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Short cruise report 1 th
MARCHE3 Cruise NRP Alm. Gago Coutinho 12 August 2008 (Horta, Azores) 19th August 2008 (Horta)

THE MARCHE 3 CRUISE
NRP Alm. Gago Coutinho Horta (Faial Is., Azores) August, 12th, 2008
Horta August, 19th, 2008
Short Cruise Report
Compiled by J. Goslin* & N. Lourenço**
(last edited : Aug., 19 th, 2008)
* UMR 6538 “Domaines Océaniques”
Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer OSU
Université de Bretagne Occidentale CNRS
29880 Plouzané – France
** Estrutura de Missão para a Extensão da Plataforma Continental (EMEPC) R. Costa Pinto 165, 2770-047 Paço de Arcos
Portugal

Report summary
Avantpropos Foreword page 3
Remerciements
page 4
Acknowledgments
page 5
I General scientific objectives of the MARCHE2 cruise
page 6
I 1 previous cruises on the “Azores hotspot/ridge interactions factory”
I 2 the autonomous hydrophone technology
I 3 rationale for the deployment of the MARCHE array
I4 some preliminary statistics
I5 epicenter locations from the first two deployments of the MARCHE array
page 6
page 7
page 8
page 9
page 9
II List of participants page 13
III – Cruise operations:
page 14
III 1 short cruise log III 2 instrument particulars page 14
page 16

Avant propos / Foreword
La campagne MARCHE3 s'inscrit dans le cadre d’une coopération internationale entre des laboratoires de trois pays, qui a pour objectif la surveillance acoustique à long terme de la Dorsale MédioAtlantique, sur le chantier MOMAR à l'échelle régionale.
• le laboratoire des ''Domaines Océaniques'' à Brest (UBOCNRS / UMR6538);
• le PMEL/NOAA, à Newport, Oregon aux EtatsUnis;
• la Estrutura de Missão para a Extensão da Plataforma Continental (EMEPC) et le Centro de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIMA) de l’Université de l’Algarve à Faro, au Portugal.
Cette collaboration a débuté dès les premières étapes de la préparation du projet SIRENA en 2000, et a permis l'organisation de plusieurs campagnes de déploiement, de récupération ou de maintenance de deux réseaux d'hydrophones, mouillés, l'un au nord des Açores (le réseau SIRENA: campagnes SIRENA2002 et SIRENA2/D2742003), l'autre au sud et à l'ouest des Açores (le réseau MARCHE: campagnes HydroMoMAR2005, MARCHE2006, MARCHE22007 et MARCHE32008). La plupart de nos collègues étrangers participant au projet maîtrisent bien le Français. Nous avons cependant préféré rédiger ce rapport en Anglais, ce qui nous laisse espérer qu’il sera ainsi plus complètement compris de l’ensemble des membres de l’équipe du projet MARCHE et des personnes extérieures à cette équipe qui souhaiteraient en prendre connaissance.
The MARCHE3 cruise was planned, organized and sailed within the framework of a cooperation between labs from three countries, whose main scientific objective is the longterm acoustic monitoring of the MidAtlantic Ridge over the MOMAR area at a regional scale: • the ''Domaines Océaniques'' Laboratory in Brest ( UBOCNRS / UMR6538); • the PMEL/NOAA, in Newport, Oregon, United States;
• Estrutura de Missão para a Extensão da Plataforma Continental (EMEPC) and the Centro de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIMA) of the University of Algarve at Faro, Portugal.
This collaboration was initiated during the early stages of preparation of the SIRENA Project in 2000. Several cruises were sailed within this framework, which included deployment, recovery and turnover cruises of two arrays of instruments, respectively deployed north and south of the Azores: the SIRENA array (SIRENA2002 and SIRENA2/D2742003 cruises) and the MARCHE array (HydroMoMAR2005, MARCHE2006, MARCHE22007 and MARCHE32008 cruises).
Most of the foreign participants in the MARCHE project get along quite well with French. It was however considered preferable to write up most of this report in English, in the hope that it will be more fully understandable by all the members of the MARCHE Project Team and by various persons who might want to read it!

Remerciements
L’équipe scientifique embarquée sur le NRP Alm. Gago Coutinho pour la campagne MARCHE 3 tient à remercier le Commandant Vieira Branco, le Second Capitaine Mendes Valente, les officiers et l’équipage pour leur disponibilité lors de la conduite des opérations de la récupération des mouillages.
En particulier, l’équipage de pont a su adapter les apparaux de pont disponibles aux différentes manoeuvres nécessaires à la récupération.
Des financements de différentes provenances ont permis la réalisation de la campagne MARCHE3:
en particulier, le coût de fonctionnement du navire a été assuré par la Estructura de Missão para a Extensão da Plataforma Continental (EMEPC). Nous tenons à remercier particulièrement le Professeur Manuel Pinto de Abreu, Directeur de l'EMEPC et notre collègue Nuno Lourenço, également de l'EMEPC pour avoir respecté leur engagement, pris il y a un an, d'organiser cette campagne de récupération.
les coûts de développement et de construction des hydrophones autonomes ont été couverts par le Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory de la NOAA.
les coûts de mise en oeuvre des hydrophones autonomes (consommables, fret vers et depuis Horta) ont été assurés par l'INSU (Institut National des Sciences de l’Univers du CNRS) et le Comité Français du Projet MoMAR.
les frais de missions des membres de l’équipe scientifique ont été payés par leurs pays respectifs. L'INSU a pris en charge ceux des participants français, l'EMEPC ceux de N. Lourenço et le CIMA de l'Université de l'Algarve, ceux de J.Luis.

Acknowledgments
The scientific party on board NRP Alm. Gago Coutinho for the MARCHE 3 cruise wishes to thank the ship’s master, Commander Vieira Branco, the ship’s Exectutive Officer Mendes Valente, the officers and the crew for their availability and seamanship to conduct all cruise operations. In particular, the deck crew always found a way to adapt the equipment available on the fantail to the various manoeuvres needed to safely recover the moorings. Funding from various sources made the MARCHE 3 cruise possible: in particular, the cost of ship time was borne by the Estrutura de Missão para a Extensão da Plataforma Continental (EMEPC). We wish to acknowledge Professor Manuel Pinto de Abreu, Head of EMEPC and our colleague Nuno Lourenço, also from EMEPC for complying with the commitment they took one year ago to organize this recovery cruise.
the cost of the development of the autonomous hydrophones and their building was provided by the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory of NOAA.
the deployment costs of the instruments (expendables, freight costs to and from Horta) for the MARCHE experiment were provided by the CNRS Institut National des Sciences de l’Univers (INSU) and the French MoMAR Project Committee.
travel costs were provided to their nationals by the universities and institutions of the two countries involved. In France, INSU covered the costs of travels of the French members of the scientific party, EMEPC those of N. Lourenço and CIMA those of J. Luis.

I – Objectives of the MARCHE 3 cruise
The global objective of the MARCHE experiment is to achieve a longterm acoustic monitoring of the seismic activity of the MOMAR area at a regional scale, that is over several segments of the MidAtlantic Ridge (MAR), southwest of the Azores Archipelago.
The MARCHE3 hydrophone recovery cruise concludes this monitoring effort which extended for a full period of 3 years, from July 2005 to the summer of 2008.
I1 Previous cruises on the “Azores hotspot/ridge interactions factory”
In the recent years many cruises, ran by various universities or institutions, were devoted to the study of the accretion processes along the MidAtlantic Ridge, along a section where this ridge interacts with the Azores plume. Most of these cruises (to the exception of the TRIATNORD cruise (e.g. Goslin et al., 1999)) and the SIRENA experiment (e.g. Goslin et al., 2005) were aimed at sections of the Ridge south of the Azores. In recent years, international multidisciplinary efforts were more precisely focused on the study of the MOMAR area, which comprises several hydrothermal sites. These efforts are conducted within the framework of national (such as “Dorsales” in France, “Ridge” in the US) or international (“InterRidge”, MoMAR, MoMARNet) ridgestudy programs. This area of research is very active in the international ridge community and numerous symposia in international meetings (AGU, EUG, AGS) were devoted to it.
Selected bibliography on the MAR Bohnenstiehl, D.R., Tolstoy, M., Smith, D.K., Fox, C.G., and Dziak, R.P. , 2003. Time clustering behaviour of earthquakes along the MidAtlantic Ridge 15°35°N: Observations from hydroacoustic monitoring. Phys. Earth Planet. Int., 138, 147161.
Cannat, M., 1996. How thick is the magmatic crust at slowspreading ridges ? J. Geophys .R., 101, 28472857.
Durand, C., Gente, P. & Dauteuil, O., 1995. Caractéristiques morphologiques des segments axiaux de la Dorsale Médio
Atlantique. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 320, 411418.
Goslin, J. , Thirot, J.L., Noel, O. and Francheteau, J., 1998. Slowridge / hotspot interactions from global gravity, seismic tomography and 87Sr / 86Sr isotope data. Geophys. J. Int., 135, 700710. Goslin, J., Lourenço, N., Dziak, R.P., Bohnenstiehl, D.R., Haxel, J. and Luis, J., 2005. Longterm seismicity of the Reykjanes Ridge (North Atlantic) recorded by a regional hydrophone array. Geophys. J. Int., 162, 516524.
Kielius, A., 2000. Structure thermique de la lithosphère et du manteau supérieur sous la dorsale médioAtlantique déduite de l'analyse des temps de trajets des ondes sismiques (application à la zone TRIATNORD au nord des Açores). U.B.O. juin 2000.
Kong, L. S., Solomon, S.C. & Purdy, G.M., 1992. Microeartquake characteristics of a midocean ridge alongaxis high. J. Geophys. R., 97, 16591697.
Magde, S.G., Sparks, D.W. & Detrick, R.S., 1997. The relation between buoyant mantle flow, melt migration, and gravity bull's eyes at the MidAtlantic Ridge between 33°N and 35°N. Earth Planet . Sci. Lett., 148, 5967.
Smith, D.K., Tolstoy, M., Fox, C.G., Bohnenstiehl, D.R., Matsumoto, H. and Fowler, M.J. , 2002. Hydroacoustic monitoring of seismicity at the slowspreading MidAtlantic Ridge. Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 131:134.
Thibaud, R., Dauteuil, O. & Gente, P., 1999. Faulting pattern along slowspreading ridge segments : a consequence of alongaxis variation in lithospheric morphology. Tectonophysics, 312, 157174.
Thibaud, R., Gente, P. & Maia, M., 1998. A systematic analysis of the MidAtlantic Ridge morphology and gravity between 15°N and 40°N : constraints on the thermal structure. J. Geophys. R., 103, 2422324243.

Tisseau, C. & Tonnerre, T., 1995. Non steadystate of spreading ridges : implications for melt generation and mantle outcrops. In : Mantle and lower crust exposed in ridges and ophiolites. Vissers, R.L.M. & Nicolas, A., eds. Kluwer Acad. Press, 181214.
Toomey, D.R., Solomon, S.C. & Purdy, G.M., 1988. Microearthquakes beneath the median valley of the MidAtlantic Ridge near 23°N : tomography and tectonics. J. Geophys. Res., 93, 90939112.
I2 The autonomous hydrophone technology
The PMEL/NOAA has been developing the technology of mooring autonomous hydrophones in the SOFAR channel for several years now and has deployed them successfully since 1996, in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific, Central Atlantic, Gulf of Alaska and Mariana Basin. These deployments have proved the great efficiency of the haruphones for precisely locating lowmagnitude earthquakes which occur at active spreading centers.
An interpretation of the data recorded by the Sirena array, and during the first two deployments of the MARCHE array, has confirmed that the network was able to record as much as 30 times more earthquakes occurring along the MAR than were recorded by the land stations of global seismic networks. For further details on autonomous technology and use, please link to the web sites: http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/vents/acoustics/seismicity/epr/epr_seis.html
http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/vents/acoustics/haru_system.html
and refer to the papers listed below (the names of the MARCHE project members are printed in boldface):
Dziak, R.P. (2001): Empirical relationship of Twave energy and fault parameters of northeast Pacific Ocean earthquakes. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 25372540.
Dziak, R.P., and C.G. Fox (1999): Longterm seismicity and ground deformation at Axial Volcano, Juan de Fuca Ridge. Geophys. Res. Lett., 26(24), 36413644. Dziak, R.P., and C.G. Fox (1999): The January 1998 earthquake swarm at Axial Volcano, Juan de Fuca Ridge: Hydroacoustic evidence of seafloor volcanic activity. Geophys. Res. Lett., 26(23), 34293432. Dziak, R.P., C.G. Fox, R.W. Embley, J.L. Nabelek, J. Braunmiller, and R.A. Koski (2000): Recent tectonic of the Blanco Ridge, Eastern Blanco Transform Fault Zone. Mar. Geophys. Res., 21(5), 423450. Fox, C.G. (2000): U.S. NOAA underwater acoustic environmental monitoring efforts. Proceedings of the Fifth European Conference on Underwater Acoustics, ECUA2000, M.E. Zakharia, P. Chevret, and P. Dubail (eds.), Lyon, France, 2000, 749754. Fox, C.G., and R.P. Dziak (1999): Internal deformation of the Gorda Plate observed by hydroacoustic monitoring. J. Geophys. Res., 104(B8), 17,60317,615. Fox, C. G., Matsumoto, H. and Lau, T.K.A (2001): Monitoring pacific Ocean seismicity from an autonomous hydrophone array. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 41834206.
Johnson, H.P., H. Hutnak, R.P. Dziak, C.G. Fox, I. Urcuyo, C. Fisher, J.P. Cowen, and J. Nabelek (2000): Earthquakeinduced changes in a hydrothermal system at the Endeavour Segment; Juan de Fuca Ridge. Nature, 407, 174177. Orcutt, J., E. Bernard, C.S. Chiu, C. Collins, C. deGrootHedlin, R. Dziak, C. Fox, W. Hodgkiss, W., Kuperman, J. Mercer, W. Munk, R. Odom, M. Park, D. Soukup, R. Spindel, F. Vernon, and P. Worcester (2000): Longterm observations in acoustics. The Ocean Acoustic Observatory Federation. Oceanography, 13(2), 5763. Slack, P.D., C.G. Fox, and R.P. Dziak (1999): P wave detection thresholds, Pn velocity estimates, and T wave location uncertainty from oceanic hydrophones. J. Geophys. Res., 104(B6), 13,06113,072.
Finally, the hydrophones have also recorded the sounds produced by large marine mammals, thus allowing to evaluate the distribution between various species of whales and to locate major whale herds. This piggyback experiment on MARCHE will be conducted by the CNRS laboratory in Chizé (France), in cooperation with PMEL and with the University of the Azores at Ponta Delgada, as part as an environmental monitoring program of the marine mammals in the world’s oceans.

I3 Rationale for the deployment of the MARCHE hydrophone array and overall organization and schedule of the MARCHE experiment
The MARCHE experiment aimed at monitoring the seismic activity of the MOMAR section of the MAR at a regional scale over a threeyear period of time. The need for a multiyear acoustic monitoring of the MOMAR area by a dedicated array sprang from two main observations: first, the fouryear, multipleturn over deployment of the South Azores array (Feb. 1999 – April 2003) has shown that, in spite of a constant seismic activity, the MOMAR section of the MAR has been the location of relatively few seismic sequences. Only ten seismic sequences were observed during this period between Kane Fracture Zone and the Azores, which included between 45 and 167 events). Only one swarm, the largest of the group, occurred in 2001 close to the Lucky Strike hydrothermal site (Dziak et al., 2003; Simão et al., in prep.).
second, the MOMAR section of the MAR is located in between the arrays which were deployed north and south of the Azores (the Sirena and South Azores array, respectively). The monitoring of the MOMAR section was therefore inadequately achieved by these two arrays.
The table below summarizes the various operations conducted within the framework of the MARCHE experiment. Deployment (D) & turnover (TO) or recovery (R) cruises
first deployment (July 2005 – April 2006)
Mooring operations & data recovered
= KNORR 182 leg3 (D)
(R/V Knorr)
M6 & M7 moored = HydroMOMAR05 (D)
(R/V Arquipélago)
M2 & M8 moored second deployment (April 2006 – August 2007)
= MARCHE (R/V Le Suroit) (TO)
4 instruments turned
over – 2375 events localized
third deployment (August 2007 – August 2008)
= MARCHE 2 (R/V Le Suroit) (TO)
3 instruments recovered – 2070 events localized
4 instruments moored
= MARCHE 3 (NRP Alm. Gago Coutinho) (R)
4 instruments recovered

I4 Some preliminary statistics
The first deployment allowed detecting an average of 9.15 events/day and the second deployment 4.4 events/day. This lower second figure is due to the fact that only 3 instruments were recovered during the MARCHE2/2007 turnover cruise.
Among these events 1621 were localized within the MOMAR area (32°N > 38°N; 041°W > 029°W) during the first deployment and 1439 during the second deployment, representing respectively 68% and 69% of the localized events.
Based on the average ''background seismicity rate” observed during the first deployment, during which 4 instruments were operative, it is considered probable that around 3400 events will be detected and localized during the third deployment. Thus it is estimated that a total of 7500/8000 events will be detected and localized during the full threeyear duration of the MARCHE experiment. Based, on the ratios above, it can be expected than around 5000/5500 events will be localized inside the MOMAR area during this same three
year period.
I5 Epicenter locations from the two first deployments of the MARCHE array
Figures I1 and I2 show the epicenters located by interpreting the acoustic data recorded during the first ninemonth deployment of the MARCHE array, operated from July 2005 to April 2006.
Figures I3 and I4 show the epicenters located by interpreting the acoustic data recorded during the second fifteenmonth deployment of the MARCHE array, operated from April 2006 to August 2007.
Figure 11: Epicenters located by interpreting the acoustic data recorded during the first deployment of the MARCHE array are shown as black dots. Yellow indexed stars indicate the positions of the four instruments which were deployed during the first phase. The white filled circle shows the position of the lucky Strike hydrothermal field.

M2 M2 M8 M8 Figure 12: Blowup of figure 12 in the vicinity of the Lucky Strike hydropthermal field (white filled circle). Epicenters located by interpreting the acoustic data recorded during the first deployment of the MARCHE array are shown as black dots. Yellow indexed stars indicate the positions of two of the four instruments which were deployed during this first phase (M2 in the northwestern corner of the map, M8 in the southeastern corner).

Figure 13: Epicenters located by interpreting the acoustic data recorded during the second deployment of the MARCHE array are shown as black dots. Yellow indexed stars indicate the new positions of the four instruments which were deployed during the second phase. Short cruise report 12 th

M2 M2 M8new Figure 14: Blowup of figure 13 in the vicinity of the Lucky Strike hydrothermal field (white filled circle). Epicenters located by interpreting the acoustic data recorded during the second deployment of the MARCHE array are shown as black dots. Yellow indexed stars indicate the positions of two of the four instruments which were redeployed during this second phase (M2 in the northwestern corner of the map, M8new in the southeastern corner).

II – List of participants
MARCHE32008 Scientific Party LOURENCO Nuno
LUIS Joaquim
GOSLIN Jean
BRACHET Cedric
M
M
M
M
Portuguese
Portuguese
French
French
CREW members
CFR M
1TEN STH
1TEN M
GMAR M
GMAR ENAEL GMAR ENMEC GMAR M
1SAR L
1SAR M
1SAR HE
2SAR CM
2SAR E
2SAR ETI
2SAR MQ
CAB CM
CAB CCT
CAB TFD
CAB E
CAB TFH
CAB M
1MAR CM
1MAR CM
1MAR M
1MAR M
1MAR CM
1MAR M
1MAR E
1MAR TFH
1MAR L
1MAR E
1MAR TFD
1MAR TFD
1MAR M
2MAR C
2GRT TFD
Vieira Branco Maia Marques Mendes Valente Arrifes Narciso Castanheiras dos Santos Marques Correia Sousa Vieira Borreicho Gonçalves Rivotti Cordeiro Lopes Marques Lopes Silva Francisco Martins Martins Mateus Oliveira Santos
Anjos
Cavaco Cordeiro Fadista Garcia Gonçalves Machado Maria Mateus
Mendes Oliveira Pereira Reis Machado
Passarinho
EMEPC Lisboa
CIMA – Univ. Algarve Faro
UMR6538 Brest
UMR6538 Brest

III Cruise operations
Figure III1: Simplified tracks sailed by NRP Alm. Gago Coutinho during the MARCHE3 cruise. Indexed stars show the locations of the mooring sites. Moorings were recovered at the M8new, M7new, M6new and M2 sites, after their 2007 deployment by R/V Le Suroit during the Aug. 2007 MARCHE2 cruise. LS indicates the position of the Lucky Strike hydrothermal field.
III.1 Short cruise log (All times are GMT)
Day 1 – Tuesday, August 12th, 2008
• 22:00
Departure from Horta (Faial), survey to M8New.
Day 2 – Wednesday, August, 13th, 2008
•
•
•
•
•
•
13:40
OK.
13:50
14:00
14:40
15:20
19:35
Ranged instrument at 0.3 NM from expected position. Reply Released instrument at first try. Reply OK.
Buoy surfaced.
Started M8new recovery.
Buoy on deck.
M8new mooring on deck (759 data files, one reboot).

Day 3 – Thursday, August, 14th, 2008
•
•
•
•
Survey to M7new. Calm sea.
20:26
Ranged instrument, released instrument at second attempt.
20:37
Buoy surfaced, starting recovery.
21:02
Buoy hooked. Day 4 – Friday, August, 15th, 2008
• 01:00
M7new mooring on deck (767 data files, 0 reboot).
• Survey to M6new. Calm Sea (sea water temperature 27.5ºC!).
Day 5 – Saturday, August, 16th, 2008
18:35
18:37
18:45
19:15
19:30
22:50
•
•
•
•
•
•
Ranged instrument. Reply OK.
Released instrument at first try. Buoy surfaced Starting M6New recovery.
Buoy on deck
Hydrophone on deck
M6new mooring on deck (777 data files, 0 reboot)
Day 6 – Sunday, August, 17th, 2008
01:25
•
EMEPC radial survey line, towards M2 site with fair sea (< 3m).
Day 7 – Monday, August, 18th, 2008
08:30
Ranged M2 instrument. Reply OK.
08:34 Released M2 at first try. Reply OK.
08:44 Buoy surfaced.
09:30 Buoy on deck.
10:05 Hydrophone on deck.
12:45 M2 mooring on deck. Login interrupt not possible. Manual power shutdown. Digital battery voltage very low (733 data files).
13:15
Survey towards Horta (addon to STRIPA survey).
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Day 8 – Tuesday, August, 19th, 2007
•
•
Survey towards Horta (addon to STRIPA survey).
19:00 Docked in Horta, Faial Is.

III2 Instrument particulars
Data logging parameters (apply to all):
Sampling rate
Data size
Number of hard disks Gain Antialiasing filter
Program name
250 Hz
2 byte (12bit resolution)
1(80GB)
switch setting of "0"
110 Hz
FAT32_noaalogger2_3.4.c version 2.1 (5/13/2004)
All hydrophone's hardware were checked normal with nominal power consumptions in 2007, before redeployment. The moorings were recovered in reciprocal order with respect to their deployment in August 2007, that is going clockwise over the network, from M8new to M2.
First deployment (June July 2005)
Latitude
M2
39°26.166’ N
M6
36°01.278' N 041°56.847' W
M7
M8
First turnover (MARCHE 1,
April 2006)
Longitude
Ranging
Line length
3604 m
2700 m
After deployment
4020 m
3000 m
32°31.109' N 033°00.357' W
After deployment
3849 m
3000 m
36°34.186' N 029°08.894' W
After deployment
3604 m
2600 m
Latitude
034°11.761’ W No (target location)
Depth
Longitude
Ranging
Depth
Line length
M2
39°26.078' N 034°11.764' W
After deployment
3600 m
2700 m
M6
36°01.280' N 041°56.850' W
No (target location)
4020 m
3000 m
M7
32°31.174' N 033°00.405' W
After deployment
3849 m
3000 m
M8
36°34.400' N 029°08.700' W
Before recovery in 2007
3604 m
2600 m
Second turnover (MARCHE 2 , August 2007)
Latitude
Longitude
M2
39°25.280' N 034°06.440' W
M6
not recovered
Ranging
Depth
Line length
After deployment
3604 m
2700 m
M6new
37°35.520' N 038°21.590' W
After deployment
3910 m
2900 m
M7new
32°27.170' N 032°24.070' W
After deployment
3430 m
2400 m
M8new
36°15.040'N 029°19.860' W
After deployment
3450 m
2500 m