Untitled - Jabatan Meteorologi Malaysia

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PUBLIC AWARENESS CAMPAIGNS ON
EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI HAZARDS IN MALAYSIA
Zamuna binti Zainal, Zaty Aktar binti Mokhtar, Chai Mui Fatt, Siti Norbaizura binti Mat
Said, Irene Eu Swee Neo and Mohd Rosaidi bin Che Abas
ABSTRACT
Disaster preparedness is a vital component in the theory of disaster
management. By always being prepared, many lives could be spared
from being victimized by the disaster. We evaluated the effectiveness of
public awareness campaigns on earthquake and tsunami hazards
organized
by
Malaysian
Meteorological
Department
(MMD)
by
analyzing questionnaires. The questionnaires were distributed to the
participants
who
were
mainly government
officials
in disaster
management agencies, community leaders, village heads and local
people during the campaign program. From the 568 questionnaires
collected and statistically evaluated in 16 campaign locations, we found
out that majority of the respondents have a moderate to high level of
understanding on the disasters, with more than 60% respondents aware
of the disaster risks in their area of residence, and the existence of
Malaysian National Tsunami Early Warning System (MNTEWS).
Majority of them preferred the mass media, particularly television
networks to receive the latest information on the disasters. More than
half of the respondents have the knowledge and awareness to act
appropriately in the event of any earthquake or tsunami disaster.
Majority of the respondents suggested the campaign program to be
conducted more frequently, with a wider audience and audienceoriented activities. In general, the public awareness campaign on
earthquake and tsunami hazards has been tremendously effective in
imparting knowledge and increasing awareness to the people for the
past 4 years. Nevertheless, further improvement should be taken to
better serve its purpose as a medium for building a resilient community
towards earthquake and tsunami hazard in Malaysia.
The authors work for Malaysian Meteorological Department, Malaysia
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
1
1.1 Overview of Earthquake and Tsunami Risks in Malaysia
2
1.2 Overview of Public Awareness Activities by MMD
6
1.2.1 Public Awareness Campaign on Earthquake, Tsunami and
6
Extreme Weather Hazards
1.2.2 Public Awareness Campaign on Tsunami Siren
13
1.2.3 The Good Practice : Tsunami Drills
15
1.3 Purpose of Study
2. DATA
16
17
2.1 Questionnaires
3. METHODOLOGY
17
17
3.1 Methodology for Investigation
17
3.2 Analyzing Questionnaire Forms
18
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
19
4.1 Part A : Knowledge and Awareness About Earthquake and Tsunami
20
4.2 Part B : Dissemination of Earthquake and Tsunami Information
26
Methods
4.3 Part C : Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster Preparation
29
4.4 Part D : Comments
33
4.5 Discussion and Recommendations
37
4.5.1 Discussion on the Research Findings
37
4.5.2 Discussion on the Questionnaire
40
5. CONCLUSION
41
FUTURE PLAN
41
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
42
APPENDICES
43
Appendix-1
43
Appendix-2
44
REFERENCES
48
1. INTRODUCTION
Various disasters such as earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, forest fires,
floods and typhoons are natural hazards that kill thousands of people and cause
huge economy and property loss each year. The rapid growth of the world's
population and its increased concentration often in hazardous environment has
escalated both the frequency and severity of natural disasters. Among various
natural hazards, earthquakes, landslides, floods and typhoons are the major
disasters adversely affecting very large areas and population in the world. Tsunami
is another type of natural disaster which does not occur frequently, but able to cause
destruction in a massive scale. It is highly unlikely to prevent such natural disasters
from happening but efforts can be made to avoid the disasters and reducing their
effects on human lives, infrastructure and properties by implementing proper disaster
mitigation strategies. According to D. P. Rao, the disaster mitigation works mainly
address the following: (i) minimise the potential risks by developing disaster early
warning strategies, (ii) prepare and implement developmental plans to provide
resilience to such disasters, (iii) mobilise resources including communication and
telemedicinal services and (iv) helping in rehabilitation and post-disaster reduction.
He also emphasised that disaster management involves: (i) pre-disaster planning,
preparedness, monitoring including relief management capability, (ii) prediction and
early warning, (iii) damage assessment and relief management.
The World Conference on Disaster Reduction held from 18 – 22 January 2005
in Kobe, Japan, had resulted in an agreed approach in reducing vulnerabilities and
risks to hazards. Hence, the adoption of the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005 –
2015: Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters by all country
is called upon. In every disaster, the worst effect of the disaster is upon the
community. Apart from developing a national early warning system and encouraging
research activities in developing disaster mitigation strategies, building a resilient
community towards disasters is nonetheless important as the community is the firsthand responder to any disaster. In the Malaysian context, the massive tsunami
triggered by the great Sumatra-Andaman earthquake on 26 December 2004 was
definitely unexpected. The first tsunami wave arrived at the islands of Langkawi and
1
Penang was 3 hours and 4 hours 32 minutes, respectively (MMD and ASM, 2009)
after the earthquake struck under the Indian Ocean, off the west coast of Northern
Sumatera. Should Malaysia already have a sound early warning system and have
educated the public well about tsunami signs and hazards, many lives would have
been saved.
1.1 Overview of the Earthquake and Tsunami Risks in Malaysia
Generally, Malaysia is considered as a country with relatively low seismicity profile
because tectonically, Malaysia is located in the region of Indosinia-Sundaland, which
is considered as a geologically stable condition (Brown area in Figure 1). However,
Malaysia is being close to the most seismically active plate boundary between the
Indian-Australian and the Eurasian plates to the west. Therefore, Malaysia is facing a
certain degree of earthquake risks from both distant and local earthquakes.
Peninsular Malaysia has felt tremors from local origin earthquakes (e.g. Bukit Tinggi
Earthquakes, Kuala Pilah Earthquakes, Manjung Earthquake, Jerantut Earthquake
and Terengganu Earthquake) and large earthquakes occurring at the plate boundary
region especially at the Sumatran fault and the subduction zone offshore to the west
of Sumatra, Indonesia.
East Malaysia, especially Sabah, is also known as earthquake-prone area of
Malaysia (Yellow area in Figure 1) as the region is considered moderately active in
seismic activities with the existence of at least 13 active faults in Sabah and 3 active
faults in Sarawak (JMG, 2006) that have been delineated, and produced weak to
moderate local origin earthquakes from 1874 to 2010 with maximum intensity up to
VII on the Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) scale (MMD, 2010). The list of frequency
and maximum intensity recorded on each state in Malaysia is described in Table 1.
These local earthquakes had caused considerable damages to poorly built or badly
designed building in the area (e.g. 1976 Lahad Datu Earthquake, 1991 Ranau
Earthquake and 2004 Miri Earthquake). Other than that, East Malaysia has also felt
tremors from earthquakes originating from the nearby plate boundary between the
Philippine Sea Plate and the Eurasian Plate to the east.
2
Figure 1: Earthquake-prone region of Malaysia (Tjia, 2008).
The mega-thrust earthquake on 26 December 2004 (Red circle in Figure 1),
off the north-western part of Sumatera with moment magnitude 9.0 on the Richter
scale (e.g. Tjia, 2008) had been the largest ever earthquake occurring in the Indian
Ocean earthquake history and its tremors were widely felt throughout Peninsular
Malaysia. The earthquake had generated an ocean-wide tsunami which had claimed
68 human casualties in the northern states of Peninsula Malaysia (The Star
Newspaper, 2005), thousands of people were rendered homeless, and the estimated
cost of destroyed properties was about RM100 millions (e.g. Tajul, 2005). Prior to
this tsunami, there is inadequate information of past tsunami record which might
have occurred in the country. However, the final report of the Seismic and Tsunami
Hazards and Risks Study in Malaysia by Malaysian Meteorological Department
(MMD) and Academy of Sciences Malaysia (ASM) in 2009 stated that, the geological
records gathered in the aftermath of the 26 December 2004 tsunami indicated that in
the past centuries, segments of the Indian Ocean subduction zone experienced
sufficiently large earthquakes to have produced substantial tsunamis. As tsunami
3
can be generated not just by submarine shallow earthquakes along subduction
zones, but also submarine volcanic eruptions and landslides, potential tsunamis
could still be occurring and pose a large threat to certain areas in this country.
4
Table 1. Earthquake Intensity recorded in Malaysia (MMD, 2010)
State
Frequency
Maximum Intensity
(Modified Mercalli Scale)
Peninsular Malaysia (1909 - 2010)
Perlis
3
V
Kedah
18
V
Penang
41
VI
Perak
24
VI
Selangor
52
VI
Negeri Sembilan
14
V
Melaka
19
V
Johor
32
VI
Pahang
35
III
Terengganu
2
IV
Kelantan
3
IV
38
VI
41
VII
17
VI
Kuala Lumpur /
Putrajaya
Sabah (1897 - 2010)
Sabah
Sarawak (1874 - 2010)
Sarawak
5
1.2 Overview of Public Awareness Activities by MMD
Prior to 2004, there has never been any public awareness campaign on earthquake
and tsunami. At that time, the MMD’s awareness campaigns were mainly focusing
on extreme weather hazards such as flood, haze and forest fires. However, for
many, the subsequent tsunami of the 2004 great Sumatran-Andaman earthquake
has been the first tsunami experience not just for Malaysians, but the people from
other affected countries as well. Most of the people have no prior knowledge of
tsunami and its danger and also how to save their lives during a tsunami event.
Hence, awareness is always the first step toward action. Awareness can trigger
interest, interest can lead to attention, and attention can prompt action. The
awareness and drill program will help develop a knowledge bank in each community
and stakeholder; therefore it will help promote a culture of sharing knowledge and
practical experience on disaster risk reduction. MMD has been organizing and taking
part in various public awareness and disaster preparedness programs since 2006
until present. The programs’ locations were selected among strategic areas where
there are possible risks of earthquake and tsunami.
1.2.1 Public Awareness Campaign on Earthquake, Tsunami and Extreme
Weather Hazards
The Public Awareness Campaign on Earthquake, Tsunami and Extreme Weather
Hazards (Kempen Kesedaran Awam Mengenai Bencana Gempa Bumi, Tsunami dan
Cuaca Ekstrem, in Malay) was commenced in 2007. Since then, the public
awareness campaign has been the annual program concentrated at earthquake and
tsunami-prone areas, such as East Sabah and North West of Peninsular Malaysia.
From 2007 until 2010, MMD, in collaboration with the National Security Council
(NSC), had successfully conducted campaigns in 35 locations throughout the
country with the participation of more than 5,000 people from the community,
government and private agencies as well as media (Figures 2(a) – 2(b)).
6
Figure 2(a). The public awareness campaign locations in Peninsular Malaysia.
7
Figure 2(b). The public awareness campaign locations in East Malaysia.
Tsunami occurrences, especially in Malaysia are very rare and the public has
to be constantly reminded through such awareness programs to be able to identify
signs for an impending tsunami and seek safety. MMD and NSC will continue to
organize the drill exercises and awareness campaigns involving coastal communities
at high-risk areas to ensure that the evacuation time is shortened further.
Other than making this campaign program as a mean for imparting
information and knowledge, the programs also serve as a platform for exchanging
experience, having a fruitful discussion and also acquiring feedbacks from the
disaster management agencies and the community. All this information will be the
base of improvement for the weather and tsunami warning systems by MMD to the
public during the time of disasters. The program also helped raise and promote
awareness on safety and disaster risk reduction in Malaysia.
8
This particular public awareness program is constructed as a half day
campaign with 20 – 30 minutes lectures each by Mineral and Geosciences
Department (JMG), MMD and NSC, and related video presentation and exhibitions
by participating agencies. Each agency is responsible to talk about their specially
designated topics; ‘Explanation of Earthquake’ by JMG, ‘Earthquake and Tsunami
Hazard and The Malaysian National Tsunami Early Warning System’ and ‘Extreme
Weather in Malaysia and Extreme Weather Warning’ by MMD and ‘Disaster
Management in Malaysia – Its Issues and Challenges’ by NSC. A forum is conducted
with 5 panelist representing the NSC, Royal Malaysian Police, Fire and Rescue
Department Malaysia, Health Department Malaysia and Social Welfare Department
of Malaysia. During the forum, each panelist will have about five minutes each to talk
about their organization’s role in disaster management and then followed by
discussions with the participants about all aspects in disaster management. The
campaign’s program is described in Table 2 and the photos of this campaign in
various locations are shown in Photo 1 to 6 in Appendix-1.
9
Table 2. The public awareness campaign program.
Time
Activity
8.30 - 9.00 am
Registration
9.00 am
Prayer recital
9.05 am
Welcoming Address
by State Security Secretary
9.15 am
Opening Speech
9.30 am
Video Presentation
9.40 am
Break / Exhibition
10.00 am
Session 1 : Explanation of Earthquake
by Mineral and Geoscience Department (JMG)
Session 2 : Earthquake and Tsunami Hazard and The Malaysian
10.20 am
National Tsunami Early Warning System
by Malaysian Meteorological Department (MMD)
10.40 am
11.00 am
Session 3 : Extreme Weather in Malaysia and Extreme Weather
Warning by Malaysian Meteorological Department (MMD)
Session 4 : Disaster Management in Malaysia – Its Issues and
Challenges by National Security Council (NSC)
Forum on “Reaction, Recovery and Redevelopment”
by Royal Malaysian Police, Fire and Rescue Department Malaysia,
11.20 am
Health Department Malaysia and Social Welfare Department of
Malaysia
Moderated by National Security Council (NSC)
12.45 pm
Closing / Lunch
The statistics of awareness campaign programs which have been carried out
since 2007 are summarized in the following Table 3, Table 4, Table 5 and Table 6.
10
Table 3. Public Awareness Campaign on Earthquake,
Tsunami and Extreme Weather Hazards in Sabah, 2007
No.
Date
Location
1
11 November 2007
Kota Kinabalu
2
14 November 2007
Sandakan
3
16 December 2007
Lahad Datu
4
17 December 2007
Semporna
5
19 December 2007
Tawau
Table 4. Public Awareness Campaign on Earthquake, Tsunami and Extreme
Weather Hazards in 2008
No.
Date
Location
No. of
Participants
1
21 July 2008
Kangar, Perlis
106
2
22 July 2008
Kuala Kedah, Kedah
122
3
25 July 2008
Kota Kuala Muda, Kedah
142
4
27 July 2008
Pulau Langkawi, Kedah
120
5
29 July 2008
Batu Feringhi, Penang
137
6
11 August 2008
Parit Buntar, Perak
200
7
13 August 2008
Manjung, Perak
200
8
19 October 2008
Kundasang, Sabah
107
9
23 October 2008
Kudat, Sabah
206
10
25 October 2008
Sandakan, Sabah
148
11
28 October 2008
Tawau, Sabah
170
12
19 November 2008
Kuching, Sarawak
154
13
27 November 2008
Miri, Sarawak
80
14
2 December 2008
Bintulu, Sarawak
137
Total No. of Participants
11
2027
Table 5. Public Awareness Campaign on Earthquake, Tsunami and Extreme
Weather Hazards in 2009 (The * indicates the number of participants during
the campaign on 17 October 2009 only).
No.
Date
No. of
Location
Participants
1
9 July 2009
Bandar Melaka, Malacca
364
2
18 July 2009
Teluk Bahang, Penang
123
3
19 July 2009
Sg. Burong, Penang
90
4
23 July 2009
Teluk Intan, Perak
177
5
28 July 2009
Penaga, Penang
170
6
1 August 2009
Kuala Perlis, Perlis
149
7
13 August 2009
Parit Buntar, Perak
177
8
16 August 2009
Semporna, Sabah
301
9
18 August 2009
Keningau, Sabah
207
10
13 October 2009
Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu
430
11
17 & 18 October 2009
Tanjung Bidara, Malacca
136*
12
28 October 2009
Sibu, Sarawak
150
13
14 November 2009
Kuantan, Pahang
220
Total No. of Participants
2694
Table 6. Public Awareness Campaign on Earthquake, Tsunami and Extreme
Weather Hazards in 2010
No.
Date
Location
No. of
Participants
1
20 May 2010
Kuala Pilah, Negeri Sembilan
121
2
3 August 2010
Janda Baik, Bentong, Pahang
109
3
28 October 2010
Manjung, Perak
208
Total No. of Participants
12
438
1.2.2 Public Awareness Campaign on Tsunami Warning Siren
Since 2005, the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI) through
MMD has developed the Malaysian National Tsunami Early Warning System
(MNTEWS) to provide early warning of tsunami occurrence and dissemination of
earthquake
information
to
the
country.
MNTEWS
comprises
three
major
components; data and information collection component, processing and analysis
component and dissemination component. The dissemination component is the part
where the early warning/information goes to the relevant disaster management
agencies and the public. The tsunami siren network is a sub-component in the
dissemination component. In 2010, the network has been increased to 23 tsunami
warning sirens operating at strategic locations in coastal areas. To educate the
public about its function and importance, MMD has organized public awareness
campaigns on tsunami warning siren (Table 7 and Table 8) at locations where the
sirens are installed. These campaigns have been beneficial to more than 1,000
participants at the coastal community.
13
Table 7. Public Awareness Campaign on Tsunami Siren in 2009
No.
Date
Location
Teluk Cempedak, Kuantan,
No. of
Participants
1
4 June 2009
2
7 June 2009
Batu Feringhi, Penang
65
3
7 June 2009
Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu
65
4
9 June 2009
Kuala Muda, Kedah
100
5
12 June 2009
Kuala Kurau, Perak
90
6
18 June 2009
Tawau, Sabah
70
7
19 June 2009
Semporna, Sabah
68
8
21 June 2009
Sandakan, Sabah
200
9
15 October 2009
Pantai Chenang, Kedah
100
10
16 October 2009
Kuala Teriang, Kedah
100
11
25 December 2009
Tanjung Bungah, Penang
120
12
24 December 2009
Pasir Panjang, Perak
130
Pahang
Total No. of Participants
14
60
1168
Table 8. Public Awareness Campaign on Tsunami Siren in 2010
No.
Date
Location
No. of
Participants
1
15 January 2010
Kuala Kedah, Kedah
80
1
24 April 2010
Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu
50
2
14 May 2010
Pulau Tioman, Pahang
50
3
1 July 2010
Pulau Pangkor, Perak
60
4
20 July 2010
Miri, Sarawak
70
5
22 July 2010
Labuan, Sabah
50
6
24 July 2010
Kota Kinabalu, Sabah
50
7
25 July 2010
Kudat, Sabah
90
8
2 August 2010
Lahad Datu, Sabah
80
9
3 August 2010
Kunak, Sabah
60
10
28 October 2010
Port Klang, Selangor
50
Total No. of Participants
690
1.2.3 The Good Practice : Tsunami Drills
The first evacuation drill was conducted in Tuaran, Sabah in 2006, and the second
and third drills were conducted in Langkawi Island in 2007 and October 2009. The
tsunami evacuation drills conducted in Tuaran and Langkawi Island involved the
evacuation of local communities and participation from local response agencies and
the activities have raised public awareness on earthquake and tsunami risks. The
aim of these tsunami drills is to assess the level of preparedness of disaster
management agencies and public in response to the tsunami disaster. This was to
ensure a systematic command, control and coordination of all emergency response
agencies being implemented in managing future tsunami events. The first Indian
Ocean Tsunami Drill which was held on 14 October 2009 had involved two villages
(Kuala Teriang and Kuala Melaka, Kedah), which have been hit by the destructive
15
ocean-wide Indian Ocean Tsunami on 26 December 2004. The tsunami drills
conducted are as shown in Table 9.
Table 9. Tsunami Drills since 2006 - 2009
No.
1
2
Evacuation Drill
Date
Pacific Wave 2006
17 May 2006
Tsunami Drill
17 December
2007
Location
Tuaran,Sabah
Langkawi, Kedah
Communication test at MMD
3
Pacific Wave 2008
29 October 2008
Headquarters between MMD,
NSC, State NSCs, RMP and
RTM
4
Indian Ocean Wave
2009
14 October 2009
Langkawi, Kedah
1.3 Purpose of Study
Until present time, there are insufficient published reports of a study or a survey
conducted to investigate the public’s perception on earthquake and tsunami risks
and hazards in Malaysia. For MMD, the Public Awareness Campaign on Earthquake
and Tsunami Hazards has been the main effort to educate and instill awareness to
the public in this matter, thus inculcate more interest to participate in other disaster
preparedness activities. From here, there is a need to evaluate the overall effort.
Henceforth, the purpose of this study is to analyze the awareness level of the
community upon earthquake and tsunami disaster, to evaluate the effectiveness of
MMD’s public awareness campaign; the strength and the weaknesses as well as to
identify the way to enhance awareness and capacity building amongst all major
stakeholders on the importance of proper planning and management of disaster risk
reduction in Malaysia.
16
2. DATA
2.1 Questionnaires
Starting from 2009, MMD has distributed questionnaires to participants of the public
awareness campaign programs. The ‘Earthquake and Tsunami Awareness
Questionnaire’ was created based on the tsunami questionnaire by the International
Tsunami Information Centre (ITIC, 2009), Hawaii. The questionnaire comprises a
series of questions divided into four parts; Part A, Part B, Part C and Part D. Part A
listed six basic questions to identify the public’s knowledge on earthquake and
tsunami. The questions in Part B are intended to identify the public’s awareness level
about the MNTEWS and also the dissemination of earthquake and tsunami
information methods. Part C is intended to identify the public’s knowledge on
earthquake and tsunami disaster preparation and Part D is dedicated fully to the
public’s comments about the Public Awareness Campaigns on Earthquake and
Tsunami Hazards and also to identify the topic that the respondent wants to know
more. The questionnaire can be referred in Appendix-2.
3. METHODOLOGY
3.1 Methodology for Investigation
Meaningful public response to tsunami warnings and any evacuation order is partly
dependent on the clarity and accuracy of the orders; the time available prior to
tsunami arrival; the efficiency of the coordinating emergency services and
significantly, upon the public’s understanding and perception of hazard and risk
(Hurnen and McClure, 1997; Dominey-Howes and Minos-Minopoulos, 2004; Bird
and Dominey-Howes, 2008). Therefore, it is very important to have a clear
understanding of the public’s knowledge and awareness about earthquake and
tsunami in developing hazard education programs and risk management procedures.
For that purpose, the most common method to be used is through questionnaires. In
2009, MMD has created a set of questionnaires as explained in Chapter 2.1 with the
17
additional purpose to gain an insight into the public’s opinion of the public awareness
campaigns conducted by MMD.
The questionnaires were distributed to the campaign’s participants during
registration process and they were asked to return the questionnaires after the
campaign ends. In line with the campaign’s target group, the campaign’s participants
or respondents for the questionnaire were mostly consists of government officials
from disaster management agencies, community leaders, village heads and the local
residents which were invited to attend the campaign. In general, the questionnaire
was constructed to get responses from the participants about their knowledge of
earthquake and tsunami, their awareness of the earthquake and tsunami warnings or
information dissemination methods, their knowledge and awareness of disaster
preparations and their opinion about the public awareness campaign. Some of the
questions’ structure was open-ended to gain qualitative data of the participants’
knowledge and perceptions, while other questions sought quantitative data for
analysis and interpretation. The option ‘Others, please specify’ was offered where
applicable to avoid restricting or guiding responses to closed questions with specified
selections and to get more descriptive and elaborative responses from the
respondents.
3.2 Analyzing Questionnaire Forms
The collected questionnaire forms were analyzed by using simple sorting procedures
and basic mathematics and statistics methods. Most of the calculations were done in
the computer using Microsoft Excel application. We only analyzed questionnaire
forms which were returned by respondents for public awareness campaigns in 2009
and 2010. From Table 10, 568 (37%) of the questionnaires were returned by
respondents and processed for the purpose of this research. This percentage is with
respect that an average of 100 questionnaires was distributed for each of the 16
locations.
18
Table 10. Number of questionnaires collected and considered for analysis.
Date
Location
No. of
Participants
No. of
Questionnaires
Returned
9 July 2009
Bandar Melaka, Malacca
364
18
18 July 2009
Teluk Bahang, Penang
123
18
19 July 2009
Sg. Burong, Penang
90
31
23 July 2009
Teluk Intan, Perak
177
23
28 July 2009
Penaga, Penang
170
13
1 August 2009
Kuala Perlis, Perlis
149
11
13 August 2009
Parit Buntar, Perak
177
6
16 August 2009
Semporna, Sabah
301
18 August 2009
Keningau, Sabah
207
Tanjung Bidara, Malacca
136
29
28 October 2009
Sibu, Sarawak
150
100
14 November 2009
Kuantan, Pahang
220
57
121
60
109
72
208
84
17 & 18 October
2009
20 May 2010
3 August 2010
28 October 2010
Kuala Pilah, Negeri
Sembilan
Janda Baik, Bentong,
Pahang
Manjung, Perak
Total No. of Questionnaires
46
568
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The findings from the questionnaires were analyzed part by part. The detailed results
are shown below followed by discussions.
19
4.1 Part A : Knowledge and awareness about earthquake and tsunami
Part A comprises 6 questions that are mainly focusing on the respondents’ general
understanding on earthquake and tsunami. Detailed findings are as follows while the
summarized results are as in Table 11. In general, most of the respondents are
sufficiently knowledgeable on earthquake and tsunami hazards and risks.
Table 11. Summarized result of Part A in the questionnaire.
RESPONSE (%)
QUESTIONS
NOT
YES
NO
91
3
6
67
16
17
97
3
-
4. Have you ever felt earthquake?
30
70
-
5. Have you ever seen tsunami wave?
67
33
-
67
33
-
1. Do you know what is earthquake and tsunami?
2. Do you know about the risk of
earthquake/tsunami in your area currently?
3. Have you ever heard of the 2004 December
Tsunami disaster?
6. Do you know the difference between tsunami
wave and tidal wave?
SURE
Question 1: Do you know what is earthquake and tsunami? If yes, where do you get
the information?
91% respondents answered that they have the knowledge about earthquake and
tsunami while 3% respondents do not know and the rest 6% respondents are not
sure (Figure 3). 471 (47%) respondents who have the knowledge about earthquake
and tsunami credited television as their source of information, followed by
newspaper (317; 31%), magazine (131; 13%) and others (91; 9%) as shown in
Figure 4. As for other sources of getting information on earthquake and tsunami, the
respondents have listed the internet, radio, books, brochures, VCDs, verbal
information, subjects learned at school, their children and the public awareness
campaign itself.
20
Figure 3. Statistics for Question 1
Figure 4. The information source of earthquake and tsunami selected by
respondents.
Question 2: Do you know about the risk of earthquake/tsunami in your area
currently?
67% respondents answered that they know about the current risk of earthquake or
tsunami in their area while 16% respondents answered that they do not know about
it and 17% respondents are not sure (Figure 5). A brief look at the results for each
21
campaign location shows that more than half of the respondents answered ‘Yes’ for
this question in every locations.
Figure 5. Statistics for Question 2.
Question 3: Have you ever heard of the 2004 December Tsunami disaster?
97% respondents answered that they had heard of the 2004 December Tsunami
disaster while only 3% respondents have never heard of the disaster before (Figure
6). This result is not surprising as the tsunami received numerous media coverage
and attention due to its large magnitude and extensions of the damages.
Figure 6. Statistics for Question 3.
22
Question 4: Have you ever felt earthquake? If yes, please specify when and where.
70% respondents have never felt earthquake tremors before while 30% respondents
had prior earthquake experience. Majority respondents who have felt earthquakes
did not specify the time and the location of the felt earthquake. However, we
identified that most respondents who had specified the date and the location where
they had felt it is in correlation with the 2004 Sumatran Earthquake and the 2007 –
2009 Bukit Tinggi earthquakes. The respondents from East Malaysia mainly listed
the local origin earthquakes which had occurred in their area.
Question 5: Have you ever seen tsunami wave? If yes, please specify.
67% respondents claimed that they have seen tsunami wave before while the
remaining 33% respondents have never seen tsunami wave. However, more than
half of the respondents (67%) declared that they have only seen the tsunami wave
through news coverage in television and 33% had personal experience of tsunami.
Among the places specified by the respondents upon observing or experiencing
tsunami waves are Pantai Teluk Bahang, Pantai Miami and Kg. Nelayan in Penang,
Bakau Tua, Sg. Muda, Pantai Kuala Muda, Langkawi and Sg. Batu in Kedah.
Figures 7(a) – 7(n) show the results of Question 4 and Question 5 according
to each campaign location. At most locations, the majority of respondents have no
prior experience of earthquake and tsunami. However, at certain locations, namely
Teluk Bahang, Balik Pulau and Penaga, majority of the respondents have felt
earthquakes and observed tsunami, while majority of respondents in Janda Baik
have experienced earthquake tremors.
23
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(h)
(g)
24
(i)
(j)
(k)
(l)
(n)
(m)
Figure 7. Statistics for Question 4 and Question 5.
Question 6: Do you know the difference between tsunami wave and tidal wave?
67% respondents answered that they know the difference between tsunami wave
and tidal wave while the remaining 33% respondents cannot differentiate between
the two types of waves (Figure 8). This result shows that majority of respondents
only have the very basic knowledge about tsunami, but lacking the in-depth
25
information about tsunami wave which is important for them to identify a tsunami
wave when they see it arrives. A brief look at the results for each campaign location
shows that more than half of the respondents answered ‘Yes’ for this question in
every locations.
Figure 8. Statistics for Question 6.
4.2 Part B : Dissemination of earthquake and tsunami information methods
The dissemination component of MNTEWS is designed to disseminate advisory or
warning and other information to the relevant personnel and agencies within 12
minutes after the occurrence of an earthquake. The modes of dissemination are
sorted out into dispatching Short Message Service (SMS) to mobile phones, sending
telefaxes to relevant disaster management agencies, transmitting relevant
information to mass media via broadcasting system (including national television and
radio stations), public announcement system such as warning sirens and alarms and
automated updating of the MMD earthquake and tsunami web pages.
Question 7: Do you know about the existence of Malaysian National Tsunami Early
Warning System (MNTEWS)? If yes, where do you get the information?
Question 7 specifically evaluates the respondents’ awareness of the existence of
MNTEWS. 64% of the respondents are aware about the existence of MNTEWS
while the remaining 36% do not know about MNTEWS. From Figure 9, television
(53%) provides the source of knowledge and information about MNTEWS, followed
26
by newspaper (31%), other source of information (9%) and magazine (7%). Figure
10 listed other sources of information by the respondents which included the internet,
talks and seminars, the public awareness campaign, information given by disaster
management agencies, radio and pamphlets.
Figure 9. The main sources of information selected by
respondents who are aware of MNTEWS’s existence.
Figure 10. Other sources of information on MNTEWS.
27
Question 8: How do you get information about the latest earthquake/tsunami
information?
This question is intended to know the current medium of information of acquiring the
latest earthquake or tsunami information for the respondents. From Table 12, 50%
respondents selected television as their main source of information, followed by
radio (25%), information by their friends (12%), SMS (9%) and others (4%).
Selecting television as their source, the respondents were asked to specify the
television network and we identified that RTM (40%) and TV3 (37%) are the most
widely watched television networks, followed by Astro (9%), NTV7 and TV9 (5%) and
8TV (4%). The other source of information specified by the respondents are internet,
telephone, e-mail, newspaper, siren, the authorities and also verbal information.
Question 9: What do you think is the best way to issue earthquake and tsunami
information to the public?
This question on the other hand is intended to know the preferred medium of
information of acquiring the latest earthquake or tsunami information for the
respondents. From Table 12, 29% respondents preferred to watch television,
followed closely by SMS (27%), radio (20%), telephone (19%) and others (5%). TV3
(36%) and RTM (32%) are majorly preferred television networks, followed by Astro
(12%), NTV7 and TV9 (7%) and 8TV (6%). The same other sources of information
as in Question 8 were specified by the respondents.
28
Table 12. Summarized findings on respondents’s responses to Question 8 and 9.
Responses (%)
Means of dissemination for earthquake/tsunami
latest information to the public
Question 8
Question 9
SMS
9
27
Friends
12
-
Telephone
-
19
Radio
25
20
Television
50
29
Others
4
5
4.3 Part C : Earthquake and tsunami disaster preparation
The questions for Part C are as follows;
Question 10: Do you know what to do when an earthquake or tsunami occurs? If
yes, please specify.
Question 11: Do you know what actions you have to take when you receive a
tsunami warning for your area of residence? If yes, please specify.
Question 12: Do you know the safe zones to go in your area when a tsunami
warning is issued for your residence? If yes, please specify the location.
From Figure 11, 56% respondents know what to do when an earthquake or tsunami
occurs (Question 10), 60% respondents know what actions they have to take when
they receive a tsunami warning for their area of residence (Question 11) and 56%
respondents are aware of the safe zones in their area for evacuation upon receiving
tsunami warning for their residence area (Question 12).
29
Figure 11. Results for Question 10, 11 and 12.
In addition to answering “Yes” for each question, the respondents were asked
to elaborate on their answers. The frequent responses for each question are as
listed in Table 13, Table 14 and Table 15.
30
Table 13. Question 10: Actions to be taken when an earthquake or tsunami occurs.
Answer
related to
Actions to be taken when an earthquake or tsunami occurs
a) Go to an open area
Earthquake
disaster
b) Run outside of the building
c) Drop, cover your head and wait
d) Take cover
a) Run to higher places
b) Move to higher place and further inland
c) Evacuate the house, move to higher grounds instantly
Tsunami
d) Go to highest place like tall building or hill top
disaster
e) Go out of the house and find places far away from the sea
f) Do not be near the sea
g) Save yourself, your family and properties and move to
higher places
a) Find safe places and follow instructions from the
authorities
b) Run to safe places
General
c) Prepare early or be prepared
answers
d) Inform neighbours, friends and the authorities
e) Bring together important documents
f) Do not panic
g) Follow the safety measures from the authorities
31
Table 14. Question 11: Actions to be taken upon receiving tsunami warning.
Answer
related to
Actions to be taken upon receiving tsunami warning
a) Run for your life or safety
b) Move to higher grounds and safe places and designated
places by the authorities
c) Gather all family members, inform neighbours and
evacuate to safe and high places
d) As for Fire Department personnel, wait for further
instructions from higher officials
Tsunami
e) Move away from beach area and bays
Warning
f) Disseminate the warning all around the area, including
community and disaster management agencies or
Disseminate through the mosque’s sound system
g) Wait for instructions from the authorities and follow the
instructions
h) Ask for help
i) Having discussion about evacuation plan
j) Bring together important documents
Table 15. Question 12: Knowledge of safe zones for evacuation upon receiving
tsunami warning
Answer
related to
Safe zones for evacuation upon receiving tsunami warning
a) Go to higher grounds or hilly areas or tall building or
farther away from the beach and bay area or gazetted
safe places
Tsunami
Warning
b) Bukit Aup, Sibu, Sarawak
c) Teluk Cempedak, Kuantan, Pahang
d) Bukit Kimanis, Keningau, Sabah
e) Bukit Perah, Seremban, Negeri Sembilan
f) Mosques, community halls and schools
g) Refer to the authorities of the safe place to go
32
4.4 Part D : Comments
The fourth part of the questionnaire asked for the respondents’ opinion about the
particular public awareness campaign that they were attending. In a glance, the
responses included positive comments, negative comments and suggestions. The
overall comments are positive whereby the respondents feel that the public
awareness campaign has benefited them in many ways. Table 16 listed the
summarized comments from the respondents.
33
Table 16. Summarized comments received from the questionnaires.
Types of
Comments
Comments
a) Providing and improving knowledge as well as awareness of
natural disasters and its preparation.
b) Acquiring knowledge on signs occurring before the disaster
Positive
and safety measures during the disaster.
c) Compact and concise.
d) Receiving new information about natural disasters.
e) Acquiring a lot of useful information.
a) Not enough information is acquired.
b) Information given is only on basic level and awareness to be
Negative
cautious.
c) The campaign is not reaching the target group which is the
residence in coastal and rural areas.
d) Quite unattractive presentation.
a) The campaign should be extended to kindergarten pupils and
school children.
b) More time should be given to the speakers as the information
to be given is abundant compared to the talk time of 20
minutes.
c) The campaign is asked to be held more frequently.
d) The information and promotion of the campaign should be
broadcasted in the mass and electronic media.
Suggestions
e) Should add a practical session or drills.
f) Should add activities such as quizzes to attract the public to
see the exhibitions.
g) Insert similar slots in broadcasting media such as television
and radio programs.
h) Should provide notes and reference material for easier
understanding.
i) Widen the campaign location to public places e.g. shopping
malls, community centers.
34
At the end of the questionnaire, the respondents are asked to note down the
information that they want to know more in the future. From the responses, we were
able to categorize the information needed in several categories as described in
Table 17.
35
Table 17. Further information needed by the respondents.
Category
Information
a) All natural disasters
b) Tsunami
c) Earthquake
Natural
disasters
d) Strong wave, tornado, flash flood, flood, storm, extreme
weather, haze and environmental issues
e) Landslide
f) Frequent tremors occurring in Janda Baik and Bukit Tinggi
g) Volcano
a) Public awareness campaigns
b) Early preparations and actions that should be taken before
and during disaster
Disaster
preparedness
c) Safe places
d) Possibility of disaster recurrence
e) The preparations of related government agencies and NGOs
in identifying disaster-prone locations, evacuation areas and
information dissemination
a) The early warning system
b) Tsunami warnings
c) Tsunami siren
Disaster
management
d) Tsunami research
e) Functions of the district office in managing disasters and state
operations
f) Types of post-disaster recovery programs
g) Post-disaster recovery and redevelopment
h) Help provided to victims
a) Cloud seeding
Others
b) The effects to this country if natural disasters occur in
neighbouring countries
36
4.5 Discussion and recommendations
This research is intended to analyze the awareness level of the public on earthquake
and tsunami hazards and risks and to evaluate the effectiveness of the public
awareness campaign program by MMD by using questionnaires, as well as to
identify ways to improve this program in the future. We recognized the fact that
certain aspects of the questionnaire pose a certain degree of limitations to achieve
the intended objectives. However, we feel that the results acquired are relevant and
useful towards the advancement of public education in earthquake and tsunami
hazards and risks in general.
4.5.1 Discussion on the Research Findings
From the 568 questionnaires returned by the participants of the public awareness
campaigns in 16 locations, the following findings are revealed;
i.
After the occurrence of 2004 great Sumatran earthquake and its subsequent
tsunami, majority of the respondents by now are aware of the earthquake and
tsunami disaster and their effects to the people in disaster-prone areas.
ii.
Majority of the respondents have a moderate to high level of basic knowledge
on the disasters.
iii. More than 60% of respondents are aware of the risks of the disasters in their
current particular area of residence.
iv. More than 60% of respondents know the difference between tsunami wave
and tidal wave.
v.
Majority of the respondents recognized the existence of MNTEWS via mass
media.
vi. The mass media, particularly television networks are the most convenient
source of information on all aspects of information about the disasters and the
best way for the respondents to acquire up-to-date news and information.
vii. More than 50% of respondents are aware of the appropriate actions to take
during disasters and upon receiving a tsunami warning, as well as the
whereabouts of safe zones in their areas.
37
viii. Based on the elaborated answers by the respondents upon identifying the
safe zone areas, not many specific responses were given and several
answers show that they are dependent on the authorities for instructions.
However, majority of the respondents agreed that a safe location from
tsunami disaster should be a place on higher grounds and far from the beach.
ix. Majority of the respondents responded well to the public awareness campaign
and aware of its importance and advantages it provides them in terms of
sharing the knowledge and improving their awareness to earthquake and
tsunami hazards.
x.
Additionally, many suggested that the campaigns should be expanded with
more frequency, with a wider-range audience and more audience-oriented
sessions.
As the first phase of the Public Awareness Campaign on Earthquake,
Tsunami and Extreme Weather Hazards were initially intended to government
officials from disaster management agencies, community leaders and village heads,
and afterwards were extended to all community members, the overall questionnaire
result is reflecting a mixed result of the knowledge and level of awareness of the
people, who generally most of them have easy access to information media and
some of them are working directly in managing disasters. Therefore, these results do
not represent fully the level of knowledge and awareness of the lay-people or local
dwellers in disaster-prone areas. However, these results have revealed that the
government officials from disaster management agencies and community leaders
are sufficiently aware of the earthquake and tsunami risks to the country and this is
important to them as they are the key persons to continue the effort of educating the
people in their area and help the people to construct their own safety plan during
disaster.
Based on these findings, the public awareness campaign on earthquake and
tsunami hazards organized by MMD in collaboration with NSC are undoubtedly
useful and beneficial to the people. The campaign has received warm response by
the people. However, there are rooms for improvement to better serve its purpose as
a medium of educating the public and to increase its effectiveness.
38
We acknowledge two approaches to the development of educational
programmes, namely the “top-down” approach and the “bottom-up” approach
(Dominey-Howes and Minos-Minopoulos, 2004). In this subject, “top-down” approach
relates to education of high ranking officials and their representatives involved in the
process of managing earthquake and tsunami hazards. On the other hand, the
“bottom-up” approach relates to community-based educational initiatives that involve
all community members as stakeholders. The current settings of the public
awareness campaign can be maintained with some improvements on the content
and the duration time of the campaign. This campaign can be organized in locations
that a campaign has never been organized before.
We also suggest that the target of the future public awareness campaign to be
emphasized on the grass root community and children, with more focus should be
given to school children. Education and awareness for school children has been
promoted and implemented throughout the global community in all kinds of disasterprone region. As Ronan and Johnston (2001) stated that “An idea based in common
sense is that the more a child is educated and encouraged to share this information,
the more there exists potential for caregivers to be informed.” This has been
reflected in our study where there are responses that information on earthquake and
tsunami were acquired from the respondents’ children.
There are several issues pertaining to actualizing this public awareness
campaigns as the followings; a) As MMD being a government agency, the
department is constrained with the budget allowed by the government, b) the present
public awareness campaign is a collaboration effort with the NSC, therefore it is
important to have a full commitment from both parties to successfully organizing the
campaigns, and c) sufficient human resource with presentation skills is important in
delivering the intended message effectively and resonating the cause at the highest
level. Henceforth, several measures should be considered and taken to address
these issues and produce a high quality public awareness campaign that is
impacting the public towards building a resilient community in handling the disasters.
39
4.5.2 Discussion on the questionnaire
The matters pertaining to the questionnaire will be discussed in two aspects; a) the
questionnaire’s structure and format, and b) the distribution. For a more
comprehensive and extensive survey on public awareness, we believe that the
questionnaire’s structure and format should be improved. This is because the current
structure of the questionnaire could not reflect a certain aspect of the study. Firstly,
the respondents’ particulars such as age, education level and/or occupation should
be added in the first part of the questionnaire as it is important to study and analyze
how each group of people will respond to the questionnaire and their relations with
certain aspects of the questionnaire. The questions’ structure should also be
improved to assess deeper into respondents’ understanding and perceptions on
earthquake and tsunami hazards and risk. For example, instead of asking “Do you
know what is earthquake and tsunami?”, a better question could be “Do you know
that tsunami can be generated by earthquake?” with the selection answers of “Yes”
and “No”. In general, further studies should be taken to create a better questionnaire.
The questionnaires were distributed at the registration process at the start of
the campaign and were collected at the end of the campaign by asking the
participants to return the questionnaires to the secretariat. Hence, most participants
tend to treat the questionnaire as unimportant and did not return the questionnaires
or did not complete the questionnaires fully. Although the sample of 568
questionnaires or 37% of the questionnaires distributed were considered sufficient
for this study, the quality of the answers given could be improved if the
questionnaires were given in face-to-face interview manner. This is more suitable if
the questionnaire is specifically assessing the public’s perception and knowledge on
the disasters risks and hazards. However, in assessing the performance or
effectiveness of the campaign itself, a distributed questionnaire as the present
setting is suffice. Therefore, we suggest that either separate questionnaire should be
constructed to address different objectives or in another way, the existing
questionnaire should be improved or upgraded to cater all related objectives.
40
5. CONCLUSION
MMD has been engaged in earthquake and tsunami disaster preparedness activities
since the occurrence of the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman tsunami which had destroyed
the livelihood of many people in the country. Public awareness campaigns have
been organized to better educate the public on the disasters risks and hazards. From
this study, we have identified that by now the public is well aware of hazards and
risks posed by the disasters and has the knowledge to take proper actions when the
disasters occur. This study also revealed that the public awareness campaigns
conducted by MMD with the collaboration of NSC proved to be efficient and highly
welcomed by the public. However, several suggestions have been put forward to
improve the campaign programmes and further enhance the awareness and
education of the public towards being disaster-ready in the future, thus reducing the
impact of the disasters on the people. This study is the first to be done by MMD in
evaluating such efforts, therefore we also suggest that a more properly constructed
questionnaire should be carry out to better assess the level of awareness and
knowledge of the public on earthquake and tsunami hazards and risks.
FUTURE PLAN
The Public Awareness Campaign on Earthquake, Tsunami and Extreme Weather
Hazards will definitely continue to be the department’s annual program, as well as
other earthquake and tsunami disaster preparedness programs including the
tsunami drills. The campaigns’ module will be reviewed to improve its effectiveness
and also to complement with other similar program, for instance, the NSC’s Capacity
Building for Disaster Management (CBDM) program. Suggestions and comments
from the questionnaires will be considered in making this improvement.
41
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our sincere thanks to Ms. Amzura Amran (Meteorological
Officer), Ms. Fauziah Abu Yazid and Ms. Lizafadzleena Zaimah Ahmad Zabidi
(Assistant Meteorological Officers) of Geophysics and Tsunami Division for assisting
us in data collection for this research.
42
APPENDICES
Appendix-1
Photos of Public Awareness Campaign on Earthquake, Tsunami and Extreme
Weather Hazards in various locations.
Photo 1. Registration process (Kuala
Terengganu, 2009)
Photo 2. Opening address (Kuala
Terengganu, 2009)
Photo 3. Forum session (Kuala Pilah,
2010)
Photo 4. Exhibition by MMD (Janda
Baik, 2010)
Photo 5. Talk by NSC (Janda Baik,
2010)
Photo 6. Talk by MMD (Manjung, 2010)
43
Appendix-2
SOAL SELIDIK KESEDARAN GEMPA BUMI & TSUNAMI
EARTHQUAKE & TSUNAMI AWARENESS QUESTIONNAIRE
A) Pengetahuan dan kesedaran tentang gempa bumi dan tsunami
Knowledge and awareness about earthquake and tsunami.
1. Adakah anda tahu apa itu gempa bumi dan tsunami?
Do you know what is earthquake and tsunami?
Q Ya/Yes
Q Tidak/No
Q Kurang pasti/Not sure
Jika ya, sila nyatakan dari mana anda mendapatkan maklumat tersebut.
If yes, where do you get the information.
Q Televisyen / television Q Surat Khabar / Newspaper Q Majalah/Magazine
Q Lain-lain/Others : Sila nyatakan / please specify RRRRRRRRRR
2. Adakah anda tahu mengenai risiko kejadian gempa bumi/ tsunami di tempat
anda pada masa kini?
Do you know about the risk of earthquake/ tsunami in your area currently?
Q Ya/Yes
Q Tidak/No
Q Kurang pasti/Not sure
3. Pernahkah anda mendengar mengenai kejadian bencana tsunami 26 Disember
2004 ?
Have you ever heard of the 2004 December Tsunami disaster?
Q Ya/Yes
Q Tidak/No
4. Pernahkah anda sendiri mengalami gegaran gempa bumi?
Have you ever felt earthquake?
Q Ya/Yes
Q Tidak/No
Jika ya, sila nyatakan bila dan di mana (If yes, please specify, when and where)...
44
5. Pernahkah anda melihat ombak tsunami?
Have you ever seen tsunami wave?
Q Ya/Yes
Q Tidak/No
Jika ya, sila nyatakan bila dan di mana anda lihat (If yes, please specify, when
and where)RRRR.
6. Adakah anda tahu perbezaan di antara ombak tsunami dan ombak pantai?
Do you know the difference between tsunami wave and tidal wave?
Q Ya/Yes
Q Tidak/No
B) Cara sebaran maklumat gempa bumi dan tsunami
Dissemination of earthquake and tsunami information methods
7. Adakah anda tahu tentang kewujudan Sistem Amaran Awal Tsunami Nasional
Malaysia (SAATNM)?
Do you know about the existence of Malaysian National Tsunami Early Warning
System (MNTEWS)?
Q Ya/Yes
Q Tidak/No
Jika ya, sila nyatakan dari mana anda mendapat tahu mengenainya.
If yes, where do you get the information from.
Q Televisyen / Television Q Surat Khabar / Newspaper Q Majalah/ Magazine
Q Lain-lain/Others : Sila nyatakan / please specify RRRRRRRRRR
8. Bagaimana anda mendapat maklumat terkini tentang kejadian gempa bumi/
tsunami?
How do you get information about the latest earthquake/ tsunami information?
Q Pesanan Ringkas /SMS
Q Rakan-rakan/ Friends
Q Radio
Q Televisyen/ Television ;
Sila nyatakan stesen tv tersebut / please specify which tv station : RRRR
Q Lain-lain /Others : Sila nyatakan / please specify RRRRR
45
9. Apakah cara terbaik bagi anda untuk menyebarkan maklumat terkini tentang
gempa bumi dan tsunami kepada orang awam?
What do you think is the best way to issue earthquake and tsunami information to
the public?
Q Pesanan Ringkas /SMS
Q Telefon/ Telephone
Q Radio
Q Televisyen/ Television ;
Sila nyatakan stesen tv tersebut / please specify which tv station : RRRRR
Q Lain-lain /Others : Sila nyatakan / please specify RRRRR
C) Persediaan menghadapi bencana gempa bumi dan tsunami
Earthquake and tsunami disaster preparation
10. Adakah anda tahu apa yang perlu dilakukan apabila berlaku gempa bumi atau
tsunami?
Do you know what to do when an earthquake or tsunami occurs?
Q Ya/Yes
Q Tidak/No
Jika ya, sila nyatakan (If yes, please specify) RRRRRRRRRRRRRR
11. Adakah anda tahu apa tindakan yang perlu diambil jika anda menerima amaran
tsunami di kawasan tempat tinggal anda?
Do you know what actions you have to take when you receive a tsunami warning
for your area of residence?
Q Ya/Yes
Q Tidak/No
Jika ya, sila nyatakan (If yes, please specify)RRRRRRRRRRRRRR
12. Adakah anda tahu kawasan selamat untuk anda tujui apabila amaran tsunami
dikeluarkan di sekitar tempat tinggal anda?
Do you know the safe zones to go in your area when a tsunami warning is issued
for your residence?
Q Ya/Yes
Q Tidak/No
46
Jika ya, sila nyatakan lokasi (If yes, please specify the location) RRRRRRR..
D) Ulasan / comment
Apakah pendapat anda mengenai Kempen Kesedaran Awam pada kali ini ?
What do you think of this Public Awareness Campaign ?
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR..
Nota/ Note : Saya mahukan lebih informasi tentang R.RRRRRRRRRRRR..
I need more information aboutRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR.
TERIMA KASIH ATAS KESUDIAN ANDA MELUANGKAN MASA
MELENGKAPKAN SOALSELIDIK INI.
THANK YOU FOR TAKING THE TIME TO FILL OUT THIS INFORMATION
QUESTIONNAIRE.
47
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49