Effect of Short Term Egg Storage Period on Hatching Performance of

Transcription

11
Indian Vet. J., February 2016, 93 (02) : 11 - 13
Diagnostic Efcacy of Uterine Cytobrush Technique for Subclinical Endometritis
in Crossbred Dairy Cattle
J. Singh, M. Honparkhe1, M. Chandra, Ajeet Kumar, S.P.S. Ghuman and S.S. Dhindsa
Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary Science,
Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
(Received : 18-12-2014;
Abstract
A total of 170 repeat breeding crossbred cattle
at spontaneous estrus were examined for the
status of genitalia (through rectal palpation)
and cervico-vaginal discharge. The cows with
clear discharge were further subjected to uterine
cytobrush technique for conrmation subclinical
endometritis i.e. on the basis of presence of ≥ 4
% polymorphnuclear (PMN) cells. The cytobrush
samples from subclinical endometritic cows were
also subjected to microbial assay. The incidence
of subclinical and clinical endometritis was
recorded as 29.4 % (50/170) and 21.7 % (37/170),
respectively. The bacterias were isolated from
all the subclinical endometritic cows (100%)
diagnosed on the basis of % PMN and yielded
signicant (P<0.05) positive correlation (r=1).
In conclusion, cytobrush technique is an efcient
method and can be considered as cow side test
for diagnosis of subclinical endometritis.
Key words: cytobrush, endometritis, repeat
breeding cattle
Diagnosing subclinical endometritis at
the earliest often reduces the chances of rising
complications due to delayed interventions in
affected animals. Routine methods for diagnosing endometritis involve uterine biopsies,
lavage and swabs but these may cause irritation
and distortion of cells. An inconsistent success
following conventional therapies is achieved due
to lack of diagnostic standards (Kasimanickam et
al., 2005). Therefore, most of the recent studies
have been focused on sophisticated diagnosis of
endometrial alterations beyond clinical signs
of endometritis at eld level. A novel approach
for uterine cytological examination is cytobrush
1
Corresponding author : Email : [email protected]
Accepted : 16-02-2015)
technique which is considered consistent and
reliable method in dairy animals (Barlund et
al., 2008 and Honparkhe et al., 2014). Keeping
this in view, the present study was planned to
investigate the efcacy of cytobrush technique
in diagnosing subclinical endometritis in dairy
cattle.
Materials and Methods
A total of 170 repeat breeding crossbred cattle
at spontaneous estrus were examined for the
status of genitalia (through rectal palpation)
and cervico-vaginal mucus (CVM) i.e. clear/
cloudy/thick/turbid. The cytobrush technique
was applied in cows with clear CVM to detect
endometrial cytology for conrmation of subclinical endometritis. The subclinical endometritis
was declared on the basis of clear CVM and ≥
4% polymorphnuclear cells (PMN) whereas
clinical endometritis diagnosed on the basis of
turbid/mucopurulent/cloudy CVM. Procedure of
cytobrush technique and staining
The cytobrush assembly (especially fabricated for bovine contains intrauterine cathter
and a stylette attached with cytobrush; Fig. 1)
was introduced into vagina and then through
the cervix to body of the uterus and then screwed
gently in both directions. Immediately after
removal from reproductive tract, the cytobrush
was smeared on clean glass slide and stained with
modied Geimsa stain (concentrated for 3 min.
and diluted for 30 min.). The slide was observed
under microscope on 40X and oil immersion (for
endometrial cells + PMN cells). The subclinical
endometritis was declared on the basis of clear
CVM and ≥ 4% polymorphnuclear cells (PMN).
The cattle with subclinical endometritis were
subjected to second cytobrush sample for micro-
The Indian Veterinary Journal (February, 2016)
12
Diagnostic Efcacy of Uterine...
Fig 1. Cytobrush assembly containing outer catheter (A), inner stylette (B) and cytobrush (C).
bial assay (Quinn et al., 1999). The relationship
between % PMN cells and microbial assay was
calculated by Pearson’s correlation coefcient
(SPSS 14.0).
Results and Discussion
Based on uterine cytobrush cytology and
characteristics of CVM, 51.2% (87/170) crossbred cattle suffered from endometritis. The
incidence of subclinical and clinical endometritis was recorded as 29.4 % (50/170) and 21.7 %
(37/170), respectively. The cattle with subclinical endometritis had clear CVM whereas, cattle
with clinical endometritis showed turbid/cloudy/
mucopurulent discharges at the time of estrus.
The bacterias were isolated from all the cows
(100%) diagnosed as suffering from subclinical
endometritis on the basis of % PMN and yielded
signicant positive correlation (r=1). There was
prevalence of bacilli (47.94%) followed by E. coli
(24.65%) and Staphylococcus (12.32%) in this
study.
The incidence of subclinical and clinical
endometritis recorded in present study was
within the range of that observed in previous
studies (Lincke et al., 2007; Cheong et al., 2011;
Potter et al., 2010 and Plontzke et al., 2011).
Dubuc et al. (2010) reported that >6% PMNs or
mucopurulent vaginal discharge was the most
appropriate indicator of endometritis in cows
35±3 days in milk whereas, >4% PMNs was the
most appropriate in cows 56±3 days in milk. In
the present study, the cut-off value to declare
subclinical endometritis was considered 4%
as all the cows were of > 90 days postpartum.
The prevalence of bacilli as observed in present
study was in accordance with the ndings of
Fig 2 . Uterine cytology of cattle suffering from subclinical endometritis (A and B). PMN-Polymorphonuclear cells, EC- endometrial cells
Chaudhary et al. (2014). Archanobacterium
pyogenes either alone or in combination with
other bacteria such as the anaerobic Fusobacterium necrophorum and Bacteroides species
and Escherichia coli are usually responsible for
uterine infection in cattle (Sheldon et al., 2004).
In conclusion, cytobrush technique is an efcient
method and can be considered as cow side test
for the diagnosis of subclinical endometritis at
eld level.
Summary
In the present study, the diagnostic efcacy
of uterine cytobrush cytology technique was
proved in cattle suffering from subclinical
endometritis. There was signicant (P<0.05)
positive correlation (r=1) between presence of ≥4
% PMN and bacterial isolates. The tecnique can
be considered as cow side test for the diagnosis
of subclinical endometritis at eld level.
Acknowledgement
The authors are thankful to University Grant
Commission, New Delhi for providing funds
under major research project.
References
Barlund, C. S., Carruthers, T. D., Waldner, C. L. and Palmer,
C. W. (2008) A comparison of diagnostic techniques for postpartum endometritis in dairy cattle. Theriogenology 69: 714723.
Chaudhari, C.F., Dabas, V. S., Kalyani, I. H., Modi, L. C. and
Chaudhari, N. F. (2014) Microbial study and antibiotic spectra
of normal and repeat breeding bovines. In: XXIX Annual Convention of ISSAR on “Frontier Reproductive Biotechnologies
for Enhancing Animal Fertility and Fecundity: Global Perspective”, held at Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Nagpur, Maharashtra, Jan. 8-10, RFF 024, pp 131.
Cheong, S. H., Nydam, D.V., Galvao, K. N., Crosier, B. M. and
J. Singh et al.
Gilbert, R. O. (2011) Cow-level and herd-level risk factors for
subclinical endometritis in lactating Holstein cows J. Dairy Sci.
94:762–770.
Dubuc, J., Dufeld, T. F., Leslie, K. E., Walton, J. S. and LeBlanc, S. J. (2010) Denitions and diagnosis of postpartum
endometritis in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 93: 5225-5233.
Honparkhe, M., Ghuman, S. P. S., Singh, J., Dhindsa, S. S.,
Kumar, A., Chandra, M. and Brar, P. S. (2014) Diagnosing
subclinical endometritis through uterine cytobrush cytology
and its treatment with proteolytic enzymes in buffaloes. In:
XXIX Annual Convention of ISSAR on “Frontier Reproductive
Biotechnologies for Enhancing Animal Fertility and Fecundity:
Global Perspective”, held at Maharashtra Animal and Fishery
Sciences University, Nagpur, Maharashtra, Jan. 8-10, RFF
024, pp 131. RFF 055 pp 147.
Kasimanickam, R., Dufeld, T. F., Foster, R. A., Gartley, C. J.,
Leslie, K. E., Walton, J. S. and Johnson, W. H. (2005) A comparison of cytobrush and uterine lavage techniques to evaluate endometrial cytology in clinically normal postpartum dairy
cows.Canadian Vet. J. 46: 255-259.
13
Lincke, A., Drillich, M. and Heuwieser, W. (2007) Subclinical
endometritis in dairy cattle and its effect on fertility--a review
of recent publications].Berl Munch TierarztlWochensch 120:
245-250.
Plontzke, J., Madoz, L. V., De la Sota, R. L., Heuwieser, W.
and Drillich, M. (2011) Prevalence of clinical endometritis and
its impact on reproductive performance in grazing dairy cattle
in Argentina. Reprod. Domest. Anim. 46: 520-526.
Potter, T. J., Guitian, J., Fishwick, J., Gordon, P. J. and Sheldon, I. M. (2010) Risk factors for clinical endometritis in postpartum dairy cattle. Theriogenology 74: 127-134.
Quinn, P. J., Carter, M. E., Markey, B. and Carter, G. R. (1999)
Bacterial pathogen,microscopy culture and identication. In:
Clinical Veterinary Microbiology. Mosby, New york p 21.
Sheldon, I. M., Bushnell, M., Montgomery, J. and Rycroft, A.
N. (2004) Minimum inhibitory concentration of some antimicrobial drugs against bacteria causing uterine infections in
cattle. Vet. Rec. 155: 383–387.
Effect of Breeding Season on Macro and Microscopic Characteristics of Emu
(Dromaius Novaehollandiae) Semen in Humid Tropical Climate*
University Research Farm, Tamilnadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (TANUVAS), Madhavaram Milk Colony, Chennai-600 051.
(Received : 24-02-2015;
Abstract
A study was conducted for collection and evaluation of emu bird semen. Ten adult male emu
birds aged 3 to 4 years were selected and housed
individually in a 10’ x 50’ pen constructed in
parallel rows at TANUVAS, Tamilnadu, India.
The male birds were selected based on their
readiness in accepting human beings without
fear. All the birds were housed properly under
standard managemental condition. The selected
male emus were trained for semen collection by
non-teaser method. Out of 10 males, only seven
*Ph.D., thesis submitted to TANUVAS, Chennai- 600 051.
1
Accepted : 08-04-2015)
males responded for semen collection. As emu is a
seasonal bird, the raw semen was collected from
individual emu birds in three different breeding
seasons (early, peak and late) and evaluated for
macroscopical and microscopical seminal attributes. The overall mean values for volume, pH,
mass activity, per cent motility, concentration,
per cent live and abnormal spermatozoa were
0.610.02 ml, 7.400.03, 3.360.08, 74.39+0.99,
2.19+0.05 x109per ml, 87.400.67 % and 9.15
±0.33 % respectively. This study ensures the
possibility of semen collection and facilitated
further processing or articial insemination of
semen in early or peak season based on macro-
14
Effect of Breeding Season ...
scopical and microscopical seminal attributes.
Key words: Emu, Semen collection, Evaluation
Emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) is a
ightless, monogamous bird and is the second
largest bird belonging to ratite family. Emu
farming is gaining popularity in many parts of
India for its skin, fat, feathers, meat and eggs to
produce valuable products such as leather and
oil and has a high rate of reproduction (Malecki
et al., 2002; Sales, 2007). In natural mating,
emu farmer has to keep equal number of breeder
male and female, thus rise in cost of production.
Apart from that, emu is a seasonal bird, breed
between September and March months, which
is the most constraint one in breeding. Hence,
this study was conducted to collect the semen in
emu bird by non-teaser method in three different seasons and evaluate the macroscopic and
microscopic semen characteristics to do articial
insemination and further processing,
Ten adult male emu birds aged 3 to 4 years
were selected and housed individually in a 10’
x 50’ pen constructed in parallel rows at emu
unit, University Research Farm, TANUVAS,
Chennai, Tamilnadu, India. The male birds
available to human handling were selected for
semen collection. An Isocaloric and Isonitrogenous standard emu breeder ration was fed to
birds and portable drinking water were made
available ad libitum. All the birds were housed
properly under standard managemental condition. The selected male emus were trained for
semen collection by non-teaser method using
articial cloaca (Malecki & Martin 2005, Rybnik
et al. 2007). As emu breeds between September to March months in tropical climate, the
breeding season was divided into early (August,
September and October), peak (November,
December and January) and late (February and
March).
Immediately after collection, the semen
was kept in a water bath at 20ºC and then it
was evaluated for its macroscopical seminal
attributes on volume and pH and microscopical
attributes on mass activity, per cent motility, concentration, per cent live and abnormal
spermatozoa. The mass activity was evaluated
by placing a drop of freshly ejaculated semen
on a clean grease free glass slide and examined
under low power objective of microscope, without
placing a cover slip. The mass activity of the
semen sample was estimated based on a 0 to 5
scale (Allan and Champion, 1955). The motility
was assessed and expressed as percentage.
The pH of semen sample was analyzed using pH
indicator strips (Qualigens, Glaxo India Ltd.,
Mumbai). The concentration of spermatozoa in
fresh undiluted semen was determined by using
a “NEUBAUER” type hemocytometer and the
nal concentration of spermatozoa expressed as
billions (×109) per ml according to the procedure
of Allen and Champion (loc.cit.). The viability of
spermatozoa was determined by Eosin-Nigrosin
staining procedure (Bakst and Cecil, 1997). The
abnormal spermatozoa were determined by rose
bengal staining method. All the data recorded
in this study were analysed as per Snedecor and
Cochran (1994).
Seasonal variation on macro and
microscopic seminal attributes of emu birds
are presented in Table 1. Highly signicant (P
<0.01) results were obtained in all the parameters except pH. The volume of semen increased
steadily from the beginning of the early to peak
season and then slightly decreased towards late
season. Similar observations were also made
by Malecki and Martin (2000) and Navnath
(2012) in emu who have also observed signicant increase in volume of semen during peak
season. However, the semen volume collected by
Malecki and Martin (loc.cit.) was slightly higher
during peak season than the values recorded in
this study.
Effect of breeding seasons on mass activity and per cent motility of semen observed in
this study was similar to the earlier ndings
of Navnath (loc.cit.) in emu and Walsangkar
(2010) in ostrich, where in the motility of the
spermatozoa steadily increased from early to
peak season. As in volume, a positive observation was found in motility of the spermatozoa
in early and peak seasons. The concentration
of spermatozoa was increased from early to
peak seasons which concurs with Malecki and
Martin (loc.cit.) and Navnath (loc.cit.) in emus.
However, Malecki and Martin (loc.cit.) observed
no difference in concentration of spermatozoa in
peak and late season, but there was slight fall in
concentration at the end of the breeding season.
15
Table I. Pooled semen characteristics of selected emu males as inuenced by different breeding seasons in two consequent
years (Mean ± SE)
Mass
Live
Abnormal
Motility** % Conc. ×109 /ml**
activity**
spermatozoa** spermatozoa**
(n=40)
(n=41)
(0-5) (n=39)
% (n=46)
% (n=33)
Season
Months
Volume **
ml (n=64)
pHNS
(n=40)
Early
Aug, Sep & Oct
0.60ab
±0.42
7.46 ±
0.09
2.72c
±0.16
75.00ab
±1.93
2.47ab
±0.01
89.65a
±0.76
8.51ab
±0.53
Peak
Nov, Dec & Jan
0.67a
±0.33
7.40 ±
0.05
3.60a
±0.12
77.87a
±1.36
2.56a
±0.01
89.34ab
±1.08
8.03a
±0.48
Late
Feb & March
0.57c
7.17 ±
3.07 b
74.14b
2.30bc
82.01c
9.83bc
±0.79
0.04
±0.25
±2.41
±0.02
±1.72
±0.81
Means bearing different superscripts within columns differ signicantly, ** Highly signicant (P<0.01),
A positive trend was found in concentration of
semen in early and peak seasons.
Per cent live spermatozoa observed was
almost similar in early and peak seasons and
it coincided with the earlier ndings of Malecki
and Martin (loc.cit.) in emu and Rybnik et al.
(loc.cit.) in ostrich, but Walsangkar (loc.cit.)
in ostrich and Navnath (loc.cit.) in emu have
noticed a slight increase in livability from early
to peak seasons. The abnormal spermatozoa
count showed a decreasing trend from early to
peak season and increasing towards late season.
Walsangkar (loc.cit.) in ostrich and Navnath
(loc.cit.) in emu have also recorded a decreasing
trend of abnormal spermatozoa from early to
peak seasons, but Malecki and Martin (loc.cit.)
in emu has noticed no difference among breeding seasons.
Summary
The results of this study clearly indicated that
the emu is a seasonal breeder and the seminal
attributes differ among three breeding seasons.
A rise and fall in quality attributes was noticed
from early through peak to late breeding seasons
especially for per cent motility, sperm concentration and live sperm with lowest volume
recorded in late season except mass activity. So,
it is better to collect the semen in early and peak
period for further processing as well as articial
insemination in emu birds.
Acknowledgement
The authors are highly thankful to Tamilandu
Veterinary and Animal Sciences University,
Chennai-600 051 for conduct of this research
programme.
NS
Not signicant.
References
Allan, C. J and Champion, C. H. (1955) Competitive fertilization in the fowl. Poult. Sci. 34: 1332-1342.
Bakst, M.R. and Cecil, H. (1997) Sperm viability, Nigrosin/
Eosin stain for determining live, dead and abnormal sperm
counts. In: Techniques for semen evaluation, semen storage,
and fertility determination. Poult. Sci. Assoc., Inc, Savoy, Illinois.pp:241
Navnath, D. (2012) Collection and evaluation of emu semen.
M.V.Sc thesis submitted to the Tamilnadu Veterinary and
Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India.
Malecki, I.A., Blache, D. and Martin, G.B., (2002) Emu biology
and farming – developing management strategies for a valuable resource. J. Land Management. 1: 20-21.
Malecki, I. A., and Martin, G.B. (2000) Emu farming reproductive technology. A report for the Rural Industries Research
and Development Corporation, RIRDC. Publication no. 00/37,
RIRDC Project No UWA-39A.
Malecki, I. A. and Martin, G.B. (2005) Reproductive technologies for ratite farming. A report for the Rural Industries
Research and Development Corporation RIRDC. Publication
No 05/200, RIRDC Project No UWA-71A/88A.
Rybnik, P.K., Horbanczuk, J.O., Naranowicz, H., Lukaszewicz, E. and Malecki, I.A. (2007) Semen collection in the
ostriches using a dummy or a teaser female. Brit. Poult. Sci.,
48: 635–643.
Sales, J. (2007) The emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae): a
review of its biology and commercial products. Avi. and Poult.
Biol., Reviews, 18:1-20.
Snedecor, G.W. and Cochran, W.G.(1994) Statistical methods
IX edition. Oxford and IBH publishing co., Kolkatta, India.
Walsangkar, M.G. (2010) Collection and evaluation of ostrich
semen. M.V.Sc. thesis submitted to the Tamilnadu Veterinary
and Animal Sciences University, Chennai.
16
Prevalence of Fungal Species in the Antibiotic Resistant Bovine Mastitis in
Chittoor, Andhra Pradesh
N. Vinod Kumar1, A. Karthik, G. Sudheer Babu, L. Lahari and B. Radhika
State Level Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Science, SVVU, Tirupathi 517502, Andhra Pradesh.
(Received : 23-02-2015;
Abstract
The prevalence of fungal species in the bovine
mastitis milk samples showing antibiotic resistance colonies were analyzed in this study. A total
of 60 samples were received for routine microbial
isolation and antibiotic sensitivity testing was
attempted for isolation of fungal species. Out
of 60 milk samples tested 11(18.33%) samples
yielded fungal isolates on Sabourauds Dextrose
Agar(SDA), which were found to be Candida
albicans (72.7%), Aspergillus fumigates (18.1%)
and (9.09%) Apergillus niger. The results of
present investigation revealed that mycotic
agents are found to be responsible for antibiotic
resistant bovine mastitis.
Key words: Mycotic mastitis, Prevalence,
bovine, chittoor.
Mastitis is a widespread inammation of
mammary gland of dairy herd with a signicant
reduction in milk quality and quantity (Arshad
et al., 1998). Bovine mastitis is characterized
by partial damage or complete damage to
udder parenchyma caused by various microbial
organisms like bacteria and fungi. Most of the
bacterial mastitis responds to antibiotic therapy
with suitable antibiotics. Mycotic mastitis will
not respond to antibiotics and leads to a chronic
form which act as source of contamination to the
other healthy animals in the herd while some
mycotic agents use these antibiotics as source
for their energy (Tarfarosh and Purohit 2008).
It is necessary to know about the involvement
of fungal species in the mastitis, which will help
in the proper diagnosis and treatment. Though
there were several reports of fungal mastitis
around the world, very few reports are available
1
Accepted : 04-04-2015)
from India. Therefore the present study was
undertaken to nd out involvement of fungal
species in cases of antibiotic resistant mastitis.
A total of 60 milk suspect samples received
from suspected cases of mastitis from different parts of Chittoor District from January to
December 2014 were subjected to antibiotic
sensitivity (ABST)by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion
method. The ABST revealed different sensitivity patterns. Some samples were unresponsive
to majority of antibiotics used and some cases
were showing resistant colonies in the zone of
inhibition. The results indicating the antibiotic
sensitivity patterns were furnished in table No.I
Attempts were made for further identication
of resistant colonies. The resistant colonies
were inoculated on SDA plates and incubated
for 48hrs and morphological characters were
studied to identify the fungal species by riddle
slide culture test (Moore and Jaciow, 1979).
Isolation of mycotic etiological agents from
clinical and subclinical form of mastitis was
reported by several writers from time to time
from different parts of India (Pachauri et al.,
2013 and Prabath et al., 2014). In the present
study out of 60 mastitis milk samples tested
for ABST 11(18.3%) were found to be positive
for the fungal etiological agents (Table. II).
Prabhath et al (loc. cit) reported 15% prevalence
of the mycotic mastitis. Out of 11 mycotic mastitis cases identied in present study 8 (72.7%)
were found to be positive for candida albicans.
Pachauri et al. (loc. cit) reported 30% and 25%
prevalence of candida albicans in clinical and
N. Vinod Kumar et al.
17
Table I. Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of mastitis milk samples
S. No
Antibiotic Disc (mcg/disc)
No of Samples sensitive
1
Ciprooxacin (5)
24
2
Cholramphenicol (30)
19
3
Amoxycillin (30)
5
5
Enrooxacin (10)
5
6
Gentamicin (10)
2
7
Ceftriaxone (30)
4
8
Pencillin-G (10)
1
Total
60
Table II. Species wise isolation of mycotic agents from milk samples.
S.No.
1
Number of
samples tested
60
Number of samples
Positive for Fungal
species (%)
11
(18.33%)
subclinical mastitis, whereas Prabath et al.
(loc. cit) reported 55.5% prevalence of candida
albicans from mastitis milk samples.
Only 2(18.1%) samples revealed Aspergillus fumigatus which was found to be in similar
lines with reports of Pachauri et al. (loc. cit), who
reported prevalence of 15% and 17.5% prevalence of A.fumigatus in clinical and subclinical
form of mastitis. Prevalence of fungal etiological
agents was reported to be more in subclinical
form of mastitis when compared with clinical form of mastitis (Pachauri et al., loc. cit).
Comparison of prevalence of clinical and sub
clinical mastitis could not be made in the present
study as all samples received were from clinical
mastitis cases. Mycotic mastitis was reported by
several workers with different isolates of fugal
species ( Gaudie et al., 2009, Ranjan et al., 2011
and Zaraoza et al., 2011). A higher percentage
of isolation of fungi from clinical mastitis cases
in the present study revealed that the incidence
of fungal mastitis is increasing. It may be due to
indiscriminate use of antibiotics leading to devel-
Species isolated
Number of
isolates
Percentage (%)
Candida albicans
8
72.7
Aspergillus fumigatus
2
18.1
Aspergillus niger
1
9.09
opment of antibiotic resistance, which prolongs
the course of treatment leading to physiological
changes in udder and milk favoring growth of
fungal species such as Candida and Aspergillus.
There might be other seasonal inuences like
ambient temperature as contributing factors for
involvement of fungi. Further detailed investigations may be needed to reveal exact relation
between bacterial and fungal mastitis in the
region.
Summary
A total of 60 samples were received for routine
microbial isolation and antibiotic sensitivity
testing was attempted for isolation of fungal
species. Out of 60 milk samples tested 11(18.33%)
samples yielded fungal isolates on Sabourauds
Dextrose Agar(SDA), which were found to
be Candida albicans (72.7%), Aspergillus
fumigates (18.1%) and (9.09%) Apergillus niger.
The results of present investigation revealed
that mycotic agents are found to be responsible
for antibiotic resistant bovine mastitis.
18
Prevalence of Fungal Species ...
References
Arshad, M., Qamar, F.K., Afzal, H. and Sidique, M. (1998)
Epidemiological studies of bovine mastitis in district Gujarat.
Proc. Intern. Seminar on Microbial Disease of Livestock and
Poultry, CVS, Lahore, pp: 23.
Gaudie, C.M., Wragg, P.N. and Barber, A.M. (2009) Outbreak
of disease due to Candida krusei in a small dairy herd in the
UK. Veterinary Record, 165: 535-537.
Moore, G.S., and Jaciow, D.M. (1979) Mycology for the Clinical Laboratory. Reston, VA: Prentice-Hall, USA.
Pachauri, S., Varshney, P., Dash, S.K. and Gupta, M.K. (2013)
Involvement of fungal species in bovine mastitis in and around
Mathura, India. Vet World, 6(7):393-395.
Prabath, M.K., Prasad, L.N., kumarami, K., Konwar, K.,
Gohain, M and kerketta, N. (2014) Involvement of Fungal
Species in Bovine Mastitis in and Around Patna, India. Indian
Vet. J., 91(10): 90-92.
Ranjan, R., Gupta, M.K. and Singh, K.K. (2011) Study of
bovine mastitis in different climatic conditions in Jharkhand,
India. Vet World, 4(5): 205-208.
Tarfarosh, M.A. and Purohit, S.K. (2008) Isolation of Candida
spp. from Mastitic cow’s and Milkers. Vet. Scan, 3: 14-18.
Zaragoza, C.S., Olivares, R.A.C., Watty, A.E.D., Moctezuma,
A.D.P and Tanaca, L.V. (2011) Yeasts isolation from bovine
mammary glands under different mastitis status in the Mexican High Plateu. Rev. Iberoam. Micol, 28(2): 79-82.
Effect of Sex on Carcass Yields of Aseel
K.Premavalli1, K.Sangilimadan, P.Kanagaraju, A.Ashok, A.V.Omprakash and M.Babu
Poultry Research Station, TANUVAS, Chennai-600 051.
(Received : 18-02-2015;
Abstract
Twenty Aseel birds comprising of ten male and
female birds each at sixteenth week of age were
utilized to nd out the effect of sex on carcass
yields of Aseel. The carcass yields and per cent
cut up parts were determined. Sex had highly
signicant (P<0.01) effect on pre slaughter live
weight, per cent yield of thigh and wings and
signicant effect (P<0.05) on per cent yield of
back. Male birds had signicantly (P<0.05)
higher pre slaughter live weight (1854.10g)
and per cent yield of back (21.56%) and thigh
(16.45%). Female birds had signicantly
(P<0.05) higher per cent yield of wings (14.55%).
Key words: Aseel, sex, carcass yields,
Among the indigenous poultry breeds,
Aseel birds have special place in Indian culture
and is noted for its pugnacity, high stamina,
majestic gait and ghting qualities. Intensive
rearing of native chicken is being practised by
1
Accepted : 08-04-2015)
the farmers of Tamil Nadu, not only for the
increased consumer preference for consumption
of Aseel chicken meat due to its unique meat
avor and taste but also for its premium price
in market similar to those reared under free
range system. Age, genetic constitution, nutrition, housing system, sex and environmental
conditions have signicant inuence on carcass
composition and meat quality of poultry. Information on carcass characteristics of intensively
reared Aseel is scanty in India. Therefore the
present study was conducted to evaluate the
effect of sex on carcass yields of Aseel.
A total of 50 Aseel birds were maintained in deep
litter system under uniform standard managemental conditions. Twenty Aseel birds comprising of ten male and female each at sixteenth week
of age were subjected for carcass characteristics
studies. The per cent yield of Newyork dressed
weight, eviscerated weight, giblet weight, ready
K.Premavalli et al.
to cook weight, breast, back, thigh, drumstick,
wing and neck were determined. All the data
obtained were analyzed statistically as per
Snedecor and Cochran (1994).
The results of the mean carcass yield of Aseel
as inuenced by sex are presented in the Table
I. The overall mean pre slaughter live weight
was 1516.85±92.87g. Sex had highly signicant
(P<0.01) effect on pre slaughter live weight.
Male Aseel had signicantly higher pre slaughter live weight (1854.10±23.86g) than females
(1179.60±102.82g). Similarly, Halima Hassen
Mogesse, (2007) reported a higher live slaughter
weight of 1517.00 g and 1735.67 g for Guangua
indigenous and RIR commercial male chickens, respectively. The mean pre slaughter live
weight recorded in the present study was higher
than those (1218±19.0g) obtained by Chatterjee
et al. (2007) in 16 weeks old Aseel and Padhi
et al. (2014) who reported that the 16th week
body weight of cross between male parent (PD1)
developed and selected for higher shank length
since last six generation and female parent
(PD4) developed from Aseel was 1234±14g and
1092±13g, respectively for male and female
chickens in eld under free range system. The
nding of this study indicating higher live body
and carcass weights in male chickens are in
19
agreement with those of Bogosavljevic-Boskovic
et al. (2006), Ojedapo et al. (2008), Isidahomen et
al. (2012), Thutwa et al. (2012), Fernandes, et al.
(2013) and Shafey et al. ( 2013).
The overall mean per cent Newyork
dressed weight and eviscerated weight were
87.97±2.04% and 69.02±1.75% respectively.
These parameters did not differ signicantly
(P > 0.05) between different sexes. The absence
of signicant difference in dressing percentage
(carcass yield) of males and females is in agreement with the ndings of Thutwa et al. (loc. cit).
Fernandez, et al. (loc. cit) and Sanka and Mbaga,
(2014). However, Halima Hassen Mogesse, (loc.
cit) reported that the dressing percentage of
the indigenous cocks ranged between 53.33 to
66.67 %, while that of the RIR cocks was 60.00
% and the indigenous hens. Mondal et al. (2007)
recorded that the dressing (%) was maximum in
Aseel × Brown Cornish followed by Rhode Island
Red × Aseel and Kadaknath × Aseel.
The overall mean per cent giblet weight
was 3.84±0.17% and was found to be nonsignicant between sexes. Haunshi et al. (2013)
found that the mean giblet yield was 4.88±0.09%
and 4.06±0.09% at 10th (straight run) and 20th
week of age (male), respectively in Aseel birds.
The overall mean ready to cook weight was
72.86±1.83% and statistically did not differ
Table I. Mean (±S.E.) carcass yields of Aseel as inuenced by sex
Parameters
Pre slaughter live weight** (g)
Sex
Male
Overall mean
Female
1854.10 ±23.86a
1179.60±102.82b
1516.85±92.87
Per cent New York dressed weight NS
90.30±1.23
85.65±3.85
87.97±2.04
Per cent eviscerated carcass weightNS
71.53±0.57
66.51±3.35
69.02±1.75
Per cent giblet weightNS
3.65±0.17
4.03±0.29
3.84±0.17
Dressing percentage
75.18±0.50
70.54±3.57
72.86±1.83
22.66±0.52
23.92±0.64
23.29±0.43
Per cent back weight*
21.56±0.47
a
18.94±0.81
b
20.25±0.55
Per cent thigh weight*
16.45±0.28
a
15.18±0.34
b
15.81±0.26
Per cent drumstick weight*
17.19±0.26
a
16.26±0.74
b
16.72±0.40
Per cent wing weight*
13.12±0.18
b
14.55±0.3
Per cent neck weightNS
7.62±0.28
NS
Per cent breast weight
NS
a
6.74±0.41
Mean values having different superscript in a row differ signicantly
** Highly signicant (P<0.01) * signicant (P<0.05)
13.83±0.24
7.18±0.26
20
Effect of Sex on Carcass ...
between sexes. Haunshi et al. (2013) found that
the mean per cent ready to cook weight was
58.44±0.52% and 66.47±0.68% at 10th and 20th
week of age, respectively in Aseel birds. Similar
reports were also made by Thutwa et al. (loc.
cit).
The overall mean per cent cut up part
yields viz., breast, back, thigh, drumstick,
wing and neck were 23.29±0.43, 20.25±0.55,
15.81±0.26,
16.72±0.40,
13.83±0.24
and
7.18±0.26% respectively. Male birds had signicantly (P<0.05) higher per cent yield of back
(21.56%), thigh (16.45%) and drumstick (17.19%)
than females. Female Aseel had signicantly
(P<0.05) higher per cent yield of wings (14.55%)
than males. Signicant differences between
males and females observed in per cent yield
of thigh weight in this study is in line with the
earlier work of Thutwa et al. (loc. cit) in indigenous normal chicken strain and non-signicant
differences between sexes observed in per cent
yield of breast and neck in the present study are
in agreement with the earlier works of Bogosavljevic-Boskovic et al. (loc. cit), Shafey et al. (loc.
cit) and (except breast weight) Fernandez, et al.
(loc. cit).
Summary
The results of the present study suggested
that the sex had highly signicant (P<0.01)
effect on pre slaughter live weight, per cent
yield of thigh and wings and signicant effect
(P<0.05) on per cent yield of back. Male Aseel
had signicantly (P<0.05) higher pre slaughter
live weight (1854.10g) and per cent yield of back
(21.56%) and thigh (16.45%). Female Aseel had
signicantly (P<0.05) higher per cent yield of
wings (14.55%). Male Aseel can be sold earlier
for meat purpose than female as male birds had
signicantly higher pre slaughter live weight,
per cent yields of thigh and drumstick.
References
Bogosavljevic-Boskovic,S., Kurcubic, V., Petrovic, M.D. and
Radovic, V. (2006) The effect of sex and rearing system on
carcass composition and cut yields of broiler chickens. Czech
J. Anim. Sci., 51(1):31-38.
Chatterjee, R.N., Rai, R.B., Pramanik, S.C., Jai Sunder,
Senani, S. and Kundu, A. (2007) Comparative growth, production, egg and carcass traits of different crosses of Brown
Nicobari with White Leghorn under intensive and extensive
management systems in Andaman, India. Live. Res. Rural
Devel., 19(12):193.
Fernandes Jovanir Ines Muller, Cristiano Bortoluzzi, Gustavo
Eugênio Triques, Americo Fróes Garcez Neto and Daniela
Cristina Peiter (2013) Effect of strain, sex and age on carcass
parameters of broilers, Acta Scientiarum. Anim., 35(1):99105.
Halima Hassen Mogesse, (2007) Phenotypic and genetic
characterization of indigenous chicken populations in northwest ethiopia Ph.D., Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences Department of Animal, Wildlife
and Grassland Sciences University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.
Haunshi, S., Sunitha, R., Shanmugam,M., Padhi, M.K. and
Niranjan, M. (2013) Carcass characteristics and chemical
composition of breast and thigh muscles of native chicken
breeds, Ind. J. Poult.Sci., 48(2):219-222.
Isidahomen C.E., Ilori B.M. and Akano K. (2012) Genetic and
Sex Differences in Carcass Traits of Nigerian Indigenous
Chickens, J Anim Sci Adv 2(7):637-648.
Mondal, A., Patel, M., Kumar, A., Singh, B., Ghosh, A.K. and
Bhardwaj, R.K. (2007) Performance of different crossbred
chickens in intensive system. Ind. J. Poult. Sci., 42:211-214.
Ojedapo, L.O., Akinokun, O., Adedeji, T.A., Olayeni, T.B.,
Ameen, S.A. and Amao, S.R (2008) Effect of strain and sex
on carcass characteristics of three commercial broilers reared
in deep litter system in the derived savanna area of Nigeria.
World J. Agric. Sci., 4(4):487-491.
Padhi, M.K., Chatterjee, R.N. and Rajkumar, U. (2014) A study
on performance of a crossbred chicken developed using both
exotic and indigenous breeds under backyard system of rearing, J.Poult.Sci. and Tech., 2(2):26-29.
Sanka, Y.D. and Mbaga, S.H. (2014) Evaluation of Tanzanian local chicken reared under intensive and semi-intensive
systems: I. Growth performance and carcass characteristics,
Live. Res. Rural Devel., 26(7):127.
Shafey, T.M., Alodan, M.A., Hussein E.O.S. and Al-Batshan
H.A. (2013) The effect of sex on the accuracy of predicting
carcass composition of Ross broiler chickens, J. Anim. Plant
Sci., 23 (4):975-980.
Snedecor, G.W. and Cochran, W.G. (1994) Statistical methods. 8 th ed. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., Calcutta.
Thutwa, K., Nsoso, S.J., Kgwatalala, P.M. and Moreki, J.C.
(2012) Comparative live weight, growth performance, feed
intake, carcass traits and meat quality in two strains of tswana
chickens raised under intensive system in south east district
of Botswana, Int J Appl Poult Res., 1(1): 21-26.
21
Effect of Short Term Egg Storage Period on Hatching Performance of Japanese Quail
K.Premavalli1, D.Thyagarajan, A.Ashok, K.Sangilimadan, R.Rajendran, A.V.Omprakash and M.Babu
(Received : 06-01-2015;
Abstract
A study was conducted to determine the effect
of short term egg storage period on hatching
performance of Japanese quail. A total of 21376
hatching eggs collected from 14-19 weeks old
Japanese quail was stored at 15O-18OC and 75%
RH for 0-7days and incubated. Storage period
had highly signicant (P<0.01) effect on hatching performance of Japanese quail eggs. As the
length of storage increased, the mean per cent
fertility, total and fertile hatchabilities were
decreased and total embryonic mortalities were
increased. Signicantly (P<0.01) better hatching
performance was obtained from Japanese quail
eggs stored for 0-2 days.
Key words: Japanese quail, hatchability, short
term egg storage
Storage of hatching eggs is a necessary
part of commercial incubation. Hatchability is
inuenced by preincubation storage conditions,
e.g., the length of storage, temperature, humidity, gaseous environment, and the orientation
and positional changes of the eggs. Studies
report that long storage periods are detrimental
to table and hatching egg quality and hatchability of incubated eggs (Suksupath and Tanpipat,
1991, Romao et al., 2008), hatchability of fertile
eggs. Studies on the effects of short-term storage
on hatching performance on quail eggs are
scanty. As small improvements in the hatchability of eggs can result in important economic
gains, a study was designed to determine the
effect of short term egg storage period (0-7days)
on hatching performance of Japanese quail.
A study was conducted at the Poultry Research
Station, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal
1
Accepted : 21-02-2015)
Sciences University, Chennai to determine the
effect of short term egg storage period (0-7days)
on hatching performance of Japanese quail. A
total of 21376 hatching eggs comprising of 2651,
2644, 2692, 2682, 2703, 2677, 2667, 2660 eggs
collected from 14-19 weeks old Japanese quail
and stored at 15O-18OC and 75% RH in the
normal broad end up position without turning
for 0,1,2,3,4,5,6 and 7 days respectively. After
7 days of storage, hatching eggs were set in the
setter with a temperature of 99.5oF and relative
humidity of 55% for rst 14 days of incubation.
On 15 th day of incubation, the eggs were transferred to hatcher, in which 98.5oF temperature
and 72 % relative humidity were maintained.
Hatching started on day 17 and was completed
by the end of the 18th day of incubation. Number
of chicks hatched was recorded. Unhatched
eggs were examined for early and late embryonic mortality. From the data, fertility, total
hatchability, fertile hatchability and total
embryonic mortality were calculated. The data
were analyzed statistically as per Snedecor and
Cochran (1994).
The results of the effect of short term egg storage
period (0-7days) on hatching performance of
Japanese quail are presented in Table I.
The overall mean per cent fertility was
78.09±0.14. Statistical analysis revealed that
the short term egg storage period (0-7days) had
signicant (p < 0.01) inuence on fertility of
Japanese quail eggs. The mean per cent fertility was higher from 1-3 days of storage and
decreased thereafter. As the length of storage
increased, the mean per cent fertility decreased.
However, fresh eggs had lower fertility than the
eggs stored for 1-3 days. Similar observations
were also made by Ibrahim Seker et al. (2005)
and Romao et al. (loc cit.).
22
Effect of Short Term Egg ...
The overall mean per cent total hatchability was 53.65±0.57 and short term egg storage
period had highly signicant (p < 0.01) inuence
on total hatchability. The mean per cent total
hatchability was higher for 0-2 days stored eggs
than other storage periods. In general, as the
short term egg storage period increased from 0
to7 days, the total hatchability declined gradually from 58.47±0.27 to 48.01±0.41% with an
average reduction in total hatchability of 1.42%
for addition of every one storage day. These
results were consistent with previous reports of
Pedroso et al. (2006) and Raji et al. (2014). Total
hatchability reported in the present study was
higher than that reported by Petek and Dikman
(2004), Abdel-Azeem and Abdel-Azeem (2009) in
quail eggs.
The overall mean per cent fertile hatchability was 68.68±0.67 and short term egg
storage period had highly signicant (p < 0.01)
inuence on fertile hatchability. The mean per
cent fertile hatchability was higher for 0-2 days
stored eggs than other storage period. In general,
as the length of storage increased from 0 to7
days, the fertile hatchability declined gradually
from 74.66 ±0.31to 62.32±0.28% with an average
reduction in fertile hatchability of 1.75% for
addition of every one storage day. The extension of the storage period resulted in decreased
hatchability values of fertile eggs observed in
this study comply with earlier reports of Suksu-
path and Tanpipat, (loc cit.) Ibrahim Seker et
al. (loc cit.) Lacin et al. (2008) and Raji et al.
(loc cit.). The mean per cent fertile hatchability
of the quail eggs stored for 0-3 days recorded in
this study was higher than the value (42.2%)
reported by Lacin et al. (loc cit.).
The overall mean per cent dead germs,
dead in shell and total embryonic mortalities
were 15.41±0.36, 15.48±0.31, and 30.89±0.59,
respectively. Highly signicant (p < 0.01) differences were observed among different egg storage
periods with regard to per cent dead germs,
dead in shell and total embryonic mortality on
fertile eggs set and fresh eggs had lower per cent
dead germs, dead in shell and total embryonic
mortality than the eggs stored for 1-7 days. As
the length of storage increased from 0 to7 days,
the total embryonic mortality increased from
25.34±0.31 to 37.68±0.28% with an average
of 1.76% for addition of every one storage day.
Lacin et al. (loc cit.) reported that the inuence
of storage length on early embryonic death was
signicant (p<0.01) and the mean early embryonic death rate for storage period 1-3 days was
25.10%. Quail eggs stored for 2 d as short-term
storage period showed lowest mid and late
embryo mortality rate than long-term stored
groups (Abdel-Azeem and Abdel-Azeem, loc cit.).
The extension of the storage period resulted in
increased embryo mortality rate of fertile eggs
observed in this study is in agreement with
Table I. Mean (±S.E.) hatching performance of Japanese quail as inuenced by short term egg storage period
Egg Storage No of Eggs
days
Set
Fertility**
Hatchability%**
Total embryonic
Dead germs** Dead in shell**
On total eggs On fertile eggs
mortality**
set
set
0
2651
78.31b±0.22
13.34 a±0.34
11.99 a±0.15
25.34a±0.31
58.47a±0.27
74.66 a±0.31
1
2644
79.46 a±0.12
12.85 a±0.06
14.23 c±0.18
27.08b±0.14
57.94a±0.14
72.92 a±0.14
2
2692
78.38 a±0.24
13.98 b±0.13
12.85 b±0.08
26.83a±0.18
57.35a±0.29
73.17 a±0.18
3
2682
78.34 a±0.16
13.80 a±0.27
17.32 e±0.12
31.13c±0.38
53.95b±0.27
68.87 b±0.38
4
2703
77.80 b±0.20
14.26 b±0.32
17.21 e±0.29
31.47c±0.50
53.31b±0.31
68.53 b±0.50
5
2677
b
77.62 ±0.34
c
17.47 ±0.21
d
15.92 ±0.32
d
33.39 ±0.17
c
51.70 ±0.24
66.61 c±0.17
6
2667
77.76 b±0.41
17.94 c±0.57
16.25 d±0.32
37.68e±0.28
48.49d±0.68
62.38 d±1.14
7
2660
77.03 c±0.46
19.62 d±0.16
18.06 e±0.21
34.19d±0.73
48.01d±0.41
62.32 d±0.28
Overall
mean
21376
78.09±0.14
15.41±0.36
15.48±0.31
30.89±0.59
53.65±0.57
68.68±0.67
**Mean bearing different superscripts within the columns differ signicantly (P<0.01)
K.Premavalli et al.
earlier reports of Ibrahim Seker et al. (loc cit.)
and Raji et al. (loc cit.).
Summary
The results of the present study suggested
that short term egg storage period (0-7 days)
has highly signicant (P<0.01) inuence on
total hatchability, fertile hatchability and total
embryonic mortality. In general, as the length
of storage increased, the mean per cent fertility,
total and fertile hatchabilities were decreased
and total embryonic mortalities were increased.
Signicantly (P<0.01) better hatching performance was obtained from Japanese quail eggs
stored for 0-2 days.
References
Abdel-Azeem, A. and Abdel-Azeem, F. (2009) Effects of using
different prestorage incubation warming times and storage
periods on hatchability of quail eggs and subsequent growth
of chicks. Egyptian J. Poult. Sci., 29:761-775.
Ibrahim Seker, Selim Kul and Metin Bayraktar (2005) Effects
of storage period and egg weight of Japanese quail eggs on
hatching results, Arch. Tierz., Dummerstorf 48(5): 518-526.
23
Lacin, E., Coban, O. and Sabuncuoglu, N. (2008) Effects of
Egg Storage Material and Storage Period on Hatchability in
Japanese Quail, Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 21(8):1183-1188.
Pedroso, A.A., Cafe, M.B., Leandro, N.S.M., Stringhini, J.H.
and Chaves, L.S. (2006) Embrinary develpment and hatchability of quail eggs stored for different periods and incubated
at different humidity and temperatures levels. R. Bras. Zootec.
35(6):2344-2349.
Petek, M. and Dikmen, S. (2004) The effects of prestorage
incubation of quail breeder eggs on hatchability and subsequent growth performance of progeny. Anim. Res., 53:527534.
Raji, A.O., Mbap, S.T. and Igwebuike, J.U. (2014) Effects of
storage length and external egg quality characteristics on fertility and hatchability of Japanese quail eggs, Int.J.Sci.Nat.,
5(1):37-41.
Romao, J.M., Moraes, T.G.V., Teixeira, R.S.C., Cardoso,
W.M. and Buxade, C.C. (2008) Effect of egg storage length
on hatchability and weight loss in incubation of egg and meat
type Japanese quails, Braz.J.Poult.Sci, 10 (3): 143-147.
Snedecor, G.W. and Cochran, W.G. (1994) Statistical methods. 8 th ed. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., Calcutta.
Suksupath,S. and Tanpipat, S. (1991) Improvement of the
storage methods for Japanese quail eggs before hatching.
Khon Kaen Agriculture Journal. 19(3):156-162.
Production Performance of Broilers Fed with Glucose, Egg Powder and
Whey Powder During Juvenile Period
G. Prabakar, M.Moorthy1, K.Mani and B.Mohan
Department of Poultry Science, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal – 637 002, Tamil Nadu.
(Received : 11-06-2014;
Abstract
The biological trial was conducted by using two
hundred fty six commercial, sex separated,
day-old broiler chicks. These chicks were
randomly grouped into eight treatments with
four replicates of eight chicks each and fed with
basal diet as T1 (Control), T2 (Control + 100g of
glucose/kg), T3 (Control + 100g of egg powder/
kg), T4 (Control + 100g of whey powder/kg), T5
1
Accepted : 23-07-2014)
(Control + 100g of glucose + 100g of egg powder),
T6 (Control + 100g of glucose + 100g of whey
powder), T7 (Control + 100g of egg powder +
100g of whey powder) and T8 (Control + 100g
of glucose + 100g of egg powder + 100g of whey
powder). The experimental feed was formulated
according to the standards prescribed in Bureau
of Indian Standards by including viz. glucose,
egg powder, whey powder and their combinations.
24
Production Performance of Broilers ...
The supplementation of glucose, egg powder,
whey powder and their combination in the diet
of broilers had signicant difference in body
weight (P<0.05) up to six weeks of age, body
weight gain (P<0.05) from four to sixth weeks,
feed consumption (P<0.05) at sixth week of age,
cumulative feed consumption (P<0.01) at fth
and sixth week of age and feed conversion ratio
(P<0.01) at fth and sixth week of age. The
dietary treatments had no signicant effect on
livability.
hatching of chicks to the onset of feeding is a
critical period in the future performance potential of commercial broiler chicks. The residual
yolk is fully utilized by the chicks for nutrition
in the rst couple of days, the onset of pre-starter feeding will only help in the development
of certain organs (small intestine, liver and
pancreas grow two to ve times faster than the
rest of body) which results in the reduction of
edible portion of broiler meat. Hence this experiment was designed by providing the different
easily digestible protein and energy sources
such as glucose, egg powder and whey powder in
the pre-starter diet to evaluate the production
performance of broilers at market age.
Key words: Glucose, egg powder, whey powder,
juvenile period and broilers
First few days after hatch are the most
critical period for the development of gastrointestinal tract and survival of broiler chicks.
During this period, chicks make the metabolic
and physiological transition from egg nutriture
(i.e., yolk) to exogenous feed. The time from
The biological experimental was conducted
at the Poultry Farm Complex, Department
of Poultry Science, Veterinary College and
Table I. Mean (± S.E.) cumulative body weight gain (g), cumulative feed consumption (g/bird), and cumulative feed conversion ratio of broilers from day old to six weeks of age as inuenced by dietary supplementation of glucose, egg powder, whey
powder and their combinations
Cumulative feed
consumption (g/bird)
Body weight gain (g)
Treatment groups
IV week
V week
VI week
VI week
V week
VI week
1044.13 ±
34.70
1566.18 ±
34.00
2138.90 ±
54.70
2576.72
±34.87
3650.38 ±
11.30
1.64 ±
0.01
1.70AB
±0.01
999.61ab±
25.10
1569.05b
±35.50
2133.31B
±45.00
2555.35AB
±47.55
3693.88ABC
±51.27
1.63AB
±0.02
1.72A
±0.02
990.85b
±29.44
1568.48b
±41.40
2135.01B
±54.50
2594.62A
±85.96
3700.03AB
±59.66
1.66A
±0.06
1.72A
±0.07
T4 - Control+100g
Whey powder/kg
1072.00ab
±249
1641.34ab
±36.50
2203.05AB
±51.90
2413.36B
±63.05
3496.45C
±87.58
1.47C
±0.05
1.57BC
±0.06
T5 - Control+100g
Glucose+100g Egg
powder
1014.21ab
±24.10
1562.11b
±35.9
2109.83B
±42.00
2672.22A
±29.42
3803.72A
±54.68
1.71A
±0.03
1.80A
±0.03
T6 - Control+100g
Glucose+100g Whey
powder
1035.34ab
±32.20
1628.40ab
±43.80
2158.53B
±51.70
2543.99AB
±91.11
3648.21ABC
±89.41
1.56ABC
±0.02
1.69AB
±0.03
T7 - Control+100g Egg
powder+100g Whey
powder
1081.33a
±19.0
1721.70a
±25.30
2334.95B
±33.50
2514.16AB
±66.23
3595.31BC
±70.64
1.50BC
±0.07
1.54C
±0.07
T8 - Control+ 100g
Glucose+ 100g Egg
powder + 100g Whey
powder
1022.98ab
±22.00
1597.30b
±32.40
2199.30AB
±45.00
2664.81A
±12.45
3819.31A
±19.45
1.67A
±0.01
1.74A
±0.01
T1 - Control diet
T2 - Control+ 100g
Glucose/kg
T3 - Control+100g Egg
powder/kg
ab
b
B
V week
Cumulative feed
conversion ratio
AB
ABC
Value given in each cell is the mean of eight observations.
a and b
Means within a column with no common superscript differ signicantly (P< 0.05).
A and C
Means within a column with no common superscript differ signicantly (P< 0.01).
AB
G. Prabakar et al.
Research Institute, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu. An
experiment was conducted by using 256 day old
commercial broiler chicks. The experimental
design comprises of randomly grouped into
eight treatments with four replicates of eight
chicks each. All the birds were reared under
standard management practices up to six weeks
of age. The treatment groups consisted of T1
(Control), T2 (Control + 100g of glucose/kg), T3
(Control + 100g of egg powder/kg), T 4(Control
+ 100g of whey powder/kg), T5 (Control + 100g
of glucose + 100g of egg powder), T 6 (Control
+ 100g of glucose + 100g of whey powder), T 7
(Control + 100g of egg powder + 100g of whey
powder), T8 (Control + 100g of glucose + 100g
of egg powder + 100g of whey powder).the body
weight gain, cumulative feed consumption, feed
conversion efciency and livability were calculated. The data were analyzed statistically by
the following standard procedure (Snedecor and
Cochran, 1989).
The results of body weight gain of broilers fed
with glucose, egg powder, whey powder and
their combinations from rst to third week of
age did not differ signicantly among treatment
groups. But the cumulative body weight gain
from fourth to sixth week showed signicant
difference (P<0.05) among the treatment groups.
In this group, T7 recorded signicantly higher
body weight gain (2334.9g) and where as group
T5 recorded lowest body weight gain (2109.8g).
These ndings are in close harmony with
ndings Sharitamadari and Forbes (2005) and
Tabeidian et al. (2011) who reported that broilers fed diet containing 15 per cent egg powder
and 20 per cent glucose syrup had gained higher
body weight which was contrary to this study in
which the same combination (T5) gained lower
body weight.
The results of cumulative feed consumption of broilers fed with glucose, egg powder,
whey powder and their combinations revealed
signicant (P<0.01) difference between treatment groups in fth and sixth week of age. The
mean cumulative feed consumption was signicantly higher in T8 (3819.31g) group and lower
in T4 (3496.45g) group. The other treatment
groups recorded intermediate feed consump-
25
tion (3595.31- 3803.72g). These results are in
agreement with the earlier reports of Torki
and Molanapour (2002), Eldeek et al. (2005),
Kermanshahi and Rostami (2006), Radfer and
Farhoomand (loc. cit) Teixeira et al. (2008), Lei
and Kim (2013).
The results of feed conversion efciency
of broilers fed with glucose, egg powder, whey
powder and their combinations was signicantly
better in T7 group (1.54) when compared to T4
(1.57), T6 (1.69), T1 (1.70), T2 (1.72), T3 (1.72) and
T8 (1.74) groups. However, T5 (1.80) recorded
poor cumulative feed conversion ratio during
the experimental period. These results are in
agreement with the earlier reports of Torki and
Molanapour (loc. cit), Eldeek et al. (loc. cit),
Kermanshahi and Rostami (loc. cit), Radfer and
Farhoomand (loc. cit) Teixeira et al. (loc. cit), Lei
and Kim (loc. cit).
The results of livability percentage of
broilers fed with glucose, egg powder, whey
powder and their combinations showed no
signicant difference between treatment groups
from rst to sixth week of age. This result was
in accordance with the ndings of Iwaski et al.
(1997), Moran (1989) and Zhou et al. (1998)
Summary
A study was undertaken to nd out the performance of broilers fed with glucose, egg powder
and whey powder on body weight gain, Cumulative feed consumption, feed conversion ratio and
livability percentage. Broiler pre-starter diet
supplemented with each 100g of whey powder
either alone or in combination with egg powder
recorded signicantly higher body weight with
better feed conversion ratio than the other
treatment groups and there was no signicant
difference between treatment groups in livability percentage.
References
Eldeek, A.A., Al-Harthi, M.A. and Bamarouf, A.O. (2005)
The use of dried whole processed eggs as a feed additive
to maintain broiler performance. XIth European Symposium
on the Quality of Eggs and Egg Products.
Iwaski, K., Ikawa, R., Oyama, H., Horikawa, H. and Oihi,
R. (1997) Effect of glucose solution as drinking water on
the performance of broilers reared in summer season. Jpn.
Poult. Sci., 34: 394 – 398.
26
Production Performance of Broilers ...
Kermanshahi. H. and Rostami, H. (2006) Inuence of supplemented dried whey on broiler performance and cecal
ora. International Journal of Poultry Science, 6: 538 - 543.
Lei. Y. and Kim, I.H. (2013) Effect of whole egg powder on
growth performance, blood cell counts, nutrient digestibility,
relative organ weights, and meat quality in broilers. Livestock Science, 158: 124 - 128.
Moran, E.T., JR. (1989) Effect of post hatch glucose on
poults fed and fasted during yolk sac depletion Poult. Sci.,
68:1141-1147
Radfar. M. and Farhoomand, P. (2008) The role of probiotic
and source of lactose as feed additives on performance and
gut improvement in broilers. Asian Journal of Animal and
Veterinary Advances, 3(3): 179 - 182.
Shariatmadari, F and Forbes, J.M. (2005) Performance of
broiler chickens given whey in the food and / or drinking
water. British Poultry Science, 46(4): 498 - 505.
Snedecor, G.W. and Cochran W.G., (1989) Statistical methods. 8th Lowa State University Press/ Ames , Lowa - 50010
Tabeidian, S.A., Toghyani, M., Modaresi, M. and Jalalizand,
A. (2011) Effect of fasting or post-hatch diet ’s type on performance of broiler chicks. International Conference on Food
Engineering and Biotechnology, 9: 77 - 81.
Teixeira, E.N.M., Silva, J.H.V., Ribeiro, M.L.G., Costa,
F.G.P., Filho, J.J., Araujo, D.M. (2008) Inclusion of dried egg
powder in pre-initial and growing diets of broiler chicken.
Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 37: 1265 - 1260.
Torki, M. and Molanapour, B. (2002) Effect of dried whey
and probiotic supplementation on growth performance in
broilers, Animal and Poultry Science, pp. 356 - 357.
Zhou, W.T., Fujita, M., Yamamoto, S., Iwaski, K., Ikawa, R.,
Oyama, H. and Horikawa, H. (1998) Effect of glucose in
drinking water on the changes in whole blood viscosity and
plasma osmolality of broiler chickens during high temperature exposure. Poult. Sci., 77: 644 - 647.
Inuence of Organic Manure on Fodder Yield and Carbon Sequestration
Potential of Fodder Maize (Zea Mays L.)
A.Thennarasu1, T. Sivakumar, S. Meenakshi Sundaram, V.M. Sankaran and Thanga Thamil Vanan
Department of Livestock Production and Management, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai-600 007, Tamil Nadu, India.
(Received : 01-10-2014;
Abstract
The present study was under taken to nd
out the effect of different organic manure on
the yield and carbon sequestration potential
of fodder maize. Results revealed that green
fodder yield were signicantly (P<0.01) higher
in improved farmyard manure use (41.93 t/ha)
followed by enriched farmyard manure (41.53
t/ha) and vermicompost (40.77 t/ha). Similarly
carbon sequestration potential was signicantly
higher in improved farmyard manure (4.19 t/
ha) followed by enriched (4.16 t/ha) and vermicompost (4.09 t/ha) manures. It was concluded
*Part of Ph.D thesis submitted by the rst author to Tamilnadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai – 600 051.
1
Accepted : 05-11-2014)
that the application of vermicompost, improved
farmyard manure and enriched manure
increased fodder yield and sequestered higher
carbon from the atmosphere than other treatments, implying the benet for reducing the
impact of carbon, a potential green house gas.
Key words: carbon sequestration, fodder maize,
organic manure
Application of organic manure act as
good source for fodder production as well as
it accumulate higher carbon dioxide from the
atmosphere. The study has been under taken to
nd out the effect of different organic manure
treatment methods like improved farmyard
manure, vermicompost, enriched farmyard
A.Thennarasu et al.
27
manure and the organic manure produced by
conventional farmers practices on the yield and
carbon sequestration potential of fodder maize.
for comparison using IBM® SPSS® 20 for
windows®
Analysis of organic carbon (Table.1) content
in fodder maize revealed that in T2, T5 and
T6 treatments (56.87, 56.77, 56.67 per cent
respectively) had signicantly (P>0.01) higher
organic carbon than T4(52.86 %), T3(52.57 %)
and T1 (48.50 %) treatment groups. The values
of plant organic carbon in fodder maize recorded
in the present study were in concurrence with
the values reported by Ayub et al. (2002). The
higher carbon content observed in treatment T2
was mainly due to the application of vermicompost. This shall be attributed to the enhanced
mineralization of soil nutrients due to higher
microbial population and presence of nutrients
in ionic form in the vermicompost making it a
good source of plant nutrient that encouraged
abundant plant growth, subsequently leading to
accumulation of higher amount of carbon in the
plant. These ndings were in concurrence with
the ndings of Suthar and Singh (2008).
The study was carried out in an organic dairy
farm at Mandapam village, Kancheepuram
district, located at 70 km south of Chennai
city at an altitude of 35.1 m above MSL, with a
latitude of 12°.41’ 08.26’’ N and longitude of 79°
55’ 27.39’’ E. during the year 2013.
The crop studied was fodder maize, Zea
mays L. (var. African Tall) in randomised block
design with four replicates in 4 x 6 m of plot size.
Treatment imposed were T1, as control-without
farmyard manure, T2 as vermicompost, T3 as
inorganic fertilizer, T4 as farmyard manure
–farmers practice, T5 as enriched farmyard
manure, T6 was improved farmyard manure.
Quantity of manure application was calculated based on nitrogen content, equating to N
requirement of the plant.
Fodder maize was harvested at 60th day
to assess the yield and biomass content. The
collected fodder samples were shade dried,
ground in pestle and mortar, ground to pass
through <2 mm mesh and subjected for analysis
of total organic carbon by carbon analyzer. The
carbon sequestration of the plant was calculated
by biomass multiplied by carbon per cent (Negi
et al., 2003). Green fodder yield was recorded
from one square meter area in each plot and
expressed in tonnes/ha, which was again oven
dried to estimate the dry weight. Subsequently,
the results were subjected to One-Way ANOVA
Application of enriched manure (T5)had
high P content which positively contributed
to the biomass yield of maize. Also phosphate
compounds acted as an energy currency in plants
and played an important role in photosynthesis
and the metabolism of carbohydrates (Islam et
al., 2010). Similarly, higher carbon content in
T6 treatment might be due to the higher NPK
content and well decomposed organic matter
that provided readily available nutrients to the
plants which encouraged the plant growth and
Table I. Impact of different manure treatments on organic carbon (%), biomass (t/ha) and carbon sequestration potential (t/ha)
in fodder maize.
Manure
Organic Carbon (%) Green fodder yield (t/ha) Dry matter yield(t/ha) Carbon potential(t/ha)
Control (T1)
48.50a
34.40 a
6.07 a
2.94 a
Vermicompost (T2)
56.87c
40.77 c
7.20 c
4.09 c
Inorganic fertilizer(T3)
52.57b
40.20c
7.10 c
3.70 b
Farmers practice (T4)
52.86 b
37.47 b
6.61 b
3.50 b
Enriched FYM (T5)
56.77 c
41.53 c
7.33 c
4.16 c
Improved FYM (T6)
56.67 c
41.93 c
7.40 c
4.19 c
**
**
**
**
Level of signicance
** Signicant at P < 0.01; Mean bearing small letters in superscript differs signicantly between treatments.
28
Inuence of Organic Manure ...
root biomass.
The green fodder yield were signicantly (P<0.01) higher in improved (41.93 t/ha),
enriched (41.53 t/ha), vermicompost (40.77 t/ha)
and inorganic fertilizer (40.20 t/ha) than other
treatments. This might be due to the higher NPK
content than other treatment groups leading to
increased availability of soil nitrogen and other
macro and micronutrients might have enhanced
meristematic growth and resulted in higher
fodder yield. This was in agreement with the
ndings of Yong et al. (2006) and Kannan et al.
(2006). Carbon Sequestration Potential (CSP) of
fodder maize in improved (4.19 t/ha), enriched
(4.16 t/ha) and vermicompost (4.09 t/ha) treatments was signicantly (P<0.01) higher than
other treatments. This shall be attributed to
the higher biomass yield and carbon content in
different treatments. Similarly Montagu et al.,
(2006) and Walker et al. (2008) reported that the
above ground biomass had a high inuence on
the carbon sequestration potential. Our studies
also suggested that plant organic carbon as well
as the dry matter yield had positive inuence
on CSP individually and complementarily, in
which case the offset in one may be compensated
by the other.
Summary
Application of organic manure acted as a
good source for fodder production as well as
it accumulate higher carbon dioxide from the
atmosphere. Hence the present study revealed
that the application of vermicompost, improved
farmyard manure and enriched farmyard
manure increased fodder maize yield and
sequestered higher carbon from the atmosphere
than other treatments, implying the benet for
reducing the impact of carbon, a potential green
house gas.
References
Ayub, M., Nadeem, M.A., Sharar, M.S. and Mehood, N.
(2002) Response of Maize (Zea mays L.) fodder to different
levels of nitrogen and phosphorus. Asian J. of Plant Sci..1(4)
: 352-354.
Kannan, P., Saravanan, A. and Balaji, T. (2006) Organic farming on tomato yield and quality. Crop Res., 32 (2): 196-200.
Islam, M.R., Rahman, S.M.E., Rahman, M.M., Oh, D.H. and
Ra, C.S. (2010) The effects of biogas slurry on the production
and quality of maize fodder. Turk.J.Agric.For. 34 : 91-99.
Montagu, K.D., Duttmer, K., Barton, C.V.M. and Cowie, A.L.
(2006) Developing general allometric relationships for regional estimates of carbon sequestration- an example using Eucalyptus pilularis from seven contrastinmg sites. Forest Ecology
and Management, 204(1): 115-129.
Negi, J.D.S., Manhas, R.K. and Chauhan, P.S. (2003) Carbon
allocation in different components of some tree species of
India. A new approach for carbon estimation. Current Sci.,
85(11): 101 – 104
Suthar, S and Singh, S. (2008) Vermicomposting of domestic
waste by using two epigeic earthworms (perionyx excavates
and Perionyx sansibaricus). Int. J. of Environ. Sci. and Technol.. 5(1) : 99-106.
Walker, M.B., Faber, A. and Borek, R. (2008) Evaluation of
carbon sequestration in energetic crops (Miscanthus and
Coppice willow). Int.Agrophysics., 22: 185-190.
Yong zhong su, Fang wang, Dong rang suo, Zhi hui zhang,
and Ming wu du, (2006) Long term effect of fertilizer and
manure application on soil-carbon sequestration and soil fertility under the wheat-wheat-maize cropping system in north
west china. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosyst., 75: 285-295.
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29
A Note on Incidence of Coccidiosis in Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)
P.Anbarasi1, G.Ponnudurai, K.Senthilvel, B.Puvarajan and A.Arulmozhi
Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal – 637 002.
(Received : 14-01-2014;
Abstract
An investigation was made to determine the
parasitic infections in Japanese quails (Coturnix
coturnix japonica) maintained in commercial
farms in Namakkal and Coimbatore districts.
In this study 76 faecal samples were collected
from three different farms and processed by
sedimentation and oatation methods. Examination revealed that 12 samples were found to
be positive for mixed infections of Eimeria spp.
Based on the morphometry of the oocyst and time
taken for sporulation time, they were identied
as E. tsunodai , E uzura and E. bateri. In order to
study the pathology of Eimeria spp in Japanese
quails, two Japanese quails were purchased
from affected ock and slaughtered, gross and
histopathological changes were observed.
Key words: Japanese quails, Coccidiosis,
Eimeria spp
Coccidiosis is one of the major parasitic
diseases in various avian species. This parasitic
infection occurs in the intestine, it results in
great economic losses all over the world. Quails
which consider a branch of the modern poultry
industry. However, few published studies were
available on quail diseases. These birds are
raised primarily for production of eggs, meat
and used as laboratory animals similar to rat
and mice. Among the avian diseases, coccidiosis
affects bird development as well as production.
Coccidiosis is very often a hidden disease and
necrotic enteritis or collibacillosis develop as a
secondary infection.
The presence of non specic clinical symptoms or unidentied mild clinical
symptoms prevent the correct diagnosis. In
such cases, asymptomatic conditions may
adopt subclinical and chronic forms (Teixeira
1
Accepted : 13-04-2015)
et al., 2004). Nowadays, quail coccidiosis and
control measures become a major problem in all
countries (Melhorn, 2008).
Several species of Eimeria were reported
from the different species of Japanese quail in
different countries such as Eimeria coturnics
from Coturnics coturnics coturnics, E.tsunodai,
E. uzura and E. bateri from Coturnics coturnics
japonica in India (K.Senthilvel and Madhavan
pillai,1996) and E. tsunodai, E. uzura from
Coturnics coturnics japonica in Japan (Teixeira
et al. (loc.cit)). Other Eimeria species has been
described in the United states (Duszynski, and
Gutievrez, 1981) and in Saudi Arabia (Bashtar
et al., 2010). The present investigation deals
with the prevalence of Eimeria spp infections
in domesticated quails in Namakkal district,
Tamil Nadu.
In this study, 76 fresh faecal samples were
collected from three commercial rearing farms
which are located in Namakkal and Coimbatore
districts. The faecal samples were processed
by sedimentation and oatation techniques
for the presence of oocysts (K.Senthilvel and
Madhavan pillai, (loc.cit). The positive samples
were suspended in 2.5% potassium dichromate
solution and kept at room temperature for
sporulation of oocysts. The species were identied based on the morphometry of oocyst.
To study the pathological lesions caused
by Eimeria spp in Japanese quails, two birds
were purchased from infected farm for laboratory diagnosis. The faecal samples were examined
for the presence of oocysts and the clinical signs
were recorded. The birds were sacriced to
study the gross lesions in the intestine. Tissue
specimens were collected for histopathological study and their sections were stained with
30
Incidence of Coccidiosis ...
Table I. Comparative morphology of Eimeria spp oocyst detected in the Japanese quails
S.No Characters
E.bateri
E.uzura
E.tsunodai
1.
Oocyst shape and size
Broadly ovoid
Oval in shape
spherical in shape
Oocyst size (µm)
22.3x16.76
21.48x18.23
17.23x16.31
a. Mean ± StE
0.40±0.17
1.02±0.26
0.51±0.55
b. Range
19.8-23.4x16.5-19.0
19.4-23.1x17.8- 19.0
14.8-18.4x13.9-17.8
3.
Micropyle
Absent
Absent
Absent
4.
Oocyst residuum
Absent
Absent
Absent
5.
Sporocyst residuum
present
present
present
6.
Steida body
Present
present
present
7.
Sporulation time
20-24 hrs
22-24 hrs
20 -24 hrs
2.
Haematoxylin and Eosin.
Out of the 67 Japanese quails examined during
the study period, 12 samples quails were found
to be positive for Eimeria spp. The oocysts
appeared to be 3 types since they were of three
different shapes namely broadly ovoid, oval or
ellipsoidal and spherical. Three species were
identied in naturally infected birds belonged to
Eimeria tsunodai, E. uzura and E. bateri (Fig1).
For each species 15 numbers of oocysts were
measured. The measurements of each oocyst
were compared with those Eimeria species of
quails (Panda et al.,1988). These species could
be differentiated based on the size by using
ocular micrometer (Table I). Some Eimeria spp
with similar morphology were excluded because
of the differences in the size of the oocyst. The
Fig 1: Faecal sample showing the mixed infections of oocyst
of Eimeria spp
measurement of oocysts which was observed
in this study were similar to ndings of those
described by Teixeira et al. (loc.cit) and Bashtar
et al. (loc.cit).
According to the age, the infection rate of
Eimeria sp was low in adult while it was high in
young quails (less than 10 weeks). This result is
agreement with studies carried out by Mcdougald, et al. (1997). This may be due to development of immunity in grown up quails. Panda et
al. (loc.cit) and Mohammed, (2012) recorded that
the highest rate of mixed infection with three
species of Eimeria during their survey on quail
coccidiosis. The present study concurs their
observations. This result is not in agreement
with the ndings of Neema (2011). Who have
observed differences between mixed infections,
double infections and single infections. This
might be due to many different factors such as
Fig 2: Caeca showing the varying stages of Schozonts (100X
magnication)
P.Anbarasi et al.
farm management practices, contamination of
food and drinking water with oocyst and different anticoccidial programs.
31
there is a need for further research in this study.
References
In this study, quails are found to be
affected by subclinical form of coccidiosis. The
infected quails had diarrhea which disappeared
soon and sometimes blood spots and mucus were
seen in the faeces. A subclinical form of this
disease was conrmed by Teixeira et al. (loc.cit).
Al-Neema, M.S. (2011) Diagnostic study on Eimeriaspecies in
chickens in Al-Hamdania region. (Master’s thesis). College of
VeterinaryMedicine, University of Mosul
Necropsy revealed gross lesions of enteritis, congested intestine and lled with brownish
contents. Microscopical examination of scrapings from intestine and revealed the presence
of oocysts. Macroscopically the caeca dilated
and showed petechial haemaorrhage which may
be due to E. tsunodai. These observations were
similar to the ndings of Mohammad. (loc.cit).
While histopathological lesions characterized
by presence of developmental stages of Eimeria
spp in the intestine (Fig 2). On histopathology reveals that villous erosion degeneration,
desquamation of intestinal epithelium.
Duszynski, D.W. and Gutievrez, R.J. (1981) The coccidia of
quail in the United States. J.Wild. Dis.,17:371 – 379.
Coccidiosis in Japanese quails remains
a signicant problem because coccidian are
resistant to popular antiprotozoal drugs agents.
Chronic diseases have adverse consequences on
production. The ndings of this study will help
diagnosis of coccidiosis in other regions and
Bashtar, A, Abdel-Ghaffar,F, AI-Rasheid, K, Mehlhorn, H. and
AI-Nasr,I. (2010) Light microscopic study on Eimeria species
infecting Japanese quails reared in Saudi Arabian farms. Para
Res., 107:409-416.
Mohammad, N.H. (2012) A study on the pathological and
diagnosis of Eimeria species infection in Japanese quail. Bas
J. Vet. Res.,11: 318–333.
Mcdougald, L.R., Fuller, L. and Mattiello, R. (1997) A survey of
coccidia on 43 poultry farms in Argentina. Avian Dis.,41:923929.
Mehlhorn, H. (2008) Encyclopedia of Parasitology, 3 rd edition, Berlin springer.
Panda, B.K., Dwivedi, S.K., Sah, R.L. and Garg, B.K. (1988)
Incidence and prevalence of different Eimeria infection in Japanese quails in India. Indian J.Vet.Med.,9 (1):42- 44.
Senthilvel, K. and Madhavan Pillai,K. (1996) Coccidiosis
in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) in Thrissur,
Kerala. J. Vet and Anim,Science., 27: 41-43.
Teixeira, M., Teixeira Filho, W.L. and Lopes, C.W.G. (2004)
Coccidiosis in Japanese quails (coturnix japonica): characterization of a naturally occurring infection in a commercial rearing farm. Rev Bras. Cienc. Avic.,6(2): 22 -23.
Indian Veterinary Association (IVA) Corporate and Associate Membership
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associate member of the Indian Veterinary Association.
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Phone : 0141-2760672, Mobile : 09413341683, Email : [email protected]
32
Cytomorphological Study on Blood Cells of Uttara Fowl (Gallus Domesticus)*
Khan Idrees Mohd, Meena Mrigesh1, Ishwar Singh, Balwinder Singh, Niddhi Arora and O.P. Choudhary
Department of Veterinary Anatomy, CVASc, G.B.P.U.A. & T., Pantnagar, U.S. Nagar, Uttrakhand-263145.
(Received : 11-11-2014;
Abstract
The present study was conducted to know the
detailed cellular morphology of the blood cells of
Uttara Fowl (Local Hill fowl of Uttarakhand). The
cellular size of all the blood cells was determined
by iar micrometer. The study revealed that the
erythrocytes and thrombocytes of the bird were
nucleated. The heterophils, eosinophils and
basophils had lobulated nucleus and cytoplasm
laden with granules. The lymphocytes were
subdivided into three types- small, medium and
large as per their size. The monocytes had bean
shaped nucleus with lightly stained cytoplasm.
The thrombocytes were pleomorphic and difcult to distinguish from small lymphocytes.
Key Words: Blood cells, Cytomorphology,
Uttara Fowl.
The indigenous Hill fowl is the back-bone
of the backyard poultry farming in hills. The
Uttara fowl (local hill fowl) is said to be descended from the Red Jungle fowl. Most of the hill
fowls are unique in their adaptation to the agroclimatic conditions of their habitat. These local
hill birds are hardy, resistant against common
poultry diseases, bio-controller of insects, good
foragers and convertors of low quality fodder.
There is a meager information available on the
blood cell morphology of Uttara Fowl. So, the
motive of this study was to characterize the
morphology of blood cells of adult Uttara Fowl
and to see if any adaptive variation is there in
blood cell picture of this fowl.
The blood samples were obtained from ten
*Part of MVSc, Thesis of the rst author submitted to the GBPUA&T,
Pantnagar.
1
Corresponding author: Email: [email protected]
Accepted : 10-03-2015)
apparently healthy adult Uttara Fowl of either
sex (2-3 years old). The blood was collected
aseptically from the wing vein of the bird using
ethylene-diamine-tetra-acetate (E.D.T.A) as
anticoagulant. About twenty air dried thin blood
smears were prepared from each sample. The
blood smears were stained with May Grunwald
Giemsa (MGG) stain (Bover, 1964) and New
Methylene blue (NMB) stain and the stained
smears were evaluated for cellular morphology by light microscopy. The cellular size were
determined using lar micrometer.
The erythrocytes of the Uttara fowl were found
oval to elliptical in shape under light microscope
(Fig. 1-7). Elliptical shaped erythrocytes were
also observed in Muscovy duck (Sulaiman et
al., 2010), ostrich (Bonadiman et al., 2009) and
avian species (Deldar, 1998; Thrall et al., 2004;
Bounous and Stedman, 2000). The mean size of
erythrocytes was 11.20±0.25 µm in length and
6.99±0.14 µm in width. Bounous and Stedman
(loc.cit) reported that mature chicken and
turkey erythrocytes found in peripheral blood
measured approximately 12 × 6 µm in size.
The nucleus was oval or elliptical in shape and
located at the centre of the erythrocyte. The
nucleus contained densely populated clumps
of condensed chromatin material at periphery whereas central zone of the nucleus was
having loosely arranged chromatin material.
The cytoplasm was light pinkish in colour and
stained homogeneously when stained with
MGG stain (Fig. 1-7). Thrall et al. (loc.cit) found
elliptical, centrally positioned nucleus in avian
erythrocytes. Nuclear chromatin was uniformly
clumped and become increasingly condensed
with age. Claver and Quaglia (2009) observed
oval shaped nucleus of avian erythrocytes
Khan Idrees Mohd et al.
33
Fig. 1 : Photomicrograph of blood smear showing erythrocytes and heterophil with spindle shaped granules. May Grunwald Giemsa stain 100 x
Fig. 2 : Photomicrograph of blood smear showing erythrocytes and eosinophil. May Grunwald Giemsa stain 100 x
which becomes more condensed with age. The
cytoplasm generally stained uniformly orangepink with Wright-Giemsa stain, except for a
thin, pale perinuclear band.
laden with uniformly distributed light pinkish
stained cytoplasmic granules. The cytoplasmic
granules were mostly spindle or banana shaped
with few round shaped granules when stained
with MGG stain (Fig. 1). Claver and Quaglia
(loc. cit) also observed eosinophilic, rod-shaped
granules, together with some other rounded
granules in the avian heterophils.
The heterophils were round in shape
(Fig. 1). Their mean diameter was 9.07±0.55
µm. Yadav (2011) also observed that the
heterophils of Kadaknath fowl were round in
shape with mean diameter 10.85±0.25 µm. The
heterophils had eccentrically placed bilobed or
trilobed nucleus. The nuclear lobes were generally connected by a thick chromatin strand. The
lobes of the nucleus were irregularly round to
pear in shape. The cytoplasm of heterophil was
Fig. 3 : Photomicrograph of blood smear showing erythrocytes, basophil and thrombocytes. May Grunwald Giemsa
stain 100x
The eosinophils were generally round
in shape and larger than heterophils (Fig. 2).
Their mean diameter was 9.21±0.60 µm. Gupta
and Singh (2010) observed that guinea fowl
eosinophils were irregularly round in shape
and their mean diameter was 13±0.24 µm. The
Fig. 4 : Photomicrograph of blood smear showing erythrocytes, Small lymphocyte (a) and thrombocyte (b). May Grunwald Giemsa stain 100 x
34
Cytomorphological Study on ...
Fig. 5 : Photomicrograph of blood smear showing erythrocytes, medium lymphocyte (a) and heterophil (b). May Grunwald Giemsa stain 100 x
Fig. 6 : Photomicrograph of blood smear showing erythrocytes, large lymphocyte (a) and thrombocyte (b). May Grunwald Giemsa stain 100 x
nucleus of the eosinophil was bilobed and
placed eccentrically (Fig. 2). The nuclear lobes
were comparatively larger in size and placed
close to each other at an acute angle. Bonadiman et al. (loc. cit) also reported eccentrically
placed, kidney shaped rarely lobulated nucleus
in ostrich. The cytoplasm of eosinophil was
laden with pinkish granules occupying whole
of the cytoplasm except near the nucleus. The
cytoplasmic granules were numerous, rounded
in appearance and strongly eosinophilic when
stained with MGG stain (Fig. 2). Round shaped
eosinophilic granules in the cytoplasm of eosinophils were also reported in ostrich (Bonadiman
et al., loc. cit) and aves (Claver and Quaglia, loc.
cit; Kaufman and Murray, 2008; Thrall et al.,
loc. cit).
Fig. 7 : Photomicrograph of blood smear showing erythrocytes and monocyte. May Grunwald Giemsa stain 100 x
Fig. 8 : Photomicrograph of blood smear showing reticulocyte
with dotted lamentous structures. New methylene blue stain
100 x
The basophils were round in shape (Fig.
3) and were largest in size among granulocytes.
Their mean diameter was 9.38±0.55 µm. The
cytoplasmic granules of the basophil were
distributed throughout the cytoplasm. The
granules were larger in size and round in shape.
The cytoplasmic granules were overlying each
other as well as the nucleus. The basophilic
granules were metachromatically intense purple
red coloured when stained with MGG stain
(Fig. 3). Densely packed, metachromatically
stained basophil granules were also observed
Khan Idrees Mohd et al.
in Kadaknath fowl (Yadav, loc. cit), guinea fowl
(Gupta and Singh, loc. cit), aves (Thrall et al.,
loc. cit) and psittacine birds (Campbell, 2000).
The nucleus of basophil was usually nonlobed,
obscured with basophilic granules (Fig. 3). It
stained darker as compared to the nucleus of
heterophils and eosinophils.
The lymphocytes were round in shape
and depending upon their size they were classied as small, medium and large lymphocytes.
The small, medium and large lymphocytes
were having mean diameter of 5.80±0.12 µm,
7.00±0.22 µm and 10.92±0.20 µm respectively.
Kaufman and Murray (loc. cit) also stated that
avian lymphocytes can be classied into three
groups (small, medium, and large) according to cell size. The small lymphocytes were
irregularly rounded, with a large round shaped
eccentrically placed nucleus occupying almost
whole of the cytoplasm (Fig. 4). The cytoplasm
was scanty in small lymphocytes. The medium
and large lymphocytes had large round shaped
nuclei. The amount of cytoplasm was more in
medium lymphocyte in the form of moderately
wide band (Fig. 5). The large lymphocytes had
comparatively more cytoplasm. The cytoplasm
was surrounding the nucleus in the form of ring
and stained more bluish when stained with MGG
stain (Fig. 6). The amount of cytoplasm varied
from a narrow band surrounding the nucleus in
small lymphocytes to a moderately wide band in
medium and large lymphocytes. The cytoplasm
was homogenous and weakly basophilic. Thrall
et al. (loc. cit) observed slightly indented nucleus
in the avian lymphocytes with homogeneous
and weakly basophilic cytoplasm. Deldar (loc.
cit) reported round nucleus in small lymphocyte
and indented nucleus in large lymphocyte of
birds. The cytoplasm was abundant and stained
homogenously blue.
The monocytes were the largest leucocytes seen in the blood smear of Uttara fowl (Fig.
7). The cells were round in shape with mean
diameter 11.83±0.44 µm. Tadjalli et al. (2013)
and Gupta and Singh (loc. cit) also observed that
monocytes were the largest leucocytes seen in
the blood smear of male adult ostrich and guinea
fowl respectively. The nucleus was usually large,
eccentrically placed, deeply indented kidney or
35
dumbbell shaped (Fig. 7). The cytoplasm was
usually foamy in appearance due to the presence
of vacuolations and stained light bluish in colour
when stained with MGG stain (Fig. 7). Similar
vacuolations, foamy appearance of cytoplasm
and bluish staining with MGG were observed in
monocytes of Kadaknath fowl (Yadav, loc. cit).
Blue-grey cytoplasm with vacuolations in staining was reported in avian monocytes (Kaufman
and Murray, loc. cit; Thrall et al., loc. cit).
Thrombocytes were pleomorphic in shape
but usually round thrombocytes were observed
under light microscope (Fig. 4). The mean
diameter of the thrombocyte was 4.89±0.20 µm.
The thrombocytes were nucleated. The nucleus
was centrally placed, oval in shape with dense
clumped nuclear chromatin (Fig. 3). Tadjalli et al.
(loc. cit) reported spherical or oval shaped thrombocytes in male adult ostrich. The Cytoplasm
of thrombocyte was scanty, light and pale-grey
in colour when stained with MGG stain (Fig.
6). These cells occurred frequently in cluster.
Claver and Quaglia (loc. cit) and Kaufman and
Murray (loc. cit) observed light blue or colourless
cytoplasm of avian thrombocytes. Campbell (loc.
cit) reported colourless to pale grey cytoplasm in
thrombocytes of psittacine birds.
A few round shaped reticulocytes were
observed in the blood smear of Uttara fowl.
The presence of these cells in blood smear may
be adaptive feature for surviving in the hills.
The reticulocytes had a distinct ring of aggregated reticular material that encircles the
nucleus. The reticulofilamentous substances
stained bluish pink when stained with new
methylene blue (NMB) stain (Fig. 8). Similar
to these findings Thrall et al. (loc. cit) and
Deldar (loc. cit) in chicken observed that the
reticulofilamentous substance stained dark
blue in bluish pink cytoplasm of the reticulocytes when stained with new methylene blue
(NMB) stain.
Summary
The erythrocytes of the Uttarafowl were elliptical or oval in shape. The heterophils and eosinophils were rounded in shape with eccentrically
placed lobulated nucleus. The basophils were
largest cells among granulocytes. The lympho-
36
Cytomorphological Study on ...
cytes were small, medium and large, based
on the size. The Monocytes were the largest
leucocytes observed in the blood of Uttara fowl.
Thrombocytes were pleomorphic in appearance
with predominance of round shape cells. A few
round shaped reticulocytes were observed with
reticulo lamentous substances.
References
Bonadiman, S.F., Stratievsky, G.C., Machado, J.A., Albernaz,
A.P., Rabelo, G.R. and DaMatta, R.A. (2009) Leukocyte ultrastructure, hematological and serum biochemical proles of
ostriches (Struthio camelus). Poult. Sci., 88: 2298–2306.
Bounous, D.I. and Stedman, N.L. (2000) Normal Avian Hematology: Chicken and Turkey. In: Schalm’s Veterinary Hematology, 5th Edn (Eds. Feldmen, B. F., Zinkl, J. G. and Jain, N. C.).
Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. pp. 1147-1154.
Bover, G.F. (1964) Atlas of blood cytology, 1st ed., Edicciones
Toray. pp. 5-51.
Campbell, T.W. (2000) Normal hematology of psittacines. In:
Schalm’s Veterinary Hematology, 5th Edn (Eds. Feldmen,
B. F., Zinkl, J. G. and Jain, N. C.). Lippincott Williams and
Wilkins. 1155-1160.
Claver, J.A. and Quaglia, A.I.E. (2009) Comparative morphology, development, and function of blood cells in non-mamma-
lian vertebrates. Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine. 18(2): 87–97.
Deldar, A. (1998) Blood and Bone Marrow. In: Text Book of
Veterinary Histology. 5th Edn ( Eds. Dellmann, D. H. and
Eurell, J.). William and Wilkins. pp. 62-79.
Gupta, V. and Singh, I. (2010) Cytomorphology of the blood
cells in guinea fowl (Numida meleagris). Indian Vet. J., 87(2):
203-204.
Kaufman, G. and Murray, M. (2008) Zoological Medicine:
Avian Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques. Cummings
School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University.
Sulaiman, M.H., Aduta, D.M. and Salami, S.O. (2010) The
comparative study of the blood cellular composition in Muscovy ducks in Nigeria. Intern. J. Poult. Sci., 9(9): 836-841.
Tadjalli, M., Nazi, S., Abbasabadi, B.M. and Majidi, B. (2013)
Histomorphometric study on blood cells in male adult ostrich.
Veterinary Research Forum. 4(3):199-203.
Thrall, M.A., Baker, D.C., Campbell, T.W., Fettman, M.J.,
Lassen, E.D., Rebar, A., Weiser, G. and DeNicola, D. (2004)
Hematology of Birds. Veterinary Hematology and Clinical
Chemistry, Lippincott Williams and Willkins. A Wolters Kluwer
Company, Philadelphia USA, 529-553 pp.
Yadav, G.C. (2011) Light and ultrastructural studies on the
blood cells of kadaknath fowl. M.V.Sc. thesis, G.B.P.U.A&T,
Pantnagar.
Comparative External Egg Quality Characteristics of Nandanam
Chicken-II and Nandanam Chicken-IV Birds
K.Premavalli1, R.Rajendran, K.Sangilimadan, P.Kanagaraju, A.V.Omprakash, D.Thyagarajan and M.Babu
(Received : 11-11-2014;
Abstract
A total of 60 fresh eggs comprising of thirty
eggs each from Nandanam Chicken-II and
Nandanam Chicken-IV birds reared under deep
litter system of management was collected at
40th week of age and studied for its external egg
quality characteristics. The overall mean egg
weight, egg shape index, egg specic gravity and
1
Accepted : 10-03-2015)
egg surface area were 52.98±0.48g, 75.90±0.62,
1.048±0.01 and 65.46±0.41 respectively. Non
signicant (P>0.05) differences were observed
in egg weight, shape index, specic gravity
and egg surface area. It can be concluded that
Nandanam Chicken-II and Nandanam ChickenIV birds had comparable external egg quality
characteristics.
Key words: External egg quality, Nandanam
Chicken-II, IV
K.Premavalli et al.
Egg quality in general denes both internal and external quality of egg. Many reports on
egg quality traits of commercial chicken breeds
(Premavalli and Viswanathan, 2004; Chatterjii
et al., 2006) are available but limited reports on
backyard chickens (Chatterjii et al., 2007; Niranjan et al., 2008). Nandanam Chicken-II, a multi
coloured plumage meat variety and Nandanam Chicken-IV, a multi coloured dual purpose
chicken were developed by Poultry Research
Station, TANUVAS, Chennai. Hence, present
study was designed to compare the external egg
quality characteristics of Nandanam Chicken-II
and Nandanam Chicken-IV birds reared under
intensive system.
The study was conducted at Poultry Research
Station, Chennai, Tamil Nadu to measure
and compare the egg quality characteristics of
Nandanam Chicken-II and Nandanam ChickenIV birds. A total of 60 eggs comprising of thirty
eggs from each variety was collected at 40th week
of age and subjected for external egg quality
characteristics namely egg weight, egg shape
index and egg specic gravity and egg surface
area. All the data obtained were analyzed statistically as per Snedecor and Cochran (1994).
The mean comparative external egg quality
characteristics of Nandanam chicken-II and
Nandanam chicken-IV birds reared under
deep litter system is presented in the table I.
The overall mean egg weight was 52.98±0.48g.
Statistically non signicant (P>0.05) differences
was observed on egg weight between Nandanam
chicken-II and Nandanam chicken-IV birds.
The mean egg weight recorded in this study was
similar to the earlier reports of Chatterjii et al.
(loc.cit) for Nicobari fowl and Shabbir Hussain,
et al. (2013) for chicken eggs collected at market
place and higher than the reports of Niranjan
et al. (loc.cit) in rural varieties (Vanaraja and
Gramapriya) developed for backyard poultry and
Haunshi et al. (2013) in Aseel and Kadaknath.
Non-signicant difference observed on egg
weight in this study might be attributable to the
factors such as similar environment, feed, age
and genetic makeup of the birds studied.
37
The overall mean egg shape index was
75.90±0.62. The genotype had no signicant
(P>0.05) inuence on egg shape index. The
mean egg shape index recorded in this study
was similar to the earlier reports of Haunshi
et al. (loc.cit) in Kadaknath eggs and Shabbir
Hussain et al. (loc.cit) for chicken eggs collected
at market place, higher than the values recorded
by Chatterjii et al. (loc.cit) for IWI (73.77±3.08)
and IWH (72.67±7.56) strains of White Leghorn,
Chatterjee et al. (loc.cit) for Naked neck (74.54)
and higher for some other indigenous poultry
breed of Andaman i.e., black, white and brown
Nicobari fowl than the present study. Non
signicant variations found among different
genotype in respect to shape index in this study
is in accordance with the ndings of Choudhuri
et al. (2014) for different genetic strains viz.
Nicobari, Nishibari and Nicorock reared under
intensive system of management. The higher
overall mean egg shape index values observed in
the study may be attributable to more uniform
shape and size of the eggs.
Specic gravity is an indirect indicator of
egg shell quality. The overall mean egg specic
gravity was 1.048±0.01. Statistically non signicant (P>0.05) differences were observed on egg
specic gravity between Nandanam chicken-II
and Nandanam chicken-IV birds. The mean egg
specic gravity found in this study agree with
the ndings of Musa et al. (2010) who also found
that the egg specic gravity of three local layer
genotypes were insignicant. Tumova and Gous
(2012) reported that the highest specic gravity
was exhibited in the eggs from young laying hens
collected in the afternoon at 20°C (1.128) and the
lowest was from the eggs laid in the afternoon by
old broiler breeders (1.050). Egg specic gravity
is related to the age of the bird, breed/strain,
egg weight, season and largely inuenced by the
proportional amount or thickness of the shell.
Egg specic gravity has a positive correlation
with shell weight, shell thickness and per cent
shell.
The overall mean egg surface area was
65.46±0.41 and did not differ signicantly
(P>0.05) between Nandanam chicken-II and
Nandanam chicken-IV birds. The mean egg
surface area recorded in this study was compa-
38
Comparative External Egg Quality ...
Table I. Mean (±S.E.) external egg quality characteristics of Nandanam Chicken-II and Nandanam Chicken-IV
Egg quality traits
Egg weight
NS
Egg shape index
NS
Egg specic gravity
Egg surface area
NS
NS
Nandanam Chicken-II
Nandanam Chicken-IV
Overall Mean
52.40±0.57
53.55±0.76
52.98±0.48
77.08±0.66
74.72±1.01
75.90±0.62
1.037±0.014
1.060±0.003
1.048±0.01
64.96±0.50
65.96±0.66
65.46±0.41
Mean values having the same superscript in a row do not differ signicantly (p>0.05)
rable with the values recorded by Tumova and
Gous (loc.cit) in the eggs from young laying hens
and lower than the values reported by Alsobayel
and Albadry (2011) for brown (69.08) and white
(72.88) shelled eggs marketed in Riyadh area
and Sekeroglu et al. (2014) for chicken eggs. Egg
surface area is related to the age of the bird, egg
size, season and shell thickness.
Summary
The results of this study revealed that the
genotype exhibited non signicant (P>0.05)
differences on external egg quality characteristics viz. egg weight, egg shape index, egg specic
gravity and egg surface area. It can be concluded
that Nandanam Chicken-II and Nandanam
Chicken-IV birds had comparable external egg
quality characteristics.
References
Alsobayel, A.A. and Albadry, M.A. (2011) Effect of storage
period and strain of layer on internal and external quality characteristics of eggs marketed in Riyadh area, J. of the Saudi
Soc. of Agri. Sci.,10:4-45.
Chatterjii, R.N., Sharma, R.P., Niranjan ,M., Reddy, B.L.N.
and Mishra, A. (2006) Genetic studies on egg quality traits
in different White Leghorn populations. Ind. J. Anim. Genet.
Breeding 27:51-54.
Chatterjii, R.N., Rai, R.B., Kundu, A., Senani, S. and Sundar,
J. (2007) Egg quality traits in indigenous breeds of chicken of
Andaman. Ind. Vet. J. 84:206-208.
Choudhuri, N.C., Paul, G., Kundu, A., Kundu, M. S., Arun
Kumar De and Nagesh Ram (2014) Evaluation of egg quality
traits of endangered Nicobari fowl and its crosses under intensive and backyard system of Andaman and Nicobar Islands,
India, Vet. World,7:693-697.
Haunshi, S., Padhi, M.K., Niranjan,M., Rajkumar,U., Shanmugam, M. and Chatterjee, R.N.(2013) Comparative evaluation of native breeds of chicken for persistency of egg production, egg quality and biochemical traits, Ind. J. of Anim. Sci.,
83(1):59-62.
Musa Sarica, Umut Sami Yamak and Akif Boz, M. (2010)
Changes in egg quality parameters due to age in laying
hens from two commercial and three local layer genotypes.
Tavukçuluk Araştırma Dergisi 9(1):11-17.
Niranjan, M., Sharma, R.P., Rajkumar, U., Chatterjee, R.N.,
Reddy, B.L.N. and Battacharya T.K. (2008) Egg quality traits
in chicken varieties developed for backyard poultry farming in
India. Livestock Res. Rural Dev. 20:131-137.
Premavalli, K. and K.Viswanathan (2004) Inuence of age on
the egg quality characteristics of commercial white Leghorn
chicken. Ind. Vet. J. 81:1243-1247.
Sekeroglu, A., Duman, M., Tahtal, Y., Yıldırım, A. and
Eleroğlu, H. (2014) Effect of cage tier and age on performance, egg quality and stress parameters of laying hens.
South African J. of Anim. Sci., 44 (3):288-297.
Shabbir Hussain, Zulqar Ahmed, Muhammad Noman Khan
and Taseer Ahmed Khan (2013) A study on quality traits of
chicken eggs collected from different areas of karachi. Sarhad
J. Agric., 29(2): 255-259.
Snedecor, G.W. and Cochran, W.G. (1994). Statistical methods. 8 th ed. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., Calcutta.
Tumova, E. and Gous, R.M. (2012) Interaction between oviposition time, age, and environmental temperature and egg
quality traits in laying hens and broiler breeders, Czech J.
Anim. Sci., 57(12):541-549.
39
Subcutaneous Nodular Lesions Associated with Dirolaria repens in Dog
G.K. Sawale1, Yash Savla, D.S. Gavhane and M.L. Gatne
Department of Veterinary Pathology, Bombay Veterinary College, Western Express Highway, NR Mahananda Dairy, Goregaon (E). Mumbai-400 065.
(Received : 15-12-2014;
Abstract
The ndings under this publication reports
on the occurrence of three solitary, rm and
painless nodular growths in four year old male
boxer dog. The average size of each nodule was
6.35 cm in diameter. Upon incision, one nodule
showed an adult worm which was identied as
D. repens. Although, blood smear examination
revealed microlariae; CBC parameters were
within the normal physiological range. Histopathological examination of nodules revealed
marked brosis of the subcutaneous tissue with
sparse inltration of eosinophils and lymphocytes. The dog was successfully treated with
Diroheart-M (Ivermectin and Pyrantel @1 tablet
per day) along with supportive therapy.
Key words: Dog, D. repens, Pathology, Treatment.
Dirolariosis due to Dirolaria repens,
an important re-emerging zoonotic disease
affecting subcutaneous tissue of dog and other
carnivores (Džaja et al., 2008) has been reported
to infect human beings (Megat Abd Rani et al.,
2010) in India. The present paper reports on
the occurrence of D. repen infection in dog in
Mumbai.
Accepted : 15-04-2015)
obtain parafn section of 3 to 5 µm thickness.
The sections were stained by haematoxylin
and eosin (H and E) for histopathological study
(Bancroft and Cook, 1994).
Dog was treated with Diroheart-M
(Ivermectin and Pyrantel) tablet orally on day
one and repeated after one month. Hence, the dog
was given with Cefotaxim (Taxim-O @50mg-/kg
b. wt. bid) and Metronidazole (Flagyl @10mg/kg
b. wt. bid) tablet orally for ve days. Ointment
Mupirocin (T-bact ointment) and Metrogyl-Gel
(Ornidazole) in combination was applied on the
surgical wound. The blood sample collected one
month after the treatment of the dog was found
negative for microlariae.
The blood sample was investigated for
haematological prole. The other two nodules
did not reveal any worm on gross examination.
Clinically, the dog showed nodular growths with
A four year old male boxer dog was presented to
private clinic with three solitary, rm subcutaneous nodular growths on the skin. The growths
were surgically excised by the clinician. The
detailed case history from the clinician was
recorded. Incision on one nodule showed an adult
parasite which was extracted and subjected to
morphometric analysis. The excised growths
were xed in 10 % formalin and processed to
1
Fig.1: Dog-D. Repens-Anterior end of female parasite
40
Subcutaneous Nodular Lesions ...
Fig.2: Dog- Wet smear- Microlariae (100X)
focal alopecia. The growths were noticed since
a month and were rm, movable and painless
to touch, which is in accordance to the observation of Sævik et al. (2014). Owing to absence of
specic clinical signs, the growth was initially
suspected as a tumour. Infection with D. repens
is generally asymptomatic; therefore detection
of the disease is usually accidental (Demiaszkiewicz, 2014). The observations noted in the
study are in agreement with earlier report of
Demiaszkiewicz, (loc cit.).
The average size of nodule containing parasite was 6.35 cm in diameter and the
parasite was identied as D. repens (Fig. 1).
The excision of other two nodules revealed clear
transparent uid without any parasite. Similar
observations was reported by Sævik et al. (loc
cit.) on mixed-breed male dog. Albanese et al.
(2013) had also reported adult worms in the
nodules in 15 out of 16 dogs and microlariae in
the 13 dogs. The number of nodules in each dog
varied from one to six. However, Demiaszkiewicz
(loc cit.) recorded fteen cases of D. repens infection in human, with lone nematode in a nodule
located in different body part.
In the present case, the complete blood
count (CBC) analysis with respect to erythrogram, leukogram, thrombogram as well as
differential leucocyte count were within normal
physiological range, which is in accordance with
Sævik et al. (loc cit.). Blood smear examination
revealed microlaria (Fig. 2) with an average
of one microlaria per ten elds (10 x objective)
is in accordance with Sævik et al. (loc. cit.) who
Fig.3: Dog- Nodule section- consisted of excessive deposition
of brous tissue (100X)
have reported 0 to 11 microlaria per eld (10 x
objective).
In the present investigation, the length
of adult female worm was 13 cm and diameter
of 1 mm. which is in agreement with Fleck et al.
(2009) who stated that an adult worm reach a
length of 5 to 15 cm and a diameter of about 0.5
mm in the denitive host.
Histopathological examination of nodules
revealed marked brosis of the subcutaneous
tissue with sparse inltration of eosinophils and
lymphocytes (Fig. 3). In the present investigation, the nodule showed chronic inammatory
reaction which could be evoked by the D. repens
as the worm was recovered from the nodule.
Similarly, Ratnatunga and Wijesundera (1999)
reported varied microscopic lesions in subcutaneous dirolariasis in human viz. accumulation
of brinoid material to epitheloid granulomatous
reaction accompanied by eosinophils. In the
same study, they reported marked brosis with
calcication of the parasite in one case. Also,
Džaja et al. (loc. cit) recorded chronic inammatory changes in liver, lung and stomach due to
D. repens in dogs.
Summary
Tumours of skin are very common in dogs of
Mumbai region. However, occurrence of subcutaneous nodular lesions due to D. repens should
be considered on differential diagnosis of a
neoplasms/ nodular growths. Since dog infected
clinically or sub clinically with subcutaneous
dirolariosis are the source of infection to associ-
G.K. Sawale et al.
ated human population, timely control of canine
cases is necessary.
References
Albanese, F., Abramo, F., Braglia, C., Caporali, C., Venco, L.,
Vercelli, A., Ghibaudo, G., Leone, F., Carrani, F., Giannelli, A.
and Otranto, D. (2013) Nodular lesions due to infestation by
Dirofilaria repens in dogs from Italy. Vet. Dermatol., 24 (2):
255.
Bancroft, J. D. and Cook, H. C. (1994) Manual of histological
techniques and their diagnostic application. 2nd edition. Edinburg, Churchill Livingstone. pp. 457.
Demiaszkiewicz, A.W. (2014) Dirofilaria repens Railliet et
Henry, 1911– a new parasite acclimatized in Poland. Ann.
Parasitol., 60 (1): 31.
Džaja, P., Beck, A., Kiš, G., Gudan Kurilj, A., Živičnjak, T.,
Artuković, B., Beck, R., Hohšteter, M., Zuckermann Šoštarić,
41
I. C. and Grabarević, Ž. (2008) Dirofilaria repens infection in a
dog in Croatia. Vet. Arhiv., 78: 521.
Fleck, R, Kurz, W., Quade, B., Geginat, G., and Hof, H.
(2009) Human dirolariasis due to Dirofilaria repens mimicking a scrotal tumor. Urology., 73: 209.
Megat Abd Rani, P. A, Irwin, P. J., Gatne M., Coleman, G.
T. and Traub, R. J. (2010) Vector-borne diseases in India: a
review of the literature and identication of existing knowledge
gaps. Parasit. Vectors., 3: 28.
Ratnatunga, N. and Wijesundera, M. de S. (1999) Histopathological diagnosis of subcutaneous Dirofilaria repens infection in humans. Southeast Asian J. trop. Med. Public Health.
30(2):375.
Sævik, B. K., Jörundsson, E., Stachurska-Hagen, T., Tysnes,
K., Brun-Hansen, H., Wikström, H. C. and Robertson, L.
J. (2014) Dirofilaria repens infection in a dog imported to
Norway. Acta. Vet. Scand., 56:6.
Studies on Continuous Infusion of Propofol in Combination with Medetomidine –
Pentazocine and Midazolam – Pentazocine Premedicants in Buffalo Calves*
M. Saibaba1, P. Veena, N. Dhana Lakshmi and K.Veera Bramhaiah
Department of Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Science, SVVU, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh - 517 502.
(Received : 27-01-2015;
Abstract
Twelve buffalo calves of either sex presented to
the clinic with surgical conditions were utilized
to study the effect of continuous intravenous
infusion of propofol after premedication with
medetomidine – pentazocine and midazolam –
pentazocine. Medetomidine @ 2.5 µg/kg b.wt.
– pentazocine @ 0.5 mg/kg b.wt and midazolam
@ 0.25 mg/kg b.wt – pentazocine @ 0.5 mg/
kg b.wt were given intravenously in group I
and group II respectively. Propofol was given
intravenously @ 4 mg/kg b.wt after premedication and maintained by continuous intravenous
infusion of propofol @ 0.4 mg/kg b.wt in 5 % DNS
in both groups. Physiological parameters were
studied at 0, 5,10,15,30 and 60 minutes follow*Part of M.V.Sc. Thesis approved by SVVU, Tirupati
1
Accepted : 04-04-2015)
ing anaesthetic injections. No adverse changes
were recorded in both the groups in the present
study. Hence both anaesthetic drug combinations can be used safely in buffalo calves.
Key words: Continuous infusion, Propofol,
Buffalo calves
Anaesthesia is an integral and indispensable part of operative surgery. Despite the
increasing application of inhalation anesthesia
in clinical veterinary practice, there is a need
for a safe and reliable injectable anaesthetic
for surgical procedures. Total intravenous
anaesthesia refers to the production of general
anaesthesia with injectable drugs only with
an advantage, to provide each component of
anaesthesia with a dose of a specic drug. The
development of new short acting intravenous
42
Continuous Infusion of Propofol ...
anaesthetics with a more suitable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic prole and the
introduction of novel drug delivery systems
have increased the practice of total intravenous
anaesthetic (TIVA) in veterinary practice more
so in bovines.
The present paper reports the changes
in physiological parameters in medetomidine
– pentazocine and midazolam – pentazocine
premedicated buffalo calves with TIVA of propofol.
Buffalo calves of either sex aged between 6-8
months, presented to the college clinic with
various surgical problems were randomly
selected and routine clinical and haematological
examinations were carried out. Among those,
twelve buffalo calves of either sex with surgical
conditions like umbilical hernia (4), urolithiasis
(4) and fractures (4) were selected and divided
into two groups of six animals each.
The animals in group I and group II
received medetomidine @ 2.5 micro grams/
kg b.wt – pentazocine @ 0.5 mg/kg b.wt and
midazolam @ 0.25 mg/kg b.wt – pentazocine @ 0.5
mg/kg b.wt. intravenously respectively. In both
the groups anaesthesia was induced by Propofol
@ 4 mg/kg b.wt. intravenously and maintained
by continuous intravenous infusion of propofol
@ 0.4 mg/kg/min in 5 % dextrose normal saline.
The character of anaesthesia during
induction, surgical plane of anaesthesia and
recovery was assessed. Physiological parameters
like temperature, heart rate and respiratory
rate were recorded before and at 5,10,15,30 and
60 minutes after propofol administration.
The mean values of propofol induction time were
21 ± 0.516 (seconds) and 22 ± 0.408 (seconds)
in group I and group II respectively. Induction
quality was excellent, smooth and attained
recumbency rapidly without struggling in all
animals in both groups.
The mean preanaesthetic rectal temperature values in group I and group II were 99.28°F
± 0.14 and 100.45°F ± 0.32 respectively. There
was a non-signicant decrease in temperature in
both groups till the entire period of observation.
The variation in the temperature between the
groups was signicant (P ≤ 0.05). Decrease in RT
was recorded in both groups during post anaesthetic period i.e. after premedication and induction of anaesthesia. Medetomidine, midazolam
and propofol were known to cause a decrease in
RT by depression of thermoregulatory center,
reduced BMR and muscle activity, depression
of peripheral circulation and vasodilatation
(Weaver and Raptopoulos, 1990), which might
have resulted in hypothermia in this study.
Similar ndings were reported after medetomidine administration in buffalo calves (Singh et
al., 2010 and Malik et al., 2011). Medetomidine
induced CNS depression along with depressed
hypothalamic noradrenergic µ2 receptors might
have led to hypothermia in group I animals as
reported by Singh et al. (loc cit).
The mean preanaesthetic respiratory
rate values in group I and group II were 10.16 ±
0.30 and 10.50 ± 0.22 per minute respectively. A
signicant decrease in RR was observed in both
groups following premedication and induction
of anesthesia. In the present study, respiratory depression was a consistent nding in both
groups, which persisted upto 30 min interval.
Respiratory depression associated with alpha 2
adrenergic agonists might be secondary to the
CNS depression produced by alpha 2 adrenoceptor stimulation or due to direct depression of the
respiratory centers by preanaesthetics (Singh et
al., loc cit). Propofol caused a further decrease in
mean RR by depressing central inspiratory drive
and the ventilatory response to arterial CO2
tension. In the present study, transient apnoea
was observed immediately after propofol induction in both groups (Murison, 2001). Robertson et
al. (1992) opined that the depression of afferent
activity from the carotid body was probably the
underlying cause of respiratory depression and
transitory apnoea. A similar decrease in RR was
reported following medetomidine premedication
in buffaloes (Singh et al., loc cit, Malik et al., loc
cit). This is in contrary with the ndings of Vijay
et al. (2010) who reported increase in RR after
midazolam administration in buffalo calves.
Propofol caused a further decrease in mean RR
in both groups, plausibly by depressing central
inspiratory drive and ventilator response to
M. Saibaba et al.
arterial CO2 response (Khattri et al., 2013).
Whereas Kumar et al. (2011) noticed increase
in RR after propofol administration in buffalo
calves.
The mean pre anaesthetic heart rate
values were 54.00 ± 4.58 and 50.66 ± 1.72 per
minute in group I and group II respectively. A
non-signicant decrease in HR was recorded
after administration of medetomidine and
pentazocine in group I animals. This was due
to central sedative, autonomic and peripheral
vascular effects of medetomidine. Inhibition of
sympathetic tone due to reduction in norepinephrine release from the CNS, vagal activity
in response to alpha 2 agonists induced vasoconstriction and direct increase in the release of
acetylcholine from parasympathetic nerves in
the heart have been reported as the possible
mechanisms by which alpha 2 agonists induced
bradycardia (Singh et al., loc cit). Khattri et al.
(loc cit) reported that pentazocine facilitates the
increase in the parasympathetic tone and there
by contributes to bradycardia (Khattri et al., loc
cit). A non-signicant tachycardia was observed
in animals premedicated with midazolam and
induced with propofol. The increase in HR was
recorded throughout the period of observation.
This correlates with the ndings of Komar et al.
(1992) who observed tachycardia without any
change in cardiac output in dogs with propofol
anaesthesia. Midazolam has been reported to
cause transient hypotension in humans and, as
the baroreex is preserved, the increase in HR
might be a reex response to decreased blood
pressure in humans (Malik et al., loc cit).
It is concluded that both anaesthetic
drug combinations can be used safely in buffa-
43
loes. However, medetomidine - pentazocine
with propofol provided better analgesia with
minimum side effects.
References
Khattri, S., Kinjavdekar, P., Amarpal, Aithal, H.P., Pawde,
A.M., Kumar, R. and Singh, J. (2013) Dexmedetomidine with
butorphanol and propofol for total intravenous anaesthesia in
uraemic buffalo calves. Adv. Ani. Vet. Sci., 1(2S):15-23.
Komar, E., Fau, D., Simanowicz P. and Balicki, I. (1992)
Effects of propofol on haemodynamic parameters in dogs.
Revue–de-Medecina Veterinaire., 143:741-744.
Kumar, V., Singh, S., Kumar, A., Singh, J. and Peshin, P.K.
(2011) Evaluation of propofol as an anaesthetic in buffalo
calves (Bubalus bubalis). Haryana Vet., 50: 15-18.
Malik, V., Kinjavdekar, P., Amarpal, Aithal, H.P. and Pawde,
A.M. (2011) Continuous intravenous infusion anaesthesia
with propofol in medetomidine and midazolam premedicated
buffaloes: a quantitative electrocardiographic and haemato –
biochemical study. Indian J.Vet.Sur., 32 (1): 14-18.
Murison, P. J. (2001) Effects at two injection rates or thiopentone on post intubation apnoea in the dog. J.Sm.Ani.Pract.,
42:71-74.
Robertson, S. A., Johnston, S. and Bemsterboer, J. (1992)
Cardiopulmonary, anaesthetic and post anaesthetic effects
of intravenous infusions of propofol in grey-hounds and non
grey-hounds dogs. Am. J. Vet. Res. 53:1027-1032.
Singh, A. K., Sharma, S.K., Adarsh Kumar, Varshney, A.C.
and Amit Kumar. (2010) Atropine-medetomidine-ketamine for
balanced anaesthesia in neonatal calves: sedative, clinical
and haematological studies. Indian J. Vet. Sur., 31 (2): 113115.
Vijay, N., Ashok Kumar, Jit Singh, Sukhbir Singh. and Peshin,
P. K. (2010) Evaluation of acepromazine, diazepam and midazolam as sedatives in buffalo calves. Indian J. Vet. Res.,
19(2): 22-36.
Weaver, B. M. Q. and Raptopoulos, D. (1990) Induction of
anaesthesia in dogs and cats with propofol. Veterinary Record
126: 617-620.
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44
Effect of Feeding Black Pepper Powder on Growth Performance of
Broiler Chicks (Piper Nigrum)
G. Choudhary1, B. Bais, and C.S. Dhaka
Department of Livestock Production & Management, College of Veterinary & Animal Science,
Rajasthan University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Bikaner-334003, India.
(Received : 24-12-2014;
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of supplementation of phytogenic growth promoters for broiler
chicks. A total of 90 broiler chicks were distributed into two treatment groups each having 45
chicks: control group T1 without any supplementation and T2 group was supplemented with
black pepper powder @ 300 g/ton of feed. The
trial was conducted with three replicates of 15
chicks in each group. The average body weights,
weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion
efciency and feed conversion ratio were found
to be signicantly higher in T2 group in all the
weeks.
Key words: Broiler, black pepper powder,
growth performance
Black pepper was found to be rich in
glutathione peroxidase and glucose-6-phosphate
dehydrogenase, it has been shown that piperine
can dramatically increase absorption of selenium, Vit.B complex, β-carotene and curcumin
as well as other nutrients (Khalaf et al, 2008).
Piperine enhances the thermogenesis of lipids
and accelerates energy metabolism in the body
(Malini et al, 1999). The objective of this study
was to evaluate the effect of feeding black pepper
powder on performance of broilers.
The present study was conducted at the Poultry
Farm, College of Veterinary and Animal
Science, Bikaner, a period of 6 weeks to study
the effect of feeding black pepper powder (Piper
nigrum) in diets on the performance of broilers.
Ninety broiler chicks divided into two groups
of 45 chicks each with three replicates in each
1
Accepted : 01-04-2015)
group of 15 chicks. While the control group (T1)
treated without supplementation, T2 group was
supplemented with 300 gm black pepper powder
per ton of feed. Each replicate of 15 chicks were
reared in separate, clean and disinfected oor
pens allotted randomly. A photoperiod of 24
hours duration was provided throughout the
experimental period. All the chicks were reared
under almost identical standard managemental
practices during the entire course of study. The
detailed composition of the broiler ration (both
starter and nisher) used for feeding the chicks
is presented in Table I.
Body weights (g) of the chicks were
recorded on the third day of their procurement
and thereafter regularly at weekly interval up
to six weeks of age. The weekly weight gain, feed
consumption and feed conversion ratio were
calculated.
The analysis of variance revealed that there
was a highly signicant effect (P < 0.01) of treatment i.e. black pepper powder (Piper nigrum)
supplementation on the average weekly body
weight of broiler chicks, at I, II, III, IV, V and VI
weeks (Table II). These results are in line with
Hosseini (2011), Myandoab and Mansoub (2011)
and Al-Kassie et al (2012), who also reported
improvement in body weight with addition of
phytogenic growth promoter like black pepper
powder in broiler diets.
The effect of feed supplementation of
black pepper powder (Piper nigrum) on cumulative weight gain (week I-VI) was found to be
signicant (P≤0.05) (Table III). This might be
possible due to digestibility properties of black
pepper powder. Srinivasan (2007) reported that
G. Choudhary et al.
45
Table I. Composition of basal ration fed to chicks
Ingredient
Starter Ration (Parts per 100)
Finisher Ration (Parts per 100)
Maize
40
52
Wheat bran
10
8
Rice polish
Ground nut cake
8
30
6
26
Fish meal
10
6
Mineral mixture
2
2
100
100
(%) CP
23.1046
20.1532
Energy(Kcal/kg)
2905.56
3120.02
Total
Calculated Composition
supplementation of phytogenic growth promoters like black pepper enhances the digestive
capacity, protect against oxidative damage and
increased absorption through intestinal brush
border. Likewise, Akbarian et al. (2012) showed
that using black pepper powder supplementation in their diet had signicant effects on
weight gain.
The analysis of variance for feed consumption revealed that the effect of supplementation
of black pepper powder (Piper nigrum) on feed
consumption at some weeks was found to be
non signicant, but cumulative feed intake (I-VI
weeks) was found to be signicant (P≤0.05). The
supplementation of piperine in broiler diet leads
to increased absorption surface in the duodenum
and the ileum leads to increased weight gain
and feed conversion rate (Cardoso et al. 2012).
Hernandez et al (2004) had reported improved
digestibility of the feeds for broilers supplemented with phytogenic growth promoters like
black pepper powder.
The effect of black pepper powder (Piper
nigrum) on feed conversion ratio was found to be
highly signicant (P < 0.01) at the starter phase
(I-III weeks) except I and III week, nisher stage
(week IV-VI) except at IV week and overall (I-VI
weeks). The benet can be attributed to better
utilization of nutrients through better assimilation and absorption improving gut environment. These results of best/lowest and highest
FCR can be clearly correlated, wherein overall
weight gain was highest in T2 group and lowest
in control group T1. Better feed conversion ratio
may be attributed to the antibacterial, antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties of the
supplement, which resulted in better absorption
of the nutrients present in the gut and nely
leading to improvement in feed conversion ratio
of the rations. The results are in accordance with
Moorthy et al. (2009) who reported improvement
in feed conversion ratio on supplementation of
Table II. Means with respective standard errors for body weights (g) at different weeks
Treatment
T1
T2
Age in weeks
0
43.95
I
a
170.77
+1.07
+1.88
45.70
188.85
a
+1.02
+2.38
II
a
405.61
III
a
+4.77
b
449.93
+8.37
759.97
IV
a
+8.37
b
828.70
+6.67
V
1161.61
a
+8.73
b
1250.50
1532.7
+11.63
b
+9.03
Mean values in each column having same superscript do not differ signicantly (P≤0.05)
VI
a
1720.22
+15.68
1982.68a
+20.81
b
2238.42b
+16.26
46
Effect of Feeding Black Pepper ...
Table III. Means with respective standard errors for body weight gain (g) at different weeks
Treatment
T1
T2
Age in weeks
0-I
126.82
I-II
a
+1.09
143.15
+2.36
234.84
II-III
a
+1.93
b
261.08
+8.67
b
III-IV
IV-V
V-VI
0-VI
354.36
a
401.64
371.09
449.98
1938.73a
+4.94
+10.33
+8.33
+9.93
+20.68
378.77
421.80
469.72
518.20
2192.72b
+7.31
+8.52
+11.14
+16.63
+16.09
a
b
b
a
b
a
b
Mean values in each column having same superscript do not differ signicantly (P≤0.05)
such phytogenic growth promoters like black
pepper powder in broiler diet.
Summary
In present experiment, attempt has been made
to study the effect of supplementation of black
pepper in diets on performance of broiler. The
experiment was carried out for 6 weeks. Black
pepper powder was supplemented @ 300 gram
per ton of feed. The average body weights,
weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion
efciency and feed conversion ratio were found to
be signicantly higher in broilers supplemented
with black pepper powder.
References
Akbarian, A.; Abolghasem, G.; Hassan, K.; Gilani, A. and
Moradi, S. (2012) Inuence of Turmeric Rhizome and Black
Pepper on Blood Constituents and Performance of Broiler
Chickens. Afr.J. Biotechnol. 11: 8606-8611.
Al-Kassie, G.A.M.; Butris, G.Y. and Ajeena, S.J. (2012) The
Potency of Feed Supplemented Mixture of Hot Red Pepper
and Black Pepper on the Performance and some haematological blood traits in broiler diet. Int. J. Adv. Biol. Res. 2: 53-57.
Cardoso, V.D.S.; Lima, C.A.R.D.; Lima, M.E.F.D.; Dorneles,
L.E.G. and Danelli, M.D.G.M. (2012) Piperine as a Phytogenic
Additive in Broiler Diets. Pesq. Agropec. Bras. Brasilia. 47:
489-496.
Hernandez, F.; Madrid, J.; Garcia, V.; Orengo, J. and Megias,
M.D. (2004) Inuence of Two Plant Extracts on Broilers Performance, Digestibility and Digestive Organ Size. Poult. Sci.
83: 169-174.
Hosseini, N.M. (2011) Comparison of using different level of
black pepper with probiotic on performance and serum composition of broiler chickens. J. Basic Appli. Sci. Res. 1: 24252428.
Khalaf, N.A.; Shakya, A.K.; Al-Othman, A.; El-Agbar, Z. and
Farah, H. (2008) Antioxidant activity of some common plants.
Turk. J.Biol. 32: 51-55.
Malini, T.; Arunakaran, J.; Aruldhas, M.M. and Govindarajulu, P. (1999) Effects of piperine on the lipid composition and
enzymes of the pyruvate-malate cycle in the testis of the rat
in-vivo. Biochem. Mol. Biol. Int. 47: 537-45.
Moorthy, M.; Ravi, S.; Ravikumar, M.; Viswanathan, K. and
Edwin, S.C. (2009) Ginger, Pepper and Curry Leaf Powder
as Feed Additives in Broiler Diet. Int. J. Poult. Sci. 8: 779-782.
Myandoab, M.P. and Mansoub, M.H. (2011) Black Pepper
Improve Performance, Characteristics and effect on some
blood parameters of Japanese Quails. Annals. Biol. Res. 2:
389-393.
Srinivasan, K. (2007) Black Pepper and its Pungent PrinciplePiperine: A Review of Diverse Physiological Effects. Crit Rev
Food Sci.Nutr. 47: 735-748.
47
Genetic Parameters of a Population of Sambalpuri Buffaloes of Odisha
S.Sahu, G.D.Nayak and D.K.Karna1
Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, OUAT, Bhubaneswar751003.
(Received : 07-02-2015;
Abstract
Data on 198 adult (67 male, 131 female) of
Sambalpuri buffaloes, breed of Odisha were
measured for the body weight, conformation
production traits and reproduction traits and
data were subjected to least squares analysis
with sex and location as xed effects and sire
as random effect. The heritability estimates
of conformation traits ranged from 0.06±0.03
for head length to 0.45±0.28. The genetic and
phenotypic correlations among the body length,
wether height and hear girth were estimated to
be high whereas the genetic correlations of body
weight with all the conformation traits were
moderate to high except with tail length where it
was negative and low. The heritability estimates
of age at rst calving and calving interval were
0.48±0.03 and 0.43±0.31 respectively but the
heritability estimates of average daily milk
yield, lactation length, dry period and lactation
yield were beyond the parameter space.
Key words: Sambalpuri buffaloes, heritability,
genetic parameters
Growth rate, conformation traits and
economic traits vary substantially in different
buffalo population and the studies on the genetic
components of the variability in the traits of
production and the reproduction are of great
importance as they serve as selection tools in
the genetic improvement of the stock. Sambalpuri buffalo is one of the lesser known breed of
Odisha state, with a population of 1.06 millions
(19th Livestock census, India). The present
study was undertaken to estimate the genetic
parameters of the economic traits of Sambalpuri
buffaloes.
1
Corresponding author: Email: [email protected]
Accepted : 27-04-2015)
Data were collected as per a modied questionnaire of FAO (2012) from animals breed by
natural service. Eleven villages in three blocks
were identied for data collection. A total of 198
( 67 males and 131 females) buffaloes produced
from eleven sires, aged from two to ve years,
were measured for weight and morphometric
traits viz. body length, heart girth, height at
withers, paunch girth, head length, horn length
and tail length. Body length (point of shoulder to
point of pin bone), heart girth, height at withers,
paunch girth, head length, horn length and tail
length were measured with the help of a measuring tape. Body weight was calculated using the
Shaeffer’s formula, L*G2 / 300 where, L and G
were length and girth in inches and body weight
in pounds. Later weights were converted to
kilogram multiplying with an appropriate factor
and the morphometric traits were reported in
cm. The recorded production and reproduction
traits were age at rst calving, calving interval,
gestation period, daily milk yield, lactation
length, dry period and lactation yield.
The localities and sex were taken as xed
effects and sire was taken as random effect for
the analysis of conformation traits using least
squares analysis (Harvey, 1990) where as for
the analysis of sex limited traits locality was
the only xed effects. Heritability, genetic and
phenotypic correlations among the traits along
with their standard errors were calculated by
half sib correlation method from sire component
of variance as per Becker, (1984).
The heritability of adult body weight and each
conformation trait with their standard error
are presented in table I. High heritability value
for paunch girth, tail length (>0.40) and low
heritability value for head length (0.06±0.11)
48
Genetic Parameters of a Population ...
Table I. Heritability, genetic and phenotypic correlations among conformation traits of adult Sambalpuri buffaloes.
Sl No Traits
Body weight Body length Heart girth Height at withers Paunch girth Head length Horn length Tail length
1
Body weight
0.21±0.18
0.96±0.03
0.98±0.01
0.89±0.11
0.78±0.24
0.22±0.19
0.50±0.45
-0.18±0.15
2
Body length
0.98±0.07
0.23±0.19
0.95±0.04
0.94±0.07
0.86±0.17
0.004±0.90
0.38±0.49
-0.13±0.15
3
Heart girth
0.99±0.02
0.97±0.09
0.22±0.19
0.93±0.07
0.84±0.18
0.25±0.34
0.52±0.43
-0.22±0.25
4
Height at withers
0.95±0.23
0.95±0.89
0.97±0.14
0.19±0.17
0.89±0.17
-0.27±0.89
0.57±0.43
-0.15±0.09
5
Paunch girth
0.73±0.48
0.74±0.34
0.74±0.37
0.73±0.34
0.40±0.26
0.64±0.72
0.08±0.51
-0.09±0.50
6
Head length
0.9±0.33
0.37±0.39
0.38±0.22
0.35±0.29
0.24±0.06
0.06±0.03
-0.25±0.18
-0.19±0.18
7
Horn length
0.32±0.28
0.26±0.32
0.36±0.28
0.36±0.31
0.12±0.14
0.08±0.09
0.39±0.26
0.06±0.50
8
Tail length
0.03±0.02
0.05±0.03
0.02±0.01
0.04±0.01
0.01±0.03
-0.04±0.03
-0.08±0.06
0.45±0.28
Estimates along the diagonal are heritability values; Estimates above the diagonal are genetic correlations and Estimates below the diagonal
are phenotypic correlations
Table II. Heritability, genetic and phenotypic correlations among production and reproduction traits of adult Sambalpuri buffaloes.
Sl.No
Traits
Age at rst
calving
Calving
interval
Average daily
milk yield
Lactation
length
Dry period
Lactation
yield
1
Age at rst calving
0.48±0.33
0.32±0.10
0.85±0.21
0.98±0.25
0.82±0.24
0.81±0.24
2
Calving interval
0.12±0.10
0.43±0.31
0.87±0.23
0.81±0.31
0.89±0.14
0.92±0.22
3
Average daily milk yield
0.23±0.22
0.11±0.01
1.59±0.67
1.00±0.18
1.01±0.03
1.00±0.00
4
Lactation length
0.21±0.12
0.12±0.08
0.73±0.36
1.08±0.50
0.98±0.21
1.01±0.16
5
Dry period
0.23±0.28
0.64±0.29
0.61±0.06
0.82±0.43
1.25±0.53
1.03±0.44
6
Lactation yield
0.20±0.17
0.07±0.05
0.96±0.06
0.56±0.33
0.47±0.38
1.41±0.55
Estimates along the diagonal are heritability values; Estimates above the diagonal are genetic correlations and Estimates below the diagonal
are phenotypic correlations.
were observed while, all the rest had a medium
heritability value (around 0.2). Body weight,
body length, heart girth, height at withers and
paunch girth are positively correlated genetically with high values (>0.70), whereas, head
length and horn length are positively related
genetically with all others and posses a medium
value (0.2 to 0.5). However, tail length is
negatively correlated genetically with all other
traits taking a low value (around 0.1). A similar
trend is also found in phenotypic correlations
among conformation traits.
All production and reproduction traits
carry very high heritability values (table II).
Also, the genetic correlations among them are
very high (>0.8) and positive. But, the lactation
length carries a negative and high genetic correlation with all other production and reproduction
traits. A similar trend is also evident with respect
to lactation length phenotypically. However the
other production reproduction traits are poorly
correlated but, in a positive way (table II). From
table III it is clear that production reproduction
traits are negatively correlated genetically with
conformation traits but, with a low value. Age at
rst calving and lactation length is negatively
related both phenotypically and genetically with
all other conformation traits. Phenotypic correlations of calving interval with conformation
traits are very low and positive.
Heritability estimates of adult body
weight of Sambalpuri buffaloes reported here
is lower than the heritability estimates of adult
body weight of Chilka buffaloes, another buffalo
breed of Odisha (Patro et al. 2003). The heritability estimates for all conformation traits are
either high or medium. These are in close agreement with that of Dash (2002) in kalahandi
buffaloes which is a draught breed. However
lower h2 values were found in Murrah buffaloes
for these traits as suggested by Jawarkar and
Johar (1975). But, ndings of jawarkar and
Johar were in a different place, time and herd.
Heritability values differ from herd to herd and
S.Sahu et al.
49
Table III. Genetic and phenotypic correlations between important conformation, production and reproduction traits of adult Sambalpuri buffaloes.
Sl No Traits
Body weight
Body length
0.99±0.01
Heart girth
Age at rst calving Calving interval
1
Body weight
2
Body length
0.99±0.01
3
Heart girth
0.01±0.01
0.97±0.04
4
Age at rst calving
-0.09±0.03
-0.09±0.07
-0.07±0.04
5
Calving interval
0.06±0.05
0.10±0.09
0.05±0.03
0.12±0.11
6
Lactation length
-0.01±0.03
-0.04±0.05
-0.02±0.06
-0.21±0.50
Lactation length
0.99±0.01
-0.48±0.43
-0.12±0.15
-0.03±0.03
0.97±0.02
-0.42±0.45
-0.02±0.02
-0.09±0.07
-0.37±0.33
-0.15±0.18
-0.08±0.06
0.32±0.23
-0.98±0.25
-0.81±0.31
-0.12±0.63
Estimates along the diagonal are heritability values, Estimates above the diagonal are genetic correlations and Estimates below the diagonal
are phenotypic correlations
at time of calculations (Falconer, 1981). Again,
the usual h2 values for conformation traits are
medium to high according to age of the animals
(Rendel,1991). The h2 values for production and
reproduction traits of Sambalpuri buffaloes also
are higher than that of dairy breeds like Murrah
and Nili-Ravi buffaloes as they are not exposed
to selection for improvement. Lower h2 estimates
of 0.09±0.12 in Murrah buffaloes for age at rst
calving at NDRI, karnal (Saha and Sadana,
2000), 0.003±0.01 for age at rst calving in NiliRavi buffaloes (Thevamanoharan et al., 2002),
0.14±0.07 for calving interval in Murrah of Brazil
(Seno et al., 2010) were examples showing effects
of genetic selection. However, the Sambalpuri
buffalo population posses almost same value to
that of kalahandi buffaloes with respect to age at
rst calving and calving interval (Dash, loc cit.).
Usually the fertility traits are low in organised
farms because of articial and natural selection (Rendel, loc cit.). Selection causes reduced
variance and covariance and hence the low
heritability (Falconer, loc cit.). But, the animals
for present study are taken randomly and there
is no articial selection. Hence, the values of h 2
might be more as variance is also more. High h2
value in milk production may be due to other
environmental inuences in addition to genetic
effects. Therefore, any selection programme
involving the said traits studied above can
produce a desirable improvement in Sambalpuri
buffalo population.
Genetic correlation of adult body weight
is positive and high with body length, heart girth,
paunch girth and horn length. Incidentally, the
genetic correlation between body weight and
head length is medium whereas, tail length has
a low but negative correlation with body weight.
Body weight is a measure of both skeletal and
muscle developments. It seems reasonable to
assume that, certain genes have a stimulating
effect on skeletal growth and also muscle development. Heart girth and paunch girth is indicative of muscle development whereas, body length
signies skeletal development. The phenotypic
correlation between the above said traits have a
similar value like genetic correlation. Of course,
as per Rendel, loc cit. there is a positive genetic
and phenotypic association between skeletal
development and milk production. Age at rst
calving has a high genetic correlation with daily
milk yield, dry period and lactation yield. On
the contrary, age at rst calving have a medium
genetic correlation with calving interval. The
present ndings agree with the report by Yadav
et al.( 2007). Similarly, calving interval shows a
positive genetic and phenotypic correlation with
all other production reproduction traits except
lactation length with which it is negative. This
is in agreement with the ndings of Jain and
Tailor (1994). The association between average
daily milk yield and dry period, average daily
milk yield and lactation yield is high and
positive. Average daily milk yield is negatively
associated with lactation length. The reports
of Singh et al. (2011) also support the present
result. Body weight shows negative genetic and
phenotypic correlations with age at rst calving,
calving interval, and lactation length and this
supports the ndings of Dash loc cit. in Kalahandi buffaloes. However, more data and more
research are needed to conrm these ndings.
50
Genetic Parameters of a Population ...
Summary
A half-sib model was used to estimate the
heritability and genetic correlations of the adult
weight, body conformation traits, production
and reproduction traits of Sambalpuri buffaloes.
High heritability value for paunch girth, tail
length (>0.40) and low heritability value for
head length (0.06±0.11) were observed while,
all the rest had a medium heritability value (
around 0.2). All production and reproduction
traits had high heritability values (>0.4). Body
weight, body length, heart girth, height at
withers and paunch girth had high and positive
genetic correlations (>0.70) with one another.
Head length and horn length had medium (0.2
to 0.5) and positive genetic correlation with all
others traits. The genetic correlations among
production and reproduction traits were very
high (>0.8) and positive.
References
Becker, W.A. (1984) Manual of quantitative genetics.3 rd edition. Washington State University, pp 99-110
Dash, S.K.(2002) Studies on Kalahandi buffaloes in Orissa.
M.V.Sc thesis submitted to Orissa University of agriculture
and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
Falconer, D.S. (1981) Introduction to quantitative genetics. 2nd
editions. Longman group limited, London, pp 148-149
FAO. (2012) http:// www. Faostat.org. Accessed 4 th April,
2014.
Harvey, W. R.(1990) User’ s guide for LSLMW and MIXMDL
PC version Mixed Model Least-Squares and Maximum Likelihood Computer Program. The Ohio State University.
Jain, L.S. and Taylor, S.P. (1994) Inheritance of reproduction
traits in Surti buffaloes. Ind. Vet. J., 71(7): 684:688.
Jawarkar, K.V and Johar, K.S. (1975) A study on some of the
body measurements on Murrah buffaloes. Indian J. of Dairy
Sci., 28 (1):54-56.
Patro, B.N., Mishra, P.K. and Rao, P.K. (2003) Chilika buffaloes in Orissa : a unique germplasm. Animal Genetic
Resources Info.. FAO, Rome, Italy. 33 : 73-79.
Rendel, J. (1991) Lecture notes on Animal Breeding and
Genetics. Part-III. Swedish University of Agriculturural Sciences, Uppsala, pp 17-18
Saha, S. and Sadana, D.K. (2000) Effect of genetic and nongenetic factors on reproductive traits in Murrah buffaloes.
Indian J. of Anim. Hlth. 39 (1): 41-42.
Seno,L.O., Cardoso, V.L., El Faro, Sesana, R.C., Apsilcueta-Borquis, R.R., camargo,de. G.M.F and Tonhati, H. (2010)
Genetic parameters for milk yield, age at rst calving and
interval between rst and second calving in milk Murrah buffaloes. Livest. Res. Rural Dev. 22(2).
Singh, T.P., Singh, R., Singh, G., Das, K.S. and Deb, S.M.
(2011) Performance of production traits in Nili-Ravi buffaloes.
Indian J. of Anim. Sci., 81(12): 1231-1238.
Theva manoharan, K., Vandepitte, W., Mohiuddin, G. and
Javed, K.(2002) Animal model heritability estimates for various production and reproduction traits of Nili-Ravi buffaloes.
Pak. J. Agri. Sci. 39(1):50-55.
Yadav, B.S., Yadav, M.C., Singh, A. And Khan, F.H. (2007)
Study of economic traits in Murrah buffaloes. Buffalo bull.,
26(1):10-14.
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51
Antibiotic Sensitivity Pattern of Avibacterium Paragallinarum from Infectious
Coryza in Andhra Pradesh
T.M. Nabeel Mohammad, B. Sreedevi1 and B. Shobhamani
Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Science, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh- 517502.
(Received : 24-09-2014;
Abstract
Infectious coryza is a respiratory disease of
chicken primarily affecting upper respiratory
tracts. Six outbreaks of infectious coryza were
investigated from Andhra Pradesh. Three of
them were in commercial chicken, two from
native Aseel chicken and one from emu. Out
of total 74 infra orbital sinus swabs tested, 27
(36.4%) gave isolates of Avibacterium paragallinarum. All the 27 isolates obtained in the
cultural examination were tested for antibiotic
sensitivity with 14 different antibiotics which is
commonly used in poultry industry. The isolates
showed varying sensitivity to antibiotics used
in the test with maximum sensitivity towards
Doxycycline (92.5%), Chloramphenicol (85.1%)
and Gentamicin (81.4%).
Key words: Avibacterium paragallinarum,
Antibiotic sensitivity
Infectious Coryza is an acute respiratory
disease of chickens primarily affecting upper
respiratory tract including the involvement
of nasal passages, infra orbital and paranasal
sinuses caused by bacterium Avibacterium
paragallinarum. Avibacterium paragallinarum
shows wide variation in antibiotic sensitivity
pattern and it varies according to the time of
study and the geographical area under study.
Hence, study of antibiotic sensitivity patterns
help in selection of appropriate antibiotic and
prevent indiscriminate usage of antibiotics and
development of antibiotic resistance.
A total of 74 infra orbital sinus swabs were
collected from six different suspected outbreaks
of infectious coryza from Guntur, Krishna,
West Godavari and Chittoor districts of Andhra
1
Accepted : 09-03-2015)
Pradesh. Samples consisted of swabs from three
commercial poultry farms, two backyard ocks
of Aseel chicken and from an emu farm which
were showing acute upper respiratory tract
infection with facial oedema and infra orbital
sinus swelling. The sample collection was
performed according to Blackall and Yamamoto
(1998). Swabs were collected aseptically and
soaked in 30 % Glycerol-Phosphate Buffered
saline (G-PBS) as per Chen et al. (1998). The
samples were transported as soon as possible to
the laboratory in ice pack.
Blood agar and chocolate agar were
used for cultural examination of the samples
as described by Hirsh and Biberstein (2004).
On blood agar, Staphylococcus aureus was
cross streaked as a feeder culture for providing
NAD which is essential for the growth of the
Avibacterium paragallinarum. The plates were
incubated at 37°C for 36 to 48 hours in candle
jar.
The antibiogram patterns of the samples
tested were studied by using standard antibiotic discs (Himedia) of Ampicillin (10 mcg),
Chloramphenicol (30 mcg), Ciprooxacin (5
mcg), Doxycycline (30 mcg), Enrooxacin (5
mcg), Erythromycin (15 mcg), Gentamicin (10
mcg), Levooxacin (5 mcg), Neomycin (30 mcg),
Oxytetracycline (30 mcg), Peoxacin (5 mcg),
Sulfamethoxazole (300 mcg), Co-trimoxazole (25
mcg), Streptomycin (10 mcg). All these antibiotics were included in the list of most commonly
used antibiotics in poultry industry identied
by Hofacre (2006). Antibiotic sensitivity test
was performed as per Poernomo et al. (2000) in
Mueller Hinton agar.
During the present study, six suspected
outbreaks of infectious coryza were investigated
52
Antibiotic Sensitivity Pattern ...
from Andhra Pradesh which included outbreaks
in commercial poultry, native Aseel chicken and
emu. The birds were showing signs of acute
upper respiratory tract infections like coughing, sneezing, nasal discharge, facial oedema,
oedema of comb and wattles, lacrimation and
conjunctivitis. Anorexia and prominent infra
orbital sinus swelling were observed. Post
mortem examination revealed inammation
of upper respiratory tract and sinuses, copious
amount of mucus in infra orbital and paranasal
sinuses. Facial oedema and swelling of combs
and wattles were evident in all the cases. Inspissated pus and pneumonia were observed in
chronic cases. Airsacculitis and thickening of
airsacs was observed in emu and broilers.
The infra orbital sinus swabs from 74
birds showing acute symptoms were collected
aseptically, soaked in 30% Glycerol-PBS and
transported to the laboratory with ice packing.
The blood agar plates inoculated with suspected
samples were incubated at 37°C in a candle jar
for 36-48 hours. Multiple colonies of different
sizes and morphology were observed all along
the line of streaking. Avibacterium paragallinarum colonies mixed with other colonies were
identied by their typical tiny dew drop like, non
haemolytic, mucoid or rough colony morphology
with a diameter of 2-3mm on blood agar adjacent
to the staphylococcus colony which was cross
streaked. The smears made from suspected
colonies were found to have gram negative short
rods. After cultural examination of 74 Infra
orbital sinus swabs, 27 samples showed (36.5%)
colonies similar to Avibacterium paragallinarum and were used for antibiotic sensitivity test.
All the 27 samples gave positive result in PCR
test for Avibacterium paragallinarum (details of
PCR not included in this article).
The ABST results showed the variation
in the sensitivity by the isolates for the antibiotics used. The results showed that isolates have
higher sensitivity to Doxycycline (90%), Chloramphenicol (85.1%) and Gentamicin (81.4%).
Potentiated sulpha drug (Co-trimoxazole)
showed better efcacy (74.1%) than the sulpha
drug alone (Sulphamethoxazole, 63%). The
antibiotics Peoxacin (66.6%), Ciprooxacin
(66.6%), Oxytetracycline (63%), Sulfamethoxazole (63%), Erythromycin and Streptomycin
(59.3% each) were showing medium level of
sensitivity. Neomycin (44.5%), Enrooxacin
and Levooxacin (37.1% each) showed a lower
level of sensitivity and Ampicillin showed 100%
resistance to all the isolates (Table I).
Even though Ciprooxacin has been
widely used in poultry industry the reports from
Andhra Pradesh and its neighbouring states
indicate that Ciprooxacin is still a sensitive
Table I. The results of Antibiotic sensitivity test for Avibacterium paragallinarum cultures
Antibiotic
Number of isolates tested
Number of isolates sensitive
Sensitivity (%)
Ampicillin
Chloramphenicol
27
27
0
23
0
85.1
Ciprooxacin
27
18
66.6
Doxycycline
27
25
92.5
Enrooxacin
27
10
37.1
Erythromycin
27
16
59.2
Gentamicin
27
22
81.4
Levooxacin
27
10
37.1
Neomycin
27
10
44.4
Oxytetracycline
27
17
63
Peoxacin
27
18
66.6
Sulphamethoxazole
27
17
63
Co-trimoxazole
27
20
74.1
Streptomycin
27
16
59.3
T.M. Nabeel Mohammad et al.
drug (65-100%) for the treatment of infectious
Coryza (Kurkure et al., 2001). Gentamicin
was another drug that showed better results
but, poor gut absorption is a major drawback
of Gentamicin used for treatment purpose in
poultry disease (Hofacre, loc cit).
The two drugs that are generally advised
for the treatment of infectious Coryza (Blackall and Soriano, 2005) are Erythromycin and
Oxytetracycline. The isolates in the present
study were showing only moderate sensitivity
towards Erythromycin (59.3%) and Oxytetracycline (63%) on evaluation. Different reports on
antibiotic sensitivity of Avibacterium paragallinarum isolates from various parts of India
including the present study (Prasad et al., 1999;
Kurkure et al., loc cit) and from other parts of
the world (Reece and Coloe, 1985; Takagi et al.,
1991; Poernomo et al., loc cit) point towards
the diversity showed by Avibacterium paragallinarum isolates in antibiotic sensitivity. The
reports of existence of drug resistant strains to
Streptomycin, Sulphamethoxazole, Kanamycin,
Neomycin, Tetracycline and Ampicillin in both
the plasmids and chromosomes of Avibacterium
paragallinarum (Hsu et al., 2007; Byarugaba et
al., 2011) points towards importance of performing antibiotic sensitivity test before the treatment for infectious coryza.
Summary
In the present study, three infectious coryza
outbreaks were investigated in commercial
poultry, two from Aseel chicken and one from
emu. After cultural examination of 74 Infra
orbital sinus swabs, 27 samples showed (36.5%)
colonies similar to Avibacterium paragallinarum. All the isolates obtained in cultural
examination of the eld samples were tested
for antibiotic sensitivity. The results indicated
that isolates showed higher sensitivity to
Doxycycline (92.5%), Chloramphenicol (85.1%)
and Gentamicin (81.4%). All the isolates showed
100% resistance to Ampicillin. Careful and
controlled usage of antibiotics as prophylactics
and feed additives along with performance of
antibiotic sensitivity test before treatment can
prevent the spread of antibiotic resistance up to
certain level.
53
Acknowledgement
We would like to acknowledge the help offered
by Dr.S.S. Prasad, Deputy General Manager,
Srinivasa Hatcheries Private Limited, Vijayawada for successful completion of this study.
References
Blackall, P.J. and Soriano, V.E. (2005) Infectious coryza and
related bacterial infections. In: Saif Y M (Ed.) Diseases of
poultry. Iowa state university press: 789-803.
Blackall, P.J. and Yamamoto, R. (1998) Infectious coryza. In
Swayne D E (ed.) A Laboratory Manual for the Isolation and
Identication of Avian Pathogens 4th ed. American Association
of Avian Pathologists, Philadelphia: 29-34.
Byarugaba, D.K., Minga, U.M., Gwakisa, P.S., Katunguka,
R.E., Bisgaard, M., Christensen, H. and Olsen, J.E. (2011)
Demonstration of antibiotic resistance genes strA, blaTEM,
tetA, tetC and sul2 in Avibacterium paragallinarum. African J.
Microbiol. Res., 22: 3624-3627.
Chen, X., Song, C., Gong, Y. and Blackall, P.J. (1998) Further
studies on the use of a polymerase chain reaction test for the
diagnosis of infectious coryza. Avian Pathol., 27: 618-624.
Hirsh, D.C. and Biberstein, E.L. (2004) Pasteurellaceae: Haemophilus and Histophilus. In: Hirsh D C, Maclachlan N J and
Walker R L (Eds.) Veterinary Microbiology, 2nd Ed. Blackwell
publishing: 95-99.
Hofacre, C.L. (2006) Antimicrobial drug use in poultry. In:
Gigure S, Presscot J F, Baggot J D, Walker R D and Dowling P M (Eds.) Antimicrobial therapy in veterinary medicine.
Blackwell publishing: 545-553.
Hsu, Y.M., Sheih, H.K., Chen, W.H., Sun, T.Y. and Shiang,
J.H. (2007) Antimicrobial susceptibility, plasmid proles and
hemocin activities of Avibacterium paragallinarum strains.
Vet. Microbiol., 124: 209-218.
Kurkure, N.V., Bhandarkar, A.G., Ganokar, A.G. and Kalorey,
D.R. (2001) A report on occurrence of infectious coryza in a
commercial layer farm of Vidharbha. Ind. J. Comp. Micro.,
Imm. and Infec. Dise. 22: 176
Poernomo, S., Sutarma, R.M. and Blackall, P.J. (2000) Characterization of isolates of Haemophilus paragallinarum from
Indonesia. Australian Vet. J., 78:759-762.
Prasad, V., Murthy, K.K. and Murthy, P.R. (1999) Antibiotic
sensitivity studies on Haemophilus paragallinarum isolated
from chickens. Ind. Vet. J., 76:253-254.
Reece, R.L. and Coloe, P.J. (1985) The resistance to antimicrobial agents of bacterial isolated from pathological conditions of birds in Victoria, 1978 to 1983. Australian Vet. J.,
62:379-381.
Takagi, M., Takahashi, T., Hirayama, N., Istiananingsi, Mariana, S., Zarkasie, K., Ogata, M. And Ohta, S. (1991) Survey
of infectious coryza of chickens in Indonesia. J. Vet. Med.
Sci., 53:637-642.
54
Efcacy of FAMACHA© Eye Colour Chart in the Assessment of Parasitic Load and
Anaemia in Goats of Humid Tropics
Marykutty Thomas1 and K. Syamala
Livestock Research Station, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Thiruvazhamkunnu, Palakkad, Kerala-678 601.
(Received : 21-11-2014;
Abstract
The efcacy of FAMACHA© eye colour chart in
the assessment of parasitic load and anaemia
was evaluated in anAttapady Black goat herd
during April to September of 2013. Each of the
study animals was subjected to blood collection,
faecal egg count and a complete clinical examination, with particular attention to FAMACHA©.
The correlation between FAMACHA©scores and
faecal egg counts were signicant (P<0.01 or
P<0.05) and positive. FAMACHA©and haematocrit were negatively correlated signicantly
(P<0.05). FAMACHA©score was found to be a
reasonably good indicator of parasitism and
anaemia in goats of humid tropics.
Key words: FAMACHA©score, Faecal egg
count, Goat
Helminthiasis and mounting anthelmintic resistance poses severe impediments to the
goat production in the humid tropics (Kaplanet
al, 2004; Kenyon et al, 2009; Leasketal, 2013).
FAMACHA© system, a visual assessment of the
ocular mucus membrane, classies goats and
sheep into ve categories ranging from normal
red, through pink to practically white in severe
anaemia by comparing with a laminated colour
chart (Kaplan etalloc cit.).The development
and successful use of FAMACHA© system of
clinical evaluation of anaemia associated with
haemonchosis has facilitated the adoption
of targeted selective treatment(TST) that is
regarded as an alternate approach to slow down
anthelmintic resistance in ruminants ( Kaplan
etal., loc cit.; Van Wykeetal, 2006; Kenyon etal.,
loc cit.; Leasketal, loc cit.). The objective of
this current study was to evaluate the efcacy
1
Accepted : 22-04-2015)
of FAMACHA©eyechart in the assessment of
parasitic load and anaemia in goats reared
under the humid tropical climate of Kerala.
The study was conducted in Attappady black
goats (n=69) maintained in an ex-situ conservation unit at Livestock research Station of Kerala
Veterinary and Animal Sciences University at
Thiruvazhamkunnu, Palakkad. Palakkad has
a humid tropical climate with a temperature
ranging from 23.20 C to 32.40 C.
Each of the goats was subjected to
periodic hematology, faecal egg count (FEC)
and complete clinical examination with particular attention of FAMACHA© score from April
to September of 2013. Based on the colour,
conjunctiva was classied into ve categories
according to the FAMACHA©eyecolour chart, 1
= red, non-anaemic; 2 = red-pink, non-anaemic;
3 = pink, mildly anaemic; 4 = pink-white,
anaemic; 5 = white, severely anaemic. FEC
were performed using a modied McMaster’s
technique with a sensitivity of 50 eggs /g of
faeces.Spearman correlation coefcients were
calculated to examine the relationship between
eye scores, Packed Cell Volume (PCV), and FEC.
The distribution of goats as recorded by
FAMACHA© category in different months is
shown in Fig. 1. FAMACHA© score of 3 was
observed in the highest frequency in all months
of study. While the FAMACHA© score of 1 is
recorded only in June (4.16%), FAMACHA©
score of 5 was detected as low as 3.9% and 1.92%
in the months of August and September of 2013
respectively.
Marykutty Thomas and K. Syamala
55
Table I. Mean ±Standard deviation of faecal egg count (FEC) and packed cell volume (PCV) in goats of
humid tropics in different months
Apr-13
Jun-13
Aug-13
Sep-13
FEC
1207.5±1249.5
502.08±424.64
103.85±111.28
35.71±59.46
PCV
27.58±5.91
26.09±3.85
25.18±5.69
29.17±5.27
Table II. Correlations among month wise FAMACHA© scores, Packed cell volume (PCV) and
faecal egg count (FEC) in goats of humid tropics.
13-Apr
13-Jun
13-Aug
13-Sep
FAMACHA© and PCV
-0.679*
-0.837**
-0.533
-0.617**
FAMACHA© and FEC
0.527*
0.540*
0.470*
0.552**
**. Correlation is signicant at the 0.01 level
* Correlation is signicant at the 0.05 level
The mean± S.D of FEC and PCV in
different months are presented in Table I.
FEC was the lowest and PCV was the highest
in September 2013. The correlations among
FAMACHA© scores, FEC and PCV are shown in
Table II. The correlation between FAMACHA©
scores and FEC was positive and signicant
in all months. The high positive correlation
between FAMACHA© and FEC denotes the solid
link between FAMACHA© and FEC. The correlations between FAMACHA© and PCV were
negative. These correlations were signicant
in all months except in August 2013. The high
correlation values indicate a strong negative
association between FAMACHA© and PCV.As
the worm burden increased, the PCV decreased
with a concurrent increase in the eye score and
FEC.
The signicant correlations between
FEC and FAMACHA© scores and FEC and PCV
obtained in the present study were in accordance
with the earlier studies (Kaplan etalloc cit.;
Burke etal, 2007) and higher than that obtained
by Antonio etal (2009). Being a good indicator
of FEC and anaemia, FAMACHA© eye colour
chart could be used in the early identication
of goats with high percentage of anaemia and
parasitic load. Within the modern concept of
TST, the animals with high parasitic load only
need anthelmintic treatment. If the animals
with scores of 3, 4, and 5 only need treatment
as suggested by Sotomaioretal (2012), 67.32%
of goats would have received anthelmintics in
Septemebr 2013. Besides the economic benets
from the reduced anthelmintic use by using
the FAMACHA©system, the most signicant
advantage is in its ability as a tool to maintain
a parasitic population in refugia (Burke etalloc
cit.). Reducing the use of anthelmintics and
keeping the parasitic population in refugia are
important in slowing down the development of
anthelmintic resistance. Furthermore, using
FAMACHA©system, the animals that require
treatment repeatedly can be identied and
culled (Burke etal, loc cit.).
Summary
Fig 1. The distribution of goats as recorded by FAMACHA ©
category in different months
The results of the present study strongly suggest
the usefulness of FAMACHA©eye colour chart in
the identication of anaemia and parasitic load
in goats reared under humid tropical climate of
56
Efcacy of FAMACHA© Eye Colour ...
Kerala. The FAMACHA©system can be utilized
for Targeted selective treatment- the strategy
that slows down the development of anthelmintic resistance in goats.
References
Antonio, D.L., Vincenzo,V., Diego,P., Laura R., Laura, C.,
Laura, M., Giuseppe,C. and Paolo,C. (2009) Evaluation of
the FAMACHA system for detecting the severity of anaemia in
sheep from southern Italy.Vet. Parasitol.161: 53–59.
Burke, J.M., Kaplan R.M.., Miller J.E., Terrill T.H., Getz, W.R.,
Mobini, S., Valencia E., Williams M.J., Williamson L.H. and
Vatta, A.F. (2007) Accuracy of the FAMACHA system for onfarm use by sheep and goat producers in the southeastern
United States. Vet. Parasitol.147: 89–95.
Kaplan, R.M., Burke, J.M., Terrill, T.H., Miller, J.E., Getz, W.R.,
Mobini, S., Valencia, E., Williams, M.J., Williamson, L.H.,
Larsen and Vatta, A.F. (2004) Validation of the Famacha eye
colour chart for detecting clinicalanaemia in sheep and goats
on farms in the southern United States. Vet. Parasitol.123:
105–120.
Kenyon, F., Greer, A.W., Coles, G.C., Cringoli, G., Papadopoulos, E., Cabaret,J., Berrag, B., Varady, M., Van Wyk, J.A.,
Thomas, E., Vercruysse, J and Jackson, F. (2009) The role of
targeted selective treatments in the development of refugiabased approaches to the control of gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants. Vet. Parasitol.164: 3–11.
Leask,R., van Wyk, J.A. Thompson, P.N. and Bath G.F.
(2013) The effect of application of the FAMACHA © system on
selected production parameters in sheep. Small Ruminant
Res.110:1– 8.
Sotomaior C.S., Fernand R.M., AlaneRayana B. C., Dhéri
Maia., AldaLúci G.M. and van Wyk,J.A. (2012) Sensitivity
and specicity of the FAMACHA© system in Suffolk sheep and
crossbred Boer goats.Vet. Parasitol.190: 114– 119.
Van Wyk, J.A., Hoste, H., Kaplan, R.M. and Besier, R.B.
(2006) Targeted selective treatment for worm management—
how do we sell rational programsto farmers? Vet. Parasitol.139: 336–346.
Evaluation of Inclusion of Meat by Product – Sludge in Layer Diet on
Egg Production Performance
A.Sundaresan1, C.Pandian, D.Santhi, M.Babu and M.Murugan
University Research Farm, TANUVAS, Madhavaram Milk Colony Chennai-600051.
(Received : 08-08-2013;
Abstract
The study was conducted for a period of 10 weeks
to evaluate the effect of dietary meat by product
Sludge on egg production performance in white
leghorn chicken (WLH). The experimental feeds
were prepared by including Sludge at zero per
cent (control- T1), 2 per cent (T2) and 4 per cent
(T3) level in the feed. This study concluded that
two and four per cent inclusion level of Sludge
in the layer feed shows better egg production
performance and economics in WLH and it can
be included in the diet at the level of two to four
per cent.
1
Accepted : 05-04-2015)
Key words: Meat by product, Sludge, layer
Inclusion of animal by-products in
poultry diets is one of the strategies to optimize
the cost of feed (Caires et.al. 2010) and these
by-products contain high protein and may
partially replace other protein rich feed sources.
Sludge is one of the by-products, which are the
solids removed from wastewater during treatment and concentrated for further treatment
and disposal from a slaughter house. However,
the available information on using the meat by
product in layer bird is limited, hence this study
was carried out to evaluate the effects of Sludge
in layer hens.
A.Sundaresan et al.
57
The major production parameters and economics were recorded. The data were analysed as
per standard statistical procedure described by
Snedecor and Cochran (1994).
Material and Methods
The study was conducted for a period of 10
weeks to evaluate the effect of dietary meat by
product Sludge on egg production performance
in White leghorn layers (Forsgate strain) at
Poultry Research Station, TANUVAS, Nandanam, Chennai. Sludge obtained from M/s.Nitta
Gelatin India Ltd, Cochin, Kerala, was analysed
for its proximal composition and toxins, if any,
at animal feed analytical and quality control
lab, Namakkal. Then it was checked for microbial load at Central University Lab at Madhavaram. A total of 180 white leghorn layers of
same body weight at the age of 25 weeks were
housed in individual cages and were randomly
divided into three treatment groups with three
replicates of 20 birds each. An Isonitrogenous
and isocaloric experimental feeds were prepared
with inclusion of sludge at zero per cent (control
-T1), two per cent (T2) and four per cent (T3)
level. The experimental feed used in this trail
is presented in Table I. The standard feeding
(adlibitum) and managmental practices were
followed thorough out the experimental period.
Proximate composition of Sludge : Moisture7.83%, crude protein 11.80%, crude ber 0.87%,
ether extract 4.19%, ME K cal/kg 2068, Calcium
0.42%, phosphorus 0.92%, Aatoxin B1 <12ppb
and other toxins were not detected. The effect of
inclusion of meat by–product Sludge on production performance, serum prole, egg qualities
and economics of production are presented in
Table II.
The body weight and livability of laying
hens from 25 to 35 weeks of age was signicantly
(P<0.05) affected by the inclusion of Sludge in
diet. The body weight and livability was better
(1.24 kg and 98.33%) in two per cent Sludge diet
than control diet. Bozkurt et al. (2004) observed
1765.75 g of body weight and 96.67 per cent
livability at six per cent inclusion of meat & bone
meal at late layer ration. The diet with two per
Table I. Ingredients and chemical composition of the experimental feed (as fed)
S.No
Ingredients(kg)
Control
42.00
2% Sludge
4% Sludge
43.50
44.50
1
Maize
2
Cumbu/ Bajra
15.00
11.50
10.50
3
Soyabean oil meal
16.50
12.00
10.00
4
De oiled rice bran
11.75
16.50
16.75
5
Dry sh
8.00
8.00
8.00
6
Mineral mixture
2.00
2.00
2.00
7
Di-calcium phosphate
0.50
0.25
0.25
8
Shell grit
4.00
4.00
4.00
9
Calcite
0.25
0.25
0.00
10
Sludge
0.00
2.00
4.00
Total
100
100
100
Nutrients
1
Crude Protein (%)
18.06
18.05
18.09
2
ME k cal/kg
2705
2702
2709
3
Calcium (%)
3.04
3.06
3.03
4
Phosphorus (%)
0.56
0.54
0.56
5
Lysine (%)
0.98
0.99
0.98
6
Methionine (%)
0.34
0.34
0.33
58
Evaluation of Inclusion of Meat ...
Table II. Effect of inclusion of meat by product –Sludge on production performance, serum prole,
egg qualities and economics in layer bird.
S.No Parameters
Control-T1
T2
T3
(0%Sludge)
(2%Sludge )
(4%Sludge)
I
Production performance
1
Body weight @25 week(kg)NS
1.143±0.03
1.162±0.03
1.110±0.02
2
Body weight @ 35 week(kg)
NS
1.226±0.05
1.248±0.04
1.269±0.04
3
Hen day egg production (%) **
b
48.52 ±0.59
a
53.31 ±0.90
53.59a±0.80
4
Hen housed egg production (%) **
47.43b±0.57
52.65a±0.88
51.60a±0.74
5
Feed consumption/bird/day(g)
120.93±0.14
119.94±0.47
118.07±0.17
6
Livability (%) **
96.66b
98.30a
96.67b
II
Serum prole
1
Serum calcium @ 30 weekNS
9.49±1.08
9.07±0.85
9.85±0.72
2
Serum phosphorus @30week
6.70±0.35
6.71±0.63
6.65±0.15
3
Serum calcium @35 weekNS
8.52±0.14
8.63±0.45
8.30±0.24
4
Serum phosphorus @35weekNS
4.94±0.48
4.84±0.27
4.54±0.42
III
Egg qualities
1
A Grade egg (%) **
73.84a±0.95
63.84b±0.25
55.30c±1.01
1617
1499
1441
c
23.70 ±0.32
b
34.25 ±0.41
41.44a±0.95
519
803
1080
2.47b±0.63
1.96c±0.15
3.26a±0.49
54
46
85
NS
NS
Egg no.(ave. 52g/egg)
2
B Grade egg (%) **
3
Peewee Grade egg (%) **
IV
Economics
1
Feed cost per kg (Rs)
16.17
15.96
15.78
2
Feed cost per egg (Rs)
3.44
3.14
3.24
3
Feed cost per dozen of eggs (Rs)
41.24
38.09
38.88
4
Feed cost per kg egg mass (Rs)
73.78
70.11
62.22
(Mean±SE)
Means bearing different superscript in the same row differs signicantly **(P<0.01), * (P<0.05), NS- Not
signicant
cent and four per cent Sludge was signicantly
(P<0.01) better in hen day and hen housed egg
production (53.31 and 53.59%) than the control
diet (48.52 and 47.43%). Similar observation
was reported by Bozkurt et al. (loc.cit.) on egg
production and they found that, inclusion of
two per cent meat & bone meal in the diet had
better hen day egg production (65.33%) than the
control diet (63.82%) in brown egg layer.
Feed consumption per bird per day
indicated a signicant (P<0.01) effect of meat
by-product Sludge. Highest feed intake value
was recorded in birds on control diet (120.93 g)
than treatment (114.03 g and 116.94 g) groups.
Similar result was observed by Bozkurt et al.
(loc.cit.). In agreement with our results, Damron
at al. (2001) and Oruseibio (1995) reported that
inclusion of Rendered Layer Mortality in layer
A.Sundaresan et al.
diet recorded high feed intake, egg production and body weight than of control diet.
The metabolic prole like serum calcium and
phosphorus of the laying hens from 30 weeks
and 35 weeks of age were not affected by the
inclusion of Sludge in the layer diets.
The inclusion of Sludge in the diet had no
benecial effect on egg grading. Less percent of
A grade eggs (63.84 per cent) was observed in
treatment than control (73.84) diet, however the
B grade eggs number was higher in 4% Sludge
group (41.44) which is in agreement with Çatli
et.al (2012). It may be attributed that, increased
egg production rate of the hens receiving the
Sludge diet could have had a depressive effect
on egg weight. Çatli et.al (loc.cit.) found similar
result. In agreements with our results, Bozkurt
et al. (loc.cit.) observed the egg weight was
signicantly reduced with the inclusion of meat
and bone meal at two to six per cent in the diet.
The ration containing Sludge had
comparatively low feed cost of Rs.15.96 and
15.78 per kg of feed for two and four per cent
levels respectively. The feed cost per egg was Rs.
3.17 and 3.24 and feed cost per dozen of eggs Rs.
38.09 and 38.88 were recorded in two (2 and 4
per cent) treatment groups respectively. Similar
trend was noticed in feed cost per kg egg mass.
Onwudike (1981) also observed better economics on feed cost and feed cost per dozen of eggs by
using the ration containing sh meal and blood
meal.
Summary
59
per cent inclusion level of Sludge in the layer
feed shows better egg production performance
and economics in white leghorn layers and it
can be included in the diet at the level of two
to four per cent as source of protein and minerals in maize-soya – sh based diet. However, a
trend of reduction in egg weight was observed by
the inclusion of Sludge. Further investigations
are required to determine the bio-availability
of protein, organic phosphorus and calcium in
Sludge.
References
Bozkurt, M., Alcicek, A. and Cabuk, M. (2004) Effect of dietary
inclusion of meat and bone meal on performance of laying
hens at old age. South African J. of Ani. Sci., 34:31.
Caires, C.M., Fernandes, E.A., Fagundes, N.S., Cavallo, A.P.,
Maciel, M.P. and Oliveira, B.R. (2010) The use of animal by
products in broiler feeds. Rev.Bras.Cienc.12:1.
Çatli, A.U., Bozkurt,M., Kukcilmaz.M., Çınar, M., Bintas,E.
and Coven, H.(2012) Performance and egg quality of aged
laying hens fed diets supplemented with meat and bone meal
or oyster shell meal. South African Journal of Animal Science
2012, 42:1
Damron, B.L., Ouart, M.D. and Christmas, R.B. (2001) Rendered Whole-Bird Layer Mortality as an Ingredient in Layer
Diets. J.Appl.Poult.Res.10:371
Onwudike, O.C. (1981) Effect of various protein sources
on egg production in a tropical environment. Trop. Anim.
Prod.6:249.
Oruseibio, S.M. (1995) Comparison of straight protein diets
with mixed protein diets on egg production. Discovery and
Innovation, 7:151.
Snedecor, G.W. and W.G.Cochran. (1994) Statistical Methods. 9th ed. Oxford and IBH publishing Co., Calcutta.
The above study concluded that two and four
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60
Surgical Management of Retained Macerated Foetus in a Crossbred Cow
S. Rangasamy1, R.C. Rajasundaram, R. Sureshkumar and S.Balasubramanian
Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai – 600007.
(Received : 30-12-2014;
Accepted : 05-03-2015)
Abstract
Treatment and Discussion
Successful surgical removal of retained macerated foetus through left oblique paralumbar
celiotomy in standing posture in a crossbred cow
is reported.
The cow was treated initially with Inj. Cloprostenol 500 µg and subsequently second dose ofInj.
Cloprostenol 500 µg administered intramuscular after 72 hbut there was no response. Administration of large single dose of Inj. Oestradiol
valerate 30 mgandInj. Oxytocin 60 IUafter one
hour failed to produce dilatation of cervix. Since,
the medical treatment failed, after obtaining
consent from the owner surgical intervention
was done. Loren et al (2008) described C-section
in standing posture by exteriorisation through
caudal paralumbar approach. Furthermore,
herniation was less problematic and apex of
gravid uterus could be readily exteriorized.
In the present case,in standing posture left
oblique para lumbar celiotomy was performed
as per standard procedure (Fig.1)and a retained
macerated foetus (Fig.2) was removed.
Key words: Retained macerated fetus-Surgical
management
Retained macerated foetus or septic
metritis of pregnancy resulting in the
death,emphysema and maceration of the foetus
in a closed uterus is uncommon. It may be
characterized in the cow by abortion or dystocia
usually occurring from the middle of gestation
to near term. The symptoms of septic metritis
of pregnancy are similar to septic metritis after
parturition. The condition may be more serious
and fatal due to the presence of the decomposing
fetus, failure of the cervix and genital canal to
dilate normally and uterine inertia.(Roberts,
1971).
Case History and Observations
A six month pregnant Jersey crossbred cow,
calved ve times, with a history of placenta
hanging over vulval lips was presented to
the Large Animal Obstetrics unit of Madras
Veterinary College Teaching Hospital. Vaginal
examination revealed muco- sanguineousdischarge without odour and one nger dilatation
of external os of cervix. On rectal examination
foetal mass was palpable in left uterine horn
and the uterus was contracted over the foetus
withabsence of foetal uids and fremitus.Ultrasonography revealed lack of foetal uids with
hyper echoic distorted foetal bony structures.
The condition was diagnosedas retained macerated foetus.
1
Postoperative treatment consisted of
intravenous uid therapy and Inj. Ampicillin
and Cloxacillin 4gm BID,Inj.Meloxicam 10ml
and Inj. Chlorpheniramine maleate 10ml
administered intramuscularly. The animal had
an uneventful recovery after 7 days. Foetal
Fig 1. Left oblique para lumbar celiotomy in standing posture
S. Rangasamy et al.
Fig 2. Retained macerated bovine foetus
maceration might occur at any stage of gestation
and has been reported in all species (Roberts,
1971)as a consequence of the failure of an aborting fetus to be expelled due perhaps to uterine
inertia (Noabeset al., 2001). Retained foetus
is mainly due to embryonic or foetal death or
incomplete abortion and leads to either mummication or maceration in future.Mainly entry
of autolytic bacteria leads to fetal death due to
open cervix, incomplete abortion, fetus decay in
uterus andloss of corpus luteum at any stage of
gestation.
Retained macerated foetus is commonly
61
associated with infectious agents such as Campylobacter fetus, Tritrichomonasfetus, Brucella
andLeptospira species. Clinical signs are foul
smelling vaginal discharge in animal which is
thought to be pregnant, uterine wall thick and
heavy, foetal bones oating in pus and palpation of crepitation sound noticed in the uterus.
The longer the condition had existed the greater
the damage to the endometrium and poorer the
prognosis. C-Section should be considered as a
last resort in valuable cow (Roberts, loc.cit). But
in this case the animal recovered uneventful
after seven days of treatment which might be
attributed to early prompt diagnosis andtimely
surgical removal through left oblique paralumbar celiotomy.
References
Loren G. Schultz, Tyler, J.W., Moll, H.D and Constantinescu,
G.M. (2008) Surgical approaches for caesarean section in
cattle. Can.Vet.J.49(6): 565- 568.
Noakes, D.E., Parkinson, T.J. and England, G.C.W. (2001)
Arthur’s Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics. 8thEdn .W.B.
Saunder Company, p – 138.
Roberts, S.J. (1971) Veterinary Obstetrics and Genital diseases, 2ndEdn. CBS Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi.
pp 174- 175.
Dystocia Due to Perosomus Elumbis with Brachygnathism in a Non-Descript Doe
M. Palanisamy1, S. Manokaran, M. Selvaraju, K.Ravikumar and A.Kumaresan
Department of Clinics, Teachning Veterinary Clinical Complex, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal – 637 002.
(Received : 31-10-2014;
Abstract
A two and half years old non-descript doe on its
third gestation was reported with the history
of dystocia. By mutation and forced traction
a monster fetus was delivered through birth
canal. The kid had ankylosed fore and hind
limbs, deformed pelvis, atrophied hind limb
muscles and brachygnathism. The observations
1
Accepted : 12-03-2015)
indicated that defective fetus was affected with
perosomus elumbis with brachygnathism.
Key words: doe, dystocia, perosomus elumbis,
brachygnathism
Congenital anomalies as a cause of
dystocia are commonly encountered in bovines
and are uncommon in other species (Noakes et
al., 2001 and De Castro et al., 2008). Perosomus
elumbis is a rare congenital anomaly of unknown
62
Dystocia Due to Perosomus ...
etiology (Roberts, 1971). It is characterized by
errors of morphogenesis resulting in multi organ
malformations that produce a deformity of the
caudal one third of the foetus (Jones, 1999). The
present communication records a case of dystocia caused by a fetus affected with perosomus
elumbis and brachygnathism in a non-descript
goat.
A full term pregnant, pleuriparous, non-descript
doe aged two and half years on its third gestation was brought to Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Veterinary College and Research
Institute, Namakkal with the history of dystocia
since last 4 hours. The case was attended by a
practicing veterinarian and referred. Earlier the
doe was bred by natural service 152 days before
at the local village. At the time of admission the
doe was able to stand and walk. The general
clinical examination of the animal recorded
rectal temperature of 38.9°C, respiration rate of
26/min., heart rate of 74/min., and pale mucus
membrane. Per vaginal examination revealed
a patent vaginal passage and fully dilated
cervix. The fetus was present inside the uterus.
The fetus was in anterior presentation (P1),
dorso-sacral position (P2) and bilateral shoulder
exion posture (P3). The fetal limbs were rigid
and ankylosed and were not able to repel or
extend inside the uterus.
Since the cervix was sufciently dilated, it was
decided to deliver the fetus per vaginum without
correcting postural abnormality. The birth
Fig 1. Brachygnathism in a sheep fetus
passage was lubricated by liberal application
of cetrimide cream. The obstetrical eye hook
was applied on left side inner canthus of the
fetus. The traction was exerted on the fetus on
a slow manner with simultaneous adjustment of
other parts. By careful traction delivered a dead
female monster fetus. The doe was administered
with 1 liter DNS I/V, 150 mg Enrooxacin I/M,
10 mg Chlorpheniramine maleate I/M, 15 mg
Meloxicam I/M, 15 IU Oxytocin I/V and 50 ml
Calcium gluconate (10%) I/V.
On gross examination, the fetus was
normal in size. It weighed about 2.67 kgs. Both
fore and hind limbs were ankylosed and rigid (
Fig.1). Muscular atrophy was observed in thigh
region of both the hind limbs. The pelvis was
slightly malformed. The lower jaw of the fetus
was under developed (brachygnathism, Fig.2).
All these observations of the fetus indicated that
it was a case of perosmus elumbis with brachygnathism.
Perosomus elumbis is a congenital defect
caused by malformation or improper migration
of the neural tube during the tail-bud stage,
accompanied by partial agenesis of the caudal
spinal cord. Abnormal development usually
occurs when a threshold of genetic and environmental insults is attained and the fetal compensatory mechanisms are overcome (Rousseaux
and Ribble, 1998). Thus, purely genetic defects
can originate from the dam, the sire or both, and
environmental teratogens are usually numerous, as are nutritional deciencies and excesses,
chemicals, drugs and biotoxins (Son et al., 2008).
However, its accurate etiology is still unknown.
The handling of dystocia due to fetal monstrosities is an individual problem and depends upon
careful examination of fetus, birth canal, plan
Fig 2. Perosomus elumbis fetus with brachgnathism
M. Palanisamy et al.
of application of obstetrical operations and the
duration of dystocia (Roberts, loc.cit). Usually
the dystocia due to fetal monstrosities require
either fetotomy or cesarean section for the
delivery of the fetus. However in the present
case since the size of the fetus was small, it was
delivered by combination of mutation and forced
traction. The continuous post-partum care
helped in uneventful recovery of the dam.
Summary
A rare case of dystocia due to perosomus elumbis
with brachygnathism and its successful delivery
pervaginum in a non-descript doe was reported.
References
De Castro, M.B.,Szabo, M.P.J., Moscardini, A.R.C. and
63
Borges, J.R.J. (2008) Perosomus elumbis in a sheep in Brazil.
Ciencia Rural, 38: 262-265.
Jones, C.J. (1999) Perosomus elumbis (vertebral agenesis
and arthrogryposis) in a stillborn Holstein calf. Vet.Pathol., 36:
64-70.
Noakes, D.E., Parkinson, D.E., England, G.C.W. and Arthur,
G.H. (2001) Arhur’s Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics,
8th Edn., W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, USA, pp:
133.
Roberts, S.A. (1971) Veterinary Obstetrics and Genital Diseases. 2nd Edn., CBS Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi,
India, pp: 180-183.
Rousseaux, C.G. and Ribble, C.S. (1998) Developmental
anomalies in farm animals II. Dening etiology. Canadian Vet.
J., 29: 30-40.
Son, J.M., Yong, H.Y., Lee, D.S., Choi, H.J., Jeong, S.M.,
Lee, S.W., Shin, S.T. and Cho, J.K. (2008) A case of perosomus elumbis in a Holstein calf. J. Vet. Med. Sci., 70: 521-523.
Exocrine Pancreatic Insufciency in a German Shepherd Dog
Suvendu Kumar Behera1, Gunjan Das and Parthasarathi Behera
Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry
(Central Agricultural University), Selesih- 796 014, Aizawl, Mizoram
(Received : 11-02-2014;
Abstract
The aim of the present case report is to communicate diagnosis, therapeutic management and
prognosis of exocrine pancreatic insufciency in
a dog. Animal was presented with a complaint
of wasting body condition, normal appetite,
frequent defecation and intermittent vomiting continued since three weeks. Presumptive
diagnosis was made on the basis of history,
signalment, clinical signs, and fecal sample
examination followed by conrmation by positive
therapeutic response. Plasma biochemistry
revealed mild increase in alanine aminotransferase (212 IU/L) whereas amylase (252 IU/L)
and lipase (68 IU/L) were toward lower side of
1
Accepted : 16-06-2014)
the reference range. The standard line of treatment (combinations of pancreatin, ranitidine,
metronidazole, furazolidone and multivitamin)
yielded favorable response within 10 days posttherapy.
Keywords: Exocrine pancreatic insufciency,
plasma biochemistry, amylase, lipase.
Canine exocrine pancreatic insufciency
(EPI) is a condition of maldigestion, malabsorption, malassimilation, and small intestinal
diarrhea characterized by insufciency of
exocrine pancreatic enzymes like zymogens,
bicarbonate and other active enzymes of digestion (Morgan, 2008) EPI is principally a disease
of dogs and rare in cats (Nelson and Couto,
2014). The present article communicates a case
64
Exocrine Pancreatic Insufciency ...
of EPI in a German shepherd dog, its diagnosis,
therapeutic management and prognosis.
An eight-month-old male German shepherd
dog was presented to the outpatient Department of this college with a complaint of loss
of body condition inspite of normal appetite,
frequent defecation, intermittent vomiting
continued since three weeks. Deworming and
vaccination history were up-to-date. On physical
examination all the vital parameters like rectal
temperature (102.2°F), heart rate (98 beats/
min), respiration rate (28/ min) and conjuctival
mucous membrane (pale roseate) were found to
be normal. Palpation of intra-abdominal organs
and gastroendoscopic examination revealed no
abnormality. Complete blood count (CBC) was
estimated as per the standard procedure. CBC
(Hb- 10 g%; TEC- 6.5 x 106/µl, TLC- 11 x 103/
µl, DLC; N- 74%, L: 15%, M: 07%, E: 04%) was
almost normal. Plasma biochemistry revealed
mild increase in liver specic enzyme (ALT 212
IU/L) whereas normal levels of kidney specic
parameters (BUN 22 mg/dl, creatinine 0.9 mg/
dl). Plasma levels of amylase (252 IU/L; reference range 270-1,462 IU/L) and lipase (68 IU/L;
reference range 77 – 695 IU/L) were toward
lower side of the reference range. Gross fecal
examination revealed greasy, voluminous,
malodorous, pale and loose character of feces
which provided the rst glimpse of probable
cause. Microscopic fecal examination revealed
absence of any parasitic ova but presence of
signicant number of fat globules.
Hence, on the basis of history, signalment
(young adult), clinical signs (emaciation despite
a good appetite, polyphagia and pica) and fecal
sample examination (gross and microscopic),
a presumptive diagnosis of exocrine pancreatic insufciency was made which was later on
substantiated by positive therapeutic response.
Normal CBC in the present case was in agreement with earlier reports (Nelson and Couto,
loc cit.). Most of the time, serum biochemistry
proles remain normal in dogs with EPI.
However, in very cachectic animals there may
be subtle nonspecic changes like malnutri-
tion, mildly increased liver enzyme activities,
low cholesterol and triglyceride level as well as
lymphopenia (Nelson and Couto, loc cit.) which
were in agreement with our ndings. In absence
of the gold standard test (serum trypsin-like
immunoreactivity) for diagnosing EPI in dogs
because of lack of facility, indirect diagnostic
tests were adopted.
The standard line of therapy comprised
of preparations containing pancreatin (Tablet
Enzar Forte) 1 tab. p.o. BID for 1 month, tab.
Rantac 150 mg @ ½ tab p.o. twice daily for 5 days,
susp. Metrogyl-F (Metronidazole + Furazolidone) @ 2½ tsf. p.o. BID for 5 days along with
syrup A to Z (vitamin B-Complex + Vitamin A,
C, D, E) @ 2 tsf. p.o. OD for 10 days and animal
was kept under observation for a period up to
two months.
Inadequate production of digestive
enzymes by the pancreatic acinar cells in
case of EPI demanded exogenous supply of
commercially available pancreatic enzyme
preparations. In addition, pancreatic enzymes
have antibacterial property and insufciency
of these enzymes as well as persistence of
undigested food within the small intestine often
results in bacterial overgrowth causing changes
in the small intestine like villous atrophy and
alteration in the mucosal enzymatic activity.
To check bacterial overgrowth, Metrogyl-F was
administered. Ranitidine was prescribed to
protect the supplemented pancreatic enzymes
from destruction by gastric acids (Westermarck
and Wiberg, 2012). Syrup A to Z was administered to restore adequate nutritional state in
the patient. Dietary modication advised to the
owner was to incorporate moderate-fat diet such
as pedigree, eggs, chicken and beef. Patient was
evaluated regularly and followed-up for upto
6-month post-therapy. Within 10 days posttherapy the dog showed positive response to
therapy in terms of improved body weight and
overall body condition.
EPI can affect any breed, but two most
commonly affected breeds are German shepherds
and rough-coated collies (Moeller et al., 2002).
The most common etiology is pancreatic acinar
cell atrophy (most common) or destruction
associated with pancreatitis (Westermarck and
Suvendu Kumar Behera et al.
Wiberg, loc cit.).
65
T.R., Williams, D.A., Stankovics, M.E. and Vose, A.S. (2002)
Inheritance of pancreatic acinar atrophy in German Shepherd
Dogs. Am. J. Vet. Res. 63(10): 1429.
Summary
In general, dogs with EPI may require lifelong
treatment. However, with appropriate therapy,
management and monitoring, animals usually
gain weight quickly, pass normal stools, and can
live a normal life span.
References
Morgan, R.V. (2008) Handbook of Small Animal Practice, 5th
edn. Saunders Elsevier, pp. 411.
Nelson, R.W. and Couto C.G. (2014) Small Animal Internal
Medicine. 5th edn. Mosby Elsevier, pp. 617.
Westermarck, E. and Wiberg, M. (2012) Exocrine pancreatic
insufciency in the dog: historical background, diagnosis and
treatment. Top. Companion Anim. Med. 27 (3): 96.
Moeller, E.M., Steiner, J.M., Clark, L.A., Murphy, K.E., Famula,
Flabby Udder Mastitis Due to Leptospirosis in a Cow
S. Saravanan1, K.M. Palanivel, T. Sathyabama and A. Sathiamoorthy
Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal-637 002, TamilNadu.
(Received : 16-12-2014;
Accepted : 06-02-2015)
Abstract
An adult Holstein-Friesian cross bred cow had
a sharp drop in milk production with reddish
milk from the udder which was soft and abby,
and lameness. Leptospira were detected by dark
ground microscopy (DGM), and L. Pomona and
L. Autumnalis were the serovars identied by
microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Mineral
and enzyme levels were found to be altered and
streptopenicillin was effective in the treatment.
An adult H-F cross bred cow of 5 years old was
reported to have a sharp drop in milk production since three days from the left hind quarter
of the udder and the milk appeared thick, aky,
blood tinged with lysed red blood cells. The left
hind quarter of mammary gland was abby and
the cow had lameness on a hind limb. Fresh
serum sample of the case was examined by dark
ground microscopy (DGM) for demonstration of
leptospires (O’Keefe, 2002). Microscopic agglutination test (MAT), the conrmatory and ‘gold
standard test’(OIE) was performed to identify
the serovars (Ahmad et al., 2005). The serum
sample was analysed for biochemical alterations
and peripheral blood smears were examined for
the presence of any haemoparasites.
Key words: Flabby udder mastitis, Leptospira
Mastitis causes a marked reduction in
the quality and quantity of milk and the annual
losses incurred in the dairy industry were
estimated to be 526 millions dollars in India
(Varshney and Naresh, 2004). Flabby udder
mastitis is caused by the pathogenic serovars of
Leptospira (Radostits et al., 2006) and is a major
economic concern in food animals. This paper
presents a case of haemorrhagic and abby
udder mastitis in a cross bred Holstein-Friesian
cow.
1
The clinical signs observed in this case are concurrent to that of Mahajan and Chhabra (2008) who
described ‘cold mastitis’. Appearance of red
coloured milk could be attributed to the toxic
effect of bacterial haemolysin and vascular
66
Flabby Udder Mastitis ...
endothelial haemorrhage in udder, and the
lameness could be due to the synovitis (Radostits
et al., loc cit). DGM revealed leptospiraemia of low
grade (+) as it is an useful diagnostic tool to detect
the early infection (Saravanan et al., 2014). L.
Pomona and L. Autumnalis were the serovars identied by MAT however, Sivaraman et al. (2013)
reported the serovars L. Hardjo and L. Tarrosovi.
The biochemical analysis revealed no alterations in
the levels of total protein (5.8 g/dl), albumin (3.1 g/dl),
globulin (2.6 g/dl), urea nitrogen (11.5g/dl), creatinine
(1.2 mg/dl), alanine aminotransferase (20.0 IU/L),
alkaline phosphatase (274.0 IU/dl), total cholesterol (153.1 mg/dl) and triglycerides (152.0 mg/dl).
However, a reduction in the levels of serum glucose
(23.53 mg/dl), calcium (5.5 mg/dl) and phosphorous
(5.4 mg/dl), and an elevation in aspartate aminotransferase (165.0 IU/L) were observed which could
be attributed to the altered functions of liver and
kidney and these ndings are concurrent to that
of Guzel and Tanriverdi (2013). Examination
of Leishman stained peripheral blood smears
revealed no haemoparasites.
The cow was successfully treated with
streptopenicillin @ 40,000 Units/kg bodyweight,
intramuscularly for 5 days (Saravanan et
al., 2014), along with meloxicam @ 0.5mg/ kg
bodyweight, intramuscularly, however, there
was a reduction in milk yield. Hence, leptospirosis seemed to affect milk production in terms
of both quality and quantity and in view of the
above, directed actions viz., periodical vaccination of animals with specic leptospiral serovars,
elimination of reservoirs (rodents) coupled with
good sanitation in farm premises should be initiated to contain leptospirosis in dairy animals.
References
Ahmad, S.N. Shah, S. and Ahmad, F.M.H. (2005) Laboratory
diagnosis of leptospirosis. J Postgrad Med.,51(3), 195-200.
Guzel, S. and Tanriverdi, M. (2013) Alterations in serum biochemical parameters of horses with leptospirosis. Asian J.
Chem., 25 (6): 3513-3514.
Mahajan, S. and Chhabra, D. (2008) Leptospirosis : A Reemerging Disease. Vet. World, 1(6): 182-185.
O’Keefe, J. S. (2002) A brief review on the laboratory diagnosis of leptospirosis. NewZealand Vet. J., 50: 9-13.
Radostits, O.M., Gay, C.C., Hinchcliff, K.W. and Constable,
P.D. (2006) Diseases associated with Leptospira spp. In: Veterinary medicine. A text book of diseases of cattle, sheep,
pigs, goats and horses (10th Edn). Saunders Publications,
Edinburgh, pp 1094-1110.
Saravanan, S., Palanivel, K.M., Geetha, M. and Rishikesavan, R. (2014) Epidemiology of leptospirosis in humans with
pyrexia of unknown origin. J. Pure Appl. Microbiol., 8(3):
2501-2503.
Saravanan, S., Sathyabama T. and Palanivel, K.M. (2014)
Detection of leptospiruria in a dog and it’s biochemical alterations- a case report. Indian Vet. J., 91-89.
Sivaraman. S, Basheer Ahamad, D.1, Krishnakumar, K., Velavan, A. and Venagadabady. (2013) Haemorrhagic mastitis in
a gir cow due to Leptospira - a case report. In: Proceedings
of the National Seminar on Current Perspectives in Biological
Sciences (NSOCPIBS – 2012) 11th & 12th October, 2012.
Varshney, J.P. and Naresh, R. (2004) Evaluation of homeopathic complex in the clinical management of udder diseases
of riverine buffaloes. Homeopathy, 93:17.
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67
M. Shiju Simon, Chhavi Gupta, P. Sankar, R. Ramprabhu and N. Pazhanivel
Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and
Animal Sciences University, Chennai 600 051.
(Received : 09-02-2015;
Femur fractures are one among the most common
orthopaedic affections encountered in cats. The
incidence of diaphyseal femur fractures is about
20-25 per cent, which is the highest for long
bone fractures in the body (Wong, 1987). Femur
fractures are generally not amenable to conservative repair and internal xation is required
(Beale, 2004). The present paper discusses the
successful surgical repair of oblique over-riding
diaphyseal femoral fracture in a cat.
Key words: Cat, Femur fracture, repair,
pinning
A two year old tom cat weighing 3.8 kg was
brought with the history of automobile accident
followed by non-weight bearing lameness of
right hindlimb. Palpation of the right femur
indicated pain, swelling and crepitus. Conrmative diagnosis of an oblique over-riding femoral
diaphyseal fracture was made by radiographic
evaluation of lateral view (Fig.1).
Accepted : 13-04-2015)
femoris muscle caudally (Piermattei and Greely,
1993). Fracture site was exposed and a smooth
trocar pointed 3.5mm Steinmann pin was inserted in a retrograde fashion. First it was inserted
at the fracture line, driven proximally to exit
the trochanteric fossa and then (after fracture
reduction) driven across the fracture and into
the distal fragment. Then two cerclage wires
(22mm) were applied, one on most proximal part
of the fracture site and other on most distal part
of the fracture site. Muscle was apposed using
no.1-0 PGA in continuous pattern and skin
was apposed using silk as a cruciate pattern.
Post-operatively, the surgical site was cleaned
and dressed routinely until complete wound
healing occurred. Post-operative radiography
revealed adequate alignment (Fig.2) and the pin
was removed on the 45th day. Weight bearing
Food was withheld for 8 hours before surgery
and the cat was allowed to take water upto 2
hours prior to surgery. Cefotoxime and Meloxicam were administered @ 20 mg/kg b.wt and
0.2 mg/kg b.wt intramuscularly respectively, 2
hours prior to surgery. The cat was anaesthetized using a mixture of xylazine and ketamine
@ of 1mg/kg and 20mg/kg intramuscularly.
The anaesthesia was maintained by ¼ to ½ the
dose of ketamine intravenously as and when
required. A craniolateral skin incision was made
and the tensor fascia lata was severed to expose
the vastus lateralis muscle cranially and biceps
1
Fig 1. Cat – lateral radiography showing oblique over-riding
femoral diaphyseal fracture
68
such as joint stiffness, muscle atrophy, osteopenia, limb shortening, malunion and muscle
contracture. Open reduction internal xation is
needed. Generally an intramedullary pin should
occupy 70-80 percent of the diameter of the
medullary cavity (Peirone et al., 2002). Pin was
selected based on the diameter and length of
the contralateral normal femur. Intramedullary
pin provided excellent resistance to bending but
not resisting rotational forces or axial loading.
Additional implant (cerclage wire) was used to
prevent rotational force and axial loading.
Summary
Successful management of oblique over-riding
femoral diaphyseal fracture using intramedullary pin and cerclage wire in a cat was reported
and recorded
References
Fig 2. Post-operative radiography revealed adequate alignment and Intramedullary pin and cerclage in position
was noticed on immediate post-operative day.
Parental antibiotics were given for ve days
and the skin sutures were removed on 7th postoperative day.
High velocity injuries are the most
common cause of femoral fractures in animals.
Conservative treatment of diaphyseal fracture
of femur and humerus leads to fracture diseases
Beale, B. S. (2004) Orthopedic clinical techniques for femoral
fracture repair. Clin. Tech. Small. Anim. Pract., 3: 134–150.
Peirone, B., Camuzzini, D and Filippi, H. (2002) Femoral and
humeral fracture treatment with an intramedullary pin/external xator tie in conguration in growing dogs and cats. Vet.
Comp. Orthop. Traumatol., 15:85.
Piermattei D. L and Greeley, R. G. (1993) Approach to the
mid shaft of the femur. In: An atlas of surgical approaches to
the bone of the dog and cat. 2nd ed, W.B. Saunders, Company, pp.162.
Wong, W. T. (1987) A survey of fractures in the dog and cat in
Malaysia. Vet Rec. 115: 273-274.
Traumatic Teat Laceration with Fistulation in a Cow and its Surgical Management
M. Shiju Simon, P. Sankar, Chhavi Gupta, R. Ramprabhu and N. Pazhanivel
Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tirunelveli - 627 358.
(Received : 29-01-2015;
Abstract
A four-and-a-half year old jersey crossbred cow
was brought with the history of teat injury at
right forequarter with milk leaking from the
site. Clinical examination conrmed stulation.
1
Accepted : 16-03-2015)
A three layer closure was performed using no.
3-0 PGA. The animal recovered unevenfully.
Key words: Cow, laceration, Teat stulation
Surgical conditions of udder and teats
are getting much attention now a day as these
affects the economy of the farmer. The cases
M. Shiju Simon et al.
69
Fig 2. Cow - Immediate post-operatively-infant feeding tube
in position
Fig 1. Cow - Teat laceration with stula – vertical cut
of teat laceration with stula are considered
as emergency because of any delay in repair of
such teat can lead to mastitis or even necrosis
of the teat (Singh et al., 2003). Teat stula
may be acquired secondary to full thickness
teat injuries that enter the teat cistern or may
be even congenital (Thomas et al., 1995). The
present case discusses the successful surgical
management of traumatic teat stulation in a
cow.
A four-and-a-half year old jersey crossbred cow
was brought with the history of teat injury at
right forequarter with milk leaking from the
injured site. The animal had calved twenty days
back. Physical examination of the teat showed
80 per cent vertical cut (Fig.1) and the lacerated
wound (6 x 3 cm) extended into the teat, resulting in leakage of milk from the middle of the
teat. The teat was soiled and swollen with the
evidence of necrotic tissue at the tip of the teat.
The animal was restrained in lateral recumbency and the teat was ushed with normal
saline followed by one per cent povidone iodine
solution. Ring block anaesthesia was induced by
using 2% lignocaine hydrochloride followed by
10 % spray at the site. The wound margins were
debrided and rinsed with physiological normal
saline solution. No.7 size infant feeding tube
was modied and introduced into the teat canal
and stulation was located at the middle of the
teat. A 3-layer closure was performed. Mucosa
and the submucosa were apposed using no. 3-0
Poly glycolic acid (PGA) in a simple continuous
pattern. PGA does not to cut tissues and the
small diameter suture decreases the chances
of milk leaking around it. The infant feeding
tube was inside the teat canal and sutures were
tightened and knotted. Intermediate layer was
also apposed by using 3-0 PGA in the same
pattern. The skin edges were apposed in a simple
interrupted pattern by using 1-0 nylon and the
tube bended upwards and bandaged (Fig. 2).
This procedure minimized suture line tension
and narrowing of the teat canal. Two tubes of
pendistin-SH were infused into the teat. The
owner was advised to drain out milk by opening
the cap of the infant feeding tube every two
hours interval with aseptic precaution, followed
by intramammary infusion of pendistin-SH for
eight days. Five grams of injection streptopenicillin was administered intramuscularly for
seven days and meloxicam was administered
intravenously @ 0.5 mg/kg BW for two days.
Skin sutures were removed on 9th post-operative
day.
The udder and teats are vulnerable to
the external trauma or injury because of their
anatomical location, increase in size of the udder
and teats during lactation (Weaver et al., 2005).
A stula on the teat is exceedingly difcult to
close during lactation, owing to the large amount
of milk constantly passing through it. Infective
organisms gain entry through this wound,
leading to mastitis (Kumar, 2000). Surgical
intervention on the teat is best performed
70
Traumatic Teat Laceration ...
during the rst 12 hours following the injury.
Later, swelling of the teat can be too severe to
permit adequate reconstruction of the tissue. In
the present case, it was an acute teat laceration
with stulation and the surgery was attempted
immediately after presentation (before 12
hours). Different suture techniques are used to
repair the teat stula but double layer simple
continuous suturing with PGA 3-0 and simple
interrupted suturing of skin with nylon 1-0 is
found suitable for repair of teat stula (Shiju
Simon et al., 2010).
References
Summary
Weaver, D.A., St. Jean, G. and Steiner, A. (2005) Teat surgery. Bovine Surgery and Lameness, 2 nd ed pp. 158-166.
Surgical management of traumatic teat laceration with stulation in a cow is reported.
Kumar A. (2000) Surgical management of teat laceration or
stula. In: Veterinary Surgical Techniques. Vikas Publishing
House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. pp. 223-226.
Shiju Simon, M., Pushkin Raj, Sooryadas, S., Sivashanker,
R., Rao, G. D. and Justin William, B. (2010) Traumatic stulation of teat in a cow and its surgical management. J. of
Remount Vet. Corps., 49: 25-28.
Singh, P., Singh, J and Sharma, P.D. (2003) Surgical conditions of udder and teats in buffaloes. Intas Polivet, 4:362-365.
Thomas,J. D., Simon, F. P and William, C. R. (1995) Diseases
of the Body System. In Rebhun’s Diseases of Dairy Cattle, 2nd
ed. Elsevier health Science. P. 348.
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71
Canine Subcutaneous Dirolariosis (D.repens) in Western Tamilnadu
B.Puvarajan1, K.S.Ramakrishnan, N.Jeyathilakan and T.V.Tamilam
Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Orathanadu 614625.
(Received : 31-01-2015;
Abstract
Dirolariosis caused by Dirolaria repens was
diagnosed in seventeen dogs which were brought
for Orchiectomy to a pet clinic at Coimbatore,
western Tamilnadu. The whitish nematodes of
D.repens were identied morphologically. The
mean length of female worm was 16 and 320
µm width,the front end was cervical and caudal
end was curved conrming D. repens. Dirolaria
repens induces subclinical infection in dogs and
act as reservoir for zoonotic transmission to
humans.
Key words: Subcutaneous dirolariosis-Dogs
Dirolariosis, an emerging zoonotic
larial infection, is caused by D.repens,
D.immitis, D.ursi whose primary denitive host
is dogs. (Sabu et al 2005). Dirolaria repens is
the commonly encountered nematode in the
subcutaneous tissue of dogs which is the main
cause of subcutaneous form of human dirolariosis in Europe, Africa, Middle Eastern and
Asian countries, including India. (Dissanaike
et al., 1997). This report deals with prevalence
of dirolariosis in dogs presented in the clinic
at Coimbatore, Western Tamilnadu and its
morphological identication.
Accepted : 20-04-2015)
in all the cases.(Fig 1). The worms were collected
in 10% formalin and sent to Department of
Veterinary Parasitology, Veterinary College
and Research Institute, Orathanadu for identication. The length and breadth of the worm
were determined. The head and tail end of the
worms were examined under 10x microscope.
The worms were identied as detailed by Tasic
et al. (2007).
The gross specimen of nematode D. repens were
having mean length of 16 cm with maximal thickness of 320 µm. (Fig 2). The head end was cervical (Fig 3) and caudal end was curved conrming Dirolaria repens.(Fig 4). The vulva was
situated near the head end just behind the base
of oesophagus. Grossly they have thick cuticle
with prominent musculature (Tasic et al., loc.
cit). The length and width of all the nematodes
were in accordance with the ndings of Ananda
et al. (2006), Leishangstham et al. (2014) and
Magnis et al. (2013). Most of the cases of D.repens
infection have been asymptomatic (Grandi et al.,
2007) and this report coincides with the above
nding. The dog owners were advised to use
Ivectin (1 %) @ 300µg / kg b.w. for every 15 days
The report is presented to alert the
veterinarians where this condition goes under
diagnosed in Veterinary hospitals and would
represent a reservoir for zoonotic transmission.
During January-December 2013, seventeen dogs
of various breeds were presented to the Petclinic
at Coimbatore for Orchiectomy. During surgical intervention, milky white nematodes were
found in the prescrotal region(subcutaneously)
1
Fig 1. Showing D. repens in situ while performing orchiectomy
in dogs.
72
Canine Subcutaneous Dirolariosis ...
Fig 2. The entire worm of D. repens in a petridish identied.
twice. Saevik et al. (2014) reported the similar
apparent opportunistic role of these parasites.
Based on the morphology, Sabu et al. (loc.cit)
has reported D.repens as a causative agent in
humans in Kerala as an emerging zoonosis. The
present report could pose a potential danger to
human health in non- endemic areas of Western
Tamilnadu. With geographical spreading of
infection in dogs caused by D. repens, more
cases of human dirolariasis can be expected.
Therefore, continuous control and follow-up of
the appearance and spreading of this infection
in dogs should be the priority.
Summary
Based on this study, it was concluded that
D.repens, a nematode of dogs having zoonotic
potential has been identied morphologically
from seventeen dogs of mixed breed which was
Fig 3. Showing D. repens under 10x objective optical microscope, Italy (Head end, cervical).
presented to the hospital. As the intermediate
host of this worm is mosquitoes which are present
in all localities in Tamilnadu, an enhanced rate
of infection can be anticipated in human beings
also.
References
Ananda, K.J., D’Souza, P.E., Jaganath, M.S. (2006) Methods
for identication of microlaria of Dirofilaria repens and Dipetalonema recondicum. J.Vet.Para.21(1): 45-47.
Dissanaike, A.S., Abeyewickreme W., Wijesundera M.D.,
Weerasooriya, M.V., Ismail, M.M. (1997) Human dirolariasis
caused by Dirolaria (Nochtiella) repens in Sri Lanka. Parassitologia.,39 : 375–82
Grandi, G.T., Zivicnjak,T., and Beck, R. (2007) Pathogenesis of Dirofilaria spp.infection. Mappe parasitologhiche
8,Cringoli,G.,m Series Editor, Naples, pp 59-66.
Leishangthem, G.D., Choudry, A., Singh, N.D
and Bhosale, S. (2014) Subcutaneous Dirofilaria repens infestation in Non Descript Canines. J. Parasitic Dis.,d.o.i.10.1007
/s/2639-014-0508-5.
Magnis, J., Lorentz, S., Guardane, L. Grimm,F., Magi, M.,
Nauckle and Deplazes, P (2013) Morphometric analyses of
canine blood microlaria isolated by the Knott’s test enables
D.immitis and D.repens species specic and Acanthocheiloma (Syn: Dipetalonema) genus specic diagnosis. Parasites
and Vectors 6 : 48. d.o.i 10.1186/1756-3305:6-48.
Sabu L, Devada K, and Subramanian H. (2005) Dirolariosis
in dogs and humans in Kerala Indian J Med Res ., 121 : 691-3.
Saevik, B.K., Jorundsson, E., Hagen, T.S.,Tysnes, K., Hansen,
H.B., Wikström, H.C. and Robertson, L.J. (2014) Dirolaria
repens in a dog imported from Norway. ActaVeterinaria Scandinavica., 56:6
Fig 4. Showing D. repens under 10x objective optical microscope, Italy (Tail end, curved).
Tasic, A., Tasic, S., Tasic, N.M., Zdravkovic, D. and Djordjevic, J.(2007) Dirofilaria repens – potential danger to human
health- A review. Acta Medica Medianae 46:52-55.
73
Comparative Efcacy of Combination Therapy in the Clinical Management of
Babesiagibsoni Infection in Dogs
R.B. Vishnurahav1, UshaNarayana Pillai, S. Ajithkumar, Lucy sabu and P.C. Alex
Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy- 680 651.
(Received : 27-06-2014;
Abstract
Combination of drugs and supportive care
encompass the mainstay of anti-babesial
therapy. Twelve dogs infected with Babesia
gibsoni diagnosed on blood smear examination
were divided into two groups. Group I (n=6)
was treated with clindamycin, enrooxacin and
doxycycline and Group II (n=6) was treated with
clindamycin, metronidazole and doxycycline.
The effects of both the treatments were analysed
based on clinical improvement, haematology
and serum biochemistry values on the day of
presentation and 10th day of post treatment.
Signicant increase in haemoglobin and
total platelet count were recorded in group II
and group I respectively. Signicant decrease in
C-reactive protein was noticed in group II.
Both combinations ofthe drugs were
equally effective in the clinical management of
babesiosis in dogs caused by B. gibsoni.
Key words : B. gibsoni, Clindamycin, Doxycycline, Enrooxacin and Metronidazole.
Twelve dogs of different breed, age and sex that
were found positive for B. gibsoni on peripheral
blood smear examination were utilised for the
present study. They were divided into group I
and II. Group I (n=6) was treated with Inj. metronidazole @ 25mg/kg bw q24hr iv, enrooxacin @
5mg/kg bw q24 hr and doxycycline @ 10mg/kg
bw q24 hr orally for 10 days. Group II (n=6) was
treated with Inj. Clindamycin @ 11 mg/kg bw
q24hr and metronidazole @ 25mg/kg bw q24hr
iv, and doxycycline @ 10mg/kg bw q24hr orally
for 10 days. The dogs in both groups were admin1
Accepted : 16-10-2014)
istered as supportive therapy with dextrose,
oral haematinic, antiemetic and proton pump
inhibitor.
Blood samples were collected on the day
of admission and on 10th day post treatment
from the cephalic vein under sterile technique
for haematobiochemical analysis. All parameters were estimated by standard procedures
using standard kits. The following parameters
were observed. Haemoglobin (Hb) [g/dl], RBC
count [x 106 /mm3], Volume of packed red cells
(VPRC) [%], Total leucocyte count (TLC) [X103
/mm3], Differential leucocyte count (DLC) [%],
Platelet count [x /mm3], Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) [mm/hour], Mean Corpuscular
Cell Volume (MCV) [], Mean Corpuscular
Haemoglobin (MCH) [pg], Mean Corpuscular
Haemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) [%], Total
protein [g/dl], Albumin [g/dl], Globulin [g/dl],
A:G ratio, Blood urea nitrogen [mg/dl], serum
Creatinine [mg/dl], alanine aminotransferase
[IU/L] and C-reactive protein [mg/L].
The dogs were reviewed on 10th day of
post treatment for clinical cure with improvement in appetite and physical activity, increase
in haematological parameters including platelet
count and improvement in serum chemistry
values. Blood smear values are re-checked on
10th day of post treatment and 30th day of post
treatment for the presence of B. gibsoniorganisms.
Apparent clinical recovery with improvement
in appetite and physical activity was observed
in both the treatment groups. Dogs that were
treated with clindamycin, doxycycline and
metronidazole, showed a signicant increase
74
Comparative Efcacy of Combination ...
in haemoglobin on 10th day of post treatment.
A signicant decrease in C-reactive protein
level in10th day of post treatment was observed.
Suzuki et al. (2007) reported that dogs received
combination therapy of clindamycin, doxycycline
and metronidazole showed a rapid recovery
from anaemia and thrombocytopenia or a long
disease-free period compared to the untreated
control dogs.
With metronidazole, enrooxacin and
doxycycline therapy, there was a signicant
increase in the total platelet count in 10 th day
of post treatment. According to Lin and Huang
(2010) the overall efcacy of combination of
doxycycline, enrooxacin, metronidazole in
conjunction with and without administration of
diminazineaceturate was 83.5 per cent and 83.3
per cent respectively with a mean recovery time
of 24.2 and 23.5 days respectively.
Summary
The study was conducted to compare the efcacy
of combination therapy in the treatment of B.
gibsoni infection in dogs. Twelve dogs positive
for B. gibsonion blood smear examination was
divided into two groups. Group I treated with
clindamycin, metronidazole and doxycycline.
Group II treated with metronidazole, enrooxacin and doxycycline were reviewed for clinical
cure, increase in haematological values and
improvement in serum chemistry on 10th day
of post treatment. It was concluded that both
combinations of drugs were equally effective in
the management of B. gibsoni infection in dogs.
References
Lin, Y.M. and Huang, P.H. (2010) Use of a doxycycline-enrooxacin-metronidazole combination with/without diminazenediaceturate to treat naturally occurring canine babesiosis
caused by Babesiagibsoni. Acta Vet. Scand. 52: 27.
Suzuki, K., Wakabayashi, H., Takahashi, M., Fukushima, k.,
Yabuki, A. and Endo, Y. (2007). A possible Treatment Strategy
and Clinical Factors to Estimate the Treatment Response in
Babesiagibsoni infection. J. Vet. Med. Sci.69(5): 563 – 568.
Rectal Prolapse Associated with Intussusception and Prophylactic Colopexy in Dogs
– A Review of Five Cases
M. Shiju Simon1, P. A. Enbavelan, Chhavi Gupta, H. Prabhavathi, R. Ramprabhu,
N. Pazhanivel and S. Prathaban
Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tirunelveli 627 001.
Abstract
Five dogs were presented with the history of
protrusion of mass through anus, continuous
tenesmus, anorexia, depression, vomiting and
diarrhoea. Physical examination conrmed
rectal prolapse and abdominal palpation
revealed sausage shaped mass intra-abdominally. Under general anaesthesia a ventral midline
celiotomy was performed and intussusceptions
were noticed at the jejuno-ileac in two cases and
illeo-colic junction in other case. The prolapsed
1
mass was reduced by applying traction on the
colon. The viability of the telescoped intestine
was poor, so resection and oblique end-to-end
anastomosis was carried out. This was followed
by colopexy by placing three interrupted sutures
into the seromuscular wall of the descending
colon and transverse abdominal muscle. All the
animals had uneventful recovery.
Key words: Rectal prolapse, intussusceptions,
anastomosis, colopexy
Rectal prolapse in dogs was a consequence of disorders such as diarrhoea, tenes-
M. Shiju Simon et al.
mus, lower urinary tract and prostatic diseases
that produced persistent straining (Sherding,
1996). It can occurs in any age or species but
more than 80% were at rst year old puppies
(Hedlund and Fossum, 2007) and the rate of
male animals compared to female animals was
twice (Han et al., 2008). This paper reports on
the occurrence of rectal prolapse associated with
intussusception and its surgical management by
a prophylactic colopexy.
Two intact non-descriptive male and Labrador
retriever (a male and female) and a male spitz
of age around 4 months to one year, weighing
3 – 12 kgs were presented with the history of
protrusion of mass through anus, continuous
tenesmus, anorexia, depression, vomiting
and diarrhoea since one day. The owner also
reported that the dogs were not dewormed and
vaccinated regularly. Physical examination
revealed rectal prolapse and abdominal palpation of two male non-descriptive and a male
Labrador retriever revealed sausage shaped
intra-abdominal mass giving a suspicion of an
associated intussusception. Temperatures were
normal but the heart and respiratory rates were
elevated and all the dogs were dehydrated.
Prolapsed mass were soiled, pink and hyperaemic and self-mutilations were also noticed. The
prolapsed mass was cylindrical in appearance
with a luminal opening at its end. Probing with
thermometer between the prolapsed mass and
anal sphincter revealed rectal prolapse but not
telescoping of intestine. In two cases, reduction
of the prolapsed mass and retention by pursestring suture was attempted earlier with no
success. An exploratory laparotomy and surgical
correction was resorted to, immediately.
The surgical site was prepared aseptically. All
the animals were premedicated with Atropine
sulphate @ 0.04 mg/kg followed by Xylazine
hydrochloride @ 1 mg/kg body weight by intramuscular route respectively. General anaesthesia was induced with an anaesthetic mixture
containing 100 mg of ketamine hydrochloride
and 2.5mg of diazepam @ 5mg/kg. bd wt of
ketamine hydrochloride and 0.125 mg/kg. BW of
75
diazepam intravenously. The anaesthesia was
maintained with 1/3 to ½ of induction dose of
the above mixture intermittently as and when
required. Cefotaxime and meloxicam were
administered intravenously @ 20 mg/kg BW and
0.2 mg/kg respectively.
The prolapsed mass was washed with
normal saline and metronidazole solution to
remove the dirt and contaminations. A ventral
midline celiotomy was performed and the intestines were exteriorized. Intussusceptions were
noticed at the jejuno-ileac in two cases (Fig. 1) and
illeo-colic junction in other case. The prolapsed
mass was reduced by applying traction on the
colon. The viability of the telescoped intestine
was poor, so resection and oblique end-to-end
anastomosis was carried out using No.3-0 PGA.
This was followed by colopexy by placing three
interrupted sutures into the seromuscular wall
of the descending colon and transverse abdominal muscle with vicryl (Polyglactin 910) No.2-0
(Fig. 2). Linea alba and skin were apposed by No.
1 PGA and silk. All the animals had uneventful
recovery.
In the present cases all the animals were
around one year of age and male sex was affected
more. These ndings were in accordance with
earlier reports (Han et al., loc. cit), the authors
reported that puppies below one year were most
likely ones to develop rectal prolapse and intussusceptions. The rate of male animals compared
to the female animals was twice. Sivasankar
(2000) opined that it was more commonly found
in small animals, especially in German shepherd
dogs and Siamese cats. It formed as a result of
abnormality within the intestinal wall (nonhomogenicity) that altered the intestinal pliability
and motility. In an incomplete prolapse, a small
portion of the lining of the rectum will be visible
during excretion, after which it will subside.
In a complete prolapse, there will be a persistent mass of tissue protruding from the anus.
In the chronic stages of complete prolapse,
this tissue might be black or blue in appearance. In the present cases, all were completely
prolapsed and fresh, in two cases reduction of
the prolapsed mass and retention by pursestring suture was attempted earlier but with no
success. The common clinical signs associated
76
Rectal Prolapse Associated ...
Fig 1. Intussusception at jejuno-ileac region
Fig 2. Colopexy
with intussusception were partial or complete
intestinal obstruction and the affected bowel
might be palpable as a sausage-shaped intra
abdominal mass (Han et al., loc. cit). If intussusception was untreated, the blood supply to
that section was greatly reduced and the bowel
tissue begins to ischemia and necrosis, followed
by peritonitis, toxaemia, shock and death.
Diagnosis of intussusceptions with survey of
plain radiographs may be difcult and patients
may reveal obstruction. The efcacy of contrast
radiography in conrmation of diagnosis was
higher. Ultrasonography was considered as the
accurate method for the detection of intussusceptions (Hedlund and Fossum, loc. cit).
deworming, vaccination and feeding laxative
diet can prevent rectal prolapse and intussusceptions, it should be prevented by colopexy and
the cause of tenesmus should be diagnosed and
resolved.
Abdominal
exploration
helped
in
identifying and correcting the intussusception
associated with rectal prolapse and also reduction of the prolapsed rectum. Colopexy was
found rewarding in preventing the recurrence
of prolapse of the rectum. This nding was in
accordance with Shiju Simon et al., (2009) and
the authors suggested colopexy following reduction of prolapsed rectum, to prevent recurrence.
Prolapse of longer duration and the tissue
having poor viability should be managed either
by mucosal resection or complete resection and
anastomosis (Niebauer, 1993). The colopexy
technique did not affect the intestinal function
adversely (Popovitch et al, 1994). Permanent
brous adhesion occured after colopexy and it
maintained reduction of the prolapse (Sherding,
loc. cit). It can thus be concluded that regular
Summary
Rectal prolapse and intussusceptions were
recorded and surgical management was
described.
References
Han, T.S., Kim, J.H., Cho, K., Park, J., Kim, G and Choi,
S.H. (2008) Double intussusceptions in a Shih-tzu puppy. J.
Biomed. Res., 9: 55-58.
Hedlund, C.S. and Fossum, T.W. (2007) Surgery of the Digestive System. In: Small Animal Surgery, Fossum, T.W. (Eds.).
3rd edn., Mosby Elsevier, Missouri. p. 327.
Niebauer, G. (1993) Rectoanal diseases, In Bojrab, M. J, 4 th
Edn. Current Techniques in Small Animal Surgery, Philedelphia, Lea and Febiger, pp 271-284
Popovitch, C. A., David Holt and Ron Bright. (1994) Colopexy
as a treatment for rectal prolapse in dogs and cats: A retrospective study of 14 cases. Vet Surg., 23:115.
Sivasankar, M. (2000) Recurrent intussusceptions in a
14-month-old, spayed, female German shepherd cross. Can.
Vet. J., 41: 407-408.
Sherding, R. G. (1996) Diseases of colon, rectum and anus,
In Todd. R. Tams., Hand Book of Small Animal Gastroenterology. W. B. Saunders, Philedelphia, pp362-363.
Shiju simon, M., Mohd. Shauzama, Sooryadas, S., Arunprasad, A and Suresh kumar, R. (2009) Management of
recurrent rectal prolapse in a pup by colopexy, TamilNadu J.
Veterinary & Animal Sciences, 5 : 275-277.
77
Indian Vet. J., February 2016, 93 (02) : 77
Aberrant Cutaneous Spirocercosis in a Male Labrador Dog
G.R. Bharanidharan, S.T. Bino Sundar 1 and Bhaskaran Ravi Latha
Department of Clinics, Madras Veterinary College, Vepery, Chennai – 600007.
(Received : 05-01-2015;
Accepted : 18-02-2015)
Abstract
A three and half year old male Labrador dog
was presented with a history of coughing and
an erythematous swelling in the dorsal aspect
of the shoulder blade with the presence of a live
worm in the affected area. The worm was identied as a male Spirocerca lupi.
The dog was treated with oral ivermectin @
300µg/kg once a week for 3 doses. The worm was
stout and pinkish red in colour measuring 3.5
cm in length with a spirally coiled caudal end.
The worm was identied as a male Spirocerca
lupi based on the descriptions given by Soulsby
(1982). Spirocerca lupi is a spirurid nematode of
canines with a worldwide distribution especially
in warmer regions. Prevalence in endemic areas
can vary from 10-85% (Oryan et al., 2008). After
treatment with oral ivermectin @ 300µg/kg once
a week for 3 doses, the skin lesion resolved and
coughing also subsided. Lavy et al. (2002) showed
that treatment with doramectin at 400 µg/kg,
30 days prior to exposure to infective larvae
delayed the development of parasitic nodules in
the oesophagus, resulted in fewer nodules and
also subsequently delayed egg shedding by a
minimum of 40 days in the treated group.
Key words: Spirocerca lupi, cutaneous spirocercosis, dog
Spirocerca lupi, commonly known as
“Oesophageal worm of Dogs” or “Park worm”
is a Spirurid nematode under Family Thelaziidae. This paper reports on the occurrence of
Spirocerca lupi in an erythematous skin lesion
in a male Labrador dog.
A three and a half year old male Labrador dog
from the Chennai city police dog squad weighing
35 kg was presented with a history of coughing
and an erythematous skin lesion of about 0.6
cm diameter in the dorsal aspect of the shoulder
blade. A live worm was found in the lesion and
was pulled out alive by the care taker. Clinical
examination of the dog revealed intermittent
coughing. Lateral radiography of the lungs
revealed broncho pulmonary inltration. Blood
picture was normal except for an increase in the
eosinophil count. Interstingly, no helminth eggs
were found in the faecal analysis.
1
References
Lavy, E., Aroch, I., Bark, H., Markovics, A., Aizenberg, I.,
Mazaki-Tovi, M., Hagag, A. and Harrus, S. (2002) Evaluation
of doramectin for the treatment of experimental canine spirocercosis. Parasitol., 109: 65–73.
Oryan, A., Sadjjadi, S.M., Mehrabani, D. and Kargar M.(2008)
Spirocercosis and its complications. Veterinarni Medicina., 53: 617-624.
Soulsby,E.J.L. (1982) Helminths, arthropods and protozoa of
domesticated animals (7th edition), Bailliere Tindall, London,
291-294.
78
Effect of Sulfonamides on Egg Quality in Colour Layers
P.Sumitha and K.Sukumar1
Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal-637002, Tamil Nadu.
(Received : 04-08-2014;
Abstract
In order to curtail the mortality in a colour
layer ock infected with fowl cholera, the ock
was treated with sulfonamide through drinking
water for four days. The mortality was controlled
but changes in egg shell quality namely mottled,
misshaped, thin shelled, rough shelled and
loss of shell pigments in the brown colour
eggs were reported. Serum samples collected
from the affected ock showed protective titre
for Newcastle and infectious bronchitis virus.
After withdrawal of the treatment the egg shell
quality was improved gradually.
Key words: Sulfonamide, colour layers, egg
shell quality.
Sulfanomides are class of antimicrobial
drugs, widely used for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes in both human beings and
animals. Sometimes, it is also used as additives
in animal feed because prolonged ingestion of
sulfanomides may have a growth promoting
effect. In poultry, sulfanomides are used for
the treatment of many infectious diseases such
as Infectious Coryza, Pullorum disease, Fowl
typhoid and Coccidiosis (Giguere et al., 2006).
After the treatment of infected hen with drugs,
the residues of drugs are present at some level
in edible products like eggs and meat of treated
hens. The present report explicates the effect of
sulfonamides therapy on egg quality in colour
layers.
For the treatment of fowl cholera in a colour
layer ock at Namakkal district of Tamil Nadu,
sulfonamide was administrated at the dose of 0.5
g/4 litre in the drinking water for four consecutive days. The mortality due to fowl cholera was
1
Corresponding author: Email : [email protected]
Accepted : 25-09-2014)
reduced from 20 birds per day to one bird in
10000 batch ock. The farmer reported higher
percentages of mottled, misshaped, thin shelled,
rough shelled and loss of shell pigments in brown
shelled eggs. The serum samples were collected
from the affected ock and it was subjected to
haemagglutination inhibition test to rule out
Newcastle disease and infectious bronchitis.
The haemagglutination inhibition test showed
protective level of antibody titre for Newcastle
disease and infectious bronchitis. The farmer
was advised to withdraw the sulfonamide treatment. Within a week after the sulfonamide
withdrawal there was gradual improvement
in the shell quality of the eggs such as shape,
shell thickness and shell pigment. In accordance
with the present report, Kan and Petz (2000)
also observed that the sulfanomide residues
decreased the egg production and egg shell thickness but increased the incidence of misshapen
eggs and eggs with blood spots.
This report is consistent with the
ndings obtained by Jacob et al. (2000), who
reported that sulfanomides decreased the egg
shell thickness, it could be justied by the fact
that sulfanomides inhibit folic acid synthesis,
leading to anemia which in turn cause decrease
the level of oxygen in the blood stream which
hindering the calcium carbonate synthesis,
essential for egg shell synthesis in a sufcient
rate 94-97% (Malik, et al., 2013).
Sulfanomide drug and their metabolites
left over in the body after their administration
as residues and may be retained in the meat
and eggs and that generating potentially serious
problems in human health, such as allergic and
toxic reactions (Malik et al., loc cit).
P.Sumitha and K.Sukumar
To avoid sulfanomide residue, it should
be administrated only in recommended concentrations and their respective withdrawal time
must be observed to decrease the health hazard
to consumer. In this case, changes in egg shell
quality may be due to sulfanomide treatment.
References
79
Jacob, J.P., Miles, R.D. and Mather, F.B. (2000) Egg quality.
University of Florida.
Kan, C.A. and Petz, M. (2000) Residues of veterinary drugs
in eggs and their distribution between yolk and white. J. Agric.
Food Chem., 48: 6397-6403.
Malik Huwaida E.E., Omer Julnar E. and Elamin Khalid M.
(2013) Effect of Sulfanomides Residues on Egg Quality Traits.
Int J of Poultry Sci 12 (5): 312-317.
Giguere, S., Presscott, J.F., Baggot, J.D., Walke, R.D. and
Dowling, P.M. (2006) Antimicrobial therapy in veterinary medicine. 4th Edn., Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Oxford, UK.
Lameness in Layer Breeder Flock of Namakkal District, Tamil Nadu
due to Staphylococcus Aureus
P.Sumitha and K.Sukumar1
Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal-637002, Tamil Nadu.
(Received : 04-08-2014;
Abstract
Thirteen weeks old layer breeder birds were
brought to the Department of Veterinary
Microbiology, VCRI, Namakkal with a history of
lameness followed by dehydration and mortality
of six to eight birds daily. On postmortem examination, femoral head necrosis was observed in
all the birds. Pure culture of Staphylococcus
aureus was isolated from dead birds and it was
conrmed by staining, cultural and biochemical tests. Antibiotic sensitivity test was carried
out and it showed sensitivity to amoxycillin,
gentamicin, chloramphenicol, enrooxacin and
ciprooxacin and intermediate sensitivity to
ampicillin, streptomycin and Penicillin G. The
affected ock was treated with amoxicillin at
the dose rate of 10 mg/kg body weight through
drinking water for four days. The ock recovered
from lameness completely after the treatment.
Key words: Lameness, Staphylococcus aureus,
layer breeder
Staphylococcus aureus infections are
1
Accepted : 25-09-2014)
common in poultry and it is a ubiquitous organism in the breeder house environment and can
be isolated from the litter, dust and feathers.
The bacterium is considered to be a normal
resident of the chicken, located on the skin,
feathers, in the respiratory and intestinal tracts
(Butterworth, 1999). Staphylococcal infections
tend to occur more frequently at different
age of breeder’s. The probability of infection
is increased by any injury that provides the
bacteria with a route of entry. The most obvious
route of infection is through a break in the skin;
through the respiratory tract; and through the
gut (Jenson, 1996).
Thirteen weeks old layer parent birds were
brought to the Department of Veterinary
Microbiology, VCRI, Namakkal with a history of
lameness followed by dehydration and mortality
of six to eight birds daily. The birds were treated
with calcium supplement and other nutritional
supplements but the condition persisted.
On postmortem examination femoral
80
Lameness in Layer Breeder Flock ...
head necrosis was observed. Swabs were
collected aseptically from the heart blood and
bone marrow, streaked on Nutrient agar and
incubated at 37C for 24 hours for cultural
examination. A total of three isolates were
identied by cultural examination, Gram staining and biochemical tests (Quinn et al., 1994).
Antibacterial sensitivity test was carried
out on these isolates with antibiotic discs viz.
amoxycillin (10µg), ampicillin (10µg), gentamicin (10µg), chloramphenicol (10µg), enrooxacin
(10µg), ciprooxacin (10µg), streptomycin (30µg)
and Penicillin G (10 Units) by Kirby- Bauer disk
diffusion method using Muller- Hinton agar
(NCCLS, 1997).
Cultural examination of heart blood and bone
marrow samples from dead layer breeder showed
pure colonies of Staphylococcus aureus and it
was conrmed by biochemical tests (Quinn et
al., loc cit). Adayel (2005) observed that the most
frequent sites of Staphylococcus aureus infections in poultry were bones, tendons, sheaths
and joints, especially tibiotarsal and stie joints.
This is due to high afnity of Staphylococcus
aureus for collagen-rich surfaces such as the
articular surface of joints, and synovial sheaths
located around joints and tendons. This organism also tends to localize in the growth plate of
actively growing bones (Jordan, 1996).
Antibiotic sensitivity tests of isolated
organism showed sensitivity to amoxycillin,
gentamicin,
chloramphenicol,
enrooxacin
and ciprooxacin and intermediate sensitivity
to ampicillin, streptomycin and Penicillin G.
Rasheed (2011) reported that Staphylococcus
aureus isolated from broiler arthritis was sensitive to amoxycillin but showed resistance to
gentamicin and novobiocin and Shareef (2009)
observed that the lameness causing Staphylococcus aureus in commercial layer breeder
ocks were susceptible to enrooxacin, methicillin, trimethoprim, and sulphamethoxazole,
tetracycine and vancomycin. The high rate of
antimicrobial susceptibility may be due to the
low usage of these antimicrobials in layer breeders compared with broiler breeders or broilers
(Shareef et al., loc. cit).
The affected ock was treated with
amoxicillin at the dose rate of 10 mg/kg body
weight through drinking water for four days. The
ock recovered from lameness completely after
the treatment. Antibiotics are most effective if
given early in the disease whereas in established
infections, especially with arthritis and osteomyelitis, will not respond to medication due to
the amount of damage that has already been
done to the joint and the bone (Jenson, 2001).
Staphylococcal infections in young birds are best
controlled by strict sanitation measures.
References
Adayel, S.A. (2005) Incidence of Staphylococcus aureus
causing Arthritis of broiler dreeders.4th Int Sci Conf Mansoura:65-70.
Butterworth, A. (1999) Infectious components of broiler lameness: a review. World Poultry Sci J., 56(4):327-352.
Jensen, E.L. (2001) Staphylococcus Infections in Broiler
Breeders. AviaTech., 1:1-4.
Jensen M.M. (1996) An overview on the pathogenesis of
staphylococcosis and an update on staphylococcal interference. In Proceedings of the Avian Skeletal Disease Symposium. AAAP/AVMA, San Antonio, TX; 79-82.
Jordan F.T., and Pattisson, M. (1996) Poultry diseases. 4th
ed. London: W.B. Saunders company Ltd: pp 66-67.
NCCLS. (1997) Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk
and Dilution Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria Isolated from Animals; Tentative Standard. NCCLS Document M31-T. Wayne,
Pennsylvania, 19087, USA.
Quinn, P.J., Carter, M.E, Markey, B.K., and Carter, G.R. (1994)
Veterinary Clinical Microbiology. Wolfe Publication, London,
U.K. pp 118-126.
Rasheed, B.Y. (2011) Isolation and identication of bacteria
causing arthritis in chickens. Iraqi J. Vet. Sci.,25(2): 93-95
Shareef, A.M., Mansour, R.S. and Ibrahim, K.K. (2009) Staphylococcus aureus in commercial breeder layer ocks. Iraqi J.
Vet. Sci.,23(I):63-68.
81
Histopathological Study of Surgically Removed Nasal Polyps and it’s
Recovery in Dog
Partha Sarathi Mandal, Mousam Das, Samiran Mondal, Sourav Mahanty1, Sabyasachi Konar, Sunit Kumar
Mukhopadhayay and Surojit Das
Department of Veterinary Pathology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, 68-K. B. Sarani, Kolkata-700 037, West Bengal, India
(Received : 22-12-2014;
Polypoid growth of nasal passages which are
smooth, soft, pink or pearl white in color, slimy
to touch and covered by nasal mucosa through
accid crus are known as nasal polyps (Skladdzien, 1999). The tumor arises from brous
tissue of submucosa and gradually pushes into
the lumen of nose. Polyps are an end result of
varying disease processes which breaks down
the nasal mucosa are not a common diagnosis
of dog. Main causative agent Rhinosporidium
Seeberi can be found in large sporangia within
the polyps. Common clinical signs include nasal
discharge, sneezing, coughing, epistaxis, and
stertor (Holt and Goldschmidt, 2011). They may
be removed by surgery, but are found to recure
in about 70% of cases.
Key words : Nasal polyps, dogs, surgical
removal.
Case History and Observation
Two dogs, an eight years male cross breed dog
and another nine years old male mongrel were
presented to the Outdoor clinics of Belgachia,
West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery
Sciences with complaint of chronic swelling on
Accepted : 20-04-2015)
nasal bones and facial asymmetry (Fig. 1). The
other signs like lacrimation, sneezing was also
observed. The owner also reported frequent
bleeding from the noses. Blood samples were
collected from dogs for haematology. The radiological picture showed some soft tissue opacity
on the affected area which keeps similarity with
the study of previous worker (Blutke et al., 2010).
The hematological values were normal except
moderate neutrophilia (79%) and eosinophilia
(07%) with slight increase in total leukocyte
count (TLC).
General anaesthesia, induced for surgical
preparation was xylazine (2 mg/kg bw) i/m
and maintained by ketamine (5 mg/kg bw) and
diazepam (0.5 mg/kg bw) combination i/v. After
draping, dorsal rhinotomy (Holt and Goldschmidt,
loc. cit) was performed parallel to the long axis
of nose. Suction and irrigation was done to clear
blood mixed exudates and nasal polyps tissue
masses (Fig. 2) from the sinus. Then Ryles tube
was introduced within nasal cavity for drainage
of tissue debris by ushing with normal saline
(Holt and Goldschmidt, loc. cit). Polyps were
Fig 1. Facial asymmetry due to chronic nasal polyps
1
Fig 2. Surgically removed nasal polyp masses
82
Histopathological Study of Surgically ...
vacuolization (Chojnowska, 2013) within the
polypoid mass was noticeable where endothelial
cell proliferation and angiogenesis thought to
be the cause of frequent epistaxis (Breitschwerdt et al., 2005). Presence of hyperchromatic
cells, pleomorphic nucleolus (Fig. 3) with slight
increased mitotic index indicates the transformation of polypoid growth towards malignancy
(Chojnowska, loc. cit).
References
Fig 3. Hyperchromatic cells with pleomorphic nucleolus obtained from polyps. (H&E x 400)
preserved in 10% formalin for histopathology.
The skin incision above nasal bone was closed
with a set of horizontal mattress sutures using
nylon. Post-operative treatment included ceftriaxone (20 mg/kg bw BID), meloxicam (0.3 mg/
kg bw OD), ethamsylate (12.5 mg/kg bw BID)
and furosemide (2 mg/kg bw BID). Surgical
wound was dressed every day and skin sutures
were removed on 10th post-operative day. On
histopathological examination chronic granulating inammation with increased inltration
of eosinophils (Kim and Hanley, 2002) and
moderate increase in neutrophil, macrophage
were observed (Blutke et al., loc. cit). There
unilateral nasal discharge was due to presence
of nasal polyps in both nostrils and inltration
of granular cells with mild broblastic proliferation (Lobetti, 2009). Necrotic cell debris, oedema,
Blutke, A., Parzefall, B., Steger, A., Goedde, T. and Hermanns, W. (2010) Inammatory polyp in the middle ear of a
dog: a case report. Veterinarni Medicina. 55: 289-293
Breitschwerdt, E.B., Hegarty, B.C. and Maggi, R. (2005) Bartonella species as a potential cause of epistaxis in dogs. J Clin
Microbiol. 43:2529-2533.
Chojnowska, S., Kępka, A., Waszkiewicz, N., Kołodziejczyk,
Z.P., Konarzewska-Duchnowska, E., Osciłowicz, K., CabajWiater, I., Sowizdraniuk, J., Dzięciol, J., Ladny, J.R., Zwierz,
K. and Szajda, S.D. (2013) Etiopathogenesis of nasal polyps.
Prog Health Sci. 3:151-159
Holt, D.E. and Goldschmidt, M.H. (2011) Nasal polyps in dogs:
ve cases (2005 to 2011). J. Small. Anim. Pract. 52: 660-663.
Kim, J. and Hanley, A. (2002) The role of woodstoves in the
etiology of nasal polyposis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck
Surg. 128:682-686
Lobetti, R.G. (2009) A retrospective study of chronic nasal disease in 75 dogs. Tydskr. S. Afr. Vet. Ver. 80: 224–228.
Skladdzien, J. (1999) Nasal polyps: Identify and develop the
basic theory of their pathogenesis. Otolar Pol. 53: 441-5.
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83
Pulpy Kidney Disease in Sheep and Goats
M. Sasikala1, J. Selvaraj, D. Basheer Ahamad and N. Babu Prasath
Deparment of Veterinary Pathology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Orathanadu
(Received : 03-01-2015;
Abstract
Post mortem examination of sheep and goats of
differing ages done at Department of Veterinary
Pathology, revealed soft and pulpy kidneys,
congested and hemorrhagic epicardium, edema,
congestion and consolidation of lungs. Examination of urine revealed severe glucosuria, ketonuria and hematuria. Histopathology of kidney
revealed tubular nephrosis. Intestine and renal
medulla showed gram positive rods.
Key words: Necropsy, Pulpy kidney disease,
Goat, Lamb, Pathology
Pulpy kidney disease is an acute toxaemic
disease caused by Clostridium perfringens Type
D and is recognized worldwide as a common,
frequently fatal disease of sheep and goats of all
ages. These Clostridial organisms are normal
inhabitants of the alimentary tract and appear
to be in a relatively quiescent state. Changes
in the diet which contains more amount starch
triggers the disease, because of the sacchrolytic
properties, the bacteria proliferate and liberate
very potent toxin which causes damage to the
Accepted : 01-04-2015)
intestine as well as other organs. This can result
in fatalities, particularly in the non-vaccinated
animal or in the newborn lamb or kid whose
dam has not been vaccinated.
Two sheep and three goats of differing ages were
brought for post mortem examination on different dates in the month of September, 2014. After
postmortem examination and recording of gross
ndings in tissues viz., kidney, liver, lung, heart,
intestine and brain were collected in 10% neutral
buffered formalin. Tissues were processed
routinely, 4µ thin sections made, stained with
haemotoxylin and eosin and subjected to histopathological examination. Urine samples were
also collected for the biochemical evaluation.
External examination of the carcass revealed
good body condition with rigor mortis, soiled
greenish diarrhoeic material around the anus
and distended abdomen. Grossly, both kidneys
were very soft and pulpy (Fig.1) which was in
concurrence with the ndings of Miyashiro et
Fig 1. Soft and Pulpy kidney – Goat
1
Fig 2. Subacute interstitial nephritis - kidney – Lamb
84
Pulpy Kidney Disease ...
Fig 3. Congestion and edema - Lung – Lamb
Fig 4. Centrilobular necrosis - Liver - Goat
al. (2007) in a goat affected with enterotoxaemia. Mesenteric lymph nodes were enlarged.
Intestinal lumen was lled with brownish grey
porridge like contents. Pericardium contained
about 2 ml of clear colourless pericardial uid
and epicardium of heart was congested. Lungs
revealed severe edema and emphysema.
Same ndings were observed in experimental
enterotoxaemia of sheep by Uzal et al. (2004).
Trachea and bronchi contained colorless frothy
uid and tracheal mucosa revealed congestion.
Meninges over the cerebrum revealed congestion. Biochemical examination of urine revealed
severe glycosuria, ketonuria and hematuria.
Smith and Sherman (2009) also observed similar
ndings in goat affected with enterotoxaemia.
congestion, multifocal moderate mononuclear
cell inltration, emphysema and edema (Fig.3)
and the edema uid was more eosinophilic and
more protinaceous (Uzal et al., loc cit and Khan
et al, loc cit). Mesenteric lymph node and spleen
revealed lymphoid cell depletion. Liver showed
multifocal mild necrotic hepatitis, centrilobular
necrosis (Fig.4), multifocal vacoular changes
and sinusoidal congestion. Both cerebrum and
cerebellum revealed focal perivascular hemorrhage and perivascular edema.
Histopathological examination of the
kidney revealed tubular nephrosis, interstitial
nephritis (Fig.2), renal cortical hemorrhages,
diffuse severe patchy areas of medullary congestion and capillaries in the medulla contained
bacterial clumps. Khan et al. (2008) observed
similar lesions in kidney along with interstitial
edema in deer affected with enterotoxaemia.
Intestinal mucosa revealed rod shaped organism
in H & E staining and it was conrmed as gram
positive rods by Gram’s staining (Hornitzky
and Glastonbury, 1986). Lungs revealed severe
References
Hornitzky, M. A. Z., and Glastonbury, J.R. (1986) Enterotoxaemia in sheep, goats and cattle. Australian standard diagnostic
techniques for Animal diseases. No.30. Australian Agricultural
Council, CSIRO, Australia.
Khan, A., Ali,I., Hussain,I., and Ahmad,N. (2008) Clostridium
perfringens Type D Enterotoxaemia in the Chinkara Deer
(Gazella bennettii). Turk. J. vet. Anim. Sci, 32(3): 225 – 228.
Miyashiro, S., Nassar, A.F.C., Del Fava, C., Cabral, A.D., and
Silva, M. (2007) Clostridium perfringens types A and D associated with enterotoxaemia in an 18 month old goat. J venom
Toxins incl Trop Dis, 13 (4): 885 – 893.
Smith, M.C., and Sherman, D.M. (1994) Goat Medicine. Baltimore: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, pp: 298 - 302.
Uzal, F.A., Kelly, W.R., Morris, W.E., Bermudez and J., Baison,
M. (2004) The Pathology of peracute experimental Clostridium perfringens type D enterotoxaemia in sheep. J Vet Diagn
Invest, 16: 403 - 411.
85
Acephalic Monster : A Case Report
D. Jena1, B.K. Patra, S.Das and D.N. Mohanty
Department of Animal Reproduction, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry,
Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar – 751 003, Odisha
(Received : 02-03-2015;
Abstract
Monstrosities are congenital defect that may
result due to infectious or genetic abnormalities. The present case highlights a Jersey cow
with problems of dystocia not being able to
deliver albeit forceful straining. The case was
later diagnosed as foetal monstrosity associated with acephalic condition. Subsequently the
dystocia was relieved with the monster foetus
being successfully removed.The handling of
the presented case, obstetrical correction, its
post-delivery care and therapeutic medication is
discussed.
Key words: Acephalic monster, Jersey cross
breed
Monstrosity leads to abnormal development and distortion of various organs and
systems and the nal outcome is the loss of
the foetus and dam with associated economic
factors(Sharma et al., 2013). The monsters
that are characterised by an increase size of
foetus includes hydrocephalic, acephalic, ascetic
monsters; monsters due to pseudo-ankylosis of
the limbs or neck; mummied foetuses that died
in late gestation (Roberts, 1971)
A Jersey crossbred cow, served by a stray bull, in
its 4th lactation was presented with a history of
a prolonged second stage of labour with forceful
abdominal contractions and frequently lying up
and down. The physical examination revealed
respiration rate and rectal temperature were
21times/min. and 101.5°F, respectively.
The animal was administered 5 ml
of lignocaine hydrochloride (2% lignocaine)
as epidural anaesthesia.Prior to per-vaginal
1
Accepted : 15-04-2015)
examination, the hind part and perineal region
of the cow was cleaned properly with soap and
water.The animal examined per-vaginally after
proper lubrication revealed that the foetus was
presented posteriorly with dorso-sacral position.
The left hind limb was present in the vaginal
canal whereas the right hind limb was exed at
hock joint.
Correction of right hind limb of foetus was made
after repelling foetus anteriorly and the foot was
drawn back through an arch and it was extended
in the region of vagina. Traction was applied on
both the hind limbs by xing snares on pastern
joint. The magnitude of tractive effort exerted
by the cow at natural calving is 70kg whereas it
is 75kg and 115kg if applied by one person and
two person respectively. This tractive effort is
higher if given by calving jack and pocket pulley
block which are 400kg and 445kg respectively
(Arthur et al., 2001). In this case foetus was
extracted gently and carefully by two persons
i.e. with tractive effort of 115kg.Gross examination of foetus revealed presence of a small eshy
structure in place of head with no appreciable
facial structure with stumpy and deformed legs
(Fig.1 & 2). The cow was administered with long
acting single dose antibiotics i.e. Enrooxacin
(FORTIVIR) 30 ml deep-intramuscularly on
two sides of gluteal muscles, uterine cleanser
like UTRIFIT @ 100ml bid for 2 days orally and
Meloxicam (MELONEX) @ 0.3 mg/ kg as NSAID
intramuscularly.
The protagonist cause of congenital
abnormalities that give rise to monstrosities
may be genetic or congenital. Besides, teratogenic agents like drug, hormone, chemical,
gamma radiation, trace element, variation of
86
Acephalic Monster : A Case Report
Fig 1. Deformed and distorted limbs of foetus
temperature or an infectious agent particularly
virus may not kill the developing conceptus,
but many of the abnormalities they induce are
incompatible with life (Arthuret al., loc.cit).
Monstrosities often cause dystocia
in dairy cattle, the common example being
schitosomareexus; next in order of frequency
areankylosis, persomuselumbis, double monster
and dropsical fetuses. In this case thedystocia
might have precipitated due to developmental
defect of the head which might have contributed
out of pituitary hypoplasia of the foetus. Posterior presentations of the foetus are sometimes
associated with cranial defect as a result of
pituitary malfunction which interferes with
postural adjustment(Arthuret al., loc.cit).The
condition most commonly happens in dairy cows
which are bred naturally by stray bulls rather
than articial insemination. However, there are
Fig 2. Fleshy mass in lieu of head without
appreciable facial structure.
cases where the cow suffered from monstrosities
after being bred with articial insemination
method.
References
Arthur, G.H., Noakes, D.E., Pearson, H. and Parkinson, T.J.
(2001) Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics, 8th edition.
W.B. Saunders Company Ltd. London.pp-269, 315.
Roberts,S.J.(1971) Veterinary Obstetrics and Genital Diseases (Theriogenology),Second Edn., CBS publishers and Distributors, New Delhi.pp-284
Sharma, A., Kumar, P., Singh, M.,Vasishta, N.K. and Jaswal,
R. (2013) Rare fetal monster in Holstein crossbred cow,Open
Vet. J., 3(1): 8-10.
Intestinal Obstruction Due to Moniezia expansa in Osmanabadi Kid
G.K.Sawale1, H.Y.Pallampale, P.P.Ghorpade, Riddhi Pednekar, D.S .Gavhane, A.K.Mhase and S.Chopade
Department of Veterinary Pathology, Bombay Veterinary College, Goregaon, Mumbai-400065, MAFSU, Nagpur.
(Received : 09-01-2015;
Abstract
A ve month old female Osmanabadi kid was
presented for necropsy examination which
showed the clinical signs of watery diarrhoea,
unthriftiness, weakness, anaemia and alopecia
before death. Necropsy examination revealed
heavy load of tapeworm in intestine. The micro1
Corresponding author: Email: [email protected].
Accepted : 15-04-2015)
scopic examination of worms found in intestine
conrmed as M. expansa, completely lling the
lumen of intestine and resulted into intestinal
obstruction and death.
Key words: Kid, Osmanabadi,
Moniezia
expansa, Intestinal obstruction, Pathology.
Tape worms are most commonly seen in
sheep and goat than other ruminants (Choud-
G.K.Sawale et al.
hary and Singh, 2000). Evidence suggests that
the most infestation due to Monenzia expansa
(M. expansa) in goat and sheep are asymptomatic
and harmless (Radostits et al., 1997). However,
heavy tapeworm infestation may be associated
with death in kid (Choudhary and Singh, loc
cit.). Tape worm compete with the nutrition of
host and may even interfere with gut motility
and causes intestinal obstruction (Waghmare,
2004). The present paper reports on the occurrence of heavy load of tapeworm leading to
intestinal obstruction and death in kid.
A goat female kid of 5 month age of an
Osmanabadi breed was presented for necropsy
examination to Department of Pathology,
Bombay Veterinary College, Mumbai. Necropsy
was conducted and gross lesions were recorded.
Affected portion of organs were collected in 10 %
formalin. Parafn embedded tissue section were
cut into 4 to 6 µm and stained with haematoxylin and eosin for histopathological examination
(Bancroft and Cook, 1994).
A detailed history taken from farm manager
revealed that the kid had watery diarrhoea,
unthriftiness, weakness, anaemia and alopecia
since past few days. The detailed necropsy
examination revealed heavy load of tapeworm in
intestine. The microscopic examination of worms
found in intestine conrmed as M. expansa.
The clinical signs viz. unthriftiness, weakness,
Fig 1: Kid- Tapeworm completely lled the intestinal lumen
87
diarrhoea, anaemia and intestinal obstruction
although not common but has been reported by
some authors (Waghmare, loc cit., Radostits et
al., loc cit., and Jana and Jana, 2009).
External examination of necropsy of
kid revealed pale mucus membrane indicated
anaemia and emaciated carcass. Skin was rough
and showed focal patches of alopecia. Internal
examination of visceral organs did not reveal
any signicant abnormality in the lung, liver
and kidney except paleness of the organs and
atrophy of the liver. Gall bladder was distended
with bile. Intestinal content were watery.
Unopened small intestine appeared very bright
grey/ white in colour. Intestine upon dissection
showed heavy load of tapeworm completely
lling the intestine (Fig. 1). The gross lesions
observed in the present investigation are in
accordance with the earlier reports (Radostits
et al., loc cit., Waghmare, loc cit., and Jana and
Jana, loc cit.).
Microscopic examination of the intestinal section revealed diffuse areas of coagulative necrosis, sloughing and denudation of
epithelial cells of villi as well as accumulation
of cellular debris with catarrhal exudates in
the lumen and cut section of tape-worms (Fig.
2 and 3). Inltration of inammatory cells viz.
eosinophils and sparse population of lymphocytes and macrophages were also noticed in the
intestinal mucosa. Similarly, Radostits et al.
(loc cit.) reported mild inammatory lesion on
the intestinal mucosa at the site of attachment
of tapeworm. However, the microscopic lesion in
Fig 2: Kid- Intestine-showing severe enteritis with cut section
of tapeworms (HE x 40 X)
88
Intestinal Obstruction Due ...
tapeworm was comparatively less than the rst
kid. This kid could have died of anaemia as the
mucus membrane and visceral organs were very
pale. The dung was examined for the presence
of gravid proglottids or eggs of tapeworm after
one week post treatment, however it was found
negative in other two survived kids. Similar
to our observation, treatment with Albendazole had found effective for tapeworm in goat
(Waghmare, loc cit.).
Summary
Fig 3: Kid- Intestine-showing severe enteritis with cut section
of tapeworms (HE x 100 X)
intestinal mucosa in the present case was severe
and could possibly be due to heavy tapeworm
load in the intestine and invasion of injured
mucosa by secondary commensal organisms.
The dung examined form three kids
which were also showed gravid proglottids. On
next day, Albendazole was administered @ 7.5
mg/ kg b. wt. Iron preparation was administered for recovery from anaemia. However, one
more male kid was submitted for post mortem
examination from same lot on 3rd day of treatment and showed similar signs and lesions as
described in the rst kid. However, the load of
For Indian Contributors:
Intestinal obstruction caused by M. expansa in
Osmanabadi kids were presented and therapeutic management was reported.
References
Bancroft, J. D. and Cook, H. C. (1994) Manual of histological
techniques and their diagnostic application. 2nd edition. Edinburg, Churchill Livingstone. pp. 457.
Chaudhari, S. S and Singh, Satyavir (2000) Helminth parasites of domestic animals in Haryana. Haryana Vet. 39:1.
Jana, D. and Jana, M. (2009) Severe tapeworm infestation in
Sirohi kids. Intas Polivet.10: 300.
Radostits, O. M., Blood, D. C. and Gay, C. C. (1997) Veterinary Medicine. 8thEdn . WB
Sauders company Ltd London. Pp. 1581.
Waghmare, P. G. (2004) Tapeworm infection in kid. Indian Vet.
J. 81: 1070.
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