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dating guide to historic artifacts
DATING GUIDE TO HISTORIC ARTIFACTS Trina C. Maples This general dating guide is oriented toward historic materials found in the Ohio Valley region. Although far from complete it is hoped this will be found to be a useful dating tool for mass produced 191h and 201h century artifacts. The date of temporal applicability is from ca. 1780 to present. This dating guide was begun in 1986 as a student project under Mr. Philip J. DiBlasi (Staff Archaeologist, Archaeological Survey, University of Louisville) to facilitate the cataloging of the materials recovered from then on-going field school excavations at Locust Grove Plantation in Louisville, Kentucky. It began as a two page sheet of ceramic and glass dates assembled by Phil DiBlasi and Arny L. Young. As the university became involved with additional historic sites in the area, I was subsequently asked to exl'and this list. Although some minor changes were made through the next several years, the next major expansion came when I began working on late 19th and early 20th century sites for the Kentucky Archaeological Survey. The last major expansion came about when Cultural Resources Analyst, Inc. (Lexington, Kentucky) was "fine tuning" their recently installed computerized cataloging system. Though far from complete, it is hoped that this compendium will be of assistance to regional historical archaeologists. The list covers a wide variety of artifacts besides the original early ceramic and bottle dates. It is noted that there are still serious flaws with the bottle glass dates, especially those manufacturing changes which occurred during the early 20th century. Since a work of this nature is always "in progress", additional dating information (and related references) would be greatly appreciated. Although the author is solely responsible for mistakes, I would like to thank those many people who through the years offered suggestions for improvement. I would especially like to thank Phil DiBlasi for encouraging this project, Donald B. Ball for opening up his excellent library, and Maria Brent who pointed me towards most of my miscellaneous 20th century sources. GLASS CONTAINER DATES **Bottles in Element BASE Cup or post bottom mold seam Machine made bottles: Individual Suction with Owens scar (circular, off center mark on heel) with V -shaped gob-fed scar Pontil Marks rough glass or sand adhering to base smooth, no marks smooth, with iron or graphite residue Rounded bottom (can't stand) 3/4 round base LIP & CLOSURES Aluminum shell roll-on cap Arnerseal cap/lug cap Applied lip-early Applied lip-late Bernadin metal cap General** Dates Reference(s) 1870-1910 Adams et al. 1981:294 1940-P 1904-1940 1917-1940 Miller & Sullivan 1984:25 Miller & Sullivan 1984:93 Miller & Sullivan 1984:93 1810-1870 1855-1913 1840-1880 1860-1913 1900-1913 Newman Newman Newman Newman Newman 1924-? 1906-? 1820-1875 1875-1915 1885-1930 Berge 1980:43 Berge 1980:42 McKearin & Wilson 1978:216 Davis 1949:154-155 Jones & Sullivan 1985:161 Trina C. Maples Cultural Resource Analysts, Inc. , 143 Walton Avenue, Lexington, KY 40508 106 Ohio Valley Historical Archaeology 13(1998):106-116 1970:70-75 1970:70-75 1970:70-75 1970:70-75 1970:70-75 Ohio Valley Historical Archaeology Volume 13 1998 LIP & CLOSURES (cont.) . Clicking dome cap Cork Codd stopper Crown cap (or pry-off) ABM- automatic bottle machine (seam goes to top) Glass stopper Ground rim (plain top showing abrasion) Hutchison blob lip Hutchison stopper Internal threads Plastic cap-other than bakelite Putnam lightning stopper Seams within 1/4 inch of top Sheared lip (plain, cylindrical top with no built up lip) Standardized screw threads Threaded cap-bakelite Threaded cap-iron/steel Threaded cap- non-ferrous metal WHOLE BOTTLES Automatic bottle machine (ABM)- Owens ring Dip mold Hinge-bottom mold (seam lines on base, across bottom & sides) Individual suction (ABM) Panel bottle 3-part mold w/dip body (horizontal seam around widest shoulder diameter & seams up neck just below the lip) 3-part cup or post bottom mold Tum mold (horizontal marks on body)- mainly wine bottles Element COLOR Amethyst "Black" or opaque Brown (dark amber) Clear Flint (lead) Lime glass Cobalt blue Lime green (7 Up, etc.) Milk glass Red Yellow tint DECORATION Embossed on glass Embossed on panels "Federid Law Prohibits " "Poison" or skull & cross bones Enameled label Etched de~ign 1930-P ?-1925 1873-1915 1895-P 1903-P ?-1925 1820-1915 1880-1915 1880-1915 1860-1875 1934-P 1882-1915 1880-1913 1810-1840 1919-P 1922-? 1900-P 1900-P Berge 1980:52 Berge 1980:46 Newman 1970:70-75 Newman 1970:70-75 Miller & Sullivan 1984:85 Jones & Sullivan 1985: 161 Newman 1970:70-75 Newman 1970:70-75 Newman 1970:70-75 McKearin & Wilson 1978:220-221 Meikle 1995:99 Newman 1970:70-75 Newman 1970:780-75 Newman 1970:70-75 Diess 1981:95 Meikle 1995:54 Berge 1980:80 Berge 1980:80 1903-1940 ? - 1925 1750-1880 1940-P ca. 1850-1960 Miller & Sullivan 1984:93 Jones & Sullivan 1985:24-26 Baugher-Perlin 1982:262 Miller & Sullivan 1984:25 Fike 1987:3-5 1821-1870 1870-1910 1870-1927 Baugher-Perlin 1982:263 Adams et. al. 1981 :294 Baugher-Perlin 1982:265 **Bottle color & decoration in general** Dates Reference( s) 1880-1914 1815-1885 1860-P Newman 1970:70-75 Newman 1970:70-75 Fike 1987: 13 1808-1864 1864-P 1890-P 1860-P 1890-P 1840-P 1916-1930 Scoville 1972:21 Scoville 1972:47 Fike 1987: 13 Fike 1987: 13 Fike 1987: 13 Pullin 1986:355 Baugher-Perlin 1982:261 1856-1920 1867-1915 Pullin 1986:355; Fike 1987:5 Newman 1970:70-75 1932-P Newman 1970:70·75 1870-? Newman 1970:70-75 Paul & Parmalee 1973:57 Pullin 1986;355 1935-P 1858-P 107 Ohio Valley Histo1·ical Archaeology Paper label Volume 13 1850-P 1998 Fike 1987:3-5 **Specialized bottles** BEER BOTTLES Embossed Paper label 1870-1920 1933-P Baugher-Perlin 1982:271 Baugher-Perlin 1982:271 FRUIT JARS Colored fruit jars 1820-1940 Ground rim 1820-1915 Groove ring wax sealer 1854- 1920 Ceramic groove ring wax sealer 1811-1845 1910-1940 Lightning-adjustable 1910-P Lightning-beaded 1877-1930 Lightning-original Mason beaded neck 1910-P 1858-1915 Mason shoulder seal 1869-1950 Porcelain or milk glass seal with zinc liner/ground rim 1864-? Rubber ring gasket 1857-? Screw cap w/out gasket 1890-1920 Shields, floating ribbons, stars and scrolls 1930-1940 Valve mark (non-symmetric indented groove on base) INKWELLS 1858-1920 Conical 1820-1885 Umbrella MILK BOTTLES 1880-1935 Circular base, tall 1936-1940 Circular base, squat 1901-1960 Disc cap 1940-1965 Square base, squat SODA BOTTLES - usually light green or aqua 1915-P Amount of contents 1912-1986 Crown cap-composition liner 1892-1965 Crown cap-cork liner 1892-P Crown cap-liner absent 1955-P Crown cap-plastic liner Embossed statements found on blob & early crown soda bottles THISBOTTLEISNEVERSOLD THIS BOTTLE IS LOANED, BUT NEVER SOLD, RETURN IT THIS BOTTLE NOT TO BE SOLD THIS BOTTLE REGISTERED AND NEVER SOLD LOANED-NEVERSOLD 1905-1920 THIS BOTTLE NEVER SOLD OR ABANDONED 1935-P Enameled label 1916-1957 Hobbleskirt Coca-Cola bottle 1948-P Non-returnable bottles 1920-1940 Proprietary (decoratively embossed) Owens 1997:138 Newman 1970:70-75 Toulouse 1969:414 Toulouse 1969:415 Toulouse 1969:411 Toulouse 1969:411 Toulouse 1969:405 Toulouse 1969:19 Toulouse 1969:106-107 Toulouse 1969:499 Toulouse 1969:429 Toulouse 1969:399 Toulouse 1969:392 Baugher-Perlin 1982:266 Baugher-Perlin 1982:272 Baugher-Perlin 1982:272 Baugher-Perlin 1982:275 Baugher-Perlin 1982:275 Jones & Sullivan 1985: 161 Baugher-Perlin 1982:275 Paul & Parmalee 1973:25 IMACS 1990:472 IMACS 1990:472 IMACS 1990:472 IMACS 1990:472 Paul & Parmalee 1973 :25 Paul & Parmalee 1973 :28 Johnson 1973 :37-37, 56 Pittman 1983 Paul & Parmalee 1973:21, 25 **Miscellaneous glass artifacts** Crimping machine for pie crust edge (i e., oil lamp chimneys) Depression Glass Electrical insulators w/intemal threads Pumiturc knobs (US &fass press patent) 108 1877-P 1925-1940 1865-P 1825-P Pullin 1986:356 Florence 1995 Pittman 1983 Pullin 1986;355 Ohio Valley Historical Archaeology Machine made light bulbs Multiple mold for tumblers Lacy pattern Press Mold Volume 13 **Miscellaneous glass artifacts (cont.)** 1917-P 1912-P 1825-1915 1825-P 1998 Pullin 1986:357 Pullin 1986:357 Husfloen 1992:9-28 Husfloen 1992 CERAMIC TYPES AND DATES BLACK BASALT CREAMWARE: Annular banded, swirl, mocha Undecorated IRONSTONE: Plain-classic (thick bodied) Plain-thinner, lighter body Spatter/sponge Stamped/cut sponge 1768-1820 Prisant 1977:136 Godden 1965 :xix 1780-1815 1762-1820 South 1977:212 South 1977:212 1840-1885 1880-P 1850-1865 1845-1870 1880-1900 Majewski & O'Brien 1987:122 Majewski & O'Brien 1987:124 Greaser & Greaser 1973 : 101-110 Majewski & O'Brien 1987:161162 Majewski & O 'Brien 1987 1776-P Prisant 1977: 137 1790-1830 1795-1830 1780-1830 1780-1830 1795-1830 1800-1830 1795-1830 1780-1830 Smith 1983:171 Smith 1983:171 South 1977:212 Smith 1983 : 171 Smith 1983: 171 Lofstrom 1982 Smith 1983 :171 South 1977:212 1800-1830 1880-? 1880-? 18551800-1835 ?-1880 1760-1860 1915-P 1750-1870 South 1977:212 Majewski & O'Brien 1987: 128 Majewski & O'Brien 1987:128 Majewski & O'Brien 1987:153 Noel Hume 1970:262 Majewski & O'Brien 1987:128 Majewski & O'Brien 1987:142 Scoville 1972:338 Ketchum 1983 :151 Tealeaf luster motif JASPERWARE: (blue, green, lilac, yellow, gray, black & chocolate brown with white bas-relief) PEARLWARE: Annular banded of swirl Annular mocha Edge decorated Handpainted (blue floral) Handpainted (polychrome) Luster Transfer printed Undecorated PORCELAIN: Canton (relatively thick porcelain w/blue Chinese motif) Decal Decal & painted Gilt Handpainted: monochrome Over glaze decoration (handpainted & decal, some w/gilt) Transfer print PYRO-CERAMIC (Corelle): REDWARE: SEMI-PORCELAIN: Decal Gilt Plain STONEWARE: Albany slip (black or dark brown) Albany & Bristol slip (on same vessel) Alkaline glaze Bristol slip (white or off-white) Brush decorated (usually cobalt) 1901-1950 1800-1940 1880-P Adams 1980:357 Majewski & O'Brien 1987:153 Worthy 1982:337 1830-1925 1890-1925 1820-1925 1880-1925 1850-1880 Impre~~ed 1830-1890 Incim:id 1830-1845 Raycraft & Raycraft Raycraft & Raycraft Ketchum 1991:9 Raycraft & Raycraft Ketchum 1991 :6 Ketchum 1991 :4 Raycraft & Raycraft 1990: 10 1990:5 1990:6 1990:7 109 Ohio Valley Historical Archaeology STONEWARE (cont.) Molded body Salt glaze Slip cup decorated Stenciled WHITEWARE: Annular banded, swirl, mocha Decal Edge decorated Flow blue Gilt Handpainted (blue floral) Handpainted (polychrome) Sponge decorated (spatterware) Stamped Transfer print Blue Colors Multicolor Undecorated YELLOW ARE: Annular banded, mocha Rockingham Undecorated ENGLISH TRADE MARKS: Diamond shaped registration mark "England" added to mark "Ltd." as part of mark "Made in.... " as part of mark Mark with Royal Arms symbol "Royal" as part of mark "Trade Mark" as part of mark Volume 13 1998 1850-1925 1800-1925 1830-1880 1870-1925 Raycraft & Raycraft 1990: 9 Raycraft & Raycraft 1990:5 Raycraft & Raycraft 1990:7 Raycraft & Raycraft 1990:7 1830-1870 1901-1950 1830-1860 1840-1865 1855-1940 1830-1870 1830-1870 1830-1870 1850-1870 Smith 1983:171 Adams 1980:357 Price 1979:31 Price 1979:31 Majewski & O ' Brien 1987:153 Price 1979:31 Price 1979:31 Smith 1983: 171 Price 1979:31 1820-1860 1828-1860 1840-1860 1820-1890 Majewski & O'Brien Majewski & O'Brien Majewski & O'Brien Majewski & O'Brien Smith 1983:119 1830-1930 1840-1900 1830-1930 Ketchum 1971:11 & 12 Barret 1964 Ketchum 1971:11, 12 1843-P 1891-P 1880-P ca. 1900 ca. 1800 1850-P 1875-P Godden 1964:12 Godden 1964: 11 Godden 1964: 11 Godden 1964: 11 Godden 1964: 11 Godden 1964: 11 Godden 1964:11 1930-1950 1907-1935 Lusbomb 1992:3-4 Fink & Ditzler 1993:63 1726-1865 Faulkner 1984:150 1837-1865 1800-1865 1750-1865 1800-1865 1871-1940 1780-1900 1895-1940 1840-P South 1964:115, 124 Faulkner 1984:143 South 1964:115, 121 Olsen 1963:551 & 552 South 1964:115 & 121 Meikle 199:10-29 Fink & Ditzler 1993 :23 Fink & Ditzler 1993 :56 Luscomb 1992:80 1851- 1900 Luscomb 1992: 170-171 1987:142 1987:142 1987:142 1987:119; NON-MILITARY BUTTONS ALUMINUM: BAKELITE: BONE: Disc w/one central hole Domed w/engraved design, brass eye set into brass plug (cuff links) Domed w/one large center hole 5 holes w/in depressed center 4 holes, domed back CELLULOID: CUT STEEL: FRESHWATER "PEARL" SHELL GLASS: HA.RD RllBBll'.R: Black, gray, red, or tan (plain or decorated crown) •patent by Goodyear 1851 110 Ohio Valley Historical Archaeology HORN: Horn-tip w/vertical hole or shank IRON: Domed 3 piece w/cloth covering 4 hole, 3 piece, front depressed, crimped over thin back disk, center of wood or fiber JET (or black glass): LUCITE: PLASTIC (modern): PORCELAIN: Calico- transfer print w/geometric or flower design Painted Plain YELLOW METAL: (brass, copper, bronze, or combination) Brass (squirrels, eagles, deer, baskets, flowers, anchors, game animals, & hunters) Cast curved disk & shank ( 1 piece) Disk w/restrike anvil seam, soldered eye Disk w/soldered eye Makers mark Metal Picture (identifiable myths, fables, nursery rhymes, operas, etc.) Stamped brass w/4 holes in depressed center Studs-disk on either side of post VEGETABLE IVORY: (made from Corozo nut; cut geometric design, drilled hole in shank WHITE METAL: Cast w/mold seam & plug, soldered iron eye Cast 1 piece w/4 holes Volume 13 1998 1870-1890 Brown n.d.: 86-87 1837-1865 South 1964:115 & 122 1800-1865 1861-1900 1935-P 1940-P South 1964:115, 121 Fink & Ditzler 1993:34 Fink & Ditzler 1993 :64 Meikle 1995:82-95 1840-1860 1900-1920 1840-1920 Luscomb 1992: 31 Luscomb 1992:156-158 Luscomb 1992:156-158 1820-1870 1700-1765 1812-1820 1785-1800 1800-P Fink & Ditzler 1993:23 Olsen 1963:552 Olsen 1963:552 Olsen 1963:552 Orser 1981:83 1880-1900 1837-1865 1890-1920 Fink & Ditzler 1993:29 South 1964:115, 124 Luscomb 1992:191 1855-1940 Fink & Ditzler 1993:57 1760-1790 1800-1860 Olsen 1963:552 Olsen 1963:552 1910-? Meikle 1995:64 1850-1900 1850-1900 1800-1900 1850-1900 1800-1900 1790-1875 1800-1900 Lenick 1970:170-177 Lenick 1970:176-177 Lenick 1970:175 Lenick 1970:175 Lenick 1970:175 Lenick 1970:175 Lenick 1970:175 1840-1900 1840-1900 1840-1900 1780-1830 1840-1900 1800-1840 Lenick 1970:178 Lenick 1970: 177-178 Lenick 1970:176 Lenick 1970:177 Lenick 1970:177-178 Lenick 1970:176 1818-1928 Baumann 1991:25-27 PIPES BAKELITE BOWL MOLDED WITH LONG STEM: Commemorative - historic event barrel bowl base of bowl narrows at base w/spur Incised bowl Makers mark stamped in indelible ink Number on stem Oak leaves on side of bowl Place of manufacture/full name of manufacturer STUB STEM: Glazed buff or brick colored Gray clay w/molded ribs Molded clay (brown; kaolin; red) Narrow base w/spur, vertical geometric design Red clay w/molded ribs White bowl w/cross hatching, narrow base w/spur MARBLES EARTHENWARE (American) - common clay 111 Ohio Valley Historical Archaeology Volume 13 1998 MARBLES (Cont.) GLASS 1846-1930 1902-P 1780-1915 Baumann 1991:47-49 Gartley & Carskadden 1987:124 Baumann 1991:13-18 1840-1914 1840-1914 Gartley & Carskadden 1987:118 Gartley & Carskadden 1987:118 1780-1850 1850-1910 Gartley & Carskadden 1987: 116 Gartley & Carskadden 1987: 117 1850-1910 Gartley & Carskadden 1987: 117 1780-1850 Gartley & Carskadden 1987: 116 1890-1910 Gartley & Carskadden 1987:117 1929-1914 Baumann 1991 :29-30; Gartley & Carskadden 1990:55-69 1869-1925 1907-? Coleman et al. 1968:110 Coleman et al. 1968:173 1860-1917 1840-1917 1851-P Coleman et al. 1968:74-78 Coleman et al. 1968:118-119 Coleman et al. 1968:421 1856-ca. 1870 1822-P 1857-P 1880-P 1963-P Secretary of War 1856 NRA 1989:38 Ball 1997a:l21 Ball 1997b:l32 Ball 1997b: 133 handwroughl 1492-1850 Nelson 1968 machine cm 1790-1880 Smith 1975:5-7 Hand made (German) - pontil marks on opposite ends Machine made (American) LIMESTONE (German) PORCELAIN or CHINAS (German) Glazed; hand-painted Unglazed; hand-painted Common designs: - bull's eye - checkered pattern - daisy wheel - leaves - red flowers and berries - single set of parallel lines around circumference w/daisy wheel, flowers, or spirals on each hemisphere or plain hemisphere REFINED EARTHENWARE (German) Agate - white & brown banded Jaspers - banded shades of light and dark clay Lined crockery - white or gray w/fine swirling veins of blue, gray or green Mottled agate - white w/rounded inclusions of brown or blue clay Pipe clay - chalky white texture w/painted parallel line of various colors encircling circumference STONEWARE (German & American) mottled blue or brown glaze DOLLS Celluloid Composition (glue or wood pulp mixture) Porcelain Bisque (unglazed, often handpainted) China (clear glaze, sometimes painted or tinted) Rubber (hard & soft) ARMS & MUNITIONS Minie ball Percussion cap Rimfire cartridge Shotgun shell-paper Shotgun shell-plastic CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL Nails: 112 Ohio Valley Historical Archaeology Nails (cont.) wire Safety glass Vinyl flooring Volume 13 1998 1880-P 1891-P 1959-P Nelson 1968 Lorrain 1968:44 Meikle 1995:187 Battery-carbon cell 1835- Battery-carbon electrode 1880- Battery-wet element 1890- Insulator-bakelite Insulator-ceramic Insulator-glass Insulator-hard rubber Wire- vinyl covered 1909-? 1892-? 1844-? 1867-? 1950-P New International Encyclopedia 1917:231 New International Encyclopedia 1917:231 New International Encyclopedia 1917:231 Meikle 1995:33 Berge 1980:156 Berge 1980: 154 Berge 1980:155 Meikle 1995:187 1967-P 1892-P 1874-P Busch 1981:102 Lifshey 1973:156-157 Turner 1969:5-6 1959-P 1935-1955 1935-P 1965-1985 1953-P 1983-P 1935-1960 1955-1975 1965-P Busch 1981:100 Busch 1981:101 Busch 1981: 100 Adams et. al. 1981:365; Busch 1981:101 Busch 1981:101; Pittman 1983 Can Mfg. Institute 1990 Bush 1981:100-101 Bush 1981:101 Bush 1981:101 1898-P 1839-1904 1895-P 1839-1885 1847-1885 1904-P 1900-P 1847-P 18601916-P 1925-P Pittman 1983 Busch 1981:96; Rock 1984:101 Rock 1984:101 Busch 1981:96 Busch 1981:96 Busch 1981:103; Rock 1984:101 Berge 1980:80 Rock 1984:101 Lifshey 1973:151-153 Berge 1985 :265 Lifshey 1973 : 156 1907-P 1371-1')58 1958-P 1851-P 1951-P Meikle 1995:33 Meikle 199.5:11-29 ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONICS TIN CANS, PANS and MISCELLANEOUS ARTIFACTS METAL: Aerosol can Aluminum cookware Barbed wire Canned beverages: aluminum cone top beer can flat top beer can ring-pull tab soft drinks stay-tab steel steel & aluminum tin free steel Canned food: crimped top tin can hole-in-cap tin can key-wind can opening lap seams laps seams-flanged sanitary double seam can screw cap stamped can ends (i.e. canned milk) Enameled iron Stainless steel Stainless steel cookware SYNTHETIC: Bitkelite plastic (black & brown) C~lluloid plastic (While. pink & tunoisesllell) Disposable ball-point pen Hitrd rubber (buttons, combs, etc.) Plastic-melamine (Melmac) Pittman 1983 Pittman 1983 Meikle 1995:187 113 Ohio Valley Historical Archaeology SYNTHETIC (cont.) Plastic medicine bottles Plastic milk bottles Pyralin plastic (toothbrushes, combs, etc.) Styrofoam cups REFERENCES Adams, William H. (editor) 1980 Waverly Plantation: Ethnoarchaeology ofa Tenant Farming Community. Resource Analysts, Inc., Bloomington, Indiana. Adams, William H., Steven D . Smith, David F. Barton, Timothy B. Riordan, and Steven Poyser 1981 Bay Springs Mill: Historical Archaeology of a Rural Mississippi Cotton Milling Community. Resource Analysts, Inc., Bloomington, Indiana. Ball, Donald B. 1997a An Introduction to Metallic Cartridge Case Terminology, Identification, and Headstamps. Ohio Valley Historical Archaeology 12: 112-129 l 997b Types, Headstamps, and Chronology of Winchester Shotgun Shells 1877-1973. Ohio Valley Historical Archaeology 12: 130-140 Barret, Richard Carter 1964 How to Jdentijj; Bennington Pottery. The Stephen Greene Press, Battleboro, Vermont. Baugher-Perlin, Sherene 1982 Analyzing Glass Bottles for Chronology, Function and Trade Networks. Archaeology of Urban America: The Search for Pattern and Process (Roy S. Dickens, Jr., editor). Academic Press, New York. Berge, Dale L. 1980 Simpson Springs Station Historical Archaeology in Western Utah 1974-1975. Cultural Resource Series No. 6. Bureau of Land Management, Utah State Office. Salt Lake City. Brown, Dorothy Foster n.d. Button Parade (2nd edition). Lightner Publishing Co., Chicago. Busch, Jane 1981 An Introduction to the Tin Can. Historical A rchaeology 15(1):95-104. Can Manufacturers Institute 1990 Letter and Enclosure from Wendy S. Fishman, Legislative Analyst, Washington, DC. Coleman, Dorothy S., Elizabeth A., and Evelyn J. 1968 The Collector's Encyclopedia of Dolls. Crown Publishers, New York. Davis, Pierce 1949 The Development of the American Glass Industry. 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Proceedings of the Symposium on Ohio Valley Urban and Historic Archaeology 5:112-125. 1990 A Preliminary Seriation of 19th Century Decorated Porcelain Marbles. Historical Archaeology 24:55-69. Godden, Geoffrey 1964 Ency clopedia ofBritish Pottery and Porcelain Marks. Bonanza Books, New York. Husfloen, Kyle 1992 Collector's Guide to American Pressed Glass 1825-1915. Wallace-Homestead Book Company, Radnor. Intermountain Antiquities Computer System (!MACS). 1990 Users Guide (Fred L. Israel, general editor). Prepared by the University of Utah BLM, U.S. Forest Service. Johnson, Thomas M. 1973 The Ubiquitous "Coke" Bottle. The Classic Collector 1(2):35-37, 56. Jones, Olive and Catherine Sullivan 1985 The Parks Canada Glass Glossary/or the Description of Containers. Tableware. Flat Glass, and Closures. Studies in Archaeology, Architecture, and History. National Historic Parks and Sites Ohio Valley Historical Archaeology Branch, Parks Canada. Ketchum, William C., Jr. 1971 The Pottery and Porcelain Collector 's Handbook. Funk and Wangles, New York. 1983 Pottery and Porcelain. Alfred A Knopf, New York. Lenik, Edward J. 1970 Nineteenth Century Clay Tobacco Pipes Quarterly Bulletin 24(3):174-180. The Archaeology Society of Virginia. Lifshey, Earl 1973 The Housewares Story: A History of the American Housewares Industry. National Housewares Manufacturers Association, Chicago. Lorrain, Dessamae 1968 An Archaeologist's Guide to Nineteenth Century American Glass. Historical Archaeology 2:35-44. Luscomb, Sally C. 1992 The Collector's Encyclopedia ofButtons. Bonanza Books, New York. Majewski, Teresita and Michael J. O'Brien 1987 The Use and Misuse of Nineteenth-Century English and American Ceramics in Archaeological Analysis. Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory (Michael J. Shiffer, editor). Vol. 11, pp. 97209. Academic Press, New York. McKearin, Helen and Kenneth M . Wilson 1978 American Bottles and Flasks and Their Ancestry. Crown Publishers, New York. Meikle, Jeffrey L. 1995 American Plastic: A Cultural History. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick. Miller, George L. and Catherine Sullivan 1984 Machine-Made Glass Containers and the End of Production for Mouth-Blown Bottles. Historical Archaeology 18(2):83-96. National Rifle Association 1989 Firearms Fact Book (3rd edition). Washington, DC Nelson, Lee H. 1968 Nail Chronology as an Aid to Dating Old Buildings. History News 19(2):25-27. New International Encyclopedia. 1917 The New International Encyclopedia (2°d edition). Vol. XXIII. Dodd, Mead and Co., New York. Newman, Stell T. 1970 A Dating Key for Post-Eighteenth Century Bottles. Historical Archaeology 4:70-75. NMl Hume, Ivor 1970 A Gu1ac to Artifacts of Colonial Amurtca. Knopf, New York. Volume 13 1998 Olsen, Stanley J. 1963 Dating Early Plain Buttons by the Forms. American Antiquity 28(4):551-554. Orser, Charles E. , Jr., (editor) 1981 A Guide for Historical Archaeology in Illinois. Research Paper No. 1. Mid-American Research Center, Loyola University, Chicago, Illinois. Owens, Mitchell 1997 Fruit Jars. Martha Stewart Living, September issue. Paul, John R and Paul W. Parmalee 1973 Soft Drink Bottling: A History with Special Reference to Illinois. Illinois State Museum Society, Springfield. Pittman, William E . (editor) 1983 Laboratory Manual: Office of Excavation and Conservation, Department of Archaeology, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. Price, Cynthia R 1979 19th Century Ceramics in the Eastern Ozark Border Region Monograph Series No. 1, Center for Archaeological Research, Southwest Missouri State University, Springfield. Prisant, Carol 1977 Wedgwood. Martha Stewart Living April issue, pp. 134-139. Pullin, Anne Geffken 1986 Glass Signatures, Trademarks, and Tradenames from the 17th to the 2dh Century. WallaceHomestead Book Company, Radnor, Pennsylvania. Raycraft, Don and Carol Raycraft 1990 Collector's Guide to Country Stoneware and Pottery (Second Series). Collector Cooks, Paducah. Rock, James T. 1984 Cans in the Countryside. Historical Archaeology 18(2):97-111. Scoville, Warren C. 1972 Revolution in Glassmaking. Amo Press, New York. Secretary of War 1856 Reports ofExperiments with Small Arms for the Military Service, Officers of the Ordnance Department, US Army. A.O.P. Nicholson. Public Printer, Washington (reprinted 1984, Dean S. Thomas, Arendtsville, Pennsylvania). Smith, H.R Bradley 1975 Chronological Development of Nails Supplement to Blacksmiths' and Farriers' Tools at Shelburne Museum. Museum Pamphlet Series No. 7:1-10, Shelburne, Vermont Smith, Samuel D . 1983 Excavation of a Mid-Nineteenth Century Trash Pit, Wynnewood State Historic Site, Sumner 115 Ohio Valley Historical Archaeology County, Tennessee. Tennessee Anthropologist 8(2):133-181. South, Stanley 1964 Analysis of the Buttons from Brunswick Town and Fort Fisher. Florida Anthropologist 17(2): 113- 133. 1977 Method and Theory in Historical Archeology. Academic Press, New York. Toulouse, Julian Harrison 1969 Fruit Jars. Thomas Nelson & Sons, Camden, New Jersey and Everybodys Press, Hanover, 116 Volume 13 1998 Pennsylvania. Turner, Thomas Edward 1969 Barbed Wire Handbook and Pricing Guide. Educator Books, Inc., San Angelo, Texas. Worthy, Linda H. 1982 Classification and Interpretation of Late 19th and Early 20th Century Ceramics. Archaeology of Urban America: The Search for Pattern and Process (Roy S. Dickens, Jr., editor). Academic Press, New York.
