Part 3 - Locations here

Transcription

SEE TCP SAGITTARIUS
LAUNCHING
(G)LOCAL
PRIORITY 4: Development of Transnational Synergies for Sustainable Growth Areas
AREA OF INTERVENTION 3: Promote the use of cultural values for development
WP3: HERINEXUS: TRANSNATIONAL ALLIANCES TO PROMOTE HERITAGE
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Act. 3.1: “Activating the Transnational Network”
st
Output 1: 1 Transnational Study Visit: “UNDERSTANDING RESOURCES IN SITU”
LEVEL
HERITAGE
ENTRE
PRENEUR
SHIP:
STRATEGIES
AND
TOOLS
TO
UNITE
FORCES,
SAFEGUARD
THE
PLACE,
MOBILIZE
CULTURAL
Castle: D’Amboise Gate and the Moat (Fossa)
VALUES,
DELIVER
THE
1ST TRANSNATIONAL STUDY VISIT, RHODES, GREECE
EXPERIENCE
www.aegean.gr
PART III: THE LOCATIONS
[SEE TCP SAGITTARIUS]
May 12, 2011
This document entails guidelines for
the physical object of the SEE TCP
Project SAGITTARIUS. It is co
financed
by
the
European
Commission.
The
SEE
TCP
Project
SAGITTARIUS includes partners
from 8 countries: Italy, Greece,
Hungary,
Slovenia,
Romania,
Bulgaria, Croatia, Moldova funded
by the ERDF, and IPA Instruments
and
the
respective
national
contributions (15% of the Project
budget). The overall project budget
is
2.489.980,00
€
(ERDF
contribution: 2.012.783,00 €; IPA
contribution: 103.700,00 €).
SAGITTARIUS is dedicated to the
development
and
promotion
of
heritage entrepreneurships in the
area of South East Europe. The
Transnational
Project
will
be
implemented in 36 months and be
finalized by February 2014.
This document does not necessarily
reflect the opinion of the members of
the European Commission and the
Team Leader of the SEE TCP .
Information on the SEE TCP Project
SAGITTARIUS
PROJECT
projects
be
can
found
and
at
http://www.southeasteurope.net/en/projects/approved_pro
jects/?id=136. The web side provides
the possibility to download and
examine the most recent information
produced by finalised and ongoing
SEE SAGITTARIUS.
UNIVERSITY OF THE AEGEAN | COVER:
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May 12, 2011
COVER:
RHODES, MEDIEVAL FORTIFICATION
Gate d’ Amboise
The most impressive gate of Rhodes from a military viewpoint,
built by Grand Master Emery d'Amboise, of the Order of Saint John in Rhodes (15031512) completed in 1512.
Cultural Values for Development:
ENOTECA EMERY
http://www.emery.gr/indexen.html
Concept and Data Compilation:
Dorothea Papathanasiou-Zuhrt
Athens 12.09.2011
UNIVERSITY OF THE AEGEAN | COVER:
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May 12, 2011
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER: .............................................................................................................................................................................3
Cultural Values for Development:.......................................................................................................................... 3
ENOTECA EMERY..........................................................................................................................................................3
http://www.emery.gr/indexen.html....................................................................................................................... 3
Concept and Data Compilation: .............................................................................................................................. 3
Dorothea Papathanasiou-Zuhrt .............................................................................................................................. 3
TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................................................................4
SAGITTARIUS: PROJECT SUMMARY...................................................................................................................... 6
SAGITTARIUS: WP, LEAD & ACTIVITIES OVERVIEW TABLE.......................................................................... 7
st
PART B: 1 TRANSNATIONAL ON SITE VISIT ................................................................................................. 15
STUDY VISIT PART I: VALLEY OF THE BUTTERFLIES ..................................................................................... 16
STUDY VISIT PART II: LINDOS .............................................................................................................................. 18
Protagonists: .......................................................................................................................................................... 18
Why theses protagonists? ................................................................................................................................ 18
Our theme: Changes in the military tactics and the evolution of weapons reflect changes
in the landscape. ............................................................................................................................................. 19
The triple wall defences of Constantinople ............................................................................................... 19
Landscape transformations .............................................................................................................................. 21
Byzantine Monuments in Rhodes. 330AD -1309AD ......................................................................... 21
Multi-layered Lindos ........................................................................................................................................... 22
Main Interpretive Theme: Evolution of Battle and Defense Tactics across History ................... 23
The Greek Phalanx .......................................................................................................................................... 23
The Roman Legion ......................................................................................................................................... 24
How could Roman Legions defeat the invincible phalanx tactic of Greek? ………………….24
The Medieval Army: a powerful machine or a collection of undisciplined mob? ...................... 25
The Byzantine Army (Eastern Roman Army) ........................................................................................ 26
Greek fire ............................................................................................................................................................ 27
Statement: The roman army had the one ingredient that the medieval army lacked-discipline. ............................................................................................................................................................ 29
Maritime republics ............................................................................................................................................... 30
Lindos Town ........................................................................................................................................................... 31
Lindos Acropolis ................................................................................................................................................... 31
UNIVERSITY OF THE AEGEAN | Athens 12.09.2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS
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May 12, 2011
STUDY VISIT PART III: Grand Master’s Palace, Rhodes Old City ............................................................. 34
RHODES OLD TOWN IN PICTURES .................................................................................................................... 34
Intercultural ‘Communication’ Paradigm ‘ (???? - !!!!)......................................................................... 35
Another Siege of Rhodes: Travelblog .......................................................................................................... 36
The Grand Master’s Palace ............................................................................................................................... 37
Grand Master’s Palace Exhibition "Ancient Rhodes - 2400 Years ................................................ 39
The new Hospital of the Knights .................................................................................................................... 40
The First Hospital at Argyrokastrou Square .............................................................................................. 41
The Street of the Knights (Ippoton) .............................................................................................................. 42
Prince Djem’s or Djijim’s House ..................................................................................................................... 43
Inn of France, Knight Street ............................................................................................................................. 44
The Naval Dockyard ............................................................................................................................................ 45
RHODES FORTIFICATION PLAN .......................................................................................................................... 46
THE GATES ................................................................................................................................................................... 48
The Arsenal Gate .................................................................................................................................................. 49
Saint Catherine’s Gate (Sea Gate) .................................................................................................................. 50
D'Amboise's Gate ................................................................................................................................................. 51
Saint Paul Gate ...................................................................................................................................................... 52
Saint Athanasios Gate ........................................................................................................................................ 53
Outer Saint John Gate ........................................................................................................................................ 54
Museum Gate ........................................................................................................................................................ 55
Liberty Gate ............................................................................................................................................................ 56
Mills and Saint Anthony Gate ......................................................................................................................... 57
Saint Nicholas Tower .......................................................................................................................................... 58
Siege of Rhodes (1480) ........................................................................................................................................... 59
Kanunu Sultan Süleyman .................................................................................................................................. 60
Siege of Rhodes 1522 ........................................................................................................................................ 63
EPITOMY: Knights of Rhodes and Malta: AD 1309-1798 .......................................................................... 67
PART B: WP FEATURES ............................................................................................................................................ 70
INDEX OF PRPOJECT OUTPUTS // WP4 ........................................................................................................... 70
WP4: 01/06/2012 - 30/11/2012...................................................................................................................... 70
INDEX OF PRPOJECT RESULTS // WP4 ............................................................................................................. 70
WP4: 01/06/2012 - 30/11/2012...................................................................................................................... 70
UNIVERSITY OF THE AEGEAN | Athens 12.09.2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS
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May 12, 2011
SAGITTARIUS: PROJECT SUMMARY
Cultural consumption is a knowledge based activity:
cultural products and services are viable,
only if they possess widely recognized values.
SAGITTARIUS advances cultural consumption by communicating cultural values:
from natural monuments and ecosystems to sites and collections, from the arts to
traditions and handicrafts. Thus values of tangible-intangible, movable-immovable
and spiritual heritage assets become catalysts for regeneration and development by
being revealed and communicated. Given the diversity and complexity of heritage,
the use of cultural values for development is feasible, only if multilateral interactions
are understood and reflected in policy and delivery. Required is a multivalent and
flexible nexus at local-global level to mitigate the protection-use conflict reconciling
national and international strategies.
SAGITTARIUS provides the Cooperation Area with an activity mix to fully realize the
socioeconomic potential of culture: put into practice is an integrative management
system to classify and signify natural, man made and spiritual heritage assets and
communicate their values to different audiences across the SEE. To promote
entrepreneurial culture in the heritage sector,
SAGITTARIUS encourages the formation of heritage entrepreneurs: a participatory
knowledge platform transfers advanced tools among multilevel actors to protect and
use heritage assets by identifying their environmental, social, historic, aesthetic,
spiritual and special values; domain specific training certifies individuals with
increased capacities certifying professional skills. Implemented pilot actions on a
social inclusion basis, provide for cultural experience diversity connecting thus local
cultural production to international markets. By activating public-private-third sector
alliances, heritage entrepreneurship is established at transnational level, exemplifying,
how heritage is valued, protected, communicated and used with ecologic, economic
and social profit.
UNIVERSITY OF THE AEGEAN | SAGITTARIUS: PROJECT SUMMARY
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May 12, 2011
SAGITTARIUS: WP, LEAD & ACTIVITIES OVERVIEW TABLE
WP 0:
PREPARATION ACTIVITIES
WP LEAD: LP
ACTIVITY
TITLE
Act. 01
Development of a Project Idea and a Transnational Network
Responsible Partner LP
Act. 02
Submission of the Expression of Interest
TIME PERIOD
01/11/2009 20/12/2009
01/11/2009 20/12/2009
TOTAL BUDGET (ERDF)
4,000.00 EUR
Act. 03
01/11/2009 15/06/2010
1,000.00 EUR
01/11/2009 15/06/2010
11,000.00 EUR
Act. 04
Act. 1.1
Act. 1.2
Participation at Seminars and Info Days organized by the JTS and
NCPs
Submission of the Project Proposal – Final Application Form
5,500.00 EUR
WP1:
TRANSNATIONAL PROJECT & FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT AND PROJECT MONITORING
WP LEAD: LP
Transnational Project Administration, Management and Coordination 01/03/2011 156,300.00 EUR
28/02/2014
Transnational Project Monitoring
01/03/2011 216,100.00 EUR
28/02/2014
UNIVERSITY OF THE AEGEAN | SAGITTARIUS: WP, LEAD & ACTIVITIES OVERVIEW
TABLE
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Act. 1.3
Act. 2.1
Act. 2.2
Act. 2.3
Act. 2.4
Act. 2.5
Act. 3.1
Act. 3.2
Administrative Project Closeout
01/06/2013 28/02/2014
WP2: TRANSNATIONAL PROJECT COMMUNICATION
WP LEAD: LP
Delivering the Project’s Main Public Medium and Permanent
01/06/2011 Information and Transparency Source
28/02/2014
Responsible Partner ERDF PP6
Communication with the JTS and Programme Management
01/03/2011 Structures
28/02/2014
Communication Plan and Project Branding at global level
01/03/2011 Responsible Partner LP
30/11/2013
Internal Communication Strategy
01/06/2011 Responsible Partner LP
28/02/2014
External Communication Strategy to disseminate Project results to
01/06/2011 different target publics
28/02/2014
WP3 HERINEXUS:
TRANSNATIONAL ALLIANCES TO PROMOTE HERITAGE ENTREPRENEURSHIP
WP LEAD ERDF PP3
Activation of the Transnational Network
01/06/201Responsible Partner LP
30/06/2011
Developing a vision for key stakeholders and players from the Public, 01/06/2011 Private and Third Sector to embrace and support heritage
30/11/2011
TABLE
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29,600.00 EUR
39,300.00 EUR
4,900.00 EUR
113,700.00 EUR
14,000.00 EUR
215,200.00 EUR
77,200.00 EUR
17,300.00 EUR
May 12, 2011
Act. 3.3
Act. 3.4
Act. 3.5
entrepreneurship at transnational level
Establishing a Partnership led Collaborative Network to promote
Project Scope
Transnational Non statutory Co operation Agreement with the
Public-Private-Third Sector
SAGITTARIUS: Foundation of an Open Collaborative Network to
guarantee viability of Project results
01/09/2011 31/03/2012
43,900.00 EUR
01/09/2011 31/03/2012
142,600.00 EUR
01/09/2011 28/02/2014
27,000.00 EUR
WP4 :
USING A PARTICIPATORY KNOWLEDGE PLATFORM TO GUIDE HERITAGE ENTREPRENEURS UNLOCK THE VALUES OF HERITAGE
RESOURCES
WP LEAD LP
Act. 4.1
Transnational Experience Exchange, Good Practice Transfer
01/06/2012 220,080.00 EUR
30/11/2012
Act. 4.2
Development of Professional Skills in Heritage Interpretation to
01/06/2011 32,500.00 EUR
unlock cultural values (eCourse)
31/05/2012
Act. 4.3
Creation of professionals with increased capacities in Heritage
01/04/2012 13,100.00 EUR
Interpretation
30/11/2012
Act. 4.4
Transnational Pooling of Expertise. Good Practice Database in
01/03/2012 26,000.00 EUR
Heritage Planning and Management
30/11/2012
TABLE
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Act. 4.5
Act. 5.1
Using Natural and Cultural Heritage as a Recreational Learning
Resource
01/06/2012 30/11/2012
30,200.00 EUR
WP5 HERIBUILDER:
STRATEGIES & TOOLS TO DESIGN HIGH ADDED VALUE CULTURAL PRODUCTS & SERVICES
WP LEAD: ERDF PP7
The Transnational Heritage Register
01/12/2011 17,000.00 EUR
31/05/2012
Act. 5.2
The Transnational Significance Assessment Tool
01/01/2012 28/02/2014
16,000.00 EUR
Act. 5.3
Typology of Heritage Products and Services to promote value-driven
Cultural Consumption
The Collaborative Planning Process for Design and Delivery of Place
Driven Cultural Products and Services
01/04/2012 30/09/2012
22,500.00 EUR
01/10/2012 30/04/2013
52,800.00 EUR
01/05/2013 31/08/2013
22,200.00 EUR
Act. 5.4
Act. 5.5
Design and Delivery of a high added value Cultural Heritage
Consumption Mix
WP6 HERICARE:
TABLE
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Act. 6.1
Act. 6.2
Act. 6.3
PARTICIPATORY PRACTICES IN THE PLANNING & MANAGEMENT OF HERITAGe
WP LEAD: ERDF PP1
Involving and Engaging Communities to unlock cultural values and
01/09/2011 15,000.00 EUR
formulate local cultural offers
31/05/2012
YOUNG ARCHERS: Involving and Engaging Young Audiences into the 01/09/2012 30,240.00 EUR
Caring of Heritage
30/11/2012
Involving and Engaging Entrepreneurs in the Heritage Business
01/11/2011 25,880.00 EUR
29/02/2012
Act. 6.4
Putting Theory into Practice: Pilot Project Area Selection
01/03/2012 31/05/2012
29,880.00 EUR
Act. 6.5
Monitoring the "Heritage Business"
01/01/2012 31/12/2012
30,000.00 EUR
WP7 HERITAINMENT:
COMMUNICATE CULTURAL VALUES AND DELIVER THE EXPERIENCE VIA THEMATIC TRAILS AND A ROVING MUSEUM
WP LEAD ERDF PP4
Act. 7.1
Production of Materials for the Transnational Heritage Trail
01/07/2012 30/11/2012
110,200.00 EUR
Act. 7.2
THE GOLDEN ARROW: The Projects Roving Museum
01/09/2012 -
81,000.00 EUR
TABLE
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Act. 7.3
Act. 7.4
Act. 8.1
30/11/2013
THE GOLDEN ARROW: Design and Delivery of a Polycentric Heritage
Trail
GOLDEN ARROW: The Project's Interpretive Guide Book
Responsible Partner IPA PP
01/07/2012 31/05/2013
140,800.00 EUR
01/01/2013 31/08/2013
38,000.00 EUR
WP8 HERISTAR:
SAFEGUARDING PRINCIPLES, SETTING STANDARDS, LABELING QUALITY
WP LEAD: ERDF PP8
Transnational Quality Management
01/03/2012 Responsible Partner EDF PP8
28/02/2014
22,500.00 EUR
Act. 8.2
Transnational Evaluation of the Pilot Projects
Responsible Partner EDF PP8
01/05/2013 31/05/2013
119,800.00 EUR
Act. 8.3
Transnational Quality Labelling
01/01/2013 31/05/2013
28,700.00 EUR
Act. 8.4
Publication and Dissemination of "HERI-JOURNEY". A Good Practice
Guide in Heritage Interpretation. Experiences in South East Europe
Project Closeout
01/01/2013 30/09/2013
22,000.00 EUR
01/01/2014 28/02/2014
103,000.00 EUR
Act. 8.5
TABLE
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May 12, 2011
UNIVERSITY OF THE AEGEAN |
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PART B: 1st TRANSNATIONAL ON SITE VISIT
STUDY VISIT PART I: Natural Cultural Heritage
The Ecosystem Values in the Butterfly Valley
Magic in the Daylight
STUDY VISIT PART II: Man-made Cultural Heritage
The Hermeneutical Circle: from sea code of Rhodes to international maritime laws and
the histories of maritime republics.
Magic for advanced users
STUDY VISIT PART III: Man-made Cultural Heritage
The Knights of Rhodes in the local-global sea.
Magic in the Streetscape
Descriptio Obsidionis Rhodiae urbis by Guillaume Caoursin,
Siege of Rhodes 1480
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yjSGGiJS_iM
UNIVERSITY OF THE AEGEAN | /PART B: 1st TRANSNATIONAL ON SITE VISIT
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STUDY VISIT PART I: VALLEY OF THE BUTTERFLIES
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YACe-oSvHxw&feature=related
The Valley of the Butterflies is a unique natural park where thousands of multi colored butterflies appears from Jun to Sep each year. The valley
is given its name because of its unique reserve of butterflies. It is a beautiful valley full of greenery and natural beauty.
Because of the high humidity in the valley, the butterflies come here to reproduce.
In the recent years the number of butterflies has been affected greatly because of unchecked tourism. Therefore, several measures have been
taken to limit the tourist activity here. Even whistling and clapping is prohibited in some areas to avoid disturbing the butterflies.
UNIVERSITY OF THE AEGEAN | STUDY VISIT PART I: VALLEY OF THE BUTTERFLIES
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May 12, 2011
There are many small trails and paths in the
valley.
There is a nearby river and some waterfalls.
The tall trees make the area completely
shaded.
The overall temperature of the valley is cool
and is visited by the guests during summers.
A wonderful place to take the kids while on Rhodes
Island is Petaloudes, the valley of the
butterflies. This attraction sees a myriad of beautiful
moths colouring its skies and kids can follow
them along the narrow streams, and over the rustic
little bridges.
The shaded walkways lead to rock pools and waterfalls, and carry a vanilla scent from the local
storax trees. There are cafés an d gift shops to enjoy, and don't miss the old Italian windmill
near the entrance
UNIVERSITY OF THE AEGEAN | STUDY VISIT PART I: VALLEY OF THE BUTTERFLIES
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May 12, 2011
STUDY VISIT PART II: LINDOS
Protagonists:
•
The Maritime Rhodian Law
•
The Greeks
•
The Romans
•
The Byzantines,
•
The Maritime Republics
•
The Ottomans
Why theses protagonists?
Because their legacy, works, influences,
philosophy is among us with some of the
landmarks very much visible in the
landscape.
UNIVERSITY OF THE AEGEAN | /STUDY VISIT PART II: LINDOS
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Our theme: Changes in the military tactics
and the evolution of weapons reflect
changes in the landscape.
Before the discovery and extensive use of
gunpowder combat styles and defense
systems have little differences. This is
reflected in the military architecture. After the
gunpowder all defenses are in the hands of
engineers.
The triple wall defences of
Constantinople
With a moat in front of the first and lowest
wall, the height of all three walls ensured that
an attacker could be hit from any point on the
walls.
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Siege of Constantinople 1453
The Siege of Constantinople has introduced the extensive
use of artillery in the warfare unchanged till the II World
War.
The Siege of Rhodes in 1480 and 1522 followed the same
principle urging Grand Masters D’Aubusson and later d’
Amboise to rebuild Rhodian fortification.
The conquest of Constantinople and the closing of the
Silk Road has led Europe to seek its fate westwards.
The Age of Discovery has begun.
National Geographic mosaic style map of Constantinople
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Turkish View
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ih2Nn9DFG24&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5tfOZA04su8&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-xkJafb6X2Y&feature=related
Western View
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o6uyGwBnCRI
http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&v=l7w8-KDAxPg
Landscape transformations
Byzantine Monuments in Rhodes. 330AD -1309AD
During the early Christian period Rhodes belonged to the Byzantine Empire . Rhodes was an important Byzantine trading port, and a crossroads
for ships sailing between Constantinopleand Alexandria . It was also an important Byzantine military base. The Byzantine fortified walls of
Rhodes (7th c. -13th c.) divided the town into two sections:
• The Acropolis (later the Grand-Masters' Palace) and the Upper Town which is the surrounding area of the acropolis (later the Collachio).
• The Lower Town (later the Burgum).
Today parts of this fortification survive mostly in the Collachio, incorporated into later structures. Rhodes city had a great number of churches,
among them some basilicas of impressive dimensions.
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Multi-layered Lindos
The ancient Acropolis 410 feet (160m)
above Lindos.
The Castle, a 13th century fortress that is
at the entrance of the site. To the left are
thirteen remaining columns of the STOA
which was constructed around 200 B.C.
and has been restored.
The TEMPLE of the LINDIAN ATHENA was
once a significant religious site originally
dating back to 100 BC. The remnants seen
today were built by the tyrant Cleobulos
in the 6th-century BC and are remarkably
well intact, with colonnades flanking both
sides of the temple.
Excavations on this site in the early 1900's
brought to the surface a variety of items
including 5000 years old tools and an
inscribed plaque dating back to 99 BC that
documented visitors to the temple:
HERCULES, HELEN OF TROY and
ALEXANDER THE GREAT to name a few.
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Main Interpretive Theme: Evolution of Battle and Defense Tactics across History
The Greek Phalanx
The Phalanx (pl. Phalanges) (Gr. Finger,
anatomically the bones of the toes and
fingers) (soldiers in close order).
The world refers to the soldiers’ spears
thrusting out from the main body like
fingers from a palm.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalanx_formation
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The Roman Legion
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_legion
How could Roman Legions defeat the invincible phalanx tactic of Greek? Because the Romans … travelled!
Around 390 BC, after the burning of Rome, the leaders of the
Roman Empire had to develop new tactics to defeat
unconventional attackers.
The flexible tactics of the Roman Legion defeated the
formidable Greek phalanx that until then had dominated the
battlefield.
The revolutionary effect of the Roman Legion on warfare is
not disputed.
As Rome sought to expand, she subdued the previously
“invincible” Macedonian Phalanx using new tactics and
organization against a tried-and-true army formation.
These small units were built to travel fast and light, with many
of the soldiers possessing skills in several specialties. They
were highly successful in conquering armies throughout
Europe and Africa, even when outnumbered.
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The Medieval Army: a powerful machine or a collection of undisciplined mob?
Medieval warfare is the warfare of the Middle Ages. In Europe, technological, cultural, and social developments had forced a dramatic
transformation in the character of warfare from antiquity, changing military tactics and the role of cavalry and artillery. In terms of fortification,
the Middle Ages saw the emergence of the castle in Europe, which then spread to southwestern Asia. Gunpowder and Artillery are the
protagonists.
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The Byzantine Army (Eastern Roman Army)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sBGNKGd5o2Y
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wg8f7tOGFEA&feature=related
The Byzantine army was the primary military body of the Byzantine armed forces, serving alongside
the Byzantine navy. A direct descendant of the Roman army, the Byzantine army maintained a similar
level of discipline, strategic prowess and organization. It was among the most effective armies of
western Eurasia for much of the Middle Ages.The early Byzantine army received a mixed diet of victory
and defeat - consequently the cavalry arm became more prominent as the legion system disappeared
in the early 7th century. Later reforms reflected some Germanic and Asian influences[1] - with every
encounter against a ferocious opponent the Byzantines would find a new source of excellent
mercenaries with Huns,
Cumans, Alans and
(following the Battle of
Manzikert) Turks
meeting the Empire's
appetite for light cavalry mercenaries. Since much of the
Byzantine military focused on the strategy and skill of generals
utilizing militia troops, heavy infantry were recruited from
Frankish and later Varangian mercenaries.
Byzantine army under the leadership of Nikephoros Uranos
putting the Bulgarians to flight from the Chronicle of John
Skylitzes
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Greek fire
Greek fire was an incendiary weapon used
by the Byzantine Empire. The Byzantines
typically used it in naval battles to great
effect as it could continue burning even
under water.
It provided a technological advantage, and
was responsible for many key Byzantine
military victories, most notably the
salvation of Constantinople from two Arab
sieges, thus securing the Empire's survival.
Byzantine ship using Greek fire in the late 11th
century. Madrid Skylitzes manuscript
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WA4szM9cYpQ&feature=related
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_army
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The Byzantine navy was the naval force of the East Roman or Byzantine Empire. Like the empire it served, it was a direct continuation from its
imperial Roman predecessor, but played a far greater role in the defense and survival of the state then its earlier iterations. While the fleets of
the unified Roman Empire faced few great naval threats, operating as a policing force vastly inferior in power and prestige to the legions, the
sea became vital to the very existence of the empire in the east, which several historians have called a "maritime empire”
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_navy
The imperial ensign (basilikon phlamoulon) carried by Byzantine
warships in the 14th century, as described by Pseudo-Kodinos
and illustrated in the Castilian atlas Conosçimiento de todos los
reynos (ca. 1350)[1][2]
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Statement: The roman army had the one ingredient that the medieval army lacked--discipline.
Comments by a connoisseur at:
http://www.netsword.com/ubb/Forum4/HTML/000304.html
The Burgundian forces (around 1450) were polyglot and did not have a long history of working together.
However, the Burgundians would have the technical advantage at several levels. Late medieval light horse was probably as good as any ancient
horsemen, and likely better in missile combat; while mounted men-at-arms would have crushed any ancient cavalry they could hit. This would put
the legions at the disadvantage in open country, whether defending or attacking. The combination of longbows, crossbows, and guns used by the
Burgundians was far superior to any firepower the Romans ever fielded; and the Medieval weapons had far greater penetrating power than any
ancient missile weapons (except ballistas). The legions were totally unused to enemy missiles cutting down their ranks, and the testudo is only as
good as the shields which make it up.
The real question is that of heavy infantry.
The Romans had a very effective system, but would be facing landsknechts and maybe dismounted men-at-arms. The landsknechts were not as
vulnerable as an ancient phalanx was, because they did not operate as a single line, but rather as independent columns, each of which could
defend itself in 360 degrees.
The Roman victories over the phalanx relied on the phalanx breaking up into pieces, with Roman swordsmen pouring into the gaps and thus
getting past the pikes. The polearms and zweihanders would also present problems, since these weapons would be capable of cutting through the
scutum, which messes up the Roman combat system.
Remember the Dacian falx? It very much impressed the Romans, and the cutting power of a halberd, bill or zweihander is at least the equal ofthe
falx. (Compare the shape of the head of a halberd with the likely shape of the falx - the falx is more like a long bladed axe with reverse curvature,
whereas the halberd has its weight concentrated in a smaller head).
1. Battle of Philippoi: watch the following video: can the statement be hold true.
2. Cultural values for development: the details of Roman weaponry is correct, the dialogues e.g. “Happy Birthday” are lent by anglosaxon cultural
values and the fail within the historical context. Comments are expected.
29
May 12, 2011
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0wQ_6cVXTQk&feature=related
Maritime republics
The maritime republics (Italian: Repubbliche marinare) were a number of
city-states which flourished in Italy in the Middle Ages.
The best known are the Amalfi, Pisa, Genoa and Venice. These states
competed with each other both militarily and commercially.
From the 10th to the 13th centuries these cities built fleets of ships both for
their own protection and to support extensive trade networks across the
Mediterranean, leading to an essential role in the Crusades.
As they found themselves in competition, these republics engaged in shifting
alliances and warfare.
30
May 12, 2011
Lindos Town
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OzNViluGuvY
Lindos Acropolis
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LGl1S0blpow
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LGl1S0blpow
Lindos already had colonies by the 7th century and that it monopolized a large part of
trade and shipping in the Mediterranean.
The Lindians were the first to draw up a naval code of justice, later known as the
Rhodian Naval Code.
This was to become the basis of Roman naval justice and is even to be found at core
of modern maritime law.
The Lindians were also great sculptors. Their bronze statuses are famed for their
incomparable craft. The famous Colossus of Rhodes was a bronze statue by the
Lindian artist Chares.
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May 12, 2011
Lindos town: 1642 house of Fedra Moskoridis (left) and other views of the town
The Knights decorated their portals, windows and the frames surrounding their coats of arms with a plait motif. In Lindos this
tradition survived during the Ottoman rule and the Greek inhabitants of the town continued to decorate their houses with it.
32
May 12, 2011
LEFT: Coats of arms of the Order
and of Grand Master d'Aubusson
near St Catherine's Gate in
Rhodes;
RIGHT(right) relief portraying St
George and the coats of arms of
Grand Master Fluvian, of Pope
Martin V, of the Order and again
of Grand Master Fluvian (copy in
the gardens of Hotel delle Rose in
modern Rhodes - original in St
George's Tower)
Image © by Roberto Piperno
http://www.romeartlover.it/Romeartlover.html
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May 12, 2011
STUDY VISIT PART III: Grand Master’s Palace, Rhodes Old City
RHODES OLD TOWN IN PICTURES
http://www.rhodesprivatetours.com/rhodes_old_town_island_tour.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes_(city)
http://dominicus.malleotus.free.fr/rhodes/lang_en/index.html
http://balisunset.hubpages.com/hub/Battle-of-Rhodes-1522-AD
UNIVERSITY OF THE AEGEAN | STUDY VISIT PART III: Grand Master’s Palace,
Rhodes Old City
34
May 12, 2011
Intercultural ‘Communication’ Paradigm ‘ (???? - !!!!)
Rudolf 2 years ago
In 1856 a huge explosion under the Church of St. John in Rhodes destroyed the church and the nearby grand master's palace. Such a blast
indicated the possibility that the long-sealed church vault contained a large amount of gunpowder, when the defenders of 1522 were in short
supply. The above mentioned explosion was the result of a lightning strike in the church, the church was un use by the turks as a black powder
storage, becouse it was a heavy medival building. It is beleved that there was 12.000 pond of black powder stored there. Anyhow a by the
knights lost or forgotten storage of black powder could not have been so big that it would level the top of the town. It was a new substance,
the town was strengtent for the devence against and the use of canons, such an amount, needed for the explosion would not been lost by the
Knights.
Vatan Icin 23 months ago
Us turks war with Gods Help, You can chop our hips off along with our legs and we would still hold a gun up to take atleast one person down!
Lightning bolts, earthquakes, tornados, blizzards we send the lot of em to ya!
CAN ERDEM 16 months ago
ONE DAY WE WILL COME BACK AGAIN
korolev 8 months ago
For the moment you are begging to visit the city of Rhodes as tourists...
Comments are expected: Judged by the ‘author’ names exchanges took place between Germans, Turks and Russians.
UNIVERSITY OF THE AEGEAN | RHODES OLD TOWN IN PICTURES
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May 12, 2011
Another Siege of Rhodes: Travelblog
http://www.travelblog.org/Europe/Greece/SouthAegean/Rhodes/blog-472965.html
"Medieval Towns and Coastal Island Villages"
Texaspeyton's photos around Rhodes, Greece
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ew4o3M18NQ8
The Colossus of Rhodes Island – Greece
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T2Ph7chH23k&feature=relate
d
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May 12, 2011
The Grand Master’s Palace
This is a rectangular building arranged
around a large courtyard which stands at the
highest, northwest point of the Medieval city,
dominating it and overlooking its harbours.
An integral part of the city’s fortifications
from the outset, it played an
active role in its defence and was the last
refuge of its population in the event of the
enemy’s capture of the rest of the settlement.
It is certain that the site on which thePalace
was built, had been fortified prior to the
occupation of Rhodes by the Knights.
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May 12, 2011
The Grant Masters Palace was not only the administrative center of the Knights but
also a focus of social and intellectual activity for the upper classes of Rhodes.
During the Turkish occupation the palace was used as a prison and since there was
no maintenance work it had been left to crumble. Its destruction was completed by
the earthquakes, which afflicted Rhodes from time to time.
Neglected as it was, however, the palace still retained a semblance of its original
appearance until around the middle of the 19th century.
The final blow was dealt in 1856 when the gunpowder stored in the vaults of the
nearby church of St. John of the Collachium blew up; only the ground floor of the
palace survived.
At the beginning of 1937 the Italian Governor of Rhodes, Cesare Maria de Vecchi,
decided to restore the ruined Palace. Major and drastic interventions were made in
order to serve as a luxury residence for himself and government headquarters.
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May 12, 2011
Grand Master’s Palace Exhibition "Ancient Rhodes - 2400 Years
•
Rhodian house - Household utensils - Toilet articles Daily occupations: mosaic floors, plaster work, sculptures from the interior
decoration of houses, banqueting vessels, cauldrons, braziers, a portable oven, a mill, mortars, lamps, alabastra, mirrors and jewellery,
clay loom weights, pyxides and children's' toys.
•
Artistic - cultural life - Rhodian potters' workshops: examples of Rhodian sculpture, clay theatrical masks, bases with the signatures of
artists who worked in Rhodes, hydriai with painted decoration on a white ground (Hadra), Rhodian pointed-base amphoras.
•
Coroplasty - small bronze sculpture - glass manufacture: clay figurines, molds, glass vessels, pigments, and pictures, photographs and
drawings of casting pits for colossal bronze statues.
•
Commerce - Economy - Coinage: business letters, stamped handles of pointed-base amphoras (Rhodian and imported), coins, weights.
•
Necropolis - Burial Customs: Little funerary altars, cinerary vessels (hyrdiai), ossuaries, inscribed funerary stelai, grave goods (vases,
figurines, jewellery), lead curse tablets.
•
Grave relief with a youth offering a cock to a young man (470 BC).
•
Torso of an Archaic kore (510 BC).
•
Oinochoe in the Wild Goat style.
•
A parade of animals arranged in bands covers the whole surface of the vase. From an East Greek workshop (625- 600 BC).
•
Central representation of a mosaic floor (emblem) depicting a personification of New Comedy (ca. 150 BC).
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May 12, 2011
The new Hospital of the Knights
Today’s Archaeological Museum) at the
end of the Knights’ Street.
This is one of the most handsome and
best-preserved buildings from the time
of the Knights, built diagonally opposite
the church of the ‘Panayia tou Castrou’
(“Our Lady of the Castle”).
Although the character and mission of
the Order of the Knights had changed
since its founding in Palestine, it
neverceased to regard tending the sick
and the poor as one of its main duties.
Consequently the Hospital was one of
the Knight’s most important buildings.
Today this building houses the
Archaeological Museum of Rhodes.
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May 12, 2011
The First Hospital at Argyrokastrou
Square
The first hospital is the only example f the
early architecture of the Knights, dating
before 1480 .
It gives a picture of the period that preceded
the architecture of the late 15th and mainly
the early 16th c., with its distinctly Renaissance
and markedly militaristic spirit.
It is highly likely that this was the residence of
the first Grand Master in the early 14th c.,
before the completion of the building of the
Castello.
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May 12, 2011
The Street of the Knights (Ippoton)
This is the most important street of the Medieval City, where, according to
the tradition, this is where most of the “Inns’ of the “tongues”, were
situated.
During the Turkish occupation many of the buildings in this street were
altered both internally and externally – especially those at the west end of
the street, near the Grand Master’s Palace.
The main reason for the changes made to these latter, or their destruction,
was the explosion of the nearby church of St. John in 1856.
Under Italian rule all the additions made in Turkish times were removed,
those buildings built after the time of the Knights were demolished and
replaced by others built in “Knightly” style.
Despite the Italians’ large – scale interventions, the aesthetic effect is
extremely good.
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May 12, 2011
Prince Djem’s or Djijim’s House
According to the Muslim tradition, it was in the large building to the northwest that Grand Master d’ Aubusson gave hospitality to the banished
brother of Sultan Bayazid and claimant to the throne, Prince Djem or Djijim.
It is reached by walking along a narrow alleyway, which passed beneath the west part of the “inn” of France, one of the most impressive, large
and beautiful buildings of the medieval town.
Prince Cem at Pierre d'Aubusson's table
http://maviboncuk.blogspot.com/2010/10/prince-and-future-pope.html
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May 12, 2011
Inn of France, Knight Street
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May 12, 2011
The Naval Dockyard
By the end of the 15th, beginning of the 16th century, the Naval
dockyard and Arsenal of the Knights was installed at the northwest
edge of the Collachium.
The function of the area though was altered during the Turkish and
later the Italian occupation.
Only one of the magazines which rested against the northeast section
of the rampart still exists and bears the coat – of – arms of
GrandMasters.
A miniature showing Pierre d'Aubusson greeting Prince Cem as he
disembarks ship at Rhodes
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May 12, 2011
RHODES FORTIFICATION PLAN
Grandmaster d'Aubusson supervises the
repairs to the fortifications
UNIVERSITY OF THE AEGEAN | Rhodes Fortification Plan
46
May 12, 2011
The Order in Rhodes
Manuscript* illustrations based on the woodcuts in
Descriptio Obsidionis Rhodiae urbis by Guillaume Caoursin
Originals: Bibliothèque National, Paris, MS lat. 6067
http://cilialacorte.com/caoursin.html
Further reading:
Foster, Michael J.: The Order of St John of Jerusalem Research Website on
http://www.knights-of-st-john.co.uk
UNIVERSITY OF THE AEGEAN | Rhodes Fortification Plan
47
May 12, 2011
THE GATES
Rhodes had few gates because of the town location at
the northern tip of the island and because the rest of the
island was scarcely populated.
Three gates responded to actual needs:
• St Catherine's Gate gave access to Emporium,
the commercial harbour of the town;
• St John's Gate was the terminal point of the road
which linked Rhodes with Lindos and the villages
on the eastern coast;
•
d'Amboise's Gate was the access towards the
western coast.
UNIVERSITY OF THE AEGEAN | THE GATES
48
May 12, 2011
The Arsenal Gate
The Knights had their arsenal between this
gate and that of St
Catherine's: it had a direct access to the
harbour; today Arsenal Gate is a modern
opening in the walls which allows cars to
reach the modern town.
On the west side of the square is the former
Arsenal (14th century), now housing the
Archeological Institute and the Museum of
Decorative Art.
A passage leads through to the former
church of the Order of St John (on the left),
now the Museum of Early Christian and
Byzantine Art.
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May 12, 2011
Saint Catherine’s Gate (Sea Gate)
St Catherine's Gate (or
Sea Gate) was the main
gate of the town.
It was built in 1478 by
Grand Master Pierre
d'Aubusson as part of an
effort to strengthen the
fortifications of Rhodes
against a much feared
Ottoman attack: the
attack actually occurred
just two years later.
The gate however was
unlikely to be the site of
a possible assault by the
Ottomans: the space
between the walls and
the harbour was too limited to allow the enemy to establish his camp there.
This explains why the gate is more a work of art, a sort of grand entrance, than a defensive structure.
The relief portrayed the Virgin Mary between (left) St John and (right) St Peter. The coats of arms below the relief showed the heraldic symbols
of the King of France (centre), in addition to those of the Order (left) and of the Grand Master (right).
50
May 12, 2011
D'Amboise's Gate
The most impressive gate of
Rhodes from a military
viewpoint is no doubt that
built by Grand Master Emery
d'Amboise.
It was completed in 1512:
the access was protected by
two massive round towers
clearly designed to
withstand the Ottoman
cannon.
If the enemy had managed
to make his way through the
gate still he would not have
gained access to the town;
this because d'Amboise
modified the design of the
walls so that there were three other gates between the external gate and the town.
For this reason the Ottomans called the overall system of gates Egri Kapi (Twisted Gate) (see Egri Kapi in Constantinople).
Traveltip:
http://www.facebook.com/topic.php?uid=15906085947&topic=16060
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May 12, 2011
Saint Paul Gate
The gate is surrounded by a
low wall and is protected by
a high tower where Grand
Master d'Aubusson placed a
relief portraying St Paul:
The Knights had their
arsenal between this gate
and that of St Catherine's: it
had a direct access to the
harbor.
Today Arsenal Gate is a
modern opening in the walls
which allows cars to reach
the modern town.
Relief portraying St Paul and showing a coat of arms of Pope Sixtus IV
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May 12, 2011
Saint Athanasios Gate
The gate was closed in 1501 by
Grand Master d'Aubusson and
this explains why it does not
show the same level of
fortifications as those of
D'Amboise's Gate:
St Mary's Tower, the round
tower which controlled the
access to the gate, was built in
1441 by Grand Master Jean de
Lastic.
On Christmas' Day 1522, after
the capitulation of the town on
December 20, Sultan Suleyman
made his entrance through this
gate, which was opened for the
occasion.
He then closed the gate again and it has remained shut until 1922 when it was reopened for the 400th anniversary of the event and has
remained open ever since.
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May 12, 2011
Outer Saint John Gate
The Outer St John's Gate
was built by Grand Master
d'Aubusson to protect the
previous fortifications built
by Grand Masters Fluvian,
Milly and Zacosta.
In 1912 Italian troops made
their entrance into Rhodes
through this gate.
The rectangular empty
frame to the left of the gate
housed an inscription
celebrating the event.
Coat of arms of Grand Master d'Aubusson and relief portraying St John (inner gate)
54
May 12, 2011
Museum Gate
The Museum Gate is situated between Marine Gate and Arsenal Gate and leads directly to the Archaelogical museum.
55
May 12, 2011
Liberty Gate
The Liberty Gate (ELeftherias Gate) was
opened in 1924 by the Italians who
looked on themselves as liberators of the
Island from the Turks.
This is the main gate leading from
Mandraki Harbour and takes you into the
'Old Town'.
There are some stone steps to the side of
Liberty gate which lead to a tree lined
gravel path from which you can get some
great views of the Town Walls.
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May 12, 2011
Mills and Saint Anthony Gate
Mills Gate was actually called
St Catherine's Gate: the gate
was the access to the
Emporium from the Jewish
quarter:
it was not strongly fortified
because the harbour was
protected by other
fortifications.
St Anthony's Gate was the old
western gate of Rhodes: with
the redesign of the walls it
became the last gate of
d'Amboise's Gate.
The image used as background for this page shows St Catherine's Gate seen from the town.
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May 12, 2011
Saint Nicholas Tower
The Turkish attack on St Nicholas Tower Caoursin, 1480
58
May 12, 2011
Siege of Rhodes (1480)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9tMwvqlIw6A
May to July 28, 1480.
500 Knights Hospitaller or Knights of Rhodes (later known as the Knights of Malta)
and 4000 soldiers under command of Grand Master Pierre d’Aubusson managed
to repulse the attacks of the Ottoman army which numbered about 70,000 men.
However, the Ottoman Empire eventually became too strong and the Knights
Hospitaller that held the island since 1309 were forced to cede Rhodes to the
Ottomans by 1522.
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May 12, 2011
Kanunu Sultan Süleyman
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f98Sipkr-5w&feature=related
During his rule as sultan, the Ottoman Empire reached its peak in power and
prosperity.
Under Suleiman the Magnificent but also, especially among Muslims, as Suleiman
the Just, Ottoman power reached its zenith and became a world power under his
rule. His rule represented one of the most just and orderly periods of Ottoman
history. Like most rulers of the time, he was on the one hand ruthless in dealing
with those he regarded as a threat to his own plans for success, but on the other
hand, unlike many, he had a profound concern for justice. He codified the law to
guard against corruption, which he was determined to root out. Many Muslims
regard him as an example of the ideal or model ruler.
Although the empire continued to expand for a century after his death, this
period was followed by a very long decline mainly due to his successors'
indifference toward good governance. On the borders of his empire, territorial
expansion and hostility with competing powers meant that life was unstable, but
for many within the empire, including minorities, the reality was a pax ottomanica.
Suleiman can properly be regarded as one of history's more humane rulers who
had a dual sense of obligation and responsibility to God and to society.
Battle of Mohacs, 1526
60
May 12, 2011
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W0yK2PLlGBk
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Suleiman_the_Magnificent
Halit Ergenc in ''Muhteşem Yüzyıl'' Magnificent Century - * English Subtitles * - Episode 1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1XCwGCIKD0Q
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1XCwGCIKD0Q
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tughra
A tughra (Ottoman Turkish: ‫ ;ءارغط‬Ṭuğrā) is a
calligraphic monogram, seal or
signature of an Ottoman sultan that
was affixed to all official documents
and correspondence. The big loops
means the whole world. The small
loop is the Ottoman Empire.The
lines to the right of the tughra are
called hançer and signify a sword,
61
May 12, 2011
symbol of power and might. Tughra of Suleiman
62
May 12, 2011
Siege of Rhodes 1522
After the Knights left Rhodes in 1522, the island of Malta became
Christian Europe's next line of defense against the Ottoman
Turks.
The Siege of Malta in 1565 began in May with the arrival of
40,000 Ottoman Turks led by Dragut, the Governor of Tripoli.
Although heavily undermanned, Grand Master Jean la Valette
successfully defended Malta from the Turks until early
September.
The critical and decisive moment of the siege came on
September 7, 1565.
On that day, 8,000 additional troops led by Garcia de Toledo
landed in Mellieha Bay.
The arrival of these reinforcements forced the Turks to end the
siege the following day.
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May 12, 2011
Selected readings:
Primary Sources
Narrative
•
•
Balbi, Francesco. Diario dell'Assedio di Malta (London: Folio Society, 1965)
The Siege of Malta, 1565; translated from Spanish by Henry Alexander Balbi; with a foreword by Harry Luke (Copenhagen, 1961).
Secondary Works:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Bradford, Ernle. The great siege. (New York, 1962).
Cassola, Arnold. The Great Siege of Malta (1565) and the Istanbul State Archives. Valletta: Said International, 1995.
Ganado, Albert and Maurice Agius-Vadala. A study in depth of 143 maps representing the great siege of Malta of 1565. 2 vols. (Valletta, Malta,
1994-1995).
Ellul, Joseph. 1565 The Great Siege of Malta. Siggiewi, Malta: Ellul, 1992.
Lochhead, Ian. The Siege of Malta 1565. London: Literary Services& Production, 1970.
Maritime Siege of Malta 1565. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1970 (many pictures).
Setton, Kenneth. The Papacy and the Levant (1204-1571). 6 vols. (Philadelphia, 1976): 4: 829-881.
Spiteri, Stephen C. The Great Siege; Knights vs Turks, mdlxv - Anatomy of a Hospitaller Victory. Tarxien, Malta: Gutenberg Press, 2005.
http://www.hmml.org/centers/malta/hospitallers/hospitallers.html
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C7GKNt_gRyU
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May 12, 2011
Upper left corner:
coats of arms of the Order and of
Grand Master Milly near St Paul's
Gate in Rhodes;
Lower left corner
coats of arms of Grand Master
Milly, of the Order and of the
commander of the Bodrum
fortress;
Right
quartered coat of arms showing
the heraldic symbols of the Order
and of Grand Master Del Carretto
in the fortress of Kos
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May 12, 2011
In 1522 the Grand Master of the Order, Philippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam
received a message from the Sultan, ordering him to surrender Rhodes.
Assembling 700 ships, and an Army of some 200,000 men, against the
Order, the Grand Master realised their time at Rhodes was up.
The battle preceding a capitulation lasted from July until December.
Having seen the day of the birth of our Lord, on the Feast of Stephen
26th December, the Order agreed to give up Rhodes, but were allowed
to leave in honour.
It was on January 1st 1523 that the Order left Rhodes which had been
their home for over two centuries.
Apart from their Cannons the Order was able to leave with their
possessions including the precious relic of the Hand of St. John the
Baptist.
It was after the loss of Rhodes, the Order switched from a Red Cloak to
a Black Cloak as a sign of mourning.
History of the Hospitallers until 1798.
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May 12, 2011
EPITOMY: Knights of Rhodes and Malta:
AD 1309-1798
Protection and medical care for pilgrims to the Holy Land
is as important as ever after the collapse of the Latin
kingdom in 1291.
Pilgrims continue to make their way east and are now
even more vulnerable to potentially hostile Muslims particularly the Turks, whose control of Anatolia means
that the major part of the journey must be by sea full of
Turkish pirates.
The Knights of St John, after a brief stay in Cyprus, settle
in 1309 in Rhodes. Lying off the southwest tip of Anatolia,
and passed by ships from both Greece and Italy on their
way to the Holy Land, it is strategically the perfect spot for
the purposes of the Order.
The Knights rule Rhodes, as their own sovereign state, for
more than two centuries. A great hospital is built, and
thriving commerical acitivity is carried on by Greeks,
Venetians and Genoese - whose dominance of the
UNIVERSITY OF THE AEGEAN | EPITOMY: Knights of Rhodes and Malta: AD 13091798
67
May 12, 2011
surrounding seas, with the support of the knights, means that Muslim and Turkish
ships are now the more likely victims of piracy. Turkish resentment results in several
sieges of the island. Finally, in 1523, the knights capitulate, departing from Rhodes
and ceding it to the Turkish sultan.
For 7 years the order is homeless, until Charles V of Spain gives them another
Mediterranean island - Malta – in return for the annual gift of a falcon (as a token of
Spanish sovereignty) In Malta, as in Rhodes, the knights establish a hospital famous
by the standards of the time for its care of patients. Here too, after a heroic defence
of the island against a Turkish siege in 1565, the order rules for more than two
centuries. They are dislodged as a result of the Napoleonic wars, during which Malta
is taken by the French in 1798 and ceded to Britain in 1814.
In 1834 the order makes its home in Rome, as the Sovereign and Military Order of
the Knights Hospitaller of St John of Jerusalem. Later in the century new foundations
in the old tradition are established in several Protestant countries, in
particular Britain, Germany, Holland and Sweden.
In Britain the order is revived in 1877 as the St John Ambulance Association (training
the public in first aid), followed in 1887 by the St John Ambulance Brigade (whose
volunteers provide nursing and ambulance services at public
events in Britain). Few medieval institutions have remained, over nine centuries, so
true to their original idealistic purpose.
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May 12, 2011
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May 12, 2011
PART B: WP FEATURES
INDEX OF PRPOJECT OUTPUTS // WP4
WP4: 01/06/2012 - 30/11/2012
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
1st & 2nd Transnational Study Visit &Evaluation Workshop
3rd Transnational Study Visit &Evaluation Workshop
1 e Class in Heritage Interpretation
1 Curriculum
1 Certification System
1 multicomponent e‐Lib in Heritage Management (DB)
1 Study for the Typology of Recreational Learning and Activity Spaces
The Know‐How Booklet for Cultural Heritage Operators (12.000 copies)
INDEX OF PRPOJECT RESULTS // WP4
WP4: 01/06/2012 - 30/11/2012
•
•
•
•
•
1 advanced methodology adopted to improve Knowledge Management
within the Partnership (Knowledge Transfer at Transnational Level,
Experience Exchange at Transnational Level)
1 advanced tool adopted to improve knowledge management within the
Partnership (e-Class)
36 Staff members & individuals with increased capacities
1 permanent information source
1 advanced methodology adopted to improve Knowledge Management
within the Partnership
UNIVERSITY OF THE AEGEAN | PART B: WP FEATURES
70
May 12, 2011
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May 12, 2011
SEE TCP SAGITTARIUS
PRIORITY 4:
Development of Trasnational Synergies for Sustainable Growth Areas
AREA OF INTERVENTION 3:
Promote the use of cultural values for development
LEAD PARTNER: UNIVERSITY OF THE AEGEAN, GREECE
ERDP PP1: EFXEINI POLI- LOCAL AUTHORITIES NETWORK GREECE
ERDF PP2: MUNICIPALITIES UNION OF SINELLO, ITALY
ERDF PP3: MOUNTAIN COMMUNITY ALTO BASENT, ITALY
ERDF PP4: BULGARIAN CHAMBER OF COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY, BULGARIA
ERDF PP5: MUNICIPALITY OF DEVIN, BULGARIA
ERDF PP6: INSTITUTE FOR COMPREHENSIVE DEVELOPMENT SOLUTIONS, SLOVENIA
ERDF PP7: NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN TOURISM
ERDF PP8: INSTITUTE OF NATIONAL ECONOMY, ROMANIA
ERDF PP9: KÁROLY RÓBERT COLLEGE, HUNGARY
EUASP1: MINISTRY OF REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND TOURISM, ROMANIA
EUASP2: BULGARIAN-ROMANIAN CHAMBER OF COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY, BULGARIA
EUASP3: UNIVERSITY OF CHIETI PESCARA, ITALY
EUASP4: COMMISSION VI (OF THE REGIONAL COUNCIL OF ABRUZZO, ITALY
O1: SYNOTA, ANONYMOUS TRANSMUNICIPAL DEVELOPMENT AGENCY, GREECE
O2: PATRAS MUNICIPAL ENTERPRISE FOR PLANNING & DEVELOPMENT, GREECE
O3: EUROPEAN ATHNEAUM OF FLORAL ART, ITALY
O4: INSTITUTE OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT, GREECE
IPA PARTNER: UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB, CROATIA
10% PARTNER: DISTRICT COUNCIL OF SOROCA, MOLDOVA
This document refers to:
ST
OUTPUT 1: KICK OFF MEETING 1 Transnational Study Visit
ACTIVITY 3.1: Activation of the Transnational Network
WORK PACKAGE 3: HERINEXUS. TRANSNATIONAL ALLIANCES TO PROMOTE HERITAGE ENTREPRENEURSHIP
72

Part 3 - Locations here

Transcription

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