soil fertility, fertilization and growth of canadian forests1

soil fertility, fertilization and growth of canadian forests1

SOIL FERTILITY, FERTILIZATION AND GROWTH OF CANADIAN FORESTS1
N.W.
FOSTER AND
I.K.
MORRISON
GREAT LAKES FOREST RESEARCH CENTRE
CANADIAN FORESTRY
SERVICE
DEPARTMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT
1983
INFORMATION
REPORT O-X-353
^Presented at the 1979 Annual Meeting of the Canadian Society of Soil Science,
Fredericton,
New Brunswick
©Minister of Supply and Services Canada 1983
Catalogue No. Fo46-14/353E
ISBN 0-662-12691-2
ISSN 0822-210X
Copies
of this
Great
Lakes
report
Forest
Canadian
Department
Sault
may be
obtained
Research
Forestry
Centre
Service
of the Environment
P.O.
Box
Ste.
Marie,
P6A
490
5M7
Ontario
from:
ABSTRACT
Fertilizer
test plots
nutrient-supplying ability in
in
adult
forest
across
hypothesis
that
especially
on drier
e.g.,
lack
of
Canada
N
sites.
with K.
to 80 m3 ha"1
The
addition
an
of
additional
urea
15.6
(Pseudotsuga nsnziesii [Mirb.]
pine (Pinus
banksiana
relationships
adjacent
limits
increase
spruce (p.
glauca
of
to P and K are
assessing soil
from
States
some
experiments
support
coniferous
the
species,
reported only occasionally;
on outwash sands abandoned from agriculture,
realized when P and/or K are added
(224 kg N ha"1)
m3
ha~1
of
wocd
to natural stands
over
4
Franco) and 8.5 m3 ha"1
In
Douglas-fir
index and
being on poorer
fir (Abies
United
growth
for
Results
is not significantly greater than with N alone.
Lamb.).
between site
best evidence
demand.
of extra wood owr 5 to 10 years after fertilization
but generally response
average,
growth
the
Responses
Ait.),
the
tree
With many species additional growth is
with N,
balsam
to
and
generally
red pine (Pinus resinosa
produced 25
have provided
relation
response
sites.
balsamea
[L.]
Mill.),
[Moench]
Voss),
and
black
with
5-year
pine
on
Douglas-fir
forest,
responses
spruce (Picea
spruce (p.
produced,
over 5 years with jack
jack
to N have been found,
Average
red
and
years
were
rubens
wariana
inverse
the
greatest
less
Sarg.),
[Mill.]
with
white
B.S.P.)
(7.1, 4.6, 4.5, and 2.2 m3 ha"1, respectively).
The
forests
use
respond
of
foliar diagnosis
and
soil chemical analyses
to fertilization is discussed.
to determine which
RESUME
La
fertilisation en parcelles
experimentales
a fourni
la mailleure
base
pour evaluer I1 aptitude du sol a repondre aux besoins des arbres en elements
nutritifs.
Les resultats d'experiences dans des forets adultes du Canada et de
regions contigues des E.-U. appuient l'hypothese que la carence en N limite
generalement la croissance de certains coniferes, splcialement dans les stations
seches.
Ce n'est que parfois que
example,
du
pin
les
reactions
rouge (Pinus resinosa Ait.),
a P et a K sont signalees;
sur
les
sables
par
incultes d'epandage
fluvio-glaciaire, qui produit 25 a 80 m3/ha de plus de bois, en 5 a 10 ans, apres
la fertilisation avec K.
les
deux
sont
Eeaucoup d'essences croissent davantage quand P,
ajoutes
a
N,
mis
generalement
la
reaction
K ou
n'est
pas
significativement plus grande qu'avec N seul.
L'apport d'uree
(224
kg/ha
de
N)
a
des
peuplements
naturels
donne
en
moyenne
15,6
m3/ha
de
plus
taxifolie. (Pseudotsuga menziesii
de
bois,
en
4
ans,
chez
le
Douglas
[Mirb.] Franco) et 8,5 m3/ha, en 5 ans, chez le
pin gris (Pinus banksiana Lamb.).
Dans les forets de Douglas taxifolie et de pin
gris,
on a obserwl des relations in\ersement proportionnelles entre l'indice de
station et
dans
les
la
inferieures
rouge (Picea
l'epinette
reaction a N,
stations
chez
la plus
pauvres.
le
rubens
sapin
Sarg.),
noire (p.
mriana
En
grande augmentation
5
ans,
les
baumier (Abies
l'epinette
balsamea
blanche (p.
[Hill.]
B.S.P.)
diagnostic
foliaire
de
croissance
augmentations
[7,1,
[L.]
glauca
4,6,
survenant
moyennes
Hill.),
[l-toench]
4,5
et
ont
ete
l'epinette
voss)
2,2
et
m3/ha,
respectivement].
L'etude
traite
du
et
des
analyses
chimiques
comrre moyens de determiner quelles forets reagissent a la fertilisation.
du
sol
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
Page
INTRODUCTION
1
FERTILIZER TRIALS
2
Age
2
Nitrogen Response
3
Nitrogen Source
4
Length of Response
5
Phosphorus and Potassium Response
5
Species-Site Interaction
6
IDENTIFICATION OF MINERAL DEFICIENCIES
10
Foliar Analysis
10
Soil Nutrients
12
WHERE ARE WE IN SOIL FERTILITY?
14
LITERATURE CITED
15
INTRODUCTION
The
unmanaged
forests
Soil
soil
fertility
in
each
relation
element
growth,
and
(Anon.
1976).
as
other
raphy ,
of
Soil
the
for
as
the
well
(moisture,
climate,
nature
of
plant
physiog
characteris tics,
and
a
to plants
fertility,
depth),
of
quantity
properties
species
determine
to
status
availability
soil
growth,
the
necessary
its
temperature,
is
of
productivity
of
Acadian forest
ity
and
to
35
in
the
with
soils
are
than
agriculture.
The
order is Podzolic,
Luvisolic,
support
or
Boreal
sites.
(Rennie
soil
dominant
and
soil
Organic
areas
1972).
conditions
Canada,
of
associated
the
has
of
been
forest
and
to
surpasses
age,
a
in
site
and
reported
for
sites
in the
growth
black
the better
basal
growth
Evert
quality
to
given
volume
increase
5
region
that of
For
the
1
Acadian
quality.
As
Lcwry
spruce
produced
area
increases
an
(1970)
that
two
better-
to
four
times more growth than poorer sites.
although Brunisolic,
Gleysolic
considerable
growth
the
equals
generally
those
extremes
Coastal
In
example,
fertility
and
from which
growth rates in m^ ha""1 yr~' of from 1
with
Forest
semiraature
Boreal
fertilization
exhibit
stage
forest
regions,
forest
derived,
management
of
natural
Coastal,
bulk of our information on soil fertil
Boreal.
crops.
lower
the
The
is
medium-
forest
That
of
first
but
in
Swan
coarse-textured
soil
nutrient
levels
may
limit forest productivity in Canada was
range
large,
to
soils
of
suggested
(1962)
materials
by
after
Lafond
(1958)
examination
and
of
leaf
from red pine (Pinus resincsa
acidic soils and soils with appreciable
Ait.)
stone
[Moench] Voss) plantations near Grand1-
The
and
boulder
more
textured
The
productive
silts
poorest
gravelly
1971,
content predominate.
and
tree
sands
soils
clays
are
fine-
(Lcwry
1975).
growth
or
on
occurs
deep
peat
on
(Page
Lowry 1975).
and
Mere,
from
a
volume
exhausted
forest
three
main
site
quality
Stand
ured
area
of
above
living
ground).
dominant
age.
is
The
to
is
be
and
of
conventionally
area
tree
age
index,
the
it
meas
sterre
at
1 .37
of
stocking
may
be
tionships
between
abandoned,
growth
growth
(K)
and
Red
to
phosphorus
1965,
appearance.
(Lafond
1958,
on abandoned
has
also
nitrogen
(P)
been
(N)
when
(Mg)
pine
Ontario
respond
could
forest
achieved
magnesium
to the soil
1965).
and
and
was
been
agricultural
mineral-deficient
poor
added
by
sands
had
were
Gagnon
farmland
shown
together
and K fertilizers
to
with
(Leech
1967) .
the average height
soil
and
site
than
that
(Duffy
desirable
1965);
to keep
latter constant when studying
properties.
m
and
glauca
outwash
plantations
nutrients
only
potassium
in
(cross-sectional
of
Increased
at a specified common
influence
therefore,
age.
Site quality is deter
trees
and
by
stand,
stand
factors on growth nay be less
of
derived
governed
density
(index)
basal
mined by site
of
stand
factors:
density
as
wood
The
the
practices
produce
of
spruce (Picea
Quebec.
supporting
with
The
white
growth
and
rela
soil-site
General
ements
in
readily
insufficiencies
soil,
apparent
deficiencies.
have
however,
than
are
Fertiliser
provided
the
bast
of
el
are
less
extreme
test
plots
evidence
for
assessing soil nutrient-supplying abil
ity
in
itive
relation
growth
to
tree
responses
damand.
in
Pos
fertilizer
trials
et
in Scandinavia
al.
1969)
(e.g.,
and
the
United
States
(Gessel
served
as
stimulus
studies
on
forest.
et
al.
to
fertilisation
These
(e.g.,
1974)
a
Carbonnier
1972,
1969)
natural
and
Braastad
others
et
al.
were instrumental in establishing
forest
fertilization as
an
Age
Canadian
of
experiments
Moller
FERTILIZER TRIALS
northwestern
operational
Fertilizers
fores try,
in
plantation
have
been
nurseries,
establishment,
juvenile,
immature
used
at
and
and
in
time
of
at
the
semimature
stages of forest development.
practice in these locations.
Additions
As
early
as
the
recognised
as
nn
limiting
growth
mid-1950s,
important
of
N was
element
Douglas-fir
(Pseudotsuga msnziesii [Mirb.]
in British Columbia (Crossin
1966).
Reports by Weetman
(1973)
and
(1973)
indicated
ran
(1968),
Nostrand
that
responses
particularly N,
be
in
erous forest.
eastern
and
During
the
reviews
year)
early
begun
1970s
received
Althen
other
up
since
these
various
interim
(5-
a number of fertilizer
the
late
industry,
1960s
and
universities,
forest
op
stock
(van
the
of
NPK
on
The
basswood (Tilia
red
sandy
oak (Quercus
loam
soils
black walnut (Juglans nigra
Even with weed competition
ments have been published.
Among these
found
studies,
the
produced no increase in foliar N,
gram,
example,
Forest
comprising
experiments
is
79
forest
Manitoba,
Ontario,
by
services
of
Quebec
Brunswick
and
by
Service
in
Saskatchewan
Scotia.
Some
been
data
these
objective
of
determine
what
can
us
its
tell
from
the
the
about
Forestry
and
Nova
conclusions
of
height
growth
during
the
report
is
and
over
increased
The
of
to
and
a
1975)
jack
P
L.)
of
of
placement
in
of
P
holes
black
ash (Fraxizus
but
growth.
and a 10-year-old
failed
to
Fertilization
(Calvert
pine (Pinus
trees
growth.
planting
leaves
5-year-old
p and
unfertilised
white
height
Althen
no improvement in
concentrations
and
americana
von
fertilization
first five years
bottom
walnut
improve
trials
fertility
the
the
influence on productivity of forest
soils.
concentrations
In a fourth experiment,
fertilizer
soil
broadcast
at
New
experiments.
these
herbicides,
that
Alberta,
analysis
present
K
by
and
Canadian
preliminary
drawn
from
the
Pro
standardized
established
provincial
have
Inter-
Fertilization
and
L.) on clay
controlled
for
and
L.)
and both provincial and federal govern
provincial
of
fer
abandoned
silver maple (Acer saccharinum
loam soils.
has
von
planting.
were
and
on
age
results
which
broadcast
L.)
L.)
nutrition
of
attention.
on
time
planted
americana
the
years
reported
experiments
species
rubra
10
little
(1976)
three
were
results.
to
realize
nursery
hand,
to
very
at
in
by
the
forest
tilizers
published,
of
On
of
farmland
initial
to
1974).
(1972)
period
results
trials
conif
fertilizer
required
den Driessche 1963, Armson and Sadreika
(1975) describe these
their
ware
to
could also
natural
Reviews by Rennie
and Armson et al.
trials
Bhure
of
are
timum production of
Hoyt
and
fertilizers,
realized
Franco)
et al.
nurseries
and
Armson
(Winston 1977)
banksiana Lamb.)
plantation likewise failed to stimulate
height growth.
Low per-hectare
initially
seedling-
age
from
forest
coupled
with
and
demand
sapling-
accelerated
nutrient release from the decomposition
10
of surface organic material
carrying charges
and
large
ularly
on
quantities
of
nutrient-rich
cutovers,
response
to
nay
(Page 1974)
slash,
needles
explain
fertilizers
partic
and
the
by
bark
lack
these
of
young
years
Additional
fertilization
of
might
be
to
addition
30-year-old
forest2,
a
to immature
jack
20-year-old
rubens
balsam
fir (Abies
plantation
M
natural
(Picea
a
of
red
pine
spruce
Sarg.)-white
balsamea
are
western
triple
[L.]
Mill.)
The
results
Canada
stands
fertilization
either.
responses
by
may
this
suggests
not respond to
Positive
15-year-old
most
commonly
used
urea as a source of
for
p
N,
and
Nitrogen Response
no effect
that immature
of
for
and
hemlock (Tsuga
and
diam
number
potassium chloride for K.
experiments
growth,
from
forest
greater
the
superphosphate
heterophylla [Eaf .] Sarg.) forest3 had
on
are
gain
merchantable
The
fertilizers
that
spruce-
(Timmer and Fisher 1978)
30-year-old
20-
where
increases
that
so
semimature
realized
growth
eter
harvesting.
The
harvest,
on investment could be
minimized.
trees
forests.
or so before
growth
Douglas-fir
from
in
and
the
a
the
hypothesis
limits
the
growth
across
United
that
of
species.
number of
forest
adjacent
support
coniferous
large
adult
at
The
States
lack
of
least
N
some
responses
of
forest^ and 25-year-old western hemlock
Douglas-fir
(Webster et al.
erally positive and often statistically
1976)
were
not
tent with this generalization,
In
the
latter
response
when
to
the
study,
additional
fertilization was
forest
was
consis
however.
realized
thinned
before
fertilizers were applied.
and
significantly
greater
of unfertilized forest
pine
responded
well
Most
fertilizer
been
growth
natural
trials,
conducted
in
forest,
usually
relatively
fully
stocked,
stands
either
of
single
however,
semimature
uniform,
even-aged
rationale
mature
for
forest
was
to
owr
controls,
to
commonly
fertile,
deep,
sandy
fertilization.
found
These
on
increase
loams.
The
responses
serai-
white
yield
also,
but
were
not
fertilizer
Growth response
spruce
in
higher
balsam
many
trials
are
loam
inherent
fir
generally
statistically
species
sandy
of
were
the
clay
results
significant.
commonly
to
associated
loam
fertility,
tills
tion—fifth
Toronto,
year
unpubl.
results.
rep.).
3Rottink cited by Miller 1976.
4Gessel cited by Miller 1976.
Univ.
are
compacted
and
of
although
therefore of restricted rooting.
fertiliza
and
positive
some
(urea)
less-
loamy sands and gravelly
of immature jack pine (Pinus banksiana
nitrogen
Jack
Douglas-
Lamb.)
to
growth
fertilization
whereas
are
These
1977.
the
largest volume of wood
species
with
R.D.
than
gen
coniferous
fertilizing
with a single application of
were
(Table 1).
to
attributable
species or simple mixtures of conifers.
The
pine
with the largest percentage increase in
fir produced the
have
jack
shallow
and
Black
spruce showed the poorest response over
all:
in
growth
of
a
number
of
fertilized
experiments,
trees
was
than that of unfertilized trees.
(1975)
found
black
spruce
with
less
Lcwry
high
site indices on fine-textured silts and
clays
and
indices
loams
of
with
medium-
and sands.
the
were
spruce
on
balsam
[tedium
and
and
low
coarse-textured
Ihe results from some
fir
influenced
by
and
spruce
mortality
stands
and crown
higher with ammonium nitrate
urea
(Braastad
growth
al.
responses
than with
1974).
to
urea
Poorer
have
related to volatilization of N,
hydrolysis
of
damage associated with a spruce budworm
microbial
epidemic in eastern Canada.
N in humus.
Nonuniform
et
urea
to
been
delayed
ammonia,
immobilization of
and
fertilizer
stand and soil conditions may also have
contributed to nonsignificant responses
in
those
increases
Table 1.
cases
in
which
in volume were
positive
recorded.
Five-year total volume
coniferous
forest
to
In Canada,
response of
with 224 kg N ha"1 as ureaa.
produced
does
fertilizers
fertilization
comparison
concentrations
not show
that one
fertilizer
other.
Weetman
higher
and
is
et
first-year
tions
of
the
two
conclusively
superior to
al.
(1972)
foliar
needle
foliar K
by
N
the
found
concentra
weights
with
urea
application to boreal black spruce
higher
foliar
during
the
N
first
fertilization
Acadian
tions
In
three
region
first-year
than
did
forest
spruce,
years
the
(Weetman
et
al.
boreal
Algar
higher
et
produced
concentra
a
and
associated
(Weetman
N
in
despite
after
in
nitrate
urea
but
nitrate
spruce
foliar
(Weetman
centration
nitrate
ammonium
black
Ammonium
higher
pine
of
forest
1974).
with
jack
1974).
foliar
with
al.
con
ammonium
1974),
urea
produced greater basal area increments,
although
the
response
was
not
signif
icantly different from that produced by
ammonium
nitrate.
superiority
aData
from
1976a,
b,
Gessel
c;
1977;
Weetman et
Morrison
al.
1976,
et
al.
1979,
1979
other,
in
of
N-source
of
increased
terms
semimature
Morrison
jack
et
pine,
al.
b4 years
Weetman and Algar
cHean for site IV Douglas-fir
increments
dMean for site I Douglas-fir
urea
study,
total
Nitrogen Source
years
all
Canadian
volume-growth
of N in almost
experiments.
increases
(Pinus sylvestris L.)
(1974).
by
produced
noted
by
or
In the first
the
volume
two
by
In
Sweden,
Scots
pine
have averaged 30%
than
ammonium
hemlock
did
nitrate
forest
inconclusive
1976).
in
gains
nitrate
basal area
urea.
with
have
results
fer
in the second,
greater
ammonium
gains
the
1977a)
roarchantable
produced
clear
growth of
than
ammonium nitrate after 10 years;
greater
the source
and
no
over
was
(1976a,
tilizers were identical;
third,
Urea was
Likewise,
one
in the
produced
over
three
Comparisons
urea
in
likewise
(Webster
of
western
produced
et
al.
These
though
North
few
in
American
number
inconclusive in results,
the
superiority
that
has
been
of
studies,
and
somewhat
do not support
demonstrated
required
this important question of
of
Peak growth responses
Sweden.
1973,
resolve
(Weetman
or
Lee
1974)
1971)
third
foliar
have
been
correlated
creased
needle
nutrient
concentrations
Weetman
and
of
addition
could
needle
tion
of
response
be
that
without
1973,
and
and
such
of
following
year—this
young
with
the
1973)
or
seasons
studies.
(1975)
lished
results
to
control
of
ha~'
red
levels within
fertilization
of
urea-N
spruce
to
3
a
et
after
similar
centrations
untreated
Douglas-fir
concentrations
do
and
more
late
and
Within 2
10
indicate
urea is
years
of
that
most
initial
indication
of
when
the
1960s
K
of
on
response
the
will
the
10-year
trials
initiated
and early
1970s
are
The
optimum
maximum
growth
amount
of
above
those
jack
data),
and
4
balsam
Gagnon
1971) .
of
urea-N
45-year-old
in
trvo
mature
other
Weetman
after
a
in
448
control
N
of
likely to occur
the
in
kg
The
therefore
response
the
to 4 years after fertilization.
ha~1
(Fig.
eastern conifers of
age:
black
1971) and balsam fir
spruce
1) .
semi-
(Weetman
(Gagnon 1973).
Phosphorus and Potassium Response
an
forest
1975) .
analysis
200 kg
for
jack
1975)
foliar
years
in
pine
stand was
a
This rate produced the optimum response
(Vfeetman
foliar
these
information
of
and
unpub
pine
ha~1 addition, foliar levels were still
results
p
reported.
Growth response
been reported
after
when
con
after
those
tenth
in these
to fertilization,
magnitude
spruce,
than
some
response
tions
higher
to
(Morrison,
Although
available
the
pine
N
give
of
addition of 112 kg urea-N ha"1 to black
whereas
indicated
for
1977)
foliar
increased
for
seventh
was
jack
reineasurements
in
growing
a sustained
with
(Lee
recorded
kg
eighth
and
rate,
unpublished
and
years
300
reported
al.
in
(Truong-dinh-Phu
3
to
1978).
remained
fir
(1971)
to
Pienaar
fertilization
forest
(Morrison,
2
100
been
(Salonius
years
at
have
(Safford
white spruce
urea
with
occur
and
the
with
considerably
be
in foliar-N concentration
in
data).
duration
growth
applica
not
A somewhat similar effect has
added
length
Declines
into
to
by
rapidly
N
did
1975)
growing seasons
were
jack pine.
higher
seventh
response
predicted
(Miller
(Weetman
second
general
declined
response
fifth
trees,
concentra
height
until
spruce
the
in
responses
With
peak
noted
increased
nutrient
tions,
black
was
tests—and
been
Armson
increasing
the
fertilizer
by
fertilisation
weight
foliar
If
to
made
With
Calvert
reported
and
in
(Krause
assessment
parameters.
however,
with
1974).
hold,
duration
needle
weight
Algar
correlations
fertiliza-
and
occurred in
thereafter.
tion
to 100 - 150 kg N
to
source of N.
after
is
N applied.
in
agreement
increases
response
ha~1 by Douglas-fir (Miller and pienaar
Length of Response
Growth
growth
the quantity of
nitrate
ammonium
Further studies are
Duration
dependent on
to
first 2
1973,
of
P and
van
K
on
for
mineral soil
black
Nostrand
mixed spruce-fir
to single applica
spruce
and Bhure
1973)
(Krause 1973).
have
(Krause
and
Balsam
fir in New Brunswick responded to K but
not
to
there
N and
was
coefficient
a
P
(ibid.).
significant
for
the
Furthermore,
correlation
relationship
between foliar K in current needles and
basal area
spruce
growth.
Red pine
plantations
abandoned
on
from
responded
well
and white
outwash
sands
agriculture
to
have
fertilizers,
partic
When
P
additional
and
K
were
growth
(TUble 2),
added
was
with
often
N,
realized
but generally responses were
not significantly
greater
than
when
K
ularly K, producing 25 to 80 m3 ha"1 of
alone was
extra wood over 5
K fertilizers produced
the best average
response
et
al.
1959,
et al.
1976).
the
responses
than
the
supports
element
erous
to 10
Leech
of
(Heiberg
1967,
Gagnon
In the other experiments
Black
to
plus
P
and
response
the
years
1965,
to
hypothesis
priroa
K
were
N,
and
that
importance
N
lower
this
is
to
used.
in
A combination of N and
jack
pine
and
was
most
responsive
spruce
balsam
fir.
to
N
P and white spruce to N alone and
N plus
P.
the
conif
forest growing on mineral soils.
Lack
related
ment
of
significant
partly
to
replication
Furthermore,
response
insufficient
in
these
many
is
treat
experiments.
results
are
derived
mainly from experiments in which one or
rarely
was
more
added
response
yields
than
one
with
surface
might
level
N.
be
If
were
of
K
an
or
P
optimum
developed
the
improved.
An
further
example of a response surface for N-P-K
application
6o
a
to jack pine
in
Ontario
is
presented in Figure 2.
Species-Site Interaction
4
tr
Species-site
LLJ
tion
2-
to
tree
nutrient
supply
in
demand
makes
it
soil
difficult
ID
the role of soil fertility and response
fertilization.
species
200
4DD
APPLICATION LEVEL | kg N/ha)
Figure 1.
Five-year
An
differ
in
example
their
requirements
is
presented
which
shows
the
nutrient
four
species
a sandy
loam
till.
There
growing
on
developed
was
a
respect
of
to
hew
nutrient
in
Table
contents
3,
of
the
same soil,
from
calcareous
considerable
dif
growth-
ference
over-control of 45-year-old
between
jack
pine
the aspen (Populus tremaloides Michx.),
tion
to
level
errors)
al.
volume
with
to
draw
to
conclusions
rela
and
a
o-
firm
interaction
nutrient
forest
urea
(means
from
1976c).
in
rela
in
nutrient
species
despite
application
white
similar dry-matter contents.
Morrison
eL
spruce
tity
(Ca).
the
nutrients,
Jack
high
pine
nutrient
fact
that
jack pine forests
accumulated
of
particularly
every
and
the
±
standard
spruce
accumulation
greatest
and
demand
did
quan
exhibited
for
accumulated
than
had
Aspen and
a
calcium
less
the
of
other
Table 2.
A summary of total volume
fertilizer3.
response to combinations of N, P and K
aData from Foster (unpublished); Hoyt 1973;
Krause 1973; Morrison et al.
b, 1977b; Morrison and Fester 1979; van Nostrand and Bhure 1973;
1976,
1978,
species.
1979.
Black
and balsam fir,
spruce,
white spruce
growing in a
northern
Ontario mixedwood forest on an upland
till,
did
not
respond
to
N
and
P,
whereas white birch in the same stand
responded
(Morrison
well
and
Foster
A
soil
adequate
be
may
therefore
nutrition
deficient
others.
for some
in
provide
in mixture,
fertilization
(Weetman et al.
for
pine responds
better
1976,
than
spruce
1979).
Data from 27 separate fertilizer
trials
in
urea-N
was
ha~1
jack
inverse
used
to
forest
at
response
greatest
index.
to
growth
the
The
112
show
relationship
associated with
site
pine
applied
were
index and
The
there
site
were
III
wise
is
questionable,
only
a
forest.
found
an
because
few observations
Gessel
(1977)
inverse
between
site
response
to application
index
in
like
relationship
and
Douglas-fir
of
224
and
448
in
or
a
which
224
site
(Table
increases
stands
of
validity
kg
general
between
N
trials in Oregon and Washington.
species,
nutrients
Where black spruce and jack
pine occur
to
relationship
kg urea-N ha"1 in a study involving 200
1979).
but
1976a,
Weetman et al
4).
were
lowest
of
the
Using height/age as an index of
is attractive because tree height
site
growth
stand
is
relatively
density.
site
independent
index,
of
however,
interprets all the patterns of growth
that the tree experiences during its
lifetime, and thus may not reflect how
the
tree
is
alternative
growing
might
be
at
to
present.
use
An
diameter
growth to assess current growth rates,
but the inverse relationship between
diameter growth and stand density is a
drawback.
Chrosciewicz (1963) reported
that
jack
pine
site
indices
based
on
breast height diameters varied in a way
similar to those based on heights, when
ra
az
o
Figure 2.
Effect
of
volume
growth-over-control of 55-year-old
phosphorus
Harriaon et al. 1976a).
and
potassiun
with
nitrogen
on 4-year
jack pine (data from
Table 3.
Dry matter and nutrient
content (kg ha"1) of 40-year-
old forest on a sandy loam soil developed from calcar
eous
till.a
Species
Dry matter
aspenb
166 800
red pineG
jack pinec
199 400
147 300
white sprucec
N
P
457
150 800
67
449
64
421
296
50
30
K
Ca
367
1074
205
119
335
241
254
Mg
76
809
46
72
46
aData are from Alban et al. 1978.
^Natural forest.
cPlantation (1
Table 4.
Five-year
response
x 1.5 m spacing).
volume
to
growth-over-control
fertilization with
urea.
(m3 ha"1) of jack pine in
(mean with
range in paren
theses )a
Site classb
Treatment
III
(kg N ha"1)
(11 m - 13.6 m)
112
8.3
(5.8 - 12.1)
224
13.1
(9.7 - 19.1)
u
(13.7 m - 16.7 m)
6.2
(1.6 - 15.9)
8.7
(0.9 - 17.8)
j
(16.8 m - 19.8 m)
4.8
(-.8 - 10.4)
6.7
(-2.7 - 17.8)
aData from torrison et al. 1976a, c, Weetman et al. 1976, 1978, 1979.
bPlonski 1974.
10
sampling
was
fully
response
to
fertilizer
umented,
and
restricted
stocked stands.
Since
to
most
fertilization
toward
sites
that
of
tion.
In
as
contribution
that
soil
current or periodic annual increment),
diagnosis
make
toward
which
sites
trials
have
fully
stocked
current
located
stands,
volume
may
tionship
be
by
black
uniform
use
(measurable
both
diame ter
justifiable.
between
measured
in
the
growth
integra tes
height,
and
been
spruce
A
stand
current
and
annual
the
can
with
best
to
following
soil
doc
those
fertiliza
section
and
fertility
the
foliar
identifying
problems
and
a potential to respond to fertilization
rela
vigor
respond
is
identifying
as
will be examined.
increment
foliage-N
IDENTIFICATION OF MINERAL DEFICIENCIES
concentra
tion has been demonstrated by Lowry and
Avard
(1968).
spruce
As
mos t
experiments
the
black
published
of
were
Foliar Analysis
Deficiencies
located in site class I forest (Plonski
1974)
a
comparison
response
to
jack
For
Therefore,
response
pine
annual
site
as
of
a
we
pine
not
be
morphological
generally
the
intensively
and
chemical
of
50
spruce
periodic
(Table
the
5).
slower-
ularly
in
which
to
managed
analysis
valuable
appear
nurseries
forest.
has
aid
juvenile
plantations.
southeastern
diagnosing
With
(PAI^q 2-3.9) showed the
to
best
to
Ballard and Pritchett
(1975)
"foliar
soil
tilization.
or
both
levels
of
fer
Stands with a PAI50 of 6.0
the
two
range
for
predicting
as
for
southern
better appear to be a poor risk for
fertilization.
in
volume
result
of
examples
was
a
of
good
were
(Table
(Table
5) .
studies
are
suspected
wide
produced
fertilization,
responses
classes
There
increment
however,
responses
noted
4)
and
all
to
site/growth
a
and
foliar
In plantations,
production
classes
placed
rate
these
response
and
on
the
optimized,
and
results
from
experiments we are unable
numerous
to determine
and
total
used
to
marine
whether or not a forest will respond to
from agriculture
fertilization.
positive
dinh-Phu
response
icant
The
number of
responses and the magnitude
to
pine
are
fertilization,
and
Douglas-fir
encouraging
effort
toward
surface
so
that
and
response
justify
defining
the
of
particularly
the
maximum
jack
to
N,
continued
response
potential
(1975)
and
between
(r2
also
positive
site
of
index
r2 = .5).
(basal area
white
linear
and
spruce
abandoned
.6).
found
of K and Mg in red pine
a
relationship
sands
=
multiple
demonstrate
significant
on
high
Truong-dinh-Phu
volume)
plantations
a
therefore
between foliar K and growth
Despite
with
effective."
is
have
analysis
and
are
procedures
is
soil.
(1975)
correlation
more
stocking
that
requirements
increased,
the
testing
plantations
nutrients
Gagnon
positive
relationships.
is
States,
state
used
fertilizer
pine
analysis
for
and
and
reference
United
commonly
site
additional
validate
most
poor
demand
PAI50
Therefore,
required
and
in
analysis
partic
nurseries
growing forest
response
a
in
in
are
and
Foliar
been
nutrient deficiencies
the
observable
abnormalities
restricted
spruce
function
and
and
compared
black
increment at age
both
index
fertilization would
possible.
volume
of
Truonga
signif
correlation
concentrations
foliage
(for K,
11
Table 5.
Annual volume growth-over-control (m3 ha~1 yr"1), over
5 years, of jack pine and black spruce in response to
fertilization with urea as a function of pai (m3
ha"1)a.
aData from Foster (unpublished); Morrison et al. 1976a, b, c;
Weetman 1968; Vfeetman et al. 1976,
In
natural,
forest,
severe
unmanaged,
patterns
of
foliage
and
mature
deficiencies
usually observed.
are
not
Because of seasonal
nutrient
concentration
within-crown
in
variation
related to age and position of needles,
particular
care
must
be
exercised
in
the
selection
of
foliar
materials
(Lowry and Avard 1969, Morrison 1972,
Ellis
1975).
procedures
When
are
rigid
followed,
sampling
differences
between good and poor grcwth have been
correlated with foliar nutrient con
centrations.
For example, significant
positive
growth
linear
as
correlations
indicated
by
site
between
index and
the N concentration of black
foliage have been reported by
(1964)
and
Webber
(1974)
Lowry
found
and
Avard
spruce
Gagnon
(1968).
that N in current
foliage
of Douglas-fir was
signif
icantly related to site index.
These
results
also
support
the
hypothesis
that there is a general N deficiency in
northern coniferous forests.
1978,
1979.
Swan
(1970,
1971,
1972,
etc.),
by
solution culture,
estiaiated critical
foliar
level
of
macroelements
for
various coniferous species.
To aid in
diagnosis
of nutrient deficiency in
mature
forest,
he
adjusted
his
pot-
culture derived indices to concentra
tions of nutrients normally found in
adult
forest.
Since
a
number
of
fertilizer trials have reported both
growth
and
pre-fertilization
foliar
nutrient
concentrations,
it
is
now
possible to determine whether Swan's
foliar indices can be used to prescribe
fertilizers (Table 6). On the positive
side, a response to N or to N and P was
predicted in black spruce and demon
strated
in
two
Moreover,
no
predicted
for
response was
by
jack
by
response
noted.
experiments.
to
in
The
diagnosis
to p was
pine
noted.
was
and
response
however,
one
K
species
and despite the
foliar
deficiency
three
either
pine,
predicted,
tion
of
response
no
to
was
n
not
identifica
of
an acute
experiment,
no
12
aOata from Foster (unpublished);
Foster 1979;
Morrison et al.
!977a, b; Morrison and
van Nostrand and Bhure 1973.
bSwan (1970)
cSignificant at
For
may
several
be
not
of
example,
correspond
luxury
the
the
can
inter
nay
physiological
tree
consumption
trees
the
of
because
a
respond
of
nutrient,
to
nutrient
stress by an internal translocation of
elements
from older
since
they
to
years.
7
retain
various
tree species
knewn.
concentrations.
concentrations
with
of
difficulties
with
foliar
foliar
requirements
ftlso,
reasons,
encountered
pretation
For
.05 or better.
With
indirect
(e.g.,
texture,
may
be
as
Rapid
needles
decline
for
in
In
3
con
may be
abscis
the
exceptions
1975),
testing,
important
may
to Pinus
which are well adapted to soils
matter
and
be
spp.
lew in
exchangeable
nutrients.
is
nutritional
difficult
soil
nutrient
because
requirements
of
and
pertains
to
for
to
many
of
adequate
to measure the
the
for
the
soil
no
assessing
nitrogen
(1977)
commonly
the
Leaf,
have
our
not
tree
of
N
In
to
cur
observation that
accepted
active
supply..."
particularly relevant.
and
'available to
nutrient."
importance
Tamm's
Canadian
extractants
fraction of soil
"[w]e have
the
tree
to
researchers
procedures
the
few
to
different
applicable
soil
a
statement on soil
it
species,
of
with
According
developed,
forests,
the
is
"[florest
view
So 1 Nutrients
regime
soil
tests
Ballard and Pritchett
(1967)
States
species,
trees'
Assessing
assessing
chemical
place,
although
conditions.
Translocation
first
(e.g.,
in
organic
seepage waters)
in
direct
Leaf's
United
particularly
soil
layer,
currently in use.
sion (Turner and Olson 1976, Miller et
al.
1979)
and a concurrent reduction
growth.
fertility
humus
of
useful
fertility
soil
naterials,
of
or absence
as
fully
knowledge,
to current tissue,
their
centration in older
needles
followed by premature needle
tree
of
parent
nature
presence
not yet
current
measures
soil
are
cur
method
fraction
is
of
also
13
Second,
forest
the
soils
heterogeneity
and
the
of
considerable
extent of a tree's rooting system, both
horizontally
and
vertically,
pose
particular problems with respect to
selecting samples of soil for chemical
analysis or for bioassay study that are
representative
of
a
forest's
rooting
zone.
Third, because forests have a long
life,
the
potentially
nutrient
supply.
m
particularly
coniferous
the
boreal
for
forest,
the thick raw humus layers are espe
cially important to tree nutrition.
Although
considerable
information
has
been obtained on humus chemistry
(Bernier
1960,
Bernier
biology
and
and
Roberge 1962, Weetman 1962), partic
ularly the reactions of fertilizers in
humus
(Knowles
1969,
Salonius
1972,
Roberge 1976), the role of humus in
tree
nutrition
is
still
not
fully
understood.
Fourth, a tight cycle of nutrients
is maintained between the trees and the
surface soil so that release from humus
provides
a
forest's
nutrient requirement,
ularly
considerable
part
for mobile elements
Mg
(Miller et al.
P
are
1979).
organically
of
the
partic
like K and
Nitrogen and
bound
and
are
released
very gradually from slowly
decomposing humus.
Accumulation of
humus during the midlife of the forest
is considered the cause of the general
insufficiency
of
N
in
the
northern
coniferous forest (Weetman 1962).
Fifth,
p
uptake
into
trees
is
facilitated by mycorrhizal associations
with trees.
This
further complication
values
of
available
chemical tests.
coniferous
symbiosis
is a
in interpreting
P derived
by soil
mosses have a particularly
role
in
the
forests.
cepted from
nutrition
of
dustfa.ll
are
Nutrients
rainfall
and
inter
released more rapidly from decomposing
mosses
than
from
litter
(Bernier
the
decaying
and
Roberge
tree
1962).
Adventitious rooting within the humus
and moss layers allows black spruce
trees access
available
nutrient-supplying power of the soil is
as important as the readily soluble
ests,
Sixth,
important
to these nutrients.
Because many of
these factors and
others
must
be
considered
in
the
evaluation of soil fertility, one would
e^ect
great
difficulty
in
and measuring parameters
that can be correlated
selecting
of fertility
with forest
productivity.
Heger (1971) found that
11
classes
of
drainage
and parent
materials
were
of
no
value
in
explaining differences in white spruce
site index in Alberta.
Soil properties,
ing
factors
however,
directly
or
includ
indirectly
reflecting soil nutrient regimes,
been
closely
correlated
with
productivity
with
site
of
Arneman 1961,
1975).
a
site,
index
and
(e.g.,
usually
pawluk
Wilde et al.
The importance
have
the
1964,
and
Lowry
of keeping age
and stocking of a forest constant when
soil-site relationships are sought was
emphasized by Duffy (1965) in reports
on
the
influence
pine (Pinus
of
site on
contort* L.)
in
The studies of Wilde et al.
Pawluk
and
demonstrated
lodgepole
Alberta.
(1964) and
Arneman
(1961),
which
that jack pine production
was related to soil fertility,
were
conducted
in
fully
stocked
natural
stands of similar age or in ewn-aged
plantations with controlled stocking.
The
considerable
matter production and
within
a
species
is
range
nutrient
in
dry-
content
demonstrated
in
Table 7 in a comparison of three 40- to
14
Table 7.
Dry-natter and nutrient content (kg ha"1) of 40- to 45-year-old
jack pine
forest.
Dry
Site class
aAlban et al.
Mg
Ca
K
matter
Trees ha
1978.
Morrison and Foster 1977.
^acLean and Wein 1976,
45-year-old
different
jack
soils.
quality and
edly
pine
ited by
density
for
climatic
contribute
to
the
As an example of
between
were
important
jack
Ontario.
he
and
and
site,
found that regional
moisture
regime,
soil petrography all
to
the
pine
growth
forest
of
in
fully
northern
that
were
the
highest
pine
associated with
site
siliceous
soil materials containing 30-40% basic
particles
and
that
dimi nished
when
the
site
indices
content
of
such
particles decreased to less than 10%.
Lowry
in
(1975)
relation
natural black
Canada.
growth
was
often
and
deficient
Ca
and
Mg
on
were
The
amount
of
an
absorbed
by
a
plant
factors
other
than
element
is
that is
influenced
soil
by
fertility,
including interactions between elements
both inside and
outside
in
is
particular
moisture.
A
the
plant,
dependent
lack
of
on
and
soil
correlation
between soil foliar nutrients and site
in
a
s tudy
by
Douglas-fir
was
other
soil
than
Webber
(1974)
related
to
nutrient
with
variables
parameters
affecting tree metabolism.
With regard to soil fertility
found
indices
nay also
the complex relation
soil
texture
widely
P
sites,
deficient on organic soils.
and
differences.
growth
conditions,
wetter
exhib
these three
variables
tree
macroclimate,
site
yield
As
yield
(1963)
soil
stocked
in
undoubt
Geographically
separated,
Chrcsciewicz
from
patterns
these forests.
are
are
the
accumulation
forests
ship
forests
Differences
stand
responsible
nutrient
1977.
He
over
studied
to
site
spruce
found
a
site
index
stands
that
broad
N
in
factors
in
limited
range
125
eastern
of
tree
site
Where
moisture
and
temperature
limiting forest productivity,
soil
fertility
by
fertilization is
likely to increase tree growth.
(1974)
emphasizes
investigations
are
to
tion
useful
that,
soil
in
evaluations,
ducted
of
be
on
within
moisture
a well
if
forest
regimes.
future
In
status
fertiliza
must
defined
not
Webber
nutrient
they
are
improving
be
con
framework
other
words,
there is an urgent need to stratify our
sites
by
means
of
a
site
classifi-
15
cation system with a strong emphasis on
nutrition and moisture so that we can
identify those sites that will respond
to fertilization.
results
of a
large
number
of
fertilizer trials across Canada support
the generalization that N is the most
important element limiting the growth
of coniferous forests.
Growth respon
ses
to p and K have
been reported,
but
only in combination with N.
On many of
the
coarse-textured
less
soils,
fertile,
jack
dry,
pine
and
Douglas-fir forest respond well to H or
N
in
combination
with
P
and
exist.
K.
progress
of
has
nutrient
that
more
on
the
the
best
volume
poorer sites,
vigorously
tested
been
growth
a
wider
may
sandy
doned
loams
from
response
loams
the
juvenile
the
level
that
sufficient
early
aban
hardwoods
indicates
contain
support
clay
agriculture,
of
fertilization
soils
and
growth
of
of
to
these
nutrients
to
newly
established forest.
The
average
fertilizers
spruce,
balsam
response
red
fir
by
by
growth
western
spruce,
has
hemlock,
black
been
pine
response
less
and
the
use
detecting
trees.
The
sampling
has
for
some
levels
species
have
been
published.
Although present foliar
diagnosis may be useful for detecting
severe
deficiencies,
the
technique
needs to be more fully developed before
it can be used for prediction purposes.
LITERATURE CITED
Alien,
D.H.,
Schlaegel,
and
to
white
spruce
and
than
the
Douglas-fir.
Information
relating
response-tofertilization to nature of soil mate
rials for these species is needed so
Perala,
D.A.
and
B.E.
1978.
Biomass
nutrient
pine,
distribution
and
the same soil
spruce
in
stands on
type in
Minnesota.
Can. J. For. Res. 8:290-299.
be
required not only to enhance growth cut
also to prevent the development of
serious nutrient deficiencies in trees.
On
and
foliar
aspen,
fertilizers
in
foliar
developed
On coarse-textured soils abandoned
agriculture,
for
toward
for
deficiencies
critical
range of site indices.
from
can be
problems
A
should be
over
diagnosis
methodology
and site index for these species, indi
cating
fertility
been made
foliar
suspected relationship between response
occurs
combinations
where
Soil chemical analyses useful for
predicting response to fertilization
have not been developed.
Considerable
WHERE ARE WE IN SOIL FERTILITY?
The
that species-site
identified
Anon.
1976.
Glossary of terms in soil
science.
Ottawa,
Armson,
Can.
Ont., Publ.
K.h.
Forest
and
tree
ment and
Min.
Dep.
Agric,
1459.
44 p.
Sadreika,
nursery
V.
soil
1974.
manage
related practices.
Nat.
Resour.,
Toronto,
Ont.
Ont.
177 p.
Armson,
K.A.,
Krause,
Weetman, G.F.
tion
response
coniferous
B.
Bernier
Forest
forst.
and
soils
H.H.,
and
1975.
Fertiliza
in
the
northern
p,
C.H.
and
449-466 in
Winget, Ed.
forest
land
management.
Proc. Fourth North
Am. For. Soils Conf., Laval Univ.,
Quebec,
Aug.
1973.
l'Univ. Laval,
Les Presses de
Quebec, P.Q.
16
Ballad,
R.
and Pritchett,
W.L.
1975.
Evaluation of soil testing methods
for predicting growth and
of Pinus
elliottii
fertilization.
Am.
Proc.
Bernier, B.
netabolisme
Rech.
42:265-284.
Duffy,
Observations sur le
de
quel-
de
Fonds
l'Univ.
Contrita. No.
5,
Laval,
44 p.
B.
Etude
and
in
tion de
humus
de
Roberge,
vitro sur
H .R.
1962.
la mineralisa
1'azote organique dans
forestiers.
litieres
Rech.
Influence
forestieres.
For.
Quebec.
I.
de
les
Fonds
1' Univ.
Contrib. No. 9,
Lava 1,
H.,
growth
H.
increase
tion.
R.
1974.
The
after
and
volume
fertiliza
Foreningen
the
Dep.
Ellis,
Skogstrads-
pine
Can.
to
J.
124-138.
and ftrmson,
nitrogen
K.A.
of
and
For. Res.
section
Ottawa,
contort a
Engelm.)
of
Ont.
in
Alberta.
Publ.
No.
60 p.
R.C.
1975.
Sampling deciduous
broadleafed
trees
mination of
leaf weight and foliar
elemental
J. For.
for
the
deter
concentrations.
Res.
Can.
5:310-317.
F.
1975.
young
jack
phosphorus.
and Lowry,
1970.
For
Ill Volume
estimation
prediction
of
and
black
volume
growth
spruce
through
relationships.
Inst.
Can.,
s tand-
Pulp
Woodl.
Pap.
Rep.
26.
p.
Gagnon,
J.D.
between
1964.
site
nitrogen
mature
5:529-538.
G.L.
est soil-site studies.
31
R.A.,
pine (Pinus
For.,
battring.
The growth response
Chron.
Relationship
var. latifolia
foothills
Res.
Calvert,
1965.
lodgepole
Dougl.
foradling Institutet for SkogsforArsbok p.
For.
47 p.
Friberg,
Gustavsen,
Island.
P.J.B.
Evert,
Braastad,
and
A progress
between site factors and growth of
1065.
Eernier,
J.A.
1966.
report on forest nutrition studies
on Vancouver
Soc.
forestiers.
For.
Quebec.
Marlow,
G.L.
Sci.
Soil
respiratoire
humus
E.C.,
Ainscough,
phosphorus
to
39:132-136.
1960.
ques
response
Crossin,
at
Relationship
index
two
black
and
crown
spruce.
foliage
levels
For.
for
Chron.
40:169-174.
Carbonnier,
A.,
C,
Ebeling,
Holmen,
1969.
H.
and
Godsling
fastmark.
mineral
F.,
Tamrn,
av
K.
LantbrAkad lidskr.
C .0.
Gagnon,
J.D.
site
on
northern
Ottawa,
28 p.
1963.
jack
and
forest
on
on a
20-year-old
Skogs
0.
tion.
For.
red
Chron.
magne
fertilization
pine
planta
41:290-294.
5:236-246.
The effects of
pine
Ontario.
Ont.
Effect of
potassium
sium
Gagnon,
Chrosciewicz, Z.
1965.
pa
skog
(Fertilizing
ground).
Hansson,
Publ.
growth
in
J.D.
1973.
fertilisation
croissance
Dep.
For.,
baumier.
No.
1015.
Foy,
24 p.
P.Q.
en
Effets
azotee
rayon
Serv.
Rapp.
can.
Inf.
de
sur
du
for.,
la
la
sapin
Ste-
Q-F-X-38,
17
Gagnon,
J.D.,
Conway,
H.S.D.
J.M.
1976.
and
Growth
Swan,
response
following fertilizer application
in
the
Grand'Mere
plantations.
For.
Chron.
Gessel,
52:53-56.
S .P.,
K.J.
behavior
of
T.N.
1969.
growth
Douglas-fir
with
fertilizer
Washington.
Inst.
Gessel, S.P.
ship to
given
at
L.
7,
tionships
Alberta
Prod.,
Congress,
spruce
mixedwoods.
15 p.
planted at
various
spacings
on
site.
a
For.
5:142-153.
Growth
increases
after fertilization in mature jack
Nat.
TR3-73.
Rescur.,
81
K,
1,
24 p.
Mg and S defi
and
p.
88-
fertilization—the
practice.
Symp.
Proc.
V.J.
1971.
Effects of urea
fertilization
on
nutrient
con
centration of needles and soils in
thinned and unthinned Douglas-fir
stands.
Serv.,
For.
Br.
N.B.
Publ.
p.
Dep.
Y.J.
B.C.
of
stand
a
25-year-old
to thinning and
urea fertilization.
Leech,
For.
Rep.
Four-year basal area
response
Douglas-fir
Res.
Can.
Inf.
25 p.
1974.
growth
Environ.,
Victoria,
BC-X-55.
Can.
j.
For.
4:568-571 .
R.H.
red
pine and balsam fir stands.
Dep.
Lee,
Lee,
Influence of potassium
level
on
red
pine
1973.
Contrib. No.
1967.
Fonds
1 ■ Univ.
Ala.
Dep.
H.
1959.
fertilizer
J.S.
ory
in
Heiberg, S.O., Leyton, L., Loewenstein,
Hoy t,
Laval,
de
122 in Forest
For. Serv., Ottawa,
inf. Rep. FMR-X-32.
Sci.
For.
a.l.
22 p.
potassium-deficient
Rech.
Tenn. Valley Auth., Muscle Shoals,
white
Can.
glauca
ciencies in forest trees.
Site index/soil rela
for
Environ.,
Leaf,
Seattle,
IUFRO
Austria.
resi'iusa afc Pfessa
Quebec.
119 p.
1977
1971.
Ont.
For.
1977.
Site in relation
forest tending.
Paper
Ossiach,
Heger,
in western
Washington,
No.
and
The
nitrogenous
Univ.
Pinus
dans la province de Quebec.
Stoate,
Turnbull,
Contrib.
Lafond, A.
1958.
Les deficiencies en
potassium et magnesium de quelques
plantations
de
pinus
strobus,
1965.
pine
slopes.
Res. Rep.
Fertilization
plantations
Ont.
No.
Dep.
68.
Leech, R.H.
1967.
red pine on a
on
of
sandy
Lands
For.,
113 p.
Fertilization of
sand plain.
Ont.
Dep. Lands For.,
Res. Rep.
No.
72.
53 p.
Knowles,
R.
1969.
Microorganisms
and
nitrogen in the raw humus of black
spruce forest.
Trend 15:13-17.
Krause, H.H.
1973.
Forest fertiliza
tion
in
eastern
Canada
with
emphasis on New Brunswick studies,
p.
188-205 in
Forest
Symp.
Proc.
USDA
Rep.
NE-3.
tion.
Serv.,
Gen.
Tech.
fertiliza
For.
Lowry,
G.L.
1975.
Black
spruce site
quality as related to
other site conditions.
Soc. Am. Proc.
soil and
Soil Sci.
39:125-131.
13
Lowry,
G.L.
and
Avard,
Nutrient
content
needles.
II.
crown
class
Inst.
p.
Lowry,
of
black
spruce
with
relationships
yield.
Can.,
1968.
Variations
and
growth and
P.M.
Pulp
Woodl.
Pap.
Pap.
to
Res.
No.
3.
20.
and
Nutrient
Avard,
content
jack
P.M.
of
pine
black
variations
ommended
sampling
Pulp
Pap.
Pap.
No.
Res.
10.
1969.
spruce
needles.
Seasonal
D.A.
Biomass
Ill.
and
rec
procedures.
Inst.
p.
and
of
hardwood
Hew
1972.
Can.,
Woodl.
Wein,
jack
stands
Brunswick.
R.W.
pine
in
J.
mixed
For.
Res.
Morrison,
I.K.
in
in
northern
For. Res.
Morrison,
borea1
Morrison,
I.K.
in
New
For. Res.
H.G.,
J.D.,
succession
Brunswick.
For.
J.M.,
Pauline,
Nutrient cycles
adaption
Can.
Miller,
O.J.L.
in pine
to poor
Res.
1979.
and their
soils.
Can.
J.
1976.
Effects
of
fer
tilization on mortality in western
hemlock
p.
and
Univ.
For.
Miller,
Douglas-fir
253-265 in
Hemlock
Proc.
Management
Washington,
forest
Douglas-fir
Pap.
N.W.
and
in
Lake
Am.
1979.
Dep.
exper
spruce-fir
the
area
of
Black
northern
Environ.,
Sault
Can.
Ste.
Report O-X-299.
I.K.,
N.W.,
Marie,
15 p.
1976a.
Lamb.)
in
to
For.
PNW-165.
Exp.
and
Foster,
lUcker,
Fertilizing
northwestern
results.
Can.
semi-
(Pinus banksiana
For.
Ontario:
Dep.
Fish.
Serv.,
Sault
Marie,
Ont.
Report
I.K.,
Swan,
H.S.D.,
O-X-240.
42 p.
Conferences,
USDA
L.V.
1973.
nitrogen
24 p.
Ste.
F.,
D.A.
mature jack pine
N.W.
USDA For. Serv.,
Hegyi,
Winston,
T.L.
Morrison,
Seven-year response of 35-year-old
Northwest
Soc.
stands,
Seattle.
and Pienaar,
tilizer.
Foster,
Serv.,
Ont.
Western
of
Serv.
R.E.
banksiana
Sci.
spruce
fourth-year
9:19-26.
R.E.
1977.
fertilization
in
Environ.,
Miller,
N.W.
7:562-578.
Cooper,
and
J.
growth in two nitrogen-
phosphorus
Morrison,
Miller,
Can.
Pinus
Soil
and
Five-year
For.
J.
of
stands
41:441-448.
Ontario.
patterns
Ontario.
fores t
jack
R.W.
and hardwood
pine
3:170-179.
stand.
Nutrient accumulation for postfire
pine
for
50-86.
components
jack
I.K. and Foster,
Sturgeon
Wein,
p.
Fata of urea fertilizer added to a
upland
and
aldre
Distribution of
aerial
natural
1977.
D.A.
1972.
elements
iments
6:441-447.
MacLean,
av
Arsbok Inst.
1976.
and
northeastern
Can.
Analys
Skogsforbattring 1971.
Lamb,
54.
Tillvaxtokning genom
godslingsforsok.
J.
MacLean,
G.
godsling.
several
G.L.
and
Moller,
fer
Pacific
Stn.,
Res.
and
Winston,
■ten-year
growth
tilizer
of
spruce
stand
Ontario.
a
For.
Foster,
D.A.
response
1976b.
to
90-year-old
in
Chron.
fer
black
northwestern
52:233-236.
19
Morrison,
i.k.,
Winston,
D.A.
and
Foster, N.W.
1976c.
Urea dosage
trial in semimature jack pine for
est,
Chapleau,
Ontario:
Rennie,
fifth-
Can. For. Serv., Sault Ste. Marie,
Report O-X-251.
Morrison,
I.K.,
N.W.
Swan,
H.S.D.,
Winston,
D.A.
and
Ten-year
pine
Ontario.
Morrison,
a
in
Foster,
semimature
Winston,
N.W.
D.A.
1977b.
fertilizers
on
growth
of
of
Ontario;
Dep.
fifth-year
Environ.,
Sault
ste.
O-X-258.
Page,
G.
Marie,
common
results.
For.
Properties
Newfoundland
their
growth.
forest
relation
Can.
J.
For.
some
soils
to
forest
Res.
1:174-
G.
1974.
on
Effects
of
the properties
Newfoundland
forest
forest
of
soils.
some
stn.,
27 p.
Life
Univ.
P.O.
of
organic
Agric.
Bull.
Microbiological
fertilizer
organic
forest
treatments
soils.
Soil
11.4:12-19.
coated
For.
Sci.
Maine.
1972.
to
urea
plantation.
Swan,
Serv.,
Publ.
S.
No.
and
1332.
Arneman,
in
Efficiency of
from plastica
Dep.
white
spruce
Environ.,
Ottawa,
Can.
Ont.
Bi-mon.
The
mineral
pine growth.
w.L.
tables
Resour.,
(metric).
Div.
For.
Normal
Ont.
Min.
of
Pap.
Res.
the
Grand'Mere
Res.
inst.
Index,
Can.,
Pulp.
No.
131.
14 p.
1961.
For. Sci. 7:160-173.
1974.
1962.
plantations.
32 p.
H.F.
H.S.D.
nutri tion
Dep.
Some forest soi 1 characteris tics
and their relationship to jack
Plonski,
effects
H.E. and Knight,
Salonius, P.O.
1978.
nitrogen recovery
Environ., Can. For. Serv., Ottawa,
Pawluk,
the
Res. Notes 34:23-24.
coier
Ont.
spruce.
Exp.
740.
Sci.
192.
Page,
27 p.
soil-surface
Young,
red
in
Report
of
on
response
Serv.,
Ont.
urea
the
at
Respiration rates
determining
Salonius,
12 p.
1971.
and
Can.
serai-
Chapleau,
gi\en
Congress,
T.W.
1977.
Effect of soil and
urea
fertilisation
on
foliar
nutrients and basal area growth of
nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium
mature jack pine forest,
1976.
for
Safford, L.O.,
and
Effect
Paper
Forestry
horizon of a black spruce stand.
Can. J. Microbiol. 22:1328-1335.
1977a.
northwestern
World
Roberge, M.R.
For. Chron. 53:142-146.
I.K.,
Foster,
in
stand
Forest fertiliza
Buenos Aires, Argentina.
growth in two fertiliza
tion ej<periments
jack
8 p.
1972.
Vllth
year results. Dep. Fish. Environ.,
Ont.
P.j.
tion in Canada.
yield
Nat.
Swan,
H.S.D.
between
1970.
nutrient
Relationships
supply,
growth
and nutrient concentrations in the
foliage of black spruce and jack
pine,
pulp pap. Res.
Woodl.
Pap. No.
19.
Inst.
46 p.
Can.,
20
Swan,
H.S.D.
1971.
between nutrient
Relationships
supply,
growth
and nutrient concentrations in the
foliage
of
white
Pulp Pap.
Res.
Rep.
27 p.
Swan,
34.
and
red
Inst.
spruce.
Can., Wbodl.
H.S.D.
1972.
Foliar nutrient
concentrations in lodgepole pine
as
indicators
status
and
of
tree
ment.
Pulp Pap.
Res.
Woodl.
Rep.
19 p.
Tamm,
C .0.
42.
1977.
primary
-
in
Sci.,
V.R.
Dep.
Grcwth
and
response
For.
short-term
Ecol.
to
Environ.
1978.
aerial
forest
Environ.,
Ottawa,
Nostrand,
1973.
Ont.
spruce
la
1975.
Res.
Potassium
deux elements
croissance
rouge
au
en
Can.
du
pin
J.
For.
von Althen,
at
F.w.
improve
growth
lings.
Dep.
Sault
B.D.
Nutrient-growth
plantations
J.D.
1975.
relationships
Grand'Ms re
whi te
before
fertilization.
J.
fir
and
Can.
J.
after
For.
Res.
Olson,
P.R.
1976.
relations
in a
Douglas-
plantation.
Ann.
Bot.
40:
den
Driessche,
experiments
Commonw.
on
Ont.
and
three
Dep.
Victoria,
foliar
for
different
Environ.,
Can.
B.C.
For.
Report
19 p.
S.R.,
Debell,
and
D.S.,
Atkinson,
247-252 in
Hemlock
Wiley,
W.A.
Proc.
1976.
of
Management
Washington,
Western
Conference,
Seattle.
USDA
Serv.
Weetman,
G.F.
tions
1962.
in
a
Nitrogen
black
inariana Mill.)
rela
spruce (picea
stand
Pulp Pap.
Woodl.
Res.
Weetman,
subject
G.F.
with
For. Rev.
1963.
Nursery,
Douglas-fir.
42:242-254.
1968.
of
stands.
to
Inst.
129.
Can.,
112 p.
Pulp
Weetman,
The nitrogen ferthree
black
Pap.
Woodl. Rep. No.
G.F.
1971.
thinning
nutrient
Pulp Pap.
R.
Res.
Index No.
tilization
quality
1185-1193.
van
Soil
Serv.,
Can.,
and
For.
in
spruce
5:640-648.
Nitrogen
Can.
Marie,
13 p.
sites.
ments.
Truong-dinh-Phu and Gagnon,
Turner,
Ste.
to
seed
relationships
Douglas-fir
p.
fails
hardwood
Environ.,
1974.
nutrient
K.N.,
20 p.
Fertilization
of
Report O-X-249.
Webster,
John's,
planting
Serv.,
Webber,
St.
1976.
of
in
Environ.,
Rep. N-X-95.
time
black
various fertilizer and soil treat
5:73-79.
the
Dep.
Serv.,
Inf.
N.D.
of
fertilization
For.
Nfld.
Enure,
et
limitant
hauteur
Quebec.
to
Can.
For.
magnesium:
and
response
Newfoundland.
Univ.
Bi-mon. Res. Notes 34:13.
Truong-dinh-Phu.
R.S.
Growth
BC-X-100.
R.A.
Dep.
Serv.,
Univ.
4:53-59.
Fisher,
fertilization.
Can.
boreal
Swed.
Res., Open Lit. Publ.
Timmer,
Can.,
lim ting
the
long-term and
considerations.
Agric.
require
Inst.
Factors
production
forest
nutrient
fertilizer
van
Pap. No.
and
28.
Inst.
45 p.
Effects
growth
upland
Res.
Res.
6.
fertilization
uptake,
of
spruce
Inst.
18 p.
and
black
Can.,
of
on
wood
spruce.
Woodl.
21
Weetman,
G.F.
1975.
response
of
Ten-year grcwth
black
spruce
to
thinning and fertilization treat
ments.
Can.
J.
For.
Res.
5:302-
309.
Weetman,
G.F.
Jack
and
pine
Algar,
nitrogen
D.
fertilization
and nutrition studies:
results.
1974.
three-year
Can. J. For. Res. 4:381-
398.
1972.
Knowles, R. and Hill, s.
Effects
of different forms
of nitrogen fertilizer on nutrient
uptake
humus
by
black
spruce
Res.
39.
20 p.
Inst.
Can.,
Weetman, G.F., Krause,
E.
and
its
and humus mesofauna.
Pap.
1976.
Pulp
Woodl.
Rep.
H.H. and Koller,
Interprovincial forest
fertilization program.
Results of
five-year growth remeasurements in
thirty installations:
fertilized
in 1969, remeasured in 1974. Dep.
Fish. Environ., Can. For. Serv.,
Ottawa,
Ont.,
For.
Tech.
Rep.
16.
34 p.
weetman, G.F.,
Krause, H.H. and Koller,
1978.
Interprovincial forest
fertilization program.
Results of
five-year growth remeasurements in
twenty-three
installations:
fer
tilized in 1971,
remeasured in
1975.
Dep. Environ., Can. For.
Serv.,
Rep.
Weetman,
Ottawa,
22.
G.F.,
forest
Results
Ont.,
For.
lech.
28 p.
Koller, E.
Krause,
1979.
H.H.,
of
installations:
remeasured
and
Interprovincial
fertilization
remeasurements
and
program.
five-year
in
growth
seventeen
fertilized in 1972
in
1976.
Dep.
Environ., Can. For. Serv., Ottawa,
Ont.,
G.F.,
V.R.,
inf. Rep. DEC-x-8.
27 d.
Krause,
and Hoyt,
H.H.,
j.s.
,
1974.
Some
fertilizer response data for the
Maritimes and parts of Quebec.
P. 77-82 in Proc. of a workshop on
forest
Dep.
fertilization
Environ.,
Sault Ste.
Rep.
Can.
Marie,
in
Canada.
For.
Serv.,
Ont. For. Tech.
5.
Wilde, S.A.,
Weetman, G.F.,
E.
Weetaan,
Iyer,
Trautmann,
K.G.
(Pinus
J.G., Tanzer, C.H.,
w.L.
1964.
and
Growth
Watterson,
of
jack pine
banksiana Lamb.)
planta
tions in relation to fertility of
non-phreatic sandy
Sci. 98:162-169.
Winston,
D.A.
diameter
1977.
grcwth
soils.
Height
response
10-year-old jack pine
and fertilization.
Can.
For.
Serv.,
Soil
and
of
to thinning
Dep. Environ.,
Ottawa,
Bi-mon. Res. Notes 33:34-36.
Ont.