MIRNY - FictionBook.ru

À.À. Ãîëüäìàí, Ì.Â. Âèøíåâñêàÿ,
Ì.À. Ãëàçóí, Ð.Ï. Èâàíîâà
English for Diamond
Miners
Ïðîôåññèîíàëüíîîðèåíòèðîâàííûé êóðñ
àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà
Ó÷åáíîå ïîñîáèå
ÔËÈÍÒÀ•ÍÀÓÊÀ
811.111(075.8)
81.2-923
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ISBN 978-5-9765-1833-9
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811.111(075.8)
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ISBN 978-5-9765-1833-9
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© Издательство «ФЛИНТА», 2014
2
CONTENTS
UNIT 1.
INTRODUCTION
7
MIRNY – DIAMOND HEART OF RUSSIA
29
CONSTRUCTIONS THERE IS / THERE ARE, THE VERBS TO
BE, TO HAVE
UNIT 2.
DIAMOND MINING INDUSTRY OF MIRNY 43
REGION. ALROSA
INDEFINITE TENSES
UNIT 3.
61
TYPES OF MINING
CONTINUOUS TENSES
UNIT 4.
73
TYPES OF ROCKS
PERFECT TENSES
UNIT 5.
TYPES OF DIAMOND DEPOSITS :
KIMBERLITES AND LAMPROITES
85
PASSIVE VOICE
UNIT 6.
TYPES OF DIAMOND DEPOSITS:
ALLUVIAL DIAMOND DEPOSITS
99
PARTICIPLE
UNIT 7.
TYPES OF DIAMOND DEPOSITS:
MARINE DIAMOND DEPOSITS
113
GERUND
UNIT 8.
125
MINING PROFESSIONS
INFINITIVE
UNIT 9.
139
MINING EQUIPMENT
INFINITIVE CONSTRUCTIONS
UNIT 10. PROSPECTING
DIAMONDS
AND
EXPLORATION
OF 159
MODAL VERBS
UNIT 11. MINE PLANNING AND DESIGN
173
MODAL VERBS (CONTINUATION)
UNIT 12. POWER SUPPLY AND AUTOMATION OF
MINES
197
REVISION OF TENSES
213
UNIT 13. ORE TREATMENT
NOUN. ARTICLE
UNIT 14. TYPES OF DIAMOND
5
231
ADJECTIVES
UNIT 15. PROCESSING OF DIAMOND: CUTTING AND 241
POLISHING
PRONOUN
UNIT 16. WORLD DIAMOND TRADE
257
PREPOSITIONS
UNIT 17. GLOBAL DIAMOND MINING INDUSTRY
273
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
UNIT 18. SAFETY. DANGERS IN MINES
285
SEQUENCE OF TENSES
UNIT 19. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF MINING
299
COMPOUND SENTENCES
UNIT 20. ATTENDING A CONFERENCE
311
REVISION OF THE INFINITIVE
UNIT 21. BUSINESS CORRESPONDENCE
327
REVISION OF MODALS, INDIRECT SPEECH
347
UNIT 22. JOB APPLICATION
REVISION OF IF-CLAUSES, PASSIVE VOICE
READING SUPPLEMENT
363
GRAMMAR NOTES
433
GLOSSARY
470
REFERENCES
486
6
UNIT 1
MIRNY-DIAMOND HEART OF RUSSIA
29
UNIT 1. MIRNY – DIAMOND HEART OF RUSSIA
God made the country, and man made the town.
William Cowper
I. Discuss the following:
1. How can you explain the name of the town “Mirny” to foreigners?
2. Do you know any interesting facts about Mirny?
3. What sights and famous people of Mirny can you name?
4. How do you see the future of Mirny?
II.
Guess the meaning of the following words and word combinations:
Kilometre, be located, population, group of geologists, region, coded telegram, expedition, severe, navigable, electric station, industrial exploitation, accommodate, the first leader, industrial construction, produce, test,
structure, multi-storied building, museum, hotel, cinema, stadium, serve,
airport.
III.
Read and translate the text:
MIRNY
Mirny is a small
mining town located in
the western part of the
Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). It is the centre of
Russia’s diamond mining industry. The town
was founded in 1959.
However, the settlement of miners and geologists was there in
1955, following the discovery of the Yakutian diamonds.
31
Typically a camp is built on-site to accommodate miners, who work in
fortnight or month-long fly-in – fly-out shifts. The Soviet government’s
commitment to strategic development of distant regions resulted in rapid
growth of the infrastructure. Mirny town was founded on April, 3rd, 1959,
in compliance with the decision of the Soviet government and Communist
party.
There are the headquarters of Russia’s largest diamond mining company, Alrosa, and large high-grade diamond deposits in Mirny and nearby.
The population is about 40,000; Mirny is an administrative centre of the
Mirninskiy region.
Mirny has all the necessary conveniences and community services, as
well as educational institutions and cultural and
sports facilities. Materials,
machinery and essential
commodities are delivered
by air transport or by the
river and road in summer
(in large delivery trucks)
or by an ice road in winter.
Educational institutions of Mirny range from the nursery schools or daycare centres, to higher
education institutions. There are a number of high schools providing free
secondary education, as well as the Orthodox classical school (gymnasium) for the children of devoted Christians, and the Polytechnic Lyceum
with advanced study of mathematics and physics. There are several higher
education institutions; the most prominent of them is Mirny Polytechnic
Institute of the Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University.
The town provides excellent opportunity to go in for sports and hobbies. There are two indoor swimming pools, an indoor hockey ring, a stadium and numerous gyms and wellness centres in Mirny. There is a ski
slope for the Alpine skiing and ski tracks for cross-country skiing just outside the town. There is a theater and a cinema for entertainment and a cul32
ture centre for leisure and hobby. The youth is involved in sports activities
such as indoor football, boxing, biathlon, martial arts etc. supported by a
number of sports groups and the Youth Sports School. Just as everywhere
else, young people of Mirny like to party and hang out in bars, nightclubs
and restaurants.
Mirny is a young
town, but it knows and
prizes its history. There
are three museums – the
Alrosa Museum of History and Production, the
Museum of Regional
Studies, and the most
special is the Savrasov
Kimberlite Museum –
the one and only kimberlite mineralogical museum. There are numerous memorials in Mirny, including architectural ensembles, such as
monumental Viliuy Circus and picturesque Way to Temple.
Naturally enough one has to look at both sides of the coin, and there
are challenges and issues in this blessed part of the world. Living is expensive because all essential commodities are shipped here, and the competition in business is very limited resulting in high prices. Often, the supply is
not sufficient, too. The region is distant and the only way to travel to other
parts of Russia is by plane, and air tickets cost a fortune. The climate is
harsh, with long and cold winter and short summer, and healthcare is poor.
In spite of these challenges, the townspeople are optimistic and always
hope for a better future.
Though Mirny had emerged as a mining town, it evolved into a modern center of economic and cultural activity of Western Yakutia.
33
IV.
Read the following words and expressions paying attention to the
correct translation:
Diamond mining industry – '"<?+ #'"B; typically – #
, "; camp – $"> ; accommodate –
+; fortnight – ; fly-in – fly-out shifts – $" '"; commitment to strategic development – (#'
) #
'% #
<; in compliance with the decision – #B
'; headquarters – B-#
#, > &
;
conveniences and community services – %#> %%#"" %%
; essential commodities – #" #> $
'
; nursery school – B # %#F
; daycare centre – > ; high school – #++ B; Orthodox –
#">; classical school – '
+; devoted Christians – #%<?
$#
; indoor hockey ring – #""> ; gym – #F#"> ; wellness centre – #
-#
"> !#; ski
slope – #"F+ #; ski track – "F+; cross-country skiing –
#
" "F
; Alpine skiing – #" "F
; entertainment – #
; leisure – %; indoor football – '
-&%; martial arts –
" %; Museum of Regional Studies – #
> '%>;
Savrasov Kimberlite Museum – %> '#
'. F. . /#; the one and only – "> ' #; one has to look at
both sides of the coin – % '
#"; issues – F
, #"; challenges – #%" ; competition in business – +
%#!
+.
V.
Fill in the table using the information from the text and your own
experience:
Living in Mirny
Advantages
Disadvantages
34
VI. Read the text again and tick A, B, or C.
1. The first settlement for miners and geologists was founded after the
discovery of a primary source of diamonds.
A True ჱ B False ჱ C Doesn’t say ჱ
2. Mirny is a camp built on-site to accommodate miners, who work in
fortnight-long fly-in – fly-out shifts.
A True ჱ B False ჱ C Doesn’t say ჱ
3. The headquarters of Russia’s largest diamond mining company, Alrosa, are located in Moscow.
A True ჱ B False ჱ C Doesn’t say ჱ
4. Materials, machinery and essential commodities are produced in
Mirny.
A True ჱ B False ჱ C Doesn’t say ჱ
5. Mirny features the whole range of educational facilities from the
nursery schools, or daycare centres, to higher education institutions.
A True ჱ B False ჱ C Doesn’t say ჱ
6. There is no railroad connection of Mirny region with other parts of
Russia.
A True ჱ B False ჱ C Doesn’t say ჱ
ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY
alluvial deposit – <
(#") '#F
commission – H%!
<
diamond deposit – '#F
'
diamondiferous kimberlite – '"> '#
exploration – #
gem – #!"> '
geological prospecting expedition – + + H
!
+
gravel – #
>
overburden – #"B
35
pipe – #%
placer deposits – #"" '#F
+
primary source – # '#F
processing plant – + &#
prospect – #
VII. Answer the following questions:
1. What is the geographical position of Mirny?
2. When was the town founded?
3. What is the population of Mirny?
4. What educational institutions are there in Mirny?
5. What museums in Mirny can you name?
6. What are the tourist attractions of Mirny?
The Orthodox Classic School (Gymnasium) and Holy Trinity Orthodox Temple
VIII. Find English equivalents to the following expressions:
* #+ ; #'
"> #; #
"
#%F
+; F
, ; ">; ; ! +
; %#">; '
!
%F
; #F;
; "B % ; # #
; '
; +; +; &%#, B> #%
; $
> !>; %% %
; #""> >.
36
IX. Fill in the following scheme with the words related to the sights
of Mirny:
X. Make up sentences about Mirny:
There is
There are
There was
There were
There will be
Monument
Cinema
Library
Square
Club
Church
Museum
Institute
Sport center
Market
Swimming pool
Airport
37
XI. Translate the following text into Russian. Retell it:
MIRNY POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE
Mirny Polytechnic Institute was set up in 1994 as the branch of
Ammosov Yakut State University. Its foundation and the dynamic development took place due to the decision of Mikhail E. Nikolaev, the 1st
President of the Republic of Sakha who proclaimed educational policy to
be the priority in the development of the Republic for the decade.
In 2010 Yakut State University obtained the status of a federal university (among other 8 federal universities of Russia). The Ammosov
North-Eastern Federal University (NEFU) promotes the values of indigenous culture of the peoples of the north-east of Russia in a multiethnic environment.
Today Mirny Polytechnic Institute is a prominent educational, scientific and cultural center of Western Yakutia.
The institute trains students in 9 majors for the Specialist Degrees:
- Mathematics
- Philology (the English language and literature)
- Law
- Mining engineering
- Underground Mining of Mineral Deposits
- Mineral processing
- Electrical engineering
38
- Mechanical engineering
- Mining machines and equipment
And 4 majors for the Bachelor’s degree:
- Mathematics
- Applied mathematics and computer science
- Philology
- Petroleum engineering
The Institute has well-equipped laboratories, two comfortable dormitories and the library stock counting for more than 60, 000 items.
Mirny Polytechnic Institute is headed by one of its founders - Professor Albina A. Goldman, Candidate of Sciences, Honoured Education
Worker of the Republic of Sakha, Honoured Higher Education worker of
the Russian Federation.
Since its foundation the Institute has been training highly qualified
specialists for diamond mining industry, education, law and research centers.
The Institute successfully cooperates with leading universities of
Russia in research programs and on-line distance learning. Professors of
such universities as Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow State
39
Mining University, Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas, SaintPetersburg State Mining University, Irkutsk State Linguistic University deliver on-line lectures on different subjects.
Mirny Polytechnic Institute also collaborates with leading industrial
enterprises and research institutes: Alrosa; Yakutian Geological Enterprise
of Exploration, Research and Development; Yakutniproalmaz Research
and Design Institute; Surgutneftegas.
The Institute has good perspectives in further mineral resources development in Western Yakutia and in geological exploration works.
XII. Put the verbs in the right tense:
MIRNY HOLY-TRINITY ORTHODOX CHURCH
There (to be) a beautiful temple in
the centre of our town. There (to be) a
fountain and a statue of an angel in front
of it. It (to be) the Holy Trinity Orthodox
church of Mirny.
In 1996, the Patriarch of Moscow and
All Russia Aleksii II and the Archbishop
of Yakutsk and Lensk Germán sanctified
the place for the construction of the
temple and blessed the laying of its first
brick.
It (to be) the centre of religious and
cultural life of all devoted Christians. It (to have) 5 domes and a bell
tower.
The temple (to be) very beautiful inside, and the bells sound wonderful.
_________________________________________________
Holy-Trinity Temple – /+-#
!
> $#'; The Orthodox Church –
*#+ !#; to erect – ; to sanctify – +?
,
+
; Archbishop – #$
.
40
XIII. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English:
1. *% . . #
> .. "
##"+'
#> '#
> #%
1954 %. 2. A #
'
#> $++ 15 '#
"$ #%. 3. *# #
' #> $
# #+$. 4. A #' '+
#
'%+: '%> '#
, #
-#
"> '%>,
#
> '%>. 5. A B' # #
> #'">
.
6.
'#
«A
<> !» – H
'+
##"+'
+%
$ '. 7. A !#
''#
#F '#
-`%
. #" H
'%' – %#" G%#
*$' {
> !. 8.
# – H #
80 !
>. 9.
; %+#"$ ' "$ #F – *? *".
XIV. Read and translate the dialogue between the Museum Guide and
the Visitor:
Savrasov Kimberlite Museum in Mirny
V.: - Good morning! This is a very special mineralogical museum, I’ve
heard a lot about it.
G.: - You’re right, Savrasov Kimberlite Museum is unique. It’s named after its founder, prominent geologist and mineralogist James Savrasov.
V.: Did he start the collection?
G.: - Yes, and for many years he alone collected the samples of kimberlitic
ores from the deposits from all around the world. He passed away. Now
Alrosa keeps the museum.
V.: - Amazing! The collection is rather large, isn’t it?
41
G.: - Indeed. The samples of kimberlite are from different deposits: the
Mir pipe, the Botuobinskaya pipe, Internatsionalnaya, Udachnaya, Zarnitsa, Dachnaya, Yubileynaya, and so on.
V.: - What is on the labels?
G.: - The type of the rock and
the name of the deposit are indicated on the label.
V.: - What is that, over there
by the wall?
G.: - This is a model of exploration drilling operations at
Botuobinskaya pipe, Nakyn
ore field.
V.: - Is the big thing representing the ore body?
G.: - Yes and the strings represent the drill holes. The small pyramids on
top are the drill rigs.
V.: - Awesome! And what is that, over there in the corner?
G.: - That’s a mammoth’s tusk.
V.: - Incredible! I can see the difference in
kimberlite samples from various deposits.
Look here: the samples from the Internatsionalnaya and from the Udachnaya pipes are
completely different. Are they the same type
of rock?
G.: - The physical properties and composition
of kimberlites may vary, but they are definitely the same type of rock.
V.: - I am impressed! I’ll take a couple of pictures to show my family and
colleagues...
XV. Work in pairs. Imagine that you are a guide and a visitor in the
Historical-production museum of Mirny. Make up your own
dialogue.
XVI.
Imagine that you are a tour guide. Tell the foreigners about
one of Mirny sights. Use the Power Point or similar software.
42
UNIT 2
DIAMOND MINING INDUSTRY
OF MIRNY REGION
ALROSA
43
UNIT 2. DIAMOND MINING INDUSTRY OF MIRNY REGION.
ALROSA
I. Discuss the following:
1. What is Mirny famous for?
2. What mines are located in Mirny region?
3. What is the biggest mine in Mirny region?
4. Do you know what was the first deposit discovered in the region?
II. Guess the meaning of the following words and word combinations:
Global production, special, popular, a diameter of excavated hole, to be associated with, to start, carat, per year, per ton, to stabilize, to operate, new
techniques, new methods, mineral prospecting, geophysical, geochemical.
III. Read and translate the following text. Fill in the table:
Russia accounts for approximately one-third of global diamond production, most of which is mined in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Mirny
is a small industrial town, which proudly bears the title of the capital of the
diamond province. The richest diamond deposits and the largest diamond
mines are located in the region. They are the source of national wealth and
sustainable development of Yakutia.
Mir Mine
Mir kimberlite pipe is located in Mirny
town. Diamond content of the pipe is high
and the average diamond grade exceeds
3 carats per ton.
The Mir mine started operations as an
opencast mine. At the time of closure it
was 525 metres deep and 1.2 kilometres
in diameter. It is one of the world's largest
opencast mines. The kimberlite pipe was discovered on June 13, 1955 and
45
was operational for 44 years (until June 2001). In the years of operation
$17 billion worth of diamonds, and about 168.7 million cubic metres of
rock mass were removed. In the 1960s the mine was producing 10,000,000
carats (2,000 kg) of diamond per year. The upper layers of the mine (down
to 340 metres) had very high diamond content of 4 carats (0.80 g) per ton
of ore. The yield decreased to about 2 carats (0.40 g) per ton and the production rate slowed to 2,000,000 carats (400 kg) per year near the pit bottom. The construction of underground mine started in 1999. The underground mine Mir was formally opened in August 2009. The estimated life
of the mine is 50 years. This estimate was based on depth exploration drilling down to 1220 metres.
Diamond output in 2012: 1.9 million carats.
The average diamond grade: 3.7 carats per ton.
International mine
Internatsionalnaya (International) kimberlite pipe is located 16 kilometres
southwest of Mirny town. Internatsionalnaya pipe was discovered in 1969.
The International pipe is unique and characterized by larger average crystal
size and higher diamond ore grade as compared to those of other deposits.
This kimberlite body is a subvertical, oval in cross-section ore body, with
known reserves to a depth of 1220 metres. The measurements of the ore
body are 90$55 metres. Diamond extraction at the Internatsionalnaya using
the open-cut method started in 1971. In 1980, the opencast mine reached a
depth of 284 metres and mining was suspended until 2008. Construction of
the underground mine started in the mid-1970s.
Internatsionalny was the first underground mine of ALROSA Group. The
mine uses two shafts. The cage shaft is 6.5 metres in diameter and 1,065
metres deep and is used for hoisting the personnel, cargo, equipment and
feeding fresh air into the mine. The skip shaft is 5.5 metres in diameter and
1,025 metres deep, and is used for hoisting of ore and personnel in emergency situations and feeding backfill into the mine. The shafts were sunk
using unique method with freezing of the subsoil.
In 1999, the start-up complex was commissioned, and the underground
mine formally opened on July 19, 2002. The mine is currently operating at
46