Hydrophysical Approach to Quantitative Morphology
Transcription
Hydrophysical Approach to Quantitative Morphology
nb33 :!>'1ulw ,;rtw-3l;znn n123~31 ~ 3 wb'lt'u 5w niso x'rr 5W ; I ~ D K ~ X I K ~ L;13%nr'l ? ?W tln558 nlnn3 ,flln't'ftl 11 3-tiau .I (1961 ?'lDK) N"3Wn .nvun ;~u'owli~;f R. E. Horton, Erosional Development of Streams and their Drainage .2 Basins; Hydrophysical Approach to Quantitative Morphology, BIIII. Geolog. Soc. Amer., 56, 1945, pp. 275-370 A. N. Strahler, Quantitative Analysis of Watershed Geomorphology, .3 Transact. American Geophys. Union, 38, 6, 1957, pp. 913-920 S. A. Schumm, Evolution of Drainage Systems and Slopes in .4 Badlands at Perth.Amboy, New Jersey, Bztll. Geolog. Soc. Amer., 67, 1956, pp. 597-646 .'1t)n'lf3 375-59 ;I~'IY~ nt3w;1 nt'fn $1 '1i'xa fn'lon;l I X K ~513~3.5 1 71's 'I~TSN;~ nan ;n"7p'P n3fni .3 ;7i7n fnl fw iniipv ' 7 i = l ~ ,2 ; '3'7n 5 1 3 ~.I .n7Dr3vfnr '7v iniip'n-~XR .5 :(2 11% 8x71) 91ifi~7in .rnn .4 5v 9n17,ta 135n .-1i-11 vt3nc9oR 331n nyn 5n3 5v iniipa-tx~5 ni595n=r a9~aiv;r,Y1152 '13 5v a333iaxn a93i-17n;lnN 5513 7x~;r 5335 nnnn 'n loo K Y ~ ,ti~ln J ; ~ 3 n t~u (7311 73) In 500-3 5v ;rmn niny) a ~ n na9ncltn ,131 ,;rt nnw5 ,f2N;I 5v 93i~x;rip5n .a?;r r n 5 t3-10 ,t>ha 300 ~ l ; lr a m a'rnna a m v ,(a9s~1~ nnn -13vvy 7 9 1 ;15~ a55713 .a 500 5v an25 t u n~~v3nn;r ,a.rin;r nu12 5v 3931.1 331n;r nmin aa sni7m i35n 7925 t i y n 5n3 7 2 ~5v 9lia~;ri35n b h x n v ,(tilted blocks) b3~o3i5nb9vlX 5v alnn :lit5N;r5v '3it33t33 ,;rtn ,a~un-ai7t 9353 ;rfia;1 ,tinn n5v 9591 ,aSpn2t;r n7iv an'rrt t i l n 5n3 rnR nN .(2 -113~ a , ~ l t;rtn ) ,n7~n-7i~r 9353 ;r~ia;1 ,5i5n an1 . G a m 3 n i n 7 5v n 5 v ; r l 911523 a i 7 N ~ P Ha m 337 N. Schulman, The Geology of the Central Jordan Valley, Bull. Res. ,6 Counc. of Z~rael,8 G, 1959, pp. 63-90 [ 28 I D ~ D ! ~' rWn 3 5v a 9 ~ i S i ~ 1 i n~ 13 ;lYDV;I l ~ ~ l X ~~f l; lb jDn?9nl -txxz , n ~ n5n1 t x ~ zw5nm 7995 K1;lly ,;I7 97t3n9bN il31nj nvcl 591 niSn3if;l 913a n i ~ i x59 tl9~3n ,553-vm ,b9~lliw ,;I.Tn n i ~ 5 , a 9 9 r yin ,2313 nin7 5w n5va 1 1 7 ' ~ 9 binn3 1513 xi3 8rnf v 5 n 2 5w pru nsmn iniip9;r ,bsrnx i~9~nupt3 .ininn2 b9KSnf;l 135~3wnb9m3i5n b ~ v 9fvn i ~ A. Flexer, The Geology of Mount Gilboa, Bull. R ~ J Cozcnc. . of Israel, .7 10 G, 1961, pp- 6.4-67; M. Oppenheim, The Geology of the Southeastern Galilee Lava Fields, B d l . Res. C o ~ ~ n cof. I ~ r a e l , 1962, 11G, pp. 58-84 [ 29 I 15(stream order) b 9 5 n 1 ;r a95n3;l 5v bxn9t nmp ntx 7t t v i m asibn 7 2 ~ 1b95n~;lntxm nin52 , ~ J N b95~3;1 ~V ison l9>va93ivtl a9an9> ~ t s ~t v g ~ n ; l ' 7, 1~ It x >t393iv;l no7v nN ./121 ;1211;1'9b53n , ~ X K ; I nov , D X R b97niy;l ,t19~~iv~?;l i s x t ~ ; a93n3 l 1 ;lxm DY .oftn> 7~ ; l i 3 i935vnni ~ 93v vxgn ; 2 ;laltn y i ?xiy ~ 1 n x v n a9rilv 93vvaQn.mru n i v m , h p 5 ' ~ V Y3 8 x n n y i :in ~ ; 3 a x v n y n '1x79 ~ 2 ax77n t 1 9 x n ~ 5 i r 3 m'nn a 3 m y 93v 5v vngn p~ T N ,I mitn nrxixr DI f12in3 5mn 5v ir N ~ D H ~ 9 1 ' 1 ~ x 7ni3a ~ a ;1;li11;1ilx'na .4 n n t n y l 71x3 ~ ,101i07'1;1;ri?n;r xicl9t;l .(3 71'3 ;IX11) 9VXl;l (bifurcation ratio) n 13 P n b ;l;l b 2 nf3u tlsDrZv5n3 5vi nin 5n3 5v niip3;r;r-331~1tl95n32 (tIvpln3) 5v Ynnna t13.1~ .287 ,fiun;r.i8 Strahler, op. cit., pp. 914-915; idem, Hypsometric (area-altitude) .19 Analysis of Erosional Topography, Ball. Geolog. Soc. Amer., 63, 1952, p. 1134 [ 34 I nix77 531 ti393;r nv7 7153 it nx xi3 5v nwbx;r 937uzv nit9nx;r nu511 3 ;153t31 NS .7153 0.1 N?;I;193t30;li 5 9 ~ ,1.4 i ~ i ; 1yxinaa :1 1 ~ w5n3;r 1 ~ KSN ,rip93;1-nv-15v ;r79n~ni~93x5ua xi;r n53t9v 5n3 t x ~ w $1.5 ~ 9 ; ni3933;1 r i a v ,1513 nin 5n3 t x n~K xxsw (channel maintenance) 3 9 3 K ;1 n 5353 5 11'Y a s i n n nix17 1935 t x ~ ; rnuv 7 9 1 on9;l .n~2x-z;1 naw ?w binnsv~1i4-;~uKP'T'~~N ;5n2 nlw - ;ro9rb% l7l91t3n'DN;1 b 7 3 n tat .22 0 1 ~ 15nvn 979-5~nnq3 niip3;r-lxx -9t1av 533 792 573nnv 533 ,~vnh;1-5 .2.3 xia trtpn;r ,man ni91t3nsoa ntyn mua i9gx li9r5 lo13 b7pn 5v t]asnt3v ~ Q Von98 btpnn ?ni9 ai7p 13 ,1ni9 ah71 n i 9 i ~ n .niV7t3n9ox;lotpa1ni9 5171 13 , m i 9 h 5v 5v .93nm 95xnv;r - f x ~ a9p5n 93v tx xi;r txxz 9p5n YSV 733 a39ir 9 3 v b;rsntlv ni97tln-ox;rv , t i v ~12x3 ,i359;7 ,I.I xis ni91tlnsoxa o7pn ~ I ~ D T 5113 ~ Vtax1 .23 97n5 (relief ratio) t3 9 5 l ~ 9 5 3 nt93v on93 5v nx 799sn ,24niv 979-517 am n ;I tx~;r b7p n n n ~ ~,w95an;r v wpn 9 vmaa ~ ~ , i ~ a )lxxa 5v i n x 7935 (13x3 l n i 9 1 min3a mip3;r 7935 7nisa ;r;ri>x;r a~ip3;r 1 .9739m tip~3;1-9xiln5593pna175 , i ~ ,txx;r a I axmn n95n3a 5v niip9aa-93xx 32-n tnx 531 tl953n;r snqpn n797n 159x1 ,0.57 t3;r b995xn9o3xna t3951na 9 n ~ p n v,;rnS~;rt r 9 ~ t 9 v 5n3 t a x l v - b995xn9~natr9n7pn;r .o.og xia (1 ax77n b95n3a n i l + ) 2 a x w n tr95nj;r 931~5v ftxinna 53 5v ,i~9a--4 axif 5v at i53xi ,o.o5 xi3 3 8x77 5v t3953na btpn 13 ,7ni2 a n l a a.rnt;rv 533 :nnnx b95nl .o.o3 X Y ~ ~ I ~ D T5n3 ~ W txrt ~ 9 5 3 n ab7pn .0.22 xia Yrinna mpna r0.04 P. Pinchemel, Les Plaines de craie du Nord-Ozlest dzl Bassin .22 Parisien et d n Sad-Est d n Bassin de Londres, Paris 1954, p. 381 ; M. Ters, La V a n d i e littorale, Paris-Rennes 1961, p. 308 on'rr ,'lniS> , n m rrlirl rrrrr ntpnrr nK '1llft5 71x1 rr7rrw ,135 IN^ .23 0.99-5 0.01 1'3 nf3nrr if' 59 1 9 ' 3 ~ lnl' ir rr11r1 .111i3 5ifxrr nt3wrr 1935 lni' ~ o p r rnuvrr 1'3 n5rri31 n53'19 .?IK;~ 1lK '3x5 0.443 ni7it3nsorr n t p n 5w r r ~ ~I Y' .n'Dr'w n i5 iu n 3 o rr n r n J ~ ~ W mpn3 5n3 1xx Q X ~ ,612 [ 37 .mi5 I 'nv 59 Yslr'i r r r r i 3 ~ni5~lt3n7b - 0.808'1 t i l n 5n3 44 r r i l t i ~,rrSYnf) niw .24 ns~~1xi32t3 ;rQn 59 i ~ 3 n n ~n3unnn;r ;r n3~~~ nK~ l3tfnv v ; r altv bS21V7n;l .% 10 5V ?33K Ill11 z 5 ~?l> l l'511p hft 1:20,000 5V 37%';1331 .nznvvn;l n ~ l g 5 nx 1 YVBKS 573 ,nit3w snva I ~ V Y ~ 575-59 anliniav ,lt nt35v1 i35ni797t3 - .n x 7n 8 n P 3 v .I nipn~clna, n i ~ 3 3158-1 ,Tnnp 37 5v nuv 539 59 l3793 125 75;1~7t3w -71~13;rnwm 7 5 1 ni35~x;r-ni7ip3lvnw ;r7~n-nivp33/n 500 itn VT .nn353;rnw73 mhvv n~5~3'1x~v7 n v l 7735 1:20~000nmaw n7~~357 i975unn N 7nzv , + ; r ~ i ~ m 5v ltn ;rnv ~ 3 5 3 ;r7stn;r-ni-rlp~ ~ 5 ~ n7m Yb3 $ 1 'IY1QS~ ~ 77n3 ;17~7n-n-llp35 3 1 .(random numbers) 573n nnK3 13x3 y m ;rnx;r vm;r .;rmx;r-silg5 1x533 7lu;r ; (s~p;r7 ,a 100 5v 771~1t i l t n 1 1 =) ~ 100-1 p51n 71559;r ~.;rxp7 9 3 5 yup;r i t 2135~111~1nvn5~i3~w;r .~plg;rP Y Qnslit ~ 5v ~ 5v 11nnn;r 3 x R3V ; ~533nna ~ ~ b931nn;r ns~w3w;lnsiap ;rnv ns139~;r;rxnp;l ;25O-5 0°6' 733 193 n5u511;r n 9 ~ 1 ~ ~nvx ;nrg ;nn9tn;r 553n 40% ;rnli9;rv 1(3°--001J) s036' XI;^ 9xlnn;r Y T B ~;7353 V ; ~ 3% ;lnii7;l (25O-no) n 9 s ~ ~ ~ x i m 3a ;1 Sn ; ri n n a b s y x l n n ; r n 3 ~ t ~ 5 v.2 ; l 5V 1Wl'lllY 59 Nv;I IK nbDi1n;r ,lt ;rt39V3-- .(contour-belts) A. N. Strahler, Quantitative Slope Analysis, Bnll. Geol. Soc. Amer., -25 67, 1956, pp. 589-592 ; idem, Statistical Analysis in Geomorphic Research, Jonrn. of Geology, 62, 1954, pp. 2 4 [ 38 I