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22nd Annual European Tyre Recycling Conference – ETRA – Brussels
ANAGENNISI (RENAISSANCE-REBIRTH)
INNOVATIVE REUSE OF ALL TYRE COMPONENTS IN CONCRETE
PROFESSOR KYPROS PILAKOUTAS & DR PANOS PAPASTERGIOU
DR REYES GARCIA, DR MAURIZIO GUADAGNINI, SAMAR RAFFOUL
22nd Annual European Tyre Recycling (ETRA) Conference - 25th-27th March 2015
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PREVIOUS WORK ON WASTE MATERIALS IN CONCRETE:
• Waste glass (ConGlassCrete)
• Cement replacements (Ashes, Dust)
• Recycled aggregates
• Tyre-wire
Novel concrete products
22nd Annual European Tyre Recycling (ETRA) Conference - 25th-27th March 2015
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HEIF proof of
concept project
(Spray Concrete)
£10,000
MoD
Development of Blast
Panels £77,461
WAMTEC
first approach to
find a solution for
tyre wire
Agg. Ind. UK
Post-Doc
support £50k
Aggregate Industries UK,
Post-Doc support, £25,000
DTI partners in
innovation project
£144,000
1999 2000
2001
Patent
applications
made by UoS
2002
2003
2004
2005
HEIF proof of concept project
(Blast Panels)
£10,000
2006
TWINCON
UoS Spin-out
2007
2008
2009
WRAP UK proof of
concept project (Spray
Concrete),
£25,000
Marie Curie Fellowship,
€107,000
ANAGENNISI
EC grant for
€4.5m
TWINCON
formed and
acquires IP
from UoS
2010
2011
2012
2014
TWINCLETOES
(EcoInnovation)
1.6M €
CLEAN STEEL
TWINTEC stake (TSB)
£600k
in TWINCON
ECOLANES
EC grant for €2.4m
22nd Annual European Tyre Recycling (ETRA) Conference - 25th-27th March 2015
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ECOLANES
Develop pavement infrastructure using:
• RCC techniques based on existing asphalt laying equipment
• Steel fibre reinforced concrete
• Concept of long-lasting-rigid-pavements
Call: FP6-2005-Transport-4
• 9 partners
• 9 work packages
• Total cost €2.5m
22nd Annual European Tyre Recycling (ETRA) Conference - 25th-27th March 2015
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RTSC – REUSED FROM TYRES STEEL CORD
•
Steel reinforcement
•
20-40 parallel filaments form cords
about 0.5-1.0 mm dia
•
Cord extracted as whole with potential
of a superior product
Call: TSB (Innovate UK): Material innovation
for a sustainable economy
• 3 partners, 7 work packages
• Total cost £600k
22nd Annual European Tyre Recycling (ETRA) Conference - 25th-27th March 2015
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ANAGENNISI (FP7)
Innovative Reuse of All Tyre Components in Concrete
• Call: FP7-ENV-2013-two-stage (Turning waste into a resource
through innovative technologies, processes and services).
• Coordinator: The University of Sheffield (UK)
• 17 partners, 7 work packages
• Total cost ~€4.5m
• Duration: 42 months
SME
HEI
ETRA
End user
22nd Annual European Tyre Recycling (ETRA) Conference - 25th-27th March 2015
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ANAGENNISI OBJECTIVES (1/2)
Reuse all tyre by-products in construction
applications (reduced environmental impact)
• Materials for applications in concrete
• Highly-deformable confined rubberised concrete
• Recycled steel wire reinforcement
• Structural Applications
• Integral bridge elements and base isolation
systems (vibration/seismic)
• Slabs-on-grade, precast concrete, sprayed
concrete and screeds
Joint-less Slabs on Grade
Precast concrete elements
22nd Annual European Tyre Recycling (ETRA) Conference - 25th-27th March 2015
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ANAGENNISI OBJECTIVES (2/2)
• Materials for applications in concrete
Sprayed concrete
• Reused Tyre Polymer Fibre (RTPF)
• Structural Applications
• shrinkage crack control in concrete elements,
precast concrete, sprayed concrete and
screeds
• Mini-Demonstration Projects
• different environmental & economic
conditions using the developed
materials/applications
• Developing/implementing standardised
design guidelines
• Life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle
cost analysis (LCAA) protocols.
RCC
22nd Annual European Tyre Recycling (ETRA) Conference - 25th-27th March 2015
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USE OF RUBBER IN CONCRETE
• Pros:
• Better energy dissipation capacity and ductility
• ‘Environmentally friendly’ concrete
• Cons:
• Lower workability
• Lower compressive and tensile concrete
strengths
• Tests to examine sand replacement 10100% in volume
• +50 rubberised concrete mixes examined
using standard 100x200 cylinders
100mm
200
mm
Cylinder dimensions
22nd Annual European Tyre Recycling (ETRA) Conference - 25th-27th March 2015
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RUBBER IN CONCRETE – POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS
Seismic base isolation systems
Shear walls
Plastic hinge zones in
RC frames
Integral bridge bearings &
piers
22nd Annual European Tyre Recycling (ETRA) Conference - 25th-27th March 2015
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EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME (1/6)
Effect on fresh properties
• Flowability reduced by up to 30% (100% sand
replacement)
Mix
Rubber
content (%)
w/c
Segregation
level
Cohesion
level
Average
flow (mm)
O1
0
0.423
0
0
700
O2
10
0.423
0
1
700
O3
40
0.423
1
2
O4
100
0.423
3
3
10% sand replacement
40% sand replacement
685
485
Flow reduced
by 30%
100% sand replacement
22nd Annual European Tyre Recycling (ETRA) Conference - 25th-27th March 2015
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EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME (2/6)
Effect on hardened properties
• Compressive strength drops by up 90% (100% sand replacement)
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
% rubber by sand volume
Mix O (original mix design)
Mix H (optimum mix)
Drop of 7-day compressive strength with rubber content
(vs similar plain concrete mixes)
Compressive strength as as % of the
strength of the plain concrte mix
Average compressive stregnth (MPa)
Drop of 7-day compressive strength with rubber content
100
90
80
70
60
50
Strength reduced
by 90%
40
30
20
10
0
0
20
40
60
80
% rubber by sand volume
Mix O (original mix design)
100
Mix H (optimum mix)
Workability can be tackled by ‘optimising’ the mix, but strength is an issue…
22nd Annual European Tyre Recycling (ETRA) Conference - 25th-27th March 2015
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EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME (3/6)
Effect on hardened properties
• Lateral strain increases by 4 times (100% sand replacement)
Axial compressive stress (MPa)
Lateral Strain
Axial Strain
Increased lateral strain
Strain (µε)
22nd Annual European Tyre Recycling (ETRA) Conference - 25th-27th March 2015
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EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME (4/6)
Fibre Reinforced Polymers (FRP) confinement can enhance compressive strength
G1-0%
G2-10%
G3-40%
Rubber content (FA)
CEM I 52.5, w/c=0.35
Sanding of excess padding
Grinding of cylinders
Wrapping of FRP sheets
Filling of large voids with
metal padding
Acetate sheets
22nd Annual European Tyre Recycling (ETRA) Conference - 25th-27th March 2015
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EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME (5/6)
Stress-strain results from CFRP-confined rubberised concrete cylinders (28 days)
Reference plain concrete fc=50 MPa
Lateral strain 5
Axial strain
Lateral strain 5
Axial strain
3 layers f*cc=114 MPa
3 layers f*cc=142 MPa
3
2 layers f*cc=110 MPa
2
1
1
layer f*
cc=87
4
Normalised axial stress
Normalised axial stress
4
MPa
fc=44 MPa
-5000
1 layer f*cc=58 MPa
2
1
0
-10000
2 layers f*cc=78 MPa
3
fc=25 MPa
0
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
-10000
-5000
0
5000
10000
15000
Microstrains
Microstrains
Mix G2 (10% FA replacement)
Mix G3 (40% FA replacement)
20000
25000
FRP confinement produces rubberised concrete for structural applications
22nd Annual European Tyre Recycling (ETRA) Conference - 25th-27th March 2015
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EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME (6/6)
Preliminary conclusions from CFRP-confined rubberised concrete
• Compressive strength is no longer an issue if concrete is
confined with FRP
• Further tests will examine higher rubber content (up to 100%)
and Aramid FRP confinement
• Further work is necessary to develop constitutive models for
analysis/design
22nd Annual European Tyre Recycling (ETRA) Conference - 25th-27th March 2015
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THANK YOU
Project Partners
1. The University of Sheffield, GB
2. Imperial College, GB
3. Twincon Ltd, GB
4. Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Zagreb, HR
5. Arkada Ltd, HR
6. Gradmont Ltd, BA
7. Werkos Ltd, HR
8. Dulex Ltd, HR
9. Gumiimpex -GRP Ltd, HR
10. Technical Univ. ‘Gheorghe Asachi’ of Iasi, RO
11. Cyprus Univ. of Technology, CY
12. Zebra General Constructions Ltd, CY
13. Adriatica Riciclaggio e Ambiente Abruzzo srl, IT
14. European Tyre Recycling Association, FR
15. COMSA SAU, ES
16. Fhecor Ingenieros Consultores SL, ES
17. ZYP Ingeniería Geomática SL, ES
22nd Annual European Tyre Recycling (ETRA) Conference - 25th-27th March 2015