Quantifying land use and land cover change using geographic

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEOMATICS AND GEOSCIENCES
Volume 2, No 1, 2011
© Copyright 2010 All rights reserved Integrated Publishing services
Research article
ISSN 0976 – 4380
Quantifying land use and land cover change using geographic information
system: A case study of Srinagar city, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Wani, R. A1, Khairkar.V. P2
1- Ph.D. Research Scholar, University of Pune, India
2- Associate professor, Department of Geography, University of Pune,
[email protected]
ABSTRACT
Land use/ land cover change study is very important aspect of the natural resources data base
study. The knowledge of land use and land cover is important for many planning and
management activities as it is considered as an essential element for modeling and
understanding the earth’s features. The pressure of urbanization on Srinagar city can be
drawn from the fact that the city had an area of 12.8 km² in 1901which increased to 82.88
km² in 1971 to 270 km² in 2001. The present study investigates the land transformation of
Srinagar city located in the heart of the Himalayan mountain system in Kashmir valley.
Urban expansion of Srinagar city and land transformation has severely affected the aerial
extent of agricultural land, water bodies, marsh area etc. Srinagar city is ten times larger in
population than the second urban centre of Anantnag (Primacy index= 9.95 in two city index)
depicting its command over the region.
Land information system plays a very vital role in managing the land resources of any area.
For understanding the impacts of changing physical characteristics on land, geospatial tools
like remote sensing and GIS have been useful. Therefore, in order to have a better
understanding of the land use/ land cover change around Srinagar city, topographic and a
multi-spectral remote sensing data was used to analyze the change around the city.
Keywords: Land use/land cover, urbanization, urban expansion, land transformation, GIS,
1. Introduction
Land use/ land cover studies have got a renewed emphasis as the process of agricultural use
of land has been in a flux in the wake of fast changing national economy under the new
global order. Land use refers the purpose of the land serves, for example, recreation, wild life
habitat, agriculture. Land use is a product of interaction between a society’s cultural
background, state and its physical needs on the one hand and the natural potential of land on
the other hand (Baalak Ram and Kolarkar, 1993). According to Longley (2001), “land cover
refer to the physical materials on the surface of a given parcel of land, while land use refer to
the human activities that takes place on or make use of land e.g. residential, commercial,
industrial etc.” An urban centre is a collection of houses of non-agricultural people where
various uses of land are found on account of the forces of attraction and integration, the
forces of dispersion and disintegration and the forces of spatial differentiation (Dickinson,
1964). Urban land use deals with the problem emerging in urban centres in the process of
selecting and translating into action, the optimum utilization of limited land between
shopping centres and residential areas (ManDul, 2000). Long term understanding on land use
and land cover need to propose a more dynamic framework that explicitly links what is often
divided into separate natural and human systems into a more integrated model. In developing
countries like India, scenario are likely land use and land cover are often semantically
Submitted on September 2011 published on November 2011
110
Quantifying land use and land cover change using geographic information system: A case study of Srinagar
city, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Wani, R. A, Khairkar.V. P
equivalent i.e., land use activities associated with logging leads to a deforested land cover
(Lambin, 1997).
Land use and land cover is dynamic in nature and is an important factor for the
comprehension of the interaction and relationship of anthropogenic activities with the
environment. Land use and land cover change have been recognized as important drivers of
global environment change. Land use is influenced by economic, cultural, political, historical
and land-tenure factors at multiple scales. Land cover, on the other hand, is one of the many
biophysical attributes of the land that affect how ecosystems function. Knowledge of the
nature of land use and land cover change and their configuration across spatial and temporal
scales is consequently indispensable for sustainable environmental management and
development (Turner et al 1995). Urban landscapes are exemplified by the large
concentration of population and fast expansion of urban zones which lead to alteration in the
land use and land cover configuration that consequently impacts the landscape environment
(Long et al., 2008). Land transformation is one of the most important fields of human induced
environmental transformations, with an extensive history dating back to antiquity. Alteration
is nearly inseparable from human occupation and use, and the goal is to encourage
degradation. The degradation of water bodies are largely attributed to extensive agricultural
reclamation, resulting in negative ecological consequences such as frequent floods, a decline
in biodiversity and the extinction of a number of endemic species. Largest changes in terms
of land area, and arguably also in terms of hydrological impacts, often arise from aforestation
and deforestation activities (Calder, 1992).
Studies have utilized remote sensed data to examine urban land changes in modern times with
conclusions showing varying degree of different patterns of urban expansion and
development in which could be associated with specific environmental factors (Long et al.,
2008). Land use planning is basically concerned with the location, intensity and amount of
land development required for various uses of space, functioning of the city, e.g., industry,
wholesaling, business, housing, recreation, education, religious, and cultural activities of the
people (Chapin, 1957, XIV). Land use applications involve both baseline mapping and
subsequent monitoring. Since, the timely information is required to know the current quantity
of land which is in use and to identify the land changes from year to year (Kumaraswamy and
Narayanakumar, 2005). Detection of long term changes in land cover may reveal an idea for
the shift in local or regional climatic conditions and analyzing the basis of terrestrial global
monitoring (Navalgund, R.R., et al., 2007). Land use and land cover mapping serves as a
basic inventory of land resource for all levels of government, environmental agencies and
private industries throughout the world (Vijith and Satheesh, 2007). Change detection in land
use and land cover can be performed on a temporal scale such as a decade to access
landscape change caused due to anthropogenic activities on the land (Gibson and Power,
2000). Change detection in the land use/ land cover involves use of at least two period data
sets (Jenson, 1986). Change detected by post classification comparison is the most commonly
used quantitative methods.
2. Study area
Srinagar city is located at an average elevation of 1600 meters above mean sea level and it is
spread over in the heart of the oval shaped Valley of Kashmir. It is situated between 740-56’
and 750-79’ East Longitude and 330-18’ and 340-45’ North Latitude. The city as well as its
hinterland is bounded by natural wall of mountains (sub-mountain branches of Pir Panjal
Ranges and Zanskar mountains). In the east, the city is bounded by Zabarwan Mountains with
International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences
Volume 2 Issue 1, 2011
111
lush green vegetation, locating famous Dachigam Sanctuary and Mughal Gardens and is
environed by the shallow and swampy lakes of Dul and Nagin with the eminence of hillocks
of Takth-i-Suliman in the east and Kohi-Maraan (Hariparbat) in the centre adding to its
beauty and making surroundings of the city invigorating.
Figure 1: Location map of the study area
2. Materials and Method
The study is based on secondary sources of data. Land use/ land cover map of Srinagar city
for the year 1971 was obtained from two agencies viz. Town Planning Authorities and
Srinagar Municipal Corporation on 1: 15000 Scales. Similarly, the land use/ land cover for
the year 2011 was carried out using IRS-1D LISS III and PAN merged satellite imageries.
For the interpretation process, Survey of India (SOI) toposheet was referenced and band
separation and windowing of the study area with performed. The images were geo-corrected
and geo-referenced in ERDAS (Earth Resource Data Analysis System) imagine 9.0 software.
Satellite imageries were stacked in different bands to produce a false color for the extracted
of the study area by sub-setting of the image. The images were digitized in GIS environment
using Arc View 3.2a software in the form of polygons representing different land use and
land cover categories. The data was classified into 13 land use land cover spread over a total
of 23,446.5 hectares of the Srinagar city.
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Figure 2: Methodology Process adopted for the study
Results and Discussions
According to Gallion and Eisur (1965), there are four major categories of land use in urban
areas, e.g., agricultural, residential, commercial and industrial. Bartholomew (1955)
distinguishes two major categories of urban land use: developed and under developed. The
developed areas is divided into (i) Privately developed such as residential, commercial and
industrial and (ii) publicly developed, such as streets, transport establishments, parks,
playgrounds and public and semi public property. Town planning categorizes urban land use
as residential, commercial, industrial, transport, communication, public utility, open spaces,
agricultural area, vacant land and water bodies (Gowda, 1972). For delineating the land use
and land cover types from the images, image elements and other contextual information was
used for improved accuracy. Figure 1 shows the land use and land cover types delineated
from the scanned topographic map that has symbols for these types. The statistical analysis of
the multi-temporal land use/land cover maps of the Srinagar city reveals that significant
changes have taken place from 1970 to 2011. Table 1.0 provides changes of land use/ land
cover in Srinagar city. The growing population has significantly altered the land use/ land
cover of the area. According to census report, the population of Srinagar city was 122618 in
1901 which increased to 403413 in 1971 to 971357 in 2001.
Table 1: Land use/ land cover change of Srinagar city from 1971 to 2011
Land-use
Category
Residential
Commercial
1971
(Hectares)
1074.5
143.5
1971
(%age)
4.58
0.61
2011
(Hectares)
4013.11
283.92
2011
(%age)
17.20
1.21
Change
2938.61
140.42
Change
(%age)
273.48
97.85
113
Industrial
Parks/gardens etc
Restricted
Vacant
Agriculture
Plantation/orchards
Forests
Barren
Marshy
Water body
Others
Total
Total Build up
Total Non-build up
90.50
140.00
446.00
517.00
14408.00
1266.50
346.5
539.50
1667.00
2145.50
662.00
23446.50
2556.50
20890.00
0.39
0.59
1.90
2.20
61.45
5.40
1.47
2.30
7.10
9.15
2.83
226.50
373.04
715.00
245.30
10957.10
2623.03
153.50
480
467.50
1893.90
1014.46
23446.50
6626.03
16820.47
0.97
1.62
3.05
1.05
46.73
11.19
0.65
2.05
2.00
8.08
4.33
100.00
136
233.04
269.00
-271.17
-3450.9
1356.53
-193.00
-59.50
-1199.50
-251.60
352.46
150.28
166.46
60.31
-52.45
-23.95
107.11
-55.70
-11.03
71.96
-11.73
53.24
4080.53
-4069.53
159.61
-19.48
The enormous pressure of the population has exerted enormous pressure on the existing land
use/ land cover of Srinagar city. There has been loss in natural vegetation, agriculture, water
bodies, residential, restricted etc. The present study was carried over the municipal area of the
city (23,466.50 hectares). It is evident from table 1 that the city has witnessed enormous
change in terms of land transformation. The built up area of the city has increased from
2556.50 hectares in 1971 to 6626.03 hectares in 2011 whereas non-built up area had
drastically decreased from 20890.00 hectares in 1971 to 16820.47 hectares in 2011.
Figure 3: Land use/ Land cover of Srinagar city, 1971
The salient feature of this land transformation is that Srinagar city has recorded a significant
increase in built up area and this is mainly because of population growth and development in
secondary and tertiary occupation structure which has attracted population from its hinterland
as these areas are under developed in terms of opportunities and lack of private sector. But
114
this built up expansion was haphazard and without much planning which has given rise to
many urban problems like drainage failure in most parts of the city, conversion of marshy
areas either into agriculture or built up etc. The core of the city which engulfs the current
Central Business District stretching from Dul Gate to Batamaloo is characterized by narrow
lanes, open drains , poor solid waste collection and dumping facilities, lack of open spaces,
poor infrastructural facilities etc. Expansion has taken place largely in a radial manner along
the roads. However, the unique geographical personality of city has generated certain
physical impediments in its growth and development. Srinagar city has significant
interchange of land among various land use/cover classes from last four decade. During the
study period Srinagar city has under gone substantial land transformation. Table 1, Figure 3
and Figure 4 shows the changes in various urban land use class of the city. These changes are
because of the development of city resulting in increased demand of land for residential,
commercial, industrial etc. purposes.
Figure 4: Land use/ land cover of Srinagar city, 2011
This demand of land along with site attraction, functional convenience, functional magnetism
and the land value of that particular area ultimately influence the pace and direction of urban
land transformation. The important land transformation was witnessed among residential,
vacant, plantation/orchards, agriculture and water bodies/marshy lands. The residential area
has increased from 1074.50 hectare in 1971 to 4013.11 hectares in 2011, capturing land
mainly from agriculture, marshy, vacant land and plantation .The area under collectively
under water bodies and marshy land has drastically decreased from 3812.50 hectares in 1971
to 2361.40 hectares in 2011. The marshy land is converted either into residential or
agriculture whereas the land under water bodies has lost its dimension mainly to marshy land.
Changes in vegetation and cover can have a significant influence on the hydrological cycle
and climate system (IGBP, 1992). Largest changes in terms of land area and arguably also in
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terms of hydrological impacts, often arise from aforestation and deforestation activities
(Calder, 1992).
The main transformation of the land has occurred mainly in the marshy and agriculture land.
The land under the water bodies is illegally encroached and is used for agriculture especially
floating gardens producing vegetables. Significant area under marsh got shrunk leading to
water logging and floods. The marshy area are under tremendous pressure of urban growth
converting it into built up or agriculture to produce crops and vegetables. The land under
agriculture has drastically decreased which occupied 61.45 percent of the land of the city in
1971 to 46.73 percent in 2011.
At present Dal Lake provides shelter to about 50 hamlets with a population of over 50 000
people, who have property rights over 300 hectares of agricultural land and 670 hectares of
water area. Besides this, a large number of commercial and residential buildings such as
hotels, guest houses and restaurants have sprung up in and around the Dal Lake. These
settlements spill all their wastes into the lakes. This results in increasing levels of solid waste
from the peripheral areas and from the ham-lets into the lake resulting in sedimentation and
excessive weed growth. Moreover, reduction and clogging of water channels within the lake
because of encroachments leads to reduction of fresh water inflow into the lake. House boats
are one of the most preferred attractions of Srinagar city, presently there are more than 1 200
house boats inside the Dal Lake. These house boats also eject out their wastes directly into
lake again resulting in sedimentation and excessive weed growth. Presently the 1 200 house
boats inside the Dal Lake and an estimated 9 000 metric tons of waste annually disposed
directly into Dal Lake.
The highest percent of change is witnessed by residential land whereas the percent land under
marshy area has drastically decreased by 71.96 percent. In general, the total built up has
increased by 159.61 percent from 1971 to 2011 whereas non-built up area has decreased by
19.48 percent. No other organism like human beings has always influenced their environment.
It is only since the beginning of the industrial revolution in mid 18th century that the impact
of human activities has begun to extend to a much larger scale. Land use changes due to
urbanization and agriculture etc. affect the physical and biological properties of the earth’s
surface.
4. Conclusion
Satellite Remote Sensing has proved to be a vital tool for continuous observation and
quantification of environmental phenomena across varied spatial and temporal scales which
are otherwise not possible to attempt through conventional mapping techniques. Analysis of
the two maps based on the year 1971 and 2011 reveals that there is a fast shrinkage of water
bodies and marshy areas and city the city is witnessing rapid transformation of land from
agriculture to residential, water bodies into marshy and marshy into either residential or
agriculture. Urbanization may affect the local climate through its influence on the surface
roughness. It may also create a local climate substantially warmer than the surrounding area
by the heat released by densely populated human settlements, by change in evaporation
characteristics and by modifying the outgoing long wave radiation. This is known as urban
heat island. The influence on regional climate may be noticeable but small. It may however
have a significant influence on long instrumental temperature records from stations affected
by expanding urbanization. According to Annon (2006), on July 15, 1973, the highest
temperature the city recorded the highest temperature ever recorded in Srinagar was 35.5
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degree Celsius and on July 7, 2006, it was recorded at 39.5 degree Celsius. Srinagar city
being the primate city of the area was bestowed by God with Lakes and river which used to
act like sponges during heavy rainy seasons but due to continuous shrinkage of the lakes and
Jhelum River there is a continuous threat of flood.
Supervised classification technique of the images has been successful to study the change
detection of land use and land cover in the region, this method provides a suitable technique
to identify development of urban zones which lead to transformation in the land use and land
cover configuration that consequently impacts the landscape environment (Long et al, 2008).
Thus, the changes quantified using remote sensing technologies provide observations which
may show critical adverse and undesirable environmental impacts, hence requiring crucial
sustainable land management policies and practices to avoid the endangering of the
environment and sustainable development.
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Quantifying land use and land cover change using geographic

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