Dendroaspis polylepis breeding

Dendroaspis
polylepis
breeding
Stanislav Hakl, 2014
Dendroaspis polylepis
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Family: Elapidae
Genus: Dendroaspis
Species: polylepis
C.N.: Black mamba, Black – mouthed mamba
L.N.: Swart Mamba, Imamba, N´zayo, Mama
Taxonomy:
Dendroaspis p. polylepis (Günther, 1864)
Dendroaspis p. antinori (Welch, 1994)
Stanislav Hakl, 2014
Dendraspis antinorii (Peters, 1873) - from original description (Anseba, Eritrea)
Northern Black Mamba
http://www.herpetology-africa-ethiopia.com/elapidae.html
Stanislav Hakl, 2014
Distribution
Stanislav Hakl, 2014
* 2008, Durban (JAR)
Stanislav Hakl, 2014
Stanislav Hakl, 2014
Venom
• LD50:
 0.55 mg / kg sc ( mice ), Christensen and Anderson (1967)
( Ref : R000925 ).
 0.26 mg / kg iv ( mice ), Irwin et al (1970) ( Ref : R000926 ).
 0.32 mg / kg sc ( mice ), Minton (1974) ( Ref : R000504 ).
 Western Kenya : 0.256 ( 0.226 to 0.270 ) mg / kg ip ( mice ),
Weinstein et al (1991) ( Ref : R000674 ).
• LD50: Ophiophagus hannah:
 1.80 mg / kg sc ( mice ), Broad et al (1979) ( Ref : R000006 ) in
Gopalakrishnakone and Chou (1990) ( Ref : R000004 ).
Stanislav Hakl, 2014
Venom
• Venom components:
• Neurotoxins :
 Dendrotoxins (DTX)
 Dendroaspins (DNP)
• Specific clinical effects :
 Local effects – pain and swelling only mild
 General systemic effects – rapid onset, nausea, vomiting,...
flaccid paralysis, ptosis, dysphagia, dysarthria,... respiratory
paralisis
• Lethality: 100%
Stanislav Hakl, 2014
http://nutritionwonderland.com/2009/06/understanding-bodies-serotonin-connection-between-food-and-mood/
Stanislav Hakl, 2014
Breeding
Stanislav Hakl, 2014
Mating
• 16.2.2013
• 17.2.2014
Stanislav Hakl, 2014
Laying
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2013
15.6.2013 – 6 eggs and one unfertilized egg
91x31 mm
Gestation period 2013: 119 days
2014
21.5.2014 – 6+1
Gestation period 2014: 93 days
Stanislav Hakl, 2014
Stanislav Hakl, 2014
Incubation
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Vermiculite
High humidity
28 – 29o C
3.9.2013 – hatching
5.8.2014 - hatching
58 cm, 32,2g
Incubation: 76 - 80 days
Stanislav Hakl, 2014
Stanislav Hakl, 2014
Stanislav Hakl, 2014
Stanislav Hakl, 2014
Stanislav Hakl, 2014
Stanislav Hakl, 2014
Summary
Breeding
December – January: dark, 18o C
Mating: February
Gestation period: 93 - 119 days
Incubation period: 28 – 29o C, 76 - 80 days
Stanislav Hakl, 2014
References
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Broad A.J., Sutherland S.K. and Coulter A.R. (1979 ). The lethality in mice of dangerous Australan and other snake venoms. Toxicon, Vol. 17, pp 664667.
Eds P. Gopalakrishnakone and L. M. Chou (1990) Snakes of Medical Importance ( Asia-Pacific Region ). National University of Singapore, Singapore.
Gunther A. (1865) List of the new species procured and described in the course of the year 1864. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Series 3, Vol. 15, pp 90-98.
Broadley D.G. (1959) The herpetology of Southern Rhodesia. Part 1. Snakes. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. 120(1) , pp 1-100.
Sweeney R.C.H. (1961, 1971 Ed.) Snakes of Nyasaland. Asher A. and Co., Amsterdam.
Pitman C.R.S. (1974) A guide to the snakes of Uganda. Revised Ed., Codicote, Wheldon and Wesley, Ltd.
FitzSimons V.F.M. (1974) A field Guide to the Snakes of Southern Africa. Collins, London.
Villiers A. (1975) Les Serpents de L'Ouest Africain. Universite de Dakar - Institut Fundamental D'Afrique Noire Les Nouvelles Editions Africains, pp 1195.
Golay P. (1985) Checklist and Keys to the Terrestrial Proteroglyphs of the World ( Serpentes : Elapidae - Hydrophiidae). Elapsoidea, Geneva.
Branch Bill (1988) Field Guide to the Snakes and Other Reptiles of Southern Africa. Ed. Hawthorne T., New Holland ( Publishers ) Ltd, London.
Warrell D.A. (1994) Clinical Toxicology of Snakebite in Africa and the Middle East / Arabian Peninsular. In : Handbook of Clinical Toxicology of Animal
Venoms and Poisons. Eds. Meier J. and White J., CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, Florida. pp 433-493.
Spawls S. and Branch B. (1995) The Dangerous Snakes of Africa. Natural History: Species Directory : Venoms and
Snakebite. Blandford, London.
Ineich I. (1999) Reptiles et amphibians de la Republique de Djibouti, Museum national dHistoire naturelle. 60 pp.
Phelps T. (2002) A study of the black mamba ( Dendroaspis polylepis ) in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, with particular reference to long-term-refugia.
Herpetological Bulletin, Vol. 80, pp 7-19.
Spawls S., Howell K., Drewes R. and Ashe J. (2002) A Fieldguide to the Reptiles of East Africa. Academic Press, London, U.K. and San Diego, California,
U.S.A.
Trape J.F. and Mane Y. (2004) Les serpents des environs de Bandafassi ( Senegal oriental ). Bull. Soc. Herp. Fr., Vol. 109, pp5 -34.
Trape J.F. and Mane Y. (2006) Guide des serpents dAfrique occidentale. Savane et desert. IRD Editions, Paris, 226 pp.
Chirio L. and Ineich I. (2006) Biogeography of the reptiles of the Central African Republic. African Journal of Herpetology, Vol. 55(1), pp 23-59.
Valenta, J. (2010) Venomous Snakes – Envenoming, Therapy. Nova Science Publishers, New York
Závada J., Valenta J., Kopecký O., Stach Z., Leden P. (2011) Black Mamba Dendroaspis Polylepis Bite: A Case Report. Prague Medical Report / Vol. 112
(2011) No. 4, p. 298–304
Stanislav Hakl, 2014