TUCaCIlZLXCZ[\DRL K6 300 MHz CVHC SiIXG[QhfmSVQ Intel Pentium MMX 233 MHz fma[ Pbjfma[_aU\IMiafmUCR`YCg XGYI^C`RSajU SiIK[IOWCepfXGYlfIl[SVChfm R[jUL
KmCI^K`R ...
\UfN ]MpOMU[KFIRG[fDRL AMD K6 SVCfGSajUCF_MVQ
o
o
o
o
o
\G_aU\IMiabVHLPbj 166MHz soL 300MHz
BlmIX_kCkK[GDCUf 0.25 PKF/^M`R 0.35 micron
eVfIOWC CPU BCMpjCXGY 6 DRL AMD
IOWC RISC86 CPU noYL\G]sUOb[SMM\fVLCGH
\G 7 ^Cja[OMF\aKtKPQQDCUC
]U\UMssRfM^V]DRL x86 hO[VL RISC86 hfmXGKF^KU[g_TU]VYL
]U\UMsXTUCU[tKSUMOMF\aKtKKjaL^CmUhfm 2 MFfVQ ( Branch Prediction )
]U\UMs_UfIfU_TU]VYLXGYeFbmRLXTULUCKjaL^CmUhfm ( Speculative Execution )
]CVQ]CpCSUMXTULUCPQQ Out-Of-Order Execution ( IOWC Feature XGYBlmBC Pipeline )
]CVQ]CpCSUMXTULUCPQQ Data Forwarding ( IOWC Feature XGYBlmBC Pipeline )
\Glpf_TU]VYLIJZY\IbZ\IJ`YReVfSUMSVQfmUC MultiMedia noYLSi_`Rlpf_TU]VYL MMX CVYCIRL
eMZLg PKmaBCDEFXGYXUL AMD IOufbVa K6 hfmh\jCUC Intel SihfmIOufbVa Intel Pentium II DoHC\UPDjL ^\U[eFSKQMV\GDRL K6 fma[ noYL_aU\eMZL Si_aMeFeVfIOMG[QIXG[Q K6
SVQ Pentium II Pbjfma[]sUOb[SMM\PKma SiIK[DRIOMG[QIXG[Q K6 SVQ Pentium MMX PXC SiPKmaSVCCF_MVQ ... RUeIOWCSUMh\jPrMc]TU^MVQ Pentium MMX ]VS^CjR[
IJMUF[VL_LIOWC CPU BCMpjCXGY 5 Pbj AMD K6 IOWCMpjCXGY 6 PKma
27
bUMULIOMG[QIXG[Q ]MpO_aU\]U\UMsfmUCbjULg MF^ajUL Intel Pentium MMX , Intel Pentium Pro PKF AMD K6
Processor Feature
AMD K6
RISC core
Superscalar
Speculative execution
Out of order execution
Data forwarding
Register renaming
Simple x86 decoders
Sophisticated x86 decoders
Long x86 decoders
Vector x86 decoders
Execution Pipelines
Branch prediction
Advanced 2 level branch prediction
Branch history table entries
Branch target cache entries
Branch prediction accuracy
MMX technology
High performance FPU
L1 instruction and data cache
Industry compatible SMM
Latency ( [ZYLCmR[[ZLY fG )
Yes / 6 issue
Pentium Pro Pentium MMX
Yes / 5 issue
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
2
1
1
6
No
No
No
No
1
1
2
2
1
5
Yes
Yes
8,192
16
95%
Yes
32K + 32K
2 clock
No
256
512
0
90%
No
Yes
8K + 8K
Yes
5-7 clock
75-80%
Yes
16K + 16K
2 clock
5>O9P;Q@OA;<RS8;TR8
•
MMX
MMX IX_kCkK[GCVHC IOWClpf_TU]VYL{U[BC CPU XGYIJZY\IDmU\URGS 57 _TU]VYL IJ`YReVfSUMSVQLUCBC\VKbZ\GIfG[ kf[IJZY\OMF]ZXdZ{UJDRLkOMPSM\XTULUCISGY[aSVQMFQQI]G[L (Audio)
{UJSMUruS 2 \ZbZ ( 2D ) {UJSMUruS 3 \ZbZ ( 3D ) ,{UJI_K`YRCh^abjULg PKFMa\hOsoLMFQQSUMaZI_MUF^cPKFefeTUI]G[LJNf ( Voice Recognition ) PKFSUM]`YR]UMtjUC
k\Ifi\
kf[ MMX CGH IOWClpf_TU]VYL XGYBlm]sUOb[SMM\PQQ SIMD SKjUa_`R ]U\UMsOMF\aKtKfma[_TU]VYLIfG[aSVC PbjBlmlpfDmR\NKbjULSVChfm JMmR\g SVC ( SIMD : Single
Instrunction Multiple Data stream ) IMG[SajUIOWCSUMOMF\aKtKPQQDCUC ^M`R Parallel Processing
IM`YRLDRL SIMD CGH ]U\UMsRjUCIJZY\IbZ\hfmXGY ]sUOb[SMM\PQQ SIMD _MVQ
IX_kCkK[GCGH XUL Intel IRLSihfmJ[U[U\tKVSfVCB^mtNmtKZb Software PKF Hardware bjULg B^m]MmUL Application PKF Driver XGYlja[]CVQ]CpCSUMXTULUCDRL MMX IJ`YR
eFhfmBlmOMFk[lCcBCepfCGHR[jULIbi\XGY PbjBC_aU\IOWCeMZL eCsoL E OeepQVCCGH Si\GtNmtKZb Software IJG[Lh\jSGYIemUIXjUCVHCXGYRRSPQQ\UIJ`YR MMX
RUeSKjUahfmajU IOWCIX_kCkK[GXGYh\j]TU_V|IXjUhMCVS ... PbjeTUIOWCbmRL\G IJMUFI^\`RCSVQIOWC Standard ]TU^MVQ CPU BCDEFCGHhOI]G[PKma ( ^KVLeUS Intel OMFSUIOufbVa MMX
QMZVXtNmtKZb CPU R`YCg Si^VC\UeVQ MMX B]j CPU DRLbCbU\hOfma[ XVHL AMD , Cyrix PKFP\mPbjCmRLB^\jg R[jUL IDT ^M`R RISE SieVQIemU MMX CGHB]jKLBC CPU DRL
bCfma[ )
eTUIOWCh^\? ]TU^MVQ MMX SVQLUCfmUC Business ]TU^MVQt\ _ZfajUh\jeTUIOWC IJMUFPXQeFh\jlja[RFhMIK[ IamCI]G[PbjLUCfmUC Presentation noYLeTUIOWCbmRLBlm Multimedia
\U]CVQ]CpCfma[
]TU^MVQ Software XGY]CVQ]CpC MMX CGH XGYI^iCIfjClVfIK[ Si\G Adobe Photoshop noYL\G Patch B^m upgrade Blm_UT ]VYL MMX hfm XTUB^mSUMXTULUCBCQULfmUC XTUhfmIMia
DoHCR[jULI^iChfmlVf
•
Speculative Execution ( ^M`RXGY Intel IMG[S Dynamic Execution )
28
IOWCSMFQaCSUMXTULUCI\`YRXTULUC_TU]VYLBfg I]MieIJG[L_MoLY XULSjRC PKmaMRfNajU\G_TU]VYLh^C XGYbmRLSUMBlmBCDVHCbjRhO PKFIMG[SBlm\VCSjRC ( IOWCSMFQaCSUMDRL Out-Of-Order
Execution ) XTUB^mlja[IJZY\OMF]ZXdZ{UJBCSUMXTULUCDoHCRGSMFfVQ
•
Out-Of-Order Execution
29
6 ( CPU )
[ 11 June 1999 ]
Intel Pentium Pro ( P64C )
BCMUag If`RCJeZSU[C O _.. 1995 Intel SihfmIOufbVa CPU BC[p_XGY 6 DRLbC kf[\G CodeName ajU "P6" noYLJVCUPKFOMVQOMpLSUMXTULUCIJZY\IbZ\DoHC\URGS JR]\_aM
eUS Pentium Classic Pbjhfm\GSUM[mU[ Cache {U[CRS ( ^M`R Cache MFfVQ 2 , L2 Cache ) noYLOSbZPKmaeFaULR[NQj C Mainboard \UhamXGY PtjC Silicon
IfG[aSVCSVQ CPU IK[ ( Pbjh\jhfmR[Nj {U[BC CPU ) IJ`YRIJZY\_aU\IMiaBCSUMXTULUCDRL L2 Cache PKF SUMIJZY\_aU\IMiaBCSUMIDmUsoL PKFfoL DmR\NKeUSBC Cache ... PbjSifma[
I^bpXGYbmRLMa\IRU Cache IDmUhOfma[CGHIRL XTUB^mMU_UDRL CPU CVHC]NLIRU\USg
Intel hfmIOKGY[CPCa_ZfDRLbVaIRL kf[^VC\UBlmSUMOMF\aKtKPQQ RISC BC CPU DRLbCQmUL fma[SUMfVfPOKLlpf_TU]VYL]TU^MVQ x86 DRLbCB^mIOWC lpf_TU]VYL DRL RISC XGYIKiS
SajU IMiaSajU PKF LjU[SajUIfZ\ IMG[SajUIOWClpf_TU]VYL RISC86
Pentium Pro \G lpf Pipeline 3 lpf noYL\USSajU Pentium Classic noYL\GIJG[L 2 lpf PKF\GSUMP[SDVHCbRCSUMXTULUCRRSIOWCsoL 14 DVHCbRC PKF[VL]CVQ]CpCSUM XTULUC
PQQ_UfIfU_TU]VYLXGYeFbmRLIMG[SBlmKjaL^CmUhfm noYLIMG[SajU Speculative Execution Pbj Intel IMG[SSUMXTULUCCGHajUIOWC Dynamic Execution
RGS]ZYL^CoYLXGYIOKGY[ChO Si_`R Interface XGYBlm noYLeUSIfZ\BlmQC Socket 7 Si^VC\UBlmXGY Socket 8 PXC XTUB^mh\j]U\UMsBlmLUChfmSVQ Mainboard DRL Pentium
Classic PCjCRC eFBlmMpjCCGH SibmRLn`HR Mainboard B^\jfma[
]ZYLXGYCjUPOKSBe ]TU^MVQ Pentium Pro R[jUL^CoYL Si_`R DCUfDRL Cache {U[BC ^M`R Cache MFfVQ 1 XGY[VL_L\GIJG[L 16 K IXjUCVHC IXjUg SVQ Pentium Classic IK[
PbjSilfIl[epffmR[bMLCGHfma[ Cache MFfVQ 2 XGY\GDCUfB^|j PKF\GB^mIK`RS^KU[MpjC _`RMpCj XGY\G Cache MFfVQ 2 DCUf 256 KB, 512 KB ^M`R 1 MB PKF XTULUCfma[
_aU\IMiaIfG[aSVQ CPU IJMUFR[NjQC Silicon IfG[aSVC
Pentium Pro CGH kf[\USeFsNSCTU\UBlmIOWC Server \USSajUXGYeFIOWC Desktop PC IJMUF \VC]CVQ]CpCSUMXTULUCPQQ SMP ^M`R Symmetric
MultiProcessing noYLXTUB^mBlm CPU hfm ^KU[bVa QC Mainboard bVaIfG[aSVChfm XTUB^mlja[IJZY\I]sG[M{UJBCSUMXTULUC ]CVQ]CpCIM`YRLDRL Fault Tolerant fma[ I\`YR
CPU bVaBfbVa^CoYLI]G[^U[ RGSbVa^CoYLSieFXTULUCPXCXGYhfm PKF[VLlja[]CVQ]CpCSUMOMF\aKtKPQQDCUCRGSfma[
Intel Pentium MMX ( P55C )
30
BCljaLbmCO _.. 1997 Intel SihfmIOufbVaIX_kCkK[GB^\jDRLbC _`R MMX ^M`R MultiMedia eXtension DoHC\U kf[\GepfOMF]L_c IJ`YRB^mlja[IJZY\_aU\]U\UMsBCfmUC
Multimedia IJMUFBCOeepQVCCGH Computer PKFLUCfmUC Multimedia PXQeFP[SSVCh\jRRSPKma fma[I^bpCGHIRL XUL Intel eoLhfmMa\lpf_TU]VYL MMX IDmU\UBC CPU
bMFSNK Pentium DRLbCfma[ IJ`YRIOWCepfDU[B^\j PKF ]MmUL \UbM
UCB^\jDRLbCDoHC\U
\UfNSVCfGSajU_MVQ ajU Pentium MMX ^M`R P55C CGH \GRFhMIOKGY[CPOKLhOeUS Pentium Classic ^M`R P54C QmUL
RVCfVQPMSIK[ _`Rlpf_TU]VYL MMX hLKF_MVQ RVCCGHDRLPCjR[NjPKma :-) bjR\U_`RDCUfDRL Cache {U[BC XGYIJZY\DoHC\UIOWCIXjUbVaeUSIfZ\ noYL\G Data Cache 8 K PKF
Instruction Cache 8 K SisNSIJZY\RGSIXjUbVaIOWC Data Cache 16 K PKF Instruction Cache 16 K BC]jaCXGYIOKGY[CPOKLRGSR[jUL Si_`R IM`YRLDRL hrIKG[H L noYL
Pentium Classic CVHC BlmhrIKGH[L 3.3 Volt Pbj Pentium MMX CVHC eFBlmhrIKGH[LIOWC 2.8 Volt XGY CPU core Pbj BC]jaCDRL CPU I/O [VL_LIOWC 3.3 V.
BCMU[KFIRG[fOKGS[jR[DRL]sUOb[SMM\{U[BC Sihfm\GSUMCTUIRUIX_kCkK[GQUL]jaCeUS Pentium Pro noYLeVfIOWC CPU BC[p_XGY 6 DRL Intel ( P6 ) XGYIOufbVaRRS\USjRC^CmU
CGHh\jCUCCVS hfmPSj _aU\]U\UMsBCIlZLDRL Branch Target Buffer ^M`R BTB noYLISGY[aDmRLSVQSUMXTUCU[tKSUM_TUCaCKjaL^CmU ... lja[IJZY\_aU\IMiaBCSUMOMF\aKtKhfmRGSXUL
^CoYL
CRSeUSCGH[VL\GSUMJVCU / OMVQOMpL BCIlZLDRL Return Address Prediction RGSfma[ RGSXVHL[VL]U\UMsXTUSUMsRfM^V] PKFP[SSUMXTULUCRRSIOWC 2 Pipe JMmR\gSVChfm IOWC
Pipe eTUCaCIbi\ PKF MMX noYL]U\UMsXTULUChOJMmR\gSVChfmIK[
]MpOMU[KFIRG[f DRL CPU Intel Pentium MMX
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
\GbVHLPbjMpjC_aU\IMia 166 MHz soL 233 MHz
BlmIX_kCkK[G DCUf 0.35 micron
Cache MFfVQ 1 \GDCUfIOWCIXjUbVaDRL Pentium Classic _`RIOWC 32 K
Die Size \GDCUf 141 bUMUL\ZKKZI\bM
IJZY\eTUCaCDRLSUM Write Buffer eUS 2 IOWC 4
CTUIX_kCkK[GIM`YRL Branch Prodiction ( Branch Target Buffer ) eUS Pentium Pro \UBlm
JVCUIM`YRL Return Stack noYLPMSIMZY\IfZ\XGCVHC\GBC Cyrix/IBM 6x86
IJZY\ step SUMXTULUCDRL U PKF V Pipeline RGS 1 step
JVCUISGY[aSVQSUMXTULUCPQQDCUCDRL Pipeline U PKF V
lpf_TU]VYL MMX
BlmhrIKGH[LBC CPU core 2.8 V Pbj Blm]TU^MVQ CPU I/O IOWC 3.3 V.
Pentium MMX CGH [VL_LIOWC CPU BCMpCj XGY 5 DRL Intel eFeVfIOWCMpjCXGY 5.1 Si_Lhfm soLP\meFRRS\UXG^KVL Pentium Pro noYLeVfIOWC CPU BCMpjCXGY 6 DRL Intel Si
bU\Pbj
AMD K6
BCaVCXGY 2 I\U[C O _.. 1997 XUL AMD IRL SihfmXTUSUMIOufbVa CPU BCMpjCXGY 6 DRLbCDoHC\UQmUL IJ`YR^\U[eF\UPDjLSVQ Intel Pentium MMX CVYCSi_`R AMD K6
[VL_LeTUIM`YRLDRL NextGen hfmh^\_MVQ QMZVXCGHsNS AMD n`HRPKFXTUSUMMa\IX_kCkK[GIDmU\Ufma[ noYLBCDEFXGYn`HRCVHC XUL NextGen SihfmRRSPQQ CPU BCMpjCXGY 6 DRLbCham
31
PKma _`R Nx686 noYL AMD SiIK[hfms`Rk_ML]MmULXGYCjU]CBeDRL Nx686 \UMa\IDmUSVQ IX_kCkK[GDRLbC PKF IJZY\lpf_TU]VYL MMX DRLbCIRLIDmUhOfma[ XTUB^mhfm K6 RRS\U
MMX DRL AMD K6 CVHC soLP\meF\GeTUCaClpf_TU]VYLIXjUg SVC \G_TU]VYLI^\`RCgSVCSVQ Intel PbjSMFQaCSUMXTULUCSiPbSbjULSVChO IJMUF smUXTUBCSMFQaCSUMIfG[aSVC SieFs`RIOWCSUM
KjaLKFI\ZfKZD]ZXdZDRL Intel noYLhfmefhamSjRCPKma
PbjR[jULhMSibU\ MMX DRL AMD SiBlmLUChfmSVQXpS Application XGY]CVQ]CpCSUMXTULUCDRL Intel MMX PKFB^mOMF]ZXdZ{UJXGYhfmtK JRg SVC soLfGSajUfma[nHTU ]TU^MVQQUL
LUC ( AMD IMG[S MMX DRLbCajUIOWC MMX enhanced )
]TU^MVQBCMpjCPMSCVHC AMD hfmIOufbVaXGY_aU\IMia 166, 200 PKF 233 MHz noYL\G transistor {U[BC 8.8 KmUCbVa PKFBlmIX_kCkK[G DCUf 0.35 micron PKFbjR\USihfm
IOufbVa MpjC_aU\IMiaXGYMFfVQ 266 PKF 300 MHz PKmaSihfm^VC\UBlmIX_kCkK[GDCUf 0.25 micon fma[ noYLBCljaLCVHCIRL SihfmXTUSUMbVfMU_U CPU DRLbCKLRGS fma[ IJ`YR^\U[eF
PDjLSVQ Intel Pentium MMX ( _Lh\j^aVLeFPDjLSVQ Pentium Pro KF_MVQ IJMUF ICmCbKUf_CKFfmUCSVC )
]ZYLXGY AMD K6 \GIJZY\IbZ\I^C`RhOSajU Intel Pentium MMX XGYI^iChfmlVfg Si_`R DCUfDRL Cache {U[BC ^M`R Cache MFfVQ 1 ( L1 Cache ) noYLeF\GDCUfIOWC
IXjUbVaDRL Intel Pentium MMX noYLSi_`R \G Data Cache 32 K PKF Intruction Cache 32 K
Pbj]ZYLXGYXTUB^m AMD K6 h\jI^C`RhOSajU Intel Pentium MMX R[jUL]\QNMEc CVYCSi_`R IM`YRLDRL SUM_TUCaCIlZLXCZ[\ IJMUF[VL_LXTUhfmlmUSajU E XGY CPU _aU\IMiaIXjUgSVC noYL
BCDEFCVHC IS\]c 3 \ZbZ ( 3D ) STUKVLIOWCXGYPJMj^KU[ PKFIOWCXGYXMUQSVCajU SUM_TUCaCIlZL 3 \ZbZCVHCbmRLBlm SUM_TUCaCIlZLXCZ[\R[jUL^CVS bMLepfCGHIRL XGYXTUB^m Intel Pentium
MMX [VL_LI^C`RSajU ( E XGY_aU\IMiaDRL CPU IXjUgSVCCF )
Pbjfma[OeeV[DRLMU_U noYL BCDEFCVHCMU_UDRL AMD K6 300 MHz CVHCJRgSVC ^M`RPJLSajUIJG[LIKiSCmR[ SVQ Intel Pentium MMX 233 MHz PKFfma[_aU\]U\UMs
BCSUM_TUCaCIlZLXCZ[\DRL K6 300 MHz CVHC SiIXG[QhfmSVQ Intel Pentium MMX 233 MHz fma[ Pbjfma[_aU\IMiafmUCR`YCg XGYI^C`RSajU SiIK[IOWCepfXGYlfIl[SVChfm
R[jULKmCI^K`R ...
\UfN ]MpOMU[KFIRG[fDRL AMD K6 SVCfGSajUCF_MVQ
o
o
o
o
o
\G_aU\IMiabVHLPbj 166MHz soL 300MHz
BlmIX_kCkK[GDCUf 0.25 PKF/^M`R 0.35 micron
eVfIOWC CPU BCMpjCXGY 6 DRL AMD
IOWC RISC86 CPU noYL\G]sUOb[SMM\fVLCGH
\G 7 ^Cja[OMF\aKtKPQQDCUC
]U\UMssRfM^V]DRL x86 hO[VL RISC86 hfmXGKF^KU[g_TU]VYL
]U\UMsXTUCU[tKSUMOMF\aKtKKjaL^CmUhfm 2 MFfVQ ( Branch Prediction )
]U\UMs_UfIfU_TU]VYLXGYeFbmRLXTULUCKjaL^CmUhfm ( Speculative Execution )
]CVQ]CpCSUMXTULUCPQQ Out-Of-Order Execution ( IOWC Feature XGYBlmBC Pipeline )
]CVQ]CpCSUMXTULUCPQQ Data Forwarding ( IOWC Feature XGYBlmBC Pipeline )
\Glpf_TU]VYLIJZY\IbZ\IJ`YReVfSUMSVQfmUC MultiMedia noYLSi_`Rlpf_TU]VYL MMX CVYCIRL
eMZLg PKmaBCDEFXGYXUL AMD IOufbVa K6 hfmh\jCUC Intel SihfmIOufbVa Intel Pentium II DoHC\UPDjL ^\U[eFSKQMV\GDRL K6 fma[ noYL_aU\eMZL Si_aMeFeVfIOMG[QIXG[Q K6
SVQ Pentium II Pbjfma[]sUOb[SMM\PKma SiIK[DRIOMG[QIXG[Q K6 SVQ Pentium MMX PXC SiPKmaSVCCF_MVQ ... RUeIOWCSUMh\jPrMc]TU^MVQ Pentium MMX ]VS^CjR[
IJMUF[VL_LIOWC CPU BCMpjCXGY 5 Pbj AMD K6 IOWCMpjCXGY 6 PKma
bUMULIOMG[QIXG[Q ]MpO_aU\]U\UMsfmUCbjULg MF^ajUL Intel Pentium MMX , Intel Pentium Pro PKF AMD K6
32
Processor Feature
AMD K6
RISC core
Superscalar
Speculative execution
Out of order execution
Data forwarding
Register renaming
Simple x86 decoders
Sophisticated x86 decoders
Long x86 decoders
Vector x86 decoders
Execution Pipelines
Branch prediction
Advanced 2 level branch prediction
Branch history table entries
Branch target cache entries
Branch prediction accuracy
MMX technology
High performance FPU
L1 instruction and data cache
Industry compatible SMM
Latency ( [ZYLCmR[[ZLY fG )
Yes / 6 issue
Pentium Pro Pentium MMX
Yes / 5 issue
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
2
1
1
6
No
No
No
No
1
1
2
2
1
5
Yes
Yes
8,192
16
95%
Yes
32K + 32K
2 clock
No
256
512
0
90%
No
Yes
8K + 8K
Yes
5-7 clock
75-80%
Yes
16K + 16K
2 clock
5>O9P;Q@OA;<RS8;TR8
•
MMX
MMX IX_kCkK[GCVHC IOWClpf_TU]VYL{U[BC CPU XGYIJZY\IDmU\URGS 57 _TU]VYL IJ`YReVfSUMSVQLUCBC\VKbZ\GIfG[ kf[IJZY\OMF]ZXdZ{UJDRLkOMPSM\XTULUCISGY[aSVQMFQQI]G[L (Audio)
{UJSMUruS 2 \ZbZ ( 2D ) {UJSMUruS 3 \ZbZ ( 3D ) ,{UJI_K`YRCh^abjULg PKFMa\hOsoLMFQQSUMaZI_MUF^cPKFefeTUI]G[LJNf ( Voice Recognition ) PKFSUM]`YR]UMtjUC
k\Ifi\
kf[ MMX CGH IOWClpf_TU]VYL XGYBlm]sUOb[SMM\PQQ SIMD SKjUa_`R ]U\UMsOMF\aKtKfma[_TU]VYLIfG[aSVC PbjBlmlpfDmR\NKbjULSVChfm JMmR\g SVC ( SIMD : Single
Instrunction Multiple Data stream ) IMG[SajUIOWCSUMOMF\aKtKPQQDCUC ^M`R Parallel Processing
IM`YRLDRL SIMD CGH ]U\UMsRjUCIJZY\IbZ\hfmXGY ]sUOb[SMM\PQQ SIMD _MVQ
IX_kCkK[GCGH XUL Intel IRLSihfmJ[U[U\tKVSfVCB^mtNmtKZb Software PKF Hardware bjULg B^m]MmUL Application PKF Driver XGYlja[]CVQ]CpCSUMXTULUCDRL MMX
IJ`YReFhfmBlmOMFk[lCcBCepfCGHR[jULIbi\XGY PbjBC_aU\IOWCeMZL eCsoL E OeepQVCCGH Si\GtNmtKZb Software IJG[Lh\jSGYIemUIXjUCVHCXGYRRSPQQ\UIJ`YR MMX
RUeSKjUahfmajU IOWCIX_kCkK[GXGYh\j]TU_V|IXjUhMCVS ... PbjeTUIOWCbmRL\G IJMUFI^\`RCSVQIOWC Standard ]TU^MVQ CPU BCDEFCGHhOI]G[PKma ( ^KVLeUS Intel OMFSUIOufbVa MMX
QMZVXtNmtKZb CPU R`YCg Si^VC\UeVQ MMX B]j CPU DRLbCbU\hOfma[ XVHL AMD , Cyrix PKFP\mPbjCmRLB^\jg R[jUL IDT ^M`R RISE SieVQIemU MMX CGHB]jKLBC CPU DRL
bCfma[ )
eTUIOWCh^\? ]TU^MVQ MMX SVQLUCfmUC Business ]TU^MVQt\ _ZfajUh\jeTUIOWC IJMUFPXQeFh\jlja[RFhMIK[ IamCI]G[PbjLUCfmUC Presentation noYLeTUIOWCbmRLBlm
Multimedia \U]CVQ]CpCfma[
]TU^MVQ Software XGY]CVQ]CpC MMX CGH XGYI^iCIfjClVfIK[ Si\G Adobe Photoshop noYL\G Patch B^m upgrade Blm_UT ]VYL MMX hfm XTUB^mSUMXTULUCBCQULfmUC XTUhfmIMia
DoHCR[jULI^iChfmlVf
•
Speculative Execution ( ^M`RXGY Intel IMG[S Dynamic Execution )
IOWCSMFQaCSUMXTULUCI\`YRXTULUC_TU]VYLBfg I]MieIJG[L_MoLY XULSjRC PKmaMRfNajU\G_TU]VYLh^C XGYbmRLSUMBlmBCDVHCbjRhO PKFIMG[SBlm\VCSjRC ( IOWCSMFQaCSUMDRL Out-Of-Order
Execution ) XTUB^mlja[IJZY\OMF]ZXdZ{UJBCSUMXTULUCDoHCRGSMFfVQ
33
•
Out-Of-Order Execution
RjUCIJZY\IbZ\hfmXGY Out-Of-Order Execution _MVQ
[ 07 August 1999 ]
Intel Pentium II ( Klamath/Deschute )
BCSKULO 1996 Intel Sihfm]jLbVa CPU BCbMFSNK x86 bVaB^\jDRLbC RRS]NjXmRLbKUf CVYCSi_`R Intel Pentium II noYLeFajUhOPKma SiI^\`RC Pentium Pro XGYsNS
JVCUDoHC\URGSMFfVQ^CoYLCVYCIRL IJMUFkf[]sUOb[SMM\XVYaghOPKma Sih\jbjULeUS Pentium Pro IK[ IJG[LPbj\GSUMOMVQPbjLQULR[jULB^m\G_aU\]\fpK[c PKF \GOMF]ZXdZ{UJIJZY\DoHC
IljC\GSUMB]j_TU]VYL MMX IDmUhO PKF\G SUMOMVQPbjL Interface I]G[B^\j kf[eUSIfZ\CVHCBlm Interface PQQ Socket IljC Intel Pentium Pro Blm Socket 8 ^M`R
Intel Pentium MMX Blm Socket 7 ( PKF/^M`R Socket 5 ) Si^VC\UBlm Interface IOWCPQQ Slot PXC PKFIOKGY[C Package DRL CPU eUSXGYIOWC PGA
( Pin-Grid Array ) \UIOWC SECC ( Single Edge Contact Cartridge ) noYL\GKVSEF I^\`RCSVQ SKjRLaGfGkRIXO PKF hfm\GSUM[mU[bTUP^CjLDRL Cache
MFfVQ 2 RRS\UhambjUL^US soLP\majUeFR[NBj C SECC I^\`RCSVQ CPU PbjSih\jhfmQMMephamQC Chip DRL CPU R[jUL Pentium Pro PKF XTULUCfma[_aU\IMiaIOWC_MoYL^CoYLDRL
_aU\IMia CPU ( IljC CPU _aU\IMia 300 MHz IemU Cache MFfVQ 2 CGH SieFXTULUCXGY_aU\IMiaIJG[L 150 MHz IXjUCVHC ) PKF[VLhfmIJZY\DCUfDRL Cache MFfVQ 1 IOWC
32K noYLIOWC 2 IXjUDRL Intel Pentium Pro IK[XGIfG[a
MNODmULKjULCGH P]fL Package DRL Intel Pentium II XVHLfmUC^CmU PKF fmUC^KVL
IMG[S Interface B^\jXGYBlmbjRIl`YR\MF^ajUL CPU SVQ Mainboard ajU IOWC Slot-1 ( ]KiRbaVC ) kf[]UI^bp^KVS XGY Intel bmRLIOKGY[C\UBlmIOWC Slot-1 CVHC XUL Intel
RmULajU IJ`YRKfO|^U_RDafMF^ajUL Cache MFfVQ 2 PKF ^Cja[_aU\eTU^KVS noYLIOWCO|^U]TU_V| XGYIOWCbVa^CjaLOMF]ZXdZ{UJDRLMFQQ
Pbjkf[_aU\I^iC]jaCbVaPKma _UfajUepfOMF]L_c^KVS eMZLg PKma CjUeFIOWCIJMUFIM`YRLDRLKZD]ZXdZ\USSajU ... IJMUFI\`YR Intel [mU[\UBlmIOWC Slot-1 PKmaSihfm\GSUMefKZD]ZXdZhamXVCXG
34
QMZVXtNmtKZb CPU IemUR`YCg ^USbmRLSUMXGYeFtKZb CPU XGYBlm Slot-1 fma[ SibmRLejU[_jU]ZXdZQVbMB^mSVQXUL Intel IOWCeTUCaCh\jBljCmR[gIK[XGIfG[a
CPU Intel Pentium II CVHC \G 2 MpjC ... MpjCPMSXGYRRS]NjXmRLbKUfCVHC BlmIX_kCkK[GDCUf 0.35 Micron PKF BlmhrIKGH[L ( Vcore ) 2.8 Volt \G Code Name
ajU Klamath noYL CPU MpjCCGHeVfajU\G_aU\MmRC]NL bjR\U XUL Intel eoLhfmXTUSUMKfDCUfDRLPtjCIaIrRMcKL ^VC\UBlmIOWCDCUf 0.25 Micron PXC PKFBlmhrIKGH[LIOWC 2.0
Volt PXC kf[MpjCCGHeF\G Code Name ajU Deschute
JMmR\SVCCVHC SihfmIOufbVa chipset bVaB^\jDRLbC noYL]CVQ]CpCSUMXTULUCsoL 100 MHz fma[ ... CVYCSi_`R chipset Intel 440BX
IRUKF_MVQ KRL\UfN Spec MU[KFIRG[fDRL Pentium II SVCfGSajUCF_MVQ
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
\GbVHLPbjMpjC 233 MHz soL 450 MHz ( 233-333 MHz Blm FSB 66 MHz , 350-450 MHz Blm FSB 100 MHz )
Deschute Core CVHC BlmIX_kCkK[GDCUf 0.25 Micron IJ`YRIJZY\_aU\sGYDRL core hfm\USDoHC PKF BlmhrCmR[KL
\G MMX fma[ PbjI^C`RlVHChOajU Intel Pentium MMX IJMUF]U\UMsXTULUChfmXGKF 2 lpf_TU]VYL MMX hfmJMmR\gSVC
\G]sUOb[SMM\PQQ Dual Independent Bus ( DIB ) kf[PQjLIOWC System Bus PKF Cache Bus IJ`YRIJZY\_aU\SamULDRLI]mCXULDmR\NK PKF IJZY\
OMF]ZXdZ{UJkf[Ma\
MpjC 350, 400 PKF 450 MHz CVHC Blm_aU\IMiaQV]DRLMFQQ ( FSB ) IJZY\eUSIfZ\ 66 MHz IOWC 100 MHz IJ`YRfoLOMF]ZXdZ{UJB^mISZf\USXGY]pf
Cache MFfVQ 1 DCUf 32 K PQjLIOWC Cache DmR\NK 16 K PKF Cache _TU]VYLRGS 16 K
Cache MFfVQ 2 R[NjBC SECC IfG[aSVC DCUf 512 K XTULUCXGY_aU\IMiaIOWC_MoYL^CoYLDRL_aU\IMia CPU
MpCj 350, 400 PKF 450 MHz CVHC ]U\UMsRmULbTUP^CjLDRL^Cja[_aU\eTUhfm\USsoL 4 GB
]U\UMsBlmMja\SVCIOWC Dual Processor hfm kf[eF]U\UMsRmUL^Cja[_aU\eTU^KVShfmsoL 64 GB
PKF [VL\GMU[KFIRG[fOKGS[jR[R`YCg XGYISGY[aSVQSUMbMae]RQ_aU\tZfJKUfDRL Cache MFfVQ 2 RGS^KU[R[jUL
CPU BC]U[SUMtKZbXGYBlm Code Name ajU Deschute CVHC XUL Intel hfm\GSUMORLSVCSUM OverClock CPU DRLbC kf[hfm\GSUM Lock _jUbVa_NE B^m_LXGYbKRf h\j
ajUeFOMVQPbjLR[jULhM Sih\j\GtK ( Multiplier Lock ) IJ`YRKfO|^USUM Remark CPU DRLbC PKF IJ`YROufSVHCSUM OverClock CPU DRLbCRGSXUL^CoYL PbjSifNI^\`RCajU
eFhMmtK IJMUF Si[LV _L\GSUM OverClock CPU bMFSNKCGHSVCB^m]CpS\`RIK[XGIfG[a :-)
Intel Pentium II Xeon
Pentium II Xeon CVHC sNSJVCUIJ`YRICmCB^mBlmLUC]TU^MVQ Server kf[IqJUF soLP\majU]sUOb[SMM\kf[XVYag hO eF_KmU[g SVQ Pentium II Pbj]ZYLXGYPbSbjULSVCR[jUL I^iC
hfmlVfCVHC Si\Gh\jCmR[IljCSVC fVLCGH
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Blm Interface B^\j IOWC Slot-2 ( ]KiRbXN ) PKF h\j]U\UMsBlmfma[SVChfmSVQ Slot-1
BlmLUCQC Mainboard XGYBlm chipset 440GX ( AGP set ) PKF/^M`R 440NX ( PCI set )
\G^Cja[_aU\eTUP_l L2 XVHLBCDCUf 450MHz 512 SZkKhQbc PKF 400MHz 512 SZkKhQbc ^M`R 1 I\SFhQbc
BlmDmR\NKMja\SVCSVQ]jaCXGYI^K`RDRLMFQQtjUCXULnZ]Ibi\QV]_aU\ep]NLXGYXTULUChfm_MVHLKF^KU[MU[SUM PKF\G_aU\IMia 100MHz
IJZY\^Cja[_aU\eTUhfm]NLsoL 64 SZSFhQbc
nZ]Ibi\QV]]CVQ]CpCSUMOZQVbZbU\_TU]VYL^KU[MU[SUMJMmR\SVC IJ`YRD[U[PQCfcaZd PKF[VL]CVQ]CpCSUMXTULUCkOMIn]InRMchfm]NL]pfsoL 8 bVa
PSE36 SUMD[U[SUM]CVQ]CpC^Cja[_aU\eTU B^mIOWCDCUf 36 QZbXGYXTUB^mMFQQOZQVbZSUMBlm^Cja[_aU\eTUDCUfB^|jSajU 4 SZSFhQbchfm noYLeFXTUB^mMFQQ \G
OMF]ZXdZ{UJIJZY\DoHC]TU^MVQSUMBlmLUCPRJJKZI_lVYCXGYbmRLRjUCDmR\NK\USg PKFBlmJ`HCXGY^Cja[_aU\eTU\USBCSUMXTULUC
]CVQ]CpC_KV]IbRMc ^M`R_aU\]U\UMsBCSUMeVfMFQQI_M`YRLInZMcrIaRMcXGYBlm kOMIn]InRMc 4 bVa^KU[MFQQIOWC]jaCIfG[aSVChfm
\GMFQQlja[bMaeeVQ_aU\MmRC kf[ Diode XGYR[NjQC PCB eFlja[bMaeeVQRpE^{N\Z PKF ]U\UMs^[pfSUMXTULUC ^USajURpE^{N\Z]NLISZChOhfm
\GMFQQbMae]RQ PKF PSmhDDmRtZfJKUfDRLDmR\NK ( ECC : Error Correction Code )
35
o
\GMFQQbMae]RQSUMXTULUCPQQnHTUnmRC ( FRC : Functional Redundancy Checking )
kf[J`HC
UCDRLMU_U PKF IOU^\U[XULSUMbKUfPKma SifNeFh\jI^\UFSVQ HomeUser ^M`RtNmBlmLUCMFfVQXVYahO KF_MVQ
Intel Celeron ( SEPP / PPGA 370 )
soLP\majU Intel Pentium II XGYRRS\UCVHC eF\GOMF]ZXdZ{UJXGYfNPKmaIfjC PKF CjU]CBe\USg PbjSibZfO|^UXGYMU_UCVHC eVfajU]NL\US XTUB^mh\j]U\UMsIDmU\U\G]jaCPQjLBCbKUfMFfVQKjUL
hfm ... XUL Intel eoLhfmIOufbVa Celeron DoHC kf[Blmk_ML]MmUL{U[BC\UeUS Intel Pentium II MpjC Deschute CVYCIRL IJG[LPbjbVfIRU Cache MFfVQ 2 RRS PKF IOKGY[C
Package IKiSCmR[ IOWC SEPP ( Singel Edge Processor Package )PKFhfmtKZbRRS\U 2 MpjC_`R XGY_aU\IMia 266 PKF 300 MHz kf[\G CodeName
ajU Covinton noYLMU_UCVHC SieVfajUsNSSajU Pentium II XGY_aU\IMiaIXjUg SVC _MoYLbjR_MoYLIK[XGIfG[a
PbjfNI^\`RCajU SUMbVf Cache MFfVQ 2 RRShOCVHC \GtKbjROMF]ZXdZ{UJkf[Ma\IOWCR[jUL\US PKF [ZYLIOWCepfXGYXTUB^m _NjPDjLhfm\GkRSU]nHTUIbZ\bMLCGH PKF BlmDmRQSJMjRLbMLCGHDRL
Celeron \UJVCU CPU DRLbCB^mIOWCepfIfjCPXC SiIK[XTUB^mXUL Intel bVf]ZCBeB]j Cache MFfVQ 2 IDmUhOfma[ Pbjh\jhfmIRUhOhamQC PCB IfG[aSVC R[jUL Pentium II
^USPbj CTUhOaULhamQCPtjC Siligon IfG[aSVCSVQ CPU IK[ XTUB^m Cache MFfVQ 2 XGYIJZY\IDmUhOCVHC XTULUCfma[_aU\IMia IXjUSVCSVQ CPU IK[XGIfG[a
PbjDCUfDRL Cache MFfVQ 2 CVHC ^USXUL Intel IJZY\IDmUhO BCeTUCaCIXjUgSVQ Pentium II ( _`R 512 K ) tKSi_`R MU_UCVHC RUeeFJRgSVC ^M`R RUeeFPJLSajU
Pentium II nFfma[nHTU ... Intel h\jXTUIljCCVHCPCjg fVLCVHC DCUfDRL Cache MFfVQ 2 XGY Intel B]jIJZY\IDmUhO eoL\GIJG[LP_j 128K ^M`RIOWC 1/4 DRLDCUfDRL Cache
MFfVQ 2 BC Pentium II IXjUCVHC
Celeron XGYIJZY\ Cache MFfVQ 2 IDmUhOCVHC Si\GbVHLPbjMpjC_aU\IMia 300 MHz IOWCbmChO IJ`YRh\jB^m]VQ]CBCSUMIK`RSn`HR IJMUFBCMpjCXGYh\j\G Cache MFfVQ 2 Si\GMpjCXGY\G
_aU\IMia 300 MHz fma[ XUL Intel eoLIMG[Sl`YR Celeron MpjC 300 MHz XGY\G Cache MFfVQ 2 CGHajU IOWCMpjC Celeron 300 A PXC PKF B^ml`YR]U[SUMtKZbCGHajU
Mendocino
bjR\U IJ`YRIOWCSUMKf_jUBlmejU[KLRGS XUL Intel eoLhfmbVf]ZCBetKZb Celeron Version B^\j XGYBlm Core IfZ\ ^USPbjIOKGY[C Interface ^VCSKVQ\UBlmIOWC Socket bU\IfZ\
PbjajU hfmRRSPQQB^\j ( RGSPKma ) IOWC Socket XGY\GeTUCaCDU 370 DU ( Socket 7 CVHC\G 321 DU ) PKFIMG[S Package DRL Celeron B^\jCGHajUIOWC PPGA
CPGA ( 321 Pin Socket 7 ) ! PPGA ( 370 Pin Socket 370 )
]sUOb[SMM\kf[XVYahOCVHC Si I^\`RCgSVQ Pentium II IJMUFBlm Core ^KVS IfG[aSVC \GSUMKiR_bVa_NE]V||UECUZSUI^\`RCSVC PbSbjULSVCSibMLXGY Celeron CVHC [VL_LBlm
_aU\IMia Bus DRLMFQQIOWC 66 MHz bKRf\U PKF BlmtKZbMpjCXGYIOWC SEPP ( Blm Interface IOWC Slot-1 ) eCSMFXVYLMpjC_aU\IMia 433 MHz eoLIKZStKZb PKF ^VChO
ICmCSUMtKZbPQQXGYIOWC PPGA PXC
36
! !
SEPP Celeron " Mendocino Core
SEPP, SECC # Celeron ( Covinton ) , Celeron ( Mendocino ) ! Pentium II ( Deschute )
AMD K6-2 3DNow!
^KVLeUSXGYJKUfXjU\UPKmaSVQ MpjC K6 noYL \G^Cja[OMF\aKtKfmUCXCZ[\CVHCfmR[SajUDRL Intel R[Nj bVHLPbj 1 - 2 MFfVQ ( OMF]ZXdZ{UJ FPU DRL K6 300 MHz CVHC JRg SVQ
Pentium MMX 233 MHz IXjUCVHC XVHLg XGY_aU\IMia^jULSVCR[NjsoL 2 MFfVQ ) XTUB^m CPU MpjC K6 CVHC h\jIOWCXGYPJMj^KU[ ]TU^MVQ tNmXGYbmRLSUMJKVLBCSUMOMF\aKtKfmUCXCZ[\
IOWCR[jUL\US ... PCjCRC ... SVQIS\]c 3D XGYSTUKVLIOWCXGYCZ[\CVHC K6 XTU_FPCChfmh\jfGIK[ eVfajUP[jIRU\USg PbjsmUIOWCSUMXTULUCfmUCR`YCg CVHC kf[IqJUFSVQLUCfmUC Office
Application ^M`RLUCXGYbmRLSUMBlmSUMOMF\aKtKfmUCIKDeTUCaCIbi\ ( IS\]c 2D SiBlj ) CVHC K6 SKVQXTUhfmfGISZC_pm\IK[XGIfG[a
37
AMD SihfmIKiLI^iCsoLDmRQSJMjRLbMLCVHCDRLbC PKFSi_Zf^UXULPSmhD ... PbjSUMRRSPQQk_ML]MmULB^\jCVHC h\jBljLjU[g CRSeUSeFBlmIaKUh\jBljCmR[gPKma [VLbmRLXpj\XpCBCSUMJVCURGS
\USfma[ noYL^US AMD IK`RSXULCGH SieFh\j\G CPU RRS\UPDjLSVQ Intel PKF OKjR[B^m Cyrix CVHCPDjLlZL_aU\IOWCIemUbKUfSVQ Intel IXjUCVHC ... noYLPCjCRCh\jajUtKSUMlZLCVHC eF
IOWCR[jULhM AMD Si_Lh\j[R\PCjg IJMUF bChfmPbjIJG[L\RLfNIDUlZLSVC ... AMD bmRLSUM\G]jaCMja\fma[ ... PbjeFXTUR[jULhM KjF BCI\`YR FPU DRL AMD CVHC ]NmSVQXUL Intel h\jhfm
IK[ PKmaeFXTUR[jULhMfG?
3DNow! eoLhfms`RSTUICZfDoHC\UIJ`YRSUMCGHkf[IqJUF kf[ 3DNow! CGH SiI^\`RCg SVQ lpf_TU]VYL MMX DRL Intel _`RIOWC _TU]VYLB^\jg XGYIJZY\IDmU\UIJ`YRSUM^CoYLSUMBf ... Blj_MVQ
3DNow! CGH \G\UIJ`YRlja[IJZY\OMF]ZXdZ{UJBCSUM_TUCaCIlZL FPU IJ`YRBlmSQV IS\]c ^M`R Application XGY\GSUM_TUCaC{UJPQQ 3 \ZbZ ( 3D ) CVYCIRL
SiBljajU 3DNow! XGYISZfDoHCCGH eFMpLj PKF IJZY\OMF]ZXdZ{UJDRL CPU hfmIbi\XGYnFXGIfG[aCVS IJMUF 3DNow! CGH IOWClpf_TU]VYL{U[BC XGYeTUIOWCbmRL\G Driver PKF/^M`R Software
XGYBlmCVHC SibmRL\GSUMIMG[SBlm PKF\GSUMOMVQPbjLB^mIDmUSVQ 3DNow! fma[ eoLeFXTUB^m \VCBlmLUChfm\GOMF]ZXdZ{UJ]NL]pf
PbjR[jULhMSifG \GQMZVXtNmtKZbIS\]c PKF tKZb Graphic Chip h\jCmR[IK[XGIfG[a XGYRRSbVaajUeFtKZbIS\]c ^M`R Driver DRL Graphic Chip B^m]CVQ]CpCSUMXTULUCDRL
3DNow! CGfH ma[ kf[IqJUFR[jUL[ZYL I\`YRIemUbKUf Graphic Chip 3D IS\]cBCDEFCVHC noYLSi_`R 3Dfx hfmOMFSUPKFJVCU Driver ]TU^MVQ Chip Voodoo DRLbC
B^m]CVQ]CpCSUMXTULUCDRL 3DNow! CGHfma[ SiXTUB^m CPU AMD K6-2 3DNow! CGH IMZY\SKU[IOWCXGYSKjUaDaV|soLSVCR[jUL\US
OMFSRQSVQXUL VIA PKF ALI hfmRRS Chipset XGYBlmSVQ Socket 7 ( AMD K6-2 CGH[VL_LBlm Interface PQQ Socket 7 ) XGYBlmLUCXGY 100 MHz hfm Silja[XTU
B^m AMD K6-2 CGH \GOMF]ZXdZ{UJ]NLDoHCRGS
]TU^MVQXULfmUCMU[KFIRG[fXVYaghO CVHCSiDR]MpO_MjUagfVLCGH_MVQ
o
o
o
o
o
Blm FSB XGY 66 MHz ]TU^MVQ AMD K6-2 266 , 300 MHz ( AFR-66 ) PKF 366 MHz
Blm FSB XGY 95 MHz ]TU^MVQ AMD K6-2 333 , 380 PKF 475 MHz
Blm FSB XGY 100 MHz ]TU^MVQ AMD K6-2 300, 350, 400 , 450 PKF 500 MHz
BlmIX_kCkK[GDCUf 0.25 Micron PKFBlmhrIKGH[L CPU IOWC 2.2 Volt ( K6-2/III 400 MHz BCMpjCPMSg Blmhr 2.4 Volt )
Blm Interface PQQ Socket 7 ( 321 Pin )
fma[OMF]ZXdZ{UJXGY]NL PKF IfjCXVHLfmUCSUM_TUCaCIKDeTUCaCIbi\ PKF [VLIfjCBCfmUCIS\]c 3D ( soLP\meFh\jBljXGY 1 Pbj_pE{UJ SiR[NjBC DjU[XGY[R\MVQhfm ) QaSSVQ MU_UXGYeVfajUsNS\USg ...
SiXTUB^m AMD K6-2 3DNow! CGH DU[fZQDU[fG IOWCIXCHTU IXXjU IK[KF_MVQ
^KU[_C kf[IqJUFXUL Intel _LPXQh\jIl`YR]U[bUbVaIRL XGYtKSUM]TUMaebKUfBCIf`RC\SMU_\ O 2542 XGYtjUC\UCVHC tKOMUSajU [RfDU[ CPU kf[Ma\
DRL AMD CVHC]NLSajU IJMUF ]jaCPQjLDRLbKUfMFfVQKjUL PKF MFfVQSKULCVHC AMD PXQeF[of_MRLhamhfmIS`RQ^\f PKF BCIf`RCSp\{UJVCdcbjR\U ]jaCPQjLbKUf
DRL AMD Si[VL_LI^C`RSajU Intel RGSIljCIfZ\
IRUKF]Z PKmaR[jULCGH eVSMJMMfZeFXTUR[jULhM? I\`YRQVKKVLScsNSqSlZLhObjR^CmUbjRbU ... eVSMJMMfZeF]ZHCl`YRSi_MUaCGHCF^M`R? ... ]L_MU\QXCGH eFeQKLR[jULCGH^M`R? ... h\jPCjg ... Intel
_LbmRL^UXULkbmSKVQ\UPCjg PbjeFkbmSKVQR[jULhM PKF ]TUIMieh^\ ... PKma AMD CVHC \GSUMIbMG[\bVa BCSUMbVHLMVQSUMkbmSKVQDRL Intel hamR[jULhM? ... \UfNSVCbjRIK[_MVQ
38
T>5>:U5V4;45@OW;X@OW Spec TY>:
Processor Features
Performance Benefits
Process Technology (micron)
Die size (mm2)
Smaller die size=lower
cost
Clock speed (MHz)
Faster clock speed
generally means faster
processing and apps
launching
AMDK6®-2
with
Pentium Celero
3DNo
®II
n
w!™
techno
logy
0.25
0.25
0.25
81
131
131 or
155
300
333
350/36
6/380
400
450
475
300
333
350
400
450
300/30
0A
333
366
400
433
466
500
L1 cache
Built-in feature that helps
the CPU retrieve even
faster
64K
Yes
32K
Yes
32K
Yes
L2 cache Support
Augments L1 cache,
making data retrieval even
faster
Yes
Yes
No
266/30
0 MHz
Yes
300A/3
33MH
z
Processor bus (max bus speed)
Moves data between CPU
and memory
MMX™ Technology
Enhances multimedia
applications and runs other
apps 10% faster
Yes
Yes
Yes
3DNow!™ Technology
Enables superior visual
and multmedia experience
Yes
No
No
100 MHz Bus Support
Moves data between the
CPU and the main
memory. L2 cache can't
improve performance
without a fast bus to move
the data. Faster bus
eliminates the data
bottleneck
Yes
Yes, but
only at
350MHz
and
above
No
Accelerated Graphics Port Support
Speeds up 3D graphics
Yes
Yes
Yes
X86 compatibility
Standard industry
architecture, essential for
running standard PC
applications
Yes
Yes
Yes
Super Slot 1
Slot
7™ 100MHz 1,Sock
100M 66MHz et 370
Hz
66MH
Socket
z
7
66MH
z
39
5>O9P;Q@OA;<RS8;TR8
•
3DNow!
3DNow! CVHC IOWClpf_TU]VYLB^\j XGYXUL AMD IOWCtNm_Zf_mC PKF JVCU kf[eF\G_TU]VYLB^\jg XGYIJZY\IbZ\IDmU\URGS _TU]VYLXGYBlmLUCBCPQQ SIMD ( Single Instruction
Multiple Data stream ) IJ`YR IJZY\OMF]ZXdZ{UJBCfmUCSUM_TUCaCIlZLXCZ[\ Ma\soLhfmPSmhDO|^U_RDaf ( BottleNeck ) DRL 3D Graphics Pipeline
MF^ajUL CPU PKF 2D/3D Graphic Card fma[
XUL AMD IK`RSBlmadZ GCGH BCSUMPSmhDO|^UIM`YRLOMF]ZXdZ{UJfmUC FPU BCSUMIKjCIS\]c 3 \ZbZ noYL CPU DRLbCCVHCXTUhfmP[jSajUDRLXUL Intel XGYMFfVQ_aU\IMia]V||UECUZSU
IXjUgSVC
RjUCMU[KFIRG[fIM`YRLDRL 3DNow! PKF OMF]ZXdZ{UJBCSUMOMF\aKtKDRL FPU bjULg hfmXGY JKVLP^jLSUMOMF\aKtKIlZLXCZ[\ ( FPU Power )
•
Cache
Cache CVHC ]TU_V|hqC RjUCIJZY\IbZ\hfm XGYQX_aU\IM`YRL Cache _MVQ
•
Stepping
_jU Stepping IOWC_jUXGYQjLQRSsoLeTUCaCSUMPSmhD CPU kf[ Stepping 0 ^\U[soL core XGYIOWC Original Product PKFI\`YR\GSUMJQDmRtZfJKUfBC]jaCDRL
MicroCode DRL core CPU ^M`RJQ CPU CVHCgh\j]\QNMEc SieFXTUSUMPSmhDB^\j I\`YRXTUSUMPSmhDB^\jIMG[QMmR[PKma SieFIJZY\ Stepping IOWC 1 PKFI\`YRJQDmRtZfJKUfPKF
hfm XTUSUMPSmhDRGSSieFXTUSUMIJZY\_jU Stepping IDmUhORGS noYL eFajUhOPKma Stepping CGH SiRUeIOMG[QhfmSVQSUMJZ\Jc^CVL]`R ... IOWCSUMJZ\Jc_MVHLXGY 1 ... JZ\Jc_MVHLXGY 2 ^M`R JZ\Jc
_MVHLXGY 3 IOWCbmC
kf[OSbZPKma eFJQajU CPU XGY\G_jU Stepping \USSajU 0 \VSeF Overclock h\j_jR[hfm ^M`R \GIORMcIniCbc]TUIMie BCSUM OverClock bYTUSajU CPU XGY\G Stepping IOWC 0
PbjajU \VCeF\G_aU\ Stable ]NLSajU ]MpOLjU[g Si_`R CPU XGY\G Stepping \US Si[ZYL OverClock Pbj\VCSi\USfma[_aU\ Stable
•
S-Code
S-Code ^M`R XGY Intel IMG[SajU S-Spec CVHCIOWC bVaRVSM 5 bVakf[CTU^CmUfma[bVa "S" noYLXUL Intel Blm]TU^MVQMFQp_aU\PbSbjULDRLlCZfDRL CPU DRLbCXVHLBCfmUCDRL
lCZf, Stepping, Vcore ^M`RP\mPbj lCZfDRLSUM Package CPU ajUIOWC OEM ^M`R Retail kf[]U\UMsfNhfmXGYbVaDRL SEPP IK[ ^M`R smUIOWCMpjC Retail SieFfNhfm
eUSDmULSKjRLXGYQMMep
•
Multiplier Lock
_aU\IMiaBCSUMXTULUCDRL CPU CVHCsNSSTU^Cffma[_jU 2 _jU CVHCSi_`R _jU_aU\IMia Bus DRLMFQQ PKF _jUbVa_NE]V||UECUZSU kf[ IMG[S_jU_aU\IMia Bus DRLMFQQajUIOWC _aU\IMia
{U[CRS IJMUFMFQQ Bus eFBlm_aU\IMiaCGHIOWC^KVS Pbj _aU\IMia{U[BCDRL CPU ^M`R XGYIMUIMG[Sg SVCajU CPU _aU\IMia 450 MHz CVHC ISZfeUS tK_NEDRL_aU\IMia Bus DRL
MFQQ SVQ _jUbVa_NE]V||UECUZSU IljC_aU\IMia Bus DRLMFQQ IOWC 100 MHz PKF _jUbVa_NE]V||UECUZSUCVHCIOWC 4.5 SieFhfm_aU\IMiaDRL CPU IOWC 450 MHz
IfZ\XGCVHC XVHL_jUDRL_aU\IMiaMFQQ PKF _jUbVa_NE eF]U\UMsOMVQPbjLhfmeUSSUM set QC Mainboard PbjIC`YRLeUS ISZfO|^UIM`YRL CPU remark \USI^K`RISZC noYLSiISZfeUSSUM
IJZY\_jUDRLbVa_NEB^m\USDoHC IljC eUSIfZ\IOWC 4.5 SiIJZY\IOWC 5 PKmaXTUSUM Screen bVa CPU I]G[B^\jajUIOWC CPU 500 MHz PKmaSiDU[BCMU_U 500 MHz ... PCjCRC ...
tNmI]G[^U[MU[B^|jCVHC_`R Intel fVLCVHC XUL Intel eoLhfm XTUSUMOMVQPbjLk_ML]MmULSUMSTU^Cf_jUDRL bVa_NEI]G[B^\j kf[\GSUML_jUCVHChamBC]jaCDRL Package CPU IK[ PKFh\j
eTUIOWCbmRLRjUC_jUbVa_NEeUS Mainboard RGSbjRhO
•
OEM & Retail
CPU PQQ OEM ^M`RXGYIMUIMG[SSVCbZfOUSajU IOWCPQQ sUf ( Tray ) eFIOWC CPU XGY\GIJG[LP_jbVa CPU kffg h\j\G Heatsink ^M`R JVfK\eUSXULtNmtKZb CPU B^m ( XGY\G SieF
IOWCDRLXGYXULMmUCIJZY\B^mIRL ) SUMMVQOMFSVCeF\GB^mIJG[Lh\jCUCCVS noYLIOWCSUMOMFSVCkf[tNmDU[IRL h\jBljeUSXULtNmtKZbkf[bML
40
Retail ^M`R XGYIMUIMG[SSVCajU PQQSKjRL (BOX) noYLPQQCGH eF\G Heatsink PKFJVfK\bZf\UJMmR\SVCIK[ kf[XVHL^\feFsNSQMMepR[jULfGBCSKjRL JMmR\fma[_Nj\`R Ma\soLMVQOMFSVCeUS
XULtNmtKZbh\jbYTUSajU 1 O
kf[OSbZPKma PQQ OEM eF\GMU_UsNSSajUPQQ Retail R[NjJR]\_aM PKF BCbKUfQmUCIMUeFJQPQQ OEM hfm\USSajUPQQ Retail kf[IqJUFR[jUL[ZYL CPU DRL AMD,
Cyrix PKF IDT noYLeFI^iChfmPbjPQQ OEM IXjUCVHC ( JReFJQI^iC CPU DRL AMD PQQ Retail QmUL ... PbjCmR[\US )
OMF]ZXdZ{UJDRL OEM PKF Retail CVHC h\jPbSbjULSVC eF\GQmULSiBCIM`YRL_aU\]U\UMsBCSUM OverClock PKF I]sG[M{UJ noYLSih\jI^iClVfIXjUhMCVS
•
Empire Strike Back!
[ 07 August 1999 ]
Intel Pentium III ( Katmai )
Intel bRQkbm AMD SKVQ fma[SUMlZLIOufbVa Pentium III RRS\USjRC^CmU AMD K6-III kf[hfmIOKGY[CPOKLSTU^CfSUM B^mRRSIMiaDoHC PKF hfm]MmUL_aU\tZf^aVLJR]\_aM
SVQ SUMIMjLRRSeCISZChOBC_MVLH CGH
IJMUFRFhM? SjRC^CmUCGH Intel hfmOMFSUajU Pentium III CVHC eFBlmIX_kCkK[GDCUf 0.18 Micron BlmhrIKGH[L 1.8 Volt PKF \G Cache MFfVQ 1 DCUf 64 K
fma[ PbjI\`YRsoLIaKUeMZLg CVHCOMUSajU [VL_LIOWC IX_kCkK[GDCUf 0.25 Micron BlmhrIKGH[L 2.0 Volt PKF [VL_L\G Cache MFfVQ 1 IJG[L 32 K IljCIfG[aSVQ Pentium
II IK[
eUSDmR\NK^KU[gP^KjL SKjUaajU Pentium III CVHCBlm ]sUOb[SMM\PSC^KVS ( Core ) IfG[aSVCSVQ Pentium II CVYCSi_`RBlm Deschute Core IljCIfZ\ IJG[LPbjhfm
IJZY\IbZ\OMF]ZXdZ{UJR[jULR`YCIDmUhOPXC RUXZ SSE PKF Processor Serial Number ( IMG[S Core B^\jCGHajU Katmai Core ) noYL ^USbVf_aU\]U\UMsXVHL 2 R[jULCGH
RRSPKmaKFSi .. Pentium III Sih\jbjULeUS Pentium II IK[XGIfG[a
O|^U^CoYLXGYCjUeFISZfDoHCSVQ Pentium III ^CVSSajU Pentium II CVHCSi_`RIM`YRLO|^UfmUC_aU\MmRC IC`YRLeUS Pentium III CVHC \GeTUCaCXMUCnZ]IbRMcRVfPCjCR[Nj{U[BC
CPU SajU 9.5 KmUCbVa noYL\USSajU Pentium II soL 2 KmUCbVa PKF RVfSVCR[NjQCPtjCIaIrRMc DCUf 0.25 Micron tKSi_`R _aU\MmRCXGYISZfDoHCSVQbVa CPU CVHC ]NLSajU
Pentium II PCjCRC
41
]MpO]sUOb[SMM\kf[_MjUagDRL Pentium III
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
BlmIX_kCkK[GSUMtKZb DCUf 0.25 Micron
Katmai Core CVHC JVCUDoHC\UeUS Deschute Core kf[SUMIJZY\lpf_TU]VYL SSE
Interface XGYBlmbjRIDmUSVQ Mainboard IOWC Slot-1
Cache MFfVQ 1 DCUf 32 K PQjLIOWC Cache DmR\NK 16 K PKF Cache _TU]VYL 16 K kf[\GSUMIDmUsoLhfm 4 XUL ( 4-Way Associative )
Cache MFfVQ 2 R[NjQC PCB IfG[aSVCSVQ CPU BC SECC2 IfG[aSVC kf[\GDCUf 512 K PKFXTULUCXGY_aU\IMiaIJG[L_MoYL^CoYLDRL_aU\IMia CPU
BlmhrIKGH[L CPU Core 2.0 Volt
lpf_TU]VYL JZI]TU^MVQlja[eVfSUMLUCfmUC Multimedia, Internet PKF Graphics 3D RGS 70 _TU]VYL ( SSE )
Processor Serial Number noYLIOWCKVSEFIqJUFDRL CPU Pentium III PbjKFbVa
Blm FSB 100 MHz PKF [VL_L\GSUMKiR__jUbVa_NE]V||UECUZSU ( Multiplier Lock )
R[jULhMSibU\ Intel \GPtCSUMeFaULbKUf Pentium III bVaB^\jXGYBlm Core B^\j XGY\G CodeName ajU Coppermine BCMUaOKU[gO 1999 CGH kf[_UfajU
Coppermine CGH eFBlm FSB XGY 133 MHz Ma\soLBlmIX_kCkK[GPQQ 0.18 Micron PKFIMZY\ bmCXGY_aU\IMia 600 MHz
Intel Pentium III Xeon
I^\`RCSVQIOWCtKMa\DRL Pentium II Xeon QaSSVQ_aU\]U\UMsB^\jDRL Pentium III _`R SSE PKF Processor Serial Number fVLCVHCkf[]sUOb[SMM\
^KVSPKma Si[VL_LJ`HC
UCIfZ\DRL Pentium II Xeon IljCIfZ\ IJMUFqFCVHC _aU\]U\UMsB^\jg XGYIfjCg Si\GIJG[L
o
o
o
o
o
o
Internet Streaming SIMD Extension XGYlja[B^m]U\UMsP]fLDmR\NKXGYIbi\hOfma[]`YRbjULg hfmR[jULMafIMia PKFI]MZ\B^mPRJJKZI_lVYCOMFI{X
Streaming Media PKF Application XGYbmRLBlmJ`HCXGYBC^Cja[_aU\eTU]NLg ]U\UMsXTULUChfmfG[ZYLDoHC
]U\UMs XTULUCMja\SVCSVQPJKbrRMc\DRLIaZMSc ]IblVYC PKFInZMcrIaRMcXGYBlm Pentium II kOMIn]InRMc hfm
IDmUSVChfmSVQMFQQOZQVbZSUMbjULg XVHLQCh\k_MnRrbc Windows NT ^M`RMFQQ UNIX hfm
\GB^mIK`RSDCUfDRL Cache MFfVQ 2 hfm^KU[PQQ SKjUa_`R MpjC 500 MHz CVHC\G DCUfDRL Cache MFfVQ 2 B^mIK`RSsoL 3 MpjC _`R 512 KB, 1 MB ^M`R 2
MB PKFPQQ_aU\ep 512 KB ]TU^MVQMpjC 550 MHz
[VL_L_aU\]U\UMsbjULg XGY\GBC Pentium II Xeon IfZ\ IljC ECC, SMB PKF FRC noYLeTUIOWCR[jUL\US]TU^MVQ WorkStation ^M`R Server
_pE]\QVbZ Processor Serial Number
PKFSiIljCSVCSVQ Pentium II Xeon CVYCSi_`R CPU bVaCGH I^\UFSVQSUMBlmIOWC Server PKF / ^M`R WorkStation IXjUCVHC h\jI^\UFSVQ Home User XVYaghO PCjCRC
_MVQ XVHLfma[OMF]ZXdZ{UJXGYISZC_aU\eTUIOWC PKF MU_UXGY]NLISZCRUeIR`HR\
AMD K6-III 3DNow! ( SharpTooth )
42
AMD ^\U[eFbRS[HTU_aU\IeiQlHTUB^mSVQ Intel noYLhfmI_[]MmULhamPKma I\`YR_MUa K6-2 fVLCVHC \U_MUaCGH AMD hfmMVQOMF]OSUMEcIM`YRL_aU\IMia Cache MFfVQ 2 \UeUS
Celeron SiIK[bVf]ZCBe Ma\ Cache MFfVQ 2 IDmUhOBC CPU fma[ kf[IJZY\B^m\GDCUfIOWC 2 IXjUDRL Celeron _`R \GDCUfsoL 256 K PKF XTULUCfma[ _aU\IMiaIXjUg SVQ
CPU IK[XGIfG[a PKF [VL_LBlmSQV Mainboard Socket 7 XGY\G Cache QC Mainboard RGSfma[ SiIK[XTUB^m\VC\RL Cache QC Mainboard CVHC IOWC Cache
MFfVQ 3 hOkf[OMZ[U[
CPU bVaB^\jCGH IfZ\XG AMD eFB^ml`YR K6-3 PKF \G Code Name ajU SharpTooth PbjbjR\U {U[^KVLeUSXGYXUL Intel OMFSUbVa Pentium III PKF XUL AMD
IRLSi^\U[eFB^m CPU bVaB^\jCGHDRLbCIOWC_NjPDjLSVQ Pentium III SiIK[IOKGY[Cl`YR K6-3 CGHIKiSCmR[ \UIOWC K6-III PXC
o
o
o
o
o
fmUC]sUOb[SMM\PQQ SuperScalar
\G^Cja[OMF\aKtKXGY]U\UMsXTULUChfmJMmR\g SVCsoL 10 ^Cja[
Branch Prediction 2 MFfVQ
Speculative Execution
Out-Of-Order Execution PQQIbi\MNOPQQ
Register Renaming PKF Data Forwarding
XTULUCfma[lpf_TU]VYL RISC86 hfmsoL 6 lpf_TU]VYL bjR 1 ]V||UECUZSU
]sUOb[SMM\PQQ Tri-Level Cache ( Cache 3 MFfVQ )
Cache {U[BC \GDCUfkf[Ma\\USsoL 320 KB
Cache MFfVQ 1 DCUf 64 KB PQjLIOWC Cache DmR\NK 32 KB ( IOWC Write-Back Dual-Port ) PKF Cache lpf_TU]VYL
RGS 32 KB
\GSUMIDmUsoL Cache MFfVQ 1 hfm 2 XULJMmR\gSVC ( 2 Way -Associative )
Cache MFfVQ 2 LR[NjBC Silicon lZHCIfG[aSVQ CPU DCUf 256 KB ( Write-Back )
\GSUMIDmUsoL Cache MFfVQ 2 hfm 4 XULJMmR\gSVC ( 4 Way -Associative )
\RL Cache QC Mainboard IOWC Cache {U[CRS ( Cache MFfVQ 3 )
BlmIX_kCkK[G 3DNow! ( 21 lpf_TU]VYL SIMD FPU )
Package IOWC Ceramic Pin Grid Array ( CPGA ) noYL\G 321 DU IJ`YRBlmSVQ Interface PQQ Socket 7 ( Super 7 )
\GXMUCnZ]IbRMc 21.3 KmUCXMUCnZ]IbRMc QC Die Size DCUf 118 bUMUL\ZKKZI\bM PKFBlmIX_kCkK[GDCUf 0.25 Micron 5 Layer-Metal Silicon
fma[OMF]ZXdZ{UJXGYfGJRg SVCBCSUMBlmLUCXVYaghO PKF \GDmRIfjCDmRfmR[ bjULSVC noYLI\`YReF\RLg hO SiCjUeFlfIl[]jaCfmR[SVChOhfm PKF MU_UCVHC AMD Si[VL_LsNSSajU Pentium III
E MFfVQ_aU\IMiaIXjUg SVC ... LUCCGHSiIK[fNI^\`RCajU K6-III eF[HTUP_mChfm]TUIMie ... Pbj BC_aU\IOWCeMZL SKVQh\jIOWCIljCCVHC IJMUFI\`YR Intel OMFSU IOufbVa Pentium III Sihfm
IOufbVa SSE PKF ]MmUL{UJKVSEcB^mSVQ Internet SSE R[jUL\US IJ`YRB^m tNmBlmL BeajU ^USeFIKjC Internet B^mIMiag PKma SibRm LBlm Pentium III noYLIM`YRLCGH XUL Intel
Xpj\XpCBCSUMkOMk\XIOWCR[jUL\US RGSXVHL Intel hfmXTUSUM^VYCMU_U CPU Pentium III DRLbC KLR[jULMafIMia fVLCVHC tKKVJdc SiI^\`RCSVQajU XUL Intel CVHC IOWCeVSMJMMfZ XGY
SKVQ\UXaLQVKKVLSc_`C fma[Dp\STUKVLRVC\^UUKIK[XGIfG[a ...
PKma Intel eFXaLQVKKVLSc_`Chfmh^\? ^M`RajU IOWCP_jIJG[LSUMfZHCMCI`RS]pfXmU[ ^M`R AMD \GSUMIbMG[\SUMkbmbRQR[jULhM ? SUKIaKUeFIOWCtNmB^m_TUbRQCGHhfmR[jULfGXGY]pf
T>5>:U5V4;45@OW;X@OW Spec TY>:
Processor Features
Performance Benefits
AMD-K6®-III with Pentium®III
3DNow!™
43
technology
Process Technology
(micron)
0.25
0.25
Die size (mm2)
Smaller die size=lower cost
118
140
Clock speed (MHz)
Faster clock speed generally means
faster processing and apps
launching
400
450
450
500
550
Total System cache
(max)
Larger cache typically improves
overall performance
2368 KB
544 KB
*Internal cache
Built-in feature that helps the CPU
access data and instructions even
faster
320 KB
32 KB
L2 cache support
Augments L1 cache, making data
and instruction access even faster
256 KB (full speed)
512 KB (half
speed)
L3 cache support
Provides additional system cache
improving overall performance
Yes
(up to 2 MB)
No
Processor bus (max bus
speed)
Moves data between CPU and
main memory
100MHz
100MHz
MMX™ Technology
Improves quality and performance
of integer-based multimedia
applications
Yes
Yes
Advanced Floating
Point Multimedia
Technology
Enables superior visual and
multmedia experience
Yes
3DNow! technology
Yes
Streaming
SIMD
Extensions
Accelerated Graphics
Port Support
Speeds up 3D graphics
Yes
Yes
X86 compatibility
Standard industry architecture,
essential for running standard PC
applications
Yes
Yes
5>O9P;Q@OA;<RS8;TR8
•
SSE : Streaming SIMD Extension
IOWClpf_TU]VYLPQQ SIMD XGYXUL Intel IJZY\IDmUhOBC CPU DRLbC noYLSiI^\`RCSVQ MMX PKF 3DNow! ( DRL AMD ) IJG[LPbj MMX CVHC IOWC SIMD ]TU^MVQSUM
OMF\aKtKIKDeTUCaCIbi\ Pbj SSE CVHC ICmCfmUC XCZ[\IOWC^KVS PKF [VLBlmLUChfmSamULDaULSajU 3DNow! DRL AMD RGS IJMUFh\jhfmeTUSVfP_j Application fmUC 3D
IXjUCVHC
SSE CVHC IOWClpf_TU]VYL 70 _TU]VYL XGY\G_TU]VYLBCSUMOMF\aKtKIlZLXCZ[\ R[Nj 50 _TU]VYL ... IOWC lpf_TU]VYL MMX B^\j noYL Compat SVQ MMX IfZ\ 57 _TU]VYL RGS 12 _TU]VYL PKF
IOWClpf_TU]VYLXGYeVfSUMISGY[aSVQ Cache RGS 8 _TU]VYL
RjUCIJZY\IbZ\hfm XGYQX_aU\IM`YRL FPU Power : OMF]ZXdZ{UJBCSUMOMF\aKtKIlZLXCZ[\ _MVQ
•
PSN : Processor Serial Number
IOWC Feature B^\j XGYXUL Intel IJZY\IbZ\IDmUhOB^mSVQ CPU Pentium III DRLbC kf[PbjIfZ\CVHC BlmDmR\NKDCUf 32 Bit IXjUCVHC BCMFQplCZf DRL CPU PbjBC
Pentium III CVHC eF\G chip PROM ( Programable ROM ) DCUf 96 Bit LR[NjBC Pentium III IK[ kf[eF\GSUMeVfISiQM^V]DmR\NKDRL CPU PbjKFbVaXGY
h\jnHTUSVCIK[ ( IOWC Uniqe Number ) DCUf 64 Bit PKFeFXTULUCkf[SUMIMG[StjUClpf_TU]VYL CPU_ID IJ`YRB^mBlmLUC PSN hfm
PSN CVHC XUL Intel RmULajU \Gham IJ`YRB^mtfNm NPKMFQQDRLRL_cSUM ]U\UMsBlm PSN BCSUMbZfbU\DmR\NKISGY[aSVQ I_M`YRL Computer XGYbjRR[NSj VQ Network XVHLBCfmUC bTUP^CjL
44
XGYbVHLDRLI_M`YRL, Configuration, Application XGYBlmLUCbjULg PKF R`YCg hfm
RGSI^bptK^CoYLSi_`R IM`YRLDRL Internet Security noYL Intel \RLsoLIM`YRLDRL E-Commerce kf[ PSN CVHCeFlja[ORLSVCSUM Access IDmUhOBlmLUC eUStNmXGYh\j\G]ZXdZ
kf[tNmBlm]U\UMsKLXFIQG[C PSN DRLI_M`YRLXGYBlmbZfbjRSVQIaiOhnXcXGYBlmQMZSUM E-Commerce CVHCg PKma I\`YR\GSUM Access IDmUhOIJ`YReFbZfbjRdpMSZe SiRUe\GSUMB^mB]j login
PKF password eUSCVHC MFQQSieF]jL PSN hOB^mSVQtNmB^mQMZSUMfma[ IJ`YRIOWCSUM[`C[VCRGSXUL^CoYL
•
Tri-Level Cache
]TU^MVQ AMD K6-III CVHC hfm\GSUMCTUIRU Cache MFfVQ 2 IDmU\UhamBCbVa CPU IK[ IOWC Cache {U[BCXGYXTULUCfma[_aU\IMia IXjUSVQ _aU\IMiaDRL CPU PKF\RL Cache
{U[CRSXGYR[NjQC Mainboard noYLXTULUCfma[_aU\IMiaIXjUgSVQ System Bus IOWC Cache MFfVQ 3 noYL tKXGYhfmCVHCSieFlja[KfSUMISZf Cache Miss KL PKF [VLXTUB^m
CPU foLDmR\NKXGYbmRLSUMBlmLUChfmLjU[DoHCRGSfma[ OMF]ZXdZ{UJkf[Ma\SifGDoHC PKF SVQLUCXGY\GSUMIMG[SBlmLUC Cache \USg IljCJaS Presentation ^M`R Office
Application bjULg SieF[ZYLI^iCtKDRL Tri-Level Cache hfm\USDoHC
RjUCIJZY\IbZ\hfm XGYQX_aU\IM`YRL Cache _MVQ
20
[ 12 November 1999 ]
Intel Pentium !!! ( Coppermine )
Intel hfmOKjR[bVa CPU Pentium !!! MpjCB^\j XGYIMG[SajU Pentium !!! Coppermine kf[\GSUM
OMVQOMpL]sUOb[SMM\{U[BCRGSh\jBljCmR[ IJ`YRIOWCSUMPSmbVaeUSSUMXGYMGQOKjR[ Pentium !!! Katmai \USISZChO
eCXTUB^m Katmai XGYRRS\U tZfeUS Spec XGYI_[SKjUahamQmULJR]\_aM
epfIfjCbjULg DRL Pentium !!! XGYBlmIX_kCkK[GSUMtKZbPQQ 0.18 h\_MRC ( ^M`R Coppermine Core )
Si\GfVLCGH
KfDCUfDRLljRLXULSUMIl`YR\bjRMF^ajULXMUCnZ]IbRMc{U[BCB^mCmR[KL XTUB^mbZfbjRSVChfmIMia
o
DoHC
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Blm Fluorine-Doped SiO2 ( SiOF ) IOWCDVHahrrU Dielectric XTUB^m\G
_aU\IMiaBCSUMXTULUCXGYfGDoHC
\GlVHCkK^F\USDoHC ]TU^MVQ]jLtjUCDmR\NKeTUCaC\USg lja[]jLtKB^m Interface DRL
Cache MFfVQ 2 XGYR[NjQC CPU ]U\UMsXTULUCfma[_aU\IMiaIfG[aSVCSVQ CPU
XTULUCfma[VS[chrrUbYTUKL _`RKfKL\UR[NjBCMFfVQ 1.1 - 1.7 Volt
SZChrbYTU ( BlmJKVLLUChrrUbYTU ) XTUB^mISZf_aU\MmRCCmR[
DCUfDRLPtjC Die KfKLeUS 128 bUMUL\ZKKZI\bM ( Katmai Core ) I^K`RIJG[L
106 bUMUL\ZKKZI\bM PbjQMMepXMUCnZ]IbRMchfm\USDoHCIOWC 28.1 KmUCbVa
\G Cache MFfVQ 2 XGYR[NjQCbVa CPU DCUf 256 KB ( Integrated On-Die
L2 Cache )
6 Metal Layer Process
45
IX_kCkK[GB^\jg XGYIOWCRUapdKVQRGS 2 lZHC XGYXUL Intel SKjUaajU eFlja[B^m Pentium !!! XGYBlm IX_kCkK[GSUMtKZb
0.18 h\_MRCCGH B^mOMF]ZXdZ{UJI^C`RSajU Katmai Core IfZ\ BCXpSgfmUC soL 20% I\`YRIXG[QSVCXGY_aU\IMiaDRL
]V||UECUZSUXGYIXjUSVCXGY 600 MHz Si_`R Advanced Transfer Cache ( ATC ) PKF
Advanced System Buffering ( ASB ) noYLeUSIX_kCkK[GB^\jXGYIJZ\Y DoHC\URGS 2 R[jULCGH XUL Intel Si
hfmRmULajU \VCeFXTUB^m Pentium !!! XGYBlm Coppermine Core \GOMF]ZXdZ{UJXGYI^C`RSajU Katmai Core
R[NjsoL 20%
CRSeUSCGH XUL Intel [VLhfmIt[QMMep{VEcPQQB^\jDRL Pentium !!! _`R FC-PGA ^M`R Flip-Chip Pin Grid Array noYL]U\UMsBlm Plug IDmUSKVQ
Socket PQQ 370 pin hfmRGSfma[ kf[B^m_aU\I^iCajU IOWCSUMKfDCUfDRL CPU IJ`YRB^mbjRghO tNmtKZb PC ]U\UMsRRSPQQ Case ^M`RI_M`YRL_R\JZaIbRMcB^m\G
MNOXMLSMFXVfMVf ^M`R POKSB^\jhfmLjU[DoHC
eUSSUMXGY CPU Pentium !!! MpjCB^\jXGYIOufbVaDoHC\UCGH QULMpjC Si\GMFfVQ_aU\IMiaXGYIXjUSVQMpjCIfZ\ ( Katmai ) noYLSiRUe]MmUL_aU\]VQ]CB^mSVQXVHLtNmn`HR PKF tNmDU[hfm
fVLCVHCXUL Intel eoLhfmSTU^CfB^mBlmbVaRVSM E PKF B STUSVQham^KVLbVaIKDP]fL_aU\IMiaIJ`YRQjLQRSsoL_pE]\QVbZI^KjUCGH fVLCGH
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o
bVaRVSM E ^\U[soL CPU Pentium !!! XGYBlmIX_kCkK[GBCSUMtKZbPQQ 0.18 h\_MRC PKF\G Cache MFfVQ 2 R[NjQC Die IfG[aSVCSVQ CPU
XTULUCfma[_aU\IMiaIXjUSVCSVQ CPU ( noYLSiMa\soL\G Advance Transfer Cache fma[ )
bVaRVSM B ^\U[soL CPU Pentium !!! MpjCXGYBlm FSB IOWC 133 MHz
IJMUFqFCVHCMpCj XGY\GXVHLbVa E PKF bVa B SieF^\U[soL CPU Pentium !!! Coppermine XGYBlmIX_kCkK[GSUMtKZbPQQ 0.18 \G On-Die Full Speed
L2 Cache PKFBlm FSB 133 MHz
]jaCMpjCXGY\G_aU\IMia\USSajU 650 MHz DoHChO eFBlmSUMtKZbPQQ 0.18 h\_MRC \G On-Die Full Speed L2 Cache PKF\G FSB 133 MHz
XVHL^\f fVLCVHCeoLh\jeTUIOWC bmRL\GbVaRVSM E ^M`R B STUSVQham
AMD Athlon ( K7 )
_aU\J[U[U\DRL AMD XGYJ[U[U\eF^CGB^mJmCeUSIM`YRLXGYsNS\RLajU\GIX_kCkK[GbU\^KVL Intel R[NjI]\R fNI^\`RCeFsoL
epf]ZHC]pfPKma I\`YRXUL AMD hfmIOufbVa CPU bMFSNKB^\j ]U[JVCdpcXGY 7 DRLbC XGYl`YRajU Athlon kf[]KVf_MUQ
]sUOb[SMM\IfZ\XGY\G\UeCsoLMpjCXGY 6 eC^\f]ZHC I^K`RhamIJG[Llpf_TU]VYL 3DNow! IXjUCVHC XGY[VL_L\GR[Nj PbjSihfm\GSUM
OMVQOMpL PKFIJZY\IbZ\lpf_TU]VYLCGHB^\j IMG[SajU IOWC Enhance 3DNow! kf[]sUOb[SMM\^KVS_MjUag DRL
Athlon IOWCfVLCGH
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o
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IOWC Superpipeline 9 ]U[
IOWC]jaCDRL^Cja[OMF\aKtKXULXCZ[\ XGYIOWCPQQ Out-Of-Order PKF
Superscalar 3 ]U[
IOWC]jaCDRL^Cja[OMF\aKtKIKDeTUCaCIbi\ XGYIOWCPQQ Out-Of-Order
PKF Superscalar 3 ]U[
IOWC]jaCDRL^Cja[_TUCaC^UbTUP^CjL]TU^MVQSUMOMF\aKtKRGS 3 ]U[
lpf_TU]VYL Enhanced 3DNow! XGYMa\IRUlpf_TU]VYLIfZ\ 21 _TU]VYL PKFRGS 19 _TU]VYL
]TU^MVQSUMeVfSUMfmUC Cache PKF lja[BCSUMOMF\aKtKIKDeTUCaCIbi\ PKFRGS 5 _TU]VYL]TU^MVQSUM
OMF\aKtKfmUC DSP ( Digital Singal Processing )
Blm Alpha EV6 Bus XGY_aU\IMia 200 MHz kf[ EV6 Bus CGHBlmIX_kCkK[G
DDR ( Double Data Rate ) XTUB^m \G_aU\IMia MHz ]NLSajU FSB R[NjIXjUbVa
Cache MFfVQ 1 DCUf 128 K PKF\G Cache MFfVQ 2 R[NjBC Package IfG[aSVC
SVQ CPU ( Pbjh\jhfmR[NjQC Die IfG[aSVC )
Blm Interface PQQ Slot A BCSUM Plug IDmUSVQ Mainboard
PtjC Die \GDCUf 184 bUMUL\ZKKZI\bM BlmIX_kCkK[GDCUf 0.25 h\_MRC PKF\GeTUCaC
46
o
Transistor 22 KmUCbVa
BlmIX_kCkK[GSUMtKZbPQQ 6 Metal Layer
AMD Athlon IOWC CPU BCMpjCXGY 7 DRL AMD noYLCVQIOWCIemUPMS XGYIDmU]Nj[p_XGY 7 IJMUFP\majU Intel eF\G Pentium !!! Coppermine RRS\U PbjSi[VL
eVfajUIOWCMpjCXGY 6 R[Nj
IM`YRL FPU DRL AMD XGYI_[fmR[SajU Intel IJMUFXUL AMD CVHCBlm Low Latency FPU BCMpjCSjRCg \UMpjCB^\jCGH XUL AMD Sihfm^VC\UBlmPQQ
Pipeline PKma PKFhfmBlm Pipeline ]TU^MVQOMF\aKtKfmUCXCZ[\soL 3 ]U[ Ma\soLSUMIJZY\DCUfDRL Cache MFfVQ 1 soL 128K IJ`YRIJZY\OMF]ZXdZ{UJRGSfma[
CRSeUSCGH XUL AMD [VLhfmIOufkMLLUCtKZbP^jLB^\jXGY Dresden XGYIMG[SajUIOWC
Fab 30 ( Fab = Fabrication IOWCKVSEFDRLkMLLUCaZe[V PKF tKZb
]jaCIKD 30 ^\U[soL AMD hfmSjRbVHL\UIOWCIaKU 30 OPKma noYLh\jhfm^\U[soLajU
IOWCkMLLUCtKZb]UDUXGY 30 PbjR[jULBf ) BChbM\U]]pfXmU[DRLO 1999IJ`YR Blm
IOWCXGYtKZb PKF JVCU Copper Athlon PKma[VLMa\hOsoLSUM_mC_amUaZe[V BC
aLeMR`YCg XGYISGY[aDmRLRGSfma[
Fab 30 XGY Dresden CGH bVHLR[NjQCJ`HCXGYDCUf 75 IRI_RMc XGYXULI^C`RDRL Dresden BCMV
Saxony OMFIXI[RM\EG kf[eFBlmIOWCkMLLUCtKZb^KVS]TU^MVQ
AMD Athlon XGYBlmIX_kCkK[G HiP6L ^M`RSi_`RIX_kCkK[G Copper DCUf 0.18 h\_MRC {U[Bbm DmRbSKLMja\SVQXUL Motorola PKF_UfajUeFIMZY\XTUSUM
tKZb Copper Athlon IJ`YR]jLRRS]NjXRm LbKUf BCljaL_MoLY ^KVLDRLO 2000
;45@OW;X@OW;XZ3G39O@ 3DNow! T[\CD8YX@SC]E7[W Athlon 7[W ]VAZ^>U[S: Intel SSE
Functionality
Enhanced
3DNow!
SSE
Conclusion
SIMD floating
point functionality
21
50
]TU^MVQIM`YRLCGH XUL AMD RmULajU bCCVHCIOWCtNmMZIMZ\Y SIMD FPU
IOWCIemUPMS
kf[IX_kCkK[GfmUCCGHDRLXUL AMD PKF Intel bjULSi]CVQ]CpC
SUMOMF\aKtKfmUCXCZ[\XGKF 4 _TU]VYL bjR]V||UECUZSU PKFbjUL
Si]U\UMsXTUhfmsoLMFfVQ 2.4 GFlops XGYMFfVQ_aU\IMia 600
MHz IXjUgSVC
jBCfmUCDRLlpf_TU]VYL AMD eFBlmlpf_TU]VYLXGYCmR[SajU PKF IMG[QLjU[
SajU ( IOWCKVSEFDRL RISC ) PbjSUMXTULUCXGY]KVQnVQnmRC Si
eTUbmRLIDG[C Code ]TU^MVQSUM Optimize IRUIRL ]jaCXUL
Intel eFBlmlpf_TU]VYLXGY\USSajU PKF ]KVQnVQnmRCSajU ( IOWCKVSEF
DRL CISC ) noYL BCSUMIMG[SBlmLUCeFXTUhfmLjU[SajU PbjBCSUM
XTULUCRUeeFbmRLI]G[IaKUBCSUMMRsoL 2 ]V||UECUZSU IJMUF
eTUbmRLBlmSUM_aQ_p\DRL MMX IDmU\UISGY[aDmRLfma[
MMX (integer)
augmentation
and data
19
20
XVHL_Nj bjULSi\Glpf_TU]VYL]TU^MVQSUMeVfSUM Cache PKF lpf_aQ_p\
Streaming Control kf[XUL AMD hfmIJZY\lpf_TU]VYLIDmU
\UeUS 3DNow! IfZ\RGS 19 _TU]VYL ]jaCXUL Intel SSE CVHC
47
\GR[Nj 20 _TU]VYL kf[ 12 _TU]VYL eFXTULUCMja\SVQlpf_TU]VYL MMX
IfZ\ PKFRGS 8 _TU]VYL eFlja[BCSUMeVfSUMDRL Cache
movement
DSP
communication
extensions
5
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SUMOMF\aKtKfmUC DSP ( Digital Signal
Processing ) ]TU^MVQBlmSVQ Soft Modem , Soft
ADSL , SUM_TUCaCXUL_EZbU]bMcXGYnVQnmRC , MP3 PKF
Dolby Digital
5,!
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45
70
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AMD JKUfXjUhO\USSVQSUMIOufbVa Athlon noYL^\U[eF[HTUP_mCB^mSVQXUL Intel Pbjh\jIOWCfVL_Uf IJMUFP\meF\GSUMIOufbVa Athlon hObVHLPbjSKULg OPKma \G CPU
DU[PKma PbjSKVQh\j\G Mainboard B^mBlm XGY\GRRS\U SiSKVQ\GO|^UeCbmRLIMG[SSKVQ_`C PKFSajUeF\G Mainboard \UMRLMVQ\USDoHCSiOUIDmUhO ljaLhbM\U]]pfXmU[
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OMF]ZXdZ{UJDRL Athlon XGYRRS\U _aU\IMiaIOWC MHz XGYRRS\UDj\ Intel IOWCMF[Fg PKF MU_UDRL Athlon XGYsNSSajU Intel Pentium !!! XGYMFfVQ
_aU\IMiaIXjUg SVC Si]MmUL_aU\SffVCB^mSVQ Intel QmUL h\jBljCmR[g ... [VLhLSiCVQajU "Athlon CGHIOWCRUapdlZHC]pfXmU[DRL AMD XGYBlmRVf Intel Pentium !!! XZHL
XaC RTUKUbaMMXGY 20 " Ma\soL Fab 30 XGYIJZYLIOufbVa kf[XUL AMD ^\U[eFBlmIOWCSRLSTUKVL^KVSBCO 2000 ]TU^MVQSUMJVCU PKF tKZb Athlon XGYBlm
XRLPfLBCSUMIl`YR\bjR ( Copper Interconnect ) SVQ CPU _aU\IMiaBCMFfVQ GHz SiCVQIOWC " Z\>8D\[:CD8Y_Q:X>: AMD CG`T\55aX@S 21"
Intel IRL SiJKUfXjUSVQSUMXGYIOufbVa Coppermine PKma PbjSKVQh\j\G]ZC_mU\UaULDU[ RGSXVHL[VLOMF]QO|^UBCfmUC Chipset bVaB^\jg XGY^\U[eFIRU \UBlmSVQ
Pentium !!! Coppermine XTUB^mXUL Intel SiOMF]QO|^Uh\jPJmXUL AMD IljCSVC ... SifNI^\`RCajUXUL Intel eF[R\MVQajUOMF]ZXdZ{UJ DRL
Pentium !!! ( Katmai ) CVHCeFPJm Athlon XGYMFfVQ_aU\IMia MHz IXjUg SVC BC^KU[gfmUC fVLCVHC "Pentium !!! Coppermin G@S7bZcQ Q>\VB
]RdGUVAXE>O _Q:X>: Intel X@S=PC]ETYQ757[WX>:D8>O=P;Q>8>3TE79[W AMD Athlon ZcG" KF_MVQ Ma\soL Chipset B^\jg XGeY FIRU\UBlmSVQ Pentium !!!
Coppermine noYLeFMa\IRU IX_kCkK[GB^\jg _aU\]U\UMsB^\jg IljCSUMMRLMVQ RAMBUS , AGP 4X PKF UDMA/66 XGYeFlja[XTUB^m Pentium !!!
Coppermine P]fLOMF]ZXdZ{UJhfmR[jULIbi\XGY SiCVQajUIOWC "Z\>8D\[:CD8Y_Q: Intel X@S=P]Y\O;U5R8f>GW[99[:7gCDE8[SGZ:7\Y>;AR8" IljCIfG[aSVC_MVQ
5>O9P;Q@OA;<RS8;TR8
•
Advanced Transfer Cache ( ATC )
IX_kCkK[GCGHIOWCIX_kCkK[GDRLSUMCTUIRU Cache MFfVQ 2 DCUf 256 KB \ULhamBCbVa CPU IK[ ( Integrated On-Die 256 KB L2 Cache )
PKFhfmD[U[_aU\SamULDRLMFQQQV]XGYBlmBCSUMbZfbjRSVQ Cache MFfVQ 2 XGYeUSIfZ\BlmIJG[L 64 Bit \UIOWC 288 Bit ( 256 Bit Data + 32 Bit
ECC ) CRSeUSCVHC[VLhfmIOKGY[CIX_CZ_SUMIDmUsoLDmR\NKPQQ]pj\DRL Cache eUS 4 XUL IOWC 8 XUL ( 8 - Way Associative ) PKF[VL\Glaj LeVL^aFMRBCSUM
MVQ]jLDmR\NKbYTU ( Low Latency ) XTUB^m\G_aU\IMiaBCSUMXTULUCDRL Cache IJZY\DoHCR[jULCmR[ 4 IXjU I\`YRIXG[QSVQ_aU\IMiaBCSUM]jLtjUCDmR\NKDRL Katmai
Core
]MpOepfIfjCDRL ATC hfmfVLCGH
o \GDCUf 256K QC Die IfG[aSVCSVQ CPU XTULUCfma[_aU\IMiaIXjUg SVQ CPU
o \GSUMIDmUsoLPQQ]pj\hfm 8 XUL ( 8-Way Set Associative, 1024 sets , 32 Byte line + 4 Byte ECC , 36 Bit Physical
Address )
o \G_aU\IMiaBCSUMXTULUCDRL Cache IJZY\DoHCR[jULCmR[ 4 IXjU I\`YRIXG[QSVQ Katmai Core
o \G_aU\SamULDRLMFQQQV]XGYBlmBCSUMbZfbjRMVQ]jLDmR\NKSVQ Cache MFfVQ 2 DCUf 288 Bit ( IOWCDmR\NK 256 Bit PKF IOWC SUMbMae]RQ_aU\
tZfJKUf ^M`R ECC 32 Bit )
o \G Back-To-Back Throughtput 2 ljaL]V||UECUZSU
48
•
Advanced System Buffering ( ASB )
IX_kCkK[GB^\jRGSOMFSUM^CoYL IOWCIX_kCkK[G XGY\GSUMIJZY\DCUfDRL Buffer ( ^M`RXGYJVSDmR\NK ) B^m\GeTUCaC\USDoHC kf[XUL Intel hfmSKjUaajU OMZ\UEXGYIJZY\DoHCCGH hfmXTU
SUMXf]RQPKmaajU IOWCDCUfXGY]\fpK PKFlja[B^mBlmOMFk[lCcDRL FSB 133 MHz hfmR[jULIbi\XGYPKma noYLIX_kCkK[GCGH lja[XTUB^m^Cja[OMF\aKtKSKUL ^M`R CPU
]U\UMsIDmUsoL^Cja[_aU\eTU^KVS ^M`R Main Memory hfmIMiaDoCH
ASB CGHeFlja[KfO|^U_RDaf ( Bottleneck ) B^mKfCmR[KL kf[SUMIJZY\DCUfDRL Fill Buffer eUS 4 IOWC 6 ^Cja[ XTUB^mSUMXTULUCDRL Cache fmUC
Concurrent Non-Blocking Data IJZY\DoHCRGS 50% PKF IJZY\DCUfDRL Bus Queue Entry eUS 4 hOIOWC 8 ^Cja[ XTUB^m\GSUMXTULUC
OMF]UCSVC MF^ajUL Outstanding Memory SVQMFQQQV] \USDoHC CRSeUSCGH [VLhfmIJZY\DCUfDRL Writeback Buffer eUS 1 IOWC 4 RGSfma[ noYLXTUB^mKf
SUM Block MF^ajULDVHCbRC Cache Replacement KL KF[VLXTUB^mIaKUBCSUM Deallocation BCSUM Fill Buffer IMiaDoHCRGSfma[
!"# $%
[ Post : 12 November 1999 ]
PCakCm\BCRCU_bRVCBSKmCGH XVHL_Nj bjULSiIbMG[\bVaXGYeFrUfrCSVCRGS_MVHL fma[ CPU MFfVQ 64 Bit kf[BCDEFCGHXUL Intel SihfmOMFSUbVa CPU MFfVQ 64 Bit
RRS\UPKma kf[B^ml`YRajU Itanium ( ^M`Rl`YRIfZ\_`R Merced ) kf[hfmIOKGY[CPOKLk_ML]MmULXUL]sUOb[SMM\{U[BCB^\jIS`RQXVHL^\f .. BCDEFXGYXUL AMD Si
hfmIOufbVa Sledgehammer ( ^M`RMNmeVSSVCBCCU\ K8 ) XGYIOWC]sUOb[SMM\PQQ 64 Bit IljCSVC ... Pbj[VL_L[of^KVS]sUOb[SMM\ x86 IfZ\
SjRCXGYeFIDmU]Nj CPU MFfVQ 64 Bit CGH XUL Intel SieFXZHLXaC CPU MFfVQ 32 Bit ( IA32 ) bVaMpjC]pfXmU[ XGY\Gl`YRajU Willamette kf[B^mqU[USVC{U[BCajU
"Athlon Killer" ^M`R "IJlMUb Athlon" noYLSjRC^CmUCGH bU\ Roadmap DRL Intel IemU Willamette CGH _aMeFbmRLIOufbVaBCMUahbM\U]XGY 3 DRLO
2000 PbjhOg \Ug XUL Intel SieTUbmRLIK`YRCSTU^CfSUM B^mIDmU\URGS eC\GDjUaK`RSVCajU OKU[g OCGH _Lhfm\GSUMIOufbVa Willamette PCjg ... fNI^\`RCajUXUL Intel
IRLSiKCKUCR[Njh\jCmR[I^\`RCSVCCF_MVQ ]TU^MVQSUMIOufbVa Athlon DRL AMD
\UfNXULfmUC CPU MFfVQ 64 Bit ( IA64 ) DRL Intel SVCQmUL ... [VScB^|j tNm_MRLbKUf\UCUC hfmaULPtChamPKma ajUeFRRS CPU Itanium BCMUag SKULO
2000 kf[eFXTUSUM IOKGY[CPOKL]sUOb[SMM\{U[BCDRL CPU CGH B^\j^\f eCPXQh\jI^K`R_MUQDRL x86 RGSIK[ ... kf[IqJUFBC]jaCDRLlpf_TU]VYLbjULg XGY\GSUM
IOKGY[CPOKLhOBlm lpf_TU]VYL EPIC noYLXUL Intel hfmB^m_aU\I^iCISGY[aSVQlpf_TU]VYL EPIC CGHajU IOWClpf_TU]VYLXGYRRSPQQ\UIJ`YR tNmRRSPQQ MFQQ hardware kf[eF
lja[XTUB^mIDmUsoL hardware hfmLjU[ PKF \G]\MMs{UJI^C`RSajU ]sUOb[SMM\IfZ\ x86 R[Nj\US ... Ma\soLOMF]ZXdZ {UJXGYhfmCVHC SieF\USSajUIfZ\RGSfma[ ... kf[XUL
Intel Sihfm[SbVaR[jULIJZY\IbZ\ajU lpf_TU]VYL EPIC CGHeF]U\UMsXTULUChfmXGKF 6 _TU]VYL BCljaL ]V||UECUZSUMRQIfG[a noYL\USSajU _aU\IMiaDRL Pentium III 32
Bit BCOeepQVC XGYXTULUChfmIJG[LP_j 1.5 soL 2 _TU]VYL BCljaLIaKUIXjUSVC
BCfmUCDRL]sUOb[SMM\QmUL ... Itanium CGHeFIOWC CPU XGYBlm]sUOb[SMM\ IA-64 noYLIOWC]sUOb[SMM\PQQ 64 Bit XGY]CVQ]CpCXVHL MMX PKF SSE R[jUL
Ibi\XGY Ma\hOsoL[VL]CVQ]CpC SUMXTULUCPQQ 32 Bit DRL IA-32 RGSfma[ kf[IemU Itanium CGH CRSeUSeF\G Cache MFfVQ 2 QCIaIrRMcIfG[aSVCSVQ CPU PKma
[VLeF\G Off-Chip Cache MFfVQ 3 XGYMRLMVQhfm\USsoL 4 M RGSfma[ ( IMHO, Off-Chip Cache CGH CjUeFIOWCI^\`RCSVQ Cache MFfVQ 2 XGY\GR[NjBC
Pentium II ^M`R Pentium III MpCj OeepQVC _`RR[NjBC Package IfG[aSVCSVQ CPU Pbjh\jhfmR[NjBC Chip CPU )
SibmRL[R\MVQajU Intel BeIfif\US ... IJMUFI\`YRIOKGY[C]sUOb[SMM\B^\j Software XGYBlm SibmRLIDG[CB^\j IJ`YRB^mMRLMVQSVQ]sUOb[SMM\B^\jCGH h\jajUeFIOWC OS IljC
bmRLXTU 64 Bit Linux ^M`R 64 Bit Windows IJ`YRBlm]TU^MVQ Itanium ( EPIC ) ... ^M`RP\mPbj Application bjULg SieTUIOWCbmRL IDG[CB^\j B^m
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eMZLg I^bpSUMEcXTUCRLCGH Intel IRLSiI_[XTU\UPKma I\`YR_MUaXGYIOKGY[C]sUOb[SMM\eUS 486 hO]Nj Pentium ... noYLBCbRCCVHC Intel [VL_LBlmJ`HC
UC]sUOb[SMM\
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BCfmUCbKUfMFfVQSKUL PKFMFfVQKjUL Intel Si[VL_LBlm Celeron IOWCbVaQpSbKUffmUCCGHIljCIfZ\ PKF_UfajU eF\GSUMB]j Technology SSE IDmU BC Celeron
RGSXVHL[VL\GDjUaK`RbjULg ISGY[aSVQ Celeron III RGSfma[
49
XULfmUC AMD Sledgehammer CVHC Si\GPCaXULSUMJVCUXGYPbSbjULhOR[jUL Intel Itanium R[jUL]ZHCIlZL IJMUF AMD CVHC [VL_LBlmk_ML]MmUL^KVS eUS
x86 IfZ\ IJG[LPbjhfmXTUSUMPSmhD OMVQOMpLBCQUL]jaC PKmaIMG[S]sUOb[SMM\B^\jCGHajU x86-64
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Word Processing ^M`R SUMOMVQPbjL/PSmhD {UJ IOWCbmC fVLCVHC XUL AMD eoL[VL_LB^m_aU\]TU_V|SVQ]sUOb[SMM\IfZ\_`R x86 R[Nj PKF[VLB^m_aU\I^iCIJZY\IbZ\ajU
XUL Intel Itanium CVHC Si[VL_LbmRLBlmSUMeTUKRL Mode SUMOMF\aKtKPQQ 32 Bit R[NjfG IJ`YRB^mBlmhfmSVQ Application XGYh\jhfmRRSPQQ\U]TU^MVQ 64
Bit ... kf[XUL AMD SihfmSKjUaRGSajU tNmJVCU Application CVHC Si_Lh\jR[USI]G[IaKUPSmhDkOMPSM\B^mBlmLUCPQQ 64 Bit CVS^KF IJMUFtKbjULDRL
OMF]ZXdZ{UJXGYhfmIJZY\DoHC Sih\jhfm\US\U[CVS h\j_pm\SVQSUMI]G[IaKU
]ZYL^CoYL XGYCjU]CBe Si_`R OMF]ZXdZ{UJBC Mode eTUKRLSUMOMF\aKtKPQQ 32 Bit DRL Itanium CGH eFIOWCR[jULhM? ... fGSajU ^M`RajU P[jSajU SUMOMF\aK tKPQQ
32 Bit DRL Pentium III MpjCOeepQVC ... PKFI\`YRIXG[QSVQMpjC Coppermine KjF? eFIOWCR[jULhM ... _TUsU\CGH XUL Intel hfmB^m_aU\I^iCajU epf\pjL^\U[ ^M`R
bKUfDRL CPU XVHL 2 MpjCCGH bjULSVC .. SUMRRSPQQRFhMg SibjULSVC fVLCVHC eFB^mIRU\UIOMG[QIXG[QSVC Si_LIOWChOh\jhfm ...
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[ First Post : 07 August 1999 ]
[ Update 12 November 1999 ]
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Click IK`RS Internet Tools PKma Double click
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Click Next
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CTUIRU Image file \UB]jKLBC Partition CVYCIRL
94
IK`RShrKcXGYbmRLSUMeFCTUDmR\NK\UBlmLUC PKmaIK`RSSfXGY Open
IK`RS Partition DRLDmR\NKXGYR[NjBC Image file PKFSf OK
IK`RSUMcffZ]ScXGYeFB]jDmR\NKeUS Image file _aMMF\VfMFaVL Drive B^msNSbmRLfma[CF_MVQsmU\GUMcffZ]Sc^KU[bVa
95
smU^USUMcffZ]ScXGYIK`RSB]jDmR\NKSKVQKLhO\G^KU[JUMcbZlVC B^mXTUSUMIK`RS Partition XGYbmRLSUM IljC Drive C: Si_`R
Partition XGY 1 CVYCIRL SfXGY OK
kOMPSM\eF\GSUMsU\IJ`YR[`C[VCSUMXTULUCRGS_MVHL ^US\VYCBeajUh\j\GRFhMB]jtZfSiSfXGY Yes IJ`YRIMZY\bmCSUMCTUDmR\NK
eUS Image file \UB]jKLBC Partition hfmIK[_MVQ ^KVLeUSXGYkOMPSM\XTUSUMSiROOI]MieIMG[QMmR[PKma BCSMEGIljCCGH
eFbmRLXTUSUM Restart Computer B^\jI]\R ^USh\j\GRFhMtZfJKUf IMUSieFhfm Windows bVaIfZ\I\`YR_MVHLXGY[VLh\j\G
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kf[SUMIK`RSXGYBCI\CN Drive noYLeFXTUB^mSUM copy DmR\NKXpSR[jULBCUMcffZ]Sc hOB]jhamBCUMcffZ]ScRSG bVa^CoYLhfm
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DOS ^M`R Windows kf[XGYbVa FDISK CGH eFIOWCkOMPSM\IKiS g ]TU^MVQBlmBCSUM KQ^M`R]MmULJUMcbZlVYC
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Create Rescue Diskettes noYLeFhfmIOWCPtjCfZ]ScRRS\U \GDCUfP_jIJG[LPtjCfZ]Sc 1 PtjCIXjUCVHC PKF]U\UMsCTU
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IRU^KF_MVQ I\`YReVfSUMXTUPtjCfZ]SchfmIMG[QMmR[PKma SiIMZY\bmCSUMQNbI_M`YRLeUSPtjCfZ]ScCGHhfmIK[
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97
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98
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B^msNSbmRLSjRC eUSOpw\XGYfmUCQCDaU\`R PKFKRL\UfNMU[KFIRG[fDRLUMcffZ]Sc XGY\GR[NjBCI_M`YRL_MVQ (bVaR[jULBC{UJ
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Resize/Move _`RSUMIOKGY[CPOKLDCUfDRLJUMcblZ CV XGYhfmI_[PQjLhamPKmaB^\j kf[RUeeFIOKGY[CB^mB^|jDoHC
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Create _`RSUM]MmULJUMcbZlCV DoCH \UB^\j bmRL\GJ`HCXGYajUL I^K`R\USJRXGYeF]MmULJUMcbZlCV B^\j
Delete _`RSUMKQJUMcbZlCV XGY]MmULhamPKma ]U\UMsKQ NTFS DRL Windows XP hfmfma[
Label _`RSUMIOKGY[Cl`YRDRL Volumn Label DRLUMcffZ]Sc
Format _`RSUM format UMcffZ]Sc
CRSeUSCGH Si[VL\GI\CNDRLSUM Convert PKF Advance XGY]U\UMsBlmSTU^Cf_jUbjUL g DRLJUMcblZ VYChfRGSfma[ Pbj
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bVaR[jULDRLSUMPCFCTU_MVHLCGH _`RSUMXTU format JUMcbZlCV XGYsNS]MmULeUS Windows XP PKFIOWC NTFS kf[eFXTUSUM
format PKFIOKGY[CB^mIOWC FAT32 IJ`YRBlmLUCB^\j (IJMUFR[jULXGYQRShamajU ^KU[_C\GO|^UKQ Windows XP PQQ
NTFS h\jhfm)
99
kf[SUM_KZSI\U]cXGY JUMcbZlVYCXGYbmRLSUMXTULUCSjRC eUSCVCH IK`RSXGYI\CN Operations PKF Format IJ`YRXTUSUM format
_MVQ
100
eUSCVHC SiIK`RSMNOPQQDRLMFQQ FAT B^\j IljC]TU^MVQSUMBlmLUCXVYahOSiIK`RSIOWC FAT32 B]jl`YR Label XGYbmRLSUM
eFbVHLl`YRB^mSVQ UMcffZ]Sc PKFJZ\Jc_TUajU OK BCljRLDmULKjUL IJ`YRSUM[`C[VC_TU]VYL_MVQ eUSCVHCSiSfXGYOpw\ OK IJ`YR
SKVQhO^CmUPMS
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B^mkOMPSM\ XTULUCbU\XGYIMUbmRLSUM SiSfXGYOpw\ Apply XGY\p\DaUfmUCKjULhfmIK[
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101
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102
BCQUL_MVHLXGYIMUSfRRSeUSkOMPSM\ RUeeF\GSUMsU\PQQbVaR[jULBC{UJfmUCQCCGH IC`YRLeUS SUMXGYIMUhKQ ]MmUL
JUMcbZlVYCB^\j SUMIMG[Sl`YRhfMcrIljC C: D: E: RUeeFIOKGY[ChOeUSIfZ\ bMLCGSH Si f OK hOIK[Sihfm h\j\GO|^URFhM
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format ^M`RPQjLDCUfDRLUMcffZ]ScQjR[ g _MVQ PKFkf[IqJUFSUMBlmLUCBCSUMKQ NTFS DRL Windows XP XGYXTU
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g eVL g Sihfm_MVQ
*** _EQZ\55P\[: CG7>5C]E:>G Partition Magic ZcQ WYQOZ5[:d X@S;7RA7>5;Z5cSQ:6l:Zg 5PD\Y>:7>56WY:<>5gTR][SG ?tS:=P
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[ First Post : 07 August 1999 ]
[ Update 12 November 1999 ]
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112
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ISA Bus ( Continue )
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113
MCA Bus
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Compaq eoLhfmMa\XpCaZeV[MFQQQV]B^\j Mja\SVQRGS 8 QMZVX BCO 1988 noYLIMG[SSVCajUIOWC "Gang of Nine" Pbj
JaSIDUSKVQIMG[SbVaIRLajU "WATCHZONE" IJMUF OMFSRQhOfma[QMZVX Wyse, AST Research, Tandy,
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IJZY\ Feature B^mSVQ MCA DRLbC fVLXGYhfmSKjUa\UPKma noYLXTUB^m RVbMUSUM]jLsjU[DmR\NKIJZY\hfmsoL 160 M/s PKF
PCjCRC XUL WATCHZONE Sih\j[R\CmR[^CmU hfmXTUSUMJVCU EISA DoHCIOWC EISA-2 noYL\GRVbMUSUM]jLsjU[soL
132 M/s IK[XGIfG[a
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^KVS , Bus PKF CPU RRSeUSSVC noYL Compaq Sihfm IOufbVa MFQQ Bus B^\jDRLbChOfma[ IJMUF ^Cja[_aU\eTU^KVS
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^KVS IJ`YRIJZY\OMF]ZXdZ{UJkf[Ma\DRLMFQQ PbjSi\G Card P]fLtKRGSlCZf^CoYLXGYbmRLSUM_aU\ha]NL IljC Display
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Bus \UBlmSVQ Display Card fma[ kf[QMZVXPMS XGYCTU\UBlmPKFIOufbVaR[jULIOWCXULSUM _`R NEC noYLBlmSVQ NEC
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DRLbC noYL Card DRLPbjKFQMZVX SiCTUhOBlm SVQ QMZVXR`YCh\jhfm XTUB^m\GSUMSTU^Cf\UbM
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Local Bus ^M`R ]VHCgajU VL Bus BCO 1992
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Bit Ma\soLRmULbTUP^CjL^Cja[_aU\eTUhfm]NLsoL 4 Gigabyte RGSfma[
116
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CRSI^C`RhOeUS ISA \USCVS IJMUF\VCI^\`RCgSVQ SUMIJZY\DGf_aU\]U\UMsB^mSVQ ISA \USSajUXGYeFIOWCJVCU
_aU\]U\UMsB^mSVQ ISA IC`YRLeUS\VCSi[VL_LB^m CPU IOWCbVa_aQ_p\SUMXTULUC Blm Bus Mastering h\jhfm PKF [VLh\j
]U\UMsOMVQPbjL_jUbjULg tjUCXUL Software hfm eUSepfRjRCbMLepfCGH XTUB^mXUL Intel hfmJVCUMFQQ Local Bus DRL
bCDoHC\UCVYCIRL
PCI Bus
MFQQ PCI ^M`R Peripheral Component Interconnect SiIOWC Local Bus RGSPQQ^CoYL XGYJ
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( Bridge Circuit ) noYL eF\G Chipset XGY_R[_aQ_p\SUMXTULUCDRLMFQQQV]bjUL^US kf[XGY Chipset XGY_aQ_p\CGHeF
IOWCKVSEF Processor Independent _`R h\jDCoH SVQbVa Processor ( ^M`R CPU )
PMSIMZY\XGYIOufbVaCVHC PCI eFIOWCMFQQQV]PQQ 32 Bit XGYXTULUCfma[_aU\IMia 33 MHz noYL]U\UMsB^mRVbMUIMiaBCSUM
]jLtjUCDmR\NKsoL 133 M/s
bjR\U I\`YR Intel IOufbVa CPU BC Generation XGY 5 DRLbC Intel Pentium noYLIOWC CPU DCUf 64 Bit XUL Intel
SihfmXTUSUMSTU^Cf\UbM
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fma[ noYLSi]U\UMsXTUB^mtKZb Mainboard XGY\GXVHL Slot ISA , EISA PKF PCI Ma\SVChfm CRSeUSCVCH [VL]CVQ]CpC
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IJZY\OMF]ZXdZ{UJ DRL^Cja[P]fLtKfma[ CVYCSi_`R Accelerated Graphics Port ^M`R AGP noYLSihfmIOufbVa Chipset
XGY]CVQ]CpCSUMXTULUCCGHfma[ _`R 440LX ( noYLPCjCRC Chipset XGYRRS\U^KVLeUSCGH SieF]CVQ]CpCSUMXTULUCDRL AGP
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119
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hfm\US IJMUF]U\UMsXTUSUMBlmLUC ^Cja[_aU\eTUDRLMFQQB^mIOWCIrM\QVrIrRMchfmIK[ kf[h\jbRm LfoLDmR\NK\UJVShamXGY
IrM\QVrIrRMcDRL Card SjRC ( ]U\UMsRjUCIM`YRLDRL AGP Texturing IJZY\IbZ\hfmXGY Vision4D _MVQ )
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kf[OSbZPKma AGP eFXTULUCXGY_aU\IMia 66 MHz noYLP\majUMFQQeFBlm FSB IOWC 100 MHz Pbj\VCSieF[VL_LXTULUCXGY
66 MHz ( noYLbMLepfCGH Mainboard QULMpjC QUL[GY^mR ]U\UMsOMVQPbjL_jUCGHhfm Pbj XVHLCGH PKF XVHLCVHC Si_aM_TUCoLsoL
DGfeTUSVfDRL Card PKF RpOSMEcR`YCg fma[ ) noYL BC mode OSbZDRL\VC SieF\G_aU\]U\UMsPXQeFI^\`RC SVQ PCI PQQ
66 MHz IK[ kf[eF\GRVbMUSUM]jLDmR\NKXGY]NLsoL 266 M/s PKF CRSeUSCGH[VL]U\UMsXTULUChfmXVHLDRQDUDoHCPKFDRQDU
KLDRL 66 Mhz eoLIXjUSVQajU\VCXTULUCXGY 133 MHz noYLeFlja[IJZY\RVbMUSUM]jLsjU[DmR\NKDoHChfm]NLsoL 532 M/s
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( "- "- Noko ' # )
RGS]UI^bp^CoYLXGYMFQQQV]PQQ AGP XTUhfmfGSajU PCI SiIJMUF IOWC Slot PQQ IRSIX h\jbmRLhOBlm Bandwidth
Mja\SVQB_M ( IJMUFI_M`YRLg ^CoYL\G Display Card IJG[L bVaIfG[aSiIJG[LJRPKma fVLCVHC eoLBC Mainboard eoL\G Slot
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RGSh\jCUC chipset bVaB^\jDRLXUL Intel SieFRRS\UPKma noYLeFMRLMVQSUMXTULUCDRL AGP 4X noYLSieFlja[B^mIJZY\
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T>5>:U5V4;7@SO\7[W5PWWW[U
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OXGYIOufbVa
PC Bus 1981
ISA
1984
MCA 1987
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_aU\IMiaCUZSU
8 Bit
16 Bit
32 Bit
4.77 MHz
8 MHz
10 MHz
121
EISA 1988
VL Bus 1992
PCI
1992
AGP
1996
32 Bit
32/64 Bit
32/64 Bit
32 Bit ( or Greater
Than )
8.33 MHz
50 MHz
33 MHz
66 MHz
QE>:QR:
Winn L. Rosch, Hardware Bible : Premier Edition , SAMS Publishing, 1997
Vincent P. Heuring, Harry F. Jordan, Computer Systems Design and Architecture ,
Addison-Wesley, 1997
Peter Norton, John Goodman, Inside the PC , Seventh Edition, SAMS Publishing,1997
]V||JLc ]U[aLcCaK, *
! '", PC , Fourth Edition, nGIRif[NI_lVYC, 1996
[ Web Link ] http://www.agpforum.org
[ Web Link ] http://developer.intel.com/drg/mmx/AppNotes/agp.htm
VGA Card 7 Display Adapter
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bVaR[jUL Config.sys
[MENU] +eTUIOWC
MENUITEM=WINDOWS98 +^KVL_TU]VYLMenuitem=bU\fma[l`YRI\CNBCXGYCGH_`R Windows98 SVQfR]bMVQ
MENUITEM=DOS
[COMMON] +eTUIOWC
+B]j_TU]VYLXGYbmRLSUMB^mrunBCSUMIK`RSXVHL]RLI\CNCGH
[WINDOWS98] +eTUIOWCRmULsoLI\CNXGYh]jhamBC_TU]VYLmenuitem
+B]j_TU]VYLXGYbmRLSUMB^m run BC]jaCDRLI\CNWindows98
;DEVICE=C:\WINDOWS\HIMEM.SYS
;device=C:\WINDOWS\emm386.exe
[DOS] +eTUIOWCRmULsoLI\CNXGYh]jhamBC_TU]VYLmenuitem
+B]j_TU]VYLXGYbmRLSUMB^m run BC]jaCDRLI\CNDos
DEVICE=C:\WINDOWS\HIMEM.SYS
devicehigh=C:\WINDOWS\emm386.exe
DEVICEHIGH=C:\CDPRO\VIDE-CDD.SYS /D:MSCD001 /P:1F0,14 /P:170,15 /P:1E8,12 /P:168,10
DEVICEHIGH=C:\WINDOWS\COMMAND\ANSI.SYS
DOS=HIGH,UMB
[COMMON] +eTUIOWCSMEGB^mrunXmU[hrKc
124
+B]jB^mrunXVHL]RLI\CN
bVLR[jULhrKc Autoexec.bat
GOTO %CONFIG% +bmRL\G RmUL]jaCDRLMulticonfig DRL Config.sys
:WINDOWS98 +mRmULI\CN
B]j_TU]VYLXGYbmRLSUMB^mrun
@C:\PROGRA~1\NORTON~4\NAVDX.EXE /STARTUP
GOTO END hOQMMXVQXGY:END
:DOS +RmUL]jaCI\CN Dos
+B]j_TU]VYLXGYbmRLSUMB^mrunBC]jaCdos
@C:\PROGRA~1\NORTON~4\NAVDX.EXE /STARTUP
\CREATIVE\SBLIVE\DOSDRV\SBEINIT.COM
LOADHIGH C:\WINDOWS\COMMAND\MSCDEX /D:MSCD001 /V /E
LH C:\WINDOWS\COMMAND\DOSKEY /INSERT
LH C:\AMOUSE\AMOUSE
LH C:\S3DRV\S3VBE20 /INSTALL
C:\STARTDOS\DOS.BAT
GOTO END
:END
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128
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*****************************************************************
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• Socket 7 BlmSVQnGJG[N XGY\GeTUCaCDU 321 DU Pentium MMX,K6-2, K6-3, Cyrix MII
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IOWC_RCICi_IbRMcDCUf 40 DU BlmIl`YR\bjRSVQRpOSMEcXGYBlm\UbM
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RpOSMEch\jI^\`RCSVC RGSXVHLtNmBlm[VL]U\UMsIOKGY[CPOKLRpOSMEcI^KjUCGHhfmkf[RZ]MFRGSfma[ fVLCVHC[jR\IOWCSUMfG XGY
eF\UbMae ]RQSVCSjRCIMZY\bmCXTULUC BCSMEGXGYIeRDmRtZfJKUf SiQVL]U\UMsMU[LUCB^mtNmBlmXMUQ PKFPSmhDhfmR[jUL
sNSbmRL
_[dGTQG7>5X^>:>G_Q: POST
SUM POST _`RSUMXTULUCDRL BIOS DEFIMZY\bmCMFQQ noYLJR]MpODVCH bRChfmfLV CGH
_[dGX@S 1 P]fLDmR_aU\IMZY\bmCDRLSUMcfP]fLtK noYLOSbZeFDoHCR[NjSVQlCZfDRLSUMcfP]fLtKXGYbZfbVHLR[NjBC
_R\JZaIbRMcCVHCg kf[RUeP]fLl`YRQMZVX-kKkSmDRLtNmtKZb, l`YRMpCj , DCUfDRL^Cja[_aU\eTU K
^M`RBCQULMpjC RUeh\jP]fL DmR_aU\ BfgBCDVCH bRCCGHIK[Sihfm
_[dGX@S 2 P]fLMU[KFIRG[fISGY[aSVQ BIOS Ma\soL^\U[IKDRmULRZL]TU^MVQtNmtKZbI\CQRMcfPKFDmR_aU\R`YCg
eUS{UJXGY 2-2 IOWC BIOS DRL Award QCI\CQRMcfnoYLBlmlZOInib Intel 430HX
_[dGX@S 3 bMae]RQPKFCVQeTUCaC^CjU[_aU\eTU Ma\XVHLIMZY\SUMXTULUCDRLRpOSMEcOMFI{XfZ]SchfMr¤
_[dGX@S 4 I\`YR]ZHC]pfSUMXTULUCDRL POST PKma QC^CmUeReFP]fLMU[KFIRG[fISGY[aSVQUMcfPaMcJ`HC
UC
XVHL^\f eUSCVHCeoL k^KfMFQQOZQVbZSUM eUSfZ]ScXSGY TU^Cf (tjUCXUL SETUP) \UXTULUCbjRhO
246
SUM Set Bios
kf[OSbZPKma IMUh\jeTUIOWCbmRLXTUSUMIOKGY[CPOKL_jUbjUL g BC BIOS QjR[CVS [SIamCI\`YRIMU bmRLSUM
IOKGY[CPOKL SUMbVHL_jUbjUL g ^M`RI\`YR\GSUMIOKGY[C RpOSMEcB^\j g IljC CPU, RAM ^M`R Hard Disk IOWCbmC
7>5;_E>UpY BIOS Setup Mode
]TU^MVQaZdGSUMXGYeFIDmUhObVHL_jUbjUL g BC BIOS hfmCVHC eFDoHCR[NjSVQMFQQDRL
PbjKFI_M`YRLfma[ kf[OSbZI\`YRIMUXTUSUMIOuf]aZXlchrDRLI_M`YRL_R\JZaIbRMc BIOS
SieFIMZY\XTULUCkf[XTUSUMXf]RQRpOSMEcbjUL g SjRCXGYeFIMG[SBlmLUCMFQQ DOS
eUSPtjC Floppy Disk ^M`R Hard Disk BCljaLCGHeFIOWCljaLXGYIMU]U\UMsIDmU
hOXTUSUMPSmhDIOKG[Y CPOKLSUMbVHL_jUbjUL g BC BIOS hfmkf[Sf Key bjUL g
IljC DEL, ESC CTRL-ESC, CTRL-ALT-ESC XVHLCGHDoHCR[NSj VQajUPbjKFI_M`YRL
eFbVHLhamR[jULhM ]jaCB^|j eF\GDmR_aU\QRSIljC "Press DEL Key to Enter
BIOS Setup" IOWCbmC
\RB7@ >5 Clear/Reset Password _Q: BIOS
kf[OSbZPKma ^US_pEBlmI_M`YRL_R\JZaIbRMc_CIfG[a Si_Lh\j\G_aU\eTUIOWCbmRLbVHL Password ]TU^MVQ
IDmUhO Setup BIOS ^M`RIOufI_M`YRL PbjsmU^UShfmI_[bVHLhamPKmaK`\ ^M`RhfmI\CQRMcf\Ukf[XGY\GSUMbVHL
Password hamPKFh\jMNmajUBlm Password RFhM Si\GaZdGSUMXGYeF Reset ^M`R Clere Password
noYLRUeeFbmRLKRL^KU[ g aZdGfNCF_MVQIXjUXGYt\hfmMaQMa\\UfVLCGH
1. 9Q:C]E Password 6WW Case Sensitive ZcQ6WWX@SGY>=P;4FG
2. X^>7>5 Reset 3AO7>5 Clear CMOS A[:G@d
• \RL^U jumper ]TU^MVQ Reset CMOS SjRCkf[fNeUS_Nj\R
` ^M`RRUeeF\RL^U
jumper BSKm g SVQPQbIbRMGYDRL CMOS Sihfm ]jaCB^|jeF\GKVSEFIOWC jumper 3
DU
• aZdGSUM Reset _`RXTUSUM jump B^mbMLDmU\SVQOSbZ _`RsmU^USIfZ\\GSUM jump R[NjXGY
1-2 SiIOKGY[C\UIOWC 2-3 ^M`RsmUOSbZ jump R[NjXGY 2-3 R[NjPKmaSiIOKGY[CIOWC 1-2
• eUSCVC
H IOufI_M`YRL_R\JZaIbRMc XZHLham]VS 5-10 aZCUXG OufI_M`YRL_R\JZaIbRMc
• IOKGY[C jumper SKVQ\UXGYIfZ\ Password eFsNS Reset
3. X^>7>5QA6WT;TQ5@S_Q: CMOS QQ7
smU^USh\j]U\UMs^U jumper ]TU^MVQ Reset CMOS hfmRUeeF\GRGSaZdG _`RXTUSUMsRfPQbIbRMGYDRL
CMOS RRS]VS 5 CUXGPKmaSiB]jIDmUhOB^\j eFIOWCSUMbVHL_jUXpSR[jULDRL BIOS SKVQhOIOWC Default hfm
PbjI\CQRMcfQULMpjC eF[VL\G Password R[Njkf[eFIOWC Default Password bU\fmUCQCCF_MVQ
^KVLeUSB]jPQbIbRMGYPKmaSismU[VLsU\ Password RGSB^mKRLB]j Default Password DmULQCfN
7>5 Set BIOS
247
]TU^MVQbVaR[jULbjRhOCGHCTU\UB^mfNPQQXVYa g hODRL BIOS noYL]jaCB^|jSieF_KmU[ g SVC IMZY\eUS^KVLeUSXGYSf
DEL ^M`R Key R`YC g DEFIOufI_M`YRLIJ`YRIDmU]Nj BIOS Setup Mode kf[OSbZPKma smU^USIOWCSUMbVHL_jU_MVHLPMS
^KVLeUSXGYXTUSUM
Reset CMOS PKma SiIK`RSXGYI\CN Load BIOS Default Setup ^M`R Load BIOS
Optimal-performance IJ`YRIK`RSSUMbVHL_jUPQQSKUL g DRLRpOSMEcXVYahOSjRC
eUSCVHCeoL\UXTUSUMIK`RSPSmhDIOKGY[CPOKLPbjKF_jU bU\I\CNbjRhOCGHIK[_MVQ
Standard CMOS Setup
Date 69P Time B]j aVCXGY PKF IaKU OeepQVC
Hard Disk STU^CfDCUfDRL HDD (Hard Disk) ajU\GDCUfIXjUhM kf[IK`RSbVHL_jUIRL PQQ User, PQQ
RVbkC\VbZ Auto ^M`Rh\jhfmbZfbVHLSiIK`RSXGY None
Primary / Master RpOSMEcXGYbjRSVQ IDE PMS PQQ Master (1 IDE eFbjR HDD ^M`R CD-ROM hfm 2 bVa)
Primary / Slave RpOSMEcXGYbjRSVQ IDE PMS PQQ Slave
Secondary / Master RpOSMEcXGYbRj SVQ IDE XGY]RL PQQ Master
Secondary / Slave RpOSMEcXGYbjRSVQ IDE XGY]RL PQQ Slave
noYLeFbmRLSTU^Cf Cyls (cylinders) Heads, Sectors PKF Mode ]TU^MVQ Mode \GfVLCGH
- Auto BIOS eFXTUSUMbMae]RQPKFbVHL Mode DRL HDD RVbkC\VbZ
- Normal ]TU^MVQ HDD XGY\G clys,heads,sectors h\jISZC 1024,16,63 ^M`RDCUfh\jISZC 528M.
- Large ]TU^MVQ HDD XGY\G cyls \USSajU 1024 Pbjh\j support LBA Mode
- LBA Logical Block Addressing ]TU^MVQ HDD B^\j g eF\GSUM]jLDmR\NKXGYIMiaSajU
(]TU^MVQ HDD smU^USXMUQ_jUXGYPCjCRCB^mB]jIOWC User PbjsmUh\jPCjBe B^mbVHL Auto ham)
Drive A: B: lCZfDRL Diskette Drives XGYbZfbVHLBlmLUC 360K, 720K, 1.2M ^M`R 1.44M
Video lCZfDRLeRP]fL{UJ (OSbZeFIOWC EGA/VGA)
Halt On STU^CfSUM Stop ^USJQ Error DEFXGY POST (Power-On Seft Test)
- All errors SUM POST eF^[pfPKFP]fL prompts B^mIK`RSSUMXTULUCbjRhOXpS Error
- All, But Key SUM POST eFh\j^[pfSMEGDRLSUMISZf Keyboard Error
- All, But Disk SUM POST eFh\j^[pfSMEGDRLSUMISZf Diskette Drive Error
- All, But Disk/Key SUM POST eFh\j^[pfSMEGDRLSUMISZf Keyboard Error ^M`R Diskette
Base Memory kf[OSbZeFIOWC 640K ]TU^MVQ DOS
Extended _`R Memory BC]jaCXG]Y NLSajU 1M DoHChO
Other Memory ^\U[soL]jaCDRLMF^ajUL 640K soL 1M
248
BIOS Features Setup
Virus Warning SUMIb`RCI\`YR\GSUMIDG[CDmR\NKXVQ Boot Record DRL HDD [Enabled]
CPU Int / Ext cache SUMBlmLUC CPU Internal / External Cache [Enabled]
Quick Power On Seft Test SUMXTU POST PQQIMia [Enabled]
Boot Sequence IK`RSKTUfVQDRLSUMQNXIljCeUS C:, A: ^M`R IDE-0, IDE-1 [C: A:]
Swap Floppy Disk STU^CfSUM]KVQbTUP^CjL Drive A: IOWC Drive B: [Disabled]
Boot Up Floppy Seek SUMbMae]RQlCZfDRL Disk Drive ajUIOWCPQQBf [Disabled]
Boot Up NumLock Status STU^CfSUMXTULUCDRL Key NumLock ^KVLeUSIOufI_M`YRL [Disabled]
Boot Up System Speed STU^Cf_aU\IMia CPU ^KVLeUSIOufI_M`YRL [High]
Gate A20 Option SUMIDmUsoL Address memory ]jaCXGY]NLSajU 1M [Fast]
Typematic Rate Setting STU^Cf_aU\IMiaDRLSUMSf Key [Enabled]
Typematic Rate (Chars/Sec) STU^Cf_aU\IMiaDRLSUMSf Key [6]
Typematic Delay (Msec) STU^Cf_jU delay DRLSUMSf Key [250]
Security Option STU^CfSUMbVHLM^V]tjUCDRLSUM Setup BIOS ^M`R System [Setup]
PS/2 Mouse Control STU^CfSUMBlmLUC PS/2 Mouse [Disabled]
PCI/VGA Palette Snoop PSmO|^USUMIJGH[CDRL]GI\`YRBlmSUMcfaGfGkRR`YC g Mja\fma[ [Disabled]
Assign IRQ for VGA STU^CfSUMBlm IRQ B^mSVQSUMcfeR [Enabled]
OS Select for DRAM > 64M SUMSTU^Cf^Cja[_aU\eTU]TU^MVQ OS2 [Non-OS]
HDD S.M.A.R.T capability Self-Monitering Analysis and Reporting Technology [Enabled]
Video BIOS Shadow STU^CfB^mXTU Shadow SVQ ROM eUSSUMcfP]fLtK C0000-C4000 [Enabled]
Adapter ROM STU^CfB^mXTU Shadow SVQ ROM eUSSUMcfXGYI]G[QIJZY\IbZ\
C8000 BlmSVQSUMcfP]fLtKlCZf MDA (eRIDG[a)
CC000 BlmSVQSUMcf controller QULOMFI{X [Disabled]
249
D0000 BlmSVQSUMcf LAN [smUh\jBlmbVHL Disabled]
D4000 BlmSVQ controller ]TU^MVQ Disk Drive lCZfJZI [Disabled]
D8000 bVHL [Disable]
DC000 bVHL [Disable]
E0000 bVHL [Disable]
E4000 bVHL [Disable]
E8000 bVHL [Disable]
EC000 BlmSVQSUMcf controller lCZf SCSI [^USh\jhfmBlmbVHL Disable]
System ROM SUMXTU Shadow SVQ ROM DRL BIOS XGY F000 [Enabled]
250
Chipset Features Setup
Auto Configuration _`RB^m BIOS eVfSUM_jUbjULgkf[RVbkC\VbZnoYLeFIOWC_jUSKUL g
Hidden Refresh SUMIbZ\OMFephrDRL DRAM [Enabled]
Slow Refresh B^m DRAM Kf_aU\sGYBCSUMIbZ\OMFephrKL 2 - 4 IXjU [Enabled smUh\j\GO|^U]
Concurrent Refresh SUMRjUC-IDG[CDmR\NK hfmJMmR\gSVQSUMIbZ\OMFephrBC DRAM [Enabled]
Burst Refresh SUMIbZ\OMFephrKL DRAM hfm^KU[g MRQBCSUMXTULUC_MVHLIfG[a [Enabled]
DRAM Brust at 4 Refresh eTUCaCSUM Burst Refresh IOWC 4 MRQBCSUMXTULUC 1_MVHL [Enabled]
Staggered Refresh SUMIbZ\OMFepKjaL^CmUBC DRAM BC Bank sVfhOfma[ [Enabled]
Refresh RAS Active Time B^mXfKRLSTU^Cf_jUCmR[XGY]pfIXjUXGYI_M`YRLeF]U\UMsXTULUChfm
AT Cycle Wait State IaKUXGYMRB^mSUMcf ISA JMmR\ B^mbVHL_jUXGYCmR[]pfIXjUXGYI_M`YRLXTULUChfm
16-Bit Memory, I/O Wait State IaKUXGYnGJG[NbmRLMRMF^ajULMRQSUMXTULUC bVHLCmR[XGY]pfXGYXTULUChfm
8-Bit Memory, I/O Wait State IaKUXGYnGJG[NbmRLMRMF^ajULMRQSUMXTULUC B^mbVHLCmR[]pfXGYXTULUChfm
DMA Clock Source STU^Cf_aU\IMiaDRLRpOSMEc DMA kf[\G_jUOSbZ_`R 5 MHz
Memory Remapping ^USIOufSUMXTULUCCGHhameFXTU Shadows SVQ BIOS Bfg h\jhfm [Disable]
Cache Read Hit Burst ^M`R
SRAM Read Wait State MF[FJVSMRI\`YRRjUCDmR\NKKLBC L1 Cache B^mbVHLCmR[XGY]pfIXjUXGYXTULUChfm
Cache Write Hit Burst ^M`R
SRAM Write Wait State MF[FJVSMRI\`YRRjUCDmR\NKKLBC L1 Cache B^mbVHLCmR[XGY]pfIXjUXGYXTULUChfm
Fast Cache Read / Write B^mP_lXTULUCk^\f_aU\IMia]NL eF\GtKI\`YRP_l\GDCUf 64 KB ^M`R 256 KB
Tag Ram Includes Ditry B^mP_lXTULUCBCk^\fIDG[CXVQkf[h\jbmRL[mU[/KQDmR\NKIfZ\RRSSjRC
^US\G Ram CmR[SajU 256 MB _aMBlm Dirty Bit
Non-Cacheable Block-1 Size STU^CfDCUf^Cja[_aU\eTUXGY^mU\XTUP_l [OK ^M`R Disabled]
RAS to CAS Delay Time _jU^CjaLIaKUSjRCXGYeF]KVQSUMXTULUC RAS-CAS bVHL_jUCmR[XGY]pfIXjUXGYXTULUChfm
CAS Before RAS SUM]KVQKTUfVQSUMXTULUCMF^ajUL RAS PKF CAS
CAS Width in Read Cycle STU^Cf_jU^CjaLIaKUSjRCXGYnGJG[NeFIMZY\RjUCDmR\NKBC DRAM bVHLCmR[XGY]pfXGYXTULUChfm
Interleave Mode B^mnGJG[NRjUC - IDG[CDmR\NKeUS DRAM BCk^\f Interleave
Fast Page Mode DRAM B^m^Cja[_aU\eTUXTULUCPQQ FPM kf[h\jbmRLRUV[ RAS PKF CAS noYLeFIMiaSajU
SDRAM CAS Latency Time ^M`R
SDRAM Cycle Length MF[FMRQSUMXTULUCDRL CAS latency BC SDRAM bVHL_jUCmR[XGY]pf
^M`RBlm_jU 2 SVQ RAM lCZf PC100 PKFBlm_jU 3 SVQ RAM lCZf PC66/83
Read Around Write STU^CfB^mnJG G[NRjUC - IDG[CDmR\NKeUS^Cja[_aU\eTUhfmBC_MUaIfG[aSVC [Enabled]
DRAM Data Integrity Mode IK`RS Non-ECC ^M`R ECC bU\DCZfDRL SDRAM System BIOS
Cacheable SUMXTUP_lDRL System BIOS ROM #F0000-FFFFF [Enabled]
Video BIOS Cacheable SUMXTUP_lDRL Video BIOS ROM [Enabled]
Video RAM Cacheable SUMXTUP_lDRL Video RAM #A0000-AFFFF [Enabled smUh\j\GO|^U]
Memory Hole at 15M-16M SUMeRLJ`HCXGY]TU^MVQ ISA Adapter ROM [Enabled]
Passive Release STU^Cf CPU to PCI bus accesses ljaL passive release [Enabled]
Delayed Transaction IK`RS Enable ]TU^MVQ PCI version 2.1
251
AGP Aperture Size (MB) STU^CfDCUfDRL AGP Aperture STU^CfIOWC_MoYL^CoYLDRL RAM XVHL^\f
Power Management
Max Saving STU^CfSUMOMF^[VfJKVLLUCPQQ ]NL]pf
User Define STU^CfSUMOMF^[VfJKVLLUCPQQ bVHL_jUIRL
Min Saving STU^CfSUMOMF^[VfJKVLLUCPQQ bYTU]pf
PM Control by APM STU^CfB^m_aQ_p\SUMOMF^[VfJKVLLUCtjUCXULnRrXcPaMc
APM Video Off Method STU^CfaZdGSUMOufeR{UJI\`YRIDmU]Njk^\fOMF^[VfJKVLLUC
V/H SYNC + Blank eFOufSUMXTULUC V/H SYNC PKFfVQeR{UJfma[ Blank Screen
DPMS ]TU^MVQSUMcfP]fLtKPKFeR{UJXGY]CVQ]CpCk^\f DPMS
Blank Screen eFXTUSUMP]fL^CmUeRajUL g I\`YROMF^[VfJKVLLUC ]TU^MVQeRMpjCISjU g
Video Off After B^mOufeR{UJI\`YRIDmU]Njk^\fOMF^[VfJKVLLUCPQQ Stanby ^M`R Suspend
Standby Mode STU^CfMF[FIaKUI\`YRJQajUh\j\GSUMBlmLUC eF^[pfXTULUCDRLRpOSMEcQUL]jaC
Supend Mode eFbVfSUMXTULUCQUL]jaC_KmU[ Standby Mode Pbj^[pfRpOSMEcXGY\USSajU
HDD Power Down STU^CfMF[FIaKUSjRCXGY BIOS eF^[pfSUMXTULUCDRL HDD
Resume by Ring I\`YR Enabled ]U\UMs]VLY B^mXTULUCeUS Soft Off Mode hfm
Resume by Alarm I\`YR Enabled ]U\UMsbVHLIaKUXTULUCeUS Suspend Mode hfm
Wake Up On LAN I\`YR Enabled ]U\UMs]VYLB^mXTULUCeUS Soft Off Mode hfm
Integrated Peripherals
IDE HDD BLOCKS MODE B^m HDD RjUC-IDG[CDmR\NKhfm_MVHLKF^KU[ Sector JMmR\SVC [Enabled]
IDE PIO Mode... STU^CfSUMXTULUCPQQ Programe Input/Output [bVHL]NL]pf^M`R Auto]
IDE UDMA... STU^CfSUMXTULUCPQQ DMA ^M`R UDMA [Enabled ^M`R Auto]
On-Chip PCI IDE STU^CfSUMBlmljRLI]G[Q HDD IDE XGYR[NjQCI\CQRMcf [Enabled]
USB Keyboard Support STU^CfB^mBlm Keyboard PQQ USB [Enabled]
Onboard FDC Controller STU^CfB^mBlmljRLI]G[Q Disk Drive XGYR[NjQCI\CQRMcf [Enabled]
Onboard Serial Port 1 STU^Cf_jUPRfIfM]PKF IRQ B^m COM1 _jUOSbZ_`R 3F8/IRQ4
Onboard Serial Port 2 STU^Cf_jUPRfIfM]PKF IRQ B^m COM2 _jUOSbZ_`R 2F8/IRQ3
Parallel Port Mode STU^Cfk^\fSUMXTULUCDRLJRMcbDCUChfmBC 3 PQQ [EPP&ECP]
SPP (Standard Parallel Port) _`Rk^\f\UbM
UCI^\UFPSjI_M`YRLJZ\JcMpjCISjUg
EPP (Enhanced Parallel Port) _`Rk^\f 2 XZXULI^\UFPSjI_M`YRLJZ\JcMpjCB^\j
ECP (Extended Capabilities Port) _`Rk^\f_aU\IMia]NL I\`YRbjRJjaLSVQ Scanner, Laplink K
ECP MODE USE DMA _`RSTU^Cf DMA ]TU^MVQ Port DCUCPQQ ECP noYL_jUOSbZ_`R 3
252
IDE HDD Auto Detection
]TU^MVQ_mC^UUMcffZ]ScPQQRVbkC\VbZ kf[eF_mC^U Primary Master , Primary Slave , Secondary Master ,
Secondary Slave bU\KTUfVQ kf[B^mIMUbRQ Y BCPbjKFDVHCbRCXGbY mRLSUM smUBCDVHCbRCCGHh\j]U\UMs _mC^U
UMcffZ]ScXGYIMUbZfbVHLhamhfm bmRLbMae]RQSUMbjRUMcffZ]ScB^msSN bmRLRGS_MVHL
7>5T[d:ZY>QcSG r
Load BIOS Default Setup
I\`YRSfIK`RSXGYCGY BIOS eFXTUSUMbVHL_jUbjUL g B^mIOWCPQQSKUL g ]TU^MVQRpOSMEcXVYa g hO ^M`RIOWCSUMbVHL_jUPQQ Factory
Setup Sihfm
Load BIOS Optimize Setup
I\`YRSfIK`RSXGYCGY BIOS eFXTUSUMbVHL_jUbjUL g DRLRpOSMEc B^mhfmOMF]ZXdZ{UJ]NL]pf
Password Setting
Blm]TU^MVQSUMbVHL Password I\`RY bmRLSUMeFIDmUhOIOKGY[CPOKLSUMbVHL_jUbjUL g BC BIOS ^M`RI\`YRbmRLSUMeFIOuf I_M`YRL kf[
OSbZI\`YRB]j Password MFQQeFB^mB]j Confirm nHTU 2 MRQIJ`YRORLSVCSUMB]jtZfJKUf (h\jB]jRFhMIK[ _`RSUM[SIKZS
password)
HDD Low Level Format
IOWCI\CN]TU^MVQXTU Low Level Format DRL Hard Disk noYLBlm]TU^MVQXTUSUM Format Hard Disk PQQMFfVQbYTU]pf noYLsmU^USh\j
\GO|^URFhMSVQ Hard Disk Sih\jeTUIOWCbmRLXTU
Exit with Save Setting D5cQ Exit without Save Setting
I\`YRXTUSUMIOKGY[CPOKLDmR\NKSUMbVHL_jUbjUL g DRL BIOS PKmabmRLXTUSUM Save ISiQhamfma[CF_MVQ ]jaCB^|j I\`YRXTUSUM Save
PKmaeFQNXI_M`YRLB^\j _jUbjUL g XGYbVHLhameoLeFBlmLUChfm
CPU Setup
CRSeUSCGH BCI\CQRMcfMpjCB^\j g XGYIOWCPQQ Jumper Free (h\jBlm Jumper PbjeFBlmI\CNBC BIOS ]TU^MVQbVHL_jU bjUL g ) eF
]U\UMsbVHL_jUDRL_aU\IMia CPU, _jU multiple ^M`R FSB, _jUhr Vcore PKFR`YC g RGSPKmaPbjMpjCDRL I\CQRMcfCVHC g
7>5 Flash BIOS Si _` RSUM Update IOKGY[CPOKLDmR\NK^M`RnRrXcPaMcXGYQMMepR[NjBC BIOS ROM Chip
253
noYLeFIOWCnRrXcPaMcDCUfIKiS g XGYeTUIOWC]TU^MVQSUMQNXI_M`YRL_R\JZaIbRMc SUMXGYIMUXTUSUM Update BIOS
Si_`RSUM Update nRrXcPaMcCGHCVYCIRL I^bptKXGYbmRL\GSUM Update BIOS \GfVLCGH
- IJ`YRB^m BIOS CVHC]U\UMsMRLMVQSUMXTULUCDRLRpOSMEcB^\j g hfm
- IJZY\IbZ\PKFPSmhD_aU\]U\UMsbjUL g B^m\USDoHCIljCSUM Auto Detect RpOSMEcbjUL g
- IJZY\SUM Support SVQ CPU B^\j g XGYIJZYLeFISZfDoHC\Ufma[
- IJZY\SUMMRLMVQSVQ Hard Disk DCUfB^|j g
- MRLMVQ^M`RPSmO|^U Y2K
- PSmhDO|^UQULR[jULXGYISZfDoHCSVQI\CQRMcf
- BCQUL_MVHL SiRUeeFlja[IJZY\OMF]ZXdZ{UJPKF_aU\I]sG[M{UJDRLMFQQkf[Ma\hfm
- PKFR`YC g RGS\US\U[
MU[KFIRG[fDRL BIOS PbjKF Version _LbmRL^UDmR\NKeUSIaOhnbcDRLtNmtKZbI\CQRMcfPbjKF[GY^mRCF_MVQ
ajUeF\GRFhMh^\j g QmUL
=^>;4FG8>76ZYmDG X@STEQ:X^>7>5 Flash BIOS
kf[XVYahOPKma ^US_pE]U\UMsBlmLUCI_M`YRL_R\JZaIbRMchfmOSbZh\j\GO|^URFhMSi_Lh\j\G
_aU\eTUIOWCXGYeFbmRLXTUSUM Update BIOS CF_MVQPbjsmU^USaVCBfXGYbmRLSUMIJZY\RpOSMEcB^\j g
IDmUhOBCI_M`YRL_R\JZaIbRMcDRL_pE IljCIOKGY[C CPU ^M`R Hard Disk B^\j PKFISZfO|^U
^M`Rh\j]U\UMsBlmLUChfm SiRUeeF\G_aU\eTUIOWCXGYeFbmRLXTUSUM Update BIOS CF_MVQ
fVLCVHC _LeFDoHCR[NjSVQ_aU\eTUIOWCbjUL g DRLI_M`YRL_R\JZaIbRMc ajUbmRLSUMXGYeFPSmhDRFhMBC BIOS
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format c: PQQh\j\GRFhMbjRXmU[ _`RSUM format drive c: PQQ\UbMU
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format c: /s _`RSUM format drive c: kf[eFXTUMFQQ system file B^m]U\UMsBlmQNXI_M`YRLhfmfma[
format c: /q _`RSUM format drive c: PQQMafIMia eFBlmhfmSVQ Hard Disk XGY format PKmaIXjUCVHC
format c: /c _`RSUM format drive c: kf[XTUSUMbMae]RQ bad sector DRLUMcffZ]Sc fma[
format c: /u _`RSUM format drive c: kf[PQQCGH eFh\j]U\UMsXTUSUM unformat IJ`YRSNmDmR\NK_`C\Uhfm
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format _`RSUMIMG[S_TU]VYL format CGHIJ`YRIMZY\bmCBlmLUC
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^M`R f: Sihfm PKmaPbjajU eF\GSUMPQjLJUMcbZlVChamR[jULhM bMLCGHbmRLMFaVL B]jB^msNSbmRL h\jIljCCVCH RUeeFXTUB^mDmR\NK
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/s ^M`R /q ^M`R /c ^M`R /u IOWCSUMSTU^CfSUMXTULUCDRLSUM format IJZY\IbZ\eUSOSbZ bU\MU[KFIRG[ffmUCQC kf[
RUeeFB]j^M`Rh\jbmRLB]jSihfm
XVHLCGHSUMBlm_TU]VYLrRMcP\b PQQbjUL g RUeeFBlmMja\SVCSihfmIljC format c: /s/q _`R]VYLrRMcP\bPQQMafIMia PKFXTU
SUM]MmUL system file IJ`YRB^m]U\UMsBlmQNXI_M`YRLhfmfma[ IOWCbmC
aZdGSUM]VYLrRMcP\ibUMcffZ]_c IMZY\eUSSUMQNXI_M`YRL_R\JZaIbRMc kf[RUeeFBlmSUMQNXeUSPtjC Windows Startup
Disk PKmaIK`RSXGYDmR 1. eUSI\CN ^M`ReFQNbI_M`YRLeUSUMcffZ]Sc PKF]VYL Shutdown kf[IK`RSIDmUXGY DOS Mode Sihfm
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eUSCVHCJZ\Jc_TU]VYL format c: /s (IOWCSUM]VYLrRMcP\ibkf[eFB]j system file IJ`YRB^mBlmQNXI_M`YRLhfmfma[)
264
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IOWC]jaCXGY]TU_V|XGYeFXTUB^mIMUXMUQsoLO|^UXGYISZfDoHCPKFXTUSUMPSmhDO|^UhfmLjU[DoHCkf[XGYRUeh\jSMFXQhOsoL
DmR\NKXGYR[N{j U[BCDRLI_M`YRL_R\JZaIbRMc XTUB^m]U\UMsXGYeFMVSUDmR\NKIfZ\hamhfm
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hfmfG Pbj\UsoLbRCCGSH KVQXTULUCh\jhfmXVHLXGYSjRC^CmUCVHCh\jhfmXTUSUMIOKGY[CPOKLBfg IK[ (RUe\GtNmBlm\USSajU^CoYL_C)
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smUI_M`YRL_R\JZaIbRMcDRLIMUR[NjBC]{UJXGYOSbZeF\GDVHCbRCSUMXTULUC fVLCGH
1. UMcfPaMcXTULUC PKFeVfSUMbU\XGYMFQphamR[jULsNSbmRL
2. BIOS \GSUMk^Kf MBR(Master Boot Record)PKF]jLtjUCSUM_aQ_p\hOXGY MBR
3. MBR XTUSUMk^Kf DBR(Dos Boot Record) PKF]jLtjUCSUM_aQ_p\hOXGY DBR
4. DBR XTUSUMk^KfhrKcXGYnjRCham
5. hrKcXGYnjRCham_`R IO.SYS XTULUCPKFXTUSUMRjUC CONFIG.SYS PKFhrKc MSDOS.SYS
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6. k^KfhrKc_TU]VYL COMMAND.COM DRLtNmBlmI_M`YRL
7. \GSUMXTULUCBC AUTOEXEC.BAT
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IK`YRC^VaRjUC/QVCXoS hOXGY Cylinder 0 SjRCPKma[mU[hOR[NjXGY Cylinder ]NL]pfPKmaSKVQ\U[VL Cylinder 0 RGS
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SUMXTULUCeFIOWChObU\CGHI\`YR\GSUMSTU^Cf _jU Configuration R[jULsNSbmRL PKF]U[bjRbjULg R[NjBC
bTUP^CjLXGYsNSbmRLPKFPCjC^CU Ma\XVHLUMcfPaMcbmRLXTULUCR[jULsNSbmRL
75WpET_[dGX@S 2 : 3D9A MBR 69PT5\=UQWZ\>8p7TEQ:_Q:T>5>:<>5gTR][SG
smUSUMInibRVJUMcfPaMcIOWChOR[jULsNSbmRL I_M`YRLeFOMUSP]LXGYbTUP^CjLDRLUMcfPaMcDCoH \UBCljaL]VHCg
BCDEFXGYXTUSUMQNmbI_M`YRL BC]jaCDRLUMcffZ]ScCCVH P]fLB^mXMUQajUMFQQSTUKVLRjUC MBR noYLR[NjXGYbTUP^CjL head
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2. _mC^UJUMcbZlVCXGYQNmbhfm ^M`RXTULUCQChfMachfm
3. k^KfInSIbRMcPMSDRLJUMcblZ VCCVHC BCSMEGXGYIOWCJUMcbZlVCDRL DOS eFIMG[SInSIbRMcPMSajU
DBR(Dos Boot Record)
7>5WpET_[dGX@S 3 : T5\=UQW (DBR)
smUh\j\GO|^UBC]jaCDRL MBR MFQQeFXTUSUMk^KfDmR\NKXGYIOWCOMFk[lCc]TU^MVQInSIbRMcXGYIMG[SajU
DBR IDmUhOPKFXTUB^m DBR XTULUChfm
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QMMep DBR hamXGYbTUP^CjL cylinder 0, head 1, sector 1 IqJUFSMEGXGYBlmMFQQOZQVbZSUMbVaIfG[a PbjsmUIOWC
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267
DGE>X@S_Q: DBR 8@ 5 45P7>5A[:G@d
1. MGInibhfMacXGYQNmbhfm
2. k^KfInSIbRMcPMSDRLhfIMi_XRMG^KVSIDmUhamBC^Cja[_aU\eTU
3. bMae]RQ 2 entries PMSajUIOWCl`YRDRLhrKcXGYnjRCR[Nj
4. k^KfhrKcXGYnjRCR[NjKLBC^Cja[_aU\eTU
5. ]jLtjUCSUM_aQ_p\hO[VLhrKcXGYnjRCR[Nj
DBR hfmQMMepk_ML]MmULXGY]TU_V|DRLDmR\NKXGYIMG[SajU BPB(The BIOS Parameter Block)
IC`YRLeUS DBR IOWCInSIbRMcPMSBCJUMcblZ VC BPB eoLOMFSRQfma[DmR\NKnoYLRdZQU[MU[KFIRG[fDRLJUMcbZlVCB^m
DOS MNm
7>5WpET_[dGX@S 4 : 3D9Amq9gX@S?YQGQOpY
DBR eFk^KfhrKcXGYIOWC^VaBeDRLMFQQSUMXTULUC 2 hrKcIDmUhamBC^Cja[_aU\eTU noYLhfmPSjhrKc
IO.SYS PKF MSDOS.SYS MFQQeFh\jQNmbsmUhrKcXVHL]RLCGHh\jsNSbmRL^M`Rh\j\GhrKcXVHL]RLCGHR[N(j h\jajUeFIOWC
]UI^bpeUSUMcfPaMc^M`RnRrXcPaMcSibU\)
7>5WpET_[dGX@S 5 : T5\=UQWZ^>U[S: CONFIG.SYS
MFQQeFfTUICZCSUMQNmbbjRhOkf[k^KfhrKcXGYnjRCR[NjhrKcPMS PKFB^m\VCXTULUC noYLeFXTUSUMk^Kf_TU]VYL
CONFIG.SYS PKmaB^m\GSUMXTULUCbU\_TU]VYLCGH _TU]VYLBC CONFIG.SYS XGY]TU_V|_`R_TU]VYL “DEVICE=”
noYLBlmBCSUMk^KffGhanchfMIaRMcXGYeTUIOWCBCSUMIDmU]NjhfMacbjULg XGYbfZ bVHLham
7>5WpET_[dGX@S 6 : 5PWW=PX^>7>53D9A COMMAND.COM
COMMAND.COM IOWC User shell ^\U[_aU\ajU\VCIOWCkOMPSM\XGYBlmRjUC_TU]VYLDRLtNmBlmI_M`RY L
PKFPOK_TU]VYLCVHChO]NjMFQQSUMXTULUC ]TUICUDRL_TU]VYL COMMAND.COM XGYh\jsNSbmRLeFXTUB^mMFQQh\j
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Command.com eFIMG[S_TU]VYLbjULg BC Autoexec.bat bU\KTUfVQ smU_TU]VYLtZfOSbZeFXTUB^mI]G[MFQQ
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IMZY\bmCIOufI_M`YRL_R\JZaIbRMcDoHC\U IJ`YRXGYeF]U\UMsbMae]RQhfmajUO|^UISZfDoHCBCljaLBfDRLSUMQNmbMFQQ kf[
JZeUMEUXGKFDVHCbRC
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^KVLeUSIOuf]aZXlcB^mMFQQXTULUC CPU eFsNSMGInibB^mhORjUCDmR\NKXGY BIOS IJ`YRXTUSUMbMae]RQ
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BIOS : Basic Input Output System eFIOWCbVaPMSXGYXTULUCkf[eFIMZY\SMFQaCSUMXGYIMG[SajU
POST : Power On Self Test IJ`YRXTUSUMXf]RQMFQQbjULg DRL_R\JZaIbRMc kf[eFIli_MFQQbjULg ajU
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smUISZfO|^UDoHC\UBCDVHCbRCCGHI_M`YRLeFXTUSUMIb`RCfma[DmR_aU\XGYeR{UJ(SMEGXGYbZfbjRSVQeR{UJhfm) PbjsmUbZfbjR
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FDD Controller Failure
HDD Controller Failure
KB/Interface Error
Keyboard Error
System Halted(Ctrl-AltDel) to Reboot
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7>5 POST ;U@O:_Q: BIOS
M^V]I]G[LDRL BIOS PbjKF[GY^mRRUeeFPbSbjULSVChO Pbj]jaCB^|jM^V]I]G[LeFBlm]RLKVSEF _`RI]G[L
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5D[U;U@O: BIOS Award
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[Ua1 ]VHC 2
[Ua 1 ]VHC 3
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POST tjUC XpSR[jULOSbZ
POST h\jtjUC \GO|^U
P^KjLejU[hr ^M`RI\CQRMcf\GO|^U
P^KjLejU[hr ^M`RI\CQRMcf\GO|^U ^M`R^Cja[_aU\eTU RAM \GO|^U
I\CQRMcf\GO|^U
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SUMcfP]fLtK\GO|^U (EGA)
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POST h\jtjUC \GO|^U
P^KjLejU[hr ^M`RI\CQRMcf\GO|^U
P^KjLejU[hr ^M`RI\CQRMcf\GO|^U ^M`R^Cja[_aU\eTU RAM \GO|^U
SUMcfP]fLtK\GO|^U (MDA, CGA)
SUMcfP]fLtK\GO|^U (EGA)
SUMXf]RQIMG[QMmR[ h\j\GO|^U
eUSbUMULM^V]bVaR[jULI]G[LDRL BIOS noYLIOWC [GY^mRXGYCZ[\Blmkf[XVYahOBCI_M`YRLXGYIOWCPQQ Home
User ]jaC[GY^mRR`YCg IljC BIOS Phoenix eF\GBlmBCI_M`YRLOMFI{XPQMCfcIC\ IOWC]jaCB^|j BC]jaCDRLM^V]
I]G[LSiBSKmI_G[LSVC XVHLCGtH NmBlm ^M`RtNmfNPKMFQQeFbmRLBlmSUM]VLISbIRUIRL
********************************************************
7>53D9A MBR 69PT5\=UQWZ\>8p7TEQ:_Q:T>5>:<>5gTR][G
DVHCbRCCGHeFSMFXTUbjRIC`YRLeUSSUMbMae]RQUMcfPaMcIMG[QMmR[PKma \VCeFXTUSUM_mC^UJUMcbZlVCXGYQNmbhfm
DRLfZ]SchfMac BCDVHCbRCSUMXTULUCCGH smU\GO|^UISZfDoHCeF\GDmR_aU\P]fL_aU\tZfJKUfDoHC\UDmR_aU\BfDmR_aU\
270
^CoYLfVLCGH Invalid partition table, Error Loading Operating system ^M`R Missing operating
system SUMaZI_MUF^cB^mfNbU\tVLSUMXTULUCDRL MBR
3Z5:U5E>:_Q: MBR
IOKGY[CM^V] MBR eUS 0:7C00 hOIOWC
RjUCbUMULJUMcbZlVCPbjKFbUMULIJ`YR_mC^UJUMcbZlVCXGYQNmb
JQ entries R`YCXGYh\jBljhQbcXGY 80 ^M`R 00
MFQQP]fLDmR_aU\ Invalid partition
_mCJQ entry XGYQNmbhfm
Entry ]TU^MVQbUMULJUMcbZlVC
XVHL^\fR[NjBC]{UJBlmhfmBlj^M`Rh\j
h\j\G entry ]TU^MVQbUMULJUMcbZlVC h\jhfm_Cm ^UJUMcbZlVCXGYQNmbhfm
hOXGY ROM BIOS
h\jBlj
MFQQP]fLDmR_aU\ Invalid partition
Blj
RjUC Dos Boot Record soL
bTUP^CjLBC^Cja[_aU\eTU
h\j]U\UMsRjUC DBR
MFQQP]fLDmR_aU\ Error
Loading Operating
System
bMaefNajUhQbc]pfXmU[DRL DBR
IOWC AA55
h\jBlj
MFQQP]fLDmR_aU\
Missing Operating
System
Blj
XTULUCkf[Blm DBR
7>5X^>:>G_Q: DBR
^KVLeUSMFQQXTUSUMk^Kf MBR I]MieIMG[QMmR[PKma eFXTUSUMIMG[SB^m DBR XTULUCIOWCbVasVfhO SUM
aZI_MUF^cO|^UBCljaLSUMXTULUCCGH]U\UMsaZI_MUF^chfmeUStVLSUMXTULUC
271
3Z5:U5E>:_Q: DBR
k^KfPKFXTUSUMOMVQOMpLbUMULP]fLKVSEFIqJUFfZ]Sc
MGInibhfMacXGYQNmbhfm
h\jhfm
MGInibhfmIMG[QMmR[^M`Rh\j
DmR_aU\ Disk Boot
hfm
_TUCaEInSIbRMceUShfIMi_XRMGPMSPKFInSIbRMc
DRLDmR\NK eUSCVHCRjUCInSIbRMcDRLhfIMi_XRMGPMS
hOXGY 0:500
h\jhfm
RjUChfm^M`Rh\j
DmR_aU\ Non
system disk
hfm
bMaefN entry PMSajUIOWChrKcnjRC^M`Rh\j _`R
hrKc IO.SYS PKF MO-DOS.SYS
^M`Rh\j
h\jBlj
DmR_aU\ Non
system disk
Blj
RjUChrKcnjRChOXGY
Km\I^Ka^M`Rh\j
QNmbMFQQeUShfMac A: MRSUMPSmhD
Km\I^Ka
DmR_aU\ Disk Boot
h\j
tjUCSUM_aQ_p\hO[VLhrKcnjRC
7>5X^>:>G_Q:34567585PWW
BCDVCH bRCCGHIOWCSUMXTULUCXGYISZfDoHC^KVLeUSSUMbMae]RQUMcfPaMcIMG[QMmR[PKma smUIOWCMFQQ DOS eF
\GSUMIMG[SBlmhrKc Config.sys IJ`YRXTUSUMk^KffGhanchfMIaRMcDRLRpOSMEcbjULg XGYeTUIOWC ^KVLeUSCVHCeoLXTUSUM
IMG[SBlmhrKc Command.com IJ`YRXTUSUMbZfbjRSVQtNmBlmLUC PKF]pfXmU[IOWCSUMIMG[SBlmLUC Autoexec.bat noYL
IOWCDVHCbRCIMG[SBlmkOMPSM\XGYeTUIOWC]TU^MVQSUMIMZY\bmCMFQQ bjRhO ]jaCDRL Windows’95/98 CVHC eFbjULeUS
DOS bMLXGYhrKc Config.sys PKF Autoexec.bat eFh\j_jR[\G_aU\]TU_V|\USCVS PbjeFIOWCSUMIMG[SBlmLUC
Windows Registry noYLIOWC]jaCXGYISiQSUMIl`YR\bjRSVQRpOSMEcbjULg IDmUSVQMFQQham
BCDVCH bRCCGHsmU\GO|^UeFJQSVQDmR_aU\bjRhOCGH
DmR_aU\
O|^UXGYISZf
Bad or Missing ,Command
hrKc Command.com I]G[
Interpreter
272
Memory Allocation Error
Cannot Load Command,
System Halted
Key_
Press any key to continues
Command.com sNSXTUKU[ ^M`R\GkOMPSM\QULkOMPSM\J[U\Blm
^Cja[_aU\eTUBCbTUP^CjLXGY]LaCham]TU^MVQ Command.com
I_M`YRLh\j]U\UMs k^Kf Command.com hfmIC`YRLeUS Bug DRL
kOMPSM\ ^M`RMpjCDRL Command.com h\jbMLSVC
System file DRL Windows sNSXTUKU[
smUrRLhrKc XXX.Vxd eFIOWCXGYSUMbZfbVLH MFQQh\j]\QNMEc smUh\j
rRLhrKc xxx.vxd \GO|^UXGYhrKc Autoexec.bat
eFI^iChfmajUO|^UXGIY SZfeUSSUMXTULUCDRLMFQQeFISZfhfmBCXpSDVHCbRCSUMXTULUC kf[PbjKF]jaCO|^U
XGYISZfDoHCeFPbSbjULSVChOkf[KVSEFDRLDmR_aU\XGYOMUSeFIOWCbVaQRSB^mIMUXMUQajUO|^UXGYISZfDoHCCVCH ISZfSVQ
]jaCBfDRLMFQQCVYCIRL
I\`YRBlmPCaXULBCIQ`HRLbmC]TU^MVQSUMaZI_MUF^csoLO|^UXGYISZfDoCH PKma PKFXMUQajUISZfDoHCSVQ]jaCBfDRL
MFQQ IMUSi]U\UMsXGYeFXTUSUMPSmhDhfmLjU[DoHCIC`YRLeUSIMUhfmSTU^CfO|^UB^m
P_QKL XTUB^mSUMPSmO|^UXTUhfmIMiaDoHCfma[ PKFIOWCSUMPSmhDO|^UhfmR[jULbMLepf
***************************************************
B %--H7
O|^UXGYISZfDoHCSVQI_M`YRL_R\JZaIbRMc eFIOWCbValGHB^mI^iCsoLbTUP^CjLXGYQMMepDmR\NK]TU_V|g BCI_M`YRL
_R\JZaIbRMc PKFPbjKF]jaC\GtKsoLSVC smU]jaCBf]jaC^CoYLsNSKQ^M`RI]G[hO eFXTUB^m]jaCR`YCg h\j]U\UMsXGYeF
XTULUCbjRhOhfm IljCsmU^USbUMULJUMcbZlVCI]G[^U[ IMUSieFh\jRUeIDmU]NjMFQQhfmP\majU]jaCXGYIOWC FAT eF[VL]\QNMEc
fGR[Nj
:7%$#v !"
?9"%
#d`B9:
DmR\NK
bTUP^CjLXGYbVHL
POST(Power On Self
Test)
ROM BIOS
OMFI{XDRLUMcffZ]Sc
Controller QCI\CQRMcf
STU^Cf Configuration DRL
UMcffZ]Sc
Partition Record(MBR)
Head 0/Cylinder 0/Sector
1 QCUMcffZ]Sc
FDISK/ XFDISK
DOS Boot Record(DBR)
Sector PMSBC Partition
FORMAT
MBR IOWCbValGHbTUP^CjL
SUMSTU^Cf
QMZVXtNmtKZb/tNmBlm
273
FAT(File Allocation
Table)
Root Directory
IO.SYS/MSDOS.SYS
CONFIG.SYS
COMMAND.COM
AUTOEXEC.BAT
DmR\NKDRLtNmBlm
MBR IOWCbValGHbTUP^CjL
Format C: ^M`R C:/S
QNbIM__RMcfDRL DOS IOWC
Format C: ^M`R Format C:/S
XULRmR\ _`R DBR lGHbTUP^CjL
FAT PKFSTU^CfDCUfDRL
FAT PKF Root Directory R[Nj
sVfeUS FAT
Root Directory / FAT
Format C:/S ^M`R SYS C:
Root Directory / FAT Blm
tNmBlmI_M`RY L /SUMbZfbVHL Device
kf[ MSDOS.SYS
Driver B^mSVQRpOSMEcbjULg
Root Directory /FAT bValGH
Format C:/S ^M`R SYS C:
O|^U_`R Bad or Missing
Command Interpreter
Root Directory/ Sub
Directory FAT
Root Directory/ Sub
Directory FAT
tNmBlmI_M`RY L /SUMbZfbVHL Device
Driver B^mSVQRpOSMEcbjULg
tNmBlmI_M`RY L
eUSbUMUL XTUB^mIMUXMUQsoLbTUP^CjLDRLDmR\NKPbjKFbVa PKFSUMSTU^CfDmR\NKPbjKFlpfPKma SUMPSmO|^U
Si]U\UMsXTUhfmLjU[DoHCI\`YR\GDmR_aU\P]fL_aU\tZfJKUfBCSUMXTULUCDRLI_M`YRL_R\JZaIbRMcDoHC\U
--$H7@B%:Bs
'&B
DmR_aU\
CMOS CHECKSUM ERROR
Disk Boot Failure, Insert System
Disk and Press Enter
FDD/ HDD Controller Failure
O|^U/SUMPSmhD
4vwD> DmR\NK{U[BC BIOS h\jsNSbmRL ]jaCB^|jISZfeUSPQ
bIbRMGRjRCSTUKVL ^M`R\GSUM Clear BIOS
7>567Em_ IOKGY[CPQbIbRMGB^\j XTUSUMPSmhDDmR\NKBC BIOS
B^msNSbmRL (fN^VaDmRSUMInibRVJ BIOS)
4vwD> BIOS h\jJQfZ]ScXGYSTU^CfB^mXTUSUMQNmbMFQQ ^M`RfZ]Sc
CVHCh\jhfmXTUSUMbZfbVHLMFQQOZQVbZSUMBfg ham ]jaCB^|jeFISZf
eUSSUMB]jPtjCfZ]SchamBCI_M`YRLDVQ ^M`RRUeISZfeUS]U[bjR^Ka\
^M`R^KpfSiIOWChfm
7>567Em_ bMae]RQBCI_M`RY LDVQfZ]ScajU\GPtjCfZ]ScISib R[N{j U[BC
^M`Rh\j/ Ili_]U[bjR{U[BCDRLfZ]ScajUPCjC^M`Rh\j/ QNmbMFQ
QeUShfMac A: Blm_TU]VYL SYS C: ^KVLeUSDoHCDmR_aU\
System Transferred sRfPtjCfZ]ScRRSeUSI_M`YRLDVQ QNmb
I_M`YRLB^\jRGS_MVHL
4vwD> MFQQXTUSUMMGInib Floppy disk/ Hard Disk h\jhfm
RUeIOWCIJMUFSUMbVHL_jUBC BIOS h\jsNSbmRL, _RCkXMKIKRMc
274
KB/ Interface Error(Keyboard
Error)
System Halted(Ctrl-Alt-Del) to
Reboot
I]G[, Pbj]jaCB^|jPKmaeFISZfeUS]U[I_IQZK^Kpf^M`R^Ka\
7>567Em_ bMae]RQ]U[I_IQZKajU^Kpf^M`R^Ka\^M`Rh\j/
bMae]RQ_jUBC BIOS B^msNSbmRL smU_RCkXMKIKRMcI]G[bmRLXTU
SUMIOKG[Y CB^\j
4vwD> ^VabjR_G[cQRMcf^Kpf/^Ka\
7>567Em_ D[VQ^VabjRB^mIDmUXGY/ sRf^VabjRPKmaB]jSKVQIDmUhOB^\j
MGQNmbMFQQ
4vwD> ISZfSUMtZfJKUfQULOMFSUM MFQQeFJ[U[U\PSmO|^U
kf[SUMQNmbMFQQB^\j
&"(#$-
4vwD>
Chipset XGY_aQ_p\ Interrupt
I]G[ O|^UISZfXGYI\CQRMcf
Setup lCZfDRL HDD BC
BIOS tZf
DOS Partition I]G[
HDD Track 0 I]G[
Q>7>5
7>567Em_
CVQ Memory I]Mie PKma Hang hO MGQNmbI_M`RY LDoHC\UB^\jRGS_MVHL smU[VL
Iq[g h\j\GDmR_aU\Bfg DoCH \U
IOWCI^\`RCIfZ\ XTUSUMbMaeIli_XGY
I\CQRMcf
CVQ Memory I]MiePKmaDoHCDmR_aU\ bMaeIli_lCZfDRL HDD BC
Drive C: Failure ^M`R Drive
BIOS XGY^VaDmR STANDARD
C: Error
/ PRIMARY IDE : STU^Cf
lCZf HDD B^msNSbmRL smU\G^VaDmR
AUTO B^mSTU^CfIOWC^VaDmRCGH
Boot XGY Drive A: PKmaJZ\Jc C:
1. Boot XGY Dive A: JZ\Jc
Sys C: MReCDoHCDmR_aU\
h\jDoHCDmR_aU\ Invalid Drive
Specification
System transferred PKmaQNmbXGY
Drive C: RGS_MVLH smU[VLQNmbh\jhfm
2. Blm Norton Utilities
^VaDmR
Disk Tool Blm_TU]VYL Make
Disk Bootable XTUbU\DVHCbRC
DRLkOMPSM\ smU[VLh\j^U[
3. XTUSUM Format Drive C:
B^\jhfmIK[
1. Boot XGY Drive A: Blm_TU]VYL
IKGY[LhOQNmbXGYJUMcbZlVCPXCkf[SUM
Sys C: PKma[VLh\jhfmtK
STU^CfB^mIOWC]RLJUMcbZlVC PKma
2. Blm Norton NDD bMaefNPKma STU^CfB^mJUMcbZlC
V XGY]RLIOWC
\G Bad Sector XGY Track 0
DOS Partition smUBlm FDISK
3. Format C:/S h\jtjUC Pbj
STU^CfB^m Partition XGY]RLIOWC
Active
Format C: Iq[g tjUC
4. Format fma[ Low Level
DRL
275
Disk Manager rRL Track 0
I]G[
HDD Boot Record I]G[
1. DoHCDmR_aU\ Disk Boot
QNmbXGY Drive A: JZ\Jc Sys C:
Failure ^M`R Hang hOIq[g
MGQNmbRGS_MVLH smUh\j^U[ Blm
2. DmR_aU\ Non-System Disk Disk tool BC Norton IK`RS
or Disk Error
Make Disk Bootable
&$3
4vwD>
Hang XGY Config.Sys ^M`R
Autoexec.bat ^M`RXGYkOMPSM\
Driver
Q>7>5
QNmbMFQQDoHC\UPKmaIDmUhOXGY Safe
Mode ^M`R\GDmR_aU\ Press
any Key to Continues
hrKcMFQQI]G[
DoHCDmR_aU\ Key_
(IO.SYS/ MSDOS.SYS)
(WINDOWS’98)
I_M`YRLh\j]U\UMsk^Kf
Command.com hfm IC`YRLeUS
Bug DRLkOMPSM\ ^M`RMpjCDRL
Command.com h\jbMLSVC
DoHCDmR_aU\ Cannot Load
Command, System Halted
7>567Em_
QNmbI_M`YRLDoHC\UB^\j PKmaSfOpw\ F8
IK`RS^VaDmR Step by Step
Confirmations IJ`YRXTUSUM
bMae]RQ Config.sys PKF
Autoexec.bat IJ`YRbMaefNajU\G
O|^UXGYepfBfPKmaXTUSUM Mark
ham eUSCVHCIDmUhOPSmhDBC Edit
Config.sys/ Autoexec.bat
QNmbXGY Drive A: JZ\Jc Sys C:
PKmaXTUSUMQNmbMFQQDoHC\UB^\jBC
SMEGCGHsmUMFQQQNmbhOXGY C:\> bmRL
XTUSUMbZfbVHL(Setup)kOMPSM\
MFQQKLhOB^\j eoLeFBlmLUChfm
Ili_fNajUBCUMcffZ]Sc\GhrKc
Command.com ^M`Rh\j smUh\j
\GB^mXTUSUMQNmbeUShfMac A: PKma
Blm_TU]VYL Sys C: QNmbB^\jRGS_MVLH
smUh\jhfmtKB^mXTUSUMbMaeIli_XGY
RAM
hrKc Command.com BC
UMcffZ]Sch\j\G RUesNSKQ^M`RsNS
XTUKU[kf[haMV]^M`R]UI^bpR`YC
hrKc Command.com sNS
XTUKU[ ^M`R\GkOMPSM\J[U[U\Blm
IC`HRXGYBC^Cja[_aU\eTUXGY]LaCham
]TU^MVQ Command.com
DoHCDmR_aU\ Bad or Missing
Command Interpreter
DoHCDmR_aU\
File Allocation Error
QNmbMFQQeUS Drive A: PKmaBlm
_TU]VYL Sys C: PKmaQNmbMFQQDoHC\U
RGS_MVLH
XTUSUMQNmbMFQQDoHC\UB^\jkf[SUM
Reset smUh\jhfmtK
QNmbMFQQeUShfMac A: PKmaBlm
_TU]VYL Sys C: Restart I_M`YRL
(+ #&6+ ;%5>
' "+$%&&'(%
(% &7> fdisk
#&;%5'>"+$%&&'(% !*"5"+ #&7>+"+ $%&&'(% 6"*"5" 3%5
&/( 16+ $%&&'(% /?""&56+ ) /;1"&77>+"2&7"56. Drive /;!8/?"
276
./+ />6" $%&&'(% "&/5< 8 GB ##.16+/?" Drive C: "& 3 GB /;7>(1
+ Windows .=35%8%56+ ) .16+/?" Drive D: (68""9+&7"&/?" 5 GB /;7>
(1/<" ) /?"5"
>"'&+;%5'>" #.6+5>"'&+ FAT 56+ ) 2&&+"*
•
•
•
FAT16 /?"#&;%5'>"(1 DOS, Windows 3.1 . Windows 95 ,6" ) #.+"&
+;%5'>"2&(+(,& 2 GB 56 1 ;%5'>"/6"*"
FAT32 /?"#&;%5'>"(1 Windows 95 OSR2 . Windows 98 (+"&+
;%5'>"2&# 512 KB 2#"9+ 64 GB 56 1 ;%5'>"
NTFS /?"#&;%5'>"(1 Windows NT
&+"*" #.1#&6+;%5'>" 77>+"$%&&'(%"&86 2 GB 56 1 ;%5'>"<5+1(+
;%5'>" FAT32 =9+#.(7>+"2&7". Windows 95 OSR2 Windows 98 9*"2/6"*"
=35%8% 7>(1#&6+ ;%5'>"+ $%&&'(% +6 ) <! FDISK 7
Windows 98 ""/+ &5+686 7> FDISK # Windows 98 #.((+;%5'>"
FAT32 2& 56/?" FDISK Windows 95 + DOS #.(12&/;.. FAT16
/6"*"26(1/?" FAT32 2&
&5'8 *"5"#&6+;%5'>"+$%&&'(% 26#1/?"5+16" #.17"-5+
/"+ >"'&+ FAT 1"&"&+;%5'>"76/6"*" =9+*"5"#&;%5'>"76"*
,6+/<67" $%&&'(% #.2*+&&8 &+"*"5+.8+1/<(1+(1!4/<28
6" 7""*#.586++#& .6+;%5'>"+$%&&'(% &7>!1(+ FDISK Windows /;/?"/5$%&&'(%
6 "*"5"+ Windows 562
!1(+ FDISK #.(2" Windows 98 Start Up Disk +26 5+1(+06"
Windows 98 Startup Disk 9*"6" +#"*" #9+1/!+!;'8/5% &/!+#06"
Windows 98 Startup Disk #"*" ;';%!1(+ fdisk 8& Enter
$%&&'(%"&74686 512MB #.!1865+(+;%5'>""&74626 /?"86
5+7>+" FAT32 26""/+ 5 [N] <#./?"1"&77>+" FAT16 /"
7> FDISK + DOS Windows 95 ,6"/62 565+6+;%5'>" FAT32 <7& [Y]
277
/"(17>+"56+ ) &5'8#.!6 4 5656$%&&'(%86 1 58 #.
/" 5 ! Change current fixed disk drive (1/86#.1+" $%&&'(% 582"7/&8 (&++ ;%5'>" 56+ ) 1&//" 4. Display partition information
/"+(&+;%5'>" (/#/" 4. #/") #.(&+56+ ) +;%5'>" 7"$%&&'(% #./<"
./&.1"&7>+"56+ ) 89+#&6+"&56+ ) &8 7"-/?" $%&&'(% +262&1#&;%5'>" <#.26(&+7/<" /(&,I ESC /;2/"
278
/"+;%5'>" (//" 2. #/") #./"7/;%5'>"56+ ) =9+:'
!8+56.;%5'>" &+"*
•
•
•
•
Primary DOS Partition /?";%5'>"+$%&&'(%
Extended DOS Partition /?";%5'>"&2+$%&&'8%
Logical DOS Drive(s) #./?"1"&"&56+ ) 67" Extended DOS Partition =9+
(1"&(+2& ) Drive 55+
Non-DOS Partition /?";%5'"7"." ) 267>6.+ DOS
7";%5'>" #.5+1&/+1&&8 />6"5+ Logical DOS Drive 7&6"#9+
#. Extended DOS Partition 2& .+#"*" #9+1 Primary DOS Partition 51&562
1;%5'>"56+ ) ,6+/<67";%5'>""*" ) #.2& &+"*"/#.1;%5'>"
#."" &77(6 Volume Label +$%&&'(%"*"6"&8 /;/?"{+"
&262&5*+7#0'&;%5'>" &+"*" #.1*"5""* 5+7>!8.&.8+.6"./&56+ ) 7
!6"
279
/"+(+;%5'>" (//" 1. #/") #./?"(+;%5'>"56+ ) =9+#.! ) /"+
;%5'>" !#.(+ Primary DOS Partion, Extended DOS Partition .(+ Logical
DOS Drive 7" Extended DOS Partition 5'8<#.(+/+51&55+
-/(+ Primary DOS Partition /?" #./"86 5+7>;*"*+&7"$%&&'(%(1
1/?" Primary DOS Partition 26 5+7>;*"*+&(+/?" Drive /&8</ [Y] 56
5+.,"&56+ ) +;%5'>"&858/+ </ [N] /;1"&"&/+
280
# /#.1"&"&+ Primary DOS Partition /+&/ [N] #*"5"8 #./"7
7(6"&+ Primary DOS Partition 55+ &##.7(6/?"58/#1"8"+ MB 7(6/?"58/
/%/=<"5%<2& #586+(5'861"&"&/?" 70% +#1"8"$%&&'(%*+& <7(6 70% 8& Enter
+#"*" <1(+ Extended DOS Partiton #(68"+;*"$%&&'(%/ &//" 2.
Create Extended DOS Partition 11"&"&+;*"55+ #586+!#.7>;*" 30% /*+& &1"&"&"*##.7(6/?58/#1"8" 7(6/?"58//%/=<"5% <2&8& Enter
281
+#(+ Extended DOS Partition 8#.(&+./&+6+;%5'>"56+ ) 7&5
7"(68"+ Logical Drive #./?"(+9*"P7"+ Extended DOS Partition =9+1"&"&
+;*"$%&&'(% <1"&"&55+ 5+6+7"(68"+ Extended DOS Partition
/?" ) Drive <(11"&6+2&#(68"+ Logical Drive "*
282
+#1(+.#&6+;%5'>"56+ ) /8 //" #.!1/5"86261"&
;%5'>"2" active 6/ 5+11"&;%5'>"(+9*"7/?" active partition &8/;7(
7>/!+2& 1"&1&//" 2. Set active partition
7(6/+ Partition 5+7/?" active partition .& Enter
283
///" 4. /;&./&56+ ) <#./<"k-.#&.6+;%5'>"7"$%&&'(% 89+;%5'>"5*+
7/?" active partition &8
+#11"&.6+ Partition 56+ ) /(<#/8 /# FDISK <#.!8
/5"86 71 Restart /!+!;'8/5%766" #&;%5'>"56+ ) #9+#.0.1 format
$%&&'(%562
#&6+;%5'>"+ $%&&'(%"* &5'8 #.26#1/?"5+1,!*++
Windows 76 =9+#.1#&;%5'>" <56/5+#&6+"&+
$%&&'(%76 5+ 7(.&#'+ ) /"+#/'&5'&28(
/!+!;'8/5% /6"*" .686 1 FDISK "*,6+
67"
$%&&'(% #.2*+&&8 #9+!8#.5+7>!8.&.8+ 7"1, )
*"5"
284
7>5U5E>: 9W D5cQ=[A6WY: <>5gTR][G_Q:l>5gAARU7g 3AOC]E fdisk
SUMeVfJUMcbZlCV DRLUMcffZ]Sc _`RDVHCbRCDRLSUM eVfMNOPQQSUMBlmLUCDRL UMcffZ]Sc SjRCDVHCbRCSUM rRMcP\b
kf[XGYIMU]U\UMs XTUSUMPQjL UMcffZ]Sc RRSIOWCDCUfbjUL g IJ`YRSTU^CfB^mBlmLUChfmBCPbjKF Drive IJ`YR_aU\IOWC
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Logo _jUOSbZIOWC 1 PbjsmUIOWC 0 eFh\jOMUS{UJDRLkKkSmaZCkfa]c BCljaL Startup
LoadTop _jUOSbZIOWC 1 PbjsmUIlbIOWC 0 aZCkfa]c eFh\jk^Kf Command.com hamXGY^Cja[_aU\eTU]jaCQCDRL 640
SZkKhQbc
Autoscan _jUOSbZIOWC 0 _`ReFDmR_aU\DoHCIb`RCB^mbRQ_TUsU\ISGY[aSVQSUMPSm Lost Cluster I\`YRQNbkf[h\jtjUClVb
fUaCc PbjsmUSTU^Cf_jUIOWC 2 eFnjR\ Lost Cluster B^mRVbkC\VbZ PbjsmUB_MbZfbVLH PowerToys eF\GRROlVCCGHB^mSTU^Cf
IMZ\Y bmCOMVQPbjLhrKcQNbMFQQSjRC
IMZY\bmCB^m_pEBlm_TU]VYL_mC^UhrKc Msdos.sys PKF_KGYPRXXZQMZabceUS Read-only ^M`R Hidden B^m]U\UMsIDG[CXVQhfm
^M`RBlm_TU]VYLXGY C: JZ\Jc_TU]VYLfVLBCaLIKiQ (attrib -r -s -h msdos.sys) IJMUFhrKcbVaCGHeFnjRChamBCMFQQ eUSCVHCIOuf
hrKcDCoH \U B^m_pEIJZY\RROlVCfVLBCMNObVaR[jULXGYB^m\U
318
B^m_pEKQ Comment noYLSTU^Cfkf[SUMCTU ";" \UaULham^CmUQMMXVfXGYbmRLSUMB^mIOWC Comment MU[KFIRG[fXGYI^iCBC
MNObVaR[jULXGYtjUC\U QMMXVfXGY\GbVa "x" I[RFg h\j\G_aU\^\U[Bfg JZI IOWCIJG[LDmR\NKD[FXGYXTUB^mhrKc\GDCUfISZC
1 SZkKhQbcIXjUCVHC PKmaInrhrKc
eTUKRL^Cja[_aU\eTUfma[ Disk Cache
bU\OSbZPKma aZCkfa]ceFSVCJ`HCXGYajUL]jaC^CoYLDRLPM\ \UXTUIOWCP_l]TU^MVQISiQhrKcDmR\NKXGYbmRLSUMIMG[SBlmR[Nj
QjR[g IJ`YRB^mSUMIMG[SBlmDmR\NKI^KjUCGH]U\UMsXTUhfmIMia IJMUFSUMRjUCDmR\NKeUSPM\ [jR\eFIMiaSajUSUMRjUCDmR\NK
eUSUMcffZ]Sc noYLaZCkfa]ceFSTU^CfB^VRVbkC\VbZ PbjsmUQULI_M`YRL STU^CfB^maZCkfa]cSTU^CfB^mRVbkC\VbZ RUeeFXTU
B^mSUMXTULUCDRLaZCkfa]clmUKL smU_pEBlmI_M`YRLPKmaIOWCR[jULXGYajUCGH t\R[USB^m_pEIDmUhOSTU^Cf_jUDRLP_l]NL]pf
PKFbYTU]pf ^KVSSUMSTU^CfP_l _`RSTU^Cf 1 BC 8 DRLPM\XGY\GR[NjBCI_M`YRL IljC smU_pE\GPM\R[Nj 64 I\SFhQbc DCUf
P_lXGYeFSTU^CfSi_`R 8 I\SFhQbc B^m_pE_mC^UhrKc^M`RBlmIXiSncIRfZIbRMcbVaBfSihfm IOufhrKc System.ini ^M`RBlm_TU]VYL
XGY C: JZ\Jc_TU]VYLfVLBCaLIKiQ Pbj_E
p bmRLIDmUhOXGYhfIMSXRMGDRLaZCkfa]c SjRCJZ\JcbU\_TU]VYL (edit system.ini) B^_pE
IJZY\RROlVC_jUDRLP_l]NL]pfPKFbYTU]pf
SVCJ`HCXGYB^m Virtual Memory
LUCCGHIJ`YRIOWCSUMeTUKRLIC`HRXGYajULQCUMcffZ]Sc B^mIOWC^Cja[_aU\eTUlVYa_MUa IJ`YReVfISiQDmR\NKDEFXTULUC ]TU^MVQ
SUMIlb Virtual Memory QCaZCkfa]c B^m_pEXTUbU\DVHCbRCfVLCG_H MVQ
_KZHSI\U]cDaU\`RXGY My Computer PKmaIK`RS Properties
IK`RSPXiQ Performent PKma_KZHS Vitual Memory
IK`RShfMr¤XGY_pEbmRLSUMXTU swapfile _aMP[SB^mR[NjhfMr¤bjUL^US eFlja[B^mXTULUCIMiaDoHC ^M`RPQjLJUMcXZlVChamSjRC
KjaL^CmU]TU^MVQeVfISiQ swapfile bjUL^US
STU^Cf_jU Maximum DRLIC`HRXGYUMcffZ]ScXVHL^\f IljC STU^CfXGYhfMr¤ E: IOWCbmC
eUSCVHC_KZSH Opw\ OK PKmaMG]bUMcXaZCkfa]c
OMVQPbjLOMF]ZXdZ{UJDRLUMcffZ]Sc
SUMOMVQPbjLQXQUXDRLI_M`YRL_R\JcPQQCGH IJ`YROMVQOMF]ZXdZ{UJDRLUMcffZ]ScXGYbZfbVLH R[NjBCI_M`RY L_R\JcDRL_pE
BCSUMIDmUsoLMFQQhrKcQCUMcffZ]Sc Pbj_E
p _aMbMaefNSjRC smUI_M`YRL_R\JcDRL_pE\GPM\soL 64 I\SFhQbc CVYCKVsoL
eFI^\UF]\XGYeFOMVQPbjLPQQCGH PbjsmU\GP_j 32 I\SFhQbc Si]U\UMsBlmhfm PbjbmRL\GaZdSG UMIJZY\IbZ\ kf[B^m_pEXTUbU\
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_KZHSI\U]cDaU\`RXGY My Computer PKmaIK`RS Properties IK`RSPXiQ Performent PKma_KZHS File System IK`RSPXiQ Hard
Disk B^mIOWCPQQ Network server bMLljRL Typical role of this machine _KZHSOpw\ OK PKmaMG]bUMcXaZCkfa]c
Ili_UMcffZ]Sc]CVQ]CpC DMA (Direct Memory Access)
smUUMcffZ]ScDRL_pE\GRROlVC]CVQ]CpC DMA Pbj_pEh\jBlmRROlVCCGH PKFh\jhfmQRSB^mI_M`YRLMVQMNm _pERUebmRL
I]G[fU[P[j RROlVCbVaCGHlja[B^mIDmUsoLDmR\NKhfmR[jULMafIMia B^m_pEXTUbU\DVHCbRCfVLCGHCF_MVQ IJ`YRPemLQRSB^mI_M`YRL
_R\JcDRL_pEMVQXMUQ Pbj_pEbmRLPCjBeCF_MVQajU UMcffZ]ScDRL_pE]CVQ]CpC DMA h\jIljCCVHCI_M`RY LeFISZfPLSc
IOWCPCmPXm _KZHSI\U]cDaU\`RXGY My Computer PKmaIK`RS Properties IK`RSPXiQ Device Manager PKma_KZHS^VaDmR Disk
drives B^mIOWCI_M`YRL^\U[KQ PKmaIK`RS General IDE DISK TYPE47 PKmafVQIQZK_KZHS eFOMUS^CmUbjUL General
IDE DISK TYPE47 Properties PKma_pEIK`RSPXiQ Settings eUSCVHCB^m_pEPKma_KZSH XTUI_M`YRLsNS^CmU^VaDmR DMA
_KZHSOpw\ OK PKmaMG]bUMcXaZCkfa]c IJZY\_aU\IMiaBCSUMQNbI_M`YRL smUI_M`YRLDRL_pEQNbIDmUaZCkfa]chfmlmUSajUOSbZ B^m
_pEKRLIDmUhOfNBChrKc Config.sys PKF Autoexec.bat ajU\GSUMIMG[SBlmhfMIaRMcRFhMXGYh\jeTUIOWC^M`Rh\j smUhfMIaRMc
319
bVah^CXGY\GR[NjPKmaBCaZCkfa]cB^m_pEKQhfMIaRMcRRSeUShrKc Config.sys ^M`R Autoexec.bat hfmIK[ XTUB^maZCkfa]c
h\jbmRLhOIMG[SBlmhfMIaRMcbjULB^mI]G[IaKU
[SIKZSrRCbcbVaRVSMXGYBlmBCaZCkfa]c rRCbcBfXGYh\jeTUIOWCbmRLBlm^M`Rh\jhfmBlmQjR[g Si_aMKQRRShOI]G[IJ`YRB^m
aZCkfa]c ]U\UMsXTULUChfmIMiaDoHC ^M`Rh\jSiBCDEFXGY_pEbZfbVHLrRCbcBCaZCkfa]c B^m_pECTUI_M`YRL^\U[sNSRRSeUS
Copy fonts to Fonst folder R[jUk^KfkOMPSM\LbVaBC System Tray B^m\US IJMUFbVaQULbVaSZCIC`HRXGY
^Cja[_aU\eTUI[RF XTUB^mSUMIMG[SBlmkOMPSM\R`CY lmU _KUCI^\`RCIbjU[VLhL[VLLVHC XVHLg XGYPM\\GI^K`RIrR PbjsmUh\jhfm
BlmQjR[ Si_aM[SIKZS^M`RSTUeVfRRShOnFQmUL eFlja[B^mSUMBlmkOMPSM\IMiaDoHC PKFh\j_aMk^KfkOMPSM\BC Start
Menu I^\`RCSVC IX_CZ_XGYajU\U [VLhL_pESiKRLCTUhOOMVQPbjLSVCfNCF_MVQ It`YRajUeFlja[B^mI_M`YRL_R\Jc_pEIMiaDoHC
]U\UMsMVCPRJJKZI_lVChfm^KU[kOMPSM\ ^M`R]VYLJZ\JcLUCh\jbmRLMRCUC XGCGH_pESieFhfmBlmOMF]ZXdZ{UJXGY\GR[NjeMZL
B^m_pm\_jUI]G[XG SjRCXGYeFRTUKU 95 PKma^VC^CmU]NjaZCkfa]c 98 bjRhO
]TU^MVQaZdGCGH eFIOWCSUMPSmhD_jUBCMGeZ]bMGRGSbVa^CoYL XGYeFlja[XTUB^mMFQQk^KfI_RMcICKBC Windows XP IRUhO
ISiQhamBCPM\IK[ PKFaZdGSUMCGHeFlja[XTUB^m\GOMF]ZXdZ{UJDRLPM\IJZY\]NLDoHCR[jUL\US Pbj! \GDmReTUSVfR[NjR[jUL^CoYL
_`R I_M`YRLXGY]U\UMsBlmLUChfmeFbmRL\GPM\h\jbYTUSajU 256 I\SFhQbcDoHChO_MVQ eoLeFI^iCtK
_[dGTQG7>545[W6TY:
1. IOufkOMPSM\ Registry Editor DoHC\U kf[_KZSXGY Start > Run > JZ\Jc Regedit Sf OK
2. IDmUhOXGY HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE > SYSTEM > CurrentControlSet > Control > SessionManager >
Memory Management
3. B^m^U_G[cfVLbjRhOCGH XGY^CmUbjULXULDaL\`R
"DisablePagingExecutive"=dword:00000000
"LargeSystemCache"=dword:00000000
4. I\`YRJQPKmaB^mPSmhD_jUbVaIK[ kf[IOKGY[CIKD 0 bVa]pfXmU[B^mIOWCIKD 1 ^M`R^USh\j\G B^m]MmUL_G[cB^\j kf[
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"DisablePagingExecutive"=dword:00000001
"LargeSystemCache"=dword:00000001
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DOS
Z^>U[S:_Q: DOS 8@QOpY 2 ]GRAZcQ
1. Z^>U[S:x>OCG (Internal Command) IOWC_TU]VYLXGYIMG[SBlmhfmXVCXGbKRfIaKUXGYI_M`YRLIOufBlmLUCR[Nj
IJMUF_TU]VYLOMFI{XCGHsNSQMMepKLBC^Cja[_aU\eTU^KVS (ROM) bKRfIaKU ^KVLeUSXGY Boot DOS
]jaC\USeFIOWC_TU]VYLXGYBlmR[NjI]\R IljC CLS, DIR, COPY, REN IOWCbmC
2. Z^>U[S:x>OGQ7 (External Command) _TU]VYLCGHeFsNSISiQhamBCfZ]Sc^M`RPtjC DOS _TU]VYLI^KjUCGHeFh\j
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smUPtjCfZ]Sc^M`RUMcffZ]Sch\j\G_TU]VYLXGYbmRLSUMBlmR[NjSih\j]U\UMsIMG[S_TU]VLY CVHC g hfm bVaR[jULIljC
_TU]VYL FORMAT, DISKCOPY, TREE, DELTREE IOWCbmC
5p46WW69P7>5C]E Z^>U[S:x>OCG 20 Z^>U[S:
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1. CLS (CLEAR SCREEN) KQDmR\NKQCeR{UJDEFCVHC CLS
2. DATE PSmhD/fNaVCXGYB^mSVQ SYSTEM DATE
3. TIME PSmhD/fNIaKU B^mSVQ SYSTEM TIME
4. VER (VERSION) fN^\U[IKD (version) DRLfR] VER
5. VOL (VOLUME) P]fLl`YRDRL DISKETTE VOL [d:]
6. DIR (DIRECTORY) fNl`YRPr\DmR\NK, IC`HRXGYQCPtjCfZ]Sc, l`YRPtjCfZS]c DIR [d:] [path] [filename
[.ext]] [/p] [/w]
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¦ /w ^\U[soL P]fLl`YRPr\DmR\NKbU\_aU\SamULDRLeR{UJ
7. TYPE P]fLIC`HR^U^M`RDmR\NKBCPr\DmR\NKXGYSTU^Cf TYPE [d:] [path] [filename.[.ext]]
8. COPY Blm_VfKRSPr\DmR\NK^CoYL ^M`R^KU[Pr\DmR\NKeUSPr\DmR\NKbmCXUL hO[VLPr\DmR\NK
OKU[XUL RUeeFIOWCeUSPtjCfZ]ScPtjC^CoYL^M`RPtjCfZ]ScIfZ\Sihfm COPY [d:] [path] [filename[.ext]]
[d:] [path] filename[.ext]]
9. REN (RENAME] IOKGY[Cl`YRPr\DmR\NK (DmR\NKDmULBCPPr\DmR\NK[VLI^\`RCIfZ\) REN [d:] [path]
[oldfilename[.ext]] [newfilename[.ext]]
325
10. DEL (DELETE) KQPr\DmR\NKRRSeUSPrwCfZ]Sc DEL [d:] [path] [filename[.ext]]
11. PROMPT COMMAND IOKGY[CMNOPQQbVaJMmR\MVQ_TU]VYL (system prompt) IOWCbVaB^\jbU\XGY
bmRLSUM PROMPT [prompt-text] or propt $p$
$ ^\U[soLbVaRVSM
t ^\U[soL IaKU
d ^\U[soL aVC If`RC O
p ^\U[soL I]mCXUL Directory OeepQVC
v ^\U[soL DOS VERSION NUMBER
g ^\U[soL I_M`YRL^\U[ >
l ^\U[soL I_M`YRL^\U[ <
q ^\U[soL I_M`YRL^\U[ =
12. MD (MAKE DIRECTORY) ]MmUL subdirectory (^mRL[jR[) IJ`YReVfISiQPr\DmR\NK MD [d:] [path]
[Dir_name]
13. CD (CHANGE DIRECTORY) IOWC_TU]VYLBCSUMIOKGY[ChOBlmLUC subdirectory XGYbmRLSUM CD [d:]
[path] [Dir_name]
CD\ (SUM[mU[SKVQ\U]Nj ROOT DIRECTORY
CD.. (SUM[mU[SKVQ\UXGY DIRECTORY)
14. RD (REMOVE DIRECTORY) KQ subdirectory (^mRL[jR[) XGY]MmULfma[_TU]VYL MD RD [d:] [path]
[Dir_name]
Z^>U[S:x>OGQ7(EXTERNAL COMMAND)
_TU]VYL{U[CRS\G 2 CU\]SpK
1.CU\]SpKIOWC .COM IOWC file XGYQMMepDmR\NKXGYsNSPOKLIOWC{UUI_M`YRLPKma
2.CU\]SpKIOWC .EXE IOWC file XGYQMMepDmR\NKXGYIDG[Ckf[Blm{UUMFfVQ]NLPKFPOKLIOWC{UUI_M`YRL
PKma
Z^>U[S: DGE>X@S 5p46WW
1. TREE P]fLMU[l`YR directory XVHL^\fBCPtjCfZ]Sc XGYSTU^Cf TREE [d:] [/f]
/f ^\U[soLMU[l`YRPr\DmR\NKBCPbjKF subdirectory fma[
2. SYS (SYSTEM) IOWC_TU]VYL copy Pr\DmR\NKXGYBlmBCSUMIOufI_M`YRLKLBCPtjCfZ]Sc^M`RUMcffZ]Sc XGY
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326
/v ^\U[soL B^mP]fL directory PKF Pr\DmR\NKXGYnjRCR[Nj
4. LABEL IJ`YRSTU^Cfl`YR (volume label), IOKGY[C^M`RKQ volume label QCfZ]Sc LABEL [d:]
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5. FORMAT SMEGXGY diskette B^\j eFIOWCSUMeVf track PKF sector DRL diskette B^\j IJ`YRB^mIDG[C
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SMEGXGYIOWC diskette XGY\GDmR\NKR[NjPKmaI\`YRBlm_TU]VYLCGHDmR\NKeFsNSKmULhO^\f JMmR\XGYIDG[CDmR\NKB^\j
FORMAT [d:] [/s] [/v]
/s ^\U[soL XTUSUM format kf[XTUSUM_VfKRS kOMPSM\MFQQfR] (BIO.COM, OS.COM,
COMMAND.COM)
/v ^\U[soL STU^Cf volume label B^mfZ]Sc
6. DISKCOPY (COPY DISKETTE IOWC_TU]VYLXGYBlm copy file XVHL^\feUSPtjCfZ]SceUSPtjC^CoYLhO
B]jRGSPtjC^CoYL PbjsmUPtjCfZ]ScRGSPtjC [VLh\jhfmXTUSUM format SieFXTUSUM format B^mkf[RVbkC\VbZ
DISKCOPY [d:] [d:]
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1972 : 8008 Microprocessor ,6";
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1974 : 8080 Microprocessor ,6""*/?"7>+" Personal Computer ,6" )
1978 : 8086-8088 Microprocessor ,6" XT +/?" 8 bit /?" PC /'7>+"#'+#+
1982 : 80286 Microprocessor ,6" AT 16 bit /'/?"!;'8/5%7>+";6"8
1985 : 80386 Microprocessor /'/?" CPU 32 bit .(1+" Multitasking 2&
1989 : 80486 Microprocessor /(6,!+7>#( .5'&5*+ Math-Coprocessor 7"58
1993 : Pentium Processor !"+7>67"5""*!
1995 : Pentium Pro Processor (1/!+ Server . Work Station
1997 : Pentium II Processor h##,"+;2&6+
1998 : Pentium II Xeon(TM) Processor (1 Server . Work Station
1999 : Celeron(TM) Processor (15&.&6++ Intel 5&!8(+(68"
1999 : Pentium III Processor /?""'"
1999 : Pentium III Xeon(TM) Processor (1 Server . Work Station
7",!+ 80486 . Pentium (68"+ AMD </' CPU +8/6/!2&'"+<&+"* X86,
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Brand
Model
Detail
Intel
8086
?
Intel
8088
?
Intel
80186
?
Intel
80286
?
Intel
80386 (SX/DX)
16-33 MHz Vcore 5.5V.
Intel
80486 (SX/DX2)
25-66 MHz L1=8K Vcore 5.25V.
Intel
80486 (DX4)
75-100 MHz L1=16K Vcore=3.6V.
Intel
80586 (Pentium)
60-100MHz L1=8+8K
330
Intel
Pentium Classic
(P54C)
100-166MHz L1=8+8K Vcore 3.3V
Intel
Pentium MMX (P55C)
166-233MHz MMX, L1=16+16K Vcore 2.8V
AMD
5x86
L1=16K
AMD
K5
L1=8+16K
AMD
K6
166-300MHz MMX L1=32+32K
Cyrix
6x86
PR166 Vcore 3.5V
Cyrix
6x86MX
PR200-233 Vcore 2.9V
Cyrix
M II
PR300-333 Vcore 2.9V
CPU ,6"h##,"
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Brand
Model
Speed
FSB
Vcore
Interface
Intel
Pentium II
233-333
MHz
66 MHz
2.8 V.
Slot-1
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L2=512K Half Speed
Intel
Pentium II
350-450
MHz
100 MHz
2.0 V.
Slot-1
0.25Micron MMX L1=32K
L2=512K Half Speed
Intel
Celeron
266-300
MHz
66 MHz
2.0 V.
Slot-1
0.25Micron MMX L1=32K no L2
Intel
Celeron
300-533
MHz
66 MHz
2.0 V.
Intel
Celeron II
533-766
MHz
66 MHz
1.50
0.18Micron MMX SSE Ondie
FC-PGA 370
V.
L2=128K Full Speed
Intel
Celeron II
800-1000
MHz
100 MHz
1.50
0.18Micron MMX SSE Ondie
FC-PGA 370
V.
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AMD
K6-II
266-366
MHz
66 MHz
2.2 V.
Socket 7
0.25Micron MMX 3DNow!
L1=64K
AMD
K6-II
350-500
MHz
100 MHz
2.2 V.
Socket 7
0.25Micron MMX 3DNow!
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AMD
K6-III
400-450
MHz
100 MHz
2.4 V.
Socket 7
0.25Micron MMX 3DNow!
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AMD
K6-II+
500-550
MHz
100 MHz
2.0 V.
Socket 7
0.18Micron MMX 3DNow!
L2=128K
AMD
K6-III+
450 MHz
100 MHz
2.0 V.
Socket 7
0.18Micron MMX 3DNow!
L2=256K
AMD
Athlon K7
500-1000
MHz
200 MHz
DDR
1.60
V.
Slot-A
Cyrix
C3
700-933
MHz
?
?
Intel
Pentium III
450-600
MHz
100 MHz /
2.0 V.
133 MHz
Intel
Pentium III
500-733
MHz
100 MHz /
133 MHz
800-1130
MHz
Celeron II - 1.0A-1.3A
Intel
Tualatin
GHz
Intel
AMD
Pentium III
Duron
600-1200
MHz
133 MHz
100 MHz
200 MHz
DDR
Techonoly
Techonoly
FC-PGA 370 0.25 Micron MMX L1=32K
/ Slot-1
L2=128K Full Speed
0.25Micron MMX E-3DNow!
L1=128K L2=512K Half Speed
Socket 370 ?
Slot-1
0.25 Micron MMX SSE L1=32K
ECC L2=512K Half Speed
1.65
0.18Micron MMX SSE Ondie
FC-PGA 370
V.
L2=256K Full Speed
1.70
0.18 Micron MMX SSE Ondie
FC-PGA 370
V.
L2=256K Full Speed
1.47
0.18Micron MMX SSE Ondie
FC-PGA 370
V.
L2=256K Full Speed
1.60
V.
Socket A
0.18Micron MMX E-3DNow!
L1=128K L2=64K Full Speed
331
700-1533 200/266
MHz
MHz DDR
1.70
V.
Socket A
0.18Micron MMX E-3DNow!
L1=128K L2=256K Full Speed
13331667 MHz
266 MHz
DDR
1.75
V.
Socket A
0.18Micron MMX E-3DNow!
L1=128K L2=256K Full Speed
AMD Athlon MP 1200 MHz
266 MHz
DDR
1.75
V.
Socket A
0.18Micron MMX E-3DNow!
L1=128K L2=256K Full Speed
SMP
AMD
Athlon TBird
AMD Athlon XP+
Intel
Pentium 4
1.3-1.8
GHz
400 MHz
QDP
1.70
0.18Micron MMX SSE2
FC-PGA 423
V.
L2=256K Full Speed
Intel
Pentium 4
1.5-2.0
GHz
400 MHz
QDP
1.70
0.18Micron MMX SSE2
FC-PGA 478
V.
L2=256K Full Speed
Intel
Pentium
4(A)
1.6A-2.2A
GHz
400 MHz
QDP
1.50
0.13Micron MMX SSE2
FC-PGA 478
V.
L2=512K Full Speed
AMD
Advance Micro Device
MMX
MultiMedia eXtension
SSE
Streaming SIMD Extensions
PGA
Pin Grid Array
SECC
Single Edge Contact Cartridge
SEPP
Single Edge Processor Package
SMP
Symmetric Multi-Processor
FC-PGA
Flip-Chip Pin Grid Array
DDR
Double Data Rate
QDP
Quad-Pumped Techonology
L1
Cache Level 1 #.6P7">'
L2
Cache Level 2 67"">'
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Cache Level 2 67"58>'
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•
•
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http://www.intel.com
http://www.amd.com
http://www.cyrix.com
http://www.ibm.com
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5. _KZSOpw\ Ok IJ`YRXTUSUMQVCXoS_jU IJG[LIXjUCGHSieFXTUB^mRVbMUSUMMGIrMnDRL{UJIMiaDoHCPKma_MVQ
aZdGSUMOMVQPbjLh\k_MkrC
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tKXGYbU\\UI\`YRJNfB]jk\k_MkrCSieFh\j\GRFhMISZfDoHC (XTUB^m^KU[_C_ZfhOajUh\k_MkrCI]G[PCj g ) noYLDVHCbRCBC
SUMBlmh\_cCVHC]U\UMsXTUhfmfVLCGH
1. fVQIQZHK_KZShR_RCMNOKTUkJLDmULKjULXULnmU[\`RDRLeR{UJ
2. _KZSI\CN_TU]VYL Option>Properties
3. eFJQbVaIK`RSB^mIK`RSR[Nj 2 bVaIK`RS_`R
- Playback
P]fLMU[KFIRG[fDRLI]G[XGYeFRRS\U
- Recording
P]fLMU[KFIRG[fDRLSUMOMVQMU[KFIRG[fDRLSUMRVfI]G[L SiB^mIK`RSXGYbVaIK`RSPMS
4. _KZSI_M`YRL^\U[sNS^CmUbVaIK`RS Microphone BC]jaCDRL Show all©
5. _KZSOpw\ OK
336
6. IJG[LIXjUCGHSi]U\UMsOMVQI]G[LfVL-IQUhfmPKma kf[SUMIK`YRCbVaOMVQMFfVQI]G[LBC]jaCDRL Microphone
7. ^USajUbmRLSUMOMVQMU[KFIRG[fIJZY\IbZ\DRLh\k_MkrC SiB^m_KZSOpw\ Advanced
8. noYLIMU]U\UMsOMVQI]G[L]NL (Treble) I]G[LbYTU (Bass) hfmBC]jaCDRL Tone Controls
9. I\`YRXTUSUMOMVQPbjLeCJRBePKma SiB^m_KZSOpw\ Close
n88@\RB@;9YGQPm5UGV7r CG System Properties _Q: Windows 8>WQ7Z5[W
aZdGIRU Logo DRL_pE B]jhO BC System Property CjF_MVQ PKF [VLB]j information DRLI_M`YRLIMUIDmUhOIJZY\IbZ\hfmfma[
kf[{UJeFIOWCPQQMNOXGYt\IRU\UB^mfNCjF_MVQ
aZdGXTUPQjLIOWC 2 DVHC_`R ]MmULMNO Logo SVQ ]MmUL Infomation
1. ]MmULMNO B^m ]MmULMNODCUf ]NL 114 SamUL 180 Pixel
2. B]j Logo [VLhL SihfmbU\Be_pE
3. save IOWC file l`YR oemlogo.bmp
1.]MmUL information B^m]MmULbU\ pattern CGH _MVQ ]jaCDmR\NKfmUCBCXGYIOWCDRLt\ ^KVL I_M`YRL^\U[ = _pEeFB]jRFhMSi
hfm PbjB^m_LDmR_aU\ ^CmU I_M`YRL^\U[ = BamCF_MVQ
[General]
Manufacturer=My Custom Computer
Model=Thunder Bird 800 MHz
[Support Information]
Line1= Built January 1,2001
Line2=
Line3= System Info
Line4= --------------------------------------Line5=
Line6= TB 800 MHz With Alpha PAL 6035 + Delta Fan
Line7= Run On Asus A7V Rev 1.04 Bios 1007
Line8= 320 Meg Of Ram <Micron 64meg & Infineon 256 meg>
Line9= Vga Msi Geforce 256 SDR Tv Out
Line10= Sound Blaster Vibra 128
Line11= Quantum Fireball Plus AS 20 Gig
Line12= Modem Supra Express 56.6 Internal
Line13= 6 Fans All over Case
Line14=
Line15= And So On.......
Line16=.......................................
2.B]jI]MieB^m save IOWC l`YR oeminfo.ini _MVQ
337
DVHC]pfXmU[ B^mIRUXVHL 2 file hOBamXGY windows\system CF_MVQ kf[eF back up file IfZ\Bam^M`Rh\jSihfm
RmR BlmhfmXVHL win 98/me CF_MVQ
9H&9"%B?@9B?-'v:
XpS_MVHLXGYIOufI_M`YRLeFBlmIaKUBCSUMQNbCUC IC`YRLeUS\GSUMSTU^CfB^mI_M`YRLk^KfkOMPSM\BCbRCIMZY\bmC
\USISZChO ^M`RRUeIOWCIJMUF\GSUMOMVQPbjLSUMP]fLtKDRLeR{UJ\USISZChO IljC\GSUMB]j{UJB^mSVQ^CmUeR
^M`ROMVQPbjLB^m\GSUMP]fLtKBCMNOPQQXGYbjULhOeUSSUMP]fLtKPQQOSbZ SiIOWChfm
SUMIli_fNajU\GkOMPSM\BfQmULXGYk^KfDoHC\UBCljaLSUMQNbI_M`YRL
DmR]VLISbepfPMSIK[Si_`RXGY System tray smU\G Icon P]fLR[Nj\USP]fLajU\GSUMk^KfkOMPSM\\US B^m
XTUSUMIli_fNajU]jaCBfQmULXGYh\jeTUIOWCbjRSUMBlmLUC
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1. Icon Task monitor IOWCkOMPSM\]TU^MVQSUMbMae]RQMFQQIRURRShfm
2. Icon ]KVQ{UU
3. Icon Display
4. Icon Sound
5. Icon Sound card
6. Clock
Blm]TU^MVQ]KVQ{UUhX[/RVLS \G^M`Rh\j\GSihfm
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1. _KZSI\U]cXGYOpw\ Start IK`RS Run…
2. XGYSMRQkbmbRQ JZ\Jc msconfig _KZS OK.
3. _KZSI\U]cXGYPsQ Start Up
338
*** MU[SUMXGYOMUSBC^CmUbjUL P]fLsoLkOMPSM\bjULg XGYI_M`YRLeFXTUSUMk^KfDoHC\UBCljaLXGYXTUSUMQNbI_M`YRL
eFI^iCajUQUL]jaCIOWCSUMk^KfkOMPSM\XGYh\jeTUIOWCbmRLBlmDoHC\Ufma[***
rH-#
B !"s9H:- %
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2. ScanRegistry
]TUMRLDmR\NKDRLMFQQRVbkC\VbZ
3. system Tray
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4. LoadPowerProfile SUMSTU^CfM^V]tjUC
1. Internat.exe
I\`YRfNBC]jaCCGHeFI^iCajU\GkOMPSM\eTUCaC\USXGYI_M`YRLXTUSUMk^KfDoHC\U PbjXGYeTUIOWCbjRSUMBlmLUCeF\G
IJG[Lh\jSGYkOMPSM\ I\`YRXTUSUMbMae]RQfNPKma kOMPSM\BfXGYh\j]TU_V|]U\UMsXGYeFSTU^CfB^mI_M`YRLh\jbmRLXTUSUM
k^Kfkf[_KZS[SIKZSIli_\UMcS^CmUkOMPSM\RRS
^KVLeUSXGY\GSUMIOKGY[CPOKLBC]jaCDRL Config DRLMFQQ I_M`YRLeFB^mXTUSUM Restart I_M`YRLB^\j
SjRCeoLeFXTUB^mSUMIOKGY[CPOKLCGH]\QNMEc PbjsmU^VaDmRBfXGSY TU^CfB^mXTUSUMIOKGY[CPOKLh\jhfmI_M`YRLSieFXTUSUM
IOKGY[CB^mIOWCfVLbRCIMZY\bmCSjRCSUMIOKGY[CPOKLI^\`RCIfZ\
****************************************
;Z5cSQ:ZQ8<R\;TQ5g Shut Down m8YmAE
O|^UXGYISZfBC]jaCCGHRUeISZfeUSSUMbVHL_jUDRL Power Management IRUham PKmaISZfSUM Conflict
SVQkOMPSM\QULbVaXTUB^mI\`YRBlm_TU]VYL Shut Down PKmaXTUB^mI_M`YRLOufh\jKL
- &
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339
1. _KZSI\U]cXGYOpw\ Start IK`RS_KZSXGY Run…
2. XGYSMRQkbmbRQJZ\Jc Msconfig _KZS OK.
3. XGYSMRQkbmbRQ_KZSI\U]cXGYOpw\ Advance
4. _KZSI\U]c[SIKZSIli_\UMcSXGYMU[SUM Disable fast shutdown RRS _KZSOpw\ OK
5. _KZSOpw\ OK. PKmaXTUSUM Restart I_M`YRLB^\jRGS_MVHL
^KVLeUSQNmbI_M`YRLDoHC\UB^mXTUSUMXf]RQkf[Blm_TU]VYL Shutdown fNajUI_M`YRL]U\UMsXGYeFXTUSUM
Shutdown hfm^M`Rh\j(OSbZPKmasmUh\j\GO|^UR`YCg RGS I_M`YRLeF Shutdown hfmbU\OSbZ)***
***
*****************************************
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IMiaXGY]pfPKF]U\UMs MRLMVQSUM_TUCaEXGY]KVQnVQnmRC PKF\GOMZ\UE\^UUKhfm
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QUK^Cja[LUC
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340
]GYI^KGY[\DCUfB^|j]jaC[GY^mRXGYkfjLfVLXGY]pfSi_`RCray
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]U\UMsIDmU\UMRLMVQLUChfmIljCSVC epfRjRCRGSR[jULDRLI\CIrM\Si_`ReFbmRLn`HRRpOSMEcPKFnRrbcPaMceUStNmtKZb
CVCH IJG[LQMZVXIfG[a
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PKF]U\UMsMRLMVQLUCdpMSZehfmfGMFfVQ^CoYL]jaCB^|jPKma\ZCZ_R\JZaIbRMceFBlm Unix IOWCMFQQ OZQVbZSUM
_R\JZaIbRMcOMFI{XCGHJQ\USBCRL_cSMbVHLPbjDCUfSKULDoHChO
h\k_M_R\JZaIbRMc (Micro Computer) IOWCI_M`YRL_R\JZaIbRMcXGY\GDCUfIKiS MU_UsNS XGYIMU\VSeFIMG[SajU"
_R\JZaIbRMc]jaCQp__K^M`RI_M`YRLJGn"G (Personal Computer : PC) ]U\UMsBlmIOWCI_M`YRL]jaCbVa^M`RBlm
IOWCI_M`YRLKNS(Client)BCI_M`RDjU[noYLBCOeepQVCsNSJVCUB^m\GOMF]ZXdZ{UJ]NL\USIMU]U\UMsPQjLI_M`YRLBCMFfVQ
h\k_M_R\JZaIbRMcbU\DCUfDRLI_M`YRLhfmfVLCGH
IOWC_R\JZaIbRMc]TU^MVQbVHLkbF (Desktop Computer) IOWCI_M`YRL_R\JZaIbRMcXGYBlmLUCbU\QmUC PKF
]TUCVSLUCIOWC_R\JZaIbRMcXGY\GSUMBlmLUCR[jULPJMj^KU[ IC`YRLeUS\GOMF]ZXdZ{UJ]NL MU_Uh\jPJL PKFsNSJVCU
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341
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(InputDevices) noYLDmR\NK^M`R_TU]VYLXGYMVQIDmU\UeFsNSCTUhObG_aU\ PKFOMF\aKtKkf[^Cja[OMF\aKtK
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342
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]U\UMsXTULUChfmbU\bmRLSUM
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BlmISiQDmR\NKPQQlVYa_MUa^Cja[_aU\eTUIOWC]jaCXGY\G_aU\eTUIOWCbjRSUMXTULUCDRLMFQQ_R\JZaIbRMcsmUh\j\G
^Cja[_aU\eTUIMUSi_Lh\j]U\UMsQVCXoSDmR\NKBfghamhfmIK[ IMUPQjL^Cja[_aU\eTURRSIOWC 2 OMFI{X _`R
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343
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]U[hr PKF]U[]V||UEXGYIl`YR\bjRbU\epfbjULgbjRhOCGH\UXTU_aU\MNmeVSSVQlZHC]jaCbjULg{U[BCI_M`RY L PC ajUPbjKF
]jaCIMG[SajURFhMPKFXTU^CmUXGYR[jULhM
1. ?@<@Op (CPU) IOWC]\RLDRL_R\JZaIbRMc XTU^CmUXGYOMF\aKtKDmR\NKPKF_aQ_p\SUMXTULUCDRLMFQQ
OMF]ZXdZ{UJPKF_aU\MafIMiaBCSUMXTULUCDRLI_M`RY LeFDoHCR[NjSQV nGJ[G N IOWC^KVS fVLCVHC nGJG[NeoLIOWClZHC]jaCXGY]TU_V|
XGY]pfPKFSiPJLXGY]pffma[
2. 658 (RAM) BlmISiQDmR\NKPKFkOMPSM\XGYSTUKVLBlmLUCR[Nj IJ`RY MR]jLB^mSVQnGJG[NBlmOMF\aKtKkf[eFIOWCSUMISiQ
DmR\NKIJG[LlVYa_MUaIXjUCVHCsmUOufI_M`YRLDmR\NKSieF^U[XVCXG
3. ;8GWQ5gA (Mainboard) IOWCPtLaLeMDCUfB^|jXGYBlmbfZ bVHL PKFIl`YR\bjRSVQRpOSMEcbjULgh\jajUeFIOWCnGJG[N PM\
UMcffZ]Sc
nUaCcSUMcf
IOWCbmC
I^\`RCSVQNC[cSKULSUMbZfbjRMF^ajULRpOSMEcbjULg
4. l>5gAARU7g (Harddisk) BlmISiQDmR\NKDCUfB^|jhfmR[jULsUaM CRSeUSeFBlmISiQDmR\NKPKmaUMcffZ]Sc[VLIOWC]jaC
XGYBlmISiQMFQQOZQVbZSUMMa\hOsoLkOMPSM\bjULgRGSfma[
5. ?@A@5Q8mA5\g (CD-ROM Drive) IOWCRpOSMEcXGYBlmRjUCDmR\NKeUSPtjCnGfGMNOPQQbjULgh\jajUeFIOWC
PtjCkOMPSM\PtjCIJKLPKFPtjC^CVL
6. q9bQ44~ARU7gmA5\g (Floppy Disk Drive) IOWCRpOSMEcXGYBlmRjUC/IDG[CPtjC Floppy Disk XGYBlmISiQDmR\NKDCUfIKiS
345
noYL\G_aU\epIJG[L1.44MBI^\UF]TU^MVQkRCsjU[DmR\NKDCUfIKiS^M`RBlmXTUPtjCQNb
7. ]YQ:_O>O (Expansion Slot) IOWCljRLbjRIbZ\XGYBlmbfZ bVHLSUMcflCZfbjULg R[jULIljC nUaCcSUMcf SUMcfPKC SUMcf
eR{UJ
IOWCbmC
BCOeepQVCeF\GR[Nj
3
lCZfhfmPSj
ISA,
PCI
PKF
AGP
8. 6D9Y:=Y>Omq (Power Supply) RpOSMEcXGYBlmejU[hrB^mSVQRpOSMEcbjULg{U[BCI_M`YRL eFI^iCajUeF\G]U[hreUS
IJUIaRMcnVJJKU[Il`YR\bjRhO[VLRpOSMEcbjULg
5PWW BUS WG;Z5cSQ:ZQ8<R\;TQ5g
BUS D8>Ot: ljRLXULSUMDC]jLsjU[DmR\NKeUSRpOSMEc^CoYLhO[VLRpOSMEc^CoYLDRLMFQQ_R\JZaIbRMcIJMUFSUM
XTULUCDRLMFQQ_R\JZaIbRMc CPU eFbmRLRjUCIRU_TU]VYL^M`RkOMPSM\eUS^Cja[_LaU\eTU \UbG_aU\PKFXTUbU\
_TU]VYLCVHCg noYLBCQUL_MVHLeFbmRLRjUCDmR\NKeUSRpOSMEcR`YCg IJ`YRBlmOMFSRQBCSUMXTULUC ^M`RBlmOMF\aKtKfma[
tKKVJdcDRLSUMOMF\aK SibmRL]jLhOP]fLXGY[VLeR{UJ ^M`RI_M`YRLJZ\Jc^M`RRpOSMEcR`YCg MFQQ CPU XULSU[{UJ
_`R]U[XRLPfLXGYaULbVaR[NjQCPtLaLeMDRLI_M`YRL_R\JZaIbRMc XGYIl`YR\k[LSVQRpOSMEcbjULg _aU\SamULDRLMFQQQV]
eFCVQDCUfDmR\NKXGYaZYLR[Njkf[eF\G^Cja[IOWC QZb (BIT) QCI_M`YRLh\k_M_R\JZaIbRMc QV]eF\G_aU\SamULeFXTUB^mSUM
]jLsjU[DmR\NKeFXTUhfm_MVHLKF\USg eF\GtKXTUB^m_R\JZaIbRMcI_M`YRLCGHXTULUChfmIMiabU\hOfma[MFQQQV] DCUf 16 QZb
Si_`RMFQQSUM]jLsjU[DmR\NKJMmR\gSVCBC_MUaIfG[aSVChfmsoL 16 QZb PKFQV] 32 QZb [jR\IMiaSajUQV] 16 QZb BCMFQQ
346
QV]XGY]jLDmR\NKhfmeTUCaCIXjUgSVC CVHCSi[VL\GQULR[jULXGYXTUB^mSUM]jLDmR\NK\G_aU\PbSbjULSVC fVLXGYIMUeFI^iCajU
I_M`YRLJGnGDRLIMUBCOeepQVCeF\GMFQQQV]R[Nj^KU[DCUfIljC ISA, EISA. MCA, VLPCI IOWCbmC XVHL ISA,
AGP,VLPCI KmaCPbjIOWC CARD IJZY\D[U[ (EXPANSION CARD) noYLCTU\UbjRSVQMFQQQV]IJZY\D[U[
(EXPANSION BUS) XGYeFlja[IJZY\OMF]ZXdZ{UJ PKFlja[IJZY\DGf_aU\]U\UMsB^mSVQ_R\JZaIbRMc MFQQQV]IJZY\
D[U[CVHC eFlja[B^mIMU]U\UMsOMVQPbjL ^M`RIJZY\D[U[_aU\]U\UMsDRLMFQQ kf[tjUCXUL PKUG-INBOARD ^M`R
IMG[SajU IOWC CARD IJZY\D[U[ EXPANSION CARD IljCI\`YRbmRLSUMB^m I_M`YRLCOMPUTER \GI]G[L R[USB^m
_R\JZaIbRMcIKjCIJKLhfmSibmRL^Un`HRSOUNDCARD PKFKTUkJL\UbjRIJZY\ kf[P_jCTU\U PLUG KLBC EXPANSION
SLIT
QC
MAINBOARD
PKFXTUSUM
CONFIG Si]U\UMsBlmLUChfm kf[h\jeTUIOWCbmRL
IfZC]U[hr M`HR MAINBOARD B^m[pjL[US MFQQQV]IJZY\D[U[CGH\GBlm\UCUCPKma kf[]\V[PMSg XGYXTUSUMKfDCUf
I\CIrM\ IOWC MINICOMPUTER QMZVX DIGITAL EQUIPMENTDORPORATION ^M`RXGYMNmeVSSVCBCCU\ DEC hfm
aULbKUf MINICOMPUTER KVSEF BUS-ORIENTED DESIGN noYLOMFSRQhOfma[ PtLaLeM
[jR[gQC BOARD CTU\UOMFSRQMa\SVC bjR\U I_M`YRLeVSMXGYhfmMQV [S[jRLajUIOWC PC (PERSONAL COMPUTER)
I_M`YRLPMSSihfms`RSTUICZfDoCH IOWCtKLUCDRLED ROBERTS kf[B^ml`YRajU ALTAIR (RVKPbMc) noYLKVSEFDRLI_M`YRLCGH
eFIOWCKVSEF SINGLE BOARD MACHINE SKjUa_`R\GIJG[L BOARD IOKjUg noYL\G SLOTIJZY\D[U[B^meTUCaC^CoYL
PKFbVa CPU IRLMa\XVHL^Cja[_aU\eTU^KVS (MAINMEMORY/RAM) SiR[NjQC BOARD IJZY\D[U[XGYCTU\U PLUG QC
SLOT CVHCgCVYCIRL kf[MFQQQV]XGYBlmIMG[SajU S-100 ^M`R ALTAIR BUS (IEEE 696) noYLSiBlmIOWC\UbM
UCBCaLSUM
CGH\UCUC^KU[O PbjSiBljajUI_M`YRLXpSg I_M`YRLeFbmRLBlmALTAIR BUS CGH IJMUFXUL APPLE IRLSiRRS\UbM
UCDRL
bVaIRLDoHC\U IMG[SajU APPLE BUSPKFXUL IBM IRL SihfmSTU^Cf\UbM
UC PC BUS DoHC\UJMmR\gSVQSUM IBM PC
bmCPQQ
SUMXTULUCDRLMFQQ_R\JZaIbRMc smUIOMG[QIXG[QSVQMFQQk_ML]MmULMjULSU[
DRL\Cp[cIMUCjUeF IOMG[QIXG[QhfmLjU[PKFI^iC{UJlVfIeC IJMUFR[jULCmR[_CIMU]jaCB^|j_LeFJRMNmMFQQ
k_ML]MmULSUMXTULUC DRLMjULSU[DRLIMUIRLR[NjQmULh\j\USSiCmR[KjF fVLCVHCMFQQSUMXTULUCDRLQV]SieF_KmU[SVQI]mC
IK`RfBCMjULSU[DRL\Cp[cCVYCIRL]TU^MVQXTU^CmUXGYBCSUM]jLsjU[SMFP]IK`RfhO^KjRIKGH[L]jaCbjULg DRLMjULSU[ noYL
SMFP]IK`RfBCMFQQ_R\JZaIbRMcSi_`RDmR\NK (Data)CVYCIRL QV] _`R XULIfZC^M`R ljRLXULMF^ajULRpOSMEcXGYBlmBCSUM
bZfbjR]`YR]UM{U[BC_R\JZaIbRMc
BCMFQQh\k_M_R\JZaIbRMc SUM]jLsjU[DmR\NK]jaC\USeFIOWCMF^ajULh\k_MkOMIn]InRMcSVQRpOSMEc{U[CRS
XVHL^\f kf[tjUCQV] BCh\k_MkJMIn]InRMceF\GQV]bjULg fVLCGH QV]DmR\NK (DATA BUS) _`RQV]XGY h\k_M
kJMIn]InRMc
(nGJG[)N
BlmIOWCI]mCXULtjUCBCSUM_aQ_p\SUM]jLsjU[DmR\NKeUSbVanGJG[NhO[VLRpOSMEc{U[CRS
^M`RMVQDmR\NKeUSRpOSMEc{U[CRSIJ`YRXTUSUMOMF\aKtKXGYnGJG[N QV]MRLMVQDmR\NK( ADDRESS BUS) _`RQV]XGYbVanGJG[N
IK`RSajUeF]jLDmR\NK^M`RMVQDmR\NKeUSRpOSMEch^ChOXGYBf kf[eFbmRL]jL]V||UEIK`RSRRS\UXULPRfIfM]QV] QV]
_aQ_p\
(CONTROL
BUS)
IOWCQV]XGYMVQ]V||UESUM_aQ_p\eUSbVanGJG[Nkf[QV]_aQ_p\IJ`YRQVL_VQ
ajUeFRjUCDmR\NKIDmU\U ^M`ReF]jLDmR\NKRRShOeUSbVanGJG[N kf[MFQQ{U[CRSeFbRQMVQbjR]V||UE_aQ_p\CVCH h\
k_MkJMIn]InRMch\jBljeF_aQ_p\SUMXTULUCDRLQV]XVHL^\f QULSMEGBCSUM]jLsjU[DmR\NK{U[CRSfma[SVCIRL tjUC
QV]hfmIOWCSMEGJZII^\`RCSVC
IljCSUMRjUCDmR\NKeUS^Cja[_aU\eTU]TUMRLDCUfB^|j]U\UMs
347
]jLtjUCDmR\NK\U[VL^Cja[_aU\TU^KVShfmkf[tjUCh\k_MkJMIn]InRMcIK[ Sikf[SUMBlmDQaCSUMXGYIMG[SajUDQaCSUM
DMA (DIRECT MEMORY ACCESS)
QV]IOWCI]mCXUL^KVSDRL_R\JZaIbRMcBCSUMIl`YR\k[LBCSUMcfD[U[XpSlCZf hO[VLh\k_MkJMIn]InRMc QV]_aU\
eMZLSi _`R lpfDRLI]mCKafXGYaULDCUCSVCIOWCI]mCXULaLeMhrrUIOMG[QIXG[QI^\`RCsCCXGY\G^KU[ ljRLXULeMUeM [ZYL
\GljRLXULeMUeM\US Si[ZYLMFQU[_aU\MmRChfm\USPKF^\fIMia I\`YRIMUI]G[QSUMcfKLljRLI]G[QQCPtLaLeM^KVS
(]KiRb) SiIXjUSVQajUhfmIl`YR\bjRSUMcfCVHCIDmUSVQaLeMQV]kf[bML epfOMF]L_c^KVSDRLQV]Si_`R SUM]jLtjUCDmR\NKhO
PKFSKVQeUSh\k_MkJMIn]InRMc^M`ReUSRpOSMEc^CoYL kf[XUL_RCkXMKIKRMc DMA SUMcfXpSbVaXGYI]G[QR[NjQC
]KiRbDRLPtLaLeM^KVSeFBlmI]mCXULIfZCDRLQV]RVCIfG[aSVC
fVLCVHCDmR\NKbjULgeoLsNSeVfMFQQPKF_aQ_p\SUM]jLtjUCBCMFQQ eFJQajUQV]PQjLhfmIOWC 4 ]jaCB^|jgfVLCGH
1.U>Omqq>(POWERLINE)eFB^mJKVLhrrUSVQSUMcfD[U[bjULg
2. U>OZ\WZV8 (CONTROL LINE ) Blm]TU^MVQ]jLtjUC]V||UEIaKU (TIMING SIGNG) eUSCUZSUDRLMFQQ PKF
]jL]V||UERZCIbRMcMVJbc
3. U>O6QA;A5U (ADDRESS LINE) DmR\NKBfgXGYsNS]jLtjUChO PRfIfM]IOU^\U[eFsNS]jL\UbU\]U[DmR\NKPKF
QRSB^mbTUP^CjLMVQDmR\NK(PRfIfM])MNmajUeF\GDmR\NKQULR[jULJMmR\XGYeF]jL\UB^m
4. U>O_EQ8p9 (DATA LINE) h\k_MI\bMeFbMae]RQajU\G]U[]V||UEP]fL_aU\JMmR\^M`R (QC]U[ I/O
CHANNEL READY) I\`YRXpSR[jULIOWChOfma[fGDmR\NKSieFsNS]jLtjUChObU\]U[DmR\NK eTUCaC]U[XGYMFQpsoLPRfIfM]
DRLQV] ^\U[soLeTUCaCDRL^Cja[_aU\eTUXGYRmULPRfIfM]hfmXVHL^\f IljC ]U[PRfIfM] 20 ]U[ ]U\UMsBlm
^Cja[_aU\eTUhfm 1 I\SFhQbceTUCaCDRL]U[QV]eF^\U[soLQV]DmR\NK noYLSi_`RDmR\NKXVHL^\f XGY]jLtjUChOBCQV]bU\
SXGYbVHLha _aU\IMiaBCSUMXTULUCXGIY ^\UF]\eFIOWChOhfmSibjRI\`YR eTUCaC]U[DmR\NKIJG[LJRSVQeTUCaC]U[DmR\NK
DRLh\k_MkJMIn]InRMc eTUCaC]U[]jLDmR\NK\VSeFMFQpsoL_pE]\QVbZDRLQV]BCI_M`YRLJGnGCVHCg IljC QV] 16 QZb
^\U[soL QV]XGYBlm]U[DmR\NK 16 ]U[CVYCIRL
PC BUS I\`YR IBM hfmXTUSUMIOufbVa IBM PC(XT) bVaPMSnoYLBlm CPU 8088 IOWC CPU DCUf 8 BIT fVLCVCH I_M`YRL
_R\JZaIbRMcI_M`YRLCGHeoL\GI]mCXULDmR\NKIJG[L 8 I]mCXUL (8 DATA LINE) PKFI]mCXULXGYR[Nj 20 I]mCXUL (20
ADDRESS LINE) IJ`YRBlmBCSUMRmULbTUP^CjLDRL^Cja[_aU\eTU CARD XGYCTU\UbjRSVQ PC BUS CVHCeFIOWC CARD
PQQ 62 PIN noYL 8 PIN Blm]TU^MVQ]jLDmR\NKRGS 20 PIN ham]TU^MVQRmULbTUP^CjLDRL^Cja[_aU\eTU noYL CPU 8088 CVHC
]U\UMsRmULRZL^Cja[_aU\eTUhfmIJG[L 1 I\SFhQbc noYLBCPbjKF PIN CVCH ]U\UMs]jLDmR\NKhfmIJG[L 2 _jU _`R 0 SVQ 1
(^M`R ROW SVQ HIGH) fVLCVCH I\`YRBlm20 PIN SieFRmULRZLbTUP^CjLhfmXGY 2 _NESVC 20 _MVHL(^M`R[SSTUKVL 20)
noYLSieFhfmIXjUSVQ 1 MEGABYTE JRfG]jaC PIN XGYI^K`RSiBlmIOWCbVaSTU^CfSUMRjUC_jUajURjUCeUSbTUP^CjLDRL
^Cja[_aU\eTU ^M`RbTUP^CjLDRL INPUT/OUTPUT ^M`RQUL]jaC PIN SiBlm]TU^MVQejU[hr +5\ -5\ +12 PKF]U[
GROUND ]U[fZC IJ`YRejU[hrB^mSVQ GARD XGYbjRJjaLQC SLOT DRL PC BUS CVYCIRL PKF[VL\G PIN
QULbVaXGYXTU^CmUXGYIOWCbVa RESET^M`RIOWCbVa REFRESH ^M`RP\mSMFXVYL CLOCK ^M`R]V||UEDRLMFQQCVYCIRL
348
MFQQ BUS PQQ PC BUS CGH\G _aU\SamULDRL BUSIOWC 4.77 MHzPKF[VL]U\UMs]jLsjU[DmR\NKfma[_aU\IMia]NL]pf
XGY 2.38 bjRaZCUXG
BC[p_DRL PC AT ^M`RbVHLPbj CPU MpjC 980286 IOWCbmC\Uhfm\GSUMIOKGY[CPOKLDCUfDRLI]mCXULDmR\NKeUS 8
BIT IOWC 16 BIT XTUB^m IBM bmRL\UXTUSUMRRSPQQMFQQ BUS B^\jIJ`YRB^m]U\UMs]jLtjUCDmR\NKXGKF 16 BIT
PCjCRCajUSUMRRSPQQB^\jCVHCSibmRLXTUB^mISZf_aU\IDmUSVChfm[mRC^KVLfma[(COMPATBLE) SKjUa_`R
bmRL]U\UMsBlmLUCSVQ PC QV]hfmfma[ IJMUFsmU^USh\jIljCCVHCPKma Si_LeFDU[RRS[US KRL_ZffNajU smU^USRRS
PC AT XGYBlmMFQQQV]B^\jXVHL^\f PKFh\jIDmUSVCSVQ PC XT XGYRRS\USjRC^CmUCVHChfm I_M`YRL PC BUT IfZ\RGS 36
PIN kf[XGYIJZY\I]mCXULDmR\NK 8 PIN Ma\PKmaSieFIOWC 16 PIN ]TU^MVQ]jLDmR\NK_MVHLKF 16 BIT JRfG PKFIJZY\ 4
PIN ]TU^MVQXTU^CmUXGYRmULbTUP^CjLeUS^Cja[_aU\eTU noYLSieFMa\IOWC 24 PIN PKFeFRmULhfm\USsoL 16 Meg. noYLSi
IOWCDCUfDRL^Cja[_aU\eTU]NL]pfXGY CPU 80286 CVHC]U\UMsXGYeFRmULhfm PbjR[jULhMSibU\SUMRmULbTUP^CjLDRL
I/O PORTCVHCSi[VLsNSSTU^CfhamXGY 1024 R[NjfG IC`YRLeUSO|^USUMIDmUSVChfmSVQ PC BUS
CRSeUSCGH PIN XGYIDmU\U[VLlja[IJZY\SUMRmULbTUP^CjL DMA PKF_jUDRLIRQ SLOT PQQB^\jCGHIMG[SajUIOWC SLOT
PQQ 16-BIT noYLbjR\USiIMG[SSVCajUIOWC AT BUS PbjIMUeFMNmSVCBCCU\ ISA BUS \USSajUkf[_TUajU ISA \UeUS_TU
Ibi\ajU INDUSTRY STANDARD ARCHITECTUREIMU]U\UMsCTU CARD PQQ 8 BIT \UI]G[QKLljRL 16 BIT
hfm IJMUFBlm]sUOb[SMM\I^\`RCgSVC eFbjULSVCSibMLXGYIJZY\\U ]TU^MVQ 16 BIT IXjUCVHCnoYLeFBlm (BCSMEGXGYBlm
CARD 16 BIT) ^M`Rh\jBlm (BCSMEGXGYBlm CARD 8 BIT) SihfmMFQQQV] PQQ ISA BUS CGH\G_aU\SamULDRL BUS
IOWC 8 MHz PKF]U\UMs]jLsjU[DmR\NKfma[_aU\IMia]NL]pfXGY 8 MB bjRaZCUXG BCO 1985 XUL COMPAG hfm
OMFSUIOufbVa COMPUTER DRLbC BCMpCj 286/12 kf[ 12 CVHC ^\U[soL_aU\IMia_`R 12 MHz noYLDEFCVHC IBM
\GP_j 286 XGYXTULUCfma[_aU\IMia
8 MHz BCDEFCVHC _aU\IMiaeUS 8 MHz hO 12 MHz CVQajU]NL\USgIK[ IJMUFIJZY\DoHC\URGS_MVHL^CoYLIK[XGYIfG[a
(smUIOMG[QIXG[QSVQ]\V[CGHSiI^\`RCgSVQeUS
Pentium II 300 hOIOWC Pentium II 450 CVYCIRL) noYLPCjCRC BUS DRLMFQQ SibmRLXTULUCXGY 12 MHz bU\hOfma[
PKmaO|^USiISZfDoCH ISA BUS CVHCIMUXMUQPKmaajU\VCXTULUCXGY 8 MHz smU\VCXTULUCXGY 12 MHz eFXTUB^mISZfO|^U
XGY]TU_V|DoHC IJMUF^USajU CPU XTULUChfmIMiaeMZL Pbjh\j]U\UMsBlm CPU hfm SiP[SSUMBlmCUZSU DRLMFQQQV]
RRSeUS CPU hOIK[ kf[XGY CPU RpOSMEcR`YCgQC Mainboard eFXTULUCXGY_aU\IMia 12 MHz PbjbVaXGY BUS IRLeF
XTULUC_LXGY XGY 8 MHz IJMUFBlm]V||UECUZSUP[SeUSSVC noYLaZdSG UMCGSH iIOWCaZdGSUMPSmnoYLSiBlmSCV eaQeCOeepQVC
CGH PbjBC]\V[CVHC ^Cja[_aU\eTU^KVS^M`R RAM eFR[NjQCExpansion Card XGYR[NjSVQ ISA BUS fma[IJMUFqFCVHC \VC
SiIK[XTULUCfma[_aU\IMiaIJG[L 8 MHz IXjUCVHCPKFbjRg\U[ZYL\G CPU DCUf 16 MHz^M`R 24 MHz BC[p_DRL 386
fma[PKma RAM SieFXTULUCfma[_aU\IMiaIJG[LP_j 8 MHz IXjUCVHC XUL COMPAQ eoLhfmXTUSUMPSmhDRGS_MVLH noYLBC
349
bmCO 1987 XUL COMPAQ SihfmaULbKUf COMPAQ Deskpro 386 XGY_aU\IMia 16 MHz kf[_MUaCGSH Pi [S]V||UE
CUZSUDRL RAM RRShOfma[ noYLSiIOWCbmCPQQXGY]TU_V|XGYBlmSVCbjR\UBCOeepQVCCGHkf[B^m ISA BUS XTULUCXGY
_aU\IMia_jU^CoYL RAM RGS_jU^CoLY PKF CPU RGS_jU^CoYL
XVHL IBM PKF COMPAQ CVHCIOWC_NjPDjLXULSUM_mUSVC fVLCVCH IM`YRLXGYeFB^m COMPAQ R[NjI^C`RbCIRL]TU^MVQ IBM CVHC
IOWChOh\jhfm XUL IBM eoLhfmRRS\UbMU
UCMFQQQV]DRLbCB^\j IMG[SajU MICRO CHANNEL AECHITECTURE
^M`R MCA I\`YRMFQQQV]hfm\GSUMPDjLDVCSVCDoHCPCjCRCMFQQXGYsNSCTURRS\UIOMG[QIXG[Q _`R ISAnoYLSi\SG UMeVQbU\
RLajUXUL IBM CVHCeF^UXULPSmhDepfRjRCDRL ISA BUS DRLbCR[jULhM noYLaZaSMDRLXUL IBM CVHC\RLBCPLj\p\XGY
PbSbjULeUS_CR`CY gI\`YR INTELhfmIOuf CPU DRLbCMpjC 80386 noYLIOWC CPU DCUf 32 BIT ]U\UMsRmULbTUP^CjL
^Cja[_aU\eTUhfm\USsoL 4 Gigabyte kf[\G_aU\IMiaIMZY\bmCXGY 16 MHz noYL ISA BUSfNeFh\jI^\UFPKmaSVQ CPU MFfVQ
CGH QMMfUtNmBlm PC bjULSi\RLSVCajUXULRRSXGYfG _`R_aMeF\GMFQQQV]B^\jXGY]U\UMsMRLMVQBCepfCGHhfm eUSSUMXGYaZaSM
DRL IBM sCVfSVQManinframe \USSajUXTUB^maZaSMI^KjUCVHC\RLajU PC Si_aMeFXTULUCPQQ^KU[g TASK JMmR\g
SVChfm (MULTIPLE TASK) OMFSRQSVQ IBM bmRLSUMXGYeFB^m{UJJeCcMainframe DRLbCfN\GOMF]ZXdZ{UJ]NLSajU
PC eoLh\j_jR[hfmIJZY\^M`RIOKGY[CPOKLDGf_aU\]U\UMsB^mSVQMFQQQV]B^\jB^mIfjCSajUIfZ\\USCVS
IOWCQV]XGY]MmULDoHCeUSSKpj\tNmDU[ 9 QMZVX CTUkf[QMZVX COMPAQ ]MmULDoHCIJ`YR]NmSVQ
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SUM RENDER R[Nj 2 PQQ _`R LOCAL TEXTURING PKF AGP TEXTURING kf[Blm LOCAL TECTURING
CVHCeFXTUSUM COPY ^Cja[_aU\eTUDRLMFQQhOISiQhamXGYIrM\QVrIrRMcDRL CARD eUSCVHCeFXTUSUM
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XGYCjU]CBe\GfVLCGSH ound Chip D5cQ Audio Chip IOWClZO Audio QCI\CQRMcfXGYIOWC^VaBeBCSUM_aQ_p\SUMXTULUC
PXCnUaCcSUMcf OeepQVCI\CQRMcf]jaCB^|jeF\G Sound Chip IS`RQXVHL^\f lZOXGYBlmhfmPSj ADL 1980, AC97 Audio
Codec PKF CMedia8738I/O Contreller IOWClZOXGYXTU^CmUXGY_aQ_p\SUMMVQ]jLDmR\NKDRLI\CQRMcfSVQRpOSMEcbjRJjaL
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PM\_pE{UJ]NL\UBlm
658 (Random Access Memory: RAM) IOWCRpOSMEcXGY\GKVSEFIOWCPtLaLeMMNO]GYI^KG[Y \t`CtmUDCUfIKiSXTU
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PM\eFXTUhfmIMiaSajU\USIC`YRLeUSPM\XTUSUMRjUCIDG[Cfma[SMFP]hrrU tZfSVQUMcffZ]ScXGYbmRLRUV[SKhSBCSUM
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356
DmR\NKhfmIJG[LlVYa_MUa_`RBCDEFIOufI_M`YRLIOufI_M`YRLIXjUCVHC I\`YROufI_M`YRLDmR\NK
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PKFPM\XGY_UfajUCjUeFsNSBlmBCRCU_b
FPM DRAM 658U^>D5[W;Z5cSQ: 286 FPM DRAM ( Fast Page Mode DRAM)
k\fNKPQQ SIMM (Single Inline Memory Module) 30 DU PKF 72 DU BlmSVQ
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EDO RAM 658U^>D5[W;Z5cSQ: Pentium EDO RAM (Extended Data Output) BlmSVQk\fNKPQQ SIMM 72 DU \G
XULIfZCDmR\NKDCUf 32 QZb I\`YRBlmSVQnGJG[NXGYRjUCDmR\NKXGKF 64 QZb noYLSi_`RnGJG[NBCMpjCIJCIXG[\IOWCbmC\U eoLbmRLB]j
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SDRAM
SDRAM 658X@S7^>9[:=P;9R7C]E SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM) IOWC\UbMU
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PC66,PC100 PKF PC133 MHz XGYXTULUCSVQ_aU\IMiaQV] 66, 100 PKF 133 MHz bU\KTUfVQ SDRAM sNSCTU\UBlm
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;XZ3G39O@?@<O@ p=>7 AMD
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^KVS noYL_aU\IMiaDRLnGJG[NXGYajUCGHeF\G^Cja[IOWC I\SFIZMbnc (MHz) PKFSZSFIZMbnc (GHz) kf[_aU\IMiaXGYIMURmULsoLSi
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CVQajU[VL_MRQbTUP^CjLPl\O¤ kf[]U\UMs_MRL]jaCPQjLXULSUMbKUfnGJG[N\USIOWCRVCfVQ 1 bKRfSUK E aVCCGH
P\majUl`YRI]G[LDRLRZCIXKeF]VYC_KRChOQmUL RVCIC`YRLeUS_NjPDjLDVCR[jULIRIRi\fGXTUSTUKVLfGaVC fG_`C PKF]U\UMslZL
]jaCPQjLhOhfmh\jCmR[ PbjRZIXKSi[VLOKjR[nGJG[NRRS\UDVQI_G[Y aPQQbUbjRbU rCbjRrCIMU\UfNSVCajUnGJG[NeUS_jU[RZC
IXKXGYSTUKVLaULbKUfR[NjBCDEFCGH \GbMFSNKh^CQmUL
Pentium 4 67G Willamette
nGJG[NMpjCB^\jKjU]pfeUSRZCIXK{U[Bbml`YRM^V]ajU "Willamette" ^M`ReFIMG[SajU "PSC Willamette" Sihfm bjR\Uhfml`YR
R[jULIOWCXULSUMajU "Intel Pentium 4 Prpcessor" IDmU\UPXCXGY Pentium III RRSaULbKUf fma[_aU\IMiaIMZY\bmCXGY 1.4
360
GHz PKF 1.5 GHz PKF\U]ZHC]pfXGY 2 GHz Blm]sUOb[SMM\B^\jKUj ]pfXGYl`YR Intel Netburst mmicro-architecture noYL
sNSRRSPQQB^m]U\UMsXTULUChfmR[jUL\GOMF]ZXdZ{UJ]NL]pf h\jaUj eFIOWCSUMOMF\aKtKDmR\NKXGY\GOMZ\UE\USgSUM
OMF\aKtK{UJSMUruS 3 \ZbZ {UJaZfGkR MFQQI]G[L SUMIKjCIS\XGY\GKVSEFRZCIbRMcPR_XGr CRSeUSCGH[VLhfmIJZY\
lpf_TU]VYLB^\jIDmUhORGS 144 lpf_TU]VYLBC SSE 2 ]TU^MVQ Socket XGYBlmBCSUMbZfbVHLnGJG[N Pentium 4 CVHCeF\Gl`YRajU Socket
423
_aU\IMia (Core
Speed)
1.3,1.5,1.6,1.7,1.8,1.9,2.0,GHz
_aU\IMiaQV]
(System Bus)
400 MHz FSB
hrIKGH[L (Vcore)
1.7 kaKbc
ljRLbZfbVHLnGJG[N
(Socket)
Socket 423
P_lMFfVQ 1 DCUf 32 KB (Execution Trace
DCUf^Cja[_aU\eTU Cache)
P_l(Cache)
P_lMFfVQ 2 DCUf 256 KB (Advance Transfer
Cache)
DCUfIX_kCkK[GSUM
0.18 h\_MRC
tKZb
]sUOb[SMM\
Intel NetBurst Micro-Architecture
lpf_TU]VYL
SSE 2 (Streaming SIMD Extensions)
Pentium467GNorthwood
^KVLeUSXGYnGJG[N Pentium 4 PSC Willamette RRShOh\jCUC XULRZCIXKSiOKjR[ Pentium 4 MpjCXGY 2 RRS\URGS BlmlR`Y
M^V]ajU "Nothwood" kf[hfmbKRfDCUfDRLSUMtKZbKLeUSIfZ\ 0.18 h\_MRC \UXGY 0.13 h\_MRC (SZChrCmR[KL)
IJ`YRXFKaLDmReTUSVfXULfmUC_aU\IMiaXGYhO^[pfR[NjP_j 2 GHz kf[BCMpjCCGbH VanGJG[NeF\GDCUfIKiSKLSajUIfZ\\USPKFBlm
SVQ Socket 478 noYLIOWC Socket PQQB^\j P\majUeTUCaCDUDRLnGJG[NeF\UDoHCSajUIfZ\ PbjeF\GDCUfIKiSSajUIfZ\\US]jaC
IX_kCkK[GbjULg[VL_LI^\`RCSVQPSCWillamette
2.0 - 3+ GHz
_aU\IMia (Core
Speed)
_aU\IMiaQV] (System 400, 533 MHz FSB
361
Bus)
hrIKGH[L (Vcore)
1.5 kaKbc
ljRLbZfbVLH nGJG[N
(Socket)
Socket 478
P_lMFfVQ 1 DCUf 32 KB(Execution Trace Cache)
DCUf^Cja[_aU\eTU
P_lMFfVQ 2 DCUf 5125 KB (Advance Transfer
P_l(Cache)
Cache)
DCUfIX_kCkK[GSUM
0.13 Micron
tKZb
]sUOb[SMM\
Intel NetBust Micro-Architecture
lpf_TU]VYL
SSE 2 (Streaming SIMD Extensions) XGYIJZY\
lpf_TU]VYLB^\j 144 _TU]VYL
]TU^MVQnGJG[N Pentium 4 PSC Northwood XGY\G_aU\IMiaIXjUSVQPSC Willamette eFBlmRVSMA bjRXmU[ _aU\IMia IJ`YR
MFQpajUIOWCPSC Northwood IljC smUIOWC pentium 4 _aU\IMia 1.6 GHz SieF]SMGCajU 1.6A fVLMNO
Pentium467GNorthwoodW[U533MHz
RGSIM`YRL^CoYLXGY]TU_V|Si_`R eFI^iCajUBCljaLIf`RCbpKU_p\ O 2545 CGH\GI\CQRMcfXGYMRLMVQ_aU\IMiaQV] 533 MHz
RRS\UeTUCaC\US noYLI\CQRMcfI^KjUCGHRRS\UIJ`YRMRLMVQnGJG[N Pentium 4 BCMpjC_aU\IMia 2.26 PKF 2.40 GHz DoHChO
XGYBlmMFQQQV] 533 MHz FSB kf[SUMIOKGY[CPOKLMFQQV]eUSIfZ\ 400 MHz FSB hOIOWC 533 MHz FSB IOWCSUM
IJZY\OMF]ZXdZ{UJSUMXTULUCMF^ajULnGJG[NSVQMFQQ
noYLeFlja[B^m_aU\IMiakf[Ma\DRLI_M`YRLfGDoHC
CeleronTualatin
nGJG[NMU_UOMF^[VfXGYXULQMZVX Intel tKZbRRS\UIJ`YR^aVLIeUFbKUfMFfVQKjUL PKFIJ`YRSUMPDjLDVCSVQQMZVX AMD
kf[ Celeron Tualatin hfmIJZY\_TU]VYLXULfmUC\VKbZ\GIfG[ (lpf_TU]VYL SSE XGYBlmBC Pentium III ) IJ`YRIJZY\_aU\]U\UMsB^m
\USSajU Celeron BCMpjCIfZ\ BlmIXbkCkK[GSUMtKZbDCUf 0.13 h\_MRC IXjUSVQ Pentium 4 Northwood PKF\GSUMIJZY\
L2 Cache IOWC 256 KB hfmMVQSUMRRSPQQSUMbjRIl`YR\KU[aLeMkf[Blm]UMXRLPfL (Copper Interconnection) PXC
RFKN\ZICG[\
noYL]jLtKXTUB^m\GOMF]ZXdZ{UJSUMXTULUCXGYIMiaDoHC
362
_aU\IMia (Core Speed)
1.4 GHz
133 MHz FSB
_aU\IMiaQV] (System Bus)
hrIKGH[L (Vcore)
1.3 kaKbc
ljRLbZfbVHLnGJG[N (Socket)
Socket 370 (]CVQ]CpC Tualatin
CPU)
DCUf^Cja[_aU\eTUP_l(Cache)
P_lMFfVQ 1 DCUf 32 KB P_l
MFfVQ 2 DCUf 256 KB
DCUfIX_kCkK[GSUMtKZb
0.13 Micron
,
3
P6 Dynamic Execution Microarchitecture
SSE 2 (Streaming SIMD
Extensions) +$%.5,!&
144 ,!
5,!
]TU^MVQnGJG[NeUS_jU[ AMD XGYSTUKVLIOWCXGYCZ[\R[NjBCDEFCGSH i_`R Athlon XP kf[_TUajU "XP" [jR\UeUS "Extreme
Performance" noYL\GR[Njfma[SVC 2 MpjC kf[BCMpCj PMSBlmPSCXGY\Gl`YRM^V]bU\]U[SUMtKZbajU "JUkK\GkC" (Palomino)
PKF "IdRkMIQMf" (Thoroughbred) PbjSjRCXGYeFXTU_aU\MNmeVSSVQnGJG[NeUSIRIRi\fG B^mKRLXTU_aU\ IDmUBeSVQMNOPQQ
SUMPemL_aU\IMiaXGYXULIRIRi\fGIOKGY[CB^\jI]G[SjRC XULIRIRi\fGhfmIOKGY[CMNOPQQSUMPemL_aU\IMiaDRLnGJG[NPQQB^\j
kf[eFaVfbU\ PR Rating (Performance Rating) noYLSi_`R_jU_aU\]U\UMsBCSUMOMF\aKDRLnGJG[N kf[h\jhfmBlmIM`YRL
MHz/GHz I^\`RCIfZ\RGSPKma PbjSKVQ\UPDjLI_M`YRLOMF]ZXdZ{UDRLnGJG[NBCSUMOMF\aKtKPXC noYL_jU PR Rating CGH
eFIOWC_jUXGY IOMG[QIXG[QSVQ Athlon Thunderbird IfZ\ h\jBljIOWCSUMIOMG[QIXG[Q_aU\IMiaSVQnGJG[NeUS_jU[ Intel Pbj
R[jULBf noYLBCljULIOufbVf AMD hfm]jLRRS\UXVHL^\f4MpjChfmPSj
-AthlonXP 1500+ PR = 1.33 GHz
-AthlonXP 1600+ PR = 1.4 GHz
-AthlonXP 1700+ PR = 1.47 GHz
-AthlonXP 1800+ PR = 1.53 GHz
eFI^iChfmajUnGJG[NeUS AMD {U[Bbml`YR Athlon XP eF\GI_M`YRL^\U[QaSIJZY\IDmU\U IJ`YRQRSajU Athlon MpjCCGH\G
OMF]ZXdZ{UJI^C`RSajUMpjC Thunderbird MpjCSjRC^CmUIXjUhM kf[bVaIKDIXG[QhfmSVQ_aU\IMia]V||UECUZSUDRLMpCj
Thunderbied XGYIXG[QSVQMpjC XP
AthlonXP 67G Palomino
epfIMZY\bmCDRL Athlon XP PSC Palomino eF_KmU[SVQ Pentium 4 MpjCPMSXGYBlmPSC Willamette _`ReFBlm
363
]sUOb[SMM\PQQB^\j PbjBlmDCUfIX_kCkK[GSUMtKZbIXjUIfZ\_`R 0.18 h\_MRC ]jaC Athlon XP bVaCGHSi I^\`RCSVC
_`R XTUSUMJVCUbjReUS Athlon Thuderbied bVaIfZ\XGY\GDCUfSUMtKZb 0.18 h\_MRC Blm]sUOb[SMM\PQQB^\jXGY
IMG[SajU "QuantiSpeed Architecture" \UJMmR\SVQIX_kCkK[G3Dnow! Professional XGYIJZY\lpf_TU]VYLB^\j 72 lpf_TU]VYL
]CVQ]CpC FSB 266 MHz XGYXTULUCBCPQQ Double Data Rate (DDR) SVQ_aU\IMiaQV] 133 MHz \G^Cja[_aU\eTUP_l
L1 DCUf 128 KB PKF L2 DCUf 256 KB
_aU\IMia
Speed)
(Core
1500+ - 2100+ GHz
_aU\IMiaQV]
(System Bus)
266 MHz FSB
hrIKGH[L (Vcore)
1.7 kaKbc
ljRLbZfbVHLnGJG[N
(Socket)
Socket A
DCUf^Cja[_aU\eTU P_lMFfVQ 1 DCUf 128 KB P_lMFfVQ 2 DCUf
P_l(Cache)
256 KB
DCUfIX_kCkK[G
SUMtKZb
BlmIX_kCkK[GSUMtKZbDCUf 0.18 h\_MRC kf[\G
XRLPfLIOWCbVaIl`YR\bjR{U[BC
(Copper
Interconneet)
eUSI\`YRSjRCXGYBlmRFKN\ZICG[\
(Aluminium Interconnect)
]sUOb[SMM\
QuantiSpeed Architecture
lpf_TU]VYL
3Dnow ! Professional Technolgy (IJZY\ 27
lpf_TU]VYLeUS 3Dnow!)
AthlonXP67GThoroughbred
nGJG[N Athlon XP MpjCXGY 2 XGYIDmU\UPXC Palomino fma[PSCXGY\Gl`YRajU "Thoroughbred" XGYBlmIX_kCkK[G
SUMtKZbDCUf 0.13 h\_MRC IljCIfG[aSVQ Pentium 4 Northwood DRLRZCIXK kf[IMZY\bmCXGYMpjC Athlon XP 2200+ noYL
\G_aU\IMiaBCSUMXTULUC 1.8 GHz PKF[VL_LBlm Socket 462 IljCIfZ\ ^M`RXGY_pmCSVCBCl`YR Socket A IfZ\kf[XVYahOPKma
Palomino PKF Thoroughbred h\j\G_aU\PbSbjULSVCBCIM`YRLDRL]sUOb[SMM\J`HC
UC eFbjULSVCIJG[LP_jIX_kCkK[G
BCSUMtKZbIXjUCVHCkf[KfeUS0.18\UIOWC0.13
AthlonXPThoroughbredW[U333MHz
ISZf_aU\IOKGY[CPOKLDoHCRGS_MVHLSVQnGJG[N Athlon XP Thoroughbred I\`YRXULIRIRi\fGhfm\GSUM IOKGY[CPOKLDCUf
DRL Die Size (PSC) IJZY\DoHCRGS 4 mm XULIRIRi\fGeFIMG[SajU Thoroughbred "B" PKFhfmIJZY\_aU\IMiaQV] FSB IOWC
333 MHz eUSIfZ\XGYBlm_aU\IMia FSB 266 MHz SiI^\`RCSVQXGYXUL Intel OKjR[nGJG[NQV] 533 MHz RRS\UPXCMpjCXGYBlm
QV] 400 MHz]TU^MVQnGJG[N Athlon XP QV] 333 MHz eFIMZY\bmCXGYMpjC Athlon XP 2600+ noYL\G_aU\IMia 2.13 GHz PKF
bjR\USiIMZY\tKZb Thoroughbred "B" XGYMpjC _aU\IMiabYTU g R[jULMpjC 2000+,2200+,2400+,2600+,2700+ PKF 2800+Pbj
R[jUK`\ajUeFbmRLBlmSVQI\CQRMcfXGY]CVQ]CpC_aU\IMia333MHzfma[I\`YRfNeUSMNOeFI^iCajU^CmUbUDRLnGJG[N Athlon XP
BlmPSC Thoroughbred "B" eFI^\`RCIfZ\XpSR[jULPbjeF\GDCUfDRLDieSizeB^|jSajUIfZ\IKiSCmR[IXjUCVHC
364
T>5>:;45@OW;X@OWZVuU8W[TR_Q:?@<@Op AMD Athlon XP & Intel Pentium 4 Processor
Codename
AMD
Thunderbird
AMD Palomino
AMD
Thoroughbred
Intel Northwood
Micron
Process
0.18 micron
0.18 micron
0.13 micron
0.13 micron
266 MHz (133x2)
533
(QDRx133)
FSB operation 200 MHz (100x2)
266
(133x2)
Center
Size
128 mm
128 mm
80 mm
146 mm
256 KB
256 KB
256 KB
512 KB
Voltage Drain 1.75 V
1.75 V
1.65 V
1.5 V
L2 Cache
Die
MHz
MHz
IOWCRGS_jU[^CoYLXGYtKZbnGJG[NRRSeTU^Cja[PDjLSVQRZCIXKPKFIRIRi\fG Pbjfma[_pE{UJXGY[VLfmR[SajU _NjPDjLDVCR[Nj\US
nGJG[NeUSIaG[MceoLI^\UFSVQI_M`YRLMFfVQKjULIXjUCVHC
PbjSi\GepfIfjCbMLMU_UXGYsNS\USI^\UFSVQtNmBlmXVYahOnoYL\GMpjCXGYCjU]CBefVLCGV
H IA
Cyrix
III
Cyrix lll eUS VIA noYLaULSKpj\IOU^\U[B^mR[NjBCbKUfMFfVQKjUL \G_aU\IMiaIMZY\eUS 533 MHz hO
eCsoL 667 MHz kf[eFbZfbVHLR[NjQC Socket 370 BlmIX_kCkK[GSUMtKZbXGY 0.18 h\_MRC IOWCMpjCXGY\G
P_lMFfVQXGY 1 ]NLsoL 128 SZkKhQbc bZfbVHLPQQ on - die _`RtCaSR[NjQCPSCnGJG[NCVYCIRL Pbjh\j\PG _lMFfVQXGY 2
XTULUC
XGY_aU\QV] 100 I\SFIZMbnc I^\UF]TU^MVQSUMBlmLUCXVYaghO IljC SUMBlmkOMPSM\h\k_MnRrbcRRrru SUM^CVL
rLIJKL \Glpf_TU]VYL MMX SVQ3D Now! XGYlja[OMF\aKtKfmUCSMUruS PKF\VKbZ\GIfG[Pbjfma[SUMXGYh\j\GP_l
MFfVQXGY 2 XTUB^mOMF]ZXdZ{UJBCSUMXTULUCfmUCSMUruS IKjCIS\ 3 \ZbZ PKFLUCXGYbmRLSUMSUMOMF\aKtK]NLXTUhfm
h\jfGCVSXVHL^\fCG_H `RnGJG[NeUS_jU[bjULgXGYSTUKVLRRS]NjbKUf_R\JZaIbRMcQmUCIMU
IC`YRLeUSDmR\NKPKFkOMPSM\bjULg CVHC\GDCUfB^|jISZCSajUXGYeFISiQKLPtjCfZ]Schfm^\f XTUB^mbmRL\GUMcffZ]ScIRUham
ISiQDmR\NKI^KjUCGHPXC UMcffZ]SchfmsNSJVCUB^m\G_aU\eF\USDoHCIM`YR[g eCsoLOeepQVC\G_aU\eF\USSajU 200
365
I\SSFhQbcPKmaCRSeUSSUMJVCUXULfmUC_aU\epDRLUMcffZ]ScPKma BCfmUC_aU\IMiaSi\GSUMJVCU_aQ_NjhOfma[
kf[IqJUFI\`YR\GSUMIOKGY[C\UbM
UCeUSIfZ\XGYIOWCPQQ Ultra ATA hO]Nj Serial ATA noYLSilja[IJZY\_aU\IMiaBCSUM
MVQ]jLDmR\NKMF^ajULUMcffZ]ScSVQMFQQhfm\USsoL 150 I\SSFhQbcbjRaZCUXG ]NLSajU\UbM
UCIfZ\XGY\G_aU\IMiaP_j 133
I\SSFhQbcbjRaZCUXGIXjUCVHC
UMcffZ]Sc (Harddisk) IOWCRpOSMEcXG]U\UMsISiQDmR\NKhfm\USPKFISiQhfmR[jULsUaMkf[h\jeTUIOWCbmRL\GhrrU\U
^KjRIKGHR[LbKRfIaKUI^\`RCSVQ^Cja[_aU\eTUPM\ I\`YROufI_M`YRLDmR\NKSieFh\j]N|^U[hOh^C eUS_pE]\QVbZI^KjUMGH
IRLXTUB^mUMcffZ]ScsNSBlmIOWChfMac^KVSBCSUMISiQMFQQOZQVbZSUM kOMPSM\PKFDmR\NKbjULg CRSeUSCGHJ`HCXGYDRL
UMcffZ]ScQUL]jaC[VLsNSCTU\UeTUKRLIOWCPM\I]\`RC^M`R Visual Memory RGSfma[ noYLlja[B^mI_M`YRLXTULUChfmIMiaDoHC
OeepQVCUMcffZ]Sc\MG NOPQQSUMIl`YR\bjRR[Nj 3 \UbM
UC hfmPSj E-IDE, SCSI PKFKjU]pf_`R Serial ATA noYL
UMcffZ]ScXVHL 3 PQQ\GOMF]ZXdZ{UJ PKF SUMBlmLUCXGYPbSbjULSVCfVLCGH
l>5gAARU7g8>T5f>G E-IDE
E-IDE (RjUCajU "RG-hRfGR"G ) [jR\UeUS_TUajU Enhances Integrated Drive Electronics IOWCUMcffZ]ScXGYhfmMVQSUMJVCU
bjReUSUMcffZ]ScPQQ IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) noYLIOWC\UbM
UCfVHLIfZ\XGY\GDmReTUSVfBCIM`YRLDRL_aU\ep_`R
\G_aU\epIJG[L 528 MB PbjUMcffZ]ScPQQ E-IDE ]U\UMsepDmR\NKhfm\USsoLMFfVQSZSFhQbc KjU]pf]U\UMsJVCU_aU\
ephfm\USsoL 200 SZSFhQbc BC]jaCDRLljRLXGYBlmIl`YR\bjRPQQE-IDE CGHeF\GeTUCaC 40 DU kf[eFIl`YR\bjRIDmUSVQ
]U[]V||UE^M`RXGYRUeeFIMG[SajU "]U[PJ" Sihfm I_M`YRL_R\JZaIbRMcPbjKF
I_M`YRLeF]U\UMsbjRUMcffZ]Schfm 4 bVa UMcffZ]ScPQQE-IDE IOWC\UbM
UCXGYCZ[\BlmSVCkf[XVYahO IC`YRLeUS\GMU_U
sNS ^Un`HRLjU[ PKF\GSUMbZfbVHLh\j[pjL[US
l>5gAARU7g8>T5f>G SCSI
SCSI(RjUCajU "]SVn-nG") [jR\UeUS_TUajU Small Computer System Interface IOWCUMcffZ]ScXGY\GepfIfjCBCIM`YRLDRL_aU\
epXGY\G\USSajUPQQ E-IDE PKF\G_aU\IMiaBCSUM]jLsjU[DmR\NKSajUPQQ E-IDE CRSeUSCGH[VL]U\UMsbjRJjaLSVChfm\US
fma[ (7-15 bVa) UMcffZ]ScPQQ SCSI I^\UFXGYeFBlm]TU^MVQI_M`YRLOMFI{XI_M`YRLP\jDjU[ (Server RjUUCajU InZMcrIaRMc)
\USSajUI_M`YRLXGYBlmbU\QmUC IC`YRLeUS\GMU_UPJL PKF\GSUMbZfbVHLXG[Y pjL[USSajU IJMUFeFbmRL\GSUMbZfbVHLSUMcf_aQ_p\
IJZY\IbZ\ BCSUMbZfbVHLeFbmRLBlm]U[]V||UEPQQ 50 DU eFI^iCajU]U[]V||UEDRLUMcffZ]ScPQQ SCSI eFB^|jSajU
PQQ E-IDE XGY\GPJG[L 40 DU
l>5gAARU7g8>T5f>G Serial ATA
]TU^MVQRUMcffZ]Sc\UbM
UCB^\jKjU]pfBCCU\ Serial ATA \GepfIfjCR[NjXGY]U\UMsJVCU_aU\IMiaBCSUMkRCDmR\NK
MF^ajULUMcffZ]ScSVQMFQQhfm]NL SajU\UbM
UCIfZ\ Ultra ATA (E-IDE) XGY\UbVCR[NjXGY_aU\IMia 133 I\SSFhQbcbjR
aZCUXG DEFXGY\UbM
UC Serial ATA \G_aU\IMia]NLsoL 150 I\SSFhQbcbjRaZCUXG PKFIOWCXGY_UfajUeF]U\UMsJVCU
_aU\IMiahfm]NL]pfsoL 600 I\SSFhQbcbjRaZCUXG
UMcffZ]Sc IDE PKF E-IDE hfm\GSUMJVCUBCIM`YRLDRLSUMMVQ]jLDmR\NKR[NjR[jULbjRIC`YRL_aQ_NjhOSVQSUMJVCU
366
_aU\IMiaBCSUM^\pCeUCfZ]Sc noYLk^\fSUMMVQ]jLDmR\NK^M`R Transfer Mode XGYajUCGH lja[XTUB^mSUMXTULUC\G
OMF]ZXdZ{UJDoHC noYL\GR[Njfma[SVC 2 PQQ _`R
1. 6WW PIO (Programmed Input/Output ) IOWCk^\fSUMMVQ]jLDmR\NKtjUCnGfG[N kf[UMcffZ]ScXGY\GSUMXTULUCBC
k^\fCGHeFbmRLRUV[nGJG[Nlja[kRC
[mU[DmR\NKB^m XTUB^mI]G[IaKUSUMXTULUCDRLnGJG[N
2. DMA (Direct Memory Access ) IOWCk^\fSUMXTULUCXGY]U\UMsXTUSUMMVQ]jLDmR\NKhfm kf[bMLMF^ajULPM\SVQ
UMcffZ]Sc kf[h\jbmRLtjUCnGfG[N noYLeFSZCIaKUBCSUMXTULUCDRLnGJG[NCmR[KL IJMUFh\jbmRLDVfeVL^aFB^mnGJG[Nlja[
kRC[mU[DmR\NK
BC^VaDmRCGHeFJNfsoL\UbM
UCBCPLjDRLSUMJVCUXULfmUC_aU\IMia IC`YRLeUSRpOSMEcbjULg BC_R\JZaIbRMc h\jajU
eFIOWCnGJG[N PM\ SUMcfP]fLtK hfmsNSJVCUB^m\G_aU\IMiaBCSUMXTULUCIJZY\DoHC OMFSRQSVQnRrbcPaMc
MFQQOZQVbZSUM PKFkOMPSM\\GDCUfB^|jDCoH I^bpCGHIRLXGYXTUB^mbmRL\GSUMJVCUUMcffZ]ScB^m\GSUMMVQ]jLDmR\NKhfm
\USDoHCIM`YR[ g fVLCVHCI_M`YRL_R\JZaIbRMcXGY\GRUMcffZ]ScXTULUCIMia g Si[ZYLXTUB^m_aU\IMiakf[Ma\DRLI_M`YRL]NLDoHChO
fma[
UMcffZ]ScPQQ IDE ^M`RRUeIMG[SajU ATA (AT Attachment) CGH]U\UMsbjRSVQUMcffZ]ScXGY\G
_aU\eph\jISZC 528 I\SSFhQbc XGYBlmSVCBC_R\JZaIbRMcMpjC 486 BlmSUMMVQ]jLDmR\NKBCk^\f PIO
(Programmed Input/ Output) Mode 0,1 PKF 2 h\j]U\UMsbjRSVQRpOSMEc
R`YCghfm CRSeUSUMcffZ]ScIJG[LR[jULIfG[a bjR\UsNSJVCUIOWCPQQ E-IDE IOWCSUMJVCUbjReUS\UbMU
UC IDE
^M`R ATA XTUB^m]U\UMsMVQ]jLDmR\NKhfmMafIMiaDoHCPKF]U\UMsIl`YR\bjRSVQUMcffZ]ScXGY\GDCUfISZC 528 I\SSFhQbc
hfm PKFJVCUB^m]U\UMsIl`YR\bjRSVQRpOSMEcRC`Y g hfmRSG IljC nGfMG R\hfMac ^M`RIXOhfMac kf[SUMIl`YR\bjRPQQ EIDE CGHeFBlmSUM]jLDmR\NKBCk^\f PIO Mode 3 PKF 4 IMZY\BlmSVQ_R\JZaIbRMcBCMpjCIJCIXG[\IOWCbmC\U
l>5gAARU7g8>T5f>G Ultra ATA/33
UMcffZ]Sc\UbM
UC Ultra ATA/33 IOWCUMcffZ]ScPQQ E-IDE XGY\GSUMMVQ]LDmR\NKtjUCXUL DMA (Direct Memory
Access) noYLeFlja[KfMF[FIaKUSUMRjUC/IDG[CDmR\NKeUSQVrIrRMc (Buffer) DRLUMcffZ]Sc\GRVbMUSUMMVQ]jLDmR\NK
IXjUSVQ 33MB/S UMcffZ]Sc Ultra ATA/33 eF\G_aU\epIXjUSVQ 1.0-8.4 SZSFhQbc
l>5gAARU7g8>T5f>G Ultra ATA/66
UMcffZ]Sc\UbM
UC Ultra ATA/66 hfmJVCUMFQQSUM]jLDmR\NKB^mMafIMiaDoHC PKFfK]V||UEMQSaCXULhrrU
kf[OMVQOMFL]U[]V||UE PKF_RCIC_IbRMcB^m\GOMF]ZXdZ{UJ\USDoHC h\jhfmJVCUIX_kCkK[GDRLPtjCeUCfZ]ScBC
fmUC_aU\^CUPCjCDRLDmRL\NK Pbj_R\JZaIbRMcXGYeFBlm Ultra ATA/66 hfmCVHCeFbmRL\GlZOInbXGY]U\UMsMRLMVQ
_aU\IMiaBCSUMMVQ]jLDmR\NKDCUf 66 MB/S hfmfma[ PKFBCSUMbZfbVHLeFbmRLBlm]U[]V||UEPQQ 80 I]mC Pbj
367
UMcffZ]ScPQQ Ultra ATA/66 CVHC[VL_LBlmSVQ]U[]V||UEPQQ 40 I]mCPQQISjUhfmI^\`RCIfZ\PbjeFXTULUChfmXGY
_aU\IMiaIXjUSVQUMcffZ]Sc Ultra ATA/33 IXjUCVHC
l>5gAARU7g8>T5f>G Ultra ATA/100
UMcffZ]Sc\UbM
UC Ultra ATA/100 hfmJVCU_aU\IMiaBCSUM]jLsjU[DmR\NKB^m]NLDoHChORGSDVHC^CoYL_`R]U\UMs
MVQ]jLDmR\NKhfmXGY_aU\IMia 100 MB/S BCSUMbZfbVHL
Si[VLbmRLBlm]U[]V||UEPQQIfG[aSVQXGYBlmBC Ultra ATA/66 fma[_`R Blm]U[PQQ 80 I]mC\UbM
UCB^\jCGH[VLIDmUSVChfm
SVQUMcffZ]Sc\UbM
UCISjU PKF]U\UMsBlmhfmSVQI\CQRMcfMpjCISjUXGY]jaC_aQ_p\UMcffZ]Sc (Controller) h\j]CVQ]CpC
Ultra ATA/33 UMcffZ]ScSiXTULUCXGY_aU\IMia 33 MB/S IXjUCVHC IJMUFqFCVHCsmUbmRLSUMB^mUMcffZ]Sc Ultra ATA/100
XTULUCXGY_aU\IMia 100 MB/S SibRm LBlmSVQI\CQRMcfXGY]CVQ]CpCPKFeFbmRLBlmSVQ]U[]V||UEPQQ 80 I]mCfma[
8>T5f>GZ\>8;5b\_Q:l>5gAARU7g SCSI
UMcffZ]ScPQQ SCSI \G_pE]\QVbZXGYI^C`RSajUPQQ E-IDE \US h\j ajUeFIOWC_aU\IMiaBCSUMkRCsjU[DmR\NK
(Bandwidth) XGYOeepQVC\G_aU\IMia]NLsoL 160 MB/s DEFXGYUMcffZ]ScPQQ E-IDE \G_aU\IMiaIJG[L 133 MB/s Ma\soL
_aU\epBSKmI_G[LSVQPQQ SCSI \USDoCH XpSXG SUMJVCU\UR[jULbjRIC`YRLI^\`RCPQQ E-IDE IljCSVC kf[\UbM
UCDRL
SUMIl`YR\bjRPQQ SCSI \GfVLbjRhOCGH
8>T5f>G
Z\>8;5b\CG7>55[WUY:_EQ8p9
(;877PmWTgTYQ\RG>X@)
SCSI
5
Fast SCSI
10
Wide SCSI
10
Fast & wide SCSI
20-40
Ultra SCSI
40
Ultra Wode SCSI
80
Ultra 2 SCSI
80
Ultra 3 SCSI
160
eFI^iChfmajUSUMIl`YR\bjRPQQ SCSI \UbM
UCB^\jg CGHeF\G_aU\IMiaBCSUMMVQ]jLDmR\NKXGY]NL\US SUMBlmSUMIl`YR\bjR
PQQCGHeFXTUB^mOMF]ZXdZ{UJSUM XTULUC ^M`R_aU\IMiaBCSUMXTULUCDRLI_M`YRL]NLDoHC\USPbjOMF]ZXdZ{UJXGYfG bmRL
PKS\Ufma[MU_UXG]Y NL RpOSMEcPKFSUMcfPQQ SCSI \GMU_UXGY_jRCDmULPJL eoLh\j_jR[CTU\UBlmLUCBCI_M`YRL
_R\JZaIbRMcXVYag hO eFI^\UFSVQSUMBlmLUC]TU^MVQLUCXGYbmRLSUMOMF]ZXdZ{UJ]NLeMZLg
\UbM
UCDRL SCSI Si\SG UMJVCUXULfmUC_aU\IMiaIljCIfG[aSVQPQQ E-IDE _`R\GSUMJVCUB^m\_G aU\IMiaBCSUM]jL
sjU[DmR\NKIMiaDoHC eUS SCSI-2 XGY]jLDmR\NKhfm
10 MB/s \UIOWC Ultra SCSI XGY]jLDmR\NKhfmXGY 20 MB/sbjR\USiIOWC Ultra Wide SCSI XGY]jLDmR\NKhfm 40 MB/s
SCSI IOWCRZCIbRMcIr]XGYPbSbjULeUSRZCIbRMcIr]PQQR`YCg \US _aU\eMZLPKma SCSI h\jhfmIOWCRZCIbRMcIr]]TU^MVQ
UMcffZ]Sckf[IqJUF DmRPbSbjULXGY]TU_V|XGY]pfhfmPSj RpOSMEcXGYeFCTU\UbjRSVQRZCIbRMcIr]PQQCGH eFbmRLIOWCRpOSMEc
XGY\G_aU\qKUf^M`R Intellihent JR]\_aM (\VSeFbmRL\G lZO_aQ_p\^M`R^Cja[_aU\eTUDRLbCIRL
BCMFfVQ^CGYL) kf[XVYahOSUMcfPQQ SCSI eF]U\UMsbjRSVQRpOSMEchfm 7 bVa PbjSUMcf SCSI QULMpjCRUebjRRpOSMEchfm
368
\USsoL 14 bVa (SCSI-2) BCXULXGPKmaIMU]U\UMsCTURpOSMEc^KU[lCZf\UbjRIDmUfma[SVCtjUCSCSI hfmIljC
UMcffZ]Sc IXOhfMac RRObZ_VKfZ]Sc IKInRMcJMZCIbRMc ^M`RP\mSMFXVYLI\U]c smURpOSMEc
I^KjUCVHC\GRZCIbRMcIr]XGYI^\UF]\ \UbM
UCIMiaDRLSUMMVQ]jLDmR\NKDRL SCSI PQQbjUL g SVCfGSajU
3Z5:U5E>:69P7>5X^>:>G_Q:l>5gAARU7g
^KU[_C_LI_[IfZCtjUCbU\MmUCDR[_R\JZaIbRMc noYL\VSeFIOuf^CVL^M`Rh\jSiIOufIS\SMUruS]a[g IRUham IJ`YRfoLfNf
KNS_mUB^m\U[`CfN IQ`HRL^KVLDRL{UJ]a[gI^KjUCVHC
ISZfeUS_aU\]U\UMsDRLSUMcfP]fLtK BCQXCGHIMUeF\UXTU_aU\MNmeVSSVQSUMcfP]fLtKPKFSmUa^CmUDRLSUMcfBC[p_
OeepQVC SUMtKZbSUMcfP]fLtKBCOeepQVC\G_aU\^KUS^KU[\USDoHCSajUI\`YRSjRC\USkf[\G^KU[G^Y mRXGY]MmULDoHC\U
IJ`YRSUMXTULUCIqJUFfmU[ R[jULIljC SUMcfOMFI{XXGYBlmbjRSVQeR{UJhfm 2 bVa SUMcfXGYBlm]TU^MVQIKjCIS\ SUMcfXGYBlm
]TU^MVQbVfbjR{UJaZfGkRSUMcf]TU^MVQLUCRRSPQQOMFI{X CAD/CAM ^M`ReFIOWCSUMcfXGaG Turner
(MVQ]V||UEkXMXVCchfm) IOWCbmC eFI^iCajUSUMcfIfG[ aCGH\G_aU\]U\UMsIqJUFfmUC\USDoHC PbjSUMcfXGYBlmLUCSVC]jaC
B^|jeFIOWCSUMcfOMFI{XXGY]U\UMs
OMF\aKtK{UJhfmXVHL 2 \ZbZPKF
3 \ZbZ ]TU^MVQ_pE{UJBCSUMP]fL{UJajU
eFRRS\U]a[ I^\`RCeMZLPKF
IOWCdMM\lUbZP_jh^C SilCoH R[NSj VQ_pE{UJ
DRLSUMcfBCPbjKFMpjCXGYIK`RSBlm
SUMcfP]fLtK^M`R "SMUrruSSUMcf" (Graphic Card) IOWCSUMcfXGYXTU^CmUXGYCTUtKKVJdcXGYhfmeUSSUMOMF\aKtK
DRLnGJG[NRRS]NjeR{UJnoYLR[NjBCMNODRLDmR_aU\ PKFMNO{UJ noYLI\`YRSjRCCGHIMUeFIMG[SSUMcfP]fLtKajU "aGeGIRSUMcf"
(VGA Card) PbjBCOeepQVCIMG[SajU "SMUrruSSUMcf" PXC IC`RY LeUSSUMcfMpjCB^\j g eFIMG[SSMUrruSlZO
(Graphic Chip) XGY]U\UMsOMF\aKtKDmR\NKSMUrruSPXCnGJG[NhfmR[jUL\GOMF]ZXdZ{UJ lja[Kf{UMFB^mSVQnGJG[N
hfmR[jUL\US PKF[VLhfmIJZY\OMZ\UEaZfGkRPM\ IJ`YRMRLMVQLUCXULfmUC 3 \ZbZXGYnVQnmRC^M`R\GMU[KFIRG[f\USDoCH
bKRfeCSUMJVCUlZOPM\B^m]U\UMsXTULUChfmR[jULMafIMia XGYSKjUL\UXVHL^\fIOWCOeeV[XGY]TU_V|XGYlja[B^mSUMcf
P]fLtKBCOeepQVC]U\UMsP]fL{UJSMUruS hfmR[jULMafIMia
PKFI^\`RCeMZL
IC`YRLeUSSUMcfP]fLtKBCOeepQVC\GSUMJVCUBC^KU[ g ]jaC XTUB^m\G]jaCOMFSRQXGYIMUeTUIOWCbmRLMNmeVS\USSajU
SUMcfBCMpjCISjU noYL\GfVLCGH
1. SMUruSlZO (Graphic chip) ^M`RIMG[SRGSR[jUL^CoYLajU "GPU" noYL[jR\UeUS Graphics Asselerator Unit XTU^CmUXGY
OMF\aKtKDmR\NKXULfmUC SMUruSSjRCXGYeFCTURRSP]fL[VLeR{UJ SMUruSlZOBCOeepQVCBlmIX_kCkK[GSUMtKZbDCUf
0.15 h\_RC
2. aZfkG RPM\ (Video RAM) IOWC^Cja[_aU\eTUXGYBlmISiQDmR\NK{UJSjRCCTUP]fLRRS]NjeR{UJnoYLDmR\NKfVLSKjUahfmsSN
OMF\aKtKIMG[QMmR[PKma ]TU^MVQDCUfDRLaZfGkRPM\DRLSUMcfMpjCISjUeF\GIJG[L 1-4 I\SSFhQbc Pbj]TU^MVQSUMcfBC
OeepQVCeF\G\USSajU 4 I\SSFhQbc IJ`YRMRLMVQLUCSMUruSXGYnVQnmRC\USDoCH kf[eFJQajUSUMcfBCOeepQVCeF\GaZfGkR
369
PM\bVHLPbj 32,64,128 PKF 256 I\SSFhQbc
3. lZOhQRR] (BIOS Chip) \G^CmUXGY_KmU[g SVQlZOMR\hQRR]DRLI\CQRMcf_`R _aQ_p\SUMXTULUCIQ`HRLbmC PKF_R[
bMae]RQ_aU\tZfOSbZbjULg QCSUMcfP]fLtK
4. PM\Pf_ (RAMDAC) IOWC]jaCXGYXTU^CmUXGYPOKL]V||UEPQQfZeZbRK (Digital) B^mIOWC]V||UEPQQRFCUKiRS
SjRCXGYeF]jLB^mSVQeR{UJIJ`YRCTUhO P]fLtKbjRhO kf[_aU\IMiaDRRAMDACeF
\G^Cja[IOWC MHz IljC _aU\IMia 400 MHz
5. IReGJG RZCIbRMcIr] (AGP Interface) IOWC]jaCXGYBlmbZfbVHLIDmUSVQ]KiRbDRL
I\CQRMcf IJ`YRIl`RY \XULIfZCDRLDmR\NKeUSSUMcfhO[VLRpOSMEcRC`Y g noYL\UbM
UC
SUMIl`YR\bjR tjUC]KiRbPQQ AGP IOWC\UbM
UCB^\jXGYXTULUChfmIMiaSajU]KiRb
PQQIfZ\_`RPQQ PCI
6. ljRLIl`YR\bjRRpOSMEcR`YCg noYLSUMcfPbjKFbVaeF\GeTUCaCljRLh\jIXjUSVC DoHCR[NSj VQ
MpjCDRLSUMcfljRLIl`YR\bjRRpOSMEcXGYIMU_aMMNmeVShfmPSj
» ljRL VGA Output ]TU^MVQbjRSVQeR{UJ
» ljRL DVI ]TU^MVQbjRSVQeR{UJ LCD
» ljRL Video In ]TU^MVQbjRSVQSKmRLaZfGkR
» ljRL S-Video ]TU^MVQbjRSVQXGaG_aU\KFIRG[f]NL
» ljRL Composite Output ^M`R TV-Out ]TU^MVQbjRSVQXGaG
SMUruSlZOQCSUMcfP]fLtKCVCH \GR[Nj^KU[lCZfnoYL\GOMF]ZXdZ{UJ PKF^CmUXGYBCSUMOMF\aKtKPbSbjULSVC fVLCVHC
IMU\UfNSMUruSlZODCZfbjUL g XGY\G^CmU PKFSUM
BlmLUCPbSbjULSVC
1. ]R4;5Y:7>545P8\9n9 2 8RTRQOY>:;A@O\ IOWC[p_IMZY\PMSXGYSUMP]fLtKPQQ 3 \ZbZ[VLh\jIOWCXGYCZ[\PJMj^KU[\USCVS
SUMP]fLtKIJG[LPQQ 2 \ZbZSiIJG[LJRbjR_aU\bmRLSUMPKma kf[BlmnRrbcPaMceVfSUMSUMP]fLtK 3 \ZbZIJZY\IDmUhOB^m
]U\UMsP]fLtK{UJPQQ 3 \ZbZPXC bVaR[jULDRLlZOPQQCGHSi_`R S3 Trio eUS_jU[ S3
2. ]R4;5Y:7>545P8\9n9 3 8RTR QOY>:;A@O\ IOWCljaLIDmU]Nj[p_XGYSUMP]fLtKPQQ 3 \ZbZIMZY\\UPMLeoL\GSUMtKZbSUMcfXGY
I]MZ\SUMXTULUCPQQ 3 \ZbZIJZY\IDmUhO
B^m]U\UMsP]fLtK{UJPQQ 3 \ZbZhfmR[jUL]a[LU\\US[ZYLDoCH bVaR[jULDRLlZOPQQCGHSi_`R Voodoo 1 eUS_jU[ 3Dfx
3. ]R4;5Y:7>545P8\9n9X[d: 2 8RTR 69P 3 8RTZ IOWCljaLXGYSUMP]fLtKPQQ 3 \ZbZhfmMVQ_aU\CZ[\IOWCR[jUL\US
OMFSRQSVQ_aU\[pjL[USXGYeFbmRLbZfbVHLXVHLSUMcfP]fLtKPQQIMjL 2 \ZbZPKFPQQIMjL 3 \ZbZ soL 2 bVa CVHC[pjL[US eoLXTUB^m
\GSUMtKZblZOXGYXTU^CmUXGYXVHLIMjLSUMOMF\aKtK 2 \ZbZ PKF 3 \ZbZR[NjBCbVaIfG[aSVCDoCH \UnoYLIOWCPCaXULXGYCZ[\R[NjBC
OeepQVC bVaR[jULDRLlZOPQQCGH Si_`R Savage 4 eUS_jU[ S3, Voodoo 3 3000 eUS_jU[ 3Dfx, G400 eUS_jU[ Marox,
TNT2 eUS_jU[ nVidia ^M`R Range 128 eUS_jU[ ATI IOWCbmC
T>5>:;45@OW;X@OWZ\>8;5b\_Q:658WG7>5gA6UA:n9
BCSUMJVCUSUMcfP]fLtK CRSeUSeFJ[U[U\IMjLB^mSMUruSlZOOMF\aKhfmIMiaDoHCPKma Si[VLhfmJVCU
^Cja[_aU\eTUQCSUMcfB^mXTULUChfmIMiaDoHCfma[ XTUB^mBCOeepQVC\G^Cja[_aU\eTUlCZfbjUL g bZfbVHLR[NjQCSUMcffVLCoH
]GRA_Q:658
Z^>QBRW>O
370
EDO DRAM
(Dxtended Data Out DRAM)
IOWCPM\PQQIfG[aSVQXGYBlmBCI_M`YRL_R\JZaIbRMc \G_aU\IMiaBCSUMXTULUC
h\j]NL\US OeepQVCh\jCZ[\CTU\UBlmSVQSUMcfP]fLtKPKma
SDRAM
(Synchronous DRAM)
IOWCPM\PQQIfG[aSVQXGYBlmBCI_M`YRL_R\JZaIbRMcIljCSVC \G_aU\IMiaBCSUM
XTULUC]NL IOWCXGYCZ[\CTU\UBlmSVQSUMcfP]fLtKBCOeepQVC
SGRAM
(Synchronous Graphics RAM)
IOWCPM\XGYJVCU\UeUS SDRAM B^mXTULUChfmIMiaSajU hamBlm]TU^MVQSUMcf
P]fLtKkf[IqJUF CZ[\CTU\UBlmSVQSUMcfP]fLtKXGY\GOMF]ZXdZ{UJBCU
SMXTULUC]NL
DDR SDRAM
(Double Data Rate SDRAM)
IOWCPM\XGYJVCU\UeUS SDRAM RGSIljCSVC \G_aU\IMiaBCSUMLUCIOWC 2
IXjUDRL SDRAM CZ[\CTU\UBlmSQV SUMcfP]fLtKXGY\GOMF]ZXdZ{UJBCSUM
XTULUC]NL
DDR SDRAM
(Double Data Rate SGRAM)
\G_aU\IMiaBCSUMXTULUCIOWC 2 IXjUDRL SGRAM CZ[\CTU\UBlmSVQSUMcf
P]fLtKXGY\GOMF]ZXdZ{UJBCSUMXTULUC]NLg
VRAM (Video RAM)
IOWCPM\XGY\GJ`HC
UC\UeUS DRAM PbjJVCUB^m]U\UMsXTULUCMVQ-]jL
DmR\NKhfmJMmR\SVC
WRAM (Video RAM)
IOWCPM\XGYJVCUeUS VRAM B^m\G_aU\IMiaBCSUMMVQ-]jLDmR\NKXGY]NLDoHC
\VSeFJQBCSUMcfDRL Matrox MpjCISjUg PKFSUMcfeUS Nomber Nine
MDRAM (Window DRAM)
IOWCPM\XGYJVCU\UeUS DRAM B^m]U\UMsMVQ-]jLDmR\NKhfmBCIaKU
IfG[aSVCXTUB^m\G_aU\IMiaBCSUMXTULUCXGY]NLSajU
RDRAM (Rambus DRAM)
IOWCPM\XGYhfm\GSUMRRSPQQB^\j^\fkf[QMZVX Rambus \G_aU\IMiaBC
SUMXTULUCXGY]NL\USg I^\UF]TU^MVQXGYeFBlmSVQSUMcfP]fLtKXGY\G
OMF]ZXdZ{UJ]NL g Pbjfma[MU_UXGY_jRCDmULPJLeoL[VLh\j_jR[I^iCSUM
CTU\UBlmSVQSUMcfP]fLtK\USCVS
Z\>83AA;AYG_Q:npEn9RT75>qq7ZY>OTY>:r
BCOeepQVC\GtNmtKZbSMUrruSlZOR[Nj^KU[_jU[ noYLlZODRLPbjKF_jU[\G\UbMU
UC PKFOMF]ZXdZ{UJPbSbjULSVCfVLCVHCIMU
\UfNSVCajUPbjKF_jU[\G_aU\kffIfjCXULfmUCBfSVCQmUL
nVidia npnE 9RT75>qq7]R4T5P7p9 Riva TNT 69P Geforce
nVidia IOWCtNmtKZbSMUruSlZOXGYhfmMVQ_aU\CZ[\\USXGY]pf PbjeFtKZblZODU[R[jULIfG[a h\jhfmtKZbSUMcfDU[fma[ IMUeoL
I^iClZO_jU[CGHbZfR[NjQCSUMcf[GY^mRbjULgkf[lZOMpjCCGHhfmMVQ_aU\CZ[\R[jUL]NL]pfBCDEFCGHhfmPSj lZOBCbMFSNK Riva
TNT , TNT2, TNT2 m64 PKFlZOBCbMFSNK Geforce noYL\GR[Nj^KU[MpjCIljCSVC XVHL Geforce2 , Geforce3 PKFMpjCB^\j
KjU]pf_`R Geforce4
3Dfx npnE 9RT75>q7]R4U^>D5[WT9>A;78CGT5P7p9 Voodoo
SMUruSlZODRLXUL 3Dfx SihfmPSj Voodoo Banshee, Voodoo3, Voodoo4 PKF Voodoo5 I\`YRSjRCCGH 3DfxeFtKZblZO
eTU^CjU[B^mSVQtNmtKZbSUMcfP]fLtK[GY^mR bjULgXTUB^m\G^KUS^KU[[GY^mR IljCIfG[aSVQlZODRL_jU[ nVidia PbjbjR\Uhfm
371
Ma\QMZVXSVQtNmtKZbSUMcfIJG[LMU[IfG[a IXjUCVHC_`R STB
XTUB^m\GSUMcfIJG[L[GY^mRIfG[aIXjUCVHCXGYBlmlZODRL 3Dfx Pbjh\jOMF]Q_aU\]TUIMie PKFOeepQVC sNSIX_kRIaRMckf[
nVidia PKma
Matrox npEn9RT75>q7]R4CGT5P7p9 G400 X@S;AYG;5cSQ:x><Z8][A
SMUruSlZOeUS Matrox \G_pE]\QVbZIfjCBCIM`YRL_pE{UJBCSUMP]fL{UJ XVHLIM`YRLDRL_aU\_\lVf
PKF]V]VC IOWCRGS_jU[^CoYLXGYtKZbSMUruSSUMcfXGY\G_E
p {UJ CRSeUSeFtKZblZOPKma Matrox [VLtKZbSUMcfeTU^CjU[IRLRGS
fma[ PbjbjR\UhfmeTU^CjU[lZOB^mSVQtNmtKZbSUMcfQUL[GY^mRQmULPKmaR[jUL Gigabyte lZO_jU[CGHeFBlmRSV M G CTU^CmU IljC
G200, G400, G450 IOWCbmC
S3 npnE 9RT]R475>q75PA[WZVux><5>Z>p7CGT5P7p9 Savage
S3 IOWCtNmtKZbSMUruSlZOl`YRfVLRGS_jU[^CoYL IC`YRLeUStKZblZOMU_Uh\jPJL PKF\GSUMtKZbSMUruSlZOMpCj B^\jg
RRS\UeTU^CjU[R[jULbjRIC`YRL Pbjfma[_pE{UJPKFOMF]ZXdZ{UJXGYh\j]NLCVS eoLDU[hfmIqJUFbKUfMFfVQKjUL SMUruSlZO
XGYtKZbeUS_jU[ S3 hfmPSj S3 Savage 3D ,S3 Savage 4 , S3 Savage 2000 IOWCbmC
ATi npnE 9RT]R475>q7
ATi IOWCRGS_jU[^CoYLXGYtKZbXVHLlZO PKFSUMcfDU[IRL PKFSi\G_pE{UJ]NLR[NjBCISEcfGXGIfG[aPbjSi\GMU_U
_jRCDmUL]NL KVSEFDRLSUMcfXGYtKZbeUS_jU[ATi \VSeFIOWCSUMcfXGY\G_aU\]U\UMs^KU[fmUC IljC BlmXTULUCXVYahO bjR
RRS TV CTU\UIKjCIS\ ^M`ReFMVQ]V||UEaGfGkRSihfm IOWCbmC BCOeepQVChfmeVQ\`RSVQRZCIXKXGYeFlja[SVCJVCUlZO
InbIJ`YRMRLMVQnGJG[NeUSRZCIXK SUMcfP]fLtKXGYtKZbeUS ATi hfmPSj ATi Rage 128 Pro, ATi Ati Rage Fury, ATi
Radeon IOWCbmC
SiS npEn9RT]R475>q7
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PQjLPKma PKFeF\GhrKc Join.bat IJZY\DoHC\U hrKc Join.bat CGH eFIOWChrKcXGYBlm]TU^MVQSUMMa\ hrKcbjUL g XGYsNSPQjL
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I_M`YRL^CoYLPKma B^mIMG[ShrKc Join.bat kf[SUMfVQIQZK_KZS IJ`YR]VYLB^mXTUSUMMa\hrKcI^KjUCGHIDmUfma[SVC
395
^KVLeUSIMG[ShrKc Join.bat eF\GI\CNMRSUM[`C[VC SUMMa\hrKcRGS_MVHL B^mSfOpw\ Enter IJ`YRXTULUCbjRhO_MVQ
MRB^mkOMPSM\XTULUC]VSJVS SieFhfm^CmUbUbU\{UJ IOWCRVCajU hrKc sdat4140.exe XGY\GDCUfIS`RQ 5MB ]U\UMs[mU[
hOR[NjBC I_M`YRL_R\JZaIbRMcRGSI_M`YRL^CoYLhfm kf[SUMPQjLRRSIOWChrKcIKiS g PKFSiROOB]jPtjCfZ]Sc IMG[QMmR[PKma
IMZY\bmCSUMBlmLUCkOMPSM\ ]TU^MVQSUMOMVQPbjL_jUbjUL g kf[SUMIMG[SkOMPSM\CGDH oHC\USjRC
396
aZdGSUMbVLH _jUbjUL g SiLjU[ g _MVQ IJG[LP_jIK`RSXGYI\CN File PKFIK`RS Recommended Settings IXjUCVHC noYLeFIOWCSUM
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^KVLeUSCVHC eFI^iC_jUbjUL g XGYkOMPSM\PCFCTUB^mbVHL SfXGYOpw\ Apply SiIOWCRVCI]MieIMG[QMmR[ XfKRLPKFfNIaKUXGYBlm
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!2 Msdos.sys
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2. %0 View >> Folder Options
3. % View >> Show All Files OK
4. + Drive C:\ %(!+6%! Msdos.sys Properties
5. %#:! Read Only $%& Hidden $% OK
6. ; Notepad % Open ;6%! C:\Msdos.sys
7. + [Options] $% 3 ,%
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DrvSpace=0
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BootDelay=0
8. .+0%"% File >> Save $%&;"$ Notepad
9. % Attributes + Msdos.sys * Read Only $%& Hidden + 4. $%& 5.
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!2 System.ini % C:\Windows
1. % Start Menu >> Run !' system.ini $%&)< OK
2. + [386Enh] $%'(+ 2 [386Enh]
LocalLoadHigh=1
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'* 32 3. + [vcache] $%'(+ 2 [vcache]
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64x125=8000
4. .+0%"% File >> Save $%&;"$ Notepad
•
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Dial-Up Adapter
1. ; Control Panel ,%% Network % Dial-Up Adapter $%& Properties
2. % Advance IP Packet Size %* Large
3. Use IPX header compression %* No OK
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7. Extra String (' s10=100 $%& OK --
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2. 9%2&(++0%$ Text HTML 9,
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5. %(!+
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5. -+ 4. /$ 64M '* 128 $
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4. %% CPUPriority $%% Value data - 0 * 1 OK
5. + Registry HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\System\CurrentControlSet\Control
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\RB7@ >545[W6TY: Windows 98 CDEX^>:>GmAE;5b\_tdG 6WWm8YTEQ:9:XVG
IX_CZ_SUMOMVQPbjL Windows 98 B^mBlmLUChfmIbi\OMF]ZXdZ{UJ bMLCGH hfmXTUSUMMaQMa\\UeUSOMF]QSUMEc IXjUXGY
hfmXfKRL BlmLUCeMZL g PKFMaQMa\\UeUSIaiQhnbcbjUL g XGYhfmPCFCTUIX_CZ_I^KjUCGHham CTU\UXfKRL PKFIK`RS
IqJUF]ZYLXGY_ZfajU _aMeFXTUSUMOMVQPbjLIXjUCVHC XGYeMZLPKma[VL\GaZdGSUMOMVQPbjLRGS^KU[MNOPQQ PbjQULR[jULIXjUXGYhfm
XfKRLXTUfNPKma JQajU eF]U\UMsBlmhfmIqJUFSVQRpOSMEcQUL[GY^mR PKFQULMpCj IXjUCVHC ^M`RBCQUL_MVHL SKVQ]MmUL
O|^UB^mSVQRpOSMEcMRQDmULfma[ fVLCVHC eoLDR_VfIK`RS\U IqJUF^VaDmRXGY_aMeFXTUSUMOMVQPbjLeMZL g IXjUCVHC KRLXTU
SVCXGKF^VaDmRIK[ PKmaIOMG[QIXG[Q_aU\MNm]oSSVCfNajU Windows 98 DRL_pE eFIOKGY[CPOKLhOR[jULhMQmUL
•
•
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•
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Wallpaper
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Desk
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Wallpaper SUMIOKGY[ChOBlm Pattern SiIK`RSXGY Start >> Settings >> Control Panel >> Display >>
Background XGY Wallpaper IK`RS None PKFIK`RSBlm Pattern PXCkf[IK`RSXGYOpw\ Pattern PKFIK`RS Pattern XGY
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kf[OSbZPKma SUMbVLH ^CmUeRB^mP]fLeTUCaCDRL]Ghfm\USCmR[IXjUhMCVHC eFDoHCR[NjSVQSUMcfeRXGYBlmLUCR[Nj
fma[ IljC 256 Color, High Color (16 bit), High Color (24 bit) ^M`R True Color (32 bit) PbjeUSDmR\NKXVYa g
hOPKma]jaCB^|jeFQRSajU eTUCaCDRL]GXGYP]fLQC^CmUeRCVHC BCMFfVQXGY]NLSajU High Color (16 bit) CVHC
]U[bUDRL_CIMU eFh\j]U\UMsP[SRRShfm fVLCVHC^USIOWCSUMBlmLUC_R\JZaIbRMckf[XVYa g hOPKma SUM
bVHLeTUCaC]GP_j High Color (16 bit) SiIJG[LJRPKma eFXTUB^mSUMP]fLtKbjUL g DRL^CmUeRXTUhfmMafIMiaDoHC
SUMPSmhDSiXTUkf[IK`RS Start >> Settings >> Control Panel >> Display >> Settings PKmaIOKGY[CbMLljRL
Color Sf OK
C]E\RB7@ >5 Turn off Monitor 6XG7>5C]E Screen Saver
]TU^MVQXjUCXGYBlm Windows PKF\G RAM CmR[SajU 64M. DRPCFCTUB^mBlmaZdSG UMMVSU^CmUeRkf[SUMbVHL
Turn off Monitor PXCSUMBlm Screen Saver noYLeFlja[B^m_pE\G^Cja[_aU\eTUBlmLUChfmIJZY\DoHC\URGS^CjR[
^CoYL kf[aZdGSUM_`R IK`RSXGY Start >> Settings >> Control Panel >> Screen Saver IK`RSIOWC None PKFIK`RS
XGY Settings bVHLXGY Turn off Monitor IK`RSIaKUXGYbmRLSUMOuf^CmUeR Sf OK RjUCMU[KFIRG[fIJZY\IbZ\XGY SUMbVHL
Blm Screen Saver
7>545[W6TY:mq9g Msdos.sys
^USXjUCh\jhfmBlmkOMPSM\QGQRVfDmR\NKDRL Hard Disk ^M`R DriveSpace DRL Windows PKmaKFSi _aMXTU
SUMOMVQPbjLkf[IJZY\_TU]VYLbjRhOCGHBChrKc Msdos.sys bU\DVHCbRCfVLCGH
1. IOuf Windows Explorer DoHC\USjRC
2. IK`RSXGYI\CN View >> Folder Options
3. IK`RS View >> Show All Files Sf OK
403
4. IDmUhOXGY Drive C:\ _KZSI\U]cDaUXGYhrKc Msdos.sys SfXGY Properties
5. [SIKZSIli_QRSncXGY Read Only PKF Hidden RRS PKmaSf OK
6. IOuf Notepad IK`RS Open IOufhrKc C:\Msdos.sys
7. \RL^U^VaDmR [Options] PKmaIJZY\ 3 QMMXVfCGHKLhO
[Options]
DrvSpace=0
DblSpace=0
BootDelay=0
8. QVCXoSDmR\NKkf[IK`RSXGY File >> Save PKFOufkOMPSM\ Notepad
9. IOKGY[C Attributes DRL Msdos.sys B^mIOWC Read Only PKF Hidden I^\`RCIfZ\BCDmR 4. PKF 5.
•
7>545[W6TY:mq9g System.ini CG C:\Windows
1. IK`RSXGY Start Menu >> Run JZ\Jc_TUajU system.ini PKFSfXGYOpw\ OK
2. ^UQMMXVfXGY\G^VaDmR [386Enh] PKmaIJZY\_TU]VYLIDmUhO 2 QMMXVf
[386Enh]
LocalLoadHigh=1
PageBuffer=32
_jUDRL PageBuffer B^mSTU^CfIOWC_MoYL^CoYLDRL RAM XGY\GR[NjXVHL^\f IljC\GPM\R[Nj 64M. SiSTU^CfIOWC 32
^M`RsmUI_M`YRL\GPM\ 128M. SiIK`RSIOWC 64 _MVQ
3. ^UQMMXVfXGY\G^VaDmR [vcache] PKmaIJZY\_TU]VYLIDmUhO 2 QMMXVf
[vcache]
MinFileCache=8000
MaxFileCache=8000
_jUDRL 2 QMMXVfCGHeF^UhfmeUSeTUCaC RAM _NEfma[ 125 IljCPM\ 64M. eFIXjUSVQ
64x125=8000 ^M`RPM\ 128M. eFhfm 128x125=16000 _MVQ
4. QVCXoSDmR\NKkf[IK`RSXGY File >> Save PKFOufkOMPSM\ Notepad
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45[W6TY: Dial-Up Adapter ;<RS8Z\>8;5b\38;Ab8CG7>5;9YG;GbT
1. IOuf Control Panel fVQIQZHK_KZSXGY Network IK`RS Dial-Up Adapter PKFSfXGY Properties
2. SfIK`RSXGY Advance ljRL IP Packet Size IK`RSIOWC Large
3. ljRL Use IPX header compression IK`RSIOWC No Sf OK
404
•
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•
•
C]E7>5W@WQ[A_EQ8p9 (Compress Data) _Q:38;Ab8;<RS8Z\>8;5b\7>5;9YG;GbT
1. ]TU^MVQk\Ifi\PKF ISP XGYMRLMVQSUMQGQRVfDmR\NKDRLk\Ifi\ eFlja[B^mSUM]jLDmR\NKIMiaDoHChfm
2. \GtKIqJUFBC]jaCDRLDmR\NKPQQ Text ^M`R HTML ^M`RhrKcXGY[VLh\jtjUCSUMQGQRVfIXjUCVHC
3. SMEGDmR\NKhrKc^M`R{UJbjUL g RUeeFh\j_jR[I^iCtK\USCVS
4. IMZY\eUSIOuf^CmU My Computer >> Dial-Up Networking
5. _KZSI\U]cDaUXGYbMLSVQ Dial-Up DRL ISP XGYBlmLUC IK`RSXGY Properties
6. IK`RSXGY Configure.. IK`RSOU[ Connection SfXGYOpw\ Advanced..
7. IRUI_M`YRL^\U[sNSXGYljRL Compress data RRS PKFSfOpw\ OK 2 _MVHL SKVQ\UXGY^CmU General SjRC
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9. smU^USBlmLUChfm I\`YRfNXGY Connection DEFbjRRZCIbRMcICib Sf Details eFI^iC_TUajU Microsoft
Compression
45[W6TY:U>O3X5`[<Xg CDE8@U[ww>u5W7\GGEQOX@SUVA
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5. eUSDmR 4. smU\GPM\ 64M _aMSTU^CfIOWC 128 PbjsmU\GPM\R[Nj 128M ^M`R\USSajUCGH _aMeFSTU^CfIOWC
256 _MVQ
6. Sf OK 2 _MVHL XTUSUM Restart I_M`YRLB^\j
7. RjUCMU[KFIRG[fIJZY\IbZ\eUSIM`YRL SUMbVHLBlmLUC virtual memory _MVQ
X^>Z\>8UPQ>A Registry 9WUY\GX@Sm8Y=^>;4FG7[W7>5C]E:>GQQ7m4
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2. IMG[ShrKc Regclean.exe IJ`YRPbShrKc PKFBlmLUC
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2. _aMXTUOMF\UE]VS RUXZb[cKF_MVHL_MVQ
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405
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7>5C]EZ\>8U>8>5_Q: DMA CDE;Tb8X@S
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2. IK`RSXGY Disk Drives PKmaSfIK`RSXGYUMcffZ]ScDRLI_M`YRL
3. SfXGY Properties IK`RSXGYOU[ Settings
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7>545[W6TY: Registry CDE5PWW Windows C]E:>G CPU mAE;Tb845PURXBRx><
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Open this file... PKFSf Yes P_jCIGH RL_MVQ kf[eFPQjLIOWC 2 hrKc]TU^MVQI_M`YRLXGYBlmSUMcfeRPQQ AGP PKF
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1. _KZSXGYCGYIJ`YROMVQPbjL CPU Priority Registry ]TU^MVQI_M`YRLXGYBlmSUMcfeRPQQ AGP Slot
2. _KZSXGYCGYIJ`YROMVQPbjL CPU Priority Registry ]TU^MVQI_M`YRLXGYBlmSUMcfeRPQQ PCI Slot
*** ICmCRGS_MVHL SUMOMVQPbjL Registry PQQCGH KRLSVCIRL_MVQ t\h\jMVQOMFSVCajUMFQQeF\GO|^URFhM
^M`Rh\j IJG[LPbjQRSajU I_M`YRLt\h\j\GO|^URFhM MFQQIMiaDoHC\UhfmRGSJR]\_aM_MVQ ***
^KVLeUSI]Mie]ZHCSUMOMVQPbjLXpSR[jULPKma KRLIOMG[QIXG[Q_aU\MNm]oSbjUL g XVHLIaKUXGYBlmLUCXVYa g hOPKFIaKUIKjC
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\RB7@ >545[W6TY: Windows XP CDEX^>:>GmAE;5b\_tdG 6WWm8YTEQ:9:XVG
_aU\eMZLPKma MFQQOZQVbZSUM Windows XP CVHC \GSUMeVfSUMSVQ]jaCbjUL g XGY_jRCDmULeFfGR[NjPKma h\jeTUIOWC eFbmRL
hOOMVQPbjL RFhMIJZY\IbZ\SVCRGS PbjsmU^US B_MR[USeFI]MZ\kCjCCZf CGY^CjR[ SiKRL\UfNDVHCbRC SUMOMVQPbjL
Windows XP SVChfmIK[_MVQ
•
X^>7>59: Driver _Q:QV475ugTY>: r X@S8@8>CDEU^>D5[W Windows XP 3AO;o<>P
]TU^MVQXjUCXGYBlmLUC Windows XP CVHC _aU\eMZL^KVLeUSXGYKL Windows B^\j g PKma RpOSMEcQULbVa
RUeeF]U\UMs XTULUChfmIK[ kf[h\jbmRL\UCVYLKL Driver B^m[pjL[US PbjIJ`YRB^mRpOSMEcbjUL g CVCH ]U\UMs
XTULUChfm R[jULIbi\OMF]ZXdZ{UJ \USDoHC DRPCFCTUB^mXTUSUMKL Driver DRLRpOSMEcPbjKFbVahORGS_MVLH
fma[ eFlja[KfO|^UbjUL g BCSUMBlmLUChfm\US
406
•
7>545[W6TY: Performance _Q:5PWWCDEX^>:>GmAE;5b\_tdG
IOWCSUMbVHL_jU Virtual Memory DRLMFQQXGYI^\UF]\ kf[IMZY\eUSSUM_KZSI\U]cDaUXGY My Computer QC
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•
7>545[W6TY: Startup and Recovery _Q:5PWW\RG3A\Ug
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]TU^MVQaZdGPSmhDCVCH B^mIMUXTUSUMbMae]RQPQfIniSIbRMckf[RUeQNbI_M`YRLDoHC\Ufma[PtjCQNbPKmaBlm _TU]VYL Scandisk
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\USSiRUeh\j^U[ ^CXUL]pfXmU[_`RXTU Fdisk PQjLJUMcXZlVYCB^\jPKmaJ[U[U\SVC]jaCXGYIOWCPQfIniSIbRMcRRShO
QUL_MVHL]UI^bpXGYUMcffZ]ScQNbh\jDoHC CZYLILG[QhOIq[g RUeISZfeUSPtjC PCB ( PtjCaLeMfmUCKjULDRLUMcffZ]Sc ) ISZf
SUMliRb aZdGPSmhD_`RB^mCTUUMcffZ]ScMpjCIfG[aSVC ]IOW_I^\`RCSVC\UsRfIOKGY[CPtjC PCB SieFXTUB^mUMcffZ]ScbVaXGY
liRbSKVQ\UXTULUChfmI^\`RCIfZ\
^USbmRLSUMSNDm mR\NKXGY]TU_V|SKVQ\Uh\j_aMBlm_TU]VYL Fdisk IfifDUfIJMUFeFXTUB^mDmR\NKXGYR[Nj{U[BCUMcffZ]ScB^m
ISKGH[LhO^\f BCXGYCGHPCFCTUB^mBlmkOMPSM\ Spinrite BCSUMSNDm mR\NK]TU_V|g noYLkOMPSM\CGHIOWCkOMPSM\XGYsNS]MmUL
\UIJ`YRSNmDmR\NK{U[BCUMcffZ]Sckf[IqJUF
O|^UXGYISZfeUSnGJG[N
nGJG[NIOWCRpOSMEcXGYBlmIX_kCkK[GBCSUMtKZb_jRCDmUL]NL{U[BC\GMU[KFIRG[fnVQnmRCkf[eF\GXMUCnZ]IbRMcbVaIKiSg
R[NjMa\SVCCVQKmUCg bVaXTUB^m^US\GO|^UXGYISZfeUSnGJG[NPKmakRSU]XGYeFnjR\Pn\SKVQ_`CB^mIOWCI^\`RCIfZ\CVHC
IOWChOh\jhfmIK[ ljUL_R\JZaIbRMcI\`YRJQ]UI^bpRUSUMI]G[XGYISZfeUSnGJG[NPKmaSibmRLIOKGY[CbVaB^\j]sUCIfG[a
O|^UXGYISZfDoHCSVQnGJG[N]jaCB^|jPKmaeF\GIJG[L 2 RUSUMXGYljUL_R\JZaIbRMcJQhfmQjR[g RUSUMPMS_`R XTUB^mI_M`YRL
PL_cIOWCOMFeTU PKFRUSUMXGY]RL_`RaNQ^U[hOIq[g kf[XGYXpSR[jULOSbZ IljC\GhrIDmU JVfK\^\pC Pbjh\j\GRFhM
ISZfDoHCQC^CmUeR ]UI^bp]jaCB^|j\VSeFISZfeUSnGJG[N\G_aU\MmRC\USISZChOeCI\`YRsoLepfg ^CoYLSiIfGH[LhOPQQh\j
QRSh\jSKjUa IK[ ]TU^MVQaZdGPSmO|^USi_`RbmRL]jLI_K\]sUCIfG[a
RAM ^U[hOh^C Spec 128 MB. XTUh\ Windows QRSajU\GPM\P_j 96MB. IRL
RUSUMDRL RAM ^U[hOf`HR g eFISZfSVQSUMBlmI\CQRMcfMpjCXGY\G VGA on board CF_MVQ XGYeMZLSih\jhfm^U[hOh^C
^MRS IJG[LPbj]jaC^CoYLDRL RAM eFsNSCTUhOBlmSVQ VGA _MVQPKFDCUfXGYeF kfCCTUhOBlmSiRUeeFIOWC 2M, 4M,
8M hOeCsoL 128M. SihfmDoHCR[NSj QV SUMbVHLBC BIOS _MVQ
"Insert System Disk and Press Enter"
R[Nj g t\h\j]U\UMsQNbIDmU]NjaZCkfa]chfm h\jXMUQajUISZfRFhMDoHC kf[eFDoHCDmR_aU\ajU "Insert System Disk and
Press Enter" XVHL g XGYt\h\jhfmXTUSUMOMVQPbjLaZCkfa]c IK[
O|^UCGHISZfeUSQNbI_M`YRLkf[\GPtjCfZ]ScXGYh\j\G OS ^M`RMFQQOZQVbZSUMR[NjBChfMac A noYLDVHCbRCPSmO|^USiB^mIRU
PtjChfMac A RRSeUSCVHCSiSfOpw\ Enter IJG[LIXjUCGHSi]U\UMsIDmUaZCkfa]chfmPKma
hfMacnGfGMR\ RjUCPtjChfmQmULh\jhfmQmUL ^UPtjCh\jIeR PSmO|^UR[jULhM
421
O|^UCGH\VSeFh\jISZfSVQhfMacnGfMG R\bVaB^\j g _MVQ Pbj]jaCB^|jeFISZfSVQhfMacnGfGMR\XGY\GSUMBlmLUC \UCUCPKma
^M`ROMF\UE 1 ODoHChO PKF]UI^bpXGYI^iCSVCQjR[Si_R` ^VaRjUC]SOMS ]jaCB^|jeFIOWCJaSpwC IDmUhOSVQPtjCnGfG
PKmaIMUSiCTU\VCIDmUhORjUCBChfMac pwCSiIK[IDmUhObZfXGY^VaRjUC JR]F]\\US g IDmUSiIK[ XTUB^mISZf RUSUMfVLSKjUa
RjUCPtjCh\jhfmQmULKF ^UPtjCh\jIeRQmULKF aZdGSUMPSmhDSi_`RXTU_aU\]FRUf^VaRjUC kf[BlmPtjCnGfXG GYham]TU^MVQXTU
_aU\]FRUf^VaRjUC XGY\GDU[R[NjbU\MmUC_R\JZaIbRMcXVYahO\UBlm MVQMRLRUSUMfVLSKjUaeFh\jISZfDoHCPCjCRC
O|^UDRL CD Audio
smU_pEIKjCnGfGRRfZkRBC CD Writer PKma Windows Media ^M`R CD Playar P]fLDmR_aU\ "Please insert an audio
compact disk" ^M`R Data or no disk loaded RUe\G]UI^bp\UeUShfMIaRMc aZdGPSm_`R B^mIOuf Control Panel IK`RS Sound
&Multimedia _KZS Devices fVQIQZK_KZS XGY Media Control Devices PKF CD Audio Devices (Media Control) _KZS
Remove PKF Yes _KZS OK IJ`YROuf ^CmUbjULXVHL^\fPKFQNbI_M`YRLB^\j
RFhM_`R]UI^bp XGYXTUB^mPtjC CD-ROM IKjCIJKLeCPtjCPbS
SKU[IOWCIM`YRLOSbZdMM\fUhOPKma_MVQ IM`RY LhfMac CD-ROM XTUPtjCPbS noYL]UI^bpSiIOWCIJMUFhfMac XGYtKZbBC
OeepQVC\G_aU\IMia]NL XTUB^mI\`YRRjUCPtjCXGY\G_E
p {UJbYTU^M`RPtjCXG\Y GMR[DGfDjaCKoS g SiXTUB^mISZf]FfpfIOWCtK XTUB^m
PtjCPbS noYLO|^UCGHIMUeFh\jJQBChfMacMpjCISjU g IK[ XULPSmS_i `R^KGSIKGY[LSUMBlmPtjCXGY\G_E
p {UJbYTU ^M`RPtjCXGY
IOWCMR[\US g
agp pro OSbZIOWCDRLI\CQRMcf Asus _MVQ
IM`YRLDRL 2X PKF 4X CF_MVQ
RjUCCF IRU\UIXjUCGHSjRCCF
422
GA card PQQ AGP
===============
AGP [jR\UeUS Accelerated Graphics Port JVCUkf[
Intel kf[RmULRZLR[NjSVQ\UbM
UC PCI 2.1 eoL\GPQCfcaZfXcR[NjXGY
66 MHz. epfOMF]L_cDRL AGP SiIJ`YRIJZY\_aU\IMiaBCSUMP]fL
tKkf[IqJUFSVQaVbsp 3 \ZbZPKFSUMXTUJ`HCtZaXGYIMG[SajU texture
XTUB^mSUMP]fLtK{UJaZfZkRXGYKFIRG[fPKFMUQM`YC\USDoHC
]TU^MVQSUMJVCU AGP kf[RZCIXKIMZY\BlmbVHLPbj[_p DRL Slot-1 PKF
Pentium II BCOeepQVCSi[VL\GBlmR[NjMa\XVHLQRMcfDRLniR_ISib 7 XGY
IMG[SajU Super 7 Si]CVQ]CpC AGP fma[ AGP [p_PMSIOWC AGP
PQQ 1X bjR\U 2X PKFXGY]NL]pfbRCCG_H `RPQQ 4X XG\GBCI\CQRMcf
XGYBlmlZJInibMpjCB^\j g
SUM]MmUL{UJ 3 \ZbZeF\G]jaCOMFSRQXGY]TU_V| 2 ]jaC_`R SUM]MmULaVbsp
3 \ZbZPKFSUMXTUJ`HCtZa kf[XVYahO^CmUXGYSUM]MmULaVbsp 3 \ZbZeFIOWC^CmUXGY
DRLnGJG[NIC`YRLeUSnGJG[N]U\UMs_TUCaEIKDXCZ[\hfmeTUCaC\US g hfm
fGSajUlZJP]fLtK ]jaClZJP]fLtKXGYR[NjBCSUMcfaGeGIReFeVfSUMXULfmUC
SUMXTUJ`HCtZaPKFP]LILUbjUL g smU[ZYL\GSUMBlmJ`HCtZaDCUfB^|j eTUCaCQZb
]G\US g PKmaeFbmRL\GSUMkRCsjU[DmR\pKeTUCaC\US\U[PKFbjRIC`YRLIljCIS\]c
OMFI{X 3 \ZbZ SUMIKjCIS\]cB^mhfm_aU\IMia]NL g PRJJKZI_lVYCXULdpMSZe
aZaSMM\k[dU PRCZI\lVYCbjUL g CGYSibmRLSUMPM\\\US g CF_MVQ R[jU_ZfajU
IMUh\jhfmXTULUCJaSCVHCCF_MVQSiRUeeFIOWCSUMIMG[C^M`RIRU\UoSU_MVQ
kOMPSM\XGYbmRLSUMSUMOMF\aKtKXGYbmRLSUM_aU\IMiaCGY^US\G^Cja[_aU\eTU
\US g CGSY ieFlja[B^m_aU\]U\UMsXULfmUC 3 \ZbZfGPKFIMia_MVQ h\jbmRL\U\Va
CVYL_R[XM\UCR[NjCF_MVQ IljC ^US\GLUCJMGInCIblVYCXGYbmRLSUMB^mI^iC]ZC_mU
^M`RRpOSMEcXGYbmRLSUMI^iCBC^KU[\p\\RL^M`RXGYBSKm g SiJaSlUMcbDRL
IRiSInKXGYP]fLtKPQQPRCZI\lVYCCF_MVQXGYDCUfB^|j g CVHCbmRLSUM^Cja[
_aU\eTUBCSUMP]fLtK\USXGIfG[a_MVQ SUMIJZY\PM\QCSUMcfP]fLtKCVHC
IOWCSUMPSmO|^UXGY\GMU_UPJLIJMUFbmRCXpCBCSUMtKZbPM\XGY\GMU_U]NL s`RajU
IOWCSUM]ZHCIOK`RL SUMcfPQQ AGP RRSPQQ\UIJ`YRIOWCSUMPSmO|^UCGHkf[eF
\GljRLXULXGY]MmULDoHC\Ukf[IqJUF h\jDoHCR[NjSVQQV]Bf g \GSUMeVfSUMIOWCDRLbC
IRL ljRLXULXGY]MmULDoHCCGHeFXTUSUMbZfbjRMF^ajUL System Memory ^M`RPM\
XGYR[NjQCI\CQRMcfbZfbjRSVQ Graphic Chip IJ`YRIJZY\_aU\IMiaBCSUMsjU[DmR\NK
PKFfoLIRU]jaCXGYajULDRL System Memory \UBlmBCSUMOMF\aKtKDRL
Texture DCUfB^|jljRLXULCGH_R` AGP XTUB^mKfSUMBlmPM\eTUCaC\USQCbVaSUMcf
SUMcfaGeGIRPQQ AGP _pE]\QVbZDRLSUMcf AGP _`R DIME ^M`R Direct Memory
Excecute SUMOMF\aKtKtjUC^Cja[_aU\eTUDRLMFQQ^M`RPM\kf[bML
I]\`RCajUIOWC^Cja[_aU\eTUDRLbCIRL XTUB^mh\jeTUIOWCbmRL\GPM\QCbVaSUMcfP]fLtK
423
XGY\US\U[
_aU\eTU^KVSCVHCeF]jLtKB^m\GSUM]jLtjUCDmR\NKDRLSUMcfaGeGIR\G
_aU\MafIMiaDoHC SUM]jLtjUCDmR\NKDRL^Cja[_aU\eTU^KVSeFDoHC
SVQlCZfDRL^Cja[_aU\eTUfVLCGH_MVQ
1. PQQ EDO DRAM.SDRAM eFhfm 528 MB/S
2. PQQ SDRAM PC100 eFhfm 800 MB/S
3. PQQ DRDRAM eFhfm 1.4 GB/S
fVLCVHCSUMXGYeFhfm_aU\IMiaDRLSUM]jLtjUCDmR\NKDRL AGP SGY X CVHC
SibmRLDoHCSVQlCZfDRL^Cja[_aU\eTU^KVSfma[_MVQ IljC _pEBlmI\CQRMcf
XGYMRLMVQ AGP4X PbjBlm SDram Sih\jhfmBlm_aU\]U\UMssoL 4X ^MRS_MVQ
IJMUFPM\\G_aU\hah\jsoL_MVQ
IDmUBeIM`YRLSGY X DRL AGP
=================
I\`YR\GSUMIMG[SBlmDmR\NKJ`HCtZa DmR\NKJ`HCtZaeFsNSRjUCeUSRpOSMEcefV ISiQDmR\NKIljC
UMcffZ]Sc^M`RnGfGMR\IRUhOISiQhamBC System Memory eUSCVHC Graphic Chip
eFOMF\aKtK Texture eUS System Memory tjUCXULJRMcb AGP I\`YRhfmtKKVJdc
PKmaeF]jL\U[VLQVrIrRMcnoYLSi_`R Local Video Memory IJ`YRCTU\UPOKLIOWC]V||UE
{UJP]fLXGY\RCZIbRMcRGSXG^CoYL
AGP \G_aU\SamULDRLQV]IXjUSVQ 32 QZbI^\`RCSVQ PCI PbjPbSbjULbMLSVQXGY\C
V aZYLXGY
_aU\IMiaIXjUSVQ_aU\IMiaDRL FSB noYLbjULSVQ PCI XGYaZYLfma[_aU\IMia_MoYL^CoYLDRL FSB
^USIOWCQV]_aU\ha 66 MHz. SieFOMVQ_jU]Vf]jaC AGP IOWC 1/1 QCQV]_aU\ha 100 MHz.
eFOMVQ_jU]Vf]jaC AGP IOWC 2/3 ]jaCI\CQRMcfMpjCB^\jXGYBlmQVa 133 MHz. SieFOMVQ_jU
]Vf]jaC AGP IOWC 1/2 XTUB^mSUMkRCsjU[DmR\NKDRL AGP \G\USSajU PCI soL 2 IXjU CRS
eUSCVHC AGP [VL]U\UMs]jLDmR\NKhfmsoL 2 _MVHLbjR 1 MRQ]V||UECUZSUkf[eFXTUSUM]jL
DmR\NKXVHLDRQDUDoCH PKFDUKLDRL]V||UECUZSU XTUB^m\GSUMkRCsjU[DmR\NK\USSajU PCI
soL 4 IXjU^M`R OMF\UE 528 MB./s PKFIC`YRLeUS AGP IOWCQV]PQQ pipeline noYLXTUB^m
lZJaGeGIR]U\UMsOMF\aKPKFkRCsjU[DmR\NKDmR\NKIOWChfmR[jULIbi\XGY RGSXVHL AGP [VLhfmIJZY\QV]
JZIRGS 8 I]mCIMG[SajU Sideband Addressing ]TU^MVQB^mlZJaGeGIROMF\aKtK_TU]VYL
JMmR\SVQ]jLDmR\NKtjUCXULI\CQV] 32 I]mChfm
++++++++++++++++++
424
_TU]VYL : Format
_TURdZQU[ : IOWC_TU]VYLXGY]TU_V| BlmBCSUMeVfIMG[LPXMSIniSIbRMc ]MmULPKFPQjLJ`HCXGY]TU^MVQeVfISiQhrKc ^US\GDmR\NKR[Nj
BCfZ]Sc PKmaCTU\UrRMcP\b eFXTUB^m^U[hO]ZHC qFCVHC_aMMFaVLIOWCR[jUL\USBCSUMBlm_TU]VYLCGH
MNOPQQ_TU]VLY : format hfMr¤IljC C: D: A: /s /q /u
bVaR[jUL_TU]VYL : fotmat c:/s /u /q
RdZQU[RROlVYC :
/s = XTUB^mhfMr¤XGYIMUrRMcP\bCVHC\GhrKcMFQQXGY]U\UMsQNbI_M`YRLR[Njfma[
/q = XTUSUMrRMcP\bPQQMafIMia SUMBlmRROlVYCCGHeFBlmSibjRI\`YRhfMr¤CVHCI_[sNSrRMcP\b\UPKma
/u = IOWCSUM[SIKZSrRMcP\bPQQ "sefe format" XTUB^mSUMrRMcP\bIMiaDoHCSajUIfZ\
IJZY\IbZ\ : ^KVLSUMrRMcP\bPKma IMUbmRLBlml`YRhfMr¤XGYIMUrRMcP\b noYLeF]U\UMsB]jhfmh\jISZCSajU 11 bVaRVSM
]VYL : Xcopy
_TURdZQU[ : IOWC_TU]VYLXGYD[U[_aU\]U\UMsDRL_TU]VYL copy dMM\fU kf[_TU]VLY CGHIMU]U\UMsSROOhrKcBCkrKcIfRMc
hfmXGH^\f
_TU]VYLCGHeFBlmBCSMEGXGYIMUbmRLSUMSROOhrKceTUCaC\USg PKFh\jbmRLSUMIOKGY[C^M`R[mU[bTUP^CjL[jR[DRLhrKcCVHC g
MNOPQQ_TU]VYL : xcopy hfMr¤bmCqQVQIljC C: D: A: /krKcIfRMcXGYbmRLSUM[mU[
I_UF^CoYL_MVHLPKmaJZ\JchfMr¤IOU^\U[IljC C: D: A: /krKcIfRMcIOU^\U[XGYbmRLSUM[mU[h\jeTUIOWCajUbmRL\GR[NjPKma /s /e
/v /w
bVaR[jUL_TU]VYL : xcopy c:\pos a:\mov /s /e /v /w
RdZQU[RROlVYC :
/s = SROOXVHLkrKcIfRMc^KVS PKFkrKcIfRMc[jR[XVHL^\fhO[VLIOU^\U[
/e = SROOkrKcIfRMcXGYajULh\j\GhrKcRFhMR[NjhOfma[
/ v = bMae]RQDmR\NKfma[ajUsNSbmRL^M`Rh\j
/ w = ^[pfIJ`YRSfOpw\Bfg SjRCXGeY F\GSUMXTULUCbjRhO
IJZY\IbZ\ : smUOKU[XULDRLSUMSROOIOWCkrKcIfRMcXGY[VLh\jhfm]MmULDoHC\U eF\G_TUsU\DoHC\UajUeFB^m]MmULIOWChrKc
^M`R]MmULIOWC krKcIfRMc noYLPCFCTUB^mSf D IJMUFsmUSf F
_TU]VYL : Deltree
_TURdZQU[ : _TU]VYLCGHIOWC_TU]VYLXGYBlmSVCQjR[I^\`RCSVC_MVQ _TU]VYLCGHeFIOWCSUM]VYLB^mKQkrKcIfRMcXGYIMUSTU^Cf noYL^US\G
hrKcR[NjBCkrKcIfRMc
^M`RP\mPbjnVQ[jR[krKcIfRMcSieFsNSKQhO^\f_MVQ
MNOPQQ_TU]VYL : deltree krKIfRMc ^M`RhrKcXGYbmRLSUMKQ
bVaR[jUL_TU]VYL : deltree windows
RdZQU[RROlVYC : ^KVLeUS]VYLKQ_TU]VYLCGHeFDoHCDmR_aU\ajU IMUPCjBeXGYeFKQ^M`Rh\j smUPCjBeSiSf y smUIOKGY[CBeh\jKQ
SiSf N _MVQ
IJZY\IbZ\ : SUM]VYLKQfma[_TU]VYLCGH P\mPbjhrKcXGYsNSnjRCeFh\jMRfJmChOhfm qFCVHC_aMMFaVLIOWCR[jUL[ZYLBCSUMBlmLUC
_TU]VYL : Move
_TURdZQU[ : _TU]VYLCGHIOWC_TU]VYLBlmBCSUMI_K`YRC[mU[hrKceUShfMr¤ krKcIfRMc^CoYL hO[VLhfMr¤krKcIfRMcRGSXGY^CoYL SUM
I_K`YRC[mU[CGH]U\UMs
STU^CfhfmajUeFI_K`YRC[mU[hOXVHL^\f ^M`RhOXGYKFhrKc CRSeUSCGHtNmBlm[LV IOKGY[Cl`RY hrKcDEFXGY[mU[hfmfma[
425
MNOPQQ_TU]VYL : Move hfMr¤bmCqQVQIljC C: D: A: bU\fma[krKcIfRMc ^M`RhrKcXGYbmRLSUM[mU[ hO[VLIOU^\U[ XGY
STU^Cf
bVaR[jUL_TU]VYL : move C:\windows C:\win
RdZQU[RROlVYC : smUbmRLSUM[mU[hrKcBCkrKcIfRMc SiB^mJZ\Jcl`YRhrKcbjRXmU[ IljC C:\windows\win.exe
IJZY\IbZ\ : _TU]VYLCGHBlmBCSMEGXGYIMUeFKLaZCkfa]cB^\jPbj[VLh\jPCjBeajU DRLbVaISjU\GRFhMXGY[VLbmRLBlmR[NjQmUL SiB^mBlm
aZdGCGH_MVQ smUPCjBeajUbVaISjUh\j\GRFhMI^K`RR[NjB^mbmRLBlm PKmaSiKQ hfmIK[
_TU]VYL : Attrib
_TURdZQU[ : _TU]VYLCGH Blm]TU^MVQSTU^Cf_pE]\QVbZB^mhrKcajU]U\UMsXTURFhMSVQhrKchfmQmUL IljC h _`RnjRChrKc
MNOPQQ_TU]VYL : attrib +r +h +a +s bU\fma[l`YRhrKcXGYbmRLSUMSTU^Cf_pE]\QVbZ
bVaR[jUL_TU]VYL : move +r +h jojo.txt
RdZQU[RROlVYC : _TU]VYLeF\GSUMSTU^Cf]sUCFDRLhrKcR[Nj 4 PQQfma[SVC_`R
+r ]TU^MVQSTU^CfB^mhrKc]U\UMsRjUChfmR[jULIfG[ah\j]U\UMsXTUSUMKQ ^M`RIOKGY[Cl`YRhrKchfm
+h ]TU^MVQSTU^CfB^mhrKc]U\UMsnjRCbVaeUSSUM\RLI^iChfm
+a ]TU^MVQSTU^CfIJ`YRP]fLB^mMNmajUhrKcCVHCg IOWChrKcXGYSTU^Cf_pE]\QVbZ kf[kOMPSM\
+s ]TU^MVQSTU^CfIJ`YRP]fLB^mMNmajU hrKcCGHIOWChrKcDRLMFQQ
IJZY\IbZ\ : smUbmRLSUMB^m]sUCFDRLhrKcSKVQ_`C^M`R^U[hO B^mXTUSUMBlm_TU]VYLnHTURGS_MVHL^CoYLPbjBlmKQ IljC
hrKc\G]sUCF]TU^MVQRjUCR[jULIfG[a smUbmRLSUMPSm_`CIljC attrib -r jojo.txt
_TU]VYL : md
_TURdZQU[ : IOWC_TU]VYL]TU^MVQ]MmULhfIMSXRMGY (krKIfRMcCVYC^KF)
MNOPQQ_TU]VYL : md bU\fma[l`YRDRLhfIMSXRMGXGYbmRLSUM]MmUL
bVaR[jUL_TU]VYL : md kok
RdZQU[RROlVYC : h\j\G
IJZY\IbZ\ : IOWC_TU]VYLLjU[g _MVQKRLXTUfNnZ_MVQ
_TU]VYL : rd
_TURdZQU[ : IOWC_TU]VYL]TU^MVQKQhfIMSXRMGY
MNOPQQ_TU]VYL : rd bU\fma[l`YRDRLhfIMSXRMGYXGYbmRLSUMKQ
bVaR[jUL_TU]VYL : rd kok
RdZQU[RROlVYC : ^U\GhrKcR[NjBChfIMSXRMGYeFh\j]U\UMsXTUSUMKQhfmCF_MVQ bmRLXTUSUMKQhrKcXGYR[Nj{U[BCXZHL
I]G[SjRC_MVQ
IJZY\IbZ\ : ^USbmRLSUMKQhfIMSXRMGYPKma\GhrKcR[NjfmUCBC^M`R\GhfIMSXRMGYnmRCR[Nj Blm_TU]VYL deltree fGSajU_MVQ
_TU]VYL : del
_TURdZQU[ : _TU]VYL]TU^MVQ]VYLKQhrKc_MVQ
MNOPQQ_TU]VYL : del bU\fma[l`YRhrKcXGYbmRLSUMKQ_MVQ
bVaR[jUL_TU]VYL : del jojo.txt
RdZQU[RROlVYC : ^USbmRLSUMKQhrKcXGY\GeTUCaC\USg R[NjBChfIMSXRMGYIfG[aSVC _pE]U\UMsBlm_TU]VYL del *.*
IJZY\IbZ\ : SUM]VYLKQhrKc ^UShrKcCVHCbVHL attrib IOWC +r eFh\j]U\UMsKQhfm_MVQ bmRLPSm attrib CVHCI]G[SjRC