Budapest 1981 - Magyar Természettudományi Múzeum

ANNALES HISTORICO-NATURALES MUSEI NATIONALIS HUNGARICÏ
Tomus73.
Budapest, 1981
p. 313-324.
The dermatoglyphics of Hungarians from Szendrő
by T . D . G L A D K O V A , MOSCOW & T . A . T Ó T H . Budapest
Abstract — Comparative dermatoglyphic analysis of 12 local groups (c. 1500 individuals) of the
Hungarian male population is presented. The great majority of the population composition
comprises Europoid elements. With 7 tables and 4 figures.
Several contributions discussed the dermatoglyphics of Hungarians in connection with the
problem of the origin of the Hungarian people (GLADKOVA & TÓTH 1973, 1975. 1977, 1979). In
these works literature data and our own materials on an ethnic-territorial groups from different
regions of the Hungarian People's Republic are used. In the present study the accessorial dermato­
glyphic data of Hungarians from Szendrő are suggested.
The palm- and fingerprints of 150 males from Szendrő (in North Hungary, to the north-west
from Taktabáj) were collected by TÓTH in 1970. The prints have been analysed using Cummins
and Midlo's method of pattern interpretation (1961).
As it has been shown in many investigations only some dermatoglyphic trails are con­
nected with each other in their variability. Thus for example, the skin patterns of interdigital
palm pads I I I and IV correlate ncgativelly ; namely i f there is the pattern on one of them and
an accessory triradius is absent, then the pattern on another pad is not present. From a num­
ber of studies we know that the major part of dermatoglyphic traits is changing independently.
That is why for more complete dermatoglyphic description of the studied group we give as
usual the complex of finger and palm patterns (Tables 1-5).
The survey of the tables shows that the dermatoglyphic data of our sample from Szendrő
are, with a few exceptions within the variation of southern Caucasoid peoples ( C H A M L A
1962, 1963; R E M A N E et al. 1962; G L A D K O V A 1966). Thus, on the fingers L > W , but the pat­
tern intensity ( D l ) is rather high (13.57). On the palms the small frequency of hypothenar
pattern is discovered, by comparison with northern Caucasoids there is a considerable differ­
ence between the pattern frequency on interdigital pads I I I and IV and the percentage o f
carpal axial triradius is rather high (75.66). I n our group the proximal type o f line C ( 8 + x ) is
more frequent than the absence (0) of this line and type 11 of line D , is also rather frequent
which on the whole is typical for the Caucasoid peoples. According to PLATO'S classification
(1970) in Mongoloids the ulnar type of line C (fields 4 + 5' + 5 " 4 6 + 7 ) is more frequent
than the radial type (9 + 10+11 + 1 2 + 13). Judging by this trait, our sample from Szendrő is
closer to Mongoloids.
For the total description of the investigated Hungarian groups we constructed the poly­
gons by the complex of traits (Table 6, Fig. 1) — loops, whorls, the patterns on hypothenar,
interdigital pads I I I and I V , the frequency o f type 11 line D , the type 5 of the line A and the
axial carpal triradius (t). I n our previous works ( G L A D K O V A & T Ó T H 1975, 1977, 1979) we
showed the extensive variability, dispersity and crossing similarity between the different
groups of Hungarians, nevertheless as it is seen in Fig. 1, the Hungarian samples are very
close to each other and readily distinguishable from the polygons of the Kazakhs and Rus­
sians, taken for comparison.
1 0
The polygons of the western groups from Őrség and Milejszeg and also from H i m ó d and
Kisfalud are the closest between themselves. The polygons of the groups from Middle Tisza
basin—Kunhegyes, Jászapáti and Karcag—are also similar. The Szendrő sample polygon is
somewhat like to that o f T a k t a b á j , but the Szendrő group has the highest frequency of the
pattern on interdigital pad I V and the carpal axial triradius.
While constructing the polygons we did not include i n the complex of traits the value
of pattern intensity ( D l ) and the Cummins index. As an indicator o f mean number of deltas
per one examined subject the index o f pattern intensity cannot substitute the frequency of
loops and whorls. This index depends on the frequency of arches i n the sample and the corre­
lation of loops and whorls. The Cummins index—as an indicator of total direction o f the
palm skin lines—is little variable and its values may be the same under different termination
of the main palm lines A B C D . For example, with the formula of palm lines 11.10.8.2 the
Cummins index is 8(6.-.-.2); the index has the same value with the formula 8.6.5'.5' (3.-.-.5).
Meanwhile, the termination of line D i n field 11 is included in type 11 D , in field 8 — i n type 7 D .
But the mentioned indices are of great value because they obviously reflect the total
pattern intensity of finger and palm dermatoglyphics. That is why we compared our groups
separately (Table 6, Fig. 2) according to the combination of the index of pattern intensity
( D l ) and the Cummins index (Ic). I n the correlational field (Fig. 2) the Kazakhs are clearly
distinguished by maximal value of pattern intensity and minimal value o f the Cummins
index, while Russians—by maximal value o f the Cummins index. Hungarian groups are l o ­
cated more or less close, with the exception o f Mezőkövesd sample which is characterized by a
1 0
1 0
Fig. 1. Polygons: L = loop, W = whorl, Hy = Hypothenar, I I I and I V interdigital pads, 11D
and 5 A = types of lines D and A , t = carpal axial triradius. Hungarians : 1 = Őrség, 2 = Milej­
szeg, 3 — Kunhegyes, 4 = Jászapáti, 5 = Gacsaj, 6 = Mezőkövesd, 7 = Taktabáj, 8 = Himód,
9 = Karcag, 10 = Gyöngyöstarján, 11 = Kisfalud, 12 = Szendrő (GLADKOVA & TÓTH 1973,
1975, 1977, 1979), 13 = Khazakhs (GLADKOVA 1964), 14 = Russians (PROKUDINA 1971)
minimal value of the Cummins index i f compared with the other groups studied. Szendrő is
close to T a k t a b á j and Gacsáj.
To locate the Szendrő group between Finnish-Ugrian, Slavic and other peoples we
used two diagrams. For the first one (Fig. 3) we comparatively analysed mean sums of posi­
tive and negative deviations from the Kazakh group ( G L A D K O V A 1964) which was taken as a
conventional zero-group. Results received by this method have been discussed i n our pre­
vious work ( G L A D K O V A & T Ó T H 1979). Here the location o f the Szendrő group is only con­
sidered. For the calculation eight traits were chosen : arches, loops and whorls on fingers, the
frequency o f pattern on interdigital pads H I and I V and hypothenar, as well as the frequency
of type 11D and carpal axial triradius on palms. As it is seen i n Fig. 3, the Szendrő sample is
closer to Bashkirs and Udmurts ( A K I M O V A 1972), as well as to Mansis ivdelsky ( G L A D K O V A
1961). Other Hungarian groups are placed in the figure obliquely to the right, further from
the zero-group. The group from Taktabáj is located beyond this accumulation o f groups
closer to the zero-group.
For the second diagram we calculated the difference of sums between, generally speak­
ing, " E u r o p o i d " and " M o n g o l o i d " traits in dermatoglyphics. F r o m many traits typical for
Caucasoid and Mongoloid peoples seven have been taken: the freuqency of loops on fingers,
of type 11D and pattern on hypothenar and pad I I I ("Europoid" complex), as well as the
frequency o f carpal axial triradius, of whorls and pattern on pad I V ( " M o n g o l o i d " complex).
The presence of a pattern on interdigital pads I I I and I V is connected w i t h the termination
of lines D and C in fields 7 and 9. I n most peoples the pattern on pad I V is more common
than on pad I I I but in Mongoloids as compared to Europoids, the difference between pattern
frequencies on pads I I I and I V is considerably higher.
Though only 4 traits were included in the "Europoid" complex and 3 traits—in the
" M o n g o l o i d " one, the results were quite obvious (Table 7, Fig. 4). As the diagram shows
(Fig. 4), the group called " M o n g o l o i d " ( " M " ) consists of peoples most of which are charac­
terized by differently expressed traits of Uralian and South Siberian races.
Fig. 2. Group distribution by Cummins index (Ic) and delta index (Dl ) (see the names of groups
in Fig. 1)
10
Hungarians are located in the upper part o f the diagram ("Europoid" complex—"E"),
among the Caucasoid peoples. Our sample from Szendrő is situated i n the lower part o f the
diagram ( " E " — " M " = -4.06), last to the right, rather due to a high frequency o f carpal
triradius which is included i n complex " M " . Next to the Szendrő group there are Bashkirs
and Andicis.—In the upper r o w o f the diagram the T a k t a b á j groups is most remoted to the
right. I n this group the "Caucasoid" complex prevails but slightly ( " E " — " M " = 4.08)
Fig. 3. The arrangement of the compared groups by eight finger and palm traits (see text): 1 =
Őrség, 2 = Milejszeg, 3 — Kunhegyes, 4 = Jászapáti, 5 — Gacsáj, 6 — Mezőkövesd, 7 = Takta­
báj, 8 = Himód, 9 = Karcag, 1 0 = Gyöngyöstarján, 1 1 = Kisfalud ( G L A D K O V A & T Ó T H 1973,
1975, 1977, 1979), 1 2 = Russians ( P R O K U D I N A 1971), 1 3 = Belorussians ( A N T O N J U K 1975), 1 4 =
Ossets (Petrenko 1977), 1 5 = Bashkirs ( A K I M O V A 1972), 1 6 = Avars ( G A D Z I E V 1 9 6 2 ) , 1 7 = Andiicis,
1 8 = Ginuchcis ( G L A D K O V A & R A M A Z A N O V 1977), 1 9 = Madzaris and 2 0 = Asis ( G L A D K O V A
& T Ó T H 1970), 2 1 = Finns ( H I T 1969), 2 2 = Lappo ( K H A Z A N O V A 1971), 2 3 = Mansis ivdelsky
{ G L A D K O V A 1 9 6 1 ) , 2 4 = Khants, r. Vach ( G L A D K O V A & H I T 1968), 25 = Rumanias, Bran val­
ley (VuLPE 1972), 2 6 = Lunigians, North Italy ( F O R M I C O L A 1 9 7 5 ) , 2 7 = Hungarians, Budapest
( M A L Á N 1939, 1940), 2 8 = Komis permyaki ( G L A D K O V A 1961), 2 9 = Udmurts, Bashkiria ( A K I ­
M O V A 1972), 3 0 = Svans ( G L A D K O V A 1958), 3 1 = Hungarians from Szendrő (our data), 3 2 =
Khazakhs ( G L A D K O V A 1964) as "Zero group"
Fig. 4. The arrangement of the compared groups by difference of sum between "Europoid" ("E")
and "Mongoloid" ( " M " ) traits (see the names of groups in Fig. 3 )
due to the increased frequency o f type 11D. Near the Taktabáj group Udmurts are located,
having a rather high percentage o f loops and hypothenar patterns along with the high fre­
quency t (see G L A D K O V A & T Ó T H 1979).
We have compared the Szendrő dermatoglyphic data w i t h those of some other peoples
that were not included in our diagrams due to the absence of the whole set o f traits chosen for
the analysis. Thus, it was noted that judging by the frequency of loops and whorls the Szend­
rő group is close to the Hungarians of K i s k u n l a c h á z a and Pereg from the Middle Danube
basin ( G Y E N I S 1975). The Szendrő group differs from the southern Slavic group inhabiting
the area between Danube and Tisza rivers near the Yugoslavian border (GYENIS 1978) by
lower frequency o f loops and hypothenar patterns and higher frequency o f whorls.
I f compared with the male group o f Neapolitans (AMORE & G A L G A N O 1966) as the rep­
resentatives o f southern Europoids, the Szendrő group has a significantly higher frequency o f
carpal triradius and lower values o f the Cummins index, though both groups are similar by
the frequency o f patterns on hypothenar and type 11D.
Thus, our sample from Szendrő (northern Palóts) by dermatoglyphic traits is on the
whole w i t h i n the variations characteristic for Caucasoid peoples. Revealing the crossing
similarity w i t h different ethnic-territorial groups o f Hungary the Szendrő series is closer to
the north-eastern groups of Gacsáj and T a k t a b á j (the combination of the delta and the C u m ­
mins indices), as well as to the southern Palóts—from Mezőkövesd (the frequency o f loops,
whorls and pattern on pads I I I and I V and from Gyöngyöstarján (the frequency o f carpal
triradius).
The above-mentioned similarity between Hungarians from Szendrő and Bashkirs, U d ­
murts and Mansis ivdelsky characterized by traits o f the Uralian race is insignificant. The
slight admixture o f the " M o n g o l o i d " complex i n the northern regions of Hungary, especially
in Szendrő and T a k t a b á j , that can be seen in the dermatoglyphic traits which are more ancient
and genetically determined morphological features, may be to some degree explained by the
preservation o f some traits of eastern tribes that invaded the territory of Hungary at the end
of first millenium—beginning o f the second millenium A . D . According to T. A . T Ó T H (1977),
somatological and odontological data also confirm the prevalence of different components o f
the European race stock i n mosaic composition o f Hungarian male population.
Table 1. The pattern frequencies on individual digits (%)
Left, n =
Finger
I
II
III
IV
V
Right, n = 150
150
A
R
U
w
A
R
1.33
11.33
3.33
1.33
0.66
0.66
11.33
57.33
35.33
72.66
52.00
84.66
40.66
42.00
24.00
45.98
14.66
0.66
10.66
6.00
0.66
1.35
21.33
0.66
—
0.66
—
—
w
u
36.00
24.66
66.66
30.66
74.00
62.00
43.33
26.67
68.66
25.99
Table 2. Finger pattern frequecy (%) and indexes
A
R
U
R + W
W
Dl
1 0
w/ .ioo
L
A/
W
.
100
-VL-IOO
Left hand, n - 150
3.60
2.55
60.40
62.95
33.45
6.49
53.13
10.76
5.71
88.83
7.93
7.05
69.08
9.14
6.31
Right hand, n = 150
3.60
4.65
46.40
51.05
45.33
7.09
Both hands, n = 300
3.60
3.60
53.40
57.00
39.39
13.57
Table 3. The engins of the lines ABCD in the group from Szendrő (%)
c
B
A
D
Fields
Fields
Left
1
2
3
4
5'
5"
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
X
0
6.66
2.00
66.66
8.00
16.00
0.66
—
Right
Both
3.33
1.33
56.00
13.33
24.00
0.66
0.66
4.99
1.67
61.33
10.67
20.00
0.66
0.33
—
—
0.66
0.33
—
—
Left
Right
Both
—
—
—
2.66
1.33
26.66
14.00
15.33
40.00
0.66
0.66
13.33
18.66
9.33
52.66
4.00
1.66
0.99
19.99
16.33
12.33
46.33
2.00
—
—
—
—
-
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
0.66
0.33
—
Left
—
5.33
10.66
5.33
36.66
0.66
28.00
—
—
—
—
8.00
5.33
Right
—
—
Both
44.00
4.00
—
—
—
—
—
—
9.00
3.33
8.66
4.33
—
Right
Both
—
2.66
6.66
6.66
32.66
0.33
36.00
2.00
2.66
8.00
28.66
Left
—
14.66
5.33
24.00
15.33
38.66
—
—
0.66
1.33
—
2.66
8.00
22.66
9.33
56.00
0.66
0.66
—
—
—
8.66
6.66
23.33
12.33
47.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.66
1
2
3
4
5'
5"
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
X
0
Table 4. Frequency of basic types of main palm lines A B C D ( % )
Types of A B C D
Left
Right
L + R
8.66
74.66
16.66
4.66
69.33
25.98
6.66
72.00
21.32
21.98
39.33
38.66
10.66
31.99
57.32
16.32
35.66
47.99
7.76
8.76
8.26
57.98
39.32
48.65
28.00
48.00
38.00
8.66
5.33
9.33
3.33
8.99
4.33
55.33
65.99
60.66
44.65
33.32
0.66
38.95
0.33
Types of line A :
1(1 + 2)
3(3+-4)
5(5' + 5" + 6 + 7)
Types of line D :
7(+8 + X + 0)
9(+ 10)
11(4-12+13)
Main — line index of Cummins
Types of line C :
Ulnar
(4 + 5 ' + 5 " + 6 + 7 )
Radial
( 9 + 1 0 + 1 1 + 12+13)
Proximal (8 + X )
Absence (0)
Types of line B :
Distal
(6 + 7 + 8 + 9)
Ulnar
(3 + 4 + 5 ' + 5")
X+0
Table 5. Palm patterns, accessory and axial triradii (%)
Traites
Left
Right
Both
31.33
15.33
4.66
26.66
66.66
29.33
4.66
8.66
47.33
46.00
30.33
9.99
6.66
36.99
56.33
The palm patterns :
Hypothenar
Thenar/I
II
III
IV
The accessorial triradii:
II
III
IV
I I + I I I + IV
4.66
8.66
6.66
—
—
—
13.33
17.99
7.33
15.99
10.33
16.99
78.66
16.66
0.66
4.00
72.66
15.33
1.33
8.00
0.66
75.66
15.99
0.99
6.00
0.33
—
—
—
—
The axial triradii:
t
t'
t"
tt'
tt"
t't"
tt't"
0+?
—
—
—
2.00
—
1.00
Table 6. Complex of some dermatoglyphical traits of Hungarians in comparison with the Kazakhs
and Russians
Groups
L
1. Őrség
2. Milejszeg
3. Kunhegyes
4. Jászapáti
5. Gacsáj
6. Mezőkövesd
7. Taktabáj
8. Himód
9. Karcag
10. Gyöngyöstarján
11. Kisfalud (GLADKOVA &
TÓTH 1973.
1975,
62.60
58.80
57.86
61.04
55.31
57.51
53.18
62.77
59.34
58.12
W
33.40
38.63
35.63
35.74
38.13
37.15
41.74
33.24
36.07
33.80
Hy
31.00
33.33
31.86
30.32
32.97
38.37
28.27
28.05
29.22
28.66
III
43.00
40.55
40.00
40.00
45.21
39.94
35.02
39.81
34.19
37.42
IV
47.50
47.52
47.52
49.67
46.81
58.42
51.05
45.24
50.61
51.37
11 D
47.00
49.43
49.73
41.93
40.42
36.83
51.46
51.59
48.27
44.37
5
A
32.50
33.32
23.72
22.57
18.62
18.34
25.31
22.62
25.17
27.50
t
68.50
64.44
67.79
71.61
69.15
65.68
70.46
76.93
66.55
75.31
Dl
1 0
Ic
12.90
13.48
12.91
13.25
13.52
13.18
13.66
12.92
13.14
12.57
8.52
8.49
8.29
8.32
8.27
7.88
8.35
8.14
8.34
8.41
62.37 32.58 34.08 45.14 37.31 48.86 26.85 72.01 12.72
57.00 39.39 30.33 36.99 56.33 47.99 21.32 75.66 13.57
8.39
8.26
45.12 52.14 24.57 25.68 51.00 34.05 20.90 84.44 14.93
8.06
59.50 33.20 34.00 28.50 34.55 51.00 37.50 56.50 12.59
8.72
1977,
1979)
12. Szendrő (our data)
13. Kazakhs (GLADKOVA
1964)
14. Russians (PROKUDINA
1971)
Table 7. The comparison of Hungarians and some other peoples (males) by the sum "Europoid"
<"E") and "Mongoloid" ( " M " ) traits
Groups
n
"E"
"M"
"E"-"M"
1
2
3
4
5
102
94
149
78
97
123
122
112
147
162
135
100
200
100
810
114
85
70
73
60
746
57
79
40
57
100
500
66
75
222
150
84
183.60
182.11
178.45
173.29
173.91
172.65
167.93
182.22
171.02
168.57
190.45
173.00
179.95
173.06
155.70
196.40
160.11
174.69
131.21
136.81
191.30
135.00
145.20
178.30
155.39
161.20
179.10
142.92
166.20
158.43
167.31
129.62
149.40
150.59
150.94
157.20
154.09
162.25
163.25
155.41
152.23
160.48
141.90
124.20
142.45
157.26
164.40
131.84
165.70
153.99
194.21
159.33
144.30
174.50
169.40
195.70
127.42
144.00
147.80
169.23
159.50
135.05
171.37
188.02
39.20
31.52
28.01
16.09
19.82
10.40
4.08
26.81
18.79
8.09
48.55
48.80
37.50
15.80
—8.70
64.56
—5.59
20.70
—63.00
—22.52
47.00
—39.50
—24.20
—17.40
27.97
17.20
30.30
—26.31
6.70
23.38
—4.06
—58.40
Hungarians (GLADKOVA & T Ó T H 1973, 1975, 1977,
1979)
1. Őrség
2. Milejszeg
3. Kunhegyes
4. Jászapáti
5. Gacsáj
6. Mezőkövesd
7. Taktabáj
8. Himód
9. Karcag
10. Gyöngyöstarján
11. Kisfalud
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Russian (PROKUDINA 1971)
Belorussian (ANTONYUK 1975)
Ossets (PETRENKO 1977)
Bashkirs (AKIMOVA 1972)
Avars ( G A D Z I E V 1962)
17. Andicis
18. Ginuchcis (GLADKOVA & RAMAZANOV, 1977)
19. Madzaris
20. Asis ( G L A D K O V A & TÓTH 1970)
21. Finns ( H I T 1969)
22. Lapps (KHAZANOVA 1971)
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
Mansis ivdelsky (GLADKOVA 1961)
Khants, r. Vach (GLADKOVA & H I T 1968)
Rumanians, Bran Valley, (VULPE 1972)
Lunigians, North Italy (FORMICOLA 1971)
Hungarians, Budapest ( M A L Á N 1939, 1940)
28. Komi-permyaki (GLADKOVA 1961)
29. Udmurts (AKIMOVA 1972)
30. Svans ( G L A D K O V A 1958)
31. Hungarians, SZENDRŐ (our data)
32. Khazakhs (GLADKOVA 1964)
References
ABEL, W. (1940): By Remane and others, 1962.
AKIMOVA, M . S. (1972) : Importance of dermatoglyphics data in studies of mixed groups (Bashkirian
material). —• In: Man, Evolution and Intraspecific Differentiation, Nauka, Moscow, p. 167-180.
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Author's address : T . D . G L A D K O V A
Anthropological Institute
State University of Moscow
K a r l Marx prospekt, 18
Moscow, K-9 U S S R
D R . TIBOR TÓTH
Anthropological Department
Hungarian Natural History Museum
H-1062 Budapest,
Bajza utca 39