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Cybernetics - The University of Reading
Cybernetics - a different perspective Dr Richard Mitchell Cybernetics, School of Systems Engineering The University of Reading Cybernetic principles are applicable to a great variety of systems, technological, biological, environmental or a mixture. This talk demonstrates this by illustrating the application of feedback in diverse situations. For more info, see http://www.cyber.rdg.ac.uk [email protected] p1 RJM Cybernetics – an Introduction © Dr Richard Mitchell 2006 Cybernetics – a different perspective In each of the windows, and the associated descriptions later in the talk, we see different applications of feedback – which is key to all Cybernetic systems. p2 RJM Cybernetics – an Introduction © Dr Richard Mitchell 2006 Standard & Cybernetic Approaches Standard View: Aristotelian (Greek) - Cause & Effect Cause System Effect The Open Loop View Cause The (practical) Cybernetic view : Closed Loop – Has Feeback System Effect Reaction Irony: Cybernetics comes from a Greek Word! p3 RJM Cybernetics – an Introduction © Dr Richard Mitchell 2006 Feedback Problems ? System more complicated Can lead to run away disasters Prices Up Wages Up Arms race (human or animal) is similar However such feedback can be useful for quick changes Feedback can also be advantageous - for instance for control p4 RJM Cybernetics – an Introduction © Dr Richard Mitchell 2006 Feedback Advantages - for Control This will be illustrated by first considering the steersman Winds/Tides Without control – like having eyes closed Guess Course Boat Winds/Tides With control – looking where you are going p5 RJM Boat Left / Right Steersman Cybernetics – an Introduction © Dr Richard Mitchell 2006 Course As Applied To Other Systems Winds/Hills Speed Control of Car (or other vehicle) Speed Car Slow / Speed Driver Obstacles Positioning Robot Gripper p6 RJM Turn Clock / Anti Robot Arm Joint Motors Cybernetics – an Introduction © Dr Richard Mitchell 2006 Position Temperature Control Sun, PCs, People Of Rooms Room Temperature Heat / Cool Air Con/Boiler Sun, Illness, etc Of Human Body Body Sweat / Shiver Action p7 RJM Cybernetics – an Introduction © Dr Richard Mitchell 2006 Temperature Learning Feedback Control fine for some simple systems. For more advanced, need intelligent control .. Must learn Learning is a feedback process: ‘You learn by your mistakes’ Trial and Error – used by our Robots / Babies Do Task Well done? Better Way Refiner p8 RJM Cybernetics – an Introduction © Dr Richard Mitchell 2006 Neural Network Learning Provide inputs, calculate outputs But must learn weights Inputs Outputs Network Change Weights Learning Expected Outputs p9 RJM Cybernetics – an Introduction © Dr Richard Mitchell 2006 Outputs Each neuron sums products of each input and weight of connection Inputs Like brain has network of neurons Human Computer Interaction Just positioning a mouse is a feedback process Ultimate HCI is ‘Virtual Reality’ – human computer loop Computer Image Move -ment Human Not only view world, but hear, feel, smell it also … Also, Augmented Reality - mixed real and virtual world. Teleoperation - remote control where operator given input to suggest he/she at remote location. Needs force feedback p10 RJM Cybernetics – an Introduction © Dr Richard Mitchell 2006 Daisyworld – to illustrate feedback Lovelock’s Imaginary world to demonstrate Gaia principle Life and Earth work together to mutual advantage Grey Planet - black/white daisy seeds in soil Daisies grow best at 22OC No grow if < 7OC or > 37OC Growth Temp 7 22 37 Daisyworld’s Sun is heating up - just like Earth’s What happens to Daisyworld’s temperature? p11 RJM Cybernetics – an Introduction © Dr Richard Mitchell 2006 Daisyworld Continued Sun Once 7OC daisies grow, heating or cooling, until too hot Temperature Planet Black White Temp if no life o 37 C 22 7 Daisies if life Time p12 RJM Cybernetics – an Introduction © Dr Richard Mitchell 2006 Note, for long period, temp constant – better if more species! Cybernetics new – but feedback old Watt Steam Engine Governor Control speed of steam engine Also 250 BC Water Clock Measures Time p13 RJM water supply valve float regulator vessel clock vessel Cybernetics – an Introduction © Dr Richard Mitchell 2006 Degrees in Systems Engineering Comp Eng IT EE & CS Comp Sci Elec Eng Sys Eng IT & Man AI & Cyb CS & Cyb EE & Cyb Robotics BioM & Cyb Cybernetics Cyb & Cont Degrees accredited by IEE, InstMC, BCS. Some MEng, some BSc/BEng; some ‘applied’ year in industry Also have MScs in Cybernetics, Informatics and Network Centred Computing p14 RJM Cybernetics – an Introduction © Dr Richard Mitchell 2006 Research in Systems Engineering p15 RJM Cybernetic Intelligence Ambient & Pervasive Intelligence Interactive Systems Parallel Emergent Distributed Algorithms Instrumentation & Signal Processing Informatics Research Cybernetics – an Introduction © Dr Richard Mitchell 2006 Interactive R2-D2 Toy Designed using cybernetic principles by exCybernetics lecturer and graduate, Dave Keating. Arose from research here on mobile robots … p16 RJM Cybernetics – an Introduction © Dr Richard Mitchell 2006 Robotics Research p17 RJM Cybernetics – an Introduction © Dr Richard Mitchell 2006 More on Robotics Yorick – Robot Head p18 RJM Prosthetic Hand Cybernetics – an Introduction © Dr Richard Mitchell 2006 GENTLE – robot rehab for strokes p19 RJM Cybernetics – an Introduction © Dr Richard Mitchell 2006 HAPTIC and VR Research Phantom – so can ‘feel’ p20 RJM In your own little world! Cybernetics – an Introduction © Dr Richard Mitchell 2006 Implant - ‘Cyborg’ experiment ?Ultimate human computer interaction chip (smaller than £1 coin) implanted … p21 RJM Cybernetics – an Introduction © Dr Richard Mitchell 2006 Terahertz and Infra-Red THz .. Latest part of e.m. spectrum to be used .. For sensing, security … p22 RJM Infra-Red Multi-Layer Filters .. For measuring gases … used in space Cybernetics – an Introduction © Dr Richard Mitchell 2006 All this happens In this modern building On the picturesque campus At the heart of the Thames Valley .. Easy access to rest of UK … and to jobs p23 RJM Cybernetics – an Introduction © Dr Richard Mitchell 2006