2013 Virginia Turfgrass Field Days Research Update

Transcription

2013 Virginia Turfgrass
Field Days Research Update
August 27—28, 2013
Glade Road and Turfgrass Research Centers, Blacksburg, VA
Virginia Turfgrass Council
NOTE. Please note that this research report is published to promote rapid dissemination of information from researchers to our industry
professionals. Many of the results presented are from studies that are in
progress. Final conclusions can only be appropriately drawn after studies
have been completed, the data statistically analyzed, the interpretations
scrutinized by peer review procedures, and the results published in accepted research publications. Therefore, the data in this report are not for
publication without the expressed consent of the senior researcher.
2
2013 Field Day Sponsors
Platinum Sponsor
Coffee/Doughnuts
Lunch
3
Table of Contents
Page (s)
3
Field Day Sponsors
4-5
Table of Contents
Turfgrass Team Contact Information
6
Research Cooperators and Sponsors
7
Field Day Tour Schedule GLADE
8
Field Day Map of Sitle Locations --Glade Road Research Faciltiy
9
10-11
Field Day Tour Schedule TRC
Field Day Map of Sitle Locations --Turfgrass Research Center West
12
Field Day Map of Sitle Locations --Turfgrass Research Center East
13
Weather Data at the Virginia Tech Turfgrass Research Center
14
Agronomic Research Updates
Evaluating the potential benefits of adding compost and/or microclover to new and established
turfgrass stands
Plant health product for putting greens demonstration trial
15
16-17
An Integrated Nutritional and Chemical Approach to Poa annua Control in Creeping Bentgrass
Putting Greens
18-19
Effect of Golf Course Turfgrass Management on Water Quality of Non-tidal Streams in the
Chesapeake Bay Watershed
20-21
Testing of Specialty Fertilizer and Surfactant Products for Creeping Bentgrass Putting Green
Summer Performance
22-23
Pathology and Entomology Research Updates
Impact of turf fans on golf putting greens.
24-25
Fungicide programs for golf greens.
26-27
Combined applications of entomopathogenic fungi and insecticides for white grub control
4
28
Weed Science Research Updates
Overseeded Bermudagrass Transition with Negate® Herbicide
29
Methiozolin Research Update and Ball Roll Demonstration
30-31
Goosegrass Control and Bermudagrass Tolerance with Low-Rate Pylex™ Programs
32-33
Metamifop for Goosegrass and Crabgrass Control
34
Preemergence Crabgrass Control with Quali-Pro Products
35
Postemergence and Residual Crabgrass Control with Cavalcade PQ
36
Performance of Quinclorac Formulations for Smooth Crabgrass Control in Cool-Season Turf
37
Can Pylex™ selectively control bermudagrass in bentgrass?
38
Compost incorporation and microclover overseeding in established ‘Yukon’ bermudagrass
39
Compost incorporation and microclover overseeding at seeding of ‘Yukon’ bermudagrass
40-41
Winter annual postemergence weed control in dormant bermudagrass
42-43
Winter annual control in dormant bermudagrass with Scythe
44-47
Variety Evaluations
NTEP Management
48
2013 NTEP Bermudagrass
49
2008 NTEP Creeping Bentgrass
50-51
2010 NTEP Perennial Ryegrass
52-55
2012 NTEP Tall Fescue
56-57
2011 NTEP KY Bluegrass
58-61
2008 NTEP Fine Leaf Fescue
62-63
Variety Recommendations
64-65
5
Virginia Tech Turfgrass Research Field Day
The Turfgrass Team of Virginia Tech and the Virginia Turfgrass Council welcomes you to the Virginia
Turfgrass Research Field Days! We sincerely appreciate your support of our efforts and encourage you to
make this YOUR Field Day by participating in discussions with our faculty, staff, and students. The collaborative and cooperative efforts of our Turfgrass Team in research, teaching, and outreach are major reasons for
the success of our programs and we are here to assist you! Please feel free to contact any of us if we can be of
assistance to you.
Name
Shawn Askew
Whitnee Askew
Jeff Derr
Dept.
PPWS
CSES
PPWS
Expertise
Weed Science
Agronomy
Weed Science
Phone
540-231-5807
540-231-5312
757-363-3912
E-mail
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
Sam Doak
Erik Ervin
Mike Goatley
Lloyd Hipkins
Pat Hipkins
David McCall
Rod Youngman
CSES
CSES
CSES
PPWS
Pest. Prog.
PPWS
ENT
Turf Education
Physiology
Agronomy
Weed Science
Pesticide Safety
Pathology
Entomology
540-231-7283
540-231-5208
540-231-2951
540-231-9842
540-231-6543
540-231-9598
540-231-9118
Xungzhong Zhang
CSES
Physiology
540-231-3684
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
Virginia’s Turfgrass Field Day provides you an opportunity to see the ongoing research that forms the
basis of our Cooperative Extension educational programming throughout the Commonwealth. A large part of
the research you view today is supported by funding from the Virginia Turfgrass Foundation, so you are seeing
research funded by and in support of its own industry.
NOTE that this research report is published to promote rapid dissemination from researchers to our industry professionals. Many of the results presented are from studies that are in progress. Final conclusions
can only be appropriately drawn after studies have been completed, the data statistically analyzed, and the interpretations scrutinized by peer review procedures. Therefore, the data in the publication are not for publication with the expressed consent of the senior researcher.
Thanks to our research program sponsors and supporters over the past year. It is in large part their
funding that keeps our programs viable and productive. These companies and individuals that made such a
difference in our efforts are featured on the next page.
And finally, thanks to the specific sponsors of our Field Days. Many different companies contribute to
the costs of staging this annual event. These individuals and firms are featured on the second page of this report!
6
Research Cooperators and Sponsors
Agrium Advanced Technologies
Ajinomoto
Alexandria Sanitation Authority
AMVAC Chemical
Amway
Andersons
Aquatrols
Ballyhack Golf Club, Roanoke (Billy Bobbit)
BASF Corp
Bay Creek Resort, Cape Charles (Mike Smith)
Bayer Environmental Science
Blacksburg Country Club (Bill Keene)
Cardinal Chemical
Chantilly Turf (Ray and Mark Weekley)
Chevy Chase Club (Dean Graves)
Civitas/Suncor Energy
Country Club of Virginia (Christian Sain and Troy
Fink)
Dow Chemical
Exacto
Floratine
FMC Professional Products
Foundry Golf Club (Scott Mauldin)
GCSAA, Environmental Institute for Golf
Glenmore Country Club (Kevin Fortune)
Goodyear Golf & Country Club (Mark Vaughn)
Grigg’s Brothers
Hanging Rock Golf Course, Salem (Brian Duweiss)
Hanover Country Club, Ashland (Brendan McNulty)
Harrell’s
Helena Chemical
Holganix
John Deere Landscapes
Keyplex
Koch Bros.
Landscape Supply
Lavery Sod Farm (Brad Niekamp)
Lebanon Turf
LidoChem
Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments
Moghu Research Center
Moghu USA
National Fish and Wildlife Foundation (Univ. of MD)
NuFarm/Cleary Chemical
Oakwood Sod Farm
Ocean Organics
PBI Gordon Company
Kinloch Golf Club (Pete Wendt)
Precision
Primland Resort (Brian Kearns and Greg Caldwell)
Quali-Pro
Repar Corporation
Riverside Turf Farm
Roanoke Country Club (Dan Wheeler)
Seed Research of Oregon
Simplot
Sipcam Advan
Smith Turf and Irrigation
Southern States Cooperative
Spectrum Technologies
Sports Turf Managers Association
Spotswood Country Club (Kip Fitzgerald)
Stoller
SubAir Systems, LLC
Summit Agro
Syngenta Professional Products
The Toro Company
The VT River Course (Mark Cote)
The Waterfront CC, Moneta (Read Harris)
Trinity Turf
Turf Vu
TurfScout, LLC
TurfScreen
University of Virginia Athletics (Jesse Pritchard, CSFM)
USDA/NTEP program
Valent USA
Virginia Agriculture Council
Virginia Golf Course Superintendents
Virginia Sports Turf Managers Association
Virginia Tech Athletics
Virginia Tech GC (Jason Ratcliff)
Virginia Tech Recreational Sports (Chad Kropf)
Virginia Turfgrass Council
Virginia Turfgrass Foundation
Westlake Golf Course (H. T Page)
Willow Oaks Country Club, Richmond (Eric Frazier and
Jordan Booth)
Winton Country Club Mike (Zirkle and Robert Habel)
Woodward Turf
7
8:00
Overseeded Bermudagrass Transition with Negate
Herbicide
Cox
A4
8:20
Bentgrass Response to Pylex Rates and Timings
Venner
A3
8:40
New dollar spot and brown patch control options on
cool-season fairways
McCall
A3
9:00
Impact of turf fans on golf putting greens
McCall
A2
9:20
Methiozolin research update and ball roll
demonstration
Venner and Rana
A2
9:40
Bentgrass rooting under controlled stress as affected
by biostimulants from 3 companies
Xunzhong
A2
10:00
Water quality monitoring of streams on VA golf
courses
Wilson
A2
8:00
New dollar spot and brown patch control options on
cool-season turf
McCall
A3
8:20
What the rain has brought in 2013
McCall
A4
8:40
Overseeded Bermudagrass Transition with Negate
Herbicide
Cox
A4
9:00
Combining Triclopyr with Tenacity and Pylex
S. Askew
A3
9:20
New Outreach programs
Goatley
A1
9:50
Gadgets and Gizmos for Safe and Effective Spray Ap-
P. Hipkins
A1
8
9
12:10
Metamifop and Pylex for goosegrass and crabgrass control
Cox
G2
12:30
Bentgrass putting green NTEP and Fe sulfate for Poa control
Ervin
G6
12:50
2013 Fungicide programming evaluations
McCall
G6
1:10
Bermudagrass Tolerance to Low-Rate Pylex Programs
Cox
G10
1:30
Can Pylex Selectively Control Bermudagrass in Bentgrass?
Venner
G10
1:50
Performance of Quinclorac Formulations for Crabgrass Control
Rana
G10
2:10
Selective Bermudagrass Control in Kentucky Bluegrass
S. Askew
G9
2:30
Smith
G8
2:50
Wetting agents and plant health products for putting greens
Ervin
G7
12:10
Landscape weed mangement update
Derr
G5
12:30
Cox
G2
12:50
Combined application of entomopathogenic fungi and insecticides
for white grub control
Gyawaly
G4
1:10
S. Askew
G9
1:30
Rana
G10
1:50
Preemergence Crabgrass Control with QualiPro Products
Smith
G10
2:10
Postemergence and Residual Crabgrass Control with Calvacade PQ
Smith
G8
2:30
Tall Fescue and KY Bluegrass NTEPs
2:50
Micro-Clover, Perennial Rygrass NTEP and Bermdagrass NTEP
10
Goatley and W.
Askew
Goatley and W.
Askew
G3
G1
12:10
S. Askew
G9
12:30
Rana
G10
12:50
Bermudagrass Tolerance to Low-Rate Pylex Programs
Cox
G10
1:10
Preemergence Crabgrass Control with QualiPro Products
Smith
G10
1:30
Postemergence and Residual Crabgrass Control with Calvacade
PQ
Smith
G8
1:50
Combined application of entomopathogenic fungi and
insecticides for white grub control
Gyawaly
G4
2:10
Cox
G2
2:30
Tall Fescue and KY Bluegrass NTEPs
Goatley and W.
Askew
G3
2:50
Micro-Clover, Perennial Rygrass NTEP and Bermdagrass NTEP
Goatley and W.
Askew
G1
11
12
13
VT Turfgrass Research Center Weather Data
14
Evaluating the potential benefits of adding compost and/or microclover to new and established turfgrass stands
Objectives: The objectives of this project are: 1) to evaluate and promote the adoption of compost incorporation prior to turf establishment as a best management practice within new residential developments; 2) to reduce lawn N fertilizer use by promoting the use of lawn seed mixtures that contain microclover; and 3) to
show that stormwater volume will be reduced and stormwater quality improved by implementing the first and
second objectives within a residential development.
Virginia Tech (along with Penn State) is conducting satellite demonstrations as part of a University of Maryland –funded grant from the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation examining the potential benefits of compost and/or microclover addition as part of turfgrass management programs. The research is being conducted
at Winton Country Club in Amherst, VA, a part of the Chesapeake Bay Watershed.
We anticipate that this project will demonstrate that the incorporation of compost prior to turf establishment is
a simple, cost effective way to reduce runoff from residential lots. It will also show that compost incorporation
does not involve increased maintenance requirements or remedial homeowner actions to be an effective long
term means of reducing runoff from residential developments located on flat or gently sloping terrain. The
value of compost incorporation and the use of microclover turf seed mixtures, in sustaining functionally desirable turf with little to no fertilizer use will also be demonstrated over the course of this project.
Preliminary results:
-turf-type tall fescue establishment, density and quality is enhanced by the pre-plant incorporation of 2
inches of compost into a prepared seedbed.
-the 2” compost-amended plots had much less weed pressure
-a 1/4” compost topdressing application to established vegetation resulted in a color response comparable
to plots receiving 1 lb synthetic N/1000 sq ft
-as anticipated, compost incorporation and/or topdressing tends to increase soil water infiltration and percolation rates
-microclover stands in establishment and/or supplementation trials did not persist following a fall 2012
seeding; microclover persistence following reseeding in the spring 2013 has been much improved to date
It is anticipated that this project will lead to increases in the use of compost and microclover- containing
seed mixtures by the building community, landscape practitioners, and homeowners. The results of this project
will also provide documentation that can be used to support reductions in N fertilization recommendations for
lawn turf when the two project BMPs are used at the time of turf establishment.
Location: Winton Country Club, Amherst, VA with additional site for clover establishment at the Turfgrass
Research Center
Researchers: Mike Goatley, Jr. and Whitnee Askew
Sponsors: National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, University of Maryland, Penn State University, Mike
Zirkle and Robert Habel (Winton Country Club, Amherst, VA)
15
Plant health product for putting greens demonstration trial
Objective: Demonstrate visual effects of sequential applications of various plant health product chemistries
on a putting green.
Rationale: A number of products are marketed for their primary (fungicidal, PGR, fertilizer) effects, but also
for secondary beneficial effects for improved putting green summer stress tolerance. We put out this demo in
late July to see if weekly treatment could show some of these “plant health” or secondary effects by Aug 28.
Procedures: The trial is on a mature Penn A4 putting green mowed 5 times a week at 0.125”. All plots receive
0.15 lb N/M from 28-8-18 (bent special fertilizer) and 2 oz/M Magnus (surfactant) weekly. Treatmenst are applied weekly at 40 psi in 40 gal/A water.
Treatments, with comments on purported “health effects”:
Turfscreen® at 1.5 oz/M. Turfscreen® contains the same ingredients as common sunscreen, titanium dioxide
and zinc oxide; it also contains a blue-green pigment. These compounds are very effective absorbers of UV
light; they work on us to not allow high free radical production in our skin that can destroy cells and cause sunburn. Adding in the pigment, as above, should result in similar positive results on full sun leaves.
2. Signature® at 2 oz/M
Generic phosphite at 0.5 oz/M
Signature® is a combination of fosetyl-Al (a phosphite fungicide) and a blue-green pigment (Stressgard®).
Phosphite (PO3) fungicides and fertilizers have been documented to protect against moderate pythium blight
pressure via systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Foliar uptake of the phosphite, PO3 rather than normal phosphate (PO4), sends a stress signal through the plant resulting in the systemic production of higher levels of antimicrobial compounds called phytoalexins. These compounds do not directly kill the fungus, they merely deter or slow infection. If pythium pressure gets high enough, the “naturally-induced” tolerance provided by the
phosphite is overcome and a stronger pythium fungicide is required. There is an energy cost to the plant to produce the antimicrobial compounds caused by repeated phosphite application. This is where the pigment comes
in. Virginia Tech and Rutgers research has shown that pigment application (every 7 to 14 days) blocks UV
light (a huge contributor to free radical production), resulting in a greater maintenance of chlorophyll and carotenoid pigment levels. More pigments for light absorption translates into slight increases in net photosynthesis
(energy gain) and turf that maintains greater color and density under heat stress.
Daconil Action® at 1 oz/M.
Daconil Action is a new product out from Syngenta combining chlorothalonil with acibenzolar. Acibenzolar
has been shown to be a successful salicylic acid mimic working to induce SAR and antimicrobial compounds
within the plant. Kansas State research reported that acibenzolar applied alone on a 14-day interval resulted in
26 to 38% less dollar spot than the control. Virginia Tech research has shown that pre-treatment with salicylic
acid prior to heat stress improved tolerance by temporarily boosting antioxidant levels. New research comparing acibenzolar to salicylic acid for improved heat tolerance is warranted, along with research regarding any
role it might play in prevention or alleviation of the bacterial decline complex.
16
Insignia® at 0.5 oz/M.
Insignia (pyraclostrobin) is a broad-spectrum strobilurin fungicide that research at multiple universities has
shown to have plant health benefits. Repeated applications have been shown to slow down respiration (less
energy loss) and result in boosted antioxidant content under heat and drought stress. Interesting also is the
finding that the active ingredient naturally degrades to the amino acid tryptophan which is the precursor to the
plant rooting hormone, auxin. Thus, University of Tennessee research reported increased Penn A1 root mass
following three (14-d interval) applications under mild drought stress when compared to the untreated control
and azoxystrobin.
Iron-sulfate at 0.25 lbs/M. Our ongoing research with sequential high rates of iron-sulfate for Poa annua control (see field day report and talk) has shown good effects on Poa, dollar spot, and moss. However, our highest
rate looks bad (too dark!) and is beginning to thin the canopy most likely via Fe-toxicity. The rate applied here
is much lower and better looking, perhaps without the toxicity.
Primo Maxx® (trinexapac-ethyl) at 0.125 oz/M. Primo is a plant growth inhibitor that saves on mowing by restricting leaf production of gibberelic acid (GA), the hormone responsible for leaf elongation. Less elongation
concentrates chlorophyll and provides a darker canopy. Our research has also shown it enhances leaf content
of another hormone, cytokinins that result in improved summer stress tolerance.
Location: Turfgrass Research Center, Blacksburg, VA.
Researchers: E.H. Ervin, J. Dickerson, David McCall
17
An Integrated Nutritional and Chemical Approach to Poa annua Control in Creeping
Bentgrass Putting Greens
Objectives: To determine the effects of repeated high rates of Fe-sulfate on transitioning a Poa infested
creeping bentgrass putting green to a monoculture. To determine if seaweed extract or paclobutrazol, in combination with Fe-sulfate, improve Poa control.
Rationale:
Creeping bentgrass provides an ideal putting surface for golf courses located in temperate climates. These greens are invaded by Poa annua (Poa), which can be difficult to control. Poa disrupts putting
green uniformity, is more susceptible to summer stresses, requires more maintenance, and lowers aesthetics. A
widely accepted nutritional approach in the U. K., and an increasing practice in cooler climates of the U. S. for
suppressing Poa, is the application of Fe-sulfate and ammonium sulfate fertilizers. These fertilizers are used to
lower the soil pH to below 5.5, favoring creeping bentgrass growth and reducing Poa’s competitiveness. To
further reduce the Poa population previous research suggests that fertilizers containing P and K are not to be
applied. In addition, a chemical approach to Poa suppression is applying a plant growth regulator, paclobutrazol. In the U. K. and U. S. seaweed extract (SWE) is commonly applied to enhance bentgrass stress tolerance.
However, it is unknown if SWE favors the growth of one grass over another. In addition to possible control of
Poa, Fe-sulfate has been observed to reduce dollar spot incidence and silvery thread moss populations in putting greens.
Procedures: The green was originally planted with ‘Penneagle’ creeping bentgrass more than 30 years ago;
it has benn interseeded with ‘L-93’ over time and has been colonized by more than 30% Poa with some plots
reaching as high as 65% coverage. Fertilizer and chemical treatments are applied by a CO₂ (40 psi) walk behind sprayer at 40 GPA every two weeks from March through October. Ammonium sulfate is applied at 0.10
lb N/1000 ft² every 2 weeks uniformly across all plots. No P or K containing fertilizers have been applied for
over 3 years. Ferrous sulfate is applied at the following rates across plots 9x6 ft with 4 replications of each
treatment and arranged in a randomized split block design.
1. 0.0 lb/1000 ft² = 0x
2. 0.25 lb/1000 ft² = 0.5x
3. 0.5 lb/1000 ft² = 1.0x
4. 1.0 lb/1000 ft² = 2.0x
Treatments of seaweed extract and Trimmit (paclobutrazol; PAC; 22% ai) are sprayed on 3x6 ft split plots at
the following rates.
Untreated
Seaweed extract at 4 oz/1000 ft²
Trimmit (PAC) at 0.5 oz/1000 ft² (Spring and Fall) 0.25 oz/1000 ft² (Summer)
Poa plants are counted using a grid containing 512 squares of equal size and are counted when sufficient Poa
seedheads are observed. Quality ratings are taken one week after each fertilizer and chemical application from
March to November. Color and quality ratings are based on a 1-9 scale where 1 equals a brown color or dead
turf and 9 equals dark green, dense, uniform turf.
Results, Table 1:
Best summer quality is occurring at the 0.5x and 1.0x Fe-sulfate rates, especially in combination with paclobutrazol. Sequential treatment with Fe-sulfate at the 2.0x rate has begun to thin the plots (Poa first,
18
then bentgrass) most likely due to direct Fe-toxicity. This thinning effect has taken 3 years to really become apparent.
Sequential, aggressive applications of paclobutrazol (alone) have effectively reduced Poa annua. Add in
the 0.5s or 1.0x Fe-sulfate treatments and Poa control has been even better.
Repeated Fe-sulfate applications have been quite effective at reducing dollar spot pressure, most likely due
to direct Fe-toxicity to the Sclerotinia mycelium.
Poa control in this trial has not been associated with a drastic drop in soil pH most likely due to our alkaline irrigation water (pH=7.6). However, close monitoring at your site is highly recommended as rootzone pH and irrigation water conditions are likely to be different at your site.
July Quality
May Poa %
Dollar spot count Table 1.
#/plot
2012
2013
Treatment
2012
2013
2012
2013
Control, 0x FeS
6.0
5.4
43
47
48
5
0x FeS + SWE
6.5
5.8
36
39
42
10
0x FeS + PAC
6.4
5.9
14
3
9
4
0.5x FeS
6.5
7.4
26
33
12
7
0.5x FeS + SWE
6.6
7.6
31
33
16
3
0.5x FeS + PAC
7.6
7.4
8
1
2
2
1.0x FeS
7.3
6.9
28
27
5
5
1.0x FeS + SWE
6.6
7.4
29
30
2
3
1.0x FeS + PAC
6.6
7.3
10
3
1
0
2.0x FeS
6.8
6.4
24
32
1
1
2.0x FeS + SWE
6.1
6.9
18
25
5
1
2.0x FeS + PAC
6.9
6.4
7
8
1
0
0.9
0.8
15
20
12
5
LSD (0.05)
Location: Turfgrass Research Center, Virginia Tech
Researchers: E.H. Ervin, Mattia Accorsi, Adam Boyd, and Nate Reams
Sponsors: Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station and Virginia Agricultural Council
19
Effect of Golf Course Turfgrass Management on Water Quality of Non-tidal Streams in
the Chesapeake Bay Watershed
Objective: Water quality data from selected golf courses in the James River Watershed will be collected to
assess if existing golf course turf management has a possible correlation with water quality changes in local
streams. These data will be useful for identifying the degree to which golf course turf management may be associated with possible pollution or improvement of water in local streams.
Rationale: Golf courses are generally viewed to be a significant potential contributor to nonpoint source water pollution. Numerous Virginia golf courses are located in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed, which has a history of nutrient pollution and eutrophication problems. To date, no watershed-scale studies have been completed in Virginia investigating the role of golf course turf management in nutrient deposition or attenuation in
local streams. No studies have extended this information to the Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDL) of an
associated watershed to find nutrient contribution or reduction amounts. The goal of this project is to quantify
effects of golf course turf management on stream water quality by comparing areas upstream and downstream
of managed turf areas. These data will help to clarify if possible future water quality regulation by the State or
EPA is warranted for golf course management.
Procedures: Water quality data and turfgrass management practice data from at least six golf courses with
perennial streams in the James River Watershed will be collected to assess effects of golf course turf management on local streams. Grab samples representing each season are taken at all sites six times per year and analyzed for phosphate-P, total N, nitrate-N, and ammonium-N concentrations at the Virginia Water Resources
Research Center using Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. Samples are only
taken at baseflow conditions. Selected streams will be assessed for in situ temperature, dissolved oxygen, specific conductance, and pH values using a Hydrolab meter. Samples will be taken with respect to upstream locations where streams enter the golf course (ins) and downstream locations where streams exit the golf course
(outs) and compared to ascertain whether water quality changes are occurring between upstream and downstream sampling locations as influenced by adjacent turfgrass management practices. Sampling began in
Spring 2011 and will continue through at least Spring 2015.
Results: See the Table of Results. Data for nine quarterly sampling seasons have been analyzed thus far for
six golf courses in the James River Watershed. To date, we have not seen any significant trends of impairment
with respect to dissolved oxygen, specific conductance, temperature, or pH on eight monitored stream sites.
Stream levels of NO3-N (nitrate-N) were below the EPA established level of 10 mg/L for drinking water for all
sites. No established guidelines for freshwater streams in VA are available, although < 1 mg/L is considered
“good”, while 1-10 mg/L is considered “fair” water quality (Janke et al, 2006) Four of eleven sites (on three
separate golf courses) had means of nitrate-N higher in the water leaving the course than the water entering the
course as well as concentrations > 1 mg/L. However, these differences to do not appear to be significant. NH4N (ammonium-N) is also a source of N allowing for algal growth and eutrophication. Ammonium-N increased
at five of the sites (on four courses), but these increases do not appear to be significant. As for PO4+-P
(phosphate-P), minor increases were observed at two downstream locations with other sites showing downstream decreases or no detectable phosphate-P. Phosphate-P levels in waters leaving the course were below the
EPA recommendation of 0.05 mg/L.
Location: James River Watershed, VA
Researchers: C.M. Wilson, S.H. Schoenholtz, and E.H. Ervin
Sponsors: GCSAA, VGCSA, VAC
20
TABLE 1. Mean nutrient levels in streams on participating James River Watershed golf courses. All values
are averages from nine seasonal samples with the exception of Course 3, which are averages of seventeen
monthly and seasonal samples. “Ins” represent areas upstream of turf management and “outs” represent downstream areas.
Nitrate mg L-1
Mean
Course 1 IN
Course 1 OUT
Course 2 IN A
Course 2 OUT A
Course 2 IN B
Course 2 OUT B
Course 3 IN Aa
Course 3 OUT A
Washpad OUT
Course 3 IN Ba
Course 3 OUT B
Course 4 IN Ab
Course 4 OUT A
Course 4 IN B
Course 4 OUT B
Course 4 IN Ca
Course 4 OUT C
Course 5 IN
Course 5 OUT
Course 6 IN A
Course 6 OUT A
Course 6 IN B
Course 6 OUT B
0.109
0.079
0.688
0.433
0.404
0.209
0.944
High*: 1.103
1.225
3.997
1.713
High: 2.473
2.800
2.780
High: 4.955
3.407
0.970
3.521
1.428
High: 1.476
2.762
0.208
0.124
0.218
0.156
1.702
0.196
Standard
Deviation
0.087
0.104
0.389
0.419
0.310
0.159
0.225
0.978
2.762
1.074
1.051
2.013
1.467
0.547
1.514
0.068
1.177
0.290
0.124
0.190
0.120
0.972
0.109
Ammonium mg L-1
Standard
Mean
Deviation
0.105
0.108
0.070
0.094
0.026
0.017
0.060
0.026
0.075
0.085
0.046
0.054
0.090
0.063
High: 0.134
0.042
0.100
0.188
0.432
0.051
0.030
High: 0.073
0.132
0.285
0.062
0.069
High: 0.143
0.043
0.051
0.160
0.079
0.220
0.550
0.025
0.012
High: 0.033
0.024
0.037
0.058
0.046
0.045
0.047
0.033
0.027
0.031
0.050
0.060
0.048
0.055
0.065
*High values represent the highest mean value of the corresponding “in”
a
Values are the averaged means of two “in” sites
b
Values are the averaged means of three “in sites
21
Phosphate mg L-1
Standard
Mean
Deviation
0.029
0.015
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.009
0.024
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.013
0.009
High: 0.020
0.009
0.012
0.026
0.037
0.045
0.062
High: 0.089
0.032
0.054
0.001
0.002
High: 0.003
0.010
0.018
0.012
0.008
0.005
0.011
0.004
0.000
High: 0.004
0.003
0.008
0.019
0.006
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
Testing of Specialty Fertilizer and Surfactant Products for Creeping Bentgrass Putting
Green Summer Performance
Objectives: Determine if Amway and Cytozyme fertilizer and surfactant products outperform industry standards.
Rationale: We are testing APSA-80 in this trial against Magnus. APSA-80 is an older (1954) class of surfactant chemistry called polyoxyethylenes (POE), while Magnus is in the newer (1995) surfactant class called reverse block co-polymers (EOPO). POEs are generally good soil wetters, with excellent residual, but have a
greater risk of burn if not watered in completely after application. EOPOs are excellent soil wetters, with
slightly less residual, but much less risk of burn. The Amway and Cytozyme groups also have specialty foliar
fertilizers that they recommend to be used in conjunction with APSA-80 for a summer putting green program.
Thus, we tested some combinations of their recommended program.
Procedures:
Products will be mixed in water and applied with a CO2 pressurized sprayer at 1 gal water/1000 ft2 at 40
psi. Treatments will be lightly watered in. Products will be applied during calm weather to avoid product drift to other plots.
Fungicides (chlorothalonil, primarily) will be applied to prevent disease.
The trial is on a mature USGA-sand based ‘L-93’ green. Irrigation will be kept to a minimum to match industry standard and allow minor wilting events to pull out the strengths of the tested products against
drought and localized dry spot development.
Treatments (M = 1000 ft2), applied monthly (4 applications, May to Aug):
Fertilizer control at industry standard rate, 28-8-18, at 0.2 lb N/M with surfactant Magnus at 4 fl oz/M
Fertilizer at industry standard rate, 28-8-18, at 0.2 lb N/M with NutriPlant AG (6-4-3) at 0.74 fl oz/M (32 fl
oz/acre) with APSA-80 at 0.37 fl oz/M (16 fl oz/acre)
Fertilizer at 75% of industry standard rate, 28-8-18, at 0.15 lb N/M with NutriPlant AG (6-4-3) at 0.74 fl
oz/M (32 fl oz/acre) with APSA-80 at 0.37 fl oz/M (16 fl oz/acre)
Fertilizer at industry standard rate, 28-8-18, at 0.2 lb N/M with AG (6-4-3) at 0.74 fl oz/M (32 fl oz/acre)
and Soil+Max at 0.74 fl oz/M (32 oz/acre) with surfactant Magnus at 4 fl oz/M. NutriPlant SL will be
applied one time in early spring in 1:1000 solution (32 fl oz/acre).
Fertilizer at 75% of industry standard rate, 28-8-18, at 0.15 lb N/M with AG (6-4-3) at 0.74 fl oz/M (32 fl
oz/acre) and Soil+Max at 0.74 fl oz/M (32 oz/A) with surfactant Magnus at 4 fl oz/M. NutriPlant SL
will be applied one time in early spring in 1:1000 solution (32 fl oz/acre).
Fertilizer 28-8-18, at 0.2 lb N/M with APSA-80 at 5 fl oz/M.
Results, see Table to the right:
Record rainfall in June and July made it very difficult to dry-down the putting green enough to allow surfactant treatment differences to occur. Thus, surface soil moisture remained high (>25%) all summer, with no
treatment differences occurring.
Some minor differences in visual turfgrass quality occurred as the summer progressed, with these differences
22
primarily attributable to less nitrogen applied in the 75% standard fertilizer treatments.
Treatment
1: std fert +
Magnus
June 20
7.1
Turf Quality
July 19
6.6
2: std fert +
AG + APSA
7.3
6.5
6.5
31
29
32
3: 75% std
fert + AG +
APSA
6.8
6.4
6.0
26
27
28
4: std fert +
AG + SoilMax + Magnus
7.5
6.4
7.0
32
30
31
5: 75% std
fert + AG +
SoilMax +
Magnus
7.0
6.6
6.4
30
26
27
6: std fert +
APSA
7.3
6.4
7.6
31
30
31
Aug 14
7.5
June 20
32
Soil Moisture %
July 16
29
Aug 15
30
Creeping bentgrass putting green quality and soil moisture (0 to 2 inches) responses to Amway and Cytozyme surfactants and foliar fertilizers
Researchers: E.H. Ervin and Jonathan Dickerson
Sponsors: Amway and Cytozyme Laboratories
23
Impact of turf fans on golf putting greens.
Objective: Quantify the role of turf fans on the overall health of creeping bentgrass putting greens.
Rationale: Stress to creeping bentgrass during summer months is one of the biggest limiting factors of its success in Virginia. Still, it is considered the most desirable species for putting greens worldwide, because of its
uniform appearance and ball roll, density, and color. When soil temperatures rise above 86°F, bentgrass has a
net energy loss with rate of respiration exceeding photosynthesis, resulting in a loss of functionality of roots.
Golf course superintendents utilize various tactics to combat this, including the installation of turf fans. Turf
fans are used to provide much needed air flow in areas with poor circulation. But what is the real benefit… Do
they cool the surface or more importantly, the root zone? Does it aid in maintaining acceptable soil moisture?
How do turf fans impact stress-promoted diseases, such as Pythium root rot? How much of the green is actually being impacted? There many questions in need of answers. These were some of the questions that led me
to my current research.
Procedures: During the summer of 2013, we spatially evaluated the impacts of turf fans in Richmond. Measurements of soil and canopy temperatures, soil moisture, rooting depth, and maximum wind speeds were collected throughout. Data were collected from six Penn A1/A4 creeping bentgrass putting greens with permanent oscillating 5hp Electric Turf Breeze 50” (TB-50-Premium) (SubAir Systems, LLC, Graniteville, SC) fans
on in-play putting greens. Similar data were collected from three greens without fans to serve as comparisons.
These measurements were compared with mapped geo-referenced reflectance data as an objective measurement of turf quality, that is often more sensitive at detecting stress than the naked eye.
Results: See Figures on the next page. Because of real-world situations, two of three greens with no permanent fans had temporary fans running throughout portions of the season. Additionally, the greens with no permanent fans installed were best available matches for the study, but were considered lower risk for stress because of location and microenvironment. Moisture remained relatively high throughout the season, and was
not impacted by turf fans (Figure 1). Root zone temperature (Figure 2), canopy temperature (Figure 3), and
rooting depth (Figure 4) were all influenced by turf fans, with areas closest to fans being impacted the most.
Reflectance data to quantify plant health have yet to be analyzed. On sampling date of data shown (Figure 5),
average wind speed on greens without fans were consistently around 2mph. Wind speeds on greens with fan
averaged 13mph closest to fans to 4mph at 70ft away.
Location: Willow Oaks Country Club, Richmond, Virginia
Researchers: David McCall, Camden Shelton, and Andrew Landreth
Sponsors: Virginia Turfgrass Foundation, Virginia Ag Council, SubAir Systems, LLC., The Toro Company
Figure 1. Impact of turf fans on soil moisture (1.5 in.) on August 12, 2013.
24
Figure 2. Impact of turf fans on root zone temperature (1.5 in.) on August 12, 2013.
Figure 3. Impact of turf fans on canopy temperature on August 12, 2013.
Figure 4. Impact of turf fans on rooting depth on August 12, 2013.
Figure 5. Average wind speeds at turf canopy on August 12, 2013.
25
Fungicide programs for golf greens.
Objective: Evaluate various fungicide spray programs for their effectiveness at managing summer diseases
and other stress related disorders.
Rationale: Since the majority of golf greens are attacked by multiple diseases at a given time, it is essential for
superintendents to use spray programs that will protect the turfgrass from numerous summer stresses and diseases. With many options available on the market, it is essential to select the proper fungicide at the proper
time. The purpose of this trial was to compare the impact of each spray program on overall turf health and uniform playing conditions throughout the summer stress period.
Procedures: Spray programs were evaluated for overall performance and disease management. The site consisted of an established annual bluegrass and ‘Penncross’ creeping bentgrass golf research green at the
Turfgrass Research Center, Blacksburg. Individual plots were 6 ft x 10 ft (PT1) or 4 ft x 6 ft (PT2) and were
arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. All treatments were initiated on June 7
and were reapplied every 14 days throughout the growing season. All programs were applied at a spray volume of 2 gal per 1000 ft2 using TeeJet TTI11004VS spray nozzles. All plots received 0.125 lbs of nitrogen per
1000 ft2 every two weeks alternate of fungicides. Turf quality, disease severity, and any observable differences
were assessed weekly. Additionally, objective turf quality was assessed using multispectral radiometry and
geospatially mapped using TurfScout data processing service.
Results: The storyline of 2013 has been the excessive rainfall in most of Virginia. Departure from normal is
currently +16 inches for the year. To date, dollar spot and anthracnose pressure have been very mild at the test
site. Even plots that have not received fungicide have been clean of these diseases for the majority of the summer. Dollar spot is most severe when soils are maintained below field capacity, which was rare in this study.
Brown patch was active at certain times throughout the season, with most programs providing complete control. The environment plays a vital role in disease development and plant response. While all diseases may appear covered with a fungicide program before summer stresses and diseases are present, it will most certainly
require consistent modification throughout the season.
Location: Turfgrass Research Center, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg.
Researchers: David McCall, Andrew Landreth, and Cam Shelton
Sponsors: BASF, Bayer ES, QualiPro, Suncor, and Syngenta
26
27
Combined applications of entomopathogenic fungi and insecticides for white grub control
Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of combined application of two species of entomopathogenic fungi and two
insecticides for masked chafer grub control
Rationale: Entomopathogynic fungi species registered for white grub control are safe means of control, however, their efficacy against white grub is very low when applied alone. Applications of entomopathogenic
fungi combined with some insecticides have been found to result in synergistic interactions. Such interactions
might make it possible to control pest insects effectively than with a single control agent. This study aims to
determine the efficacy and interactions of combined applications of two insecticides, imidacloprid (Merit) and
chlorantraniliprole (Acelepryn), and two species of entomopathogenic fungi, Metarhizium anisopliae and
Beauveria bassiana, against masked chafer grubs, Cyclocephala spp. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), which is one
of the important pests of turfgrass in Virginia.
Procedures: Two rates of the insecticides (one quarter and one half of the recommended rate), the full recommended rates of both fungi species, and each combination of insecticide plus fungi will be applied in April,
June, August and September. Their efficacy will be compared.
Results: This study has just been started. I do not have any result so far.
Locations: Turfgrass research center, Virginia Tech and Tazewell County Country Club, Tazewell
Researcher: S. Gyawaly, R. R. Youngman and C. Laub
28
Overseeded Bermudagrass Transition with Negate® Herbicide
Objective: To determine if Quali-Pro’s Negate® herbicide is effective for controlling perennial ryegrass in an
overseeded bermudagrass situation and how it compares to industry standards.
Rationale: Spring transitioning of overseeded bermudagrass with herbicides is a common practice among turf
managers. Currently, there are several sulfonylurea herbicides that are effective at controlling perennial ryegrass, Poa annua and many common broadleaf weeds without injuring established bermudagrass: Monument® (trifloxysulfuron), Revolver® (foramsulfuron), Katana® (flazasulfuron), Manor® (metsulfuron), and
Tranxit® (rimsulfuron). Quali-Pro’s Negate® herbicide combines the broadleaf weed control of metsulfuron
with the perennial ryegrass control of rimsulfuron to offer a more cost-effective alternative to the bermudagrass transitioning market.
Procedures: This trial was initiated on May 29, 2013 on a ‘Patriot’ bermudagrass fairway overseeded with
perennial ryegrass and infested with 3-4% dandelion and 10-15% white clover per 6’ x 6’ plot. Treatments
consisted of one application of QP Negate® (1.5 oz/A), QP rimsulfuron (1.0 oz/A), Monument® (0.35 oz/A),
Revolver® (17 oz/A), and Katana® (1.5 oz/A). All treatments included a nonionic surfactant (0.25% v/v) and
an untreated check was included for comparison.
Results: All treatments controlled perennial ryegrass >92%, 4 WAT, although Monument® was significantly
less with 92% and controlled perennial ryegrass at a slower speed than all other treatments. Katana® and QP
rimsulfuron controlled perennial ryegrass faster, as shown in 7-14 DAT data, than all other treatments but not
significantly better at 4 WAT. All treatments controlled white clover >93%, 4 WAT, but QP rimsulfuron was
slightly less than Negate™, Monument®, and Katana® (100%). All treatments controlled dandelion >95%, 4
WAT. These data suggest that Quali-Pro’s Negate™ herbicide is an effective option for controlling perennial
ryegrass and broadleaf weeds in overseeded bermudagrass, and it performs equivalent to or better than the industry leading herbicides marketed for this use.
Location: Glade Road Research Facility, Virginia Tech
Researchers: Michael C. Cox and Shawn D. Askew
Sponsors: Quali-Pro
29
Methiozolin Research Update and Ball Roll Demonstration
Objective: To determine which fertility program most effectively aids putting green recovery following either
rapid annual bluegrass removal or an intensive aeration event.
Rationale: Methiozolin (PoaCure) is a new herbicide utilized for the safe and selective removal of annual
bluegrass in creeping bentgrass on putting greens and fairways. This series of experiments focuses on the
most effective means of sward recovery following either rapid removal of annual bluegrass or an intensive
aeration event where 30% of the canopy is removed. After annual bluegrass is removed, preliminary studies
suggest that ball roll uniformity may increase on pure creeping bentgrass compared to annual bluegrass infested turf. Research is now underway to develop methods to measure the influence of several environmental
factors, including annual bluegrass, on ball roll uniformity.
Procedures: Two trials were initiated on March 22, 2012. Trial 1 was conducted at the Virginia Tech Golf
Course and replicated on two separate, push-up style, practice greens maintained at 0.156 in. Trial 1 was a
randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The entire trial was treated with methiozolin at 3.6 fl
oz/1000 ft2 fb 0.6 fl oz/1000 ft2 twice at 2 week intervals in order to facilitate rapid removal of annual bluegrass.
Trial 2 was conducted at the Turfgrass Research Center (TRC) on a USGA specification L-93 green
that is maintained at 0.125 in. This trial was aerated to remove 30% of the turfgrass canopy on May 5, 2013.
Trial 2 was a split plot design with 4 cultural treatments as main plots and two rates of methiozolin as subplots. Sub-plots contained either no methiozolin or methiozolin applied at 0.6 fl oz/1000 ft2 6 times at 2 week
intervals.
All cultural treatments were the same between trials. The cultural treatments were as follows: no cultural treatment, increased fertility using Bulldog 20-20-20, a commercially available N-P-K product, increased
fertility plus trinexapac-ethyl (Primo) at 0.125 fl oz/1000 ft2 and increased fertility via Floratine biostimulant
products. All fertility treatments were applied every two weeks beginning on April 14, 2013 and plots subject
to increased fertility received an extra 0.125 lb N on top of the normal fertility regime. The biostimulant program provided an equal amount of macronutrients to the other increased fertility programs. Light box images,
normalized differential vegetative index (NDVI) and visual ratings were taken weekly for the duration of the
study. Digital images were analyzed for % green pixels using Sigmascan Pro. Statistical analysis was performed using SAS.
Results: Trial 1: There were no interactions between trials, therefore data were pooled. At trial initiation,
turfgrass was dormant and creeping bentgrass cover ranged from 15 to 19%. Turfgrass cover increased approximately 5% across all treatments each week for the next three weeks. Fertility was applied beginning on
April 14, when turfgrass cover was between 50 to 60%. One week after initiation of cultural treatments, biostimulant treated plots were significantly greener than increased fertility alone and the untreated plot, but not
increased fertility plus Primo. By 6 weeks after initial treatment (WAIT), all increased fertility treatments
were significantly greener than the untreated, but not different from one another. At the conclusion of the trial,
cover in treated plots ranged from 95 to 96%, and 90% in the untreated. This trend continued until the conclusion of the trial 12 WAIT. Area under the progress curve (AUPC) indicated that, over time, plots with increased fertility had significantly better cover than the untreated, supporting the percent green cover data.
These data suggest that increasing fertility following rapid annual bluegrass removal will aid turfgrass recovery. Initially, biostimulant products seem to assist recovery better than commercial fertility alone or with
Primo.
Trial 2: At trial initiation, turfgrass was dormant, and percent green cover ranged from 11 to 20% across the
trial area. One week after initiation of fertility, percent green tissue on treated plots ranged from 72 to 78%,
whereas the untreated plot was 54%. The green was aerated to remove roughly 30% of the turfgrass canopy
30
and topdressed heavily with sand. At 2 weeks after aeration (WAA), biostimulant plots recovered more than
all other treatments. Increased fertility alone increased green cover more than the untreated but not increased
fertility plus Primo. At 3 WAA, all increased fertility treatments increased green cover relative to the untreated. At the conclusion of the study, approximately 8 WAA, there were no significant differences between
treatments. These data suggest that methiozolin applications do not influence turfgrass recovery following an
intensive aeration event. Initially, biostimulant products provide an increase in green cover versus increased
fertility alone or with Primo.
The results from both of these studies suggest that increasing fertility of a putting green to recover from
rapid annual bluegrass loss or aeration is not influenced by methiozolin, and that either biostimulants or commercial fertilizers can be used to effectively speed recovery. Biostimulant programs may be advantageous
compared to fertilizer in the first two to three weeks of recovery.
The ball roll demonstration will show some techniques we are currently employing to assess the uniformity of multiple golf ball trajectories when rolled across the putting surface under controlled conditions.
We will discuss the different factors that could influence ball roll uniformity and compare uniformity to stimp,
which is a measure of ball speed but does not address the lateral and longitudinal deviation the green may impart on the balls intended path.
Location: Virginia Tech Golf Course and Turfgrass Research Center, Virginia Tech
Researchers: K. A. Venner, S. S. Rana, and S. D. Askew
Sponsors: Suk-Jin Koo, Ph.D., CEO of Moghu Research Center, Dajeon, Korea
31
Goosegrass Control and Bermudagrass Tolerance with Low-Rate Pylex™ Programs
Objective: To determine effective application rates and tank mixes with Pylex™ for goosegrass control in
cool-season turf and bermudagrass.
Rationale: Pylex™ (topramezone) is a promising new herbicide from BASF for crabgrass, goosegrass, bermudagrass, and some broadleaf weed control in cool-season turf. It is similar to Tenacity® (mesotrione) in
that it controls many weeds and is safe to many cool-season turfgrasses. Pylex™ can effectively control crabgrass, goosegrass, and white clover with a single application and is more effective than Tenacity® for bermudagrass control. In non-replicated studies, Pylex™ has controlled mature goosegrass at lower rates, while bermudagrass only appears to be slightly suppressed at these rates. With the lack of effective goosegrass control
programs in bermudagrass, research should determine if lower application rates of Pylex™ will control
goosegrass without sustaining unacceptable injury to bermudagrass turf.
Procedures: These trials were initiated on July 24, 2013 in three locations: 1) a zoysiagrass area infested
with a high population of crabgrass and goosegrass and maintained at lawn height, 2) a fallow area with high
goosegrass and smooth crabgrass pressure, and 3) a strip-killed creeping bentgrass fairway planted with
goosegrass seed in May 2013. Treatments consisted of Pylex™ at 0.005 lb ae/A (0.25 fl oz/A) and (0.011 lb
ae/A) (0.5 fl oz/A) each applied alone or mixed with Turflon® Ester Ultra at 0.125 lb ae/A (4 fl oz/A). All
treatments were applied twice at a 3-week interval. All treatments included a methylated seed oil surfactant
(0.5% v/v), and an untreated check was included for comparison.
A bermudagrass tolerance demo was initiated on August 14 and 20, 2013 in ‘Patriot‘ bermudagrass.
Rates for the demonstration were based on previous studies. Treatments consisted of two applications of
Pylex™ at 0.001 lb ae/A (0.05 fl oz/A), 0.002 lb ae/A (0.1 fl oz/A), 0.003 lb ae/A (0.15 fl oz/A), 0.004 lb ae/A
(0.2 fl oz/A), 0.005 lb ae/A (0.25 fl oz/A), and (0.011 lb ae/A) (0.5 fl oz/A) applied alone and with Turflon®
Ester Ultra at 0.06 lb ae/A (2 fl oz/A) and 0.125 lb ae/A (4 fl oz/A). The nearby bermudagrass variety trial has
received two applications of 0.25 fl oz/A and 0.5 fl oz/A of Pylex™ and Turflon® Ester Ultra at 4 fl oz/A to
date and can be observed for a future comparison with these Pylex™ programs. All treatments included a methylated seed oil surfactant (0.5% v/v). An untreated check was also included for comparison.
Results: Goosegrass Study. All treatments controlled goosegrass greater than 90% by 3 weeks after initial
treatment (WAIT) at the fallow and bentgrass strip-kill locations and greater than 98% by 6 WAIT at the
zoysiagrass location. In the fallow location, Pylex™ at 0.5 fl oz/A with and without Turflon® and Pylex™
alone at 0.25 fl oz/A has controlled goosegrass significantly better than Pylex™ at 0.25 fl oz/A + Turflon®. In
the strip-killed bentgrass location, Pylex™ at 0.5 fl oz/A with and without Turflon® has controlled goosegrass
significantly better than Pylex™ at 0.25 fl oz/A with and without Turflon®. Pylex™ + Turflon® treatments
reduced whitening symptoms significantly more than treatments without Turflon® approximately 7-10 DAT;
however, these differences diminished as plants began to recover. These studies are still in progress, and the
second application for the fallow and strip-killed bentgrass sites was applied on August 14, 2013. At the current time, these data suggest that two applications of Pylex™ at either 0.25 or 0.5 fl oz/A is an effective poste32
mergent treatment for mature goosegrass, and when combined with Turflon® Ester Ultra will cause minimal
white tissue injury.
Bermudagrass Variety Trial. In the variety trial, ‘Numex Sahara’ and ‘Midlawn’ were not injured above an
acceptable threshold (>30%) from any treatment 2 weeks after initial application. ‘PST-R6FLT’ and
‘PSG91215’ were not injured above 30% from any treatments except Pylex™ alone at 0.5 fl oz/A. Generally,
all other varieties were not tolerant to any treatment except Pylex™ (0.25 fl oz/A) plus Turflon® (4 fl oz/A)
and/or Pylex™ alone at 0.25 fl oz/A. All bermudagrass varieties were injured above the acceptable threshold
two weeks after the second application. By three weeks after the second application, ‘SWI-1113’, ‘Sunsport’,
‘RAD-CD1’, and ‘PSG9Y2OK’ were not injured above 30% from any treatment. The following varieties
were also tolerant to at least three of the treatments (generally all treatments except Pylex™ at 0.5 fl oz/A +
Turflon®): ‘Princess 77’, ‘Numex Sahara’, ‘SWI-1070’, ‘SWI-1081’, ‘SWI-1083’, ‘SWI-1122’, ‘Midlawn’,
‘SWI-1057’, ‘Patriot’, ‘OKS2004-2’, ‘PSG91215’, ‘PSG94524’, ‘IS-CD10’, ‘J-720’, and ‘PSGPROK’. The
following varieties were the least tolerant (generally only tolerant of Pylex™ alone at 0.25 and 0.5 fl oz/A):
‘Riviera’, ‘SWI-1117’, ‘Tifway’, ‘Premier’, ‘BAR7CD5’, ‘PST-R6FLT’, ‘OKC1119’, ‘OKC1134’, ‘IS-01201’, ‘Yukon’, ‘Veracruz’, and ‘PSG9BAN’.
These data suggest that although there are several varieties of bermudagrass which recover from
Pylex™ treatments of 0.25 fl oz/A and higher with and without Turflon®, three weeks of recovery is likely
still too long to wait for acceptable turf quality. Research is currently being conducted on lower rates and possibly more applications of Pylex™ for postemergent goosegrass control. If found to effectively control
goosegrass, Pylex™ rates below 0.25 fl oz/A should be less injurious to bermudagrass; however, at this time
nothing can be recommended as Pylex™ is not labeled for use in bermudagrass.
Sponsors: BASF
33
Metamifop for Goosegrass and Crabgrass Control
Objective: To determine optimal timings and rates of metamifop for goosegrass and/or smooth crabgrass control and zoysiagrass response.
Rationale: Metamifop is a new herbicide under development in U.S. markets by Summit Agro. Metamifop
controls annual grasses without harming desired crop or cool season turfgrass species. Already marketed in
nine other Asian and six Middle Eastern countries, metamifop shows potential for future expansion to Japan
and North America. Previous research with metamifop has demonstrated effective control of crabgrass in
most cool-season turfgrasses with rates from 200 g ai/ha (27.4 fl oz/A) to 400 g ai/ha (55 fl oz/A) and only one
to two applications. Effective goosegrass control, however, has not been documented in the U. S. with
metamifop. Since metamifop is marketed for goosegrass control in rice in Japan, more research is needed to
further validate this use in the U.S.
Procedures: This trial was initiated on July 28, 2013 in zoysiagrass maintained at lawn height and infested
with 25-50% goosegrass and 30-75% smooth crabgrass per 6’ x 6’ plot. Treatments consisted of two and three
applications of metamifop at 200 g ai/ha (27.4 fl oz/A), 300 g ai/ha (41 fl oz/A), and 400 g ai/ha (55 fl oz/A),
and one application of Acclaim® Extra (fenoxaprop) at 140 g ai/ha (28 fl oz/A) plus a nonionic surfactant at
0.25% v/v. An untreated check was included for comparison. This trial is still ongoing, and the second application was applied on August 17, 2013.
Results: At this time, metamifop at 41 and 55 fl oz/A and Acclaim® Extra at 28 fl oz/A has controlled
smooth crabgrass 85-87% and significantly better than metamifop at 27.4 fl oz/A, 3 weeks after initial treatment (WAIT). Neither metamifop nor Acclaim® Extra has controlled goosegrass, as control has not exceeded
13% so far in this study. Acclaim® Extra injured zoysiagrass 20% and significantly more than all other treatments, 3 WAIT. Metamifop has not injured zoysiagrass more than 7% since trial initiation.
Metamifop at 27, 41, and 55 fl oz/A will be applied for the third time on September 8, 2013 to approximately half of the plots to assess any differences between two and three applications of metamifop. At this
time, these data suggest that one application of metamifop at 41 and 55 fl oz/A is effective at controlling
smooth crabgrass and equivalent to Acclaim® Extra at 28 fl oz/A; however, metamifop appears to be much
safer to zoysiagrass than Acclaim® Extra. None of the treatments appear to control goosegrass.
Sponsors: Summit Agro
34
Preemergence Crabgrass Control with Quali-Pro Products
Objective: To compare preemergence liquid formulations of Quali-Pro (QP) products for efficacy against
smooth crabgrass and selectivity in cool- and warm-season turfgrass.
Rationale: Crabgrass is considered one of the most troublesome weeds in turfgrass. There are several
preemergence herbicide options available in both granular and liquid formulations. Liquid formulation QualiPro products were compared against current industry standards.
Procedures: Trials were initiated in fairway height perennial ryegrass and bermudagrass on April 4th. Treatments in bermudagrass were as follows: QP dithiopyr at 16 and 32 fl oz/ac, QP oxadiazon at 121 fl oz/ac, and
QP prodiamine at 32 fl oz/ac compared to industry standard dithiopyr at 16 and 32 fl oz/ ac, oxadiazon at 121
fl oz/ ac, and prodiamine at 32 fl oz/ ac. Dithiopyr applications at 16 fl oz/ac had a sequential application of
the same rate 7 weeks after initial treatment (WAIT). In perennial ryegrass, all treatments were the same except for the exclusion of oxadiazon. A non-treated check was included for comparison. Any injury to the
turfgrass was rated 1 week after treatment (WAT). Crabgrass control was or will be rated 3, 4, and 5 months
after the initial treatment (MAIT). Late season ratings are still on-going.
Results: Oxadiazon injured bermudagrass approximately 40% 1 WAIT, but turf recovered quickly. Dithiopyr
injured perennial ryegrass 7% and other treatments did not injure perennial ryegrass. In bermudagrass, crabgrass control was excellent. At 3 MAIT, all treatments controlled crabgrass 96% or better. At 4 MAIT, applications of dithiopyr at 16 fl oz/ac, QP oxadiazon, QP prodiamine, and industry standard dithiopyr at 32 fl oz/ac
controlled crabgrass 93% or better. Industry standard prodiamine controlled crabgrass 88%, and QP dithiopyr
at 32 fl oz/ ac controlled crabgrass 82%. The best control 4 MAIT in bermudagrass was dithiopyr at 16 fl oz/
ac; both treatments controlled crabgrass 98-100%. In perennial ryegrass, crabgrass control 3 MAIT was 100%
for all treatments. At 4 MAIT, QP prodiamine controlled crabgrass 82%; all other treatments maintained
100% control.
Location: Glade Road Research Facility and Turfgrass Research Center, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
Researchers: A.N. Smith and S.D. Askew
Sponsors: Quali-Pro
35
Objective: Evaluate the performance of Cavalcade and Cavalcade PQ at varying rates against industry standards for smooth crabgrass and broadleaf weed control.
Rationale: Quinclorac is a postemergence control option for crabgrass in cool-season turfgrass. Preemergence products containing quinclorac (such as Cavalcade PQ) allow some flexibility in application by combining preemergence residual control with early postemergence crabgrass control from quinclorac. Products containing prodiamine and quinclorac were compared for efficacy.
Procedures: Trails were initiated in fairway height perennial ryegrass and on June 12th and July 9th. On June
12th, smooth crabgrass was 3-4 leaf stage. On July 9th, smooth crabgrass was 1-2 tiller stage. Treatments were
as follows: Cavalcade at 0.37 oz/ 1000 ft2, Cavalcade PQ at 0.85 oz/ 1000 ft2, industry standard quinclorac at
0.365 oz/ 1000 ft2, industry standard prodiamine at 1.5 fl oz/ 1000 ft2, Cavalcade PQ at 0.7 oz/ 1000 ft2, and
Cavalcade PQ at 0.7 oz/ 1000 ft2 with methylated seed oil (MSO) at 0.55 fl oz/ 1000 ft2. A non-treated check
was included for comparison. Crabgrass and broadleaf control was rated 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, and 20 weeks
after treatment (WAT). Late season ratings are still on-going.
Results: In 3-4 leaf stage crabgrass, initial control was excellent for all products containing quinclorac. At 2
WAT, products containing quinclorac controlled crabgrass 91% or better. The best control was 100% from
Cavalcade PQ + MSO and industry standard quinclorac. Industry standard prodiamine controlled crabgrass
25%. At 4 WAT, products containing quinclorac controlled crabgrass 99% or better. Industry standard
prodiamine controlled crabgrass 94%. At 8 WAT, industry standard quinclorac and prodiamine alone controlled crabgrass 78%. Cavalcade did not provide sufficient control. Cavalcade PQ at both evaluated rates and
with MSO controlled crabgrass 94-98%. The same treatments controlled white clover 100% and common
dandelion 88-98%.
In 1-2 tiller crabgrass, prodiamine alone treatments provided minimal control of crabgrass; only treatments
containing quinclorac controlled crabgrass. At 1 WAT, industry standard quinclorac and Cavalcade PQ controlled crabgrass 81-86%. At 2 WAT, crabgrass control ranged from 81-93%. Cavalcade PQ at 0.85 oz/ 1000
ft2 controlled crabgrass 93%. At 4 WAT, crabgrass control ranged from 73-89%. Industry standard quinclorac
controlled crabgrass 86%. Cavalcade PQ at 0.7 oz/ 1000 ft2 controlled crabgrass 73%. Cavalcade PQ at 0.7
oz/ 1000 ft2 + MSO and Cavalcade PQ at 0.85 oz/ 1000 ft2 controlled crabgrass 88 and 89%, respectively. The
results suggest that the inclusion of MSO to Cavalcade PQ at a low rate can provide sufficient control of
smooth crabgrass and can significantly increase crabgrass control when applied on more mature crabgrass.
Location: Glade Road Research Facility and Turfgrass Research Center, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
Researchers: A.N. Smith and S.D. Askew
Sponsors: Sipcam Advan
36
Performance of Quinclorac Formulations for Smooth Crabgrass Control in Cool-Season
Turf
Objective: To compare the efficacy of different quinclorac formulations, against fenoxaprop, for smooth crabgrass control in perennial ryegrass.
Rationale: Smooth crabgrass is among the most common and invasive weeds in turfgrasses. Currently, many
herbicides are registered for preemergence (PRE) control of crabgrass. However, only four herbicides can be
used for postemergence (POST) crabgrass control. With the loss of MSMA as a POST, control options are
even more limited. Quinclorac is the active ingredient in Quali-Pro Quinclorac 1.5 L, Quali-Pro Quinclorac 75
DF, and Drive XLR8. Whereas, fenoxaprop is the active ingredient in Acclaim Extra. The liquid formulations
(Quali-Pro Quinclorac 1.5 L, Drive XLR8, and Acclaim Extra) have improved mixing and handling over the
wettable powder formulation (Quali-Pro Quinclorac 75 DF). Moreover, liquid formulations may stay in solution in cold water even with minimal agitation.
Procedures: A study was arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications and initiated on
July 25, 2013, in Blacksburg,VA. Perennial ryegrass turf was mown at 0.6 inches. Treatments included Quali
-Pro Quinclorac 75 DF at 16 oz wt/A, Quali-Pro Quinclorac 1.5 L and Drive XLR8 at 64 fl oz/A, and Acclaim
Extra at 21.1 fl oz/A. All treatments included methylated seed oil adjuvant at 0.25% by volume. Treatments
were applied to mature smooth crabgrass (³4 tillers). Ratings included turfgrass injury and smooth crabgrass
control.
Results: Herbicide treatments did not injure perennial ryegrass. At 2 WAT, QP Quinclorac 75 DF and Acclaim Extra controlled smooth crabgrass 77 and 68%, respectively, and less than QP Quinclorac 1.5 L and
Drive XLR8, which both controlled smooth crabgrass 94 to 95%. At 3 WAT, QP Quinclorac 75 DF controlled
smooth crabgrass 53% and less than all other treatments (>90%).
These data suggest liquid quinclorac formulations can perform better than dry formulations and equivalent to
Acclaim Extra. Previous studies suggest dry flowable quinclorac formulations require methylated seed oil
(MSO) adjuvant at 0.5 to 1.0% by volume and may not perform well under conditions of limited foliar absorption. In this study, MSO was included at 0.25% by volume to simulate conditions of limited absorption. To
improve performance of dry flowable quinclorac, practitioners should increase the MSO rate to 0.5 to 1.0% by
volume.
Location: Virginia Tech’s Turfgrass Research Center, Blacksburg, VA
Researchers: S. S. Rana and S. D. Askew
37
Can Pylex™ selectively control bermudagrass in bentgrass?
Objective: To determine whether or not Pylex™ (topramezone) can selectively control bermudagrass in
creeping bentgrass with rates ranging from 0.25 oz to 1.0 oz per acre.
Rationale: Previous research has shown that applications of Pylex™ control many weeds safely and effectively in cool-season turfgrass species, with the exception of creeping bentgrass. Unlike mesotrione, which is
used to control creeping bentgrass, topramezone, the active ingredient in Pylex, has been found to have some
safety to creeping bentgrass when applied at low rates. Pylex™ has also been found to selectively control bermudagrass in cool-season turfgrass species. In this study, a range of rates was evaluated in fairway height
creeping bentgrass to determine which rates selectively and safely control bermudagrass in creeping bentgrass.
Procedures: A completely randomized factorial study was conducted on a mixed creeping bentgrass maintained at 0.75 inches at TRC and a L-93 fairway maintained at 0.6 inch at the Glade Road Research Facility.
A 12-inch strip of ‘Midiron’ bermudagrass was sodded into the center of each plot at TRC to assess both safety
on creeping bentgrass and control of bermudagrass. Pylex™ was applied at 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0 oz/A three
times at 3 week intervals on 3 ft by 6 ft subplots and initiated at three timings (spring, summer and late summer), which served as main plots. Initial applications were made on June 1, July 1 and August 17. Applications were made with a CO2 powered backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 30 gallons per acre. Methylated
seed oil was included with each treatment at 0.5% v/v. An untreated check was included in each trial for comparison.
Results: At 24 DAT, bermudagrass was controlled between 61 to 69% in 0.5 and 0.1 oz/A, respectively. The
lowest application rate did not control bermudagrass. By August 15, spring applications of Pylex™at all rates
did not control bermudagrass. Summer applications concluded on August 12, and were controlling bermudagrass between 13 and 33%. All treatments injured bentgrass 10 days after initial treatment (DAT). Pylex applied at 0.75 and 1 oz/A injured creeping bentgrass 82 and 77%, respectively whereas applications made at 0.5
oz/A injured creeping bentgrass 57%. Applications made at 0.25 oz/A injured creeping bentgrass 20% and
below the minimally acceptable level. At 14 (DAT), injury symptoms were no longer visible. The spring application regime of Pylex at 0.75 and 1.0 oz/A reduced turf cover. These results suggest that not only do rates
higher than 0.25 oz/A reduce turfgrass cover over time, they cause unacceptable levels of injury to turfgrass
during treatment. Although rates of 0.25 oz Pylex per acre appear to be safe enough to use in creeping bentgrass, they do not appear to control bermudagrass.
Location: Glade Road Research Facility, Virginia Tech
Researchers: K. A. Venner, S. D. Askew and K. Miller
Sponsors: BASF Crop Protection
38
Compost incorporation and microclover overseeding in established ‘Yukon’ bermudagrass
Objective: Evaluation of methods to introduce microclover into an existing ‘Yukon’ bermudagrass lawn both
with and without the compost topdressing.
Rationale: Incorporating compost and microclover into an established stand of bermudagrass should improve
the quality, color, quality, and green-up of the bermudagrass.
Procedures: Plots measuring 15 feet by 15 feet were arranged in a randomized complete block on an eight
year-old stand of ‘Yukon’ bermudagrass. Verticutting of the plots occurred on September 5, 2012. Compost
was added to plots and raked in on September 7, 2012. The plots were aerated that same afternoon. Plots receiving microclover were seeded on September 10, 2012. A March 2013 preemergence application of Pendulum 2G (1.5 lbs pendimethalin per acre) and a late April application of Dimension 2EW (0.25 lbs dithiopyr per
acre) was made for crabgrass control. Plots were mowed twice per week at 2 inches. Half of each plot received 0.5 lb N per 1000 feet2 on June 13, 2013 using a 30-0-10 fertilizer containing 30% sulfur-coated urea.
Plots were evaluated visually in April, May, and June.
Results: Microclover cover increased in both treatments where microclover was seeded, with compost addition increasing the amount of microclover compared to no compost. The compost also increased the color ratings of the turfgrass. However, the microclover stand did decrease the quality of the turfgrass due to the sporadic nature of the microclover, causing non-uniformity
Location: Virginia Tech’s Hampton Roads Ag. Research and Extension Center, Virginia Beach
Researchers: Jeffrey Derr, Adam Nichols, and Mike Goatley
Sponsors: Chesapeake Bay Stewardship Fund, National Fish and Wildlife Foundation
Mean percent microclover cover during the second
quarter 2013.
Trt No.
1
Treatment
Compost
No Microclover
2
Compost
Microclover
3
No Compost
No Microclover
4
No Compost
Microclover
LSD (P=.05)
Percent Microclover Cover
%
April
May
June
0 c
0 c
1 c
44 a
50 a
53 a
0 c
0 c
0 c
23 b
26 b
30 b
14
10
11
Mean bermudagrass quality and color during the
second quarter 2013.
Trt No.
Treatment
1
Compost
No Microclover
2
Compost
Microclover
3
No Compost
No Microclover
4
No Compost
Microclover
LSD (P=.05)
39
Turfgrass Quality
Turfgrass Color
(1-9, 9 = Best Quality) (1-9, 9 = Darkest Green)
May
June
May
June
4.5 a
4.9 b
6.1 a
7.0 b
4.5 a
5.1 ab
6.4 a
8.1 a
4.8 a
5.5 a
5.1 a
6.3 c
4.0 b
5.0 b
5.6 a
6.9 b
0.4
0.4
1.0
0.5
Compost incorporation and microclover overseeding at seeding of ‘Yukon’ bermudagrass
Objective: Evaluation of methods to introduce microclover at seeding time of ‘Yukon’ bermudagrass lawn
both with and without compost topdressing.
Rationale: Incorporating compost and microclover with bermudagrass seeding should improve the quality,
color, quality, and green-up of the bermudagrass. Compost incorporation should improve water infiltration
rates.
Procedures: Plots measuring 15 feet by 20 feet were arranged in a randomized complete block on a tilled area
that had received several applications of Roundup ProMax prior to the tilling to remove any previous vegetation. Plots receiving compost had two inches of the material spread evenly over the surface and then tilled in
with the native soil on June 29, 2012. Plots were seeded on July 2, 2012 with either 2 lbs ‘Yukon’ bermudagrass seed per 1000 feet2 or 1.9 lbs per 1000 feet2 ‘Yukon’ bermudagrass seed plus 0.1 lbs microclover seed
per 1000 feet2. The plots were then overhead irrigated. Half of each plots received 0.5 lb N per 1000 feet2 on
August 22, 2012 using a 30-0-10 fertilizer containing 30% sulfur-coated urea.
A March 2013 preemergence application of Pendulum 2G (1.5 lbs pendimethalin per acre) and a late April application of Dimension 2EW (0.25 lbs dithiopyr per acre) was made for crabgrass control. Plots were mowed
twice per week at 2 inches. Half of each plot received 0.5 lb N per 1000 feet2 on June 13, 2013 using a 30-010 fertilizer containing 30% sulfur-coated urea. Plots were evaluated visually in April, May, and June. Initial
infiltration data was collected in July.
Results: The preemergence herbicides controlled crabgrass, which had hindered the 2012 grow-in of ‘Yukon’
bermudagrass. Bermudagrass cover therefore increased from April 2013 to June 2013 in all four treatments,
with the highest cover in the compost plots. However, the reduction in summer annual weeds also allowed an
increase in the natural population of white clover to increase and become more prevalent. As hypothesized in
the research goals and objectives, incorporating compost prior to seeding has increased turfgrass quality, color,
and density. Preliminary infiltration results showed the benefits of incorporating compost prior to establishment.
Researchers: Jeffrey Derr, Adam Nichols, and Mike Goatley
Sponsors: Chesapeake Bay Stewardship Fund, National Fish and Wildlife Foundation
40
Mean percent turfgrass cover and clover cover during the second quarter 2013.
Trt No.
Treatment
1
Compost
2
Compost +
Microclover
3
No Compost +
4
No Compost +
Microclover
LSD (P=.05)
Percent Turfgrass Cover
(%)
April
May
June
36 a
58 a
79 a
40 a
60 a
78 a
Percent Clover Cover
(%)
April
May
June
5 a
9 b
10 b
17 a
15 b
16 b
6 b
1 b
17 b
6 b
28 b
16 b
16 a
14 a
58 a
75 a
55 a
71 a
22
20
21
21
23
22
Mean bermudagrass quality, color, and density for Trial 3 during the second quarter 2013.
Trt No. Treatment
1
Compost
2
Compost +
Microclover
3
No Compost
4
No Compost +
Microclover
LSD (P=.05)
Turfgrass Quality
(1-9, 9 = Best Quality)
May
June
5.0 a
5.9 a
4.5 a
5.9 a
2.4 b
2.0 b
2.6 b
2.3 b
1.6
1.6
Turfgrass Color
(1-9, 9 = Darkest Green)
May
June
6.5 a
8.0 a
6.4 ab
8.0 a
4.9 c
5.4 bc
1.1
Preliminary infiltration rates for 2013.
Trt No. Treatment
1
Compost
2
Compost +
Microclover
3
No Compost
4
No Compost +
Microclover
Infiltration
cm hr-1
July
20.10
20.38
3.98
6.46
41
Turfgrass Density
(1-9, 9 = Most Dense)
May
June
5.3 a
5.9 a
5.3 a
6.1 a
6.8 a
7.0 a
2.6 b
1.8 b
3.0 b
2.3 b
1.1
1.8
1.6
Winter annual postemergence weed control in dormant bermudagrass
Objective: Evaluate the postemergence control of annual bluegrass and henbit, and the preemergence control
of crabgrass of various herbicides
Rationale: To determine the effectiveness of SureGuard applied along or with glyphosate for winter weed
control in dormant bermudagrass.
Procedures: Treatment applications were made on February 12, 2013. Air temperature was 59°F, 26% relative humidity, 7 MPH west winds, and no cloud cover. All treatments were irrigated the next day.
Results: Katana, Monument, and SureGuard plus Roundup ProMax provided excellent control of annual
bluegrass, while the other herbicide treatments gave unacceptable control. SureGuard plus Roundup ProMax
provided faster annual bluegrass control compared to other treatments. All herbicide treatments controlled
henbit. No bermudagrass injury was observed.
Researchers: Jeffrey Derr and Adam Nichols
Sponsors: Virginia Turfgrass Foundation, Virginia Turfgrass Council
Reps: 4
Trt
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Plots: 6' x 10'
Treatment
Name
Untreated
SureGuard
X-77 (NIS)
SureGuard
X-77
Xonerate
X-77
Katana
X-77
Monument
X-77
Revolver
SureGuard
Roundup ProMax
X-77
Rate 1
0.25
0.25
0.38
0.25
0.22
0.25
0.047
0.25
0.025
0.25
0.026
0.25
0.56
0.25
lb ai/a
% v/v
lb ai/a
% v/v
lb ai/a
% v/v
lb ai/a
% v/v
lb ai/a
% v/v
lb ai/a
lb ai/a
lb ae/a
% v/v
Rate 2
8 oz/A
12 oz/A
5 oz/A
3 oz/A
0.5 oz/A
17.5 fl oz/A
8 oz/A
1 pt/A
42
Mean annual bluegrass control following treatment (DAT = Days after treatment)
Trt
No.
1
2
8 DAT
0d
23 bc
Annual bluegrass Control (%)
15 DAT
27 DAT
38 DAT
49 DAT
0d
4d
0d
0d
35 b
48 b
21 c
24 c
3
25 b
37 b
43 b
4
14 c
23 c
5
14 c
21 c
6
1d
7
8
LSD (P=.05)
64 DAT
0d
13 d
30 c
30 c
43 c
13 cd
3d
0d
3d
23 c
50 b
80 b
94 a
4d
11 cd
50 b
80 b
90 a
0d
38 a
5d
63 a
16 cd
95 a
48 b
99 a
69 b
100 a
58 b
100 a
11
11
8
12
13
Henbit Control (%)
27 DAT
38 DAT
0c
0c
100 a
100 a
49 DAT
0c
100 a
64 DAT
0b
100 a
14
Mean Henbit control following treatment
Trt
No.
1
2
8 DAT
0c
38 a
15 DAT
0d
83 ab
3
40 a
80 ab
100 a
100 a
100 a
100 a
4
19 b
56 bc
88 a
96 b
86 b
100 a
5
13 bc
41 c
97 a
100 a
100 a
100 a
6
0c
8d
81 a
100 a
100 a
7
8
0c
25 ab
9d
91 a
58 b
100 a
96 b
100 a
100 a
100 a
99 a
100 a
27
22
2
13
1
LSD (P=.05)
16
99 ab
43
Winter annual control in dormant bermudagrass with Scythe
Objective: Evaluate varying rates of Scythe and experimental compounds versus common herbicides for their
postemergence winter annual control in dormant bermudagrass, and the effects they have on spring green-up.
Rationale: Scythe should provide rapid weed control with no injury to bermudagrass when applied to dormant turf.
Procedures: Treatments were applied on March 15, 2013. Weather conditions were 44°F, 40% relative humidity, 3.5 MPH west-southwest winds, and clear skies. Henbit, common chickweed, annual bluegrass 2 to 5
inches tall
Spray volume - Scythe treatments 100 gal/A, other treatments 25 gal/A
Results: Scythe caused a rapid burn on all 3 weed species by 3 DAT, with good control of all weed species at
7 DAT for the 3 higher rates. Control decreased as regrowth was noted by 13 DAT, though, especially for annual bluegrass and common chickweed. Control may have been higher if weeds were treated when smaller,
and if air temperature was higher at application. Roundup ProMax and Finale gave the overall highest level
of weed control in this trial, although control was much slower to develop compared to Scythe, especially for
Roundup ProMax. No treatment adversely affected bermudagrass greenup. Any decreases in bermudagrass
quality were due to weed infestations.
Researchers: Jeffrey Derr and Adam Nichols
Sponsors: Gowan, Virginia Turfgrass Foundation, Virginia Turfgrass Council
44
45
46
47
NTEP Turfgrass Cultivar Management Programs
Objective: Evaluate turfgrass cultivars for quality, performance, and overall adaptability as turfgrasses for
functional, recreational, and aesthetic uses in Virginia.
Procedure: The following table lists the parameters under which each test is maintained. All quality ratings
are on a scale of 1 to 9 with 9 as “best” (a rating of 5 indicates acceptable turf). To determine statistical differences among entries, subtract one entry’s mean from another entry’s mean in the same column and if the difference is greater than the corresponding Least Significant Difference (LSD) value at the bottom of the column, then the treatments are significantly different at a 95% confidence level.
Cultivar Trial
Entries
N fertility program
2008 Fine Fescue
19 (green)
23 (fairway)
25
Mowing
Height
0.140”
0.5”
2-3”
2008 Bentgrass
2010 Perennial Ryegrass
88
1-2”
0.5-1 lbs/1000 sq ft/growing mo
2011 KY Bluegrass
82
2”
2-4 lbs/1000 sq ft annually
2012 Tall Fescue
116
3”
2013 Bermudagrass
37
1.5”
1 lb/1000 sq ft/growing month
4 lbs N/M/yr
Treated by Golf Course
Results: Please visit the NTEP web site at: http://www.ntep.org/ for results from these sites as well as those
from various areas across the country.
Researchers: Michael Goatley, Erik Ervin, and Whitnee Askew
48
2013 NTEP Bermudagrass Trial
2013 NTEP Bermudagrass Trial
Cooperators: Dr. J. Michael Goatley and Whitnee Askew
Location: Virginia Tech Turf Research Center
Entry
Variety
1 Tifway
2 Latitude 36
3 Patriot
4 Celebration
5 NuMex-Sahara
6 Princess 77
7 MBG 002
8 OKS 2009-3
9 OKS-2011-1
10 OKS 2011-4
11 JSC 2-21-1-v
12 JSC 2-21-18-v
13 JSC 2007-8-s
14 JSC 2007-13-s
15 JSC 2009-2-s
16 JSC 2009-6-s
17 Riviera
18 Yukon
19 North Shore SLT
Rep 1
Plot #
113
135
129
105
126
118
112
131
137
136
133
125
119
122
115
123
117
134
120
Rep 2
Plot #
Rep 3
Plot #
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
Entry Variety
315
301
325
306
320
305
329
335
304
322
337
314
308
336
333
303
330
309
328
20 12-TSB-1
21 MSB 281
22 11-T-251
23 11-T-510
24 DT-1
25 FAES 1325
26 FAES 1326
27 FAES 1327
28 PST-R6P0
29 PST-R6T9S
30 PST-R6CT
31 Bar C291
32 OKC 1131
33 OKC 1163
34 OKC 1302
35 Astro
36 Wayland
37 Goodyear
49
Rep 1
Plot #
Rep 2
Plot #
104
109
124
106
127
102
121
103
107
130
128
101
108
114
132
116
111
110
Rep 3
Plot #
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
326
319
316
312
324
327
321
332
323
307
331
302
311
313
318
317
310
334
Creeping bentgrass putting green NTEP trial
Objective: Evaluate standard cultivars against new lines of bentgrasses for adaptation to SW Virginia over a 5 year period.
Rationale: As golf course budgets continue to tighten, cultivar selection can play a key long-term role in reducing maintenance
costs in terms of fungicide, irrigation, and thatch control needs. This NTEP trial will provide critical selection information.
Procedures: The putting green trial was seeded onto a fresh 90% sand/10% peat rootzone meeting USGA specifications on September 29, 2008.
The putting green trial is mowed 5x/week at 0.125”; solid-tined and sand-topdressed in April and October; fertilized with approximately 4 lbs N/M/yr. Dollar spot is allowed to develop over the summer, rated, and then curatively controlled; other than this 6-wk
period, diseases are controlled preventively.
Entry
No.
* 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 6
* 7
* 8
* 9
10
* 11
12
* 13
* 14
15
* 16
* 17
* 18
* 19
Name
Penncross
Penn A-1
SR 7200
Declaration
Proclamation
L-93
T-1
Alpha
Penn A-2
Barracuda
Luminary
AFM
Authority
Focus
SRP-1BLTR3
Pure Distinction
V8
Pin-up
Villa
Species
Sponsor
creeping
creeping
velvet
creeping
creeping
creeping
creeping
creeping
creeping
creeping
creeping
creeping
creeping
creeping
creeping
creeping
creeping
creeping
velvet
Standard entry
Standard entry
Standard entry
Standard entry
Lebanon Seaboard Corp.
Standard entry
Jacklin Seed by Simplot
Mountain View Seeds
The Scotts Company
Penncross Bentgrass Assoc.
ProSeeds Marketing
Standard entry
* COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE IN THE USA IN 2013.
Comments on Results:
The most consistent performers in the putting
green trial in Blacksburg and Pinehurst (top 5
(and ties) in August averaged across both sites)
have been Pin-up, Barracuda, V8, Alpha, Luminary, Focus, Authority, and Proclamation.
Notice that all these are new cultivars except
Penn A1. Reasons for entries not doing well
include being not as tolerant to dollar spot and
inability to maintain summer density and uniformity under close mowing. When averaged
over the whole year some other cultivars rank
high also, but were not listed above due to lower
overall summer performance.
Locations: Turfgrass Research Center, Blacksburg, VA.
Researchers: E.H. Ervin and J. Dickerson
Sponsors: National Turfgrass Evaluation Program
50
51
2010 NTEP Perennial Ryegrass Trial
101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127
1
60
2
61
3
62
4
63
5
64
6
39
65
7
40
66
8
41
67
9
42
68
10
43
69
11
44
128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154
70
12
45
71
86
13
46
72
87
14
47
73
88
15
27
48
74
16
28
49
75
17
29
50
76
18
30
155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181
51
77
19
31
52
78
20
32
53
79
21
33
54
80
22
34
55
81
23
35
56
82
24
36
57
83
25
182 183 184 185 186 187 188 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220
37
58
84
26
38
59
85
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
57
83
58
84
59
85
60
86
61
87
62
46
88
314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340
1
63
47
2
64
48
3
65
49
4
66
50
5
67
51
6
68
52
7
69
53
8
70
21
54
9
71
341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367
22
34
55
10
72
23
35
56
11
73
24
36
12
74
25
37
13
75
26
38
39
14
27
76
40
368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388
77
41
16
29
78
42
17
30
79
43
18
31
80
44
19
32
81
45
20
33
82
Southgate
Location: Turf Research Center – Blacksburg, VA
Cooperator: Dr. J. Mike Goatley and Whitnee Askew
Rep 1 Rep 2 Rep 3
Entry Variety
Plot #
Plot #
Plot #
Entry Variety
1 Rinovo
2 CL 11701
3 Pizzazz 2 GLR
4 Pangea GLR
5 APR 2036
6 Linn
7 Uno
8 DLF LGD-3026
9 DLF LGD-3022
10 Sideways
11 Wicked
12 Playoff 2
13 Evolution
14 LTP-RAE
15 Allante
16 Insight
101
103
105
107
109
111
114
117
120
123
126
129
133
137
141
145
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
314
317
320
323
326
329
332
335
339
344
349
353
357
362
366
370
17 Sienna
18 Brightstar SLT
19 CL 307
20 APR 2320
21 Haven
22 PPG-PR 121
23 PPG-PR 128
24 PPG-PR 133
25 PPG-PR 134
26 LTP-PR 135
27 PPG-PR 136
28 PPG-PR 137
29 PPG-PR 138
30 PPG-PR 140
31 PPG-PR 142
32 PPG-PR 143
52
Rep 1
Plot #
149
153
157
161
165
169
173
177
181
185
142
146
150
154
158
162
Rep 2
Plot #
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
Rep 3
Plot #
374
378
382
386
337
341
346
351
355
359
363
367
371
375
379
383
15
28
Rep 1
Rep 2 Rep 3
Entry Variety
Plot #
Plot #
Plot #
Entry Variety
33 PPG-PR 164
34 PPG-PR 165
35 BAR Lp 10969
36 BAR Lp 10972
37 BAR Lp 10970
38 2NJK
39 BAR Lp 7608
40 Pinnacle
41 APR 2445
42 Fiesta 4
43 GO-G37
44 CS-20
45 ISG-36
46 ISG-31
47 A-35
48 CS-PR66
49 CST
50 JR-178
51 JR-192
52 SR 4650
53 Karma
54 Mach I
55 RAD-PR62
56 RAD-PR55R
57 IS-PR 409
58 IS-PR 463
59 IS-PR 469
60 IS-PR 479
61 IS-PR 487
62 IS-PR 488
63 IS-PR 489
64 IS-PR 491
65 IS-PR 492
66 DLF LGT 4182
67 ISG-30
68 PST-204D
69 PST-2NKM
70 PST-2DR9
166
170
174
178
182
186
112
115
118
121
124
127
130
134
138
143
147
151
155
159
163
167
171
175
179
183
187
102
104
106
108
110
113
116
119
122
125
128
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
387
342
347
352
356
360
361
365
369
373
377
381
385
312
316
319
322
325
328
331
334
338
343
348
301
303
305
307
309
311
315
318
321
324
327
330
333
336
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
53
Rep 1
Plot #
PST-2MG7
PST-2TQL
Dominator
PST-2MAGS
PST-2K9
PST-2BNS
PST-2ACR
Rio Vista
Octane
Bonneville
PSRX-4CAGL
GO-DHS
GO-PR60
Sox Fan
PRX-4GM1
SRX-4MSH
Pick 4DFHM
Palmer V
131
135
139
144
148
152
156
160
164
168
172
176
180
184
188
132
136
140
Rep 2
Plot #
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
Rep 3
Plot #
340
345
350
354
358
364
368
372
376
380
384
388
302
304
306
308
310
313
54
55
2012 NTEP Tall Fescue Trial
Rep 1 Rep 2 Rep 3
Entry Variety
Plot #
Plot #
Plot #
Entry Variety
1 Terrano
2 KY-31
3 Regenerate
4 Fesnova
5 ZW 44
6 W45
7 U43
8 LSD
9 Aquaduct
10 Catalyst
11 Marauder
12 Warhawk
13 Annihilator
14 Comp. Res. SST
15 204 Res. Blk4
1037
1020
1013
1044
1068
1008
1092
1032
1025
1080
1056
1043
1029
1001
1101
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
3100
3096
3068
3112
3063
3025
3082
3040
3075
3054
3110
3015
3085
3116
3102
16 JS 819
17 JS 818
18 JS 809
19 JS 916
20 JS 825
21 MET 1
22 F711
23 IS-TF 291
24 IS- TF 276 M2
25 IS- TF 305 SEL
26 IS- TF 269 SEL
27 IS- TF 282 M2
28 IS- TF 284 M2
29 QR-21
30 TY 10
56
Rep 1
Plot #
1098
1079
1105
1015
1084
1112
1104
1109
1049
1054
1007
1042
1018
1021
1006
Rep 2
Plot #
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
Rep 3
Plot #
3029
3113
3071
3001
3057
3043
3088
3099
3061
3109
3012
3093
3049
3097
3066
Rep 1
Rep 2 Rep 3
Entry Variety
Plot #
Plot #
Plot #
Entry Variety
Rep 1
Plot #
Rep 2
Plot #
Rep 3
Plot #
31 Exp TF-09
32 SRX-TPC
33 PSG-WE1
34 Pick-W43
35 Grade 3
36 PSG-PO1
37 U45
38 B23
39 ATF 1612
40 ATF 1704
41 Burl TF-2
42 Burl TF-136
43 LTP-FSD
44 LTP-TWUU
45 LTP-F5DPDR
46 IS-TF 289
47 MET 6 SEL
48 IS-TF 330
49 TF-287
50 IS-TF 307 SEL
51 IS-TF 308 SEL
52 IS-TF 311
53 IS-TF 285
54 IS-TF 310 SEL
55 IS-TF 272
56 IS-TF 1736
57 IS-TF 1754
58 Hemi
59 Firebird 2
1030
1063
1066
1035
1094
1034
1058
1010
1038
1070
1106
1046
1022
1082
1026
1050
1031
1004
1073
1045
1036
1003
1053
1059
1074
1012
1024
1067
1099
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
2037
2038
2039
2040
2041
2042
2043
2044
2045
2046
2047
2048
2049
2050
2051
2052
2053
2054
2055
2056
2057
2058
2059
3027
3073
3107
3024
3036
3013
3078
3050
3111
3008
3032
3004
3022
3018
3064
3047
3090
3038
3070
3045
3023
3017
3014
3033
3108
3002
3081
3055
3086
74 PSG-GSD
75 PSG-8BP2
76 PSG-TT4
77 Faith
78 K12-13
79 K12-05
80 PPG-TF-156
81 PPG-TF-157
82 PPG-TF-169
83 PPG-TF-170
84 PPG-TF-137
85 PPG-TF-135
86 PPG-TF-115
87 PPG-TF-105
88 PPG-TF-172
89 PPG-TF-151
90 PPG-TF-152
91 PPG-TF-148
92 PPG-TF-150
93 Bizem
94 CCR2
95 MET-3
96 W41
97 PPG-TF-145
98 PPG-TF-138
99 PPG-TF-139
100 PPG-TF-142
101 RAD-TF-89
102 RAD-TF-92
1116
1011
1052
1085
1048
1107
1023
1014
1047
1095
1093
1040
1071
1091
1017
1083
1061
1110
1076
1009
1041
1027
1055
1016
1113
1028
1065
1100
1108
2074
2075
2076
2077
2078
2079
2080
2081
2082
2083
2084
2085
2086
2087
2088
2089
2090
2091
2092
2093
2094
2095
2096
2097
2098
2099
2100
2101
2102
3091
3009
3114
3026
3103
3003
3065
3105
3037
3028
3042
3084
3062
3067
3079
3016
3087
3021
3098
3010
3044
3058
3089
3056
3031
3019
3046
3080
3041
60 Bullseye
61 PST-5EV2
62 PST-5GRB
63 PST-5SALT
64 PST-5STD
65 PST-5DZP
66 PST-5RO5
67 PST-5BPO
68 PST-5BRK
69 DB1
70 RZ2
71 TD1
72 DZ1
73 T31
1051
1057
1033
1090
1114
1075
1102
1087
1069
1039
1078
1089
1072
1096
2060
2061
2062
2063
2064
2065
2066
2067
2068
2069
2070
2071
2072
2073
3039
3034
3101
3006
3048
3059
3077
3052
3074
3020
3083
3005
3051
3095
103 GO-DFR
104 K12-MCD
105 PST-5EX2
106 PST-5MVD
107 RAD-TF-83
108 RAD-TF-88
109 BAR Fa 120878
110 BAR Fa 121089
111 BAR Fa 121091
112 BAR Fa 121095
113 PST-R5NW
114 Burl TF-69
115 Falcon IV
116 Falcon V
1077
1002
1111
1086
1062
1115
1005
1019
1088
1060
1097
1081
1064
1103
2103
2104
2105
2106
2107
2108
2109
2110
2111
2112
2113
2114
2115
2116
3094
3011
3030
3115
3007
3104
3092
3035
3076
3072
3060
3053
3069
3106
57
Southgate Drive
58
319
77
336
1
353
50
370
6
335
45
352
27
369
51
236
36
235
35
318
19
219
19
218
18
302
23
202
2
201
1
301
48
170
21
169
78
270
70
153
64
152
23
269
69
136
38
135
37
253
53
119
4
118
10
252
52
102
3
101
58
Picnic pavilion
371
31
354
58
337
33
320
35
303
78
271
71
254
54
237
37
220
20
203
3
171
29
154
20
137
9
120
32
103
57
372
59
355
63
338
74
321
5
304
9
272
72
255
55
238
38
221
21
204
4
172
68
155
49
138
72
121
50
104
77
373
7
356
46
339
54
322
53
305
40
273
73
256
56
239
39
222
22
205
5
173
22
156
65
139
31
122
51
105
48
374
32
357
10
340
42
323
81
306
67
274
74
257
57
240
40
223
23
206
6
174
63
157
19
140
5
123
1
106
33
375
15
358
11
341
71
324
39
307
20
275
75
258
58
241
41
224
24
207
7
175
30
158
36
141
75
124
40
107
39
376
29
359
60
342
36
325
17
308
70
276
76
259
59
242
42
225
25
208
8
176
24
159
66
142
43
125
59
108
56
377
26
360
80
343
18
326
62
309
37
277
77
260
60
243
43
226
26
209
9
177
61
160
18
143
15
126
45
109
54
378
61
361
14
344
21
327
43
310
47
278
78
261
61
244
44
227
27
210
10
178
28
161
11
144
71
127
44
110
6
379
30
362
69
345
73
328
75
311
72
279
79
262
62
245
45
228
28
211
11
179
25
162
81
145
67
128
12
111
47
380
4
363
79
346
64
329
22
312
56
280
80
263
63
246
46
229
29
212
12
180
62
163
8
146
42
129
74
112
13
381
28
364
12
347
2
330
13
313
25
281
81
264
64
248
47
230
30
213
13
181
27
164
80
147
70
130
73
113
82
382
65
365
3
348
16
331
55
314
8
282
82
265
65
248
48
231
31
214
14
182
60
165
35
148
17
131
52
114
55
366
41
349
52
332
82
315
76
266
66
249
49
232
32
215
15
166
7
149
34
132
41
115
2
367
57
350
44
333
24
316
68
267
67
250
50
233
33
216
16
167
79
150
69
133
16
116
26
368
66
351
38
334
34
317
49
268
68
251
51
234
34
217
17
168
76
151
46
134
53
117
14
Cooperators: Dr. J. Michael Goatley and Whitnee Askew
Location: Virginia Tech Turf Research Center
Entry Variety
Rep 1 Rep 2
Plot # Plot #
Rep 3
Plot #
Entry Variety
59
Rep 1
Plot #
Rep 2
Plot #
Rep 3
Plot #
60
61
Turfgrass Cultivar Management Programs
2008 Fine Fescue Trial
62
63
64
65
2013 Field Day Sponsors
Platinum Sponsor
Coffee/Doughnuts
Lunch
66

2013 Virginia Turfgrass Field Days Research Update

Transcription

Similar documents

Dichondra - Desert Sun Marketing Company Inc.

Establishment of warm season grasses

Rhiz-‐attackin both cool and warm season grasses Weather Most

Mallard tech sheet

TNT litter.pub

Those Irrepressible, Incredible, Impossible Grassy Weeds!

tifblair® centipede - Super-Sod

Agrostis stolonifera Characteristics An excellent and

creeping bentgrass creeping bentgrass - Tee-2

CERTIFIED BERMUDAGRASS TALL FESCUE 13