"A Glimpse Into the Nanoworld" by Dr. Kristen Buchanan

"A Glimpse Into the Nanoworld" by Dr. Kristen Buchanan

A Glimpse into the Nano-World
Kristen Buchanan
Materials Science Division
and
Center for Nanoscale Materials
Argonne National Laboratory
Nanoworkshop
June 14, 2006
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
What is nanoscience/nanotechnology?
Why is it interesting?
How do we make nanoparticles?
How can we see them?
What does the future hold?
Single Atom
Bulk Material
Nanocluster
Nano-workshop, UND
June 14, 2006
What Are “Nanomaterials”?
Definition based on structure
Structure is different from what you
get in bulk materials
Definition based on properties
Properties are different from what
you get in bulk materials
yellow silver
yellow silver
red gold
Structured on a scale of ~10-1000 atoms
Arrays of gold nanoparticles
Kiely et al. Nature 396, 444 (1998).
Properties different from atoms or
molecules, different from bulk
Yellow silver nanoparticle sample.
Nano-workshop, UND
June 14, 2006
When did the nano-revolution begin?
Cup of Lycurgus: 4th century A.D.
“There’s Plenty of Room
at the Bottom”
British Museum
Richard Feynman’s speech in 1959
Key to progress: better tools
http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/science/lycurguscup/sr-lycugus-p1.html
Nano-workshop, UND
June 14, 2006
Science vs. Science Fiction
1986: Dr. Eric Drexler “Engines of
Creation: The coming era of
nanotechnology”
– “nanobots” that can reproduce and
take over the planet -- “grey goo”
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June 14, 2006
2003: Michael Crighton “Prey”
– Intelligent swarms of nano
robots
Nano Products
Liquids
roll off
Nano-coated windows
Stain-resistant textiles
Tennis balls with nanoclay for extra bounce
Sunscreen
http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/antenna/nano/
Nano-workshop, UND
June 14, 2006
Five DOE Nanoscale Science Research
Centers (NSRC) + NINT in Canada
Center for Nanoscale
Materials
Advanced Light
Source
Electron Microscopy
Center for Materials
Research
Advanced
Photon
Source
Center for
Functional Nanomaterials
Intense Pulsed
Neutron Source
National Center for
Electron
Microscopy
National
Synchrotron
Light Source
Molecular Foundry
Spallation Neutron
Source
Stanford
Synchrotron
Radiation Lab
Linac Coherent
Light Source
Los Alamos
Neutron Science
Center
Center for Nanophase
Materials Sciences
High-Flux
Isotope Reactor
Center for Integrated
Nanotechnologies
Nano-workshop, UND
June 14, 2006
Center for Nanoscale Materials: Six Themes
NanoBio Interfaces
Nanofabrication
Nanophotonics
X-ray Imaging &
Scattering
Theory & Simulation
Electronic/Magnetic
Materials & Devices
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June 14, 2006
How do we build nanomaterials?
Lithography
Chemical synthesis, self-assembly
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June 14, 2006
Fabrication: Top-Down
Plexiglas
Polymer
“PMMA”
Spin Coat
Metallization
Expose
Lift-off
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June 14, 2006
Develop
1 µm
Bottom-up: Self-assembly
Self-assembled 3D arrays of 6-nm FePt particles
S. Sun, C. B. Murray, D. Weller, L. Folks, A. Moser, Science 287, 1989, 2000
Nano-workshop, UND
June 14, 2006
Nano-Biology
Biology uses nano
Nanofabrication using
biology
Remove
DNA
Chains of nanomagnets in
magnetotactic bacteria
Replace
Magnetic Viruses
Dunin-Borkowski et al., Science, 282, 1868, 1998
Liu et al. J. Magn. Magn. Matter. 2006
Nano-workshop, UND
June 14, 2006
A Rainbow of Color: Semiconductor Nanocrystals
Photoluminescence of ZnScapped CdSe nanoparticles:
- varying size leads to color change
(Han et al. Nature Biotechnology, 2001)
Applications:
–
–
–
Tagging and tracking bio-chemicals
Solar cells
Computer monitors
65 µm
Writing with Si nanocrystals
(A stands for Alberta) (Meldrum/Buchanan)
Nano-workshop, UND
June 14, 2006
Nanophotonics: Manipulating light via structure
Daphnis butterfly (photo by Mario Maier)
Scanning electron
microscope images
Biro et al., Phys. Rev. E, 2003.
Color from structure instead of pigment
http://www.psigate.ac.uk/spotlight/issue10/butterfly.html
Nano-workshop, UND
June 14, 2006
Nanocarbon
Nanocrystalline Diamond
Graphite
Diamond
Nanostructured carbon reduces
friction and wear.
50 nm
C60 "buckyball"
1996 Nobel Prize: Curl, Kroto,
and Smalley
Carbon nanotubes
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June 14, 2006
Moore’s Law
Year
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June 14, 2006
Nanomagnetism & Spintronics
Electron:
Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR)
-
High Resistance
Low Resistance
µ
G. A. Prinz, Science 282, 1660, 1998
Nano-workshop, UND
June 14, 2006
MRAM
Instant-on computers
Tiny, reliable portable
devices
– Cell phones
– MP3 players
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June 14, 2006
Molecular Electronics
Challenge: to understand conductivity in
single molecules
Computers from a test tube?
Illustration of a molecule
between gold contacts
Reed et al. Science, 1997
Rutenbeek et al., in “Introducing Molecular Electronics”
Nano-workshop, UND
June 14, 2006
How can we “see” nanoparticles?
Optical microscope:
– Can resolve > 1 µm (1000 nm)
– Diffraction-limited
• Resolution ∝ wavelength
Solutions:
– Near-field optics
– Use smaller wavelengths
• X-rays
• Electrons
– Scanning-probe microscopy
Nano-workshop, UND
June 14, 2006
#
Transmission Electron Microscopy
λ ~ 0.0025 nm
20 nm
Fe Nanocrysals in SiO2
Buchanan et al. Nano. Lett. 2005
!"
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June 14, 2006
CNM Nanoprobe at the Advanced
Photon Source
30 nm beam: Fresnel zone plate
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June 14, 2006
Photoemission Electron Microscopy (PEEM)
X-rays and electrons:
– Shine x-rays on sample
– Capture emitted electrons
• Element-specific
• High resolution (50-100 nm)
$% % &
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'
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)
,'
#
-
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June 14, 2006
Buchanan et al. Phys. Rev. B, 72, 134415, 2005
Atomic Force Microscopy
AFM image of ferroelectric stripe domains
10nm PbTiO3 on SrTiO3
Magnetic vortices in a patterned
ferromagnet
100nm
Buchanan et al. Nature Physics 2006
http://www.msd.anl.gov/
Nano-workshop, UND
June 14, 2006
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning_tunneling_microscope
Scan atomically-sharp tip over sample
Record height/tunneling current information
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June 14, 2006
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy
Quantum Corral (IBM)
Writing with Atoms
Eigler & Schweizer, Nature, 1990)
1981: G. Binnig and H. Rohrer (IBM) invented the scanning tunneling microscope
1986: Nobel Prize in Physics:
G. Binnig and H. Rohrer for STM
E. Ruska for designing the first electron microscope
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June 14, 2006
Freezing Time: Nanoseconds and beyond
Famous photo by H. Edgerton
– Flash photography: microseconds
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June 14, 2006
Pump-probe dynamics
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June 14, 2006
Pump-probe dynamics
Dynamics of Nanomagnets:
– Probe: 0.100 ps (0.1x10-12 s) laser pulse
– Pump: trigger current pulse in waveguide
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June 14, 2006
Time-Resolved Magnetic Imaging
.
(
/
10 by 2 µm rectangles of 15-nm thick nickel-iron (Ni80Fe20)
Freeman and Choi, Science, 294, 1484, 2001
Nano-workshop, UND
June 14, 2006
Where will nano make an impact?
Electronics
– Information storage &
processing
– Spintronics
– Photonics
Energy/Environment
– Solar cells
– Fuel cells
– Remediation
Materials
Security
– Powders, coatings,
composites
– Harder, stronger, dirt
repellant, …
– Sensors
– Protective clothing
– Communications
Bio-Medical
– New materials
– Drug delivery
– Diagnostics
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June 14, 2006
Conclusions
Nanoscience
– Create
• Lithographic patterning, self-assembly, …
– Explore and Understand
• Experiment: imaging, dynamics
• Simulation/Theory
– Exciting fundamental research
– New and improved technologies for the future
Center
for
Nanoscale Materials
at Argonne
Nano-workshop, UND
June 14, 2006
Further Information
“When Things Get Small”: 30 min. TV show, 5 Emmy Awards!
– http://www.uctv.tv/getsmall/
“There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom”, Feynman’s lecture from 1959
– http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.html
http://nano.anl.gov/
http://www.discovernano.northwestern.edu/
National Center for Learning and Teaching of Nanoscale Science and Engineering
– http://www.nclt.us
National Nanotechnology Initiative
– http://www.nano.gov/
http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/antenna/nano/
http://mrsec.wisc.edu/Edetc/
Acknowledgements
Sam Bader, Val Novosad, Axel Hoffmann, Eric Isaacs, Al Meldrum, Mark Freeman
DOE, NSERC Canada
Disclaimer: Any products shown in this talk are
examples only; I do not mean to endorse any specific
products or brands.
Nano-workshop, UND
June 14, 2006