Chapter 53

Fig. 53-1
Fig. 53-2
APPLICATION
Hector’s dolphins
Fig. 53-3
Births
Births and immigration
add individuals to
a population.
Immigration
Deaths
Deaths and emigration
remove individuals
from a population.
Emigration
Fig. 53-4
(a) Clumped
(b) Uniform
(c) Random
Fig. 53-4a
(a) Clumped
Fig. 53-4b
(b) Uniform
Fig. 53-4c
(c) Random
Table 53-1
Fig. 53-5
Number of survivors (log scale)
1,000
100
Females
10
Males
1
0
2
4
6
Age (years)
8
10
Number of survivors (log scale)
Fig. 53-6
1,000
I
100
II
10
III
1
0
50
Percentage of maximum life span
100
Table 53-2
Fig. 53-7
Fig. 53-8
Parents surviving the following winter (%)
RESULTS
100
Male
Female
80
60
40
20
0
Reduced
brood size
Normal
brood size
Enlarged
brood size
Fig. 53-9
(a) Dandelion
(b) Coconut palm
Fig. 53-9a
(a) Dandelion
Fig. 53-9b
(b) Coconut palm
Fig. 53-10
2,000
Population size (N)
dN
= 1.0N
dt
1,500
dN
= 0.5N
dt
1,000
500
0
0
5
10
Number of generations
15
Fig. 53-11
Elephant population
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
1900
1920
1940
Year
1960
1980
Table 53-3
Fig. 53-12
Exponential
growth
Population size (N)
2,000
dN
= 1.0N
dt
1,500
K = 1,500
Logistic growth
1,000
dN
= 1.0N
dt
1,500 – N
1,500
500
0
0
5
10
Number of generations
15
Number of Daphnia/50 mL
Number of Paramecium/mL
Fig. 53-13
1,000
800
600
400
200
0
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
5
10
Time (days)
15
(a) A Paramecium population in the lab
0
20
40
60
80 100 120
Time (days)
(b) A Daphnia population in the lab
140
160
Number of Paramecium/mL
Fig. 53-13a
1,000
800
600
400
200
0
0
5
10
Time (days)
15
(a) A Paramecium population in the lab
Number of Daphnia/50 mL
Fig. 53-13b
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0
20
40
60
80 100 120
Time (days)
(b) A Daphnia population in the lab
140
160
Fig. 53-14
Fig. 53-15
Birth or death rate
per capita
Density-dependent
birth rate
Density-dependent
birth rate
Densitydependent
death rate
Equilibrium
density
Equilibrium
density
Population density
(a) Both birth rate and death rate vary.
Birth or death rate
per capita
Densityindependent
death rate
Densityindependent
birth rate
Density-dependent
death rate
Equilibrium
density
Population density
(c) Death rate varies; birth rate is constant.
Population density
(b) Birth rate varies; death rate is constant.
Percentage of juveniles producing lambs
Fig. 53-16
100
80
60
40
20
0
200
300
400
500
Population size
600
Fig. 53-17
(a) Cheetah marking its territory
(b) Gannets
Fig. 53-17a
(a) Cheetah marking its territory
Fig. 53-17b
(b) Gannets
Fig. 53-18
2,100
Number of sheep
1,900
1,700
1,500
1,300
1,100
900
700
500
0
1955
1965
1975
1985
Year
1995
2005
Fig. 53-19
2,500
50
Moose
40
2,000
30
1,500
20
1,000
10
500
0
1955
1965
1975
1985
Year
1995
0
2005
Number of moose
Number of wolves
Wolves
Fig. 53-20
Snowshoe hare
120
9
Lynx
80
6
40
3
0
0
1850
1875
1900
Year
1925
Number of lynx
(thousands)
Number of hares
(thousands)
160
Fig. 53-20a
Fig. 53-20b
Snowshoe hare
120
9
Lynx
80
6
40
3
0
0
1850
1900
1875
Year
1925
Number of lynx
(thousands)
Number of hares
(thousands)
160
Fig. 53-21
˚
Aland
Islands
EUROPE
5 km
Occupied patch
Unoccupied patch
Fig. 53-22
6
5
4
3
2
The Plague
1
0
8000
B.C.E.
4000 3000
2000 1000
B.C.E. B.C.E. B.C.E. B.C.E.
0
1000
C.E.
2000
C.E.
Human population (billions)
7
Fig. 53-23
2.2
2.0
Annual percent increase
1.8
1.6
1.4
2005
1.2
Projected
data
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
1950
1975
2000
Year
2025
2050
Birth or death rate per 1,000 people
Fig. 53-24
50
40
30
20
10
Sweden
Birth rate
Death rate
0
1750
1800
Mexico
Birth rate
Death rate
1850
1900
Year
1950
2000 2050
Fig. 53-25
Rapid growth
Afghanistan
Male
Female
10 8
6 4 2 0 2 4 6
Percent of population
Age
85+
80–84
75–79
70–74
65–69
60–64
55–59
50–54
45–49
40–44
35–39
30–34
25–29
20–24
15–19
10–14
5–9
0–4
8 10
8
Slow growth
United States
Male
Female
6 4 2 0 2 4 6
Percent of population
Age
85+
80–84
75–79
70–74
65–69
60–64
55–59
50–54
45–49
40–44
35–39
30–34
25–29
20–24
15–19
10–14
5–9
0–4
8
8
No growth
Italy
Male
Female
6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8
Percent of population
60
80
50
Life expectancy (years)
Infant mortality (deaths per 1,000 births)
Fig. 53-26
40
30
20
60
40
20
10
0
0
Indus- Less industrialized
trialized
countries countries
Indus- Less industrialized
trialized
countries countries
Fig. 53-27
Log (g carbon/year)
13.4
9.8
5.8
Not analyzed
Fig. 53-UN1
Patterns of dispersion
Clumped
Uniform
Random
Population size (N)
Fig. 53-UN2
dN
= rmax N
dt
Number of generations
Population size (N)
Fig. 53-UN3
K = carrying capacity
K–N
dN
= rmax N
dt
K
Number of generations
Fig. 53-UN4
Fig. 53-UN5