Project Frío Project Documentation - EED Courses

Project Frío
Project Documentation
Project Frío: A Mission to Cool Insulin Without Electricity
Trip Date: May 9th – May 23rd 2015
Choluteca, Honduras
Submitted April 21, 2015
By,
Cameron Duffner
Charlie Goettler
The Ohio State University
2015
Instructional Staff:
Roger Dzwonczyk and Mariantonieta Gutierrez-Soto
Executive Summary
This project involved solving the issue of overheated insulin in tropical climates using
three methods, but was centralized upon the climate of Choluteca, Honduras and the passive
methods of geo-cooling and evaporative cooling. Following studies on the viability of each
solution, the final implementation recommends use of an insulin pot in the dry season and an
insulin hole in the rainy season for insulin preservation. The project also explored the viability of
absorption cooling as an alternative, more active method.
The geo-cooling study involved digging holes at various depths to test the optimum
depth at which the insulin could be stored in order to take advantage of the hypothesized cooler
temperature of the Earth’s crust in relation to the air in the tropics. Upon determining the ideal
depth, the project progressed to installing holes at that depth for further testing for the effects of
width and amount of shade. The holes were lined with capped PVC pipes for cleanliness and
sustainability of the cooling pit. The results of the study showed a tube of either 2” or 3” width
installed approximately 40” down into the ground in a shaded area could maintain a temperature
of 85 degrees Fahrenheit during the dry season test period, falling just within the recommended
insulin storage temperature range of 59-86 degrees Fahrenheit. This solution is strong in its
ease of installation and probable sustainability but does not provide as much potential cooling
power during the dry season. What it does provide is a much more constant, natural cooling
method that does not require any maintenance. It is likely that the insulin hole will have a
greater cooling effect in the rainy season; however, this information will not be known until the
data logger that currently resides at the bottom of a test hole is retrieved in 11 months.
The second solution is an evaporative cooling device known as a zeer pot. This solution
is an ancient technology that contains an inner and outer pot, between which is sand. Water that
is poured into the sand provides a cooling effect within the inner pot when it evaporates into the
air. Testing during the dry season showed that this technology could maintain a temperature of
approximately 80 degrees with water replacement every 3-4 days. The pot saw its greatest
success during periods of lower humidity but was much more ineffective during the humid
nights. Due to the high humidity of southern Honduras, this project has a low potential utility in
this region during the rainy season and is more high maintenance than the cooling pit. However,
it is strong in ease of implementation and probable sustainability and is especially viable during
the dry season.
The absorption refrigeration system was composed of two ½ liter tanks (one full of a
50/50 mixture of LiBr and H2O, one empty) that were connected by metal piping and displaced
by 3 feet from each other. The general process included heating the full tank in boiling water
while the empty tank was partially submerged in room temperature water. Once heating was
complete, the full tank was placed in the room temperature water, and the previously empty tank
was placed in a plastic cooler. It was at this point partially full of condensed water. The attraction
of that water back to the side that still was full of lithium bromide was intended to create a
cooling effect on the tank in the cooler. This solution is in theory the most powerful cooling
method in terms of potential but is worst among the solutions in terms of cost, ease of
implementation and use, and probable sustainability. At the time of this report, the absorption
refrigeration system does not function as intended.
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Table of Contents
Executive Summary……………………………………………………………………………………2
List of Figures, Pictures and Sketches………………………………………...……………….……5
Section 1: Team Member and Other Participant Information…….……………...………………..7
1.1 Team Member and Other Participant Information…………………………...……….….7
1.2 Project Location………………………………………………………...…………………...8
Section 2: Background Narrative………………………………………………………………….….8
2.1 Insulin Background………………………………………………………….………………8
2.2 Choluteca Climate Background……………………………………………………………8
Section 3: Scope of Work…………………………………………………………………………..…8
3.1 Goal of the Project………………………………………………………….……………….8
3.2 Problem Statement………………………………………………….………………………8
3.3 Customer Identification…………………………………………………….……………….9
3.4 Assessment of Need……………………………………………………….……………….9
3.5 Specific Itemized Objectives…………………………………………...…………………..9
3.6 Deliverables………………………………………………………………………………...10
3.7 Sustainability Plan…………………………...………………………….…………………11
3.8 Ownership Plan…………………………………………………………………….………11
Section 4: Research and Design Process……………………………………………………..…..12
4.1 Participant Roles and Responsibilities…………………………………………………..12
4.2 Background Research……………………………………………………………………..12
4.3 Design Process and Prototyping Details……………………...…………………………13
4.4 Pre-Trip Testing and Results…………………………………………………......………13
4.5 Pre-Trip Project Schedule…………………………………………………………………14
4.6 Tools/Materials/Equipment to be Brought from Columbus…………………………….15
4.7 Tools/Materials/Equipment to be Obtained in Honduras……...……………………….15
4.8 Limitations of Project Pre-Trip……....…………………………………………..………..15
4.9 Photos and Figures……………..……………………..…………………………………..16
Section 5: In-Country Implementation………………………………………………………………...34
5.1 Implementation……………………………………………………………………………..34
5.2 In-Country Schedule……………………………………………………………………….34
3
5.3 Issues Encountered………………………………………………………………………..34
5.4 Testing, Results, Assessment, Evaluation………………………………………………35
5.5 List of Supplies/Materials Given to the Customer………………………………………40
Section 6: Post-Trip Results……………………………………………………………………………40
6.1 Issues Encountered………………………………………………………………………..40
6.2 Objectives Achieved……………………………………………………………………….41
6.3 Sustainability and Ownership……………………………………………………………..41
6.4 Cost Analysis……………………………………………………………………………….41
6.5 Conclusions…………………………………………………………………………………45
6.6 Recommendations…………………………………………………………………………45
Section 7: References…………………………………………………………………………………..46
7.1 Works Cited…………………………………………………………………………………46
Section 8: Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………………47
8.1 Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………………..47
Section 9: Appendix…………………………………………………………………………………….47
9.1 Team Agreement…………………………………………………………………………..47
9.2 Project Proposal……………………………………………………………………………49
9.3 Instruction Manuals………………………………………………………………………..52
4
List of Tables, Figures, and Photos
Table 1
Team Member and Other Participant Information…………………………………...7
Table 2
Absorption Refrigerator R&D Costs………………………………………………….42
Table 3
Hole R&D Costs………………………………………………………………………..42
Table 4
Zeer Pot R&D Costs…………………………………………………………………..43
Table 5
General R&D Costs……………………………………………………………………43
Table 6
Cost of Insulin Pot……………………………………………………………………..44
Table 7
Cost of 2” Insulin Hole…………………………………………………………………44
Table 8
Cost of 3” Insulin Hole…………………………………………………………………45
Figure 1
Gantt Chart (Pre-Trip)……………………………...………………………………….14
Figure 2.1
Humidity in Choluteca [7]………………………………………………….................29
Figure 2.2
Temperature in Choluteca [7]………………………………………………………...30
Figure 2.3
Minimum Temperature Possible Due to Evaporation [1]………………………….31
Figure 3.1
Simple Absorption Cooling Schematic [6]…………………………………….........31
Figure 3.2
Simple Adsorption Cooling Schematic [6]………………………………................32
Figure 4
Absorption Test Results…...………………………………………………………….33
Figure 5
In-Country Schedule…………………………………………………………………..34
Figure 6
First Holes Data………………………………………………………………………..36
Figure 7
2in vs 3in Tube Test…………………………………………………………………...37
Figure 8
3in Tube at Veronica’s………………………………………………………………...38
Figure 9
Zeer Pot Testings……………………………………………………………………...40
Photo 1.
Testing in Progress (Heating)………………………………………………………...16
Photo 2.
Testing in Progress (“Cooling”)…………………………………………………........17
Photo 3.
Crosley Icyballs [2]…………………..………………………………………………...18
Photo 4.
Zeer Pot [5]……………………………………………………………………………..18
Photo 5
Hole-In-Ground: Ice Cave…………………………………………………………….19
Photo 6
Icyball Concept: Stand Variation 1…………………………………………………..19
5
Photo 7
Icyball Concept: Cooler Fit……………………………………………………………20
Photo 8
Icyball Concept: Top View…………………………………………………………....20
Photo 9
Icyball Concept: Stand Variation 2…………………………………………………..20
Photo 10
Icyball Concept: Stand Variation 3…………………………………………………..21
Photo 11
Icyball Concept: Mounted Stand Variation………………………………………….22
Photo 12
Icyball Concept: Valve Possibility 1………………………………………………….23
Photo 13
Icyball Concept: Valve Possibility 2………………………………………………….23
Photo 14
Icyball Concept: Stand Variation 4………………………………………………......24
Photo 15
Icyball Concept: Stand With Valve 1………………………………………………...24
Photo 16
Icyball Concept: Stand With Valve 2………………………………………………...25
Photo 17
Icyball Concept: Cymbal Stand………………………………………………………25
Photo 18
Icyball Concept: Filled Cooler……………………………………………………......26
Photo 19
Icyball Concept: Variation With Valve……………………………………………….26
Photo 20
Beaker-Bottom Design……………………………………………………………......27
Photo 21
Final Prototype Design ……………………………………………………………….28
Photo 22
Map of Hole Locations………………………………………………………………...35
Photo 23
Locations of First Two Holes…………………………………………………………36
Photo 24
Location of Tube Diameter Test……………………………………………………...37
Photo 25
Location of Veronica’s House………………………………………………………...38
Photo 26
Location of Zeer Pots………………………………………………………………….39
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Section 1: Team Member and Other Participant Information
1.1 Team Member and Other Participant Information
Figure 1 below contains the names, roles, specializations, and contact information of
both team members and all those that contributed to the project including the
instructional staff, the professional consultant, and project sponsor.
Members
Roles
Specializations
Phone
Email
Cameron
Duffner
Chief
Communication
Officer, Primary
Documenter
Industrial &
Systems
Engineering,
Spanish
(260)
515-3757
[email protected]
Charlie
Goettler
Chief Financial
Officer,
Presentation
Coordinator
Civil
Engineering
(614)
949-2362
[email protected]
Dale
Andreatta
Consultant
Mechanical
Engineering
(614)
634-2901
[email protected]
om
Roger
Dzwonczyk
Professor
Electrical
Engineering
(614)
570-2073
[email protected]
Mariantonieta
Gutierrez Soto
Teaching
Assistant
Civil
Engineering,
Spanish
(614)
315-4988
[email protected]
Angie
Overholt
Project
Caretaker
Nursing
-
[email protected]
Table 1
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1.2 Project Location
Project development, research and testing took place at The Ohio State University as
part of the Engineering 4692.01S course, Engineering Service Learning in Choluteca,
Honduras with the Engineering Department. The implementation of the project took place in
Choluteca, Honduras and the surrounding region, with headquarters located at World Gospel
Mission in Choluteca.
Section 2: Background Narrative
2.1 Insulin Background
Insulin is a hormone produced in the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels.
Diabetes, a disease that is characterized by blood sugar imbalances, is treated with synthetic
insulin injections. In order to be effective for up to a month, the insulin should be kept between
59 and 86 °F, according to the FDA [3]. According to the American Diabetes Association, insulin
lasts for one month at room temperature (≈ 72 °F), but should be stored in a refrigerated
environment if the intended use range is longer than one month [4].
2.2 Choluteca Climate Background
According to Weather Spark records from 2007 to 2012, the average high daily
temperature in Choluteca, Honduras over the course of a year is over 90 °F [7]. Therefore, at
points during any given day, Honduran diabetics are likely to be storing their insulin at higher
temperatures than are recommended for optimum effectiveness of the treatment.
2.2 Choluteca Climate Background
According to the project sponsor, diabetics in the region are often unable to obtain
insulin for treatment due to their lack of a method to reliably store insulin within the optimum
temperature range; the healthcare providers will not supply insulin to those who cannot prevent
it from overheating.
Section 3: Scope of Work
3.1 Goal of the Project
Design and implement a passive insulin preservation (cooling) technology at a low cost
and complexity.
3.2 Problem Statement
Injected insulin is an effective treatment for diabetes. However, insulin is heat sensitive
and must be stored between 59 and 86 °F for its long-term preservation [3]. People in rural
Honduras without electricity often do not have a means to keep insulin cool and the compound
can become prematurely inactive and ineffective in controlling blood glucose levels.
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3.3 Customer Identification
In a broad sense, World Gospel Mission is the general customer in that it identified the
problem and requested the assistance. However, the diabetic residents of Choluteca, Honduras
and the surrounding areas who are without access to refrigeration or other cooling means are
more directly served by the project.
3.4 Assessment of Need
Insulin, an essential component in the treatment of diabetes, is only effective at
temperatures between 59 and 86 °F [3], a range that is below the average lowest annual
temperature of Choluteca [7]. This, combined with the lack of refrigeration and electricity
available to a significant proportion of the populace of Choluteca and the surrounding region
generates a critical need for a method to cool the insulin at a low cost and without electricity.
3.5 Specific Itemized Objectives
●
●
●
●
●
●
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Design a cooling mechanism that can contain insulin between 60 and 80 °F.
The mechanism must be inexpensive.
The mechanism must not use electricity.
The mechanism must be able to contain 3 Humalog injection pens.
The mechanism must be composed of parts available in Honduras.
The mechanism must be easy to use and contain instructions for build and use.
The mechanism must be durable and usable for extended use.
The mechanism must be safe to use.
Design LiBr absorption cooling device
Design ground cooling well
Design evaporative cooling device
Test attainable cooling ranges and timeframes
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3.6 Deliverables
Absorption refrigeration:
●
●
●
1 absorption refrigeration test prototype
○ If successful: 5 prototypes
instructional pamphlets
2 kg extra LiBr
Cooling pit:
● PVC pipe wells as needed
Evaporative cooling:
● 1 zeer pot test prototype
○ If successful: 5 prototypes
● instructional pamphlets
The primary deliverable of this project was intended to be 5 lithium bromide absorption cooling
units, complete with tube-connected dual canisters, enclosed lithium bromide and water mixture,
and coolers. An informational instructional pamphlet would accompany each unit and would
detail the construction, use, maintenance, and safety involved with the device.
In the interest of finding the best solution, cooling pits and zeer pots will be implemented and
tested for effectiveness in Honduras. If one or both of the secondary options are found to be a
viable or even a better alternative to the primary solution, additional units will be produced and
will be accompanied by informational pamphlets containing the same information categories as
the primary solution’s pamphlets. In the case that the cooling pits are the most effective solution,
wells will be dug for as many customers as possible during the trip’s timeline.
10
3.7 Sustainability Plan
•
Absorption refrigeration:
Sustainability of this solution requires a parts list for replacement of failed
components, and maintained connection of the customers to Angie if replacement
lithium bromide is needed (due to the difficult nature of its acquisition). In addition, a
manual for safe and effective handling and distribution of lithium bromide into the system
will also be provided.
•
Cooling pit:
Sustainability of this solution will be ensured by installing a double capped PVC
well into the cooling pit. It will therefore be impervious to water entering the system from
the soil or from the air. Sustainability of the cooling source will be provided naturally by
the property of the Earth’s crust to maintain a relatively constant temperature despite the
outside temperature of the air.
•
Evaporative cooling:
Sustainability of this solution will be implemented by providing an instructional
manual for proper water maintenance of the solution if it is found to be viable. The
solution itself is sustainable in that it only requires water (of any cleanliness level) to be
replaced. The sand could potentially need replaced eventually but would not require a
large degree of difficulty in its replacement. The pots themselves would be functional
indefinitely and could be replaced if broken as needed.
3.8 Ownership Plan
•
Absorption refrigeration:
Ownership of this project depends on its ability to provide significant cooling. The
cooler than contains the cold component of the device has enough space to hold several
drinks or food items alongside the insulin. If provided with this previously absent ability to
cool drinks and food, the customer will be more likely to use it than they would be if the
daily heating of the device were only applied to cooling insulin.
•
Cooling pit:
Ownership of this project will be established through education on the issue of
overheated insulin and an explanation of the solution before implementation. This
provision of clarity as to why the pit is necessary and how it will positively affect the
customer will ensure its use. In addition, the location of the pit in the customer’s own
yard will provide another form of literal ownership.
•
Evaporative cooling:
Ownership of this project will be created with the decorative elegance of its
design and participation of the customer in its construction. An explanation of how it
functions and what maintenance it requires will also produce a form of ownership by
11
giving the customer an understanding of what he or she is watering each day (and why)
to increase the likelihood of that happening.
Section 4: Research and Design Process
4.1 Participant Roles and Responsibilities
Specific leadership roles are defined in Table 1 of in Section 1.1. As for participation,
both Cameron and Charlie contributed equally to the research, design and testing aspects of
Project Frío.
4.2 Background Research
The first step in the research process was to identify passive methods of cooling
because it was known that electricity would not be available. During this step, it was determined
that the options included building a zeer pot (evaporative cooling) and digging a deep hole in the
ground. Once the options were determined, they were each researched in more depth.
Zeer pot technology has been around for thousands of years, so finding information was
relatively simple. After some digging, the exact reason why the zeer pot works and how it works
was discovered. The zeer pot cools as wind blows through the porous clay pots, pulls moisture
out of the saturated sand through evaporation, and – in the process – pulls heat out of the inner
pot where the insulin would be held. For this process to work, relative humidity has to be
relatively low; otherwise evaporation will not occur. Logically, the next step was to research the
climate in Honduras. Data for the humidity in Honduras can be found in Figure 2.1 and data for
the temperature in Honduras can be found in Figure 2.2. It was then found that 6 months out of
the year, the relative humidity in Honduras is above 90%, getting as high as 99%. Comparing
the humidity and the temperature to a graph that shows the minimum temperature possible due
to evaporation given relative humidity and temperature (Figure 2.3) made it clear that the zeer
pot could not serve as a full-year primary solution.
After many failed attempts to find any information on the ground soil temperature in
Choluteca, it was determined that no such data existed and therefore the hole solution could not
be considered a sure option until data was obtained. Unlike the zeer pot, the hole could still
work year round, but the effectiveness will not be known until testing is done in Honduras.
Left with no absolute solutions, the Project Frío team turned to an outside source for
information and assistance. Following an in-class lecture on sanitation and health, Dr. Dale
Andreatta, an alumnus of The Ohio State University with a degree in mechanical engineering,
sat down with the group to discuss the Goswami cycle. He also brought up the idea of
absorption/adsorption cooling as a possible option.
Research was conducted to figure out what exactly absorption cooling was and how it
differed from adsorption cooling. Essentially, the main difference between absorption cooling
12
and adsorption cooling is that absorptive cooling uses a fluid as the absorbent, creating a
working solution while adsorptive cooling uses a solid as the adsorbent [6]. Once the team felt it
had a general understanding of the two, the group met with Dr. Andreatta who agreed to help.
Together, the three came up with a design for an intermittent absorption refrigerator that
combined aspects of both Figure 3.1 and Figure 3.2a. Lithium bromide would be used as the
absorbent, and water would serve as the refrigerant, whereas other models of intermittent
absorption refrigerators used ammonia and water. Dr. Andreatta explained that an ammonia
and water system is constantly under high pressure and the ammonia itself is toxic so LiBr and
water would be best for Project Frío’s purposes – especially in terms of safety.
4.3 Design Process and Prototyping Details
As it is explained in the above section, Project Frió started out with the goal of cooling
insulin without using electricity. Initially, the focus was on cost, sustainability, and ease of use.
The zeer pot fit these qualifications perfectly because it was something that could be made
entirely from resources found in Choluteca for very little money, and in theory, it was extremely
easy to use and maintain. After the discovery of Figure 2.3 and the limitations of the zeer pot in
Honduras, the focus shifted to the hole-in-the-ground approach. After hitting another wall with
the lack of information about soil ground temperatures in Honduras, Project Frió abandoned
their prior goals in the hopes of finding any method at all that could be relied upon to work yearround.
The design for the intermittent absorption refrigerator started out resembling the design
for the Crosley Icy Ball (Photo 3), but a lot more simplified. The original design also included a
fixed stand. The design evolved as new ideas for a stand were thought up. Stand variations
ranged from a simple T-bar design to a sophisticated, wall mounted stand. Finally, the team
decided that a cymbal stand (from a drum kit) would work best because of its ability to be
adjusted to meet any circumstance. As the team talked with Dr. Andreatta more, it was
explained to them that instead of spherical vessels, something with a flat bottom would work
best, thus, the design changed again. When the team was unable to find a beaker shaped
vessel that could be connected to another vessel to form a closed system, they had to look for
the next best thing. That next best thing was a Coleman propane tank used for camping stoves
and the likes. After the propane was extracted and the valve removed, the propane tanks
served as the perfect vessels in theory. Now that the vessel was determined, how to connect
the two tanks was the next concern. The threading on the propane tanks is ¾” so there were
some limitations, but that highlighted a great starting place. After trying out various ¾” threaded
tubes, the final decision was made to use two hot water heater tubes connected with a foot of
copper piping. This decision was made because the hot water heater tubes were flexible, which
allowed for more mobility and adaptability of the system.
4.4 Pre-Trip Testing and Results
The first prototype of the absorption refrigerator used two empty Coleman propane tanks as
the two vessels with a copper pipe connected by water heater tubes serving to connect the two
13
vessels to create a closed system. The first round of testing was conducted outside due to the
uncertainty of what may happen. Instead of a cook stove, a charcoal grill was used to boil the
water which would drive the absorption cooling process. Once the water was brought to a light
boil, the tank with the lithium bromide and water solution was put into the water while the empty
tank was placed in a bowl filled with cool tap water. After 30 minutes, the water stopped boiling
so the solution tank was removed from the grill and put into the cool tap water, and the other
tank (now containing condensed water) was placed into the cooler and left with thermometers
taking readings at intervals on the inside and outside of the cooler.
As can be seen in Figure 4, the temperature of the condenser tank did drop momentarily
before evening out to the original outside temperature. The temperature outside the cooler also
dropped, apparently affected by the internal temperature change of the cooler (the entire system
was contained in a temperature controlled indoor location that would not have provided any
external temperature changes).
4.5 Pre-Trip Project Schedule
•
Project Schedule:
2/9/15 - acquired insulin for prototyping reference
3/9/15 - met with advisor to discuss absorptive cooling
3/26/15 - acquired parts for absorptive cooler
4/1/15 - met with advisor to discuss construction of absorptive cooler
4/13/15 - acquired lithium bromide
4/16/15 - constructed and tested absorptive cooler (test 1)
4/19/15 - tested absorptive cooler (test 2)
•
Gantt chart:
Figure 1
14
4.6 Tools/Materials/Equipment to be Brought from Columbus
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2 kg Lithium Bromide
5 informational pamphlets
5 USB thermometers
1 infrared thermometer
4.7 Tools/Materials/Equipment to be Obtained in Honduras
Absorption Cooler:
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2 propane tanks per cooling unit (10 total)
Tubing to connect tanks
1-2 coolers per unit (5-10 total)
Water
Cooling Pit:
● PVC Pipe approximately 1-meter long
● Caps for both ends of pipe
● String to retrieve insulin
Evaporative Cooling:
● Two clay pots, one bigger than the other
● Sand to go between pots
● Cloth to go overtop
4.8 Limitations of Project Pre-Trip
Absorption Refrigeration:
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Functionality
Ease of use
Repeatability
Sustainability
Cooling Pit:
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Existing soil temperature data
Amount of cooling power
Evaporative Cooling:
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Functionality in a humid climate
15
4.9 Photos and Figures
Photo 1
16
Photo 2
17
Photo 3
[crosleyicyballs.com]
[5]
Photo 4
18
Photo 5
Photo 6
19
Photo 7
Photo 9
Photo 8
20
Photo 10
21
Photo 11
22
Photo 12
Photo 13
23
Photo 14
Photo 15
24
Photo 16
Photo 17
25
Photo 18
Photo 19
26
Photo 20
27
Photo 21
28
[7]
Figure 2.1
29
[7]
Figure 2.2
30
[1]
Figure 2.3
31
[6]
Figure 3.1
[6]
Figure 3.2
32
Figure 4
33
Section 5: In-Country Implementation
5.1 Implementation
While pre-trip testing focused upon the absorption refrigeration concept, the final
iteration of Project Frío centered upon two solutions: an insulin hole that produces its cooling
effect using the relatively constant temperature of the ground for use in the rainy season and an
insulin pot that produces its cooling effect using evaporation and biweekly water replacement for
use in the dry season. Because the viability of each of these solutions relied upon local soil
temperatures and climate respectively, relevant testing could be performed only once the onsite portion of the project began. In country, the implementation of these solutions was focused
upon obtaining enough data to determine whether or not they were truly effective before
handing them off to those who would use them. Once both of the two methods were deemed
successful, implementation involved instruction for construction and use to 5 community health
leaders.
5.2 In-Country Schedule (Figure 5)
May 2015
5.3 Issues Encountered
Perhaps the largest issue encountered in Honduras as it pertained to the insulin cooling
project was miscommunication. Before the trip, it was understood that the project would involve
cooling existing insulin, specifically Humalog injection pens. However, during the trip, it was
discovered that nearly no one within the region of service actually had insulin, while some
34
actually did have refrigerators (though their dependability relied on questionable electricity
supply). It was the learned that healthcare sources in the region do not supply insulin to people
who cannot effectively maintain it at acceptable temperatures. This new knowledge shifted the
project from one of digging holes and making zeer pots for individual people to one of digging
holes and making zeer pots for effectiveness testing purposes in order to provide people with a
way to construct outlets for insulin cooling as a preemptive method to convince healthcare
providers to supply it.
The insulin project had its own issues with supply when it came to attempting
construction of the third solution, the absorption refrigerator. Parts used for testing in the United
States, specifically copper tubing and Sharkbite connectors, were not as readily available in
Choluteca, Honduras. However, this was not the only reason that pursuit of the absorption
cooling portion of Project Frío was abandoned. Despite extensive attempts to produce a working
prototype in the days leading up to the trip, the method never reached a high enough level of
functionality to justify its pursuit in Honduras. In addition, its cost of implementation was
significantly higher than the other two solutions combined (see 6.4 Cost Analysis). Leaving this
method behind to pursue the others reduced the cost and increased the amount of schedule
slack for Project Frío’s in-country implementation – ultimately allowing the other two solutions
more attention and greater chance at success.
5.4 Testing, Results, Assessment, Evaluation
(Photo 22: Map of Hole Locations)
Testing of the insulin hole involved 5 different holes of approximately 1 meter each in
depth. Data-logging thermometers were placed at the bottom and halfway down the tubes, one
of which was in the sun, the other in the shade. This, combined with testing different tube
widths, led to the determination that the most effective insulin hole was one of 1-meter depth in
a shaded area. The difference between tubes of 2” and 3” widths was negligible. While the
holes technically functioned in the dry season, they were often only 1 degree Fahrenheit below
35
the top of the acceptable temperature range for insulin. Because the insulin pots are a better
alternative in the dry season but lack rainy season efficacy, it is recommended to use the insulin
holes as a rainy season solution. The effectiveness of insulin holes during this timeframe is
currently undergoing testing; the customer hole, with a thermometer logging the temperature
every 30 minutes for the next 11 months, will confirm or refute whether this cooling method is
viable for the entire rainy season.
Figure 6: First Holes Data
Photo 23: Locations of first two holes
36
Figure 7: 2in vs 3in Tube Test
Photo 24: Location of Tube Diameter Test
37
Figure 8: 3in Tube at Veronica’s
Photo 25: Location of Veronica’s House
The hole that was implemented at Veronica’s house is a 3” width hole in the shade with
concrete at the bottom to hold it in place. The test above shows the concrete did not negatively
impact the cooling efficacy of the hole.
38
Photo 26: Location of Zeer Pots
Testing of the insulin pot in Honduras involved evaluating 3 zeer pots over 5 days: one
wet with a gourd as its inner container, one wet with a clay pot as its inner container, and one
dry with a gourd as its inner container as a control. All three used clay pots as the outer
container. The wet clay pot received the best results, functioning within the acceptable insulin
storage range into day 4 of testing. The wet gourd pot was less effective, and the gourd rose out
of the sand due to its low relative weight and displacement caused by the water. The control pot
produced negligible cooling. It should be noted that the zeer pots functioned best at a relatively
lower humidity and barely functioned at all during times of high humidity, reaching only 4
degrees Fahrenheit of temperature reduction. Higher humidity (up to above 70%) occurred
during the night, so the insulin pot still remained in an effective range during this time. However,
in the rainy season, when the days are also humid (reaching above 90% at times, according to
average humidity reports [7]), the insulin cooling cannot be recommended for use.
39
Figure 9: Zeer Pot Testings
5.5 List of Supplies/Materials Given to the Customer
• 1 Insulin Pot model, including insulin pen for demonstration purposes
• 5 Insulin Pot manuals for construction/use
• 2 (2” and 3”) Insulin Hole PVC models, including insulin pen for demonstration purposes
• 1 Insulin Hole full implementation
• 5 Insulin Hole manuals for construction/use
• extra string
• ~10 ft each of extra 2” and 3” PVC pipe
Section 6: Post-Trip Results
6.1 Issues Encountered
In hindsight, several issues arose during the trip that became day-to-day obstacles
requiring adaptive attention more than prior planning.
One of these issues was transportation. With 2 large groups, one of which contained 3
smaller groups – all requiring transportation for their own purposes from a supply of 3 vehicles –
it became necessary to make compromises when traveling. Often, this meant traveling to
somewhere that was not relevant to the project so that another group could accomplish a
40
portion of their own project. This reduced available work time and required patience between
groups.
Another issue that set the tone for the trip and required adaptation was that people in the
area did not have an understanding of diabetes and thus did not even know they needed insulin.
Further diluting the project was the fact that some people had refrigerators. This meant that not
only did they not have the problem given by the project problem statement – they also had a
solution to that non-existent problem. Getting past this frustration with the project was a major
hurdle in terms of focusing upon what needed to be accomplished, if anything at all. Proceeding
past this issue enabled the project to reach its final goal of instructing community leaders in how
effective devices could be built for those who need them.
Are these solutions even actually any better than a refrigerator that has lost power but
still is maintaining a temperature that is low enough.
6.2 Objectives Achieved
All scope of work objectives listed in Section 3.5 Specific Itemized Objectives (page 9)
were achieved except that the absorption refrigerator was not completed.
6.3 Sustainability and Ownership
Both the hole and pot are sustainable solutions in that they both require little to no
energy or resource consumption. The hole uses only the ground as its cooling source, while the
pot uses water that requires replacement at a rate of less than 1 gallon every 3-4 days. The
water does not need to be clean.
Leaving the health promoters with instructional manuals, models, and information on
how and when to use each device also perpetuates sustainability of both the hole and the pot.
Ownership will be particularly strong for this project if it leads to people acquiring insulin
and thus becoming healthier. Knowing they were only able to obtain medicine from healthcare
providers due to the cooling confidence created by their new devices, people will likely see their
insulin pots and holes as vital instruments for their health.
The cultural appeal and ease of use of the devices will also promote ownership. The
holes require no maintenance and use a process that resembles that of a well, which is used
prevalently as a daily water source in the region. The pots are similarly uncomplicated and also
provide a cultural appeal in that they are decorative in nature while still providing practical utility.
6.4 Cost Analysis
Total R&D Cost: $751.46
The most expensive research and development arose from the pre-trip expenditures
related to design of the absorption refrigerator. Because the hole and pot required in-country
testing based upon soil temperatures and climate differences, most pre-trip design went into
producing the absorption refrigerator – which both could be tested in the United States and
could not be completed in just the two weeks in Honduras.
41
Therefore, the high total R&D cost of the project is not reflective of how affordable the
two chosen solutions actually are. While the absorption refrigeration research used $456.93, the
hole and pot required only $17.72 and $10.58 respectively. The cost of implementing one of
each was even lower than that. From this, it can be seen that the most effective solutions in
terms of function were also the most cost effective solutions – which is the ideal scenario.
Table 2: Absorption Refrigerator R&D
Date
Item
Quantity
Cost of
Quantity
$6.99
Purpose
1
Unit
Cost
$6.99
3/26/15
Propane tank (2
pack)
3/26/15
1
$2.79
$2.79
removing Sharkbites
Ace
Hardware
2
$16.99
$33.98
connector tube for
tanks
Ace
Hardware
1
$3.49
$3.49
connector tube
3/26/15
Sharkbite
remover clip
(3/4")
Sharkbite water
heater connector
(3/4" x 18")
Copper piping
(3/4" x 12")
Sales tax
4/13/15
Cooler
1
Ace
Hardware
Ace
Hardware
Target
4/13/15
Sales tax
4/29/15
Thread seal tape
4/29/15
Sales tax
5/4/15
Sharkbite
Connector (3/4"
female)
Sharkbite Elbow
(3/4" female)
Sharkbite
remover clip
(3/4")
Copper piping
(3/4" x 12")
Sales tax
2
$9.49
$18.98
2
$12.99
$25.98
1
$2.79
$2.79
Connecting copper
piping to threaded
tanks
New absorption fridge
design
Removing Sharkbites
2
$3.49
$6.98
Connector tube
5/7/15
Sharkbite couple
(3/4" female)
1
5/7/15
Sales tax
4/8/15
Lithium Bromide,
99%, PU 1KG
3/26/15
3/26/15
5/4/15
5/4/15
5/4/15
5/4/15
Place
Purchased
Ace
Hardware
Cooling vessel
$3.55
$12.94
$12.94
Insulated refrigerator
$0.97
1
$0.99
$0.99
Target
Sealing thread on tanks
$0.08
Ace
Hardware
Ace
Hardware
$4.11
$9.99
$9.99
Couple to replace valve
apparatus and connect
copper pipes
$0.75
3
$107.19
$321.57
TOTAL:
Absorbant for
absorption refrigerator
Ace
Hardware
Ace
Hardware
Ace
Hardware
Ace
Hardware
Ace
Hardware
Ace
Hardware
Ace
Hardware
Fisher
Scientific
$456.93
Table 3: Hole R&D
Date
Item
Quantity
5/10/15
2" PVC Cap
("Tapón")
4
Unit
Cost
$0.16
Cost of
Quantity
$0.64
42
Purpose
Caps for PVC tubes
Place
Purchased
Promaco
5/10/15
Rope stuff ("Pita
Rollo")
Sales tax (15%)
1
1
$6.00
$6.00
Tube for hole in ground
Promaco
5/15/15
3" PVC pipe (20'
long)
3" PVC cap
1
$0.24
$0.24
Cap for tube
Promaco
5/15/15
Sales tax (15%)
5/18/15
Enjoy Kiwi
2
$0.37
$0.74
5/14/15
1/4" x 3" Steel
Nipple
Sales tax (15%)
1
$0.76
$0.76
1/4" x 3" Steel
Nipple
3" PVC Cap
("Tapón")
Sales tax
1
$0.76
$0.76
1
$0.24
$0.24
2" PVC pipe (20'
long)
2" PVC cap
("Tapón")
1/4" x 2" Steel
Nipple
Sales tax (15%)
1
$3.59
$3.59
Tube for hole in ground
Promaco
2
$0.15
$0.30
Caps for tube
Promaco
1
$0.56
$0.56
Handle for 2" cap on
cooling tube
Promaco
5/10/15
5/15/15
5/14/15
5/18/15
5/18/15
5/18/15
5/18/15
5/18/15
5/18/15
5/18/15
$1.68
$1.68
String to retrieve insulin
from bottom of hole
$0.34
Promaco
$0.94
Promaco
Vessle for 2" PVC pipe
design
Handle for 3" cap on
cooling tube
$0.11
Maxi
Despensa
Promaco
Promaco
Handle for 3" cap on
cooling tube
Cap for tube
Promaco
Promaco
$0.15
Promaco
$0.67
TOTAL:
Promaco
Promaco
$17.72
Table 4: Pot R&D
Date
Item
Quantity
5/12/15
Small clay pot
5/12/15
Hollow, dried
gourd
Large clay pot
5/12/15
Cost of
Quantity
$4.14
Purpose
2
Unit
Cost
$2.07
2
$1.15
$2.30
Inner pot for zeer pot
3
$1.38
$4.14
Large pot for zeer pot
TOTAL:
Inner pot for zeer pot
Place
Purchased
Variedades
"ARTEAGA"
Variedades
"ARTEAGA"
Pulperías in
Las
Cuchillas
$10.58
Table 5: General R&D
Date
Item
Quantity
Cost
4/7/15
2
5
5/7/15
EL-USB-2-Plus
Data Logger
3.6V 1.2AH
Lithium 1/2AA
battery
Sales tax
5/14/15
Wall thermometer
3
5/14/15
Sales tax (15%)
5/7/15
TOTAL:
Purpose
Place
Purchased
$112
Total Cost
(of
transaction)
$224
Data collection
$6.99
$34.95
Replacement batteries
for data logger
thermometers
DATAQ
Instruments
Interstate
All Battery
Center
Interstate
All Battery
Center
DeTodo
$2.44
$1.61
$4.83
Included in
price
$266.22
43
"Executive decision" by
project leader
DeTodo
Cost of Installed Technology
(Note: Full prototypes of the hole and pot were only implemented in Honduras, so the
cost of installed technology refers also to the replication cost in Honduras)
The cost of implementing one of each type of device is calculated below. Though PVC
tubes are often sold as an entire 20-ft unit, the cost was prorated to that of a 45-inch unit. The
cost of PVC cement and wire were left out of the calculations for the insulin hole, as these were
acquired free from the sponsor and are used in small amounts that are dependent on user
preference. In addition, these two particular components can be used to construct a multitude of
insulin holes.
The insulin pot does not include costs for sand, water, or the towel. These components
are readily available in the area. The sand does not need to be of a particular type, the water
does not need to be clean, and the towel can be any rag or similar cloth that is no longer fit for
use in other areas of life.
Table 6: Cost of Insulin Pot
Item
Quantity
Large Clay Pot
Small Clay Pot
Sand
Water
Rag/Towel
Total
1
1
1
1
1
Cost Per Unit (Lempira)
30 Lempira
45 Lempira
N/A
N/A
N/A
75 Lempira
Table 7: Cost of 2” Insulin Hole
Item
Quantity
2"x45" PVC tube
2" PVC Cap ("Tapón")
1/4"x2" Steel Nipple
("Niple”)
Rope/String (full
bundle)
Enjoy (plastic bottle)
Wire
Cement
Cost Per Unit (US
Dollars)
$1.38
$2.07
$3.45
1
2
1
Cost Per Unit
(Lempira)
14.64
3.19
12.17
Cost Per Unit (US
Dollars)
$0.67
$0.15
$0.56
1
36.52
$1.68
1
2
Dependant on size of
hole
8
unknown
unknown
$0.37
unknown
unknown
89.3665
$4.12
Total(+ 15% sales
tax)
44
Table 8: Cost of 3” Insulin Hole
Item
Quantity
3"x45" PVC tube
3" PVC Cap ("Tapón")
1/4"x3" Steel Nipple
("Niple")
Rope/String (full bundle)
Plastic Bottle (Pepsi or
otherwise)
Wire
Cement
1
2
1
Cost Per Unit
(Lempira)
24.46
5.22
16.52
Cost Per Unit (US
Dollars)
$1.13
$0.24
$0.76
1
1
36.52
~ 20
$1.68
~ $1
2
Dependant on size
of hole
unknown
unknown
unknown
unknown
124.131
$5.81
Total(+ 15% sales tax)
6.5 Conclusions
The main output of this project is distinctly seasonal two-fold solution based on the data
acquired during this trip. First, holes can maintain a steady temperature for insulin storage in
southern Honduras, and will be especially effective in the cooler rainy season (pending the
further data acquisition that has been set up for this time period). Second, though they will not
be dependable in the rainy season, zeer pots are an effective way to store insulin during the dry
season, when the holes are closer to the fringe of efficacy.
The utility of these solutions is that they provide a preemptive measure for diabetics to
show healthcare providers who are currently not supplying them insulin (on the basis of a lack of
confidence in their ability to keep it at an effective temperature) that they now have methods to
reliability store it for up to a month. This new development provides the basis of a path for
diabetics to begin receiving insulin on a monthly basis.
6.6 Recommendations
For the results of this project to be allocated to their greatest potential, it is
recommended that Larry and Angie use the information in this report toward their grant work in
regard to obtaining insulin for distribution to diabetics in the area. This approach likely has a
higher probability of success than convincing healthcare providers to accept the findings of a
single report when determining their insulin distribution practices and decisions.
However, Angie’s connections in the medical community of Choluteca should be used to
their greatest potential in utilizing these findings to get people the medical care they need.
It is also the recommendation of this report that the health promoters who have been
instructed in the construction of the insulin holes and pots also communicate to people in the
region the importance of getting treated, and that they are even sick in the first place. They must
also know that implementing these devices will increase their chances of treatment. Convincing
diabetics in the region to construct these solutions preemptively will strengthen the case for
obtaining insulin via grant.
For the specific use of the zeer pot, it is recommended to monitor it for effectiveness
whenever possible, which can be done by putting a thermometer in the inner pot and checking it
45
intermittently. Because the dry season can also reach high humidity at times, it is beneficial to
ensure the pot is still functioning well enough during those periods. Also, as is explained in the
instructions, it is important to re-saturate the sand every 3-4 days for best results.
For implementation of the hole, it is beneficial to pour a small amount of concrete into
the bottom of the hole before placing the PVC tube. This securely keeps the tube in place.
Another recommendation is to monitor the effectiveness of the PVC cement sealant and to use
caulk or another sealant if the PVC cement proves insufficient. Caulk was used on the final test
hole, and its effectiveness will be revealed upon collection of the data logger in 11 months.
Section 7: Resources
7.1 Works Cited
[1] "Build an evaporative refrigerator - no moving parts, no electricity."
RebuildingCivilization.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Apr. 2015.
<http://rebuildingcivilization.com/content/build-evaporative-refrigerator-no-movingparts-no-electricity>.
[2] CrosleyIcyball.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2015.
[3] "Information Regarding Insulin Storage and Switching Between Products in an Emergency."
FDA.gov. N.p., 10 July 2013. Web. 23 Apr. 2015.
<http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/EmergencyPreparedness/ucm085213.htm>.
[4] "Insulin Storage and Syringe Safety." Diabetes.org. American Diabetes Association, 7 June
2013. Web. 23 Apr. 2015. <http://www.diabetes.org/living-with-diabetes/treatment-andcare/medication/insulin/insulin-storage-and-syringe-safety.html>.
[5] "Methods of Alternative Refrigeration." Provident-Living-Today.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 21
Apr. 2015. <http://www.provident-living-today.com/Alternative-Refrigeration.html>.
[6] N'Tsoukpoe, Kokouvi Edem, Daniel Yamegueu, and Justin Bassole. "Solar Sorption
Refrigeration in Africa." Elsevier (2014): 319-21. Print.
[7] WeatherSpark.com. Cedar Lake Ventures, n.d. Web. 21 Apr. 2015.
<https://weatherspark.com/averages/32508/Choluteca-Honduras>.
46
Section 8: Acknowledgements
8.1 Acknowledgements
This project was supported by our instructors Roger Dzwonczyk and Mariantonieta
Gutierrez-Soto and our technical advisor, Dale Andreatta. Their assistance helped immensely
throughout the research, design, and implementation process. In-country we were additionally
aided by Larry and Angie Overholt.
Section 9: Appendix
9.1 Team Agreement
Project Frío
Team Agreement
Identifying the project:
•
Term of contract: 1/27/2015-5/28/2015
•
Team Members and contact info
Cameron Duffner (260) 515-3757 [email protected]
Major: Industrial & Systems Engineering
Minor: Spanish
Charlie Goettler (614) 949-2362 [email protected]
Major: Civil Engineering
Minor: Spanish
Teamwork Criteria:
1. Team Leadership Roles:
•
Cameron Duffner: CCO (Chief Communications Officer), Primary
documenter/scribe/recording secretary.
•
Charlie Goettler: CFO/Accountant, Presentation Coordinator.
•
Shared: Photographer, videographer.
2. Preferred Methods of Communication:
•
Email and phone communications.
•
Information will be stored on a Google Drive.
47
•
Project timeline will be created and edited with Clarizen.
3. Meeting Guidelines:
•
At the end of each class session, partners will define tasks required for before
next class session.
•
Meetings will be arranged at times that both partners are available.
4. Participation:
•
Project partners will put forth effort to complete all tasks and participate as much
as possible.
5. Responsibilities:
•
The project is a partnership, so both members are equally responsible for
completing the project.
•
Team members will hold each other accountable during all aspects of the project.
•
The Chief Communications Officer will be in charge of communicating with WGM
in Honduras and anyone else involved in developing the project
•
The Chief Financial Officer is responsible for maintaining financial records of
project expenses.
•
The Presentation Coordinator is responsible for assembling any digital
presentations or other presentation aids required for the project.
•
The Primary Documenter is responsible for submitting documents on time and
assembling any written reports required for the project
6. Approaches to conflict resolution:
•
Conflicts will be resolved internally on a flexible, case-to-case basis.
•
For conflicts that cannot be resolved internally, group members will seek help
from one of the instructors to serve as a mediator.
48
7. Approaches to problem solving:
•
Both team members will have equal opportunity to solve a problem. All ideas will
be considered.
•
After all possible solutions have been proposed, team members will discuss
further options for solving the problem.
8. Approaches to decision making:
•
Decisions will be made as a team as often as possible.
•
In the case that team members cannot agree on a decision, efforts will be made
to try both ideas given that the circumstances permit trying more than one.
9. Signatures (dated) of all team members, thereby agreeing to abide by this contract
Cameron Duffner
(1/27/15)________________________________________________________
Charlie Goettler
(1/27/15)_________________________________________________________
9.2 Project Proposal
Project Frío
Project Proposal
Date: 1/29/2015
Identify the customer: Honduran Diabetics
Team:
Members
Roles
Major (Minor)
Phone
Email
Cameron Duffner
CCO, Primary
Documenter
Industrial &
Systems
Engineering
(Spanish)
(260) 515-3757
[email protected]
Charlie Goettler
CFO,
Presentation
Coordinator
Civil Engineering
(Spanish)
(614) 949-2362
[email protected]
49
Caretakers:
Angie Overholt
Caretakers/guardians of diabetics who require assistance
Background:
Insulin is a hormone produced in the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels. Diabetes, a disease that
is characterized by blood sugar imbalances, is treated with synthetic insulin injections. In order to be
effective, the insulin should be kept between 59 and 75 °F. According to the American Diabetes
Association, insulin lasts for one month at room temperature (≈ 72 °F), but should be stored in a
refrigerated environment if the intended use range is longer than one month.
According to Weather Spark records from 2007 to 2012, the average temperature in Choluteca,
Honduras over the course of a year normally varies from 73 to 98 °F, and is usually higher than room
temperature. Therefore, at any given time, Honduran diabetics are statistically most likely to be storing
their insulin at higher temperatures than are recommended for optimum effectiveness of the treatment.
Problem statement:
Injected insulin is an effective treatment for diabetes. However, insulin is heat sensitive and must be
stored between 59 and 75 °F for its long-term preservation. People in rural Honduras often do not have
a means to keep insulin cool and the compound can become prematurely inactive and ineffective in
controlling blood glucose levels.
Goal of the project: Design and implement a passive insulin preservation (cooling) technology at a
low cost and complexity.
Scope of work/specific objectives:
●
●
●
●
●
●
Design a cooling mechanism that can contain insulin between 59 and 75 °F.
The mechanism must be inexpensive.
The mechanism must be able to contain 3 Humalog injecting pens.
The mechanism must be composed of parts available in Honduras.
The mechanism must be easy to use and contain instructions for build and use.
The mechanism must be durable and usable for extended use.
Testing:
Testing will be implemented to determine how cold of an environment can be created, how long the
lowest temperature can be retained, and how often water and other materials will need to be replaced.
Trials will also be performed to discover how many vials of insulin can effectively be cooled to an
appropriate temperature at one time. Testing would additionally include determinations of which
materials or collection of materials would best serve the design in terms of insulation.
Specifically, testing will involve repeat temperature readings of the insulin within the cooling unit, water
saturation testing at the point in which the device begins to lose effectiveness, thermal insulation testing
on different materials of varying specific heat values, as well as analysis of cost versus functionality.
Deliverables:
The design process for this solution will include a design and implementation of cooling units, instruction
manuals for build and use (translated to Spanish), a cross-sectional diagram of the cooling unit, a parts list
(including prices and where they can be found in Choluteca, also translated to Spanish), and a
thermometer so the customers may monitor the temperature of their device and insulin. A mold for
producing components of the device may be supplied as well. Paints and brushes may also be provided
for children to paint the device.
50
Plan for partnering, end user involvement, training, and education:
In order to create a fair trade community partnership, any knowledge about diabetes and proper insulin
storage that is gained throughout the design process will be passed on to the Honduran diabetic
community. User manuals, diagrams, and other informational literature will be made and translated to
Spanish prior to departure to Honduras. Upon arrival, both group members will integrate their knowledge
of the Spanish language to further vocally communicate information. This will aid in working alongside,
teaching, and learning from the citizens of Choluteca. The making of the device will serve as involved
training and education for its construction and use.
Plan for sustainability and ownership:
The ideal plan is for the cooling unit to be made entirely out of materials that would be readily available
to Honduran diabetics at a low cost, allowing for sustainability of the project, especially for when
replacements are eventually required. Establishment of ownership of the cooling project will be integrated
through partnered construction of the device components between the designers and customers. A single
person within the customer community could be assigned as a designated parts replacement and
maintenance authority. Another way that ownership could be established is by proving its value to the
customer and teaching proper maintenance. The paints for the children will serve to create ownership and
involvement.
51
9.3 Instruction Manuals
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59