systemic analysis of lithuanian non

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ALEKSANDRAS STULGINSKIS UNIVERSITY
EDITA ABALIKŠTIENĖ
SYSTEMIC ANALYSIS OF LITHUANIAN
NON-PRODUCTIVE LAND USE PLANNING
Summary of the Doctoral Dissertation
Technological sciences (T000)
Environmental Engineering (04T)
Akademija, 2013
The doctoral dissertation was prepared in 2008–2013 at Aleksandras Stulginskis
University.
Scientific supervisor:
Prof. Dr. Audrius ALEKNAVIČIUS (Aleksandras Stulginskis University,
Technological Sciences, Environmental Engineering, 04T)
Scientific consultants:
Prof. Dr. Pranas ALEKNAVIČIUS (Aleksandras Stulginskis University,
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Virginija GURSKIENĖ (Aleksandras Stulginskis University,
Council of the Environmental Engineering:
Chairman:
Prof. Dr. Arvydas POVILAITIS (Aleksandras Stulginskis
University,
Members:
Prof. Dr. Alvydas BALEŽENTIS (Mykolas Riomeris University, Social Sciences,
Management, 03S)
Prof. Dr. Violeta MAKAREVIČIENĖ (Aleksandras Stulginskis University,
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Antanas SAKALAUSKAS (Aleksandras Stulginskis University,
Prof. Habil. Dr. Vida STRAVINSKIENĖ (Vytautas Magnus University,
Biomedical Sciences, Ecology and Environmental Protection, 03B)
Opponents:
Prof. Dr. Žaneta STASIŠKIENĖ (Kaunas University of Technology,
Prof. Habil. Dr. Saulius VAIKASAS (Aleksandras Stulginskis University,
The official defence of the dissertation will be held at the open session of the
doctoral council at 10 a.m. on December 12, 2013 in the 211 room, 4 building of
the Aleksandras Stulginskis University. Address: Aleksandras Stulginskis
University, Universiteto g. 8A, LT-53361 Akademija Kauno r., Lithuania.
The send out date of the Summary of the Dissertation is November 11, 2013.
The Dissertation is available at the Library of Aleksandras Stulginskis University
(Studentų str. 11, 53361 Akademija, Kauno dist., Lithuania); the Library of
Kaunas University of Technology (K. Donelaičio str. 20, 44239 Kaunas,
Lithuania) and the Library of Lithuanian Energy Institute (Breslaujos str. 3, 44403
Kaunas, Lithuania).
ALEKSANDRO STULGINSKIO UNIVERSITETAS
LIETUVOS NENAŠIŲ ŽEMIŲ NAUDOJIMO PLANAVIMO
SISTEMINĖ ANALIZĖ
Daktaro disertacijos santrauka
Technologijos mokslai (T000)
Aplinkos inžinerija (04T)
Akademija, 2013
Disertacija rengta 2008–2013 metais Aleksandro Stulginskio universitete
Mokslinis vadovas:
Prof. dr. Audrius ALEKNAVIČIUS (Aleksandro Stulginskio universitetas,
technologijos mokslai, aplinkos inžinerija, 04T)
Moksliniai konsultantai:
Prof. dr. Pranas ALEKNAVIČIUS (Aleksandro Stulginskio universitetas,
Doc. dr. Virginija GURSKIENĖ (Aleksandro Stulginskio universitetas,
Aplinkos inžinerijos ir kraštotvarkos mokslo krypties taryba:
Pirmininkas:
Prof. dr. Arvydas POVILAITIS (Aleksandro
Stulginskio
universitetas,
Nariai:
Prof. dr. Alvydas BALEŽENTIS (Mykolo Riomerio universitetas, socialiniai
mokslai, vadyba, 03S)
Prof. dr. Violeta MAKAREVIČIENĖ (Aleksandro Stulginskio universitetas,
Doc. dr. Antanas SAKALAUSKAS (Aleksandro Stulginskio universitetas,
Prof. habil. dr. Vida STRAVINSKIENĖ (Vytauto Didžiojo Universitetas,
biomedicinos mokslai, ekologija ir aplinkotyra, 03B)
Oponentai :
Prof. dr. Žaneta STASIŠKIENĖ (Kauno technologijos universitetas, technologijos
mokslai, aplinkos inžinerija, 04T)
Prof. habil. dr. Saulius VAIKASAS (Aleksandro Stulginskio universitetas,
Disertacija bus ginama viešame Aplinkos inžinerijos krypties tarybos posėdyje
2013 m. gruodžio 12 d. 10 val. Aleksandro Stulginskio universiteto 4 rūmų
posėdžių salėje (211 kabinetas).
Adresas: Universiteto g. 8a, 53364 Akademija, Kauno r.
Disertacijos santrauka išsiųsta 2013 m. lapkričio 11 d.
Su disertacija galima susipažinti: Aleksandro Stulginskio universiteto bibliotekoje
(Studentų g. 11, Akademijos mst., 53361 Kauno raj.), Kauno technologijos
universiteto bibliotekoje (K. Donelaičio g. 20, 44239 Kaunas) ir Lietuvos
energetikos instituto bibliotekoje (Breslaujos g. 3, 44403 Kaunas).
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Relevance of the dissertation and theme issues
Preservation and consumption of land appropriate for agriculture is a relevant
objective on a worldwide scale. The specific problem lies in the fact that
agricultural utilities is a limited and in practice non-renewable natural resource.
Assuring rational consumption of land as a natural resource is a public interest,
which must be guaranteed by the state constitution. The legal regulation stating
that land plots, if they are attributed to land appropriate for agricultural activity, are
used specifically for agriculture by their owners and (or) consumers must be
accepted. On the basis of the regulation, legal acts foresee requirements for the
consumption of agricultural and other land. Legal regulations in most cases can be
realized only according to territory-planning documents, the land qualities of
which are fully analysed and assessed as well as conditions of agricultural and
other activity and development perspectives. When preparing territory-planning
documents, the state of agricultural utilities can be changed according to the
following principles:
1. Land use must be planned when giving priority to public interests. Interest
of the society is preservation and improvement of land appropriate for agricultural
and forest activity.
2. Natural (ecological) and farming systems must be combined and on this
basis production development must be regulated legally and economically.
3. Agricultural people’s activity must be adjusted to real natural conditions so
that the surroundings could change minimally.
Locations, where due to low fertility of land agricultural activity is
unprofitable and population density in rural areas is lower than the average of the
country or vitality of rural communities is decreasing, are attributed to locations
less favourable for farming. EU countries define the criteria themselves on the
basis of which the land is attributed to non-productive land. With regard to this,
municipalities, where the average land production was assessed by less than 37
production points (i.e. farming state of the soil was assessed in as much as sand or
gravel soils or eroded soils are assessed), were selected as the research object.
Lands of 18 municipalities out of 52 rural municipalities within the country were
assessed by 37 points. In addition, such productivity lands appear in other 18
municipalities and 48 elderates. In the Republic of Lithuania the average score of
land production is 41.8 whereas in separate elderates it ranges from 30.5 to 55.1. It
determines different intensity of agricultural utility use and measures of the state
support. In non-productive locations it is crucial to establish the most optimal way
for using the land with regard to economic-social-environment protectiontechnological aspects.
Defended theses:
Systemic analysis of non-productive lands is the basis when performing the
planning of rational use of non-productive lands.
When preparing territory-planning documents, the planning of nonproductive lands can be determined by using the model of multi-criterial analysis.
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Research object
Non-productive agricultural land existing in rural municipalities of the
Republic of Lithuania.
Dissertation aim and objectives:
Aim of the dissertation – to conduct systemic analysis of Lithuanian nonproductive land use planning and develop the model, defining directions of nonproductive land use.
The following basic objectives are raised to achieve the aim:
- to analyse identification of non-productive lands in Land Information
System and territory-planning documents;
- conduct the analysis of agricultural land in municipalities with prevailing
non-productive lands;
- conduct the research into the use of non-productive land for agriculture,
forestry and alternative activity;
- to conduct the survey of competent specialists by assessing the most
appropriate non-productive land use planning;
- develop rational identification of non-productive lands by using the
mathematical model of multi-criterial analysis.
Scientific novelty of the dissertation research and practical significance
The main element of scientific novelty in the dissertation is the model of
determining non-productive land use directions developed on the basis of multicriterial analysis analytic hierarchy process. Having processed the research and the
competent specialists’ (experts) assessment data, concerning natural, organizational,
and economic factors, the model of non-productive land use direction when planning
perspectives of specific land plots and land holdings use in territory-planning
documents, was developed. It is recommended to apply this model when undertaking
measures and decisions, concerning non-productive land use planning.
- When conducting systemic analysis of Lithuanian non-productive land use
planning, the analysis of agricultural land use in non-productive regions on the
basis of cartographic sources and recent statistical data was carried out.
- In the dissertation the purposefulness of abandoned non-productive land
plot use for agricultural or forest activity was determined. It is suggested before
making a decision concerning rational use of non-productive land to compare soils
and other land qualities as well as expenses devoted to territory-management, and
to assess the production value that can be grown in one area unit.
- In the dissertation expert assessment of minimum arable land plot
parameters in non-productive lands is provided.
- Practical significance of the scientific research paper is manifested by the
fact that research results and conclusions can be applied:
1) For needs of territory-planning:
- development of methodologies necessary for agrarian territory management
planning;
- determining regulations of agrarian territory management and use when
preparing land management planning documents;
4
- planning of rational land use in general and special plans.
2) For subsequent development of scientific investigations.
Work volume and structure
The work is composed of the introduction, four body parts, conclusions, and
recommendations as well as literature references. The text includes 42 tables, 34
pictures, and 5 annexes. The first section deals with scientific research on the issue
of the dissertation. In addition, the analysis of legal acts is conducted. The second
section introduces the methods employed in the dissertation. Systemic analysis of
non-productive land use model is provided in section 3. The fourth section is
intended for the development of the model for non-productive land use. On the
basis of the research, conclusions and recommendations were formulated. The
most significant problems of the dissertation are presented in two scientific
publications. The results were also discussed in three scientific conferences.
1. SYSTEMIC ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY OF LITHUANIAN
NON-PRODUCTIVE LAND USE PLANNING
The methods of information search, systemising, analysis of cartographic
material and statistical data as well as scientific and methodological literature
analysis, comparative analysis, and generalization were employed to reach the aims
and objectives of the dissertation. Multicriterial analysis method was used to
analyse the opportunities of efficient non-productive land use. Systemic analysis
was used in the dissertation because there is a lack of separate research methods for
non-productive land use planning to analyse thoroughly and comprehensibly.
The main data for the research was obtained in Lithuanian Department of
Statistics, National Land Service under the Ministry of Agriculture, state enterprise
State Land Fund, National Paying Agency under the Ministry of Agriculture, and
state enterprise Register Centre. Cartographic data was used for analytic research
and data bases, constituting Land Information System. In addition, the data of 13
specialists’ expertise survey was used.
When analysing and assessing the optimal planning of non-productive land
use, it is important to select the appropriate mathematical method, which can
enable one to conduct a thorough and varied analysis as well as multicriterial
comparison of choices. The only method of analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is
based on the hierarchic structure of the proposition, which allows one to subdivide
the problem under analysis into smaller and more evident parts and, thus, it is
easier to analyse. The theory bases itself on natural human thinking. The more an
expert is involved in the system analysed, the more precise the prognosis and
decisions made are.
The group of specialists was formed – the professionals of Rural Development
Department under the Ministry of Agriculture, National Land Service under the
Ministry of Agriculture, laboratory of Agrochemical Research Laboratory,
Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture, Forestry Institute, Aleksandras Stulginskis
University teachers, namely specialists of land management, reclamation,
mechanization, forest management, agronomy.
5
During the assessment procedure, the experts take into consideration the
following criteria – crop production, animal husbandry, natural farming, land use
maintaining favourable condition of agricultural utilities and environment
protection, forestry, alternative activity.
Hierarchical list of assessment criteria (table 1) was compiled with regard to
peculiarity of non-productive land. On the other hand, it can be also used as a base
when defining the direction of various fertility land use, extending the list of criteria.
Table 1. The list of hierarchical assessment criteria
A 1 Average distance from the farm centre towards the fields
A 1.1 up to 2 km
A 1.2 2 – 5 km
A 1.3 – 10 km
A 1.4 > 10 km
P 1 Area of agricultural utilities
P 1.1 up to 2 ha
P 1.3 5 – 10 ha
P 1.5 20 – 40 ha
P 1.2 2 – 5 ha
P 1.4 10 – 20 ha
P 1.6 > 40 ha
I 1 Interrupted forests, shrubs, marshes, water pools
I 1.1 up to 10 %
I 1.3 20 – 30 %
I 1.5 40 – 50 %
I 1.2 10 – 20 %
I 1.4 30 – 40 %
I 1.6 > 50 %
P 2 The percentage of meadows and pasture in agricultural utilities.
P 2.1 up to 10 %
P 2.3 20 – 30 %
P 2.5 40 – 50 %
P 2.2 10 – 20 %
P 2.4 30 – 40 %
P 2.6 > 50 %
P 3 Size of arable land plot
P 3.1 up to 1 ha
P 3.3 2 – 3 ha
P 3.5 5 – 10 ha
P 3.2 1 – 2 ha
P 3.4 3 – 5 ha
P 3.6 > 10 ha
G 1 The prevailing granulometric composition of soil
G 1.1 sand
G 1.3 Light loam
G 1.5 peaty and humus soil
G 1.2 sandy loam
G 1.4 Medium and heavy loam
R 1 Prevailing terrain relief
R 1.1 plain
R 1.3 valleys, creeks
R 1.5 high-hilly
R 1.2 undulating plain
R 1.4 low-hilly
B 1 Mean land productivity score
B 1.1 up to 25 points
B 1.3 31 – 35 points
B 1.5 > 40 points
B 1.2 26 – 30 points
B 1.4 36 – 40 points
K 1 Conditions of road access, when land holding is
K 1.3 0.1– 0.3 km off the
K 1.5 0.5 – 1.0 km off the
K 1.1 near the paved road
paved road
paved road
K 1.2 up to 0.1 km off the paved
K 1.4 0.3 – 0.5 km off the K 1.6 > 1.0 km off the paved
road
paved road
road
U 1 Condition of homestead or outbuildings
U 1.3 a homestead and
U 1.5 a homestead and
U 1.1 no buildings
old outbuildings
perspective outbuilding
U 1.2 only homestead
U 1.4 only perspective outbuilding(s)
S 1 Conditions of special land use, forbidding or limiting one’s actions
S 1.2 use of fertilizers S 1.3 cultivation of
S 1.4 construction of
S 1.1 land drainage
and chemicals
warehoused crop and cereal buildings
M 1 Land reclamation state
M 1.2 > 50 % of
M 1.3 >50 % of
M 1.4 > 50 % of
M 1.1 > 50 % of wet
reclamation structures
reclamation structures in reclamation structures
land undrained
in the area are of poor
the area are of satisfying in the area are of good
condition
condition
condition
D 1 Soil reaction (pH)
D 1.1 neutral reaction
D 1.2 low acidity
D 1.3 average acidity
D 1.4 high acidity
(pH > 5,5)
(pH 5.1– 5.5).
(pH 4.6 – 5.0).
(pH < 4,6).
6
The significance of criteria is determined during the expert assessment so that
the direction of non-productive land use could be selected. The experts assess the
factors at the values from 1 to 9. Having obtained the assessment of experts,
significance of criterion is determined, i.e. how much criterion i is more significant
than criterion j. The matrix of one expert’s pairwise comparison is calculated
whereas the significance of each expert’s criteria is determined separately.
Calculations are conducted by using MATLAB and MS EXEL software (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Scheme of multicriterial proposition
Having determined the significance of criteria using the AHP method, the
initial matrix of decision-making, composed of six alternatives and thirteen their
criteria is compiled. The decision is made with regard to each expert’s assessment.
The assessment of alternatives provided by all experts and weights of alternatives
defined by the interviewed expert’s criteria assessment mean are selected for the
final decision.
2. SYSTEMIC ANALYSIS OF NON-PRODUCTIVE LAND USE
PLANNING
Tendencies of agricultural development in municipalities dominated by
non-productive land. While conducting the research, municipalities containing
non-productive land were divided into four groups. Group I includes 12
administration units of Eastern Lithuania, namely Molėtai, Utena, Zarasai,
Ignalina, Trakai, Vilnius, Šalčininkai, Švenčionys, Varėna, Lazdijai districts as
7
well as Elektrėnai and Druskininkai municipalities. Group II contains 5
administration units of Western Lithuania (Šilutė, Šilalė, Telšiai, Plungė districts
and Rietavas municipality).
Comparison of statistic data of districts containing non-productive land with
the remaining districts and municipalities of the country shows that non-productive
land affects the structure of land utilities, size of land plots and farmstead as well
as income obtained from agricultural activity (table 2).
Table 2. Use of agricultural land with regard to land production
In municipalities of
In other
In total in
non-productive land
Indices
municipalities Lithuania
Group I Group II
Total
Agricultural land area 01 01 2013,
thousand ha
748.11
365.51 1113.62
2832.48
3946.10
Out of which – agricultural utilities
293.76
856.33
2497.88
3354.21
thousand ha 562.57
80.37
76.90
88.19
85.00
% 75.20
Out of which – declared in 2012
261.35
615.28
2167.70
2782.98
thousand ha 353.93
88.97
71.85
86.78
82.98
% 62.91
Average size of the land plot, ha:
Total area
2.63
2.97
2.73
3.02
2.93
Agricultural utilities
2.06
2.50
2.20
2.64
2.52
Arable land
1.48
2.01
1.65
2.37
2.17
Average size of farmstead (area
of agricultural utilities used by
one farmstead) ha:
- according to the data of 2010
8.2
11.3
9.2
16.6
13.8
Agricultural Census
- according to 2012 Agricultural
10.06
12.84
11.09
20.77
17.43
Utility Declaration data
- according to the data of 01 01
12.03
14.90
13.06
23.00
19.74
2013 land registration (only for
farmers’ farmsteads)
Total production of agriculture
Total in 2011 mln. Lt 882.42
623.25 1505.67
6621.73
8127.40
1 ha of declared agricultural
utilities, Lt for 2385
2495
2447
3055
2920
Out of which crop production
Total in 2011, mln. Lt 383.98
301.12
685.10
4139.45
4824.55
1 ha of declared agricultural
utilities, Lt for 1152
1085
1113
1910
1734
Source: Public enterprise Register Centre, National Paying Agency, Department of Statistics.
Macrozoning data of the area of the republic of Lithuania allows one to make
a conclusion that about 32 % agrarian areas have less favourable conditions for
farming than other areas within the country due to non-productive land. They
declare only 72 % of statistical agricultural utilities whereas in the remaining areas
8
they constitute 87 %. The average size of the land plot is smaller in 10–30 % while
the mean size of the farmstead is twice smaller. Moreover, 40 % less crop production
is gained for one area unit.
In 2013 in municipalities where non-productive land prevails, agricultural land
comprised 52.2 % of the total area, the forest land – 37.3 %, land of other purpose –
4.7 %, conservation land – 1.0 %; water management purpose land – 4.7 %, free state
fund land – 0.1 %. In the remaining areas these indices constituted correspondingly
64.8; 26.5; 6.5; 0.5; 1.6 and 0.1. It is also manifested by the more extensive degree of
territory use, which in municipalities containing non-productive land is 1.25 times
lower than in municipalities dominated by more fertile soil.
The assumption that more of the area in non-productive land municipalities is
used for forest, conservation, and water purpose whereas urbanized territory is less
developed, was tested by the analysis of state land fund registration analysis. In the
process of territory-planning non-productive municipalities contain more land plots
separated from agricultural purpose and legitimized for the use of water management
and conservation. One can make a conclusion that land plots where intensive human
activity is possible (agricultural and other purpose land), non-productive land
decreased in 0.57 % per nine years while in other municipalities it decreased only in
0.09 %. Area of extensive farming (forest, water management, conservation purpose,
and Free State fund land), on the contrary, increased in 1.07 % in non-productive
land municipalities whereas only in 0.21 % in the remaining municipalities. It can
also explain higher stability of land use in municipalities containing productive land.
More intensive changes of land use take place in municipalities of non-productive
land and, therefore, it is possible to plan controversy of higher scope for other
activity direction and/or way of land use than that was before.
More precise and detailed changes of territories used for agricultural activity, in
Lithuania throughout the longer period can be determined on the basis of land fund
registration according to land utilities. The comparison of changes in agricultural
utilities of agricultural land according to the data of land registration was
conducted. It is provided in table 3.
Indices
Source
of data
Statistical agricultural utilities.
Area, thousand ha:
01 01 2004
01 01 2011
01 01 2013
Changes in 2004–2010
thousand ha
%
Changes in 2011–2012 m.:
thousand ha
%
Public enterprise Register
Centre
Table 3. Changes in agricultural utilities of agricultural land in non-productive and other
land municipalities in Lithuania during the period of 2003–2012
Municipalities dominated by
non-productive land
Group I Group II Total
Other
municipalities
Total in
Lithuania
613.11
608.21
608.58
295.53
296.39
293.76
908.64
904.60
902.34
2459.32
2456.01
2456.38
3367.96
3360.61
3358.72
- 4.90
- 0.8
+ 0.86
+ 2.9
- 4.04
- 0.41
- 3.31
- 0.13
- 7.35
- 0.22
+ 0.37
+ 0.06
- 2.63
- 0.89
- 2.26
- 0.25
+ 0.37
+ 0.02
-1.89
- 0.06
9
337.48
383.02
244.25
260.88
581.73
643.90
1909.22
2120.44
2490.95
2764.34
+ 45.54
+ 13.5
+ 16.63
+ 6.8
+ 62.17
+ 10.5
+ 211.20
+ 11.1
+ 273.37
+ 11.0
354.56
362.36
384.83
243.58
253.24
261.35
598.14
615.60
646.18
1986.70
2070.47
2137.10
2584.84
2686.07
2783.28
+ 7.80
+ 2.2
+ 9.66
+ 4.0
+ 17.46
+ 2.9
+ 83.77
+ 4.2
+ 101.23
+ 3.9
+ 22.47
+ 6.2
+ 8.11
+ 3.2
+ 30.58
+ 5.0
+ 66.63
+ 3.2
+ 97.21
+ 3.6
Natio
nal Paying Agency
thousand ha
proc.
thousand ha
%
Data of
Agricultural
Census
3 table continued
Agricultural utilities used:
Area, thousand ha:
In 2003
In 2010
thousand ha
%
Declared agricultural utilities
Area, thousand ha:
In 2004
In 2010
In 2004 the area of unexploited (abandoned) agricultural utilities in nonproductive land municipalities constituted on average 36 % of the total (statistical)
agricultural utilities whereas in other municipalities it constituted 22 % while in
2011 it was correspondingly 29 % and 14 %. Changes of land use are related to the
change in the number of agricultural activity subjects. The statistical data
describing the change is provided in table 4.
Table 4. Changes in the number of farms cultivating agricultural production in non-productive
and other land municipalities in Lithuania during the period of 2003–2012
Indices
Number of farms larger than 1 ha
according to the data of
Agricultural Census.
In 2003
In 2010
Changes in 2003–2010:
Number of farms
%
Number of farms declaring
agricultural utilities and crop:
In 2007
In 2012
Changes during 2007–2012:
Number of farms
%
Non-productive land
municipalities
Group I Group II
Total
Other
municipalities
Total in
Lithuania
57830
47227
27600
23203
85430
70430
186681
129483
272111
199913
-10603
-18.3
-4397
-15.9
-15000
-17.6
-57198
-30.6
- 72198
- 26.5
47705
36902
22922
20138
70627
57040
127067
100855
197694
157895
- 10803
-22.6
- 2784
-12.1
- 13587
-19.2
- 26212
-20.6
- 39799
- 20.1
Sources: Department of Statistics; National Paying Agency.
The speed of farm decrease in non-productive land municipalities is slower in
comparison with other rural areas. It can be related to the fact that farms are rapidly
10
becoming large-scale in more productive land municipalities, especially having
made use of economic support by abandoning the productive agriculture market.
Meanwhile in non-productive land municipalities, relatively more natural or half
natural farms with traditional farming elements have survived. Half of all farms are
small ones, which do not declare agricultural utilities and crop. The more
significant changes occur in Group I (Eastern Lithuania) of non-productive land
municipalities, where the more rapid ageing of village people and decrease in the
population was observed.
Intensity of non-productive land use. Impact of non-productive land on the
land use intensity was analysed when comparing mean statistical indices of
municipalities, which describe the relationship between land area and production
(relative production of agricultural utilities). The research determined that the
index of unused land in districts of northern Lithuania hilly uplands is 59 % higher
than the average of Lithuania while the index of extensive farming is twice as big
as the mean, i.t. 72.2 %.
In the area of Western Lithuania highlands and plateaus the same tendency of
extensive farming was identified as it is in North-East Lithuania (the index of
extensive farming is 67.9). However, the index of unused land within the area is
32% lower than the mean in Lithuania.
In South-East Lithuanian sandflats the index of extensive farming is 9%
higher than the average whereas the one of unused land is twice as high.
Regression analysis of land production and extensive farming index as well as
score of unused land was conducted on the basis of the data (Figure 2).
60
y = -0,2185x + 49,435
R² = 0,6082
50
40
30
20
0
20
40
60
80
Productivity score
Productivity score
60
y = -0,2365x + 44,792
R² = 0,3323
50
40
30
20
0
20
40
60
80
The index of unused lands
The index of extensive land use
Figure 2. Regression analysis of land production impact on land use in Lithuanian
municipalities
It was identified that the correlation coefficient between land production
score and that of unused land was 0.58 while it is 0.57 between land production
score and extensive farming.
Structural changes of agricultural utilities and crop. On the basis of the
research data, the conclusion is drawn that in non-productive land municipalities,
especially in South-East Lithuanian sandflats (group I), more cereals are produced
while in municipalities of Western Lithuania (group II) more herbaceous, feeding
plants are cultivated. It manifests that it is essential to differentiate territory
11
management planning and financial support for the farming activity of priority in
non-productive land municipalities with regard to different farming conditions.
A more thorough analysis of municipality indices allowed us to estimate that
there was the decrease in the crop area, corresponding to soil qualities. For
instance, cereal such as winter rye, oat, buckwheat, and lupine are common in the
land of light granulometric composition. In 2004 they composed 52 % of cereal
area in non-productive land while in 2012 the number was 33 %. In 2004 winter
rye, oat, buckwheat, and lupine constituted 24 % in non-productive land of group II
whereas there were 17 % of the cereal area in 2012. The decline of the area for
appropriate plants shows the refusal of crop-growing persons to cultivate
appropriate cultures. Such a decision can be affected by the amount of the support
provided. To be more exact, the payment of the same size, namely 413 Lt/ha (the
data of 2012) is provided for management of both meadows and crop.
It was identified that non-productive land is more abandoned. More
herbaceous plants are grown there and, thus, farming is less intensive that in the
regions prevailed by more productive land. So that non-productive land could be
used for agricultural activity more reasonably, it is advisable:
- to promote the differential use of abandoned land for crop by state economic
measures; to be more exact, for those pursuing agricultural activity in nonproductive land, the support must exceed that in productive land regions;
- the relationship between arable land (areas used for crop) and land areas,
used for haying and pasturing in non-productive regions and locations is supposed
to be optimized while preparing land use planning documents. It is advisable to
leave the area for meadows and pasturing, which, due to natural qualities (relief,
soil type, excessive moisture) are more suitable for herbaceous plants than annual
crop as well as the other existing pastures, essential for domestic animals’ supply
with food in farms according to standards.
Scopal changes of total forest area and cultivation in agricultural
utilities. In municipalities dominated by non-productive land, where the forests
situated in agricultural land constitute 9 % of the area, a relatively higher increase
of the forest area is noticed than in other municipalities where the forest coverage
of agrarian areas (on average 3.7 %) is reasonable to be increased for the variety of
landscape. Therefore, it is crucial to regulate forest arrangement, especially when it
is related to the reduction of agricultural utilities, by preparing territory planning
documents.
From 2004 to 2009 land management schemes of forest arrangement were
developed for all rural municipalities within the country. Having analysed the
schemes, it was determined that if a forest is cultivated in the areas marked in
schemes, the newly cultivated forest would occupy the area of 179700 ha in nonproductive land municipalities of group I or 22 % of the agricultural land area. In
schemes of group II it is allowed to cultivate forests within the area of 87264 ha,
which constitutes 24 % of agricultural land. The 493582 ha or 18 % of agricultural
land was marked in forest cultivation schemes of other municipalities. Forest
arrangement schemes foresee the possibility to use 11.6 % of all Lithuanian area
12
for newly cultivated forests and, therefore, in such a case 44 % of the area in
Lithuania would be composed of forests, which is unreal and not valid from
agricultural development point of view. Therefore, the use of non-productive land
for forest activity in non-productive land municipalities must be limited, having a
scientific basis for their arrangement, especially in municipalities of group I, where
the forest coverage is 33 % higher than the average of Lithuania. The subsequent
increase of forests in agricultural land can be planned under the guidance of
harmonic development principles and scientific recommendations for formation of
rural cultural landscape.
Perspectives of appropriate non-productive land use. The analysis of
reasonable non-productive land use allows us to state the main methodological
principles for the change of existing land use state, which can be employed:
- when preparing territory-planning documents, which predict the change of
land utility composition (first of all, transforming agricultural utilities into other
utilities as well as transforming other land utilities and abandoned land into arable
land, agricultural meadows, or forest (forest land));
- by optimizing the support for subjects of agricultural activity, which would
induce one to use land by assessing its natural and farming qualities;
- when planning perspectives of distinct agricultural land users’ activity;
- when planning the funding for draining reclamation, other work of land
improvement, and infrastructural equipment;
- while giving a permit to cultivate forest in agricultural utilities.
One of the more significant principles when determining perspectives of nonproductive land use is assessing the possibilities to realize the predicted changes
and measures. The second principle is the balance of all interested people’s
suggestions and demands. In order to thoroughly analyse the perspectives and
development of agrarian territory containing non-productive land, different
chapters discuss:
1) the assessment of soil qualities and preservation of natural landscape;
2) the assessment if the arable land plot is appropriate for mechanized
agriculture and access roads;
3) application of multicriterial analysis module so as to analyse the impact of
factor complex while planning alternative directions of land use and activity.
Changes of land use in cartographic material. Having conducted the
analysis of land use plan fragments in five selected areas, it was defined that land is
abandoned mostly in land area, where non-productive land or hilly relief prevails.
27.3 % of former agricultural utilities are not used although they have road access
whereas soil is of mean farming value. Therefore, it is advisable to use the land
upon the purpose. Having improved conditions of land use, about 44 % of
abandoned agricultural utilities can be transferred to intensive farming.
Methodological principles for land use planning. While preparing
documents of agrarian territory-planning, the procedure, which would allow using
a more thorough assessment of the present state and soil examination material, is
suggested. It includes the following information:
13
1. Defining where and for what reasons former agricultural utilities have
changed – their area has transformed into forests, shrub and tree greeneries,
marshes, other unused land or is not used to grow production (in bare fallow, is
abandoned). The results of the analysis must be marked by conventional signs in
cartographic material.
2. While compiling the drawing of planning document solutions, the areas
(abandoned or changed) are defined, recommended for the certain directions of
use:
1) for arable land – land plots or their parts, the soil of which is suitable for
cultivation of annual plant crops. Only the land plots smaller than 0.5 ha can be an
exception, not used due to straightening of land plot boundaries as well as forest
spontaneously growing plantations in the abandoned land, which, while pursuing
forest management were inventoried and registered as forest (forest land);
2) for agricultural meadows – land plots or their parts, where formerly,
having undertaken a complex of essential reclamation measures, agricultural
meadows were established or these are the areas of drained peaty and humus soils
larger than 0.5 ha or the land area with eroded soils in hills and valleys, the slope
inclination of which exceeds 5–7°. Agricultural meadows can also be established
in small plots of currently or formerly arable land, which, due to its small size is
not appropriate to be used for mechanical cultivation from economic point of view
or the access roads cannot be improved for the same reason. Only abandoned land
plots overgrown with shrubs containing drainage systems of poor or satisfying
condition, where it is not efficient to use machinery for cultivation of agricultural
meadows and exploitation, can be an exemption;
3) on the basis of the current state, for natural land utilities, the remaining
area of former agricultural utilities, overgrown with shrubs and trees, or having
changed into marshes or water pools. Natural meadows and pastures, which must
not be drained, ploughed, or the state of which and composition of herbs cannot be
changed in some other ways, are also attributed to the areas;
4) for cultivation of forest and field protective tree and shrub greeneries – the
remaining area of unused (abandoned) agricultural utilities, the cultivation by
forest of which is not against the law.
3. When planning transformation of agricultural utilities, to assess the
possibility to realize changes mentioned in section 2 by land users themselves or
when pursuing the foreseen drainage reconstruction work in reclamation projects.
It is also crucial to assess ecological variety of landscape and identify greeneries,
which have the significance of soil preservation or are valuable from ecological
point of view, to be protected. The remaining insignificant tree and shrub
greeneries in pursued reclamation projects, land area having changed into marsh or
unused plot situated in soil suitable for agricultural plants, can be transformed into
agricultural utilities.
4. Having completed the actions provided in sections 2 and 3, it is crucial to
analyse the current possibilities and to cultivate non-productive agricultural
utilities with the forest. While preparing methodological recommendations, it is
14
advisable to use the suggestions of the performed scientific research concerning
perspectives of land use. On the basis of the suggestions new forests in agricultural
utilities in use can be designed only if it is reasonable with regard to rural cultural
landscape formation under the guidance of the main regulations and requirements,
concerning the increase of Lithuanian forest coverage approved by the law No
240/324 of 29/07/1999 of the Ministers of Environment and Agriculture.
Economic basis of arable land transfer to cultivation by forest. When
applying methodological principles for the design of forest plots in formerly
cultivated land, currently used or potential to be used for grain and other crops, it is
recommended to perform calculations, which would allow one to compare the value
of grown (possible to grow) production of agriculture or the main farming forest
production (timber). One can make an assumption that it is reasonable to cultivate
forests in agricultural utilities only if the mean annual value of the grown timber
(table 5) is higher than the mean annual standard value of crop production (table 6).
Table 5. Calculations of the main forest production, grown in the area of 1 ha per year, value
Stand
of
trees
Pine
Bulk
assessment
Indices
Mature stand
Transitional
consumption
Total:
Fir
Mature stand
grove Transitional
consumption
Total:
Birch Mature stand
grove Transitional
consumption
Total:
Black Mature stand
alder
Transitional
consumption
Total:
Total (on average):
315
143
Amount
Increase of stand Increase
Age of
in value in the in forest
deforestation
per year forest
value
year
Lt/ha
Lt
structure Lt/ha
%
45045
101
x
x
x
252
567
317
38
x
140
9576
54621
44380
x
x
71
x
541
x
x
40
x
x
216
x
254
571
232
27
x
150
6847
51227
34800
x
x
61
x
722
x
x
20
x
x
144
x
186
418
300
34
x
139
6324
41124
41700
x
x
61
x
674
x
x
30
x
x
202
x
240
540
x
13
x
x
3120
44820
x
x
x
x
x
735
x
x
10
100
x
74
636
Stand
volume
m3/ha Lt/m3
Having added 10 % of the value due to the possible error while identifying
the correlation between species of trees and timber bulk, we find out that the
efficiency of land use while growing a forest constitutes 700 Lt/ha a year.
15
Table 6. Calculations of agricultural production grown in 1 ha of non-productive land
Value according to
Actually achieved
Standard prices
fertility
approved in 2012
Indices
In the
Standard
fertility
Lt/t
calculation
value
t/ha
area Lt/ha
Lt/ha
I. Crop structure in crop rotation adjusted to extensive farming
Winter rye
10
2.14
410*
87.7
3.0
123.0
Summer barley
10
2.20
464*
102.1
3.5
162.4
Oat
10
1.85
410*
75.8
2.0
82.0
Mixture of cereals
5
2.24
389*
43.6
2.5
48.6
Buckwheat
5
0.76
1188*
45.1
1.0
59.4
Perennial grasses
60
2.77
250
415.5
3.5
525.0
(hay)
Total:
100
x
x
769.8
x
1000.4
For one producx
x
x
20.8
x
27.0
tivity score
Productivity score, when the value of production is
33.7
x
25.9
700 Lt/ha
II. Meadowed plots of formerly arable land or agricultural pastures
Perennial grasses
50
2.77
250
346.2
3.5
437.5
(hay)
Agricultural
50
2.37
250
296.3
3.5
437.5
pasture (hay)
Total:
100
x
x
642.5
x
875.0
For one productix
x
x
17.4
x
23.65
vity score
Productivity score, when the value of production is
40.2
x
29.6
700 Lt/ha
Remarks: * value calculated including that of straw (8 % of the grain value)
** arithmetic mean of indices in Alytus, Telšiai, Utena, and Vilnius counties
Source: Department of Statistics
% of
crop in
the
structure
Average
production
2008 –
2012
t/ha**
When preparing or discussing proposals, concerning the use of specific
agricultural utility plots for forest cultivation, calculations, which would assess the
present and potential production of agricultural plants, corresponding to soil
qualities, are supposed to be performed. If the real possible value of agricultural
production in these plots exceeds 700 Lt/ha, then their transfer to forest cultivation
is not reasonable. In most cases, these can be plots of arable land currently or
formerly used for crop, though at present abandoned, the production point of which
exceeds 26.
Identifying the expenditure for drainage system reconstruction and
culturo-technical work. In order to improve the condition of reclamation
structures and to provide more favourable conditions for agricultural activity
within the area of agricultural utilities, it is appropriate to reconstruct reclamation
structures. The average price of drainage system reconstruction is 9455 Lt. If the
16
abandoned land can be transformed to agricultural activity only by destroying
growing shrubs and trees, the price of one hectare work is 5640 Lt. When the work
is large-scale and the trump of grown-up trees must be removed, this price can
reach 11 000 Lt/ha. It was determined that it is appropriate to pursue reclamation
work in formerly cultural agricultural utilities if the expenditure for work pays off
in at least 15 years.
Assessment of appropriateness of arable land plots for mechanized
agriculture as well as their arrangement and access road condition. Conditions
for mechanized agriculture carry huge significance for planning the use of
agricultural utilities, especially arable land in a certain season (road condition).
Methodological requirements for appropriate land use planning, predicting
improvement of used and abandoned agricultural utilities or transforming them into
other kinds of agricultural utilities, must involve not only the assessment of soil
qualities but also the economic basis of agricultural production organization,
expenses for growing agricultural plants, transport expenditures and expenses for
road improvement.
Efficiency of land use can be increased connecting land plots or rearranging
their boundaries so that the length of the plot (work bar) could prolong and the
shape of the plot could improve. While preparing such rearrangement of land use
predicting territory-planning documents, design solutions must be based
economically by providing calculations of agricultural plant growing for an area
unit. It was determined that having increased the land plot (work plot) of arable
land in one hectare, standard expenses of mechanized crop production work (work
costs) would decrease up to 10 Lt/ha.
Having performed calculations, it was determined that even in non-productive
land, where crop and corresponding technical and cumulative plants (with regard to
mechanized work, fertilizing, and land work requirements) occupy about 40 % of
used agricultural utilities, enlargement of small land plots would allow one to reduce
direct expenditures (the cost of agricultural plant cultivation) on average from 6 Lt/ha
to 7.8 Lt/ha when calculating for each hectare of plot enlargement. In such a case, if
after rearrangement of land plots, the average plot size would increase from 2 ha to 8
ha, the economy of expenses would increase up to 48–62 Lt/ha.
It was defined that on farms, which grow 40–45 % of crop and 55–60 % of
perennial grass, meadows, and pastures, the average transport expenditures make up
45 45 Lt/ha, if calculated for 1 km of the road. On the other hand, having improved
the condition of access roads, the expenditure can be reduced up to 25 Lt/ha.
Standard expenses constitute 25924 Lt for road construction and 14744 Lt for
repair for 100 meters of the road (the width of carriageway being 5.5 m; one traffic
lane – 3 m, the pavement of sand-gravel). The prices are corrected taking into
consideration local conditions.
Having identified the network of roads, necessary for inhabitants’ needs and
agricultural production, preliminary expenses for repair of local roads or
construction of new roads must be determined in territory-planning documents. It
is related to general management of agrarian territories and costs of agricultural
17
plant cultivation. Comparison of expenses while preparing options for perspective
use of agricultural utilities would enable one to deal with issues concerning
territory management of agricultural meadows and pasture arrangement (in the
areas where there are no paved roads or the equipment is economically
inappropriate) as well as land plots, which need denser road network: crop rotation
including arrangement of fields for cereal, potato, technical plant cultivation,
preservation of homesteads and other objects as well as new construction.
3. PLANNING THE USE OF AGRARIAN TERRITORIES, CONTAINING
NON-PRODUCTIVE LAND
3.1 Multicriterial analysis of Lithuanian non-productive land use planning
The dissertation employs mathematical method of multicriterial analysis,
allowing one to predict the possibilities of non-productive land use in a probability
way, helping conduct complex analysis of alternatives and make a decision.
Multicriterial analysis is conducted on the basis of expert survey data. According
to multicriterial AHP method, alternatives of land use direction in Lazdijai district,
Šadžiūnai village unused land plots (Figure 3) were calculated.
Figure 3. Unused plots in Lazdijai district, Šadžiūnai village
In order to determine recommendation trends for land plot using, while
making calculations using AHP method, alternative weights for each plot (Figure
4) are calculated under the assessment of each expert. One unused plot is next to
the road, at the distance from the village of 1 km and contains interrupted shrubs
and meadows. On the basis of spatial data sets, provided on www.zis.lt website,
18
granulometric composition, state of reclamation equipment, and other significant
indices are determined. The scores of production, relief, and distance to the roads
are identified in cartographic material.
Figure 4. Identifying the direction of plot use on the basis of expert 1 assessment
Using the same model, all experts’ alternative weights for a plot are
calculated. Having determined the alternative of the first plot use, alternative
weights of unused plots in Šadžiūnai village are calculated (table 7).
As one can see from the mean indices of the expert assessment,
introduced in table 7, 6 plots out of the eight analysed are appropriate for retaining
good agrarian environment-protection state while 2 of the plots could be used for
natural farming. It is reasonable to guide one’s activity upon the solutions while
preparing the document of territory-planning of a location, predicting the
perspectives of territory management and land improvement.
19
Table 7. The perspective analysis, concerning the consumption of unused
agricultural utility plots according to expert assessment data.
Perspectives for
consumption of
unused plots of
agricultural
utilities (the mean
of expert
assessment)
Crop production
Animal
husbandry
Natural farming
Maintaining favourable agrarian environment protection
land condition
Forestry
Other activity
Alternative weights of using land plots No/ in Šadžiūnai village
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0.1492
0.1418 0.1501
0.1556
0.1661 0.1547
0.1641
0.1378
0.1705
0.1709 0.1758
0.1760
0.1765 0.1740
0.1780
0.1510
0.1736
0.1688 0.1755
0.1725
0.1709 0.1811
0.1850
0.1675
0.1834
0.1854 0.1837
0.1857
0.1782 0.1778
0.1681
0.1832
0.1629
0.1604
0.1703 0.1586
0.1628 0.1563
0.1579
0.1523
0.1577 0.1527
0.1506 0.1597
0.1429
0.1619
0.1804
0.1801
Results of multicriterial solution must be used as recommendation ones
when making the final decision. Assessing the results, the differences of using
alternatives are estimated as well. For instance, using the alternatives of one expert
for the first plot to apply the direction of animal husbandry – 0.1984 and natural
farming – 0.1968 differ only in 0.0016. The smaller the difference between the
alternatives proposed, the more cautious a person while making the final decision
must be. When selecting the direction of using, the opinion of all experts is
provided separately so that when estimating the results, various alternatives could
be compared. Arithmetic mean of all expert survey results could be used for the
rapid decision-making and, thus, the land use can be modelled only once.
3.2. Suggestions for marking non-productive lands in territory-planning
documents
Having conducted identification analysis of non-productive land, it is
suggested to outline the following requirements when preparing sub-statutory legal
acts:
1. When compiling the projects of rural development land management,
documents of territory-planning, land management schemes, before designing
using the sets of spatial data, one is supposed to distinguish non-productive areas.
Non-productive land areas are not suitable for growing market production and,
therefore, they must be separated and, while preparing the projects, the decision
appropriate for optimal non-productive land use, based on economic, ecological,
social, technological aspects must be made.
20
2. In complex plans, it is appropriate to mark land plots of agricultural
purpose, which can be used for the activity other than agriculture only under
conditions defined by legal acts (according to the scale of the plan prepared,
separating the arable land, agricultural meadows and land area with reclamation
equipment) as well as non-productive land plots (if the complex plan excludes
these requirements, it will not be possible to realise the policy of Land law and
other legal acts, concerning preservation of land area containing productive soil or
drainage systems or, due to conditions of agricultural utility area and fertile soil
reduction). Moreover, when a complex plan provides a possibility to reduce
productive agricultural utility areas on the basis of conditions defined by legal acts,
realization of plan solutions is possible only for the organizer of planning, land
owner, or user of state land, having satisfied the requirements stated in legal acts
and decision, concerning the plan approval.
3. Precise methodical regulations are crucial for the preparation of land
management planning documents and other special plans. They could help when
forming enduring elements of rural landscape, namely the arrangement of built
areas and road network, boundaries of arable land fields and plots, arrangement of
forest plots and natural land utilities, change of land utility kinds and contour
boundaries when reclamation construction and forest cultivation are performed. It
is especially important to introduce the requirements in detail (out of which – the
ones for the use of non-productive land), when realising:
- area zoning foreseen in the content of land management scheme works,
according to directions of economic activity, best corresponding to natural and
economic conditions of a location, predicting the territories to be used for
agricultural activity, the ones unfavourable for farming and territories where it is
reasonable to cultivate the land by forest;
- the planned landscape formation measures as well as soil protection and
improvement tools of agricultural utilities provided in the content of rural
development land management project works.
21
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
The systemic analysis of non-productive lands is conducted by assessing: the
identification of non-productive lands in standard documents; by performing
the analysis of statistical, spatial and cartographic data; by assessing the
direction of Lithuanian non-productive land use with regard to natural, social,
economic and technological aspects; by conducting expert surveying; by
developing the model of non-productive land use planning on the basis of
multi-criterial analysis method.
Having conducted the analysis of theoretical research, it was determined that
the concept ‘non-productive land‘ is not defined in Lithuanian legal acts. The
following definition of the areas analysed in the dissertation was formulated:
The agricultural utility containing prevailing sand or eroded soils, where
cultivation of market agriculture plants is economically efficient only if
supported by state measures, is considered non-productive.
The analysis of statistical data manifested that the index of lands not used for
agricultural activity in North-East Lithuanian hilly upland districts is 59 %
higher than the average of Lithuania. The extensive index of land use is twice
higher than the average. The index of extensive land use in Western
Lithuanian uplands and plateaus areas is 67.9 whereas the index of unused
lands in the area is 32 % lower than the average of Lithuania. The unit of nonproductive land area cultivates 40 % less of crop production.
Purposefulness of abandoned land plots for agricultural, forest, or other
activity in non-productive and other lands is considered only having
performed economic calculations, which allow one to compare expenses for
territory-management work and the production value possible to grow in one
area unit. According to the research data, agricultural utilities are reasonable to
preserve or restore only when the annual value of grown crop production is not
lower than 700 Lt/ha, i.e. when it exceeds the average value of the annual
main forest production (timber).
The efficiency of extensively used agricultural utility plots can be increased by
having enlarged land plots, improved their reclamation state and shortened the
distances from farming centres. Having increased the average area of arable
land from 2 ha to 10 ha, the costs of mechanized agricultural plant cultivation
can be reduced in 48–62 Lt/ha. Having decreased the average comparative
distance to the fields in 1 km, the costs of transport can be reduced 25–
45 Lt/ha per year. It is reasonable to pursue reclamation in formerly
domesticated agricultural utilities if the expenses for work pay off no later
than in 15 years.
No requirements for the minimum land plots are set for agricultural land. The
main recommended parameters of the minimum size arable land plots defined
according to the expert assessment data are as follows: the minimum land plot
width 47–73 m, length – 97–150 m. The minimum plot area 0.5–1.1 ha.
22
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
The main outcome of the work is the developed model of non-productive land
use planning, the purpose of which, when preparing territory-planning
documents, is to make solutions concerning the planning of non-productive
agricultural utility plots. The model can be applied if requirements for land use
are not regulated by legal acts. In order to determine alternatives of nonproductive land use, the assessment was performed in several aspects: the
expert survey to define criteria was performed; having developed the survey
questionnaire, competent specialists of land management, forest management,
hydraulic engineering, and agronomy were interviewed. The simplified system
of data processing in MS Excel software was developed for practical
application of the method.
The model for non-productive land use was developed. However, it can be
applied as the basis for planning the use of other abandoned agricultural land in
Lithuania. The planning of non-productive land is based on the experts’ attitude
towards the defined parameters. Participation of interested parties in the process
of decision making helps avoid bias and non-productive land use planning is
likely to allow one to motivate better the provided arguments as well as make
complex balanced decisions when assessing the recommendations.
When preparing the projects of rural development land management and
territory-planning documents as well as land management schemes, it is
recommended before designing, using spatial data sets, to distinguish areas of
non-productive agricultural lands.
It is recommended that support measures for agricultural and rural
development should be based on decisions defined in territory-planning
documents for elderate territorial parts, farms, or separate locations concerning
farming direction, improvement of land reclamation state, road and other
infrastructure objects as well as forest cultivation.
It is recommended for legal and methodical regulations of territory-planning
documents to include the following:
- standards and requirements regulating establishment of agricultural utility
improvement possibilities and scope, minimum parameters of the formed
land plot cultivated in a mechanized way as well as the criteria of forest, tree,
shrubs, marshes, and other natural landscape element arrangement (the
minimum percentage in the agrarian area or minimum indices of ecological
variety);
- requirements in the prepared territory-planning documents to provide
economic basis for suggested employment of abandoned agricultural utility
plots for agricultural or forest management activity.
23
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
Publication in reviewed scientific Journals, referred in other databases
Abalikštienė, E., Aleknavičius, P. Žemės ūkio paskirties žemės naudojimo
tendencijos savivaldybėse su vyraujančiomis nenašiomis žemėmis. Žemės ūkio
mokslai. 2013, T. 20, Nr. 3, p. 133–148. ISSN 1390-0200.
Abalikštienė, E. Analysis of Free States Land in the Republic of Lithuania.
Land Surveyng and Land Management: transactions of the Estonian university of
life sciences. 2009, Vol. 225, p. 20–28. ISSN 1736-8375.
Other reviewed scientific publications
Abalikštienė, E., Stravinskienė, V. Land use analysis in southeastern
Lithuania. Rural Development 2011. Proceedings of the International Scientific
conference. Akademija, 2011, p. 372–377. ISSN 1822-3230.
Stravinskiene, V., Bajarunaite, A., Abalikstiene, E., Baliavicius, G.
Ecological farming in Lithuania. Baltic surveying’11. Proceedings of the
International Scientific conference. Jelgava, 2011, p. 138-145. ISSN 2243-5999.
Abalikštienė, E. Analysis of free state land in Kaunas county. Rural
Development 2009: proceedings of the fourth international scientific conference,
October 15–17, 2009, Lithuanian university of agriculture. 2009, Vol. 4, book 2,
p. 95–98. ISSN 1822-3230.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Edita Abalikštienė was born in 1980 on the 19th of June in Rokiškis district.
In 1998 she graduated from Rokiškis J. Tumas-Vaižgantas secondary school. In
2002 she gained BA degree in Land Management in Lithuanian University of
Agriculture, Faculty of Water and Land Management. In 2002–2005 Edita studied
in the same university and gained MA degree in Landscape management.
Contacts: e-mail: [email protected]
24
LIETUVOS NENAŠIŲ ŽEMIŲ NAUDOJIMO PLANAVIMO SISTEMINĖ
ANALIZĖ
REZIUMĖ
Disertacijoje pateikiamas Lietuvos nenašių žemių naudojimo planavimas.
Naudojimo planavimas atliekamas įvertinant įvairius faktorius – atliekama
sisteminė žemės naudojimo planavimo analizė. Analizuojami statistiniai,
kartografiniai, erdvinių duomenų rinkinių ir ekspertų apklausos duomenys.
Darbo tikslas ir uždaviniai
Darbo tikslas – atlikti Lietuvos nenašių žemių naudojimo planavimo
sisteminę analizę ir parengti nenašių žemių naudojimo krypties nustatymo modelį.
Darbo tikslui pasiekti, atliekant sisteminę analizę, sprendžiami šie
pagrindiniai uždaviniai:
- išanalizuoti nenašių žemių identifikavimą Žemės informacinėje sistemoje ir
teritorijų planavimo dokumentuose;
- atlikti žemės ūkio paskirties žemės analizę savivaldybėse su vyraujančiomis
nenašiomis žemėmis;
- atlikti nenašių žemių naudojimo žemės ūkio veiklai, miškų ūkio veiklai ir
alternatyviai veiklai tyrimus;
- atlikti kompetentingų specialistų apklausą įvertinant nenašių žemių
naudojimo planavimą;
- parengti nenašių žemių racionalaus naudojimo nustatymą naudojant
daugiakriterinės analizės matematinį metodą.
Darbo mokslinis naujumas ir praktinė svarba. Pagrindinis disertacijos
mokslinio naujumo elementas – daugiakriterinės analizės analitinio hierarchijos
proceso modeliu parengtas nenašių žemių naudojimo krypties nustatymo modelis.
Matematiškai apdorojus tyrimus ir kompetentingų specialistų (ekspertų) atlikto
gamtinių, organizacinių ir ekonominių veiksnių įvertinimo duomenis, parengtas
nenašių žemių naudojimo krypties nustatymo modelis planuojant konkrečių žemės
sklypų ir žemės valdų naudojimo perspektyvas teritorijų planavimo dokumentuose.
Šį modelį rekomenduojama taikyti priimant priemones bei sprendimus nenašių
žemių naudojimo planavimui.
- Atliekant Lietuvos nenašių žemių naudojimo planavimo sisteminę analizę
atlikta nenašių regionų žemės ūkio paskirties žemės naudojimo analizė, remiantis
kartografiniais šaltiniais ir naujausiais statistiniais duomenimis.
- Šiame darbe nustatytas apleistų nenašių žemės sklypų naudojimo žemės
ūkio ar miškų ūkio veiklai tikslingumas. Siūloma prieš priimant sprendimą dėl
nenašių žemių racionalaus naudojimo palyginti dirvožemius ir kitas žemės
savybes, išlaidas teritorijos tvarkymo darbams ir įvertinti iš ploto vieneto galimos
išauginti produkcijos vertę.
- Disertacijoje pateiktas ekspertinis minimalių ariamosios žemės sklypo
parametrų nenašiose žemėse įvertinimas.
- Mokslinio darbo praktinė svarba pasireiškia tuo, kad mokslinio darbo
rezultatai ir išvados gali būti pritaikyti:
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1) Teritorijų planavimo reikmėms:
- metodikų, reikalingų agrarinių teritorijų tvarkymo planavimui, parengimui;
- agrarinių teritorijų tvarkymo ir naudojimo reglamentų nustatymui rengiant
žemėtvarkos planavimo dokumentus;
- racionalaus žemės naudojimo planavimui bendruosiuose ir specialiuosiuose
planuose.
2) Mokslinio ištirtumo tolesniam vystymui.
IŠVADOS IR REKOMENDACIJOS
1. Nenašių žemių sisteminė analizė atliekama įvertinant: nenašių žemių
identifikavimą norminiuose dokumentuose; atliekant statistinių, erdvinių ir
kartografinių duomenų analizę; įvertinant Lietuvos nenašių žemių naudojimo
kryptį atsižvelgiant į gamtinius, socialinius, ekonominius ir technologinius
aspektus; atliekant ekspertų apklausą; daugiakriterinės analizės metodu parengiant
nenašių žemių naudojimo planavimo modelį.
2. Atlikus teorinių tyrimų analizę nustatyta, kad sąvoka „nenaši žemė“ nėra
apibrėžta Lietuvoje galiojančiuose teisės aktuose. Suformuluotas disertacijoje
nagrinėjamų teritorijų apibūdinimas: nenašiomis žemėmis laikomos žemės ūkio
naudmenos su smėlio ir nuardytais dirvožemiais, kuriose prekinių žemės ūkio
augalų auginimas ekonomiškai efektyvus tik esant valstybės paramos priemonėms.
3. Statistinių duomenų analizė parodė, kad Šiaurės rytų Lietuvos kalvotųjų
aukštumų agroūkinei zonai rajonuose nepanaudotų žemių rodiklis yra 59 proc.
didesnis nei vidutiniškai Lietuvoje, ekstensyvaus žemės naudojimo rodiklis – du
kartus didesnis už vidutinį. Vakarų Lietuvos aukštumų ir plynaukščių zonoje
ekstensyvaus žemės naudojimo rodiklis – 67,9, nepanaudotų žemių rodiklis šioje
zonoje – 32 proc. mažesnis už vidutinį Lietuvoje. Nenašių žemių ploto vienetui
tenka 40 proc. mažiau augalininkystės produkcijos.
4. Apleistos žemės sklypų naudojimo žemės ūkio ar miškų ūkio veiklai
tikslingumas spręstinas atlikus ekonominius skaičiavimus, kurie leidžia palyginti
išlaidas teritorijos tvarkymo darbams ir iš ploto vieneto galimos išauginti
produkcijos vertę. Tyrimo duomenimis žemės ūkio naudmenas tikslinga išsaugoti
ar atkurti tuomet, kai metinė išauginamos augalininkystės produkcijos vertė yra ne
mažesnė kaip 700 Lt/ha, t. y., kai ji didesnė už vidutinę metinę išauginamos
pagrindinės miškų ūkio produkcijos (medienos) vertę.
5. Ekstensyviai naudojamų žemės ūkio naudmenų sklypų naudojimo
efektyvumą galima padidinti sustambinus žemės sklypus, pagerinus jų melioracinę
būklę ir sumažinus atstumus privažiavimui iš ūkinių centrų. Padidinus vidutinį
ariamosios žemės darbo sklypo plotą nuo 2 ha iki 10 ha, mechanizuotų žemės ūkio
augalų auginimo darbų savikainą galima sumažinti 48–62 Lt/ha. Sumažinus
vidutinį palyginamąjį atstumą į laukus 1 km, transporto darbų išlaidas galima
sumažinti 25–45 Lt/ha per metus. Melioracijos darbus buvusiose sukultūrintose
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žemės ūkio naudmenose vykdyti tikslinga, jeigu išlaidos darbų vykdymui atsipirks
ne vėliau kaip per 15 metų.
6. Žemės ūkio paskirties žemei, nėra nustatyti reikalavimai minimaliam sklypo
dydžiui. Ekspertinio vertinimo duomenimis nustatyti nenašių žemių vietovėms
rekomenduojami minimalaus dydžio ariamosios žemės sklypų pagrindiniai
parametrai: minimalus žemės sklypo plotis 47–73 m, ilgis – 97–150 m. Minimalus
sklypo plotas 0,5–1,1 ha.
7. Pagrindinis darbo rezultatas – sukurtas nenašių žemių naudojimo
planavimo modelis, kurio paskirtis rengiant teritorijų planavimo dokumentus,
sprendinius dėl nenašių žemės ūkio naudmenų sklypų, kurių perspektyvinio
naudojimo reikalavimų nereglamentuoja norminiai teisės aktai, priimti naudojantis
parengtu modeliu. Siekiant nustatyti nenašių žemių naudojimo alternatyvas
vertinimas atliktas keliais aspektais: atlikta ekspertų apklausa kriterijams nustatyti;
suformavus apklausos anketą apklausi kompetetingi žemėtvarkos, miškotvarkos,
hidrotechnkos, agronomojos specialistai. Šio metodo praktiškam taikymui parengta
supaprastinta duomenų apdorojimo tvarka MS Excel programoje
8. Sukurtas modelis nenašių žemių naudojimo planavimui, tačiau jis gali būti
taikomas kaip bazinis pagrindas ir kitų Lietuvos apleistų žemės ūkio paskirties
žemių naudojimo planavimui. Nenašių žemių naudojimo planavimas paremtas
ekspertų požiūriu į nustatytus parametrus. Suinteresuotų pusių dalyvavimas
sprendimo priėmimo procese padeda išvengti šališkumo ir tikėtina, kad nenašių
žemių naudojimo planavimas nebus vienakryptis.
9. Rekomenduojama rengiant kaimo plėtros žemėtvarkos projektus, teritorijų
planavimo dokumentus, žemėtvarkos schemas, prieš projektavimą, naudojantis
erdvinių duomenų rinkiniais, išskirti nenašius plotus.
10. Rekomenduojama, jog paramos priemonės žemės ūkio ir kaimo plėtrai
turėtų remtis teritorijų planavimo dokumentuose seniūnijų teritorijų dalims, ūkiams
ar atskiroms vietovėms nustatytais sprendiniais dėl ūkininkavimo krypties, žemės
melioracinės būklės pagerinimo, kelių ir kitų infrastruktūros objektų pagerinimo,
miškų įveisimo.
11. Rekomenduojama, kad teisinės ir metodinės nuostatos teritorijų
planavimo dokumentams rengti apimtų:
- normatyvus ir reikalavimus, reglamentuojančius žemės ūkio naudmenų
pagerinimo galimybių ir apimčių nustatymą, formuojamo mechanizuotai
dirbamo žemės sklypo minimalius parametrus, miškų, medžių ir krūmų
želdinių, pelkių, kitų natūralių kraštovaizdžio elementų išdėstymo kriterijus
(minimalų procentą agrarinės teritorijos plote arba minimalius ekologinės
įvairovės rodiklius);
- reikalavimus rengiamame teritorijų planavimo dokumente pateikti apleistų
žemės ūkio naudmenų sklypų naudojimo žemės ūkio arba miškų ūkio
veiklai ekonominį pagrindimą.
27
TRUMPOS ŽINIOS APIE AUTORĘ
Edita Abalikštienė gimė 1980 m. birželio 19 d., Rokiškio rajone. 1998 metais
baigė Rokiškio J. Tumo-Vaižganto vidurinę mokyklą. 2002 Lietuvos žemės ūkio
universiteto, Vandens ūkio ir žemėtvarkos fakultete įgytas Žemėtvarkos bakalauro
laipsnis. 2002–2005 metais studijavo tame pačiame universitete ir įgijo
kraštotvarkos magistro kvalifikacinį laipsnį.
Kontaktai: el. paštas: [email protected]
LIETUVOS NENAŠIŲ ŽEMIŲ NAUDOJIMO PLANAVIMO
SISTEMINĖ ANALIZĖ
Daktaro disertacijos santrauka
SL 399. 2013.11.05. Sp. l. 1,75. Tiražas 30. Užsakymo Nr. 47. Leido ir spausdino ASU
Leidybos centras – 2013. Studentų g. 11, LT-53361 Akademija, Kauno r.
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systemic analysis of lithuanian non

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