NYAME AKUMA No.19 November, 1981. Newsletter of the Society

Transcription

NYAME AKUMA
No.19
November, 1981.
Newsletter of t h e S o c i e t y of A f r i c a n i s t Archaeologists i n America.
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Edited by P.L. Shinnie and i s s u e d from t h e Department of Archaeology,
The U n i v e r s i t y of Calgary, Calgary, A l b e r t a , T2N 1N4, Canada. Typing
and e d i t o r i a l a s s i s t a n c e by A m a Owusua S h i n n i e , Administrative
a s s i s t a n c e by S c o t t McEachern.
.................................
This i s probably t h e last number f o r which I w i l l be
r e s p o n s i b l e . I a m going t o Cambridge as V i s i t i n g Fellow a t S t . John's
College from January-June 1982 (address: c/o S t . John's College,
Cambridge, CB2 lTP, &-gland) and a f t e r t h a t probably t o Ghana. My
f u t u r e at t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f Calgary i s u n c e r t a i n , though I s h a l l be
back t h e r e i n September 1982, s o it seems wise t o make o t h e r arrangements f o r t h e f u t u r e of Nyame Akuma. A d e c i s i o n can be taken a t t h e
meeting a t Berkeley next May b u t t h o s e with s u g g e s t i o n s might send
them t o M r . S. McEachern at t h i s address. M r . McEachern i s now
handling a l l a d m i n i s t r a t i v e matters.
E d i t o r i a l m a t t e r s , f o r t h e time being, w i l l be d e a l t with by
D r . N. David a l s o of t h e U n i v e r s i t y of Calgary and he w i l l be
r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e i s s u i n g of no.20 i n May 1982.
The e d i t o r i s g r a t e f u l t o t h e i n c r e a s i n g number of c o n t r i b u t o r s
who a r e t y p i n g t h e i r a r t i c l e s i n such a form t h a t re-typing i s n o t
required. However many a r e i g n o r i n g t h e r e q u e s t as t o s t y l e given
i n t h e n o t e s t o c o n t r i b u t o r s . S i n g l e space p l e a s e . Many c o n t r i b u t i o n s
a r e now being received on t h e new i n t e r n a t i o n a l (except North ~ m e r i c a )
paper s i z e - t h i s can be reproduced on our q u a r t o page i f t e x t i s
kept within t h e frame p r i n t e d on p.3 of t h e cover. P l e a s e n o t e what
i s s a i d about i l l u s t r a t i o n s .
P .L.
Shinnie
.
ANNOUNCEMENT of t h e 1982 Occasional Meeting of t h e SOCIETY f o r AFRICANIST
ARCHAEOLOGISTS I N AMERICA
Thursday t o Sunday, May 13-16, 1982 a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y of C a l i f o r n i a , Berkeley
The Berkeley group i n v i t e s a l l c o l l e a g u e s involved i n
African Archaeology and any o t h e r s w i t h r e l a t e d i n t e r e s t s t o a t t e n d a 3
o r 4 day meeting i n May.
W
e envisage t h a t people might assemble i n t i m e
f o r a s o c i a l f u n c t i o n on t h e evening of Thursday May 13, t o b e followed
by papers and d i s c u s s i o n s on Friday, Saturday and perhaps, i f needs b e ,
p a r t of Sunday.
I f you t h i n k you may b e a b l e t o a t t e n d p l e a s e f i l l o u t t h e
accompanying form and send it t o P r o f e s s o r s J.D.
Department of Anthropology, U.C.
Clark and G. I s a a c ,
Berkeley, C a l i f o r n i a 94720 ( o r , i f you
do not have a form j u s t write and l e t u s know).
W
e w i l l attempt t o a r r a n g e a program on t h e b a s i s of t h e
response t h a t w e r e c e i v e b e f o r e February 1, 1982 and w i l l then send out
program announcements.
W e a r e a l s o hoping t o a r r a n g e f o r a p r a c t i c a l workshop i n
a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h t h e meeting ( e i t h e r j u s t b e f o r e o r j u s t a f t e r ) .
w i l l cover demonstrations and d i s c u s s i o n s of use-wear s t u d i e s .
This
This
remains t e n t a t i v e and we w i l l a d v i s e people i f t h e plan i s confirmed.
The o b j e c t i v e of t h e meeting i s t o allow information exchange
on c u r r e n t r e s e a r c h , w i t h o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r d i s c u s s i n g approaches, methods
and r e s u l t s .
W e w i l l a l s o t r y t o make t h i s a c o n v i v i a l occasion f o r p e r s o n a l
interaction.
P l e a s e do put a r i n g around t h e s e d a t e s on your c a l e n d a r ,
and do t r y t o come!
(We w i l l do our b e s t t o arrange reasonably low-cost
accomodation and w i l l l e t people know about t h i s l a t e r ) .
3
ASSOCIATION OUEST-AFRICAINX
D ' ARCHEOLOGIE
WEST-AFRI CAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL
ASSOCIATION
3.2me Colloque A . O . A . A .
Dakar:
8-10
- W .A .A.A.
dgcembre 1981
Lars de son 2eme c o l l o q u e , t e n u Bamako e n dgcembre 1978,
l e bureau nouvellement g l u a v a i t r e t e n u l a c a n d i d a t u r e d e l a HauteVolta e t d e l a Mauritanie pour l a t e n u e du p r o c h a i n c o l l o q u e .
Ces deux pays s ' g t a n t successivement d g s i s t g s , e t l e d g l a i
s t a t u t a i r e & a n t e x p i r g , une r z b n i o n du bureau s ' e s t t e n u e 5 Dakar
l e 3 m a i 1981, sous l a prgsidence de M . Alpha KONARE, pour prendre
l e s mesures p r o p r e s
a s s u r e r l a c o n t i n u a t i o n d e s a c t i v i t g s de
l'association.
I1 a 6t.G dgcid6 que l e t r o i s i 6 m e cozloque s e t i e n d r a i t dans l a
premi&e quinzaine d e decembre en Cote d l I v o i r e ou a u %&gal.
Nos coll&ges d l A b i d j a n v i e n n e n t de nous faire s a v o i r q u ' i l s
renongaient 2 l ' o r g a n i s a t i o n du colloque dans l e s d g l a i s i m p a r t i s .
Le t r o i s i g m e c o l l o q u e s e t i e n d r a donc g Dakar, s o u s 1'ggide d e
1'Universi t g
.
Le programme pr;vu
e s t l e suivant :
-
Lundi 7 dgcembre : a c c u e i l d e s p a r t i c i p a n t s .
Mardi 8 dgcembre : sgance d ' o u v e r t u r e ; communications.
Mercredi 9 dgcembre : communications; dgbat s u r l e s problgmes
de l a formation d e s archgologues
africanistes
- J e u d i 1 0 dgcembre : assemblge g6n6rale d e 1 ' A . O .A. A. 2 Gorge
e t v i s i t e de l ' i l e .
- Vendre 11 e t samedi 1 2 dgcembre : e x c u r s i o n d a n s l e SineSaloum; v i s i t e d e s amas c o q u i l l i e r s e t
d e s s i t e s mggalithiques
.
.
Nous sommes c o n s c i e n t s d e s d i f f i c u l t & e n t r a i n g e s p a r l a
p r 6 p a r a t i o n d ' u n colloque dans l a b r i g v e t 6 d e s d g l a i s i m p a r t i s .
Aussi comptons-sous s u r l a comprghension de nos c o l l & e s e t p r i o n s
ceux d ' e n t r e eux q u i d e s i r e n t p a r t i c i p e r 5 c e t t e rgunion d e s e f a i r e
connaTtre avant l e l e r o c t o b r e ( c e d g l a i & a n t ramen; au 15 j u i l l e t
pour ceux q u i d 6 s i r e n t que d e s r g s e r v a t i o n s h b t e l i z r e s s o i e n t e f f e c t u g e s )
Nous f a i s o n s d ' a u t r e p a r t a p p e l 5 chacun pour q u ' i l v e u i l l e d i f f u s e r l e
p l u s largement p o s s i b l e c e t t e c i r c u l a i r e . Les t i t r e s d e s communications
s o n t 5 j o i n d r e g l a demande de p a r t i c i p a t i o n . C e l l e s - c i ne d o i v e n t p a s
excgder quinze minutes.
Une seconde c i r c u l a i r e , p r 6 c i s a n t l e programme du c o l l o q u e e t
donnant l a l i s t e d e s communications, s e r a envoyze a v a n t l e 31 o c t o b r e .
Pour l e Comitg d ' o r g a n i s a t i o n
Massamba LAME
.
BOTSWN;ii?
by J, Denbow
The National Science Foundation h a s made a small g r a n t
f o r t h e r e f u r b i s n i n g of an h i s t o r i c b u i l d i n g i n ~ G b o r o n e ,
Botswana, t o s t o r e a r c h a e o l o g i c a l m a t e r i a l s c o l l e c t e d by
United States-based e x p e d i t i o n s over t h e l a s t 15 y e a r s ,
The b u i l d i n g w i l l a l s o house t h e National Flonuments f i l e s
f o r t h e country,
c o l l e c t i o n s made by o t h e r i n v e s t i g a t o r s ,
and provide much needed a n a l y s i s and work sgace f o r r e s e a r c h e r s based both i n s i d e and o u t s i d e Botswana, c o n s t r u c t i o n
w i l l begin i n October o r November,
Two new radiocarbon d a t e s have been received. f o r r e c e n t l y
excavated sites, A t Moritsane near Gaborone a site c o n t a i n i n g
a v i t r i f i e d k r a a l d e p o s i t h a s been d a t e d t o R O D , 1 0 9 5 ~ 7 5
( I -8
, Ceramics from t h i s s i t e a r e r e l a t e d t o m a t e r i a l s
from Eiland and o t h e r s i t e s i n t h e Transvaal, a s w e l l a s
t o s i t e s such a s Ntshekane i n Natal, A t Depression Cave
i n t h e T s o d i l o H i l l s i n t h e north-western c o r n e r of t h e
country a d a t e of A.D,1645+75 (1-11,824) h a s been r e c s i v e d ,
and c h a r c o a l tempered p o t t e r y
Late Stone Age l i t h i c deb&
were recovered,
Analysis of t h e f a u a a l remains from t h r e e E a r l y I r o n Age
1oc:ltions a t T'sodilo has been completed by D r , E, Voigt,
Transvaal Museum, ltemains of c a t t l e , g o a t s and sheep were
found i n a l l l e v e l s - - c a t t l e outnumbering gc?ats/sheep by a
f a c t o r of 2:1,
A t l e a s t one cow of a humped o r Zebu t y p e
was r e p r e s e n t e d i n t h e small sample,
I n September, a midden i n t h e litwebe H i l l s south of I&e P.lgmi
was excavated, The midden produced both lugged, k h o i ceramics
and Tswana p o t t e r g d e c o r a t e d by n i c k i n g along t h e r i m s i m i l a r
t o E u i s p o r t i n t h e Transvaal, Carbonized sorghum, a s w e l l
as remains of' c a t t l e and goats/sheep were recovered, along
w i t h s e v e r a l p a t i n a t e d b l u e and r e d g l a s s cane beads, a
cowry s h e l l , copper b a n g l e s , and i r o n t o o l s , A radiocarbon
sample has been submitted f o r d a t i n g , hkcavati ons were
a l s o c a r r i c d out a t t h e Hippo Tooth s i t e n e a r t h e e a s t e r n
end of t h e B o t l e t l i itiver. E a r l y I r o n Age p o t t e r y of GokomereBambata t y p e was recovered, along with Late Stone dge l i t h i c
d e b r i s , 2 0 charcoal was preserved, s o a sample of bone
h a s been submitted f o r d a t i n g .
A prospection for prehistoric sites in Middle Egypt.
In addition to their recent archaeological research, which was the
outcome of a prospection tour undertaken in 1976, the team of the Belgian
Middle Egypt Prehistoric Project made a complementary survey in 1981. It
visited the lower desert on both sides of the Nile Valley, between Assyut
and Qena. Some Middle Palaeolithic sites, showing an elaborate Levallois
technology of Nubian Type, were discovered two km into the desert, at Nag
el Ezba (ME81/7), which is situated on the East bank, halfway between Sohag
and Nag Hammadi. The higher levels of the lower desert, the core of which
consists of black pliocene clays, as well as the slopes, are covered with
gravels. The southern slope of a sidebranch of Wadi Qasab was examined.
Under a desert pavement, an important concentration of artifacts, together
with huge stone blocks and gravel, was embedded in consolidated red soil
material.
It is our impression that Middle Palaeolithic industries which are
geologically in situ, such as we previously discovered in El Gineimya,
Beit Allam, El Amrah and Nazlet Khater, are rather scarce in the area we
explored.
A concentration of artifacts was found on a low hill, 6 m above
the alluvial plain. The industry was collected both on the surface of
and also in a local gravel resting upon a thick deposit of Nile gravels.
It consisted of Levallois cores and Levallois flakes, most of which are
small and of inferior quality, and also of cores with one and with two
striking platforms, some of which are for blades.
Near the hamlet of Nag El Ezba (ME81/6) a Late Palaeolithic industry was disc0vere.d within an important stratigraphic sequence, which
can be summarised as follows. A lower complex of layers consists of a
Nile silt and local gravel. This lower complex was eroded by a wadi in
which a new Nile aggradation took place with the deposition of a dark gray
humiferous silty gravel. This layer contains hundreds of flints in secundary position. The Nile aggradation continued with the deposition of pale
gray silt up to 4 m. above the present alluvial plain. This surface was
stabilised by a humiferous soil. In the last aggradation phase the site
was covered by 2.5 m of local wadi gravel. The industry is characterised
by a lamellar debitage from prismatic cores producing flakes and blades.
No distinctive tools were found. In the neighbourhood of El Isawiya Sharq
(ME81/1), 24 m above the wadi bed, on top of a clay hill, the surface of
which has been disturbed by local gravel digging, two small concentrations
of Late Paleolithic artifacts were found. This material is characterised
by numerous bladelets, backed bladelets and burin spalls. A most interresting site is situated in between the hamlets of Ezbet Radouan and Arab
ed Sabaha (ME81/9). The site consists of a small silt elevation 2 m above
the alluvial plain. Some material can be found underneath the surface up
to a dept of 20 cm. This material is limited to cracks in the sediment so
that it is likely that the whole site is to be considered as a surface site
without stratigraphical implications. On the surface one can find a large
quantity of microlithic artifacts.
A preliminary analysis of the industry reveals the presence of a
bladelet debitage mostly from cores with two striking platforms. Backed
b l a d e l e t s most o f which a r e p o i n t e d do account f o r more t h a n 60 % of t h e
t o o l s . Some o f them a r e o f Ouchtata t y p e . B o r e r s a r e f r e q u e n t . T r i a n g l e s a r e t h e only r e p r e s e n t e d g e o m e t r i c m i c r o l i t h s . B u r i n , notched
p i e c e s and t r u n c a t i o n s a r e p r e s e n t i n s m a l l amounts whereas s c r a p e r s a r e
very r a r e . Microburins a r e numerous.
I t i s o u r i n t e n t i o n t o e x e c u t e new e x c a v a t i o n s i n 1982.
P.M. Vermeersch, E . P a u l i s s e n ,
G. G i j s e l i n g s , R . Lauwers, D . Huyge.
KENYA
B r i t i s h I n s t i t u t e i n Eastern Africa
P e t e r Robertshaw, t h e A s s i s t a n t D i r e c t o r , and Fiona Marshall of
U.C. Berkeley have j u s t r e t u r n e d from t h r e e month's fieldwork i n t h e
Lemek Valley, Narok D i s t r i c t , S.W. Kenya. The major a i m of t h e work
w a s t e excavation of an Elmenteitan s i t e , named Ngamuriak. About
100 m were dug t o o b t a i n a l a r g e sample of a r t e f a c t s and fauna and
t o r e v e a l something of t h e i n t e r n a l l a y o u t of t h e s i t e . The remains of
a burnt h u t , e i t h e r c i r c u l a r o r oval i n shape, w a s found a t t h e edge of
t h e s i t e . S i g n i f i c a n t i n t r a s i t e v a r i a t i o n i n t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of s t o n e
a r t e f a c t s was recorded, i n p a r t i c u l a r c l a s s i c Elmenteitan blades occured
only i n r e s t r i c t e d patches. Faunal remains were abundant and overwhelmingly dominated by t h e bones of domestic stock. Teeth appear t o
i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e c a t t l e at t h e s i t e were much l a r g e r than t h e Masai
c a t t l e of today.
9
A small Elmenteitan s i t e , Sambo Ngige, w a s a l s o t e s t e d and t h e
p a t t e r n of r e f u s e d i s p o s a l at t h i s s i t e seems s i m i l a r t o t h a t a t
Ngamuriak
.
Test excavations were a l s o conducted at Lemek North-East, a s i t e
with Narosura p o t t e r y l o c a t e d i n bush country a t a higher a l t i t u d e than
t h e o t h e r s i t e s . Lemek North-East y i e l d e d a very high d e n s i t y of f a u n a l
remains, while t h e stone a r t e f a c t s showed a g r e a t e r use of c h e r t as r a w
m a t e r i a l and a higher frequency of backed t o o l s compared t o t h e
Elmenteitan s i t e s .
A complete f o o t survey covering some 40 kmz of t h e Lemek Valley
revealed 60 archaeological s i t e s , most of them r e f e r a b l e t o t h e
Elmenteitan, though s i t e s with Narosura and Akira p o t t e r y were a l s o
discovered. Only one P a s t o r a l I r o n Age (P .I.A. ) s i t e , probably
nineteenth o r twentieth century, was found i n c o n t r a s t t o t h e numerous
P . I . A , s i t e s discovered last year on t h e edge of t h e Mara P l a i n s .
An i n t e r e s t i n g i s o l a t e d d i s c o v e r y n e a r Lemek w a s p a r t of a n E a r l y
I r o n Age v e s s e l , probably r e l a t e d t o t h e Urewe t r a d i t i o n .
F i n a l l y , t h e s i t e of Gogo F a l l s ( s e e Asania XV, 133) w a s
r e v i s i t e d by David C o l l e t t and P e t e r Robertshaw. Recent earthworks
at t h e dam have r e s u l t e d i n t h e exposure o f a l a r g e s e c t i o n through
t h e s i t e . T h i s r e v e a l s t h a t t h e Kansyore p o t t e r y i s coming from a
l a s g e a s h midden over one metre t h i c k . F u r t h e r p o t t e r y and bone
were c o l l e c t e d from t h e s e c t i o n and t h e c o n t r a c t o r ' s s p o i l heaps.
A s m a l l excavation w a s a l s o undertaken t o o b t a i n samples f o r r a d i o carbon d a t i n g .
A t t h e time of w r i t i n g , t h e D i r e c t o r , i s about t o l e a v e t o
ca,rry o u t a r c h a e o l o g i c a l survey work on Pemba i s l a n d and t h e R u f i j i
Delta. During t h e first h a l f of 1982 he e x p e c t s t o be i n Cambridge
having o b t a i n e d l e a v e of absence t o t a k e up a v i s i t i n g Fellowship
a t C l a r e H a l l . I n h i s absence P e t e r Robertshaw w i l l be Acting
Director.
It i s hoped t o co-operate w i t h D r . S t e v e Brandt on work on
t h e p r e h i s t o r y of t h e Juba V a l l e y upstream from Bardera and i n N.E.
Somalia where i t should be p o s s i b l e t o o b t a i n i n f o r m a t i o n on human
a d a p t a t i o n s t o changing environments d u r i n g much o f t h e l a t e
Quaternary.
Note by e d i t o r
D r . Robertshaw h a s w r i t t e n t o e x p r e s s s u r p r i s e
" t h a t t h e names of t h e o t h e r members of t h e 1981 Southern Sudan
Expedition had been omitted from my r e p o r t i n t h e l a s t i s s u e of
Nyame Akuma."
The e d i t o r i s s o r r y i f egos have been b r u i s e d and
lists t h e o t h e r s who were given as co-authors of t h e p r e v i o u s
r e p o r t . They were A r i S i i r i a i n e n , Amum T o r , Bernard Mbae,
Torben Andersen, Jeremy Coote, Andrew Mawson.
The e d i t o r of course r e s e r v e s t h e r i g h t t o e d i t but as t h i s
w a s a s p e c i a l r e q u e s t from t h e D i r e c t o r of t h e B r i t i s h I n s t i t u t e
he i s g l a d t o r e p a i r t h e omission.
.
Dr. Wandibba of the National Museum of Kenya sends
this report:
I reported that a two-week preliminary
In No.18 of 'N~~me'Akuma,
investigation was being undertaken at Rigo Cave.
The work consisted
of mapping all the surface finds as well as test-excavating the site.
The test-excavations consisted of three pits, two of them inside the
cave whilst the third one ran from the entrance down the talus slope.
Apart from one of the pits in the cave which was Imx2m, the other
two were Imx3m.
The materials recovered from the work included five stone vessel
fragments, two beads, a bone a d fragment, a harpoon-like wooden
object and a pendant-3ike object made of jasper. Obsidian chippings
and artefacts of a non-diagnostic industry were also found.
In
addition, lots of faunal remains were recovered. A preliminary analysis
indicates that at least 21 species are represented (John Kimengich:
personal communication).
the commonest.
Amongst these human beings and rodents were
The human skull mentioned in No.18 turned out to be
that of a very old individual.
The preliminary analysis of the material recovered from the
excavation seems to suggest that the cave was most probably not a
habitation site. Thus, this cave is unlikely to be comparable to
the Njoro River Cave.
AN ETHNOARCHAEOLOGICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF BUNGOMA DISTRICT
Bungoma District is one of the areas in Kenya that appear to
have been neglected by previous researchers in the field of prehistory.
It is for this reason that the present writer is carrying out both an
ethnoarchaeological and an archaeological investigation. The ethnoarchaeological aspects of the research is concentrating on the pottery
industry.
The a r c h a e o l o g i c a l survey done so f a r has a l r e a d y r e s u l t e d i n t h e l o c a t i o n
of over 40 s i t e s , most, of them belonging t o t h e i r o n age b u t a middle
s t o n e age s i t e a s w e l l a s a l a t e s t o n e age one have a l s o been found.
All
t h e s i t e s l o c a t e d a r e being given SASES numbers and a s i x - f i g u r e g r i d
r e f e r e n c e number.
I am v e r y g r a t e f u l t o t h e L.S.B.
Leakey Foundation
f o r awarding me a g r a n t t o c a r r y o u t t h i s r e s e a r c h .
NIGERIA
The following r e p o r t h a s been s e n t i n by M r . Agbaje-Williams
and D r . Onyango-Abuje, both o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f Ibadan.
.
The o r i g i n a l h a s been s l i g h t l y e d i t e d .
RECENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL WORK AT OLD OYO: 1979-81
1. I n t r o d u c t i o n
The s i t e of Old Oyo w a s t h e c a p i t a l of t h e former Oyo Yoruba
Empire of t h e 1 7 t h and 1 8 t h c e n t u r y . Most of i t s s t r u c t u r a l
f e a t u r e s are still preserved. The a n c i e n t c i t y l i e s w i t h i n
4' 26'-4' 20E' and 8' 56'-9' 03'N. It c o v e r s a n a r e a of about
s i x t y square k i l o m e t r e s and t h i s i s c l e a r l y marked by i t s w a l l
system some of which i s i n c o n c e n t r i c formation. The s i t e i s now
a Game Reserve.
The first a r c h a e o l o g i c a l work was c a r r i e d o u t a t t h i s s i t e i n
This revealed t h e existence of a Late
Stone Age assemblage a t Mejiro r o c k s h e l t e r . I n a d d i t i o n t o t h i s
W i l l e t t gave a b r i e f d e s c r i p t i o n o f some of t h e a r c h a e o l o g i c a l
f e a t u r e s l i k e t h e g r i n d i n g stone-hollows and t h e w a l l system.
Following W i l l e t t ' s e x c a v a t i o n , was Robert Soper whose work covered
a p e r i o d of seven y e a r s (1973-79). T h i s work has been of s i g n i f i cance i n s t r e s s i n g t h e need f o r f u r t h e r r e s e a r c h at t h e s i t e b u t
not enough i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e n a t u r e of t h e s e t t l e m e n t p a t t e r n a t
Old Oyo, o r on d i s t r i b u t i o n of a r c h a e o l o g i c a l f e a t u r e s t h e r e and
a l s o t h e depth of occupation. Because of t h e s e shortcomings, a
comprehensive programme of r e s e a r c h was designed i n 1978 t o complement
previous work and a l s o t o broaden o u r knowledge of Old Oyo's h i s t o r y .
1956-57 by Frank W i l l e t t .
Considering t h e l a r g e n e s s of t h e C i t y o f Old Oyo, t h u s a
sample examination w a s r e s o r t e d t o , and w e chose a s y s t e m a t i c
was a 10% samyle of t h e a r e a . T h i s
t r a n s e c t i n g procedure,
approach i s a p p r o p r i a t e at Old Oyo because t h e f i n a n c i a l and time
c o n s t r a i n t s a r e minimized, and it was e a s i e r t h a n any o t h e r approach
t o l o c a t e sample u n i t s i n t h e f i e l d . T h i s work w a s c a r r i e d o u t
between March and May, 1978, a t o t a l of n i n e weeks.
mis
The first t r a n s e c t s t a r t e d from t h e West of t h e s i t e (western
w a l l ) , with o t h e r s f o l l o w i n g eastward. I n t h e end w e had f o u r t e e n
t r a n s e c t s ; every t r a n s e c t s e p a r a t e d by h a l f a k i l o m e t e r . The
t r a n s e c t s have a f i x e d width of f i f t y meters w i t h t h e i r l e n g t h
v a r y i n g between 1 . 6 k i l o m e t e r s and 1 0 k i l o m e t e r s . No s u r f a c e
c o l l e c t i o n s were made because t h e o b j e c t i v e w a s t o i d e n t i f y a c t i v i t y
a r e a s and t h e i r d i s t r i b u t i o n . Some of t h e s e a r e compounds,
c o u r t y a r d s , potsheyds ,mounds, w e l l s , g r i n d i n g st ones/hollows and
c i r c u l a r s t o n e s t r u c t u r e s and t h e landforms and v e g e t a t i o n t y p e s
were a l s o noted and recorded.
I n March of 1979, we r e t u r n e d t o t h e s i t e f o r a d e t a i l e d
examination of t h e i n s e l b e r g s . From t h i s w e l e a r n t t h a t almost a l l
of them ( w i t h t h e exception of t h e n o r t h e r n ones) were occupied a t
one time o r t h e o t h e r f o r a s c a t t e r of p o t s h e r d s and metal o b j e c t s
w a s found. It w a s d u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d t h a t Robert Soper w i t h t h e
h e l p of some s t u d e n t s from t h e Department of Archaeology, U n i v e r s i t y
of Ibadan, had a c u t t i n g on one of t h e w a l l s . Along w i t h t h e w a l l
excavation w a s t h a t of a mound west of t h e i n s e l b e r g w i t h i n t h e i n n e r
hope w i l l soon
( p a l a c e ) w a l l . M a t e r i a l s from t h e s e e x c a v a t i o n s we
be published.
We r e t u r n e d t o t h e s i t e i n May of 1979 i n company of a
p a l y n o l o g i s t , M.A. Sowunmi, of t h e Department of Archaeology,
U n i v e r s i t y of Ibadan. The s o l e purpose of t h i s e x e r c i s e was t o
check and c l a r i f y t h e v e g e t a t i o n terms used d u r i n g t h e t r a n s e c t
survey of t h e p r e v i o u s y e a r (1978). From t h i s , we agreed t h a t t h e
g e n e r a l v e g e t a t i o n t y p e p r e v a i l i n g a t Old Oyo i s t h a t of wooded
savanna w i t h p a t c h e s of f o r e s t of d i f f e r e n t t y p e s (baobab f o r e s t ,
g a l l e r y f o r e s t on w a l l s and stream c o u r s e s and a l s o around t h e
inselbergs)
Common t r e e s a r e p a r k i a c l a p p e r t o n i a D a n i e l i a o l i v e r i ,
Butmospermum paradoxurn, A f z e l i a a f r i c a n a and Terminalia ,qloucessus;
while t h o r n s and t h i c k e t s are made up of Acacia a t a x a c a n t h a ,
Securingea v i r o s a and Cissus populnea. Grasses a r e of t h r e e t y p e s ,
H.werrhenia , Andropoaon and Pennisetum
.
.
I n t h e d r y season of t h e f o l l o w i n g y e a r , January, 1980, we
a l s o c a r r i e d o u t a s y s t e m a t i c t r a n s e c t survey of t h e town of Igboho,
about seventy k i l o m e t e r s south-west of Old Oyo. The town w a s
e s t a b l i s h e d i n t h e l a t t e r p a r t of t h e 1 6 t h c e n t u r y A , D , , when Old
Oyo was abandoned due t o onslaught from Nupe. Four A l a a f i n s ( k i n g s )
r u l e d h e r e and t h e i r b u r i a l s p o t s a r e p r e s e r v e d till today. The
o b j e c t of t h i s e x e r c i s e w a s t o f i n d out i f comparable m a t e r i a l s
exist a t Igboho t o f a c i l i t a t e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f Old Oyo m a t e r i a l s .
The outcome of t h i s we p l a n t o p r e s e n t i n a n o t h e r paper. Another
v i s i t was p a i d t o Old Oyo f o r a few days i n February 1980 i n
company of P r o f e s s o r Biobaku, t h e D i r e c t o r of t h e I n s t i t u t e of
African S t u d i e s , U n i v e r s i t y of Ibadan.
With a g r a n t from t h e U n i v e r s i t y of Ibadan, we r e t u r n e d t o Old
Oyo i n March, 1981, f o r a four-week e x p e d i t i o n . Four t e s t p i t s of
2x2 m each were excavated at f o u r d i f f e r e n t l o c a t i o n s . The first
one i s l e s s t h a n two hundred m e t e r s west of S o p e r ' s 1979 e x c a v a t i o n
w i t h i n t h e i n n e r w a l l . On t h i s excavation w a s John Onyango-Abuje
who had joined t h e Department of Archaeology, U n i v e r s i t y of Ibadan
some months e a r l i e r . The first s i t e i s a low mound which y i e l d e d
p l e n t y of c h a r c o a l samples f o r radiocarbon d a t i n g . Along with t h i s
i s a q u i t e s u b s t a n t i a l amount of p o t s h e r d s , s t o n e t o o l s which
i n c r e a s e d i n number with depth ( d e e p e s t l e v e l i s 2 . 2 m) and l a s t l y
some f a u n a l remains i n c l u d i n g wet weather s n a i l s h e l l s .
The o t h e r s i t e s a r e ( 1 ) a s h r i n e w i t h i n t h e p a l a c e a r e a , e a s t
of OKE DIARA ( ~ i a r a ill) , ( 2 ) EBU an a s h mound (3) AKA, g r a n a r y .
The last two s i t e s a r e w i t h i n a hundred meters r e a c h of each o t h e r .
They a r e found i n t h e s o u t h e r n p a r t of Old Oyo.
From t h e above r e p o r t i t i s obvious t h a t a l o t s t i l l needs t o
be done b e f o r e any s e r i o u s r e c o n s t r u c t i o n can be made of Old Oyo's
h i s t o r i c a l development. The t r a n s e c t survey h a s c l e a r l y opened o u r
eyes t o a r e a s of dense c o n c e n t r a t i o n of a r c h a e o l o g i c a l remains, and
has a l s o narrowed down t h e s e a r c h f o r e x c a v a t i o n s i t e s . So a r a n g e
of m a t e r i a l s i s now known and comparative s t u d i e s a r e p o s s i b l e w i t h
neighbouring towns l i k e Igboho. I n a d d i t i o n t o t h i s t h e 1981
excavation h a s thrown more l i g h t on t h e r e l a t i v e depth of occupation
at Old Oyo.
A t t h e first s i t e we reached a l e v e l of 2 . 2 m below ground
s u r f a c e ; while i n t h e s o u t h e r n a r e a , a maximum d e p t h of a b o u t a
meter w a s obtained. We hope t h a t o u r n e x t s e a s o n ' s (1982)
excavation e x p e d i t i o n w i l l be more rewarding and we a l s o l o o k
forward t o any s o r t of s u p p o r t . Old Oyo i s a n important s i t e and
both t h e Nigerian F e d e r a l Government as w e l l as i n t e r n a t i o n a l
r e s e a r c h f o u n d a t i o n s ought t o be i n t e r e s t e d i n s u p p o r t i n g both m o r a l l y
and f i n a n c i a l l y .
The following h a s been r e c e i v e d from D r . F.N. Anozie,
Department of Archaeology, U n i v e r s i t y of Nigeria, Nsukka, Anambra
S t a t e , Nigeria.
A Department of Archaeology h a s j u s t been c r e a t e d a t t h e
University of Nigeria, Nsukka.
I n i t i a l l y we s h a l l be o f f e r i n g combined honours degrees i n
Archaeology and H i s t o r y , Archaeology and f i i l o s o p h y , Archaeology
and English L i t e r a t u r e , Archaeology and Religious S t u d i e s ,
Archaeology and Sociology, Archaeology and S o c i a l Anthropology,
Archaeology and Geology and Archaeology and Zoology.
We s h a l l be i n t e r e s t e d i n cooperating with Departments of
Archaeology o r Anthropology o r African S t u d i e s anywhere i n t h e
Ftorld i n t h e f i e l d s of Research, Exchange of Lecturers/Research
f e l l o w s and s t u d e n t s . We have a few vacancies f o r l e c t u r e r s
s p e c i a l i z i n g i n one o r more of t h e following s t r e s s a r e a s -
-
-
Techniques and Methods of Archaeology
F i e l d Archaeology
Origins of Food Production & Urbanization
Physical Anthropology
Museum S t u d i e s
Typology ( L i t h i c and ceramic)
I n v e s t i g a t i n g ethnographic p o t t e r y f i r i n g temperatures
According t o Anna Shepard "A record of f i r i n g i s incomplete
without a temperature record." Pioneering fieldwork with t h e a i d
of a pyrometer w a s undertaken among a Pueblo I n d i a n group, t h e Hopi,
decades ago ( c o l t o n 1951), y e t l i t t l e h a s been done i n t h i s sphere
s i n c e . A s Shepard remarked, " e t h n o l o g i s t s a r e r a r e l y equipped with
a pyrometer, and consequently we have few records."
I n Nigeria, Michael Cardew (1970) used pyrometric cones t o
record f i r i n g temperatures, but cones provide a measure of "heat
work donev r a t h e r than a record of temperature r i s e and f a l l
throughout t h e f i r i n g d u r a t i o n . I n an a r t i c l e i n p r e s s I d e s c r i b e
a simple method of operating a t h e r m o e l e c t r i c pyrometer i n t h e
f i e l d , and d i s c u s s d a t a from two I b i b i o v i l l a g e s i n southwest Cross
River S t a t e . P a r t i c u l a r a t t e n t i o n i s given t o s o l v i n g t h e p r a c t i c a l
problem, i n t h e b o n f i r i n g c o n t e x t , of not burning o r melting t h e
cable which runs from t h e thermocouple t o t h e meter. This account i s
accompanied by a d e s c r i p t i o n of p o t t e r y production and t r a d e i n
t h e Cross River region.
A f u r t h e r contribution t o t h e s u b j e c t of ceramic pyrometry
i s c u r r e n t l y i n preparation f o r an i n t e r n a t i o n a l conference on
"Ceramic technology: ethnography and experiment" t o be h e l d a t
t h e University of L e i c e s t e r , 18-20 December 1981. This paper w i l l
present d a t a from an Igedde v i l l a g e i n t h e Ogoja a r e a of northwest
Cross River S t a t e , where p o t t e r y making techniques d i f f e r from
those of t h e I b i b i o . It a l s o describes how Igedde p o t t e r s achieve
a high success r a t e , even when a thunderstorm occurs before t h e
c r i t i c a l f i r i n g temperature has been a t t a i n e d .
I contend ( a ) t h a t non-kiln f i r i n g methods a r e not t h e
hazardous undertakings which we might suppose, and (b) t h a t i n
c e r t a i n r e s p e c t s t h e bonfire technique makes e f f i c i e n t use of l o c a l
materials and time i n non-industrial p o t t e r y manufacture.
References
Casdew, M.
1970
Colton, H.S.
1951
Introduction" t o Nigerian P o t t e r y by
Sylvia Leith-Ross. Lagos & Ibadan.
"
"Hopi p o t t e r y f i r i n g methods."
Plateau, 24. F l a g s t a f f .
Keith Nicklin,
Curat o r
Powell-Cotton Museum
Quex Pask, Birchington
Kent CT7 OBH, U ,K.
SIERRA LEONE
ADDITIONAL NOTES ON ARCHAEOLOGICAL FIELDWORK
I N NORTHEASTERN SIERRA LEONE
bY
C h r i s t o p h e r R. DeCorse
Department of Archaeology, UCLA
From December 1978 u n t i l January 1981, I conducted a r c h a e o l o g i c a l f i e l d w o r k i n n o r t h e a s t e r n S i e r r a Leone. Largely c a r r i e d o u t d u r i n g
my s p a r e time, my r e s e a r c h c o n c e n t r a t e d on t h e f o r t i f i e d Limba, Yalunka,
and Koranko towns l o c a t e d i n t h e chiefdoms of Yagala, Bafodia, Musaia,
S i n k u n i a , Sulima, Mongo, and Sengbe. Whenever p o s s i b l e , n o t e s were made
on t h e defences of each town, s u r f a c e c o l l e c t i o n s were made, o r a l h i s t o r i e s were c o l l e c t e d , and a l i m i t e d amount of e x c a v a t i o n was done. The
work undertaken from December 1978 u n t i l J u l y 1980 was summerized i n t h e
November 1980 e d i t i o n of Nyame Akuma. This r e p o r t o u t l i n e s t h e r e s e a r c h
c a r r i e d o u t from J u l y 1980 u n t i l January 1981.
The l a s t seven months of f i e l d w o r k i n S i e r r a Leone w a s , f o r t h e most
p a r t , devoted t o t h e f u r t h e r examination of s i t e s p r e v i o u s l y i d e n t i f i e d
d u r i n g 1979 and 1980. Only one a d d i t i o n a l f o r t i f i e d town, t h e h i l l t o p
Limba v i l l a g e a t Balandugu, was noted. This brought t h e number of f o r t i f i e d towns l o c a t e d t o twenty f i v e . U n f o r t u n a t e l y , t i m e r e s t r i c t i o n s d i d
n o t a l l o w complete s u r v e y s a t each of t h e towns. G e n e r a l l y , much more
thorough i n v e s t i g a t i o n s were done i n t h e Limba and Yalunka chiefdoms, as
t h e s e a r e a s were more e a s i l y reached from b a s e s a t Musaia o r Kabala.
During November and December of 1980 maps o r s k e t c h maps were made
a t Musaia, S i n k u n i a , F a l a b a , S o k o r i a , Kamba, B a f o d i a , Kakoya, Yagala,
and Koinadugu. S u r f a c e c o l l e c t i o n s were made a t t h e s e and a number of
o t h e r s i t e s . Musaia, which was more e x t e n s i v e l y s u r f a c e c o l l e c t e d t h e n
any o t h e r town, was mapped and a l l a r t i f a c t s were l o c a t e d on a g r i d .
Finds a t o t h e r s i t e s were approximately p l a c e d on maps, o r d e s c r i b e d .
A r t i f a c t u a l occurances v a r i e d from i s o l a t e d p o t s h e r d s t o s u r f a c e s c a t t e r s ,
i n c l u d i n g ground s t o n e t o o l s , f l a k e d q u a r t z , i r o n s l a g , n a t i v e p o t t e r y ,
and a r t i f a c t s of European o r i g i n .
Native p o t t e r y was t h e most common t y p e of a r t i f a c t recovered. Today
t h e r e a r e few women l e f t i n n o r t h e a s t e r n S i e r r a Leone t h a t p r a c t i c e t h e
p o t t e r ' s a r t and t h o s e t h a t do l e a v e t h e i r ware undecorated. However, prel i m i n a r y examination of s u r f a c e f i n d s and excavated m a t e r i a l r e v e a l s a var i e t y of d e c o r a t i o n s and v e s s e l forms. C e r t a i n a t t r i b u t e s appear t o b e
a s s o c i a t e d w i t h c e r t a i n l o c a l s . For example, t h e r e seems t o b e p o t t e r y
s t y l e s p e c u l i a r t o t h e Limba and Yalunka a r e a s . Some Limba d e c o r a t i o n s a r e
comparable t o m o t i f s found on p o t t e r y from p e r i p h e r a l Limba a r e a s t o t h e
South, such as Bumbuna and Mabonto.
Stone a r t i f a c t s were n o t a s p l e n t i f u l a s p o t s h e r d s , b u t q u a r t z
t o o l s , f l a k e s , and c o r e s were n o t uncommon. Quartz i s common i n northe a s t e r n S i e r r a Leone and pebbles of t h a t m a t e r i a l can be found on almost
any e r o s i o n a l s u r f a c e . I s o l a t e d f l a k e s of q u a r t z were f r e q u e n t l y encountered on roads and paths. P a r t i c u l a r l y l a r g e s c a t t e r s of q u a r t z
were found a t t h e Yalunka v i l l a g e s of Musaia and Sinkunia. It i s n o t a b l e
t h a t no such c o n c e n t r a t i o n s were found i n any Limba towns. This d i s p a r i t y
may be explained by t h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e Limba and Yalunka s e t t l e m e n t
p a t t e r n s . Many Yalunka towns a r e l o c a t e d on l e v e l ground, c l o s e t o r i v e r s ,
i n a r e a s t h a t would have been d e s i r a b l e t o t h e e a r l i e r i n h a b i t a n t s of t h e
region. The Yalunka f o r t i f i e d t h e s e sites by surrounding t h e i r s e t t l e m e n t s
w i t h mud w a l l s . The l o c a t i o n s of many of t h e Limba towns, on t h e otherhand,
were c l e a r l y s e l e c t e d f o r t h e i r n a t u r a l i n a c c e s s a b i l i t y ; n o t t h e i r proximity
t o r i v e r s and farm land. E a s i l y defended Limba s e t t l e m e n t s l i k e Yagala,
Siamamaia, Balandugu, and Kakoya were most l i k e l y s e l e c t e d a s l i v i n g s i t e s
during t h e t r i b a l wars of t h e r e l a t i v e l y r e c e n t p a s t . It i s hoped t h a t quest i o n s r e l a t i n g t o s e t t l e m e n t p a t t e r n s w i l l be explored i n a f u t u r e publication.
A s m a l l q u a n t i t y of n i n e t e e n t h c e n t u r y European a r t i f a c t s were found.
Finds included stoneware, glazed redware, hard w h i t e earthenware, g l a s s ,
c l a y p i p e s , t r a d e beads, and a l a r g e number of gun f l i n t s . The l a t t e r were
a l l English f l i n t s ; most were of t h e "blade" type, b u t a few of t h e e a r l i e r
II
wedge'' types were represented. Many of t h e g u n f l i n t s found were e x t e n s i v e l y
retouched o r s h a t t e r e d , w h i l e some remained i n r e l a t i v e l y new c o n d i t i o n . A
few of t h e f l i n t s had a d i s t i n c t i v e "U" shaped d e p r e s s i o n i n t h e s t r i k i n g
edge suggesting they may have been used w i t h s t r i k e - a - l i g h t s .
Oral h i s t o r i e s
i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e f l i n t l o c k r i f l e may s t i l l have been i n u s e f o r t y o r f i f t y
y e a r s ago. Locally made percussion cap r i f l e s a r e s t i l l i n use today.
During November 1980 t h e mapping of t h e Sinkunia i r o n s m e l t i n g f u r n a c e s
was completed. A group of t e n f u r n a c e s was l o c a t e d approximately t e n minutes
walk t o t h e northwest of t h e town. Oral h i s t o r i e s s u g g e s t t h e most r e c e n t
furnace i n t h e group may b e f i f t y o r s i x t y y e a r s o l d . A number of o t h e r f u r naces were discovered i n Musaia and Sinkunia chiefdoms, b u t t h e group n e a r
t h e town of Sinkunia a r e d i s t i n c t i v e because of t h e i r good p r e s e r v a t i o n .
F u r t h e r excavation a t t h e rock s h e l t e r i n Yagala Old Town was undertaken
during t h e t h i r d and f o u r t h weeks of December, 1980. Eight one meter s q u a r e s
were excavated t o rock b a s e o r s t e r i l e s o i l . The maximum depth reached was
2.25 meters. The f l o o r of t h e s h e l t e r narrowed r a p i d l y and i t seems u n l i k e l y
t h a t t h e s h e l t e r was used f o r h a b i t a t i o n during i t ' s e a r l y h i s t o r y . However,
t h e l a r g e amount of a r t i f a c t s , c h a r c o a l , and bone t h a t was found s u g g e s t s
t h a t t h e s i t e may have been used a s a r e f u s e p i t and perhaps l a t e r a s a cooki n g s h e l t e r . European a r t i f a c t s and i r o n s l a g were found i n most of t h e upper
l e v e l s while t h e lower l e v e l s contained mostly p o t t e r y . One i n t e r e s t i n g example of carved bone was a l s o excavated. Charcoal samples were c o l l e c t e d f o r
p o s s i b l e use i n C-14 d a t i n g .
A r e p r e s e n t a t i v e sample of material c o l l e c t e d i n S i e r r a Leone i s now i n
t h e United S t a t e s and a more d e t a i l e d r e p o r t i s p r e s e n t l y b e i n g prepared.
F u r t h e r p u b l i c a t i o n s a r e promised f o r t h e f u t u r e .
SOUTH
AFRICA
PROGRAMME OF THE
SOUTH AFRICAN SOCIETY FOR QUATERNARY RESEARCH
SIXTH BIENNIAL CONFERENCE
PRETORIA, MAY 27
Wednesday, May 27
-
-
JUNE 1, 1981
Transvaal Museum
1st S e s s i o n : CAVES AND FOSSIL SITES
PART I : A u s t r a l o p i t h e c i n e S i t e s . Chairman: H . J . Deacon
T.C. P a r t r i d g e : The s t r a t i g r a p h y and sedimentology o f t h e Kromdraai s i t e ;
E.S. Vrba & D.C. Panagos: Recent e x c a v a t i o n s and new f i n d s a t Kromdraai;
C.K. B r a i n : Cycles o f d e p o s i t i o n and e r o s i o n i n t h e Swartkrans cave
deposit.
PART 2 : Chairman: 0. Davies
J . S . Brink & H . J . Deacon: A s t u d y o f a Last I n t e r g l a c i a l midden and
c a r n i v o r e l a i r a t H e r o l d ' s Bay; P. Beaumont: The n o r t h e r n Cape P l e i s t o cene p r o j e c t ; H. de V i l l i e r s : L a t e r Stone Age i n h a b i t a n t s o f t h e Agulhas
Region, C.P. ; F.M. Gamble: Problems o f conducting r e s e a r c h i n t h e
Transvaal k a r s t c a v e s ; R . J . Mason: L a t e r S t o n e Age p l a n t p r e s e r v a t i o n i n
Transvaal Caves.
2nd S e s s i o n : PALAEOCLIMATES.
Chairman: J. A. Coetzee
J . A . Coetzee: P o l l e n evidence f o r a ( s u b - ) t r o p i c a l environment i n t h e
Saldanha r e g i o n d u r i n g t h e Early/Middle Miocene; L. S c o t t : P o l l e n a n a l y s i s
o f Late Cainozoic d e p o s i t s i n t h e Transvaal and i t s b e a r i n g on p a l a e o c l i m a t e s ; R. Crossley: High l e v e l s o f Lake Malawi - an a t t e m p t t o e x t e n d
r e c o r d s back 2000 y e a r s ; L. Jacobson: R a i n f a l l p r e d i c t i o n i n t h e c e n t r a l
Namib d e s e r t and i t s i m p l i c a t i o n s f o r h u n t e r - g a t h e r e r and p a s t o r a l i s t
mobility.
P r e s i d e n t i a l Address.
18000 y e a r s B . P.
Thursday, May 28
E.M.
van Zinderen Bakker: African Palaeoenvironments
- National
P h y s i c a l Research Laboratory, C e n t r e f o r
S c i e n t i f i c and I n d u s t r i a l Research
2nd S e s s i o n : PALAEOCLIMATES [ c o n t i n u e d ) .
Chairman: E.M.
van Zinderen Sakker
D. Price-Williams, A. Watson, A.S. Goudie 6 R.M. Hooker: Late Quaternary
sediments and c l i m a t i c change i n Swaziland; Keynote a d d r e s s . K. Heine:
The main s t a g e s i n t h e Late Quaternary e v o l u t i o n o f t h e K a l a h a r i .
Iron smelting furnaces near the Yalunka town of
SINKUNIA.
The excavation at the rock shelter in YAGALA OLD
TOWN.
3rd S e s s i o n : GEOMORPHOLOGY.
Chairman: T.C. P a r t r i d g e
J. Rogers: Cenozoic L i t h o s t r a t i g r a p h y between Cape Town and Lambert!s Bay;
R. C r o s s l e y : Late Cenozoic s t r a t i g r a p h y of t h e Karonga a r e a i n t h e Malawi
R i f t Valley; D.H. Yaalon: On t h e A e o l i a n i t e Red Sands r e l a t i o n s i n
coastal Natal.
4th
-
S e s s i o n : PALAEOSOLS.
Chairman: D.H.
Yaalon
I n t r o d u c t i o n . D . H . Yaalon: The s i g n i f i c a n c e o f p a l a e o s o l s i n Quaternary
s t u d i e s ; F. N e t t e r b e r g : D i s t i n g u i s h i n g f o s s i l from contemporary c a l c r e t e s ;
D . C . Grey 8, C . J . T a y l o r : P a l a e o s o l s i n t h e s o u t h e r n Cape; F . E l l i s 6
B . H . A . Schloms: A n o t e on t h e Dorbanks (Duripans) o f South A f r i c a ;
F. N e t t e r b e r g : C a l c r e t e s and t h e i r d e c a l c i f i c a t i o n around Rundu, South
West A f r i c a .
P o s t e r S e s s i o n : PALAEOSOLS
D . C . Grey G C . J . Taylor: P a l a e o s o l s i n t h e s o u t h e r n Cape ( d i s p l a y ) ;
F . N e t t e r b e r g G J . C . Vogel: Dating and development o f a c a l c r e t e p r o f i l e ;
V i s i t t o N a t u r a l I s o t o p e s D i v i s i o n , NPRL (Radio-carbon d a t i n g and s t a b l e
isotopes laboratory).
Friday, May 29 - Transvaal Museum
5 t h S e s s i o n : THE NAMIB DESERT.
Chairman: M . K .
Seely
D.H. Yaalon: Observations on c a l c r e t e and r e c e n t c a l c i c h o r i z o n s jn
r e l a t i o n t o landforms i n t h e c e n t r a l Namib d e s e r t ; M . E . Marker: Aspects
o f Namib geomorphology: a Doline k a r s t ; N . L a n c a s t e r : S p a t i a l v a r i a t i o n s
i n dune morphology and sediments i n t h e Namib sand s e a ; J . C . Vogel: The
age of Homeb s i l t s i n t h e Kuiseb r i v e r v a l l e y ; J . D . Ward: Aspects o f a
sedimentary sequence i n t h e Kuiseb v a l l e y ; S. Endrody-Younga: The evidence
of c o l e o p t e r a i n d a t i n g t h e Namib d e s e r t ; W.D. Haacke: D i s t r i b u t i o n
p a t t e r n s of r e p t i l e s a s i n d i c a t o r s of geomorphological e v e n t s i n t h e
Namib d e s e r t .
Panel Discussion: THE AGE OF THE NAMIB DESERT.
Chairman: M . K .
Panel: E.M. van Zinderen Bakker, C . K . B r a i n , J . Rogers, D.H.
I n t r o d u c t i o n : M . K . S e e l y ; Summary: C . K . B r a i n .
Seely
Yaalon, J . C . Vogel.
BIENNIAL MEETING
S i t e s v i s i t e d on t h e Post-Conference Excursion o f t h e Kimberley Area.
S a t u r d a y , May 30: Rooidam I and 11; t h e "MSA-paved road"; B i e s s r e s p u t ;
Escarpment, Gorrokop, GrootE.loof.
Dornlaagte; ULCO Quarries-Ghaap
Sunday, May 31: The Kimberley Head; Norlim 3 C a l c r e t e p r o f i l e ; Taung;
Vaal River Gravels and t h e Windsorton a r e a . An e x c u r s i o n guide was
compiled by J . M . Maguire, with c o n t r i b u t i o n s by A . J . Humphreys, F .
N e t t e r b e r g , R. Mason and o t h e r s .
SOUTHERN AFRICAN ASSOCIATION OF ARCHAEOLOGISTS
CONFERENCE PROGRAMME
-
1st
-
5 t h J U N E , 1981
T r a n s v a a l M u s e u m , Pretoria, RSA.
Monday, June 1 s t
REGISTRATION
MEETING OF CURATORS OF COLLECTIONS:
S u b j e c t : The S.A. Archaeological D a t a Recording C e n t r e
Tuesday, June 2nd (Morning)
REGISTRATION
WELCOME AND OPENING: D r . C. K. B r a i n , D i r e c t o r , Transvaal Museum.
RESEARCH REPORTS: Stone Age. Chairman: D r . Andy Smith.
C.K. Brain: Bone t o o l s from t h e lower l e v e l s o f Member 1 a t Swartkrans;
A. Jacobson, D. Gihwala E M. P l e i s a c h : Trace element s t u d i e s on s o u t h e r n
A f r i c a n a r c h a e o l o g i c a l m a t e r i a l ; J . Binneman: Experimental d e t e r m i n a t i o n
o f adze and s c r a p e r use-wear from Boomplaas Cave, s o u t h e r n Cape;
A. Mazel: P r e l i m i n a r y a r c h a e o l o g i c a l work i n t h e Natal Drakensberg;
D. Price-Williams : B r i e f Report on Swaziland p r o j e c t .
PANEL DISCUSSION on p a p e r by J . E . Parkington e n t i t l e d : Time and P l a c e :
some o b s e r v a t i o n s on s p a t i a l and temporal p a t t e r n i n g i n t h e s t o n e age
35. Dec. 1980
sequence i n s o u t h e r n A f r i c a .
S. Afr. Archaeol. B u l l .
Chairman: P r o f . Garth Sampson.
P a r t i c i p a n t s : H . J . Deacon, J. Volman, J . E . Parkington.
(Afternoon)
RESEARCH REPORTS: Stone Age ( c o n t i n u e d ) . Chairman: D r . Andy Smith.
T. Volman: I n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f v a r i a t i o n i n Acheulean b i f a c e measurements;
H . J . Deacon e t a l . : The occurrence o f c h a r c o a l i n P l e i s t o c e n e and
Holocene d e p o s i t s i n s o u t h e r n A f r i c a ; H. Opperman: No t i t l e ; S . H a l l :
Test e x c a v a t i o n s a t E d g e h i l l .
WORKSHOP : Stone Age
THEME: The Transvaal L a t e r Stone Age. Chairman: P r o f . H i l a r y Deacon.
P a r t i c i p a n t s : R . J . Mason, A. Meyer, I . Plug, M. Tamplin.
Wednesday, June 3 r d (Morning)
RESEARCH REPORTS: Stone Age ( c o n t i n u e d ) . Chairman: D r . Andy Smith.
M. Tamplin: Observations on L a t e r Stone Age i n d u s t r i e s i n t h e Lepokole
H i l l s , E a s t e r n Botswana; C . G . Sampson: D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e S m i t h f i e l d B
I n d u s t r y i n t h e C e n t r a l and Upper Zeekoe V a l l e y , Northern Cape;
P . B . Beaumont: The Stone Age sequence a t Kathu Pan; A. Smith:
Archaeological r e s e a r c h i n Bushmanland, Cape.
ROCK ART. Chairman: D r . Tim Maggs.
T. Maggs: I n t r o d u c t o r y remarks.
RESEARCH REPORTS: P . J . Loubser (C.S.I.R.) Report on National Building
Research I n s t i t u t e r e s e a r c h i n t o t h e p h y s i c a l p r e s e r v a t i o n of rock a r t ;
A.R. Willcox: Terminological problems i n rock a r t ; M. Ripp: Remote
s e n s i n g techniques; A. Manhire: Rock A r t o f t h e Sandveld; W. van R i j s s e n :
Rock A r t o f t h e O l i f a n t s River Valley; A , Mazel: Rock a r t survey o f t h e
Natal Drakensberg; L. Smits E Colleagues (Lesotho); D. Lewis-Williams:
I n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f rock a r t .
(Afternoon)
Depart i n i n d i v i d u a l v e h i c l e s t o Broederstroom Early I r o n Age s e t t l e m e n t .
Host: Prof. R. J . Mason.
(Evening)
FUNCTION: a t Department o f Archaeology, U n i v e r s i t y o f P r e t o r i a .
and d i s c u s s i o n o f Mapungubwe and Kruger National Park m a t e r i a l .
show of rock p a i n t i n g s i n Kruger National Park by Mike English.
Host: Prof. J. F. E l o f f .
Viewing
Slide
.Thursday, June 4 t h (morning)
RESEARCH REPORTS: Iron Age. Chairman: M r . Mike Evers.
C. Thorp: No t i t l e ; R . J . Mason: Development o f comprehensive Iron Age
a n a l y t i c a l procedures; S. H a l l : Stone w a l l s e t t l e m e n t s of t h e Rooiberg
D i s t r i c t ; D. Davies: Shongweni North Cave b o t a o n i c a l remains; T.M. Evers:
No t i t l e ; M. Tamplin E R . Jones: Analysis of s o i l s a t Mmamagwa and o t h e r
,
I r o n Age s i t e s i n Eastern Botswana.
PANEL: The Nature of t h e I r o n Age i n sub-Saharan African. Chairman:
Prof. Revil Mason.
C o n t r i b u t o r s : T.N. Huffman, T. Maggs, M. H a l l .
(afternoon)
WORKSHOP: Iron Age.
THEME: The e a r l i e s t I r o n Age i n s o u t h e r n A f r i c a (200-700AD). Chairman:
D r . G. Mgomezulu.
P a r t i c i p a n t s : T.M. Evers, E . Hanisch, T.N. Huffman, M. Klapwijk,
T.M. O I C Maggs, R . J . Mason, H. P r i n s l o o .
FUNCTION a t t h e National C u l t u r a l H i s t o r y and Open A i r Museum, P r e t o r i a .
Exhibition: The c l a y f i g u r i n e s from t h e schroda Iron Age s i t e .
Lecture by E. Hanisch:.The Schroda f i g u r i n e s .
F r i d a y , June 5 t h (morning)
RESEARCH REPORT: Ethnoarchaeology. Chairman: P r o f . Tom Huffman.
C . Liengme: Ethnobotany a t t h e B o t a n i c a l Research I n s t i t u t e ;
D. C o l l e t t : The ethnology o f p o p u l a t i o n s p r e a d : an a r c h a e o l o g i c a l
p e r s p e c t i v e ; J . Loubser: Ndebele archaeology, P i e t e r s b u r g a r e a .
PANEL: Hunters, Herders and Farmers. Chairman: P r o f . Tom Huffman.
C o n t r i b u t o r s : Andy Smith, P. Davison.
Post-conference Excursion of the Northern and Eastern Transvaal
Saturday June 6: Papo s Hill, Ndebele stone-walled site ; arrive
reef swald.
Sunday June 7: Mapungubwe and K2 Iron Age sites.
-
painted rock shelter,
Monday June 8: Schroda Iron Age site; Pont Drift
dinosaur footprints, Khami-type walling; Ratho, Khami-type walling.
Tuesday June 9: Depart Greefswald; Machemma's Kop stone-walled site;
Klein Afrika early Iron Age site; arrive Hans Merensky Nature Reserve.
Wednesday June 10: Eiland salt factory Iron Age site; Tsonga Kraal Open
Air Museum; Bushman rock shelter LSA/MSA site; Heuingsnekrans shelter
LSA site; arrive Pilgrim's Rest.
Thursday June 11: Lydenberg "Head" site and Klingbeil site (Iron Age)
An excursion guide was edited by Elizabeth A. Voigt of the Transvaal Museum
with other contributions by E.O.M. Hanisch, J.F.Eloff and A. Meyer,
Ina Plug and P.B. Beaumont.
This material was submitted by Morgan J. Tamplin, Associate Professor,
Department of Anthropology, Trent University, Peterborough, Canada.
Dr. Tamplin attended both conferences with support from an International
Canference Grant awarded by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research
Council of Canada.
SOUTH AFRICA
CURmT
-
RESEARCH BY THE ARCHAEOLOGY DEPARTMENT, SOUTH AFRICAN
MUSEUM
P.O. Box 61, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa.
1. BYNESKRANSKOP
Two p u b l i c a t i o n s r e l a t i n g t o t h e e x c a v a t i o n s a t Bynekranskop
i n t h e s o u t h e r n Cape are now i n t h e hands of t h e E d i t o r o f t h e
Annals of t h e South A f r i c a n Museum and are expected t o b e i n p r i n t
i n t h e first h a l f of 1982. The major p u b l i c a t i o n ( ~ c h w e i t z e r&
~ i l s o n )d e a l s w i t h t h e l a t e Frank S c h w e i t z e r ' s e x c a v a t i o n of t h e
135000 - y e a r sequence a t Byneskranskop 1 (BNK1 ) c o v e r i n g t h e
p e r i o d from t h e t e r m i n a l P l e i s t o c e n e u n t i l t h e beginnings of white
s e t t l e m e n t a t t h e Cape, which have r e v e a l e d a comprehensive p i c t u r e
oc c u l t u r a l and economic change d u r i n g t h e L a t e r Stone Age. The
& ~ i l s o n )d e a l s w i t h t h e e i g h t human
second paper ( ~ Villers
e
b u r i a l s excavated a t BNK 1 and BNK 3 . Bone from t h r e e o f t h e
i n d i v i d u a l s h a s been d a t e d t o between 1480 and 3190 B.P., and
P r o f e s s o r Hertha de Villiers' a n a l y s i s of t h e remains h a s shown t h e
f o u r a d u l t s and f o u r immature i n d i v i d u a l s t o have been members of
a San (Bushman) p o p u l a t i o n .
M. L . Wilson.
2.
SITE DISTRIBUTIONS, CAPE AGULHAS REGION
Following Schweitzer and W i l s o n ' s e x c a v a t i o n at Die K e l d e r s
and Byneskranskop s h e l t e r s , we are now examining t h e s p a t i a l
dimension of L a t e Stone Age communities by p l o t t i n g d i s t r i b u t i o n s
of open s t a t i o n s i t e s i n t h e Agulhas r e g i o n ( t h e southernmost p o i n t
of t h e c o n t i n e n t ) . So far, some 150 s h e l l middens have been
recorded i n a c o a s t a l s t u d y a r e a t h a t e x t e n d s some 5 kms from t h e
s h o r e l i n e . Fieldwork i n January w i l l r e s u l t i n s u r f a c e samples
from known s i t e s t o e s t a b l i s h v a r i a b i l i t y i n a r t e f a c t u a l and f a u n a l
content and t h e f u r t h e r e x t e n s i o n of t h e survey i n l a n d .
Martin H a l l .
3 . BIRD REMAINS FROM ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND FOSSIL SITES
I n v e s t i g a t i o n of h i s t o l o g i c a l methods t o determine age,
breeding and p o s s i b l y moult i n b i r d bones is being undertaken f o r
use i n seasonal s t u d i e s . Medullary bone, i n d i c a t i n g breeding, h a s
been found i n a l b a t r o s s e s , gannets and cormorants. 'Incomplete'
o s s i f i c a t i o n of juvenile bones is showing promising r e s u l t s f o r age
determination. Further information w i l l d e r i v e from monthly surveys
of beached b i r d s (though t o have been t h e primary hunter-gatherer
source) which show seasonal m o r t a l i t y peaks f o r b i r d s i n general as
well as f o r p a r t i c u l a x s p e c i e s and age groups. Collection of prey
remains of l a r g e b i r d s of prey i s making it p o s s i b l e t o demonstrate
t h e i n f l u e n c e cave/rockshelter-using b i r d s can have on f a u n a l
samples through t h e accumulation of small mammals normally considered
t o r e p r e s e n t human d i e t a r y remains. Changes i n proportions of
s e a b i r d s and some t e r r e s t r i a l b i r d s are providing information on
palaeoenvironments.
Graham Avery.
4.
MICROMAMMALS AND PRMISTORY
Micromammalian remains from archaeological sites i n South Africa
a r e providing t h e beginnings of a u s e f u l framework of environmental
change f o r use i n archaeological s t u d i e s . Evidence from t h e southern
and northern Cape Province and Natal ( ~ w a ~ u l ui n) d i c a t e s concurrence
i n general changes but r e g i o n a l v a r i a t i o n i n d e t a i l , as would be
expected. For i n s t a n c e , whereas t h e same general p a t t e r n of change
i s e x h i b i t e d at Boomplaas A (S , cape) and a t Border Cave (Natal) ,
t h e r e i s g r e a t e r amplitude of change i n t h e former and 180 s t a g e 4
i s bry h e r e but wet at Border Cave. There i s ample evidence at a l l
sites examined t o i n d i c a t e c l e a r l y t h e f l u c t u a t i o n s i n t h e n a t u r e
of t h e v e g e t a t i o n , more closed t o more open, more trees/bushes t o
more g r a s s , depending on t h e climate. The a i m now is t o extend t h e
coverage both geographically and temporally. If anyone h a s o r
expects t o acquire good samples ( f a i r l y l a r g e and preferably from a
sequence of horizons) I should be most g r a t e f u l f o r t h e opportunity
t o examine t h e s e .
k g a r e t Avery.
5. ELANDSFONTEIN SITE PROJECT
I n v e s t i g a t i o n s a r e being c a r r i e d out a t t h e Elandsfontein
f o s s i l s i t e , a Middle P l e i s t o c e n e occurrence which, i n t h e p a s t ,
yielded a r i c h m a m m a l i a n fauna, i n c l u d i n g t h e Saldanha s k u l l , and
a l s o F i n a l Acheulian a r t e f a c t s . M.S.A. and L.S.A. a r t e f a c t s a l s o
occur i n mixed context and t h e r e c e n t discovery of Upper P l e i s t o c e n e
f a u n a l remains f u r t h e r emphasises t h e complexity of t h e s i t e . A
manuscript on e a r l i e r work on t h e s i t e i s being prepared by R. Singer
of t h e University of Chicago. New evidence i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e
occurrences r e s u l t mainly from predator/scavenger a c t i v i t i e s , T h i s
evidence i s i n t h e form of c h a r a c t e r i s t i c gnawing and chewing marks
on bones and i n t h e context and alignment of bone accumulations
thought t o be t h e remains of burrows of hyaenas (and s m a l l e r
carnivores) and porcupines. Residue of s i n g l e i n d i v i d u a l s of g i a n t
b u f f a l o , rhinoceros, elephant and hippopotamus may r e p r e s e n t k i l l s
o r n a t u r a l m o r t a l i t y . The latter i s thought more l i k e l y and t h e
i n f l u e n c e of man i s seen as being l i m i t e d , p o s s i b l y t o scavenging.
The o v e r a l l a i m i s t o understand t h e i n t e r a c t i o n of man and o t h e r
animals i n t h e whole landscape.
Graham Avery and k g a r e t Awry.
6 . ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA RECORDING CENTRE
The c e n t r e continues t o update records of archaeological s i t e s
as t h e information i s received. Fieldwork i s a l s o being c a r r i e d
c u t i n t h e southwestern and western Cape s p e c i f i c a l l y i n t h e
Clanwilliam d i s t r i c t . The a r e a extends from t h e Cedarberg range
i n t h e e a s t , t o t h e A t l a n t i c Ocean i n t h e west and i s approximately
30 kilometres long i n t h e north-south d i r e c t i o n . About 700
archaeological s i t e s - mainly rock p a i n t i n g s i t e s have been l o c a t e d
and recorded i n t h e a r e a . During 1981 along, a t o t a l of over 200
previously unrecorded s i t e s were l o c a t e d , p l o t t e d on 1:50000 maps
and recorded. This information, once recording i s complete, w i l l
provide u s e f u l i n d i c a t i o n s of t h e way i n which t h e p r e h i s t o r i c
i n h a b i t a n t s used t h e i r environment, and t h e i r p a t t e r n s of movement.
W.J.J.
van Ryssen.
Department of Archaeology, Natal Museum.
Tim Maggs r e t u r n e d t o t h e Department i n J u l y 1981 a f t e r a
years l e a v e which he spent l e c t u r i n g on t h e I r o n Age and Rock A r t
i n t h e Department of Archaeology, University of Cape Town.
I n 1980 t h e Annals of t h e Natal Museum contained, f o r t h e first
time, a group of archaeological papers along with t h e n a t u r a l
h i s t o r y papers. While t h e archaeological papers were bound with t h e
o t h e r s t h e y were a l s o a v a i l a b l e as a c o l l e c t i o n of papers bound
t o g e t h e r . This s e p a r a t e binding was popular and s o l d o u t quickly.
The 1982 i s s u e of t h e Annals w i l l contain a second group of archaeol o g i c a l papers which w i l l again be a v a i l a b l e as a c o l l e c t i o n bound
together.
The volume w i l l include papers by Tim Maggs on 1 6 t h century
Portuguese ship-wrecks on t h e Pondoland Coast; a r e p o r t on excavat i o n s at a terminal Late I r o n Age r u i n s i t e near B e r g v i l l e ; a
r e p o r t on excavations of Late I r o n Age smelting f u r n a c e s on t h e
Tugela River near Colenso and p o s s i b l y a r e p o r t on 8 t h century E a r l y
I r o n Age s i t e s on t h e Tugela River near Kranskop. Martin Hall and
Kathy Mack w i l l r e p o r t on a Late I r o n Age s i t e near Babanango which
has a s s o c i a t i o n s with Pungashe, c h i e f of t h e Buthelezi i n Shaka's
time. Stone Age papers authored by Aron Maze1 a r e North/South
c o n t r a s t s i n rock p a i n t i n g themes i n t h e Natal Drakensberg and
Evidence of Early occupation i n t h e Natal Drakensberg. D r . 0 . Davies
has w r i t t e n a paper on Stone Age f i n d i n g s at an i l m e n i t e mine at
Umgababa on t h e Natal c o a s t . There w i l l be 2 annotated b i b l i o graphies with i n d i c e s ; t h e first on Archaeology i n Natal, Zululand
and East Griqualand from 1871-1980 by P a t r i c i a Stabbins and t h e
second on Rock A r t i n Natal, Kwaklu, East Griqualand and a d j a c e n t
p a r t s of Lesotho from 1874 t o mid 1980 by Marilyn Cherry.
The p r o v i s i o n a l estimate of c o a s t of t h e bound c o l l e c t i o n i s
about R5. Anyone i n t e r e s t e d i n obtaining copies should w r i t e t o
t h e A s s i s t a n t D i r e c t o r , Natal Museum.
Three years ago t h e Department of F o r e s t r y contracted t h e Natal
Museum t o c a s r y out a p r o j e c t f o r t h e conservation and management
planning of rock art i n t h e Natal Drakensberg range.
The aims were as follows:
1. e s t a b l i s h a c c u r a t e l y t h e l o c a l i t i e s of as many rock art and
o t h e r archaeological s i t e s t h a t occur i n t h e Natal Drakensberg.
2.
t o record f u l l y t h e s e sites.
3. t o a s s e s s t h e q u a n t i t y , q u a l i t y and general value of t h e
p a i n t i n g s a t each s i t e and t h e i r condition with r e g a r d t o
n a t u r a l degradation and vandalism.
4.
t o g a t h e r t h e b a s i c information e s s e n t i a l t o d e v i s e
conservation measures.
5. t o make recommendations as t o t h e s t e p s necessary t o
conserve t h e p a i n t i n g s . T h i s would i n c l u d e i d e n t i f y i n g
'bench mark' s i t e s with a view t o keeping t r a c k of t h e
i n f l u e n c e of conservation measures, v i s i t o r usage, and
n a t u r a l degradation of t h e art.
6 . record d a t a f o r f u t u r e r e s e a r c h .
The p r o j e c t , s t a r t e d by V a l e r i e Ward w a s completed i n April
1981 by Aron Mazel a f t e r two years of i n t e n s i v e fieldwork, with t h e
submission of a d e t a i l e d r e p o r t on h i s r e s e a r c h and recommendations
f o r conservation and management s t r a t e g i e s . The r e p o r t w a s submitted a l s o as h i s d i s s e r t a t i o n f o r a Masters degree which Aron
Mazel received from t h e University of Cape Town i n mid 1981.
On
ongoing
Natal.
working
completion of t h e rock art p r o j e c t Aron commenced h i s
research i n t o t h e Late Stone Age of t h e Tugela Basin i n
H.9 has a l r e a d y undertaken t h r e e excavations and i s p r e s e n t l y
on a f o u r t h s i t e .
The department i s c l o s e l y a s s o c i a t e d with t h e Kw&ulu National
Monuments Committee which i s p r e s e n t l y involved i n planning t h e
r e s t o r a t i o n of Ondini, Cetshawayo's Great Place near Ulundi.
Ondini w a s burnt during t h e Anglo Zulu w a r of 1879. Rob Rawlinson
of Cape Town w a s appointed a s a r c h a e o l o g i s t at Ondini and h a s
s t a r t e d excavations i n advance of r e c o n s t r u c t i o n . S t a f f of t h e
depastment w i l l continue t o supervise excavations and r e c o n s t r u c t i o n
and w i l l advise on t h e Museum t o be e s t a b l i s h e d at t h e s i t e .
The following has been received from Dr.0. Davies.
I excavated i n J u l y 1981 at t h e caves at Shongweni near Durban.
The South Cave w a s l a r g e l y excavated t e n years ago, but a small t e s t
w a s made t o r e s o l v e c e r t a i n problems; t h e l a t e s t l a y e r t h e r e i s E a r l y
I r o n Age. The North Cave w a s t e s t e d i n 1979, and f u r t h e r work i n 1981
revealed a complex s t r a t i g r a p h y of t h e Middle I r o n Age and i n t e r m i t t e n t
occupation t o well back i n t h e Stone Age. The examination of t h e s e caves
cannot yet be considered complete. Their main i n t e r e s t c o n s i s t s i n t h e
extremely well preserved vegetable remains, l e a v e s seeds n u t s e t c , of
which a good many have been i d e n t i f i e d ; a l s o i n well preserved c u l t i g e n s ,
including two s t r a i n s of Eleusine coracana, of which t h e more p r i m i t i v e
i s now found only i n Ethiopia. It w i l l r e q u i r e a t least a y e a r t o
s o r t t h e f i n d s made i n 1979 and 1981 and t o re-examine a l l t h e
v e g e t a t i o n from a l l t h e excavations.
I n 1980 a survey was made, with t h e h e l p of t h e Geological
Survey, of t h e s t r a t i f i e d c o a s t a l dune a t Umgababa south of Durban.
Only t h e upper p a r t of t h e dune i s exposed. A f u l l account of t h e
i n d u s t r i e s , from a very l a t e Acheulian t o Late Stone Age, h a s been
prepared and i s expected t o be published i n 1982.
SUDAN
SURVEY OF THE GASH DELTA
-
NOVEMBER 1980.
I n November 1980 t h e Italian Archaeological Mission i n Sudan
( ~ a s s a l a ) ,sponsored by t h e Department of African S t u d i e s of t h e
I s t i t u t o U n i v e r s i t a r i o O r i e n t a l e , Naples, has completed t h e
archaeological reconnaissance of t h e Gash D e l t a , p r e v i o u s l y
explored by t h e same Mission i n February 1980. The Mission w a s
formed by D r . Rodolfo F a t t o v i c h , A s s i s t a n t P r o f e s s o r of Ethiopian
Archaeology a t t h e I . U . O . , Naples, D r . Marcello Piperno, I n s p e c t o r
f o r p r e h i s t o r i c a l archaeology at t h e Ethnographical P r e h i s t o r i c a l
Museum ' L . P i g o r i n i ' , Rome, and M r . Eltayeb Mohammed K h a l i f a E l Amin,
I n s p e c t o r of t h e Sudan A n t i q u i t i e s Service.
On t h i s occasion t h e proper d e l t a and i t s western and e a s t e r n
s i d e s were explored. Within t h e d e l t a t h e a r e a s around Hadalya
S t a t i o n and from Aroma t o Kassala were examined. Along t h e western
s i d e t h e a r e a from t h e Kassala-Port Sudan paved road t o Khor G a r a t i t
w a s surveyed. Along t h e e a s t e r n s i d e t h e a r e a along t h e Gash, J e b e l
Haboba, t h e S a b i r a , J e b e l Keshaidari, J e b e l Tukulabab and Kassala w a s
explored. F i n a l l y t h e a r e a SE of J e b e l Kassala, included among t h e
Gash, Khor Tagando and Khor S h a i t a l i t , up t o J e b e l Gulsa was explored.
The a r e a around E r i b a and Amm Adam s t a t i o n s a t t h e northern end
W s i d e , already
of t h e d e l t a and t h e one near Khor Dilulayeb a t i t s S
explored i n February, were v i s i t e d again by t h e Mission. A d e t a i l e d
s u r f a c e survey of Mahal Teglinos (K 1 ) w a s a l s o c a r r i e d o u t t o t e s t
t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of s t a r t i n g excavations i n 1981.
No s i t e w a s observed within t h e d e l t a . If such a c t u a l l y
e x i s t e d , t h e y were l i k e l y destroyed by f l o o d s and c u l t i v a t i o n s . The
Mission d i d not t r a c e t h e ' a n c i e n t v i l l a g e s ' recorded on t h e Sudan
map 1:250.000 46 M near Hadalya s t a t i o n .
me s i n g l e s i z e s can De a e s c r i Dea as ~ o u o w s :
E r i b a S t a t i o n , S i t e n. 3 (ES 3) : l o c a t e d at c 1 km SE of ES 1,
c 200x200 m ; many a r t e f a c t s
l i t h i c industry,
ground s t o n e s , s t o n e r i n g s ) , f a u n a l remains ; some o v a l tombs.
E r i b a S t a t i o n , s i t e n. 4 (ES 4 ) : l o c a t e d at c 300 m S of ES 3,
c 150x100 m; at t h e c e n t e r one mound of c 15x15 m and f i v e
o v a l tombs
220x130 crns, min. 120x70 crns) ; f e w a r t e f a c t s
and f a u n a l remains.
ax.
Khor G a r a t i t , s i t e no. 1 (KG 1):l o c a t e d a t c 25 km NW of
J . Kassala, 1 km W of Khor Garatit, c 20x30 m; few a r t e f a c t s
( l i t h i c industry, potsherds).
Khor Garatit, s i t e no. 2 (KG 2) : l o c a t e d at c 700 m S of KG 1,
c 100x150 m; many a r t e f a c t s ( l i t h i c i n d u s t r y , p o t s h e r d s ) .
Khor Garatit, s i t e n. 3 (KG 3): l o c a t e d a t c 700 m 1 km SE of
KG 2 , c 70x70 m; many a r t e f a c t s ( l i t h i c i n d u s t r y , p o t s h e r d s ) .
Khor Garatit, s i t e no. 4 (KG 4 ) : l o c a t e d at c 700-800 m S of
KG 3, c 50x50 m; few a r t e f a c t s ( l i t h i c i n d u s t r y , p o t s h e r d s ) .
Khor Garatit, s i t e no. 5 (KG 5 ) : l o c a t e d c 1 km Ski of KG 4,
c 70x70 m; v e r y d i s t u r b e d by a modern camp of nomads; some
a r t e f a c t s ( l i t h i c industry; potsherds).
Khor Garatit, s i t e n. 6 (KG 6): l o c a t e d on t h e E s i d e of K .
Garatit, a t c 2 km SE of KG 5, c 200x200 m; many a r t e f a c t s
( l i t h i c i n d u s t r y ; p o t s h e r d s ) ; on t h e s u r f a c e t h e t r a c e s of a
p o s s i b l e c o n t r a c t e d b u r i a l w i t h t h e head at NW a r e v i s i b l e .
Khor D i l u l a y e b , s i t e n . 7 (GS 7 ) : l o c a t e d at c 1500 m S of
t h e GS s i t e s d i s c o v e r e d i n February 1980, c 50x70 m; v e r y
d i s t u r b e d by a modern camp of nomads; few a r t e f a c t s ( l i t h i c
industry; potsherds).
Khor D i l u l a y e b , s i t e n. 8 (GS 8): l o c a t e d a t c 3 km S
W of
GS 7 , c 50x30 m; few a r t e f a c t s ( l i t h i c i n d u s t r y , ground s t o n e s ,
potsherds)
.
Khor Tagando, s i t e n. 1 (KT 1 ) : l o c a t e d immediately S of K.
Tagando, i n f r o n t of Wad Shafadi, c 150x150 m; some a r t e f a c t s
( l i t h i c industry; pottery)
.
Khor Tagando, s i t e n. 2 (KT 2) : l o c a t e d at c 3 km SE of KT 1,
almost completely d e s t r o y e d ; f e w a r t e f a c t s ( l i t h i c i n d u s t r y ,
v e r y few p o t s h e r d s ) .
13. J e b e l Tefanani, s i t e n. 1 ( ~ ~ 1e) :f r o c k - s h e l t e r on t h e
S s i d e of t h e j e b e l , few a r t e f a c t s ( l i t h i c i n d u s t r y ,
potsherds)
.
Surface c o l l e c t i o n was made on t h e s e s i t e s and on t h e
previously discovered ES 1, 2 and AAS 1 s i t e s . I n t h e l a s t ones
p a r t i c u l a r a t t e n t i o n was p a i d t o g e t f a u n a l remains.
F i n a l l y a t Mahal Teglinos (K 1 ) one s m a l l round s t r u c t u r e ,
probably a h u t , and one r e c t a n g u l a r grave (150x80 crns) were
recorded. A t t h e same s i t e one r e c t a n g u l a r a r e a (2x3 m) was i n
t h e middle of t h e s i t e and a l l m a t e r i a l s up t o 5 crns of depth were
c o l l e c t e d . One small s t r a t i g r a p h i c p i t (1x3 m) was opened i n i t , but
t h e discovery of a grave a t 1 0 crns of depth from t h e s o i l ' s s u r f a c e
compelled u s t o s t o p t h e t e s t . The grave c o n s i s t e d of a simple
burial i n t h e s o i l , with contracted body, t h e head a t NW and two
f l a t s t o n e s placed over and under t h e head. I n t h e NW s i d e of t h e
s i t e , an open s e c t i o n i n a sand querry w a s a l s o examined and some
samples from two d i s t i n c t archaeological l e v e l s were c o l l e c t e d .
On t h e b a s i s of such observations it seems t h a t a t Mahal Teglinos
(K 1 ) an archaeological d e p o s i t with an average depth of 100-150
crns s t i l l e x i s t s and t h a t a l a r g e p a r t of t h e a n c i e n t s i t e i s well
preserved and very r i c h i n a r t e f a c t s and f a u n a l remains. D i f f e r e n t
phases of settlement can be a l s o recognized i n t h e s t r a t i g r a p h y and
two major s e t t l e m e n t s can be d i s t i n g u i s h e d on t h e s u r f a c e . The
first one, c h a r a c t e r i z e d by orange combed ware, was mainly l o c a t e d
i n t h e c e n t r a l and e a s t e r n p a r t of t h e s i t e ; t h e second one,
characterized by brown r i p p l e d ware, was l o c a t e d i n t h e NW p a r t .
The s t r a t i g r a p h i c sequence v i s i b l e i n t h e open s e c t i o n s i s
i n s u f f i c i e n t t o suggest a chronological sequence. The 1981 mission
w i l l start proper excavations at t h i s s i t e .
The main r e s u l t s of t h e survey i n November 1980 a r e :
i ) t h e discovery of a new c u l t u r a l u n i t y , d i s t i n c t from t h e
previously recognized ones.
il) t h e c o l l e c t i o n of a l a s g e amount of f a u n a l remains w i l l give
i n d i c a t i o n s of t h e palaeoenvironmental s i t u a t i o n i n t h e r e g i o n s E
of A t b a r a r i v e r ;
i i i ) t h e discovery i n some s i t e s of potsherds l i k e t h e Early
Kerma ones.
The new c u l t u r a l u n i t y i s documented by t h e s i t e s KG 1, 2 , 3 , 4,
i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d by a m i c r o l i t h i c blade
and f l a k e i n d u s t r y and by brown p o t t e r y , u s u a l l y without decorations.
The decorative p a t t e r n s a r e r e s t r i c t e d t o t h e t o p of t h e r i m and
c o n s i s t of oblique o r f i s h t a i l grooves.
5, 6 near Khor Garatit. It
A m i c r o l i t h i c i n d u s t r y , c h a r a c t e r i z e d by c r e s c e n t s , and few
orange p l a i n potsherds were found a l s o a t JTef 1. Its p o s i t i o n i n
t h e c u l t u r a l sequence of t h e d e l t a however must be defined.
A l o t of f a u n a l remains were c o l l e c t e d a t ES 2 , 3, 4, U S 1,
K 1 (Mahal ~ e ~ l i n o s ) I. n t h e sites n e w Eriba and Amm Adam
s t a t i o n s (ES 2 , 3, 4; AAS 1 ) t h e fauna i n c l u d e s bones of hippos
and b i g f i s h e s t y p i c a l of a r i v e r i n e h a b i t a t .
Potsherds s i m i l a r t o t h e E a r l y Kerma ones have been found a t
ES 2 , 3 and AAS 1 i n t h e same assemblages with t h e r i v e r i n e fauna.
They a r e decorated with moulded d o t s c l o s i n g c y l i n d r i c a l h o l e s
within t h e p a s t e . Their aspect anyway i s c o a r s e r t h a n t h a t of t h e
Early Kerma ones and might suggest an e a r l i e r d a t e going back t o
t h e I I I r d millennium B.C.
With t h e survey of November 1980 t h e archaeological reconnaissance of t h e Gash d e l t a i s f i n i s h e d . The next s t e p s of r e s e a r c h
i n t h e a r e a w i l l be t h e excavation of some s i t e s , p a r t i c u l a r l y K 1
( ~ a h a l~ e ~ l i n o and
s ) AAS 1, P r e s e n t l y 43 s i t e s have been discovered,
going back t o t h e I V t h / l I I r d millennium B.C. - e a r l y I I n d millennium
A , D , They include s e t t l e m e n t s and cemeteries, sometimes d i r e c t l y
connected t o ancient v i l l a g e s .
On t h e b a s i s of t h e c o l l e c t e d d a t a a p r o v i s i o n a l p i c t u r e of
t h e c u l t u r a l sequence i n t h e a r e a can be described. The e a r l i e s t
remains a r e wavy l i n e ( ~ a r~lh ~
a r t o u m )potsherds found a t K 1 ,
perhaps t h e m i c r o l i t h i c i n d u s t r i e s found a t JTef 1 and GS 1. The
last ones a r e some C h r i s t i a n c a i r n s of baked b r i c k s , a s s o c i a t e d
with l a t e C h r i s t i a n p o t t e r y , found a t M 6, W of Amm Adam s t a t i o n .
H i s t o r i c a l sherds ( 1 s t M i l l . A . D . ) have a l s o been found a t K 4
near J e b e l Kassala. Finnaly t h e s c a t t e r e d stone c a i r n s around
Jebel Kassala, Jebel Tukulabab and Jebel Timberi T i e go back
probably t o a r e c e n t ( C h r i s t i a n ?) age and might be a t t r i b u t e d t o
nomads l i k e t h e Beja.
Within t h e s e chronological l i m i t s f o u r c u l t u r a l u n i t s can be
recognized. The e a r l i e s t ones a r e documented by t h e s i t e s ES 2 , 3,
4 and AAS 1 and KG 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. The s i t e s ES 2 , 3, 4 and
AAS 1 share some common types of p o t t e r y , p a r t l y l i k e t h e E a r l y
Kerma one, but show a s l i g h t d i f f e r e n c e i n l i t h i c i n d u s t r y . They
possibly go back t o t h e I I I r d millennium B.C, and might be
a t t r i b u t e d t o hunter-gatherers e x p l o i t i n g t h e r i v e r i n e h a b i t a t of
t h e ancient Gash. The s i t e s KG 1-6 share t h e same m i c r o l i t h i c
i n d u s t r y and brown ware and a r e l i k e l y c h a r a c t e r i z e d by t h e absence
of ground s t o n e s . Their age i s s t i l l u n d e r t a i n , but t h e a r c h a i c
f e a t u r e s of t h e remains suggests an e a r l y d a t e . The t h i r d c u l t u r a l
u n i t i s documented by t h e s i t e s ES 1, M 1, GS 1-5, K 1, 2 , 4, t h e
most impressive one being K 1. It i s d i f f u s e d over t h e whole d e l t a
and i s mainly characterized by orange combed w a r e . Its' age i s
uncertain; probably it goes back t o t h e IInd-1st m i l l e n i a BC, some
developmental phases being represented by d i f f e r e n t s i t e s . The
f0urt.h c u l t u r a l u n i t y i s documented mainly by t h e s i t e s JM 2, 3, 4,
5 near J e b e l Mokran. It i s characterized by orange o r r e d p l a i n
ware and mat impressed ware. It possibly goes back t o t h e
beginning of t h e 1st millennium BC, i n s o f a r as one s i t e (N 120) with
t h e same p o t t e r y , recorded nea,r Khashm e l Girba, i s dated back t o
1,100
90 BC (see J Shiner, The Prehistory and Geology of
Northern Sudan, 11, Dallas 1971). Similar mat impressed ware
moreover w a s c o l l e c t e d at Ntanei and Kokan near Agordat i n E r i t r e a
and i n t h e pre-Aksumite s i t e at Yeha i n T i g r a i , suggesting t h e
existence of an a r e a of i n t e r a c t i o n including t h e middle Atbara
Valley, t h e Gash Delta, t h e upper Baraka v a l l e y and t h e Tigrean
plateau i n t h e 1st millennium BC.
+
.
Rodolf o F a t t ovi ch
k c e l l o Piperno
SEDEINGA
ARCHAEOLOGlCAL
SUDAN
UNIT
POST-OFFICE : A B O U RAGA NORTHERN PROVINCE
REPUBLIC O F T H E S U D A N
MISSION ARCH~OLOGIQUE DE SEDElNCA
CORRESPONDANCE
7 7 . R U E QEOROES L A R D E N N O I S
-
78019 P A R I S
SEDAU : 38me campagne de f o u i l l e s 2I Sedeinga (Nubie soudanaise).
La mission f r a n ~ a i s eSEDAU (Sedeinga Archeological U n i t ) a
p o u r s u i v i ses r e c h e r c h e s du 19 f 6 v r i e r au 1 5 mars 1981 B Sedeinga, en
Nubie soudanaise. E l l e comprenait M. Jean L e c l a n t , Mlle C a t h e r i n e Berger
e t M. Audran Labrousse. Elle B t a i t accompagnee p a r Mme L6one Allard-Huard
q u i s l e s t rendue une n o u v e l l e f o i s au &be1 Gorgod OD e l l e a compl6t6
son enquete s u r cet ensemble impressionnant d e g r a v u r e s r u p e s t r e s .
A Sedeinga meme, l a f o u i l l e a p o r t 6 s u r l a limite Sud-Est du
secteur de l a n6cropole m6roitique d6nomm6 "I". Une v i n g t a i n e d e
s d p u l t u r e s o n t 6 t 6 mises en dvidence, l a p l u p a r t s6vhrement p i l l 6 e s .
En dehors de p l u s i e u r s c o n s t r u c t i o n s d e b r i q u e s c r u e s voOt6es, t o u t e s
B l l e x t & m e l i m i t e du t e r r a i n , il s ' a g i t de t o m b e s s a b o t s , comportant
un p u i t s - d e s c e n d e r i e donnant a c c & s , s u r l e meme a x e , 21 un caveau de f a i b l e s
dimensions, grossi6rement t a i l 1 6 dans l e g e b e l , un s o l rouge, a s s e z
inBgal, de t r g s mauvaise q u a l i t 6 . L 1 0 r i g i n a l i t 6 e s t que c e r t a i n e s de c e s
s 6 p u l t u r e s , au l i e u d t 8 t r e o r i e n t 6 e s d 1 E s t en Ouest, l e s o n t i c i B l ' i n v e r s e ,
d l O u e s t en E s t . En c e r t a i n c a s , il s 1 a g i t de s d p u l t u r e s doubles : deux
caveaux juxtapos6s, pourvus de p u i t s - d e s c e n d e r i e s ind&pendants, s o n t group&
sous l a meme s u p e r s t r u c t u r e , Celle-ci semble a v o i r 6 t 6 de facon c o n s t a n t e
une pyramide; mais ces pyramides s o n t l e p l u s s o u v e n t r d d u i t e s 2I de tr&s
f a i b l e s v e s t i g e s ; dans l a m a j o r i t 6 d e s c a s , les pyramides B t a i e n t en
b r i q u e s c r u e s , de 4 B 5 m de c 8 t 6 ; une pyramide semble a v o i r 6 t 6 cependant
f a i t e de p e t i t s b l o c s de s c h i s t e n o i r . Les. - pyramides comportent s u r l e u r
f a c e E s t une c h a p e l l e m i n i a t u r e , d o n t l ' o u v e r t u r e c o m p o r t a i t en f a c a d e
deux murets en r e t o u r d l a n g l e . Parmi l e m a t e r i e l 6pargn6 p a r l e s v o l e u r s
il f a u t c i t e r p l u s i e u r s p o t e r i e s i n t a c t e s , de formes e t de d e c o r s
/
SEDEINGA
ARCHAEOLOGICAL
SUDAN
UNIT
POST-OFFICE : ABOU RAGA NORTHERN PROVINCE
REPUBLIC O F T H E SUDAN
MISSION ARCHEOLOGIQUE D E SEDEINGA
CORRESPONDANCE
77. RUE GEORGES LARDENNOIS
-
7 S O I O PARIS
typiquement m e r o i t i q u e s : p e t i t s b o l s , v a s e s g l o b u l a i r e s i3 h a u t c o l ,
p i c h e t s ; m o t i f s v6g6taux, p i t t o r e s q u e s g r e n o u i l l e s devant d e s a u t e l s
-
h a t h o r i q u e s ou d e s signes-ankh s t y l i s 6 s en 616ments v6g6taux; i n c i s i o n s
ponctiformes de d e s s i n s g6omdtriques s u r d e s vases g l o b u l a i r e s en p a t e
b r u n a t r e ; B n o t e r a u s s i un p e t i t vase de v e r r e . Pour tdmoigner de La
q u a l i t 6 du reste du m a t e r i e l , il n ' a 6 t 6 r e c u e i l l i qu'un 616ment de
pendentif en c o r n a l i n e e t une p e t i t e r o n d e l l e apparemment en test d e
c o q u i l l e d t o e u f d'autruche. Parmi l e s b l o c s u t i l i s d s en c o u v e r t u r e d e s
tombes se t r o u v a i t une t a b l e d ' o f f r a n d e m6roItique ddcoree de q u a t r e p a i n s
ronds a i n s i que d t u n vase v e r s a n t et un b l o c de g r h s provenant vraisemblablement de l a d e c o r a t i o n du temple du Nouvel Empire. La mission a e n f i n
r e c u e i l l i un montant de p o r t e m i n i a t u r e decor6 d'un Anubis f a i s a n t l a
libation.
Jean L e c l a n t
.mroitic W a l l
, Report on Reconstruction of
Paintings : 1981
I
During the 1975 and 1976 excavation seasons a t bkroe Tbmsite
i n the Sudan, a large nunnber of fragments of w a l l paintings w e r e
recovered from a complex of smll temples lying to the e a s t of
the great Wnple of Amun. These fragments becare the subject of
a reconstruction and conservation project carried out in
f a c i l i t i e s provided by the Sudan National Museum of Antiquities
in Khartoum, with funds provided by the Social Sciences and
H u m a n i t i e s &search Council of Canada. The project was directed
by Prof. P.L. Shinnie of the University of Calqry; the f i e l d
s t a f f consisted of W c a Bradley, Archaeologist, s . Clara
Semple, a r t i s t , and Wendy Baker, conservator. I n the 1981 season,
the fourth of the project, the i n i t i a l aims of the project
=re successfully completed: recording the fragments, munting
a selection for display, and conserving the rest of the corpus
for storage i n the museum and possible future study.
A l l £ragrents with reconstruction potential w e r e photographed,
drawn, desalinated, and consolidated. Seven panels were prepared
for display, consisting of aluminum honeyconb panels onto which
the fragnwts were bonded with a strong, lightweight plaster. The
technique was designed to be fully reversible, in case of
further study adding to the reconstructions; that is, fragmnts
can be added, m v e d , o r shifted around on the panels without
difficulty o r damage. The seven panels are a s follows:
Panel 1: Arensnuphis and Isis, 48"x32". Left portion of
"Arensnuphis scene" from Temple M. 720, depicting
large portions of a red-robed, ch.1uris-cmd god,
presurrably Arensnuphis, follmed by a goddess dressed
i n the vulture-wing garb.
Panel 2: King and Kandake, 48"x48". Right portion of
"Arensnuphis scence" from Temple M. 720, depicting
large p r t i o n s of two royals figures in long white
robes, fringed and enbroidered. The figures have
been positioned i n the panel so a s to leave space for
a possible third such figure whose presence is
indicated by several similar but hereto unreconstructable
fragmnts
Panel 3: KC104, 24"x23$". No complete scene was reconstructed
from the Temple KC.104 material, but several clusters
of matched fragments were munted toqether.
Panel 4: Processional Scene I, 24"x23%". Upp& portion of
figures from M.720 "Processional scene". includina
heads and shoulders of ixo m l e figures.dressed &
richly embroidered robes and lion-skin regalia, plus
forward hand of a third bearing offerings
.
.
Panel 5:
Panel 6:
Panel 7:
".
Processional Scene 11. 16"xl6
m r portion of one
figure framM. 720 "Processiondl scenew, munted
separately due to lack of infomation regarding definite
placerrrent i n relation to upper portions (Panel 4 ) . h e
decorations an the rabe include a unique arrangemmt
of beads and fringes, and oh the feet the sandals
are quite well-presexved.
F'ragmnts of fine painting. 16"xl6". Assorted
f r a m t s of finely detailed work, mainly fromM.720,
showing a cross-section of artistic s k i l l s and
conventions of the Memitic nuralists. None of these
fragments originated in either the Arensnuphis o r
the Processional scenes.
Coloured fragmnts, 16"xl6". Assorted fragmnts on
which the pigmnts are exceptionally well-preserved,
i n c l d i n g a selectim fromM.720 and K12.102. This
panel gives an idea of the range of pigments
available to the & m i t i c mralist, without the f i r e
dam* present i n mst of the other panels. The
fragments selected did not f i t irnt any of the
reconstructions munted i n the other panesl; so11.e of
the plaster was of the exterior (gyps&based)
type
of plaster rather than the interior (Nile --based)
type*
'Ihe seven panels and the f i t t i n g s for munting them on w a l l s
were handed over to the curator of the K h r t o u m Museum for
temporary display. The remainder of the material was consolidated
and recorded, and packed into mtal trunks for storage, also
i n the meurn. Potentially valuable pieces were segregated from
those for which l i t t l e hope of inclusioi i n future reconstructions
is held. Photographs and coloured drawings were prepared of all
panels and potentially reconstructable fragments; these are i n
ny care while publication is being arranged.
bbecca Bradley
ZAIRE
During t h e month of October 1980 a b r i e f a r c h a e o l o g i c a l survey of
t h e Boma a r e a i n Lower Zayre was c a r r i e d o u t by J. Cornet and S h a j e
T s h i l u i l a of t h e I n s t i t u t des Musges Nationaux du ~ a z r eand P. de Maret
of t h e Musge Royal de l l A f r i q u e C e n t r a l e (Tervuren).
Two k i l o m e t e r s upstream from ~ o k a ,a c o n c e n t r a t i o n of p o t s h e r d s w a s
observed on t h e r i g h t bank o f t h e Za?re R i v e r ( l a t 5°51'371'S., long 13'
4 ' 2 3 " E . ) . The s i t e was t e s t e d w i t h t h r e e 2x3 m e t e r u n i t s . Near t h e r i v e r
t h e d e p o s i t was o n l y 10 cm t h i c k above t h e bedrock b u t f u r t h e r u p h i l l a
h i g h c o n c e n t r a t i o n of a t y p i c a l p o t s h e r d s were c o l l e c t e d between t h e
s u r f a c e and a depth of 50 cm. Some remains of 1 9 t h c e n t u r y European
c h i n a i n d i c a t e t h a t t h i s occupation l a y e r i s probably n o t o l d e r t h a n one
o r two c e n t u r i e s . One sample of a s s o c i a t e d c h a r c o a l h a s been however
submitted f o r d a t i n g .
F u r t h e r upstream t h e famous " I l e d e s P r i n c e s " was v i s i t e d . I n i t s
n o r t h e a s t e r n p a r t , s e v e r a l g r a v e s of Kongo c h i e f s mentioned by p r e v i o u s
v i s i t o r s ( S t a n l e y , Devroey, D a r t e v e l l e ) and d e c o r a t e d w i t h broken guns
and anchors can s t i l l be s e e n . According t o S t a n l e y , s e v e r a l members of
t h e Tuckey e x p e d i t i o n of 1816 were a l s o b u r i e d on t h i s i s l a n d b u t t h i s
h a s never been confirmed. L a t e Stone Age a r t i f a c t s of q u a r t z and f l i n t
were c o l l e c t e d on s u r f a c e throughout t h e i s l a n d .
S e v e r a l Kongo c e m e t e r i e s were v i s i t e d h a l f way between Boma and
Matadi. Near K i d i a k i , we t e s t e d a g r a v e on t o p of which one of t h e w e l l known s t o n e s c u l p t u r e s c a l l e d Ntadi o r more e x a c t l y , B i t m b a , had been
c o l l e c t e d p r e v i o u s l y , ( P i e r r e s sez.iZpt&es du Bas Z a t r e , IMNZ, Kinshasa
1978, f i g . 3 ) . The remains of an i r o n camping bed, p i e c e s o f a sewing
machine s t a n d , a p i e c e of a gun, a r i f l e and broken S t a f f o r d s h i r e j u g s
were l a y i n g nearby t h e s c u l p t u r e . They a l l p o i n t e d t o a l a t e 1 9 t h c e n t u r y
d a t e b u t t h e y may have been d e p o s i t e d a t a l a t e r d a t e on t h e grave.
A t t h e r e q u e s t of t h e i n h a b i t a n t s of t h e nearby v i l l a g e , we d i d o n l y
a s m a l l t e s t p i t a s they d i d n o t want u s t o t a k e away a n y t h i n g and t o
l e a v e t h e grave open a f t e r s u n s e t . I n t h e s h a f t of t h e g r a v e , t e n i r o n
n a i l s were c o l l e c t e d . A t a d e p t h of 180 cm, two p l a i n copper b r a c e l e t s
wrapped i n a p i e c e of r e d f a b r i c were c o l l e c t e d . Under them, t h e p e l v i s
and p a r t of t h e l e f t femur were unearthed. S e v e r a l w h i t e b u t t o n s from a
f l a p were found. This i s of some i n t e r e s t as i t confirms t h a t t h e g r a v e
was indeed n o t o l d e r t h a n t h e l a t e 19th c e n t u r y and t h a t i t was a man's
grave. As t h e s t o n e s c u l p t u r e c o l l e c t e d on t o p was a male f i g u r e , a
c o r r e l a t i o n i s l i k e l y between t h e s e x of t h e deceased and t h e one of t h e
B i tumba.
I n t h e v i c i n i t y of Lubmbashi, E. Anciaux de Faveaux, M. Lohay and
M. Verbeek have c o l l e c t e d over t h e p a s t t h r e e y e a r s , numberous p o l i s h e d
axes i n hematite.
W. Van Neer has now completed h i s Ph.D. on t h e study of t h e faunal
remains from t h e caves of Matupi and Kiantapo. A b r i e f study of t h e
mostly Late I r o n Age m a t e r i a l c o l l e c t e d during G. Mortelmans excavation
of t h e l a t t e r s i t e w i l l soon be made a v a i l a b l e (G. Mortelmans & P. de
Maret, R g s u l t a t s des f o u i l l e s de 1955 devant l a g r o t t e de Kiantapo au
Shaba, AfYYica Tervuren, forthcoming)
.
P i e r r e de Maret
Royal Museum of C e n t r a l
A f r i c a (Te rvuren)
U n i v e r s i t y of B r u s s e l s
P r e l i m i n a r y Report on t h e Luano
A r c h a e o l o g i c a l Survey
by
Michael S. Bisson
McGill U n i v e r s i t y
The p r e s e n c e of a r c h a e o l o g i c a l s i t e s i n t h e a r e a o f t h e Luano
h o t s p r i n g and s t r e a m e a s t of Chingola, Zambia (12'32' s o u t h , 27'55'
e a s t ) was f i r s t r e p o r t e d by Sampson i n 1965, who d e s c r i b e d Middle S t o n e
Age, L a t e Stone Age and I r o n Age a r t i f a c t s c o l l e c t e d from t h e s u r f a c e
I n t h e f o l l o w i n g y e a r s P h i l l i p s o n and o t h e r s
of t h e h o t s p r i n g .
i n v e s t i g a t e d t h e a r e a and demonstrated i t s a r c h a e o l o g i c a l p o t e n t i a l .
This r e p o r t summarizes t h e p r e l i m i n a r y r e s u l t s of t h e most r e c e n t of
t h e s e s t u d i e s , an i n v e s t i g a t i o n of p r e h i s t o r i c s u b s i s t e n c e and s e t t l e m e n t
p a t t e r n s i n t h e Luano d r a i n a g e c a r r i e d o u t by t h e a u t h o r from J u l y
I w i l l focus on t h e a r c h a e o l o g i c a l sequence h e r e
through November 1980.
a s t h e a n a l y s i s of s u b s i s t e n c e and s e t t l e m e n t i s n o t y e t complete.
The Luano Survey
The g r e a t e s t number of s i t e s a r e c o n c e n t r a t e d around t h e h o t
s p r i n g eye (Fig. 1 ) .
These i n c l u d e t h e Luano Main S i t e , c o n t a i n i n g
d e p o s i t s r a n g i n g from t h e L a t e r I r o n Age t o t h e Middle Stone Age; The
Luano S p r i n g S i t e , an E a r l y I r o n Age v i l l a g e w i t h p r e s e r v e d h u t f l o o r s ;
The Luano South S i t e , a l a r g e b u t v e r y s p a r s e s c a t t e r of L a t e r I r o n Age
m a t e r i a l ; and t h e Luano Rock-shelter, a L a t e Stone Age s i t e w i t h b o t h
e a r l y and L a t e r I r o n Age p o t t e r y i n i t s upper l e v e l s .
I n addition t o
t h e s e , a t o t a l of 16 o t h e r h a b i t a t i o n s i t e s were found d u r i n g f o o t s u r v e y s
i n t h e d r a i n a g e a l o n g w i t h 2 1 s m a l l c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of p o t t e r y o r
g r i n d s t o n e s (Find-spots) t h a t may b e t h e remains of s h e l t e r a s s o c i a t e d
w i t h garden p l o t s .
Of a l l t h e s i t e s and f i n d - s p o t s i n t h e d r a i n a g e , 7
c o n t a i n E a r l y I r o n Age m a t e r i a l s (6 s i t e s and 1 Find-spot) and 37 c o n t a i n
L a t e r I r o n Age specimens (17 s i t e s and 20 Find-spots).
Surface
c o l l e c t i o n s were made from a l l s i t e s .
Excavations
Excavations were conducted a t f i v e s i t e s , t h e l a r g e s t of which w a s
Luano Main.
A t l e a s t s i x d i f f e r e n t components have been i d e n t i f i e d a t
that site.
I n t h e upper 20 cm of d e p o s i t s , L a t e r I r o n Age p o t t e r y o c c u r s
t h a t i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d by narrow bands of d i a g o n a l comb stamping, cord o r
bangle impressions and cross-hatched i n c i s i o n .
Beneath t h i s i n some p a r t s
of t h e s i t e i s a component c o n t a i n i n g a v e r y h i g h frequency of undecorated
vessels.
Decorated p o t s from t h i s l a y e r a r e mainly comb stamped, o f t e n
w i t h s i m p l i f i e d forms of t h e pendant loop d e s i g n s t h a t a r e common i n t h e
Both t h e s e components have been h e a v i l y d i s t u r b e d
E a r l y I r o n Age l a y e r s .
and i t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t f o u r o r more o c c u p a t i o n s a r e r e p r e s e n t e d by t h e
L a t e r I r o n Age l a y e r .
Only t h e f u r t h e r s t u d y of p i t c o n t e n t s , h u t f l o o r s
and o t h e r s e a l e d f e a t u r e s w i l l r e s o l v e t h i s problem.
The Early I r o n Age i s r e p r e s e n t e d by one s m a l l b u t q u i t e c l e a r
component l o c a t e d n e a r t h e c e n t r e of t h e s i t e and p o s s i b l y a second
component (which has been d i s t u r b e d ) i n t h e s o u t h e a s t e r n q u a r t e r .
Associated p o t t e r y is t h i c k walled and o f t e n poorly f i r e d . Decoration
i s p r i m a r i l y wide bands of pendant loups o r over-lapping arcs. I n t h e
b e t t e r preserved component t h e pendant loops a r e made w i t h broad i n c i s e d
l i n e s and a r e f i l l e d w i t h comb stamping, i n t h e o t h e r they a r e made w i t h
narrow i n c i s i o n s and a r e l e s s o f t e n embellished o r f i l l e d .
I n both
cases f a l s e r e l i e f chevron designs are rare.
The Luano Main S i t e includes t h r e e components of Stone Age
occupation.
Typical Late Nachikufan a r t i f a c t s occur i n both of t h e Early
I r o n Age components and i n t h e upper p a r t of a white sand l a y e r along t h e
dambo margin.
A d i f f e r e n t i n d u s t r y l i e s deeper i n t h e white sand l a y e r .
It i s a f l a k e based technology employing a number of Middle Stone techniques,
b u t t h e a r t i f a c t s themselves a r e s m a l l e r than normal Middle Stone Age
material.
Crescents a r e p r e s e n t b u t b i f a c i a l l y p r e s s u r e f l a k e d arrow
p o i n t s a r e a l s o found.
The o v e r a l l appearance of t h i s c o l l e c t i o n i s of a
Second Intermediate i n d u s t r y and t h e presence of b i f a c i a l retouch seems t o
p l a c e i t intermediary between t h e Lupembo-Tshitolian of Z a i r e and t h e
Early Nachikufan.
Tranchets, which a r e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of t h e Z a i r e
c o l l e c t i o n s , a r e n o t p r e s e n t here.
I n one u n i t a s m a l l c o l l e c t i o n of what
may be Sangoan chipping d e b r i s was a l s o discovered.
The Luano Spring S i t e i s an Early I r o n Age v i l l a g e l o c a t e d t o t h e
It is p r i m a r i l y a s i n g l e component Early
west and n o r t h of t h e h o t s p r i n g .
I r o n Age occupation, but two small and s p a r s e s c a t t e r s of r e c e n t L a t e r
A l l e a r l y m a t e r i a l s come
I r o n Age p o t t e r y a r e p r e s e n t on t h e s u r f a c e .
The E.I.A. p o t t e r y from t h i s a r e a
from a sandy l a y e r less than 40 cm deep.
i s c l e a r l y from t h e same t r a d i t i o n a s t h a t a t t h e Main S i t e b u t appears
s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t i n some r e s p e c t s .
Designs a r e g e n e r a l l y more
complex, w i t h m u l t i p l e bands being common, and n o t standardized.
Indeed,
t h e r e i s an extreme range of v a r i a t i o n , and i n d i v i d u a l design sequences a r e
r a r e l y duplicated.
The pendant loop i s , however, t h e most common motif
and i t i s o f t e n bordered by h o r i z o n t a l l i n e s of l a r g e t r i a n g u l a r impressions.
False r e l i e f chevron i s absent.
An important f e a t u r e of t h i s s i t e i s t h a t
h u t f l o o r s a r e w e l l preserved and t h e i r d i s t r i b u t i o n i n some p a r t s of t h e
s i t e can be determined by c l u s t e r s of daga brought up by c u l t i v a t i o n .
Luano S i t e E , which was l o c a t e d during t h e survey, has two
It i s l o c a t e d i n
components, r e c e n t L a t e r I r o n Age and Early I r o n Age.
sandy s o i l on a g e n t l e s l o p e overlooking t h e stream.
On i t s n o r t h border
i s a s m a l l s p r i n g and dambo.
P o t t e r y i s s c a t t e r e d over a s u r f a c e a r e a
measuring n e a r l y 200 m from n o r t h t o s o u t h and 180 m from e a s t t o w e s t , b u t
d e b r i s i s very s p a r s e i n t h e southern t h i r d of t h e s i t e s o t h e a r e a of
probable occupation i s s m a l l e r than both t h e Main and Spring S i t e s .
The
Early I r o n Age a t S i t e E is l e s s w e l l defined and contained a lower d e n s i t y
of a r t i f a c t s than t h e two sites previously discussed.
The p o t t e r y i s
r e l a t e d t o t h e o t h e r E . I . A . c o l l e c t i o n s but is i n t e r e s t i n g i n t h a t i t i s
t h e only group i n which f a l s e r e l i e f chevron designs, although n o t common,
a r e p r e s e n t i n s i g n i f i c a n t numbers.
The Luano Rock-shelter h a s been d e s c r i b e d by P h i l l i p s o n . Because
i t w a s known t o c o n t a i n b o t h L a t e Stone Age and E a r l y I r o n Age a r t i f a c t s ,
a t e s t p i t w a s excavated i n o r d e r t o o b t a i n d a t a on t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between
t h e two groups.
The d e p o s i t i o n a l sequence i n t h e s h e l t e r w a s : a n upper
l a y e r c. 25 cm t h i c k of f i n e gray a s h c o n t a i n i n g L a t e r I r o n Age p o t t e r y and
numerous bone fragments; a middle l a y e r c . 35 cm t h i c k of f i n e brown s o i l
w i t h E a r l y I r o n Age and L a t e Stone Age m a t e r i a l s ; and a d a r k e r brown l a y e r
from 60 cm below s u r f a c e down t o bedrock a t 1.25 m t h a t had a g r e a t e r
c o n c e n t r a t i o n of Stone Age f l a k e s b u t no p o t t e r y .
The E a r l y I r o n Age
p o t t e r y i n t h i s s i t e i s unusual.
Thickened cord stamped rims, f a l s e r e l i e f
chevron, i n c i s e d h e r r i n g b o n e m o t i f s and o t h e r forms of d e c o r a t i o n n o t
common i n t h e Luano a r e a a r e p r e s e n t , b u t o t h e r specimens a r e d e f i n i t e l y
of l o c a l o r i g i n .
T h i s p o t t e r y i s , however, fragmentary and r e l a t i v e l y
It was presumably brought i n t o t h e r o c k - s h e l t e r by t h e L a t e
infrequent.
Stone Age h u n t e r s who camped t h e r e .
The Stone Age d e p o s i t s i n t h i s s i t e appear t o b e a l l L a t e
A s i s u s u a l w i t h Nachikufan s i t e s , t h e g r e a t m a j o r i t y of
Nachikufan.
the c o l l e c t i o n is chipping debris.
Normal t o o l s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e
E a r l y I r o n Age p o t t e r y a r e p r i m a r i l y c r e s c e n t s and o t h e r h u n t i n g equipment.
I n t h e lower l a y e r s , s c r a p e r s a r e more f r e q u e n t . I t may b e t h a t t h e s h e l t e r
f i r s t s e r v e d a s a b a s e camp and l a t e r as a temporary h u n t i n g camp.
The
e x o t i c s h e r d s found t h e r e may b e a n i n d i c a t i o n of t h e wide r a n g e t h a t t h e
hunters travelled.
F i n a l Observations
The Luano c o l l e c t i o n s a r e p r e s e n t l y b e i n g p r o c e s s e d and much remains
t o b e done.
Conclusions, even about some b a s i c a s p e c t s of t h e
a r c h a e o l o g i c a l sequence, a r e t h u s unwise a t t h i s time.
Nevertheless,
some i m p o r t a n t p o i n t s about t h e I r o n Age of t h e Luano can now b e made. The
E a r l y I r o n Age i s d e f i n i t e l y p a r t of P h i l l i p s o n ' s Chondwe group, b u t a s t h e
t h r e e l a r g e s t p r e v i o u s l y known c o l l e c t i o n s from t h a t group (Kangonga,
Roan Antelope and Chondwe) a r e from s i t e s more t h a n 100 km d i s t a n t , expected
d i f f e r e n c e s have been observed.
S i t e E a t Luano i s most s i m i l a r b u t
c e r t a i n l y n o t i d e n t i c a l t o Roan Antelope.
I f Phillipson's inference t h a t
t h a t s i t e was t h e e a r l i e s t i n t h e a r e a i s c o r r e c t , t h e n S i t e E w i l l
r e p r e s e n t t h e f i r s t I r o n Age o c c u p a t i o n of t h e Luano d r a i n a g e .
The o t h e r
E a r l y I r o n Age s i t e s i n v e s t i g a t e d appear t o b e more s i m i l a r t o Kangonga
than any o t h e r p r e v i o u s l y d i s c o v e r e d Copperbelt c o l l e c t i o n .
One f i n a l p o i n t on t h e I r o n Age sequence a t Luano i s t h a t t h e r e i s
a c l e a r t y p o l o g i c a l c o n t i n u i t y between t h e E a r l y and L a t e r I r o n Age
assemblages.
E a r l y p o t s a r e g e n e r a l l y d e c o r a t e d w i t h complex d e s i g n s based
f i r s t on broad l i n e i n c i s i n s and l a t e r by narrow i n c i s i o n s .
These a r e
e v e n t u a l l y r e p l a c e d by s i m p l i f i c a t i o n s of t h e . o r i g i n a 1 m o t i f s executed by
comb stamping and b a n g l e impression.
There i s no e v i d e n c e a t t h i s p o i n t
f o r p o p u l a t i o n replacement a s t h e mechanism f o r t h e E a r l y I r o n Age-Later
I r o n Age t r a n s i t i o n .
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY
D r . Alexander of Cambridge University sends t h i s l i s t of
graduate s t u d e n t s now worWng on African t o p i c s ;
African Archaeology a t Cambridge
Postgraduate research i s being undertaken as followsr
E.K.A.K.
Ahmed
M i s s R.T. Bradley
Miss M , Braithwaite
D.J.
Buck
... Meroitic settlement p a t t e r n s i n t h e Butana.
... Regional v a r i a t i o n within t h e Meroitic Sudan.
... Material c u l t u r e i n an Ethnographic context
i n Eastern Africa.
... The e f f e c t s of t h e Roman F r o n t i e r on t h e
,
indogenes on southern l y b i a n and e a s t e r n
f r o n t i e r s of t h e Roman Empire.
Cable
J.H.C.
D.P. C o l l e t t
... Aspects of t h e economy, technology and
environment i n t h e l a t e r Stone Age of Natal.
... S p a t i a l s t r u c t u r e of t h e Early I r o n Age
c u l t u r e s of Zambia as a c r i t i c a l t e s t
between continuous and discontinuous
mechanism of d i s p e r s a l .
Mrs. L.W. Donley
M.C.
Horton
P . J . Lane
.., Early Islamic domestic a r c h i t e c t u r e on t h e
E, African coast.
... Archaeological a s p e c t s of e a r l y Islamic
p e n e t r a t i o n i n Kenya.
... The organised use of space: an a n a l y s i s
of t h e v i s i b i l i t y of s o c i a l s t r u c t u r e i n
t h e archaeological record of West Africa.
Miss H.L.
Moore
... Ethnoarchaeology of t h e Dinka of t h e S .
Sudan.
,.. I n v e s t i g a t i o n of assumption t h a t t h e r e i s
an underlying s o c i a l symbolism behind
s p a t i a l r e l a t i o n s of s t r u c t u r e s and bounda r i e s i n East Africa.
I. Musa
Miss S.A. Taha
T. Tshilema
... The L a t e r Prehistory' of Darfur.
... Africa.
Aspects of t h e P a l a e o l i t h i c of Northern
... Early Kingdoms i n Rwanda.
THE AFRICAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL REVIEW
The Cambridge U n i v e r s i t y Press i s e s t a b l i s h i n g The A f r i c a n
A r c h a e o l o g i c a l Review.
Coverage w i l l i n c l u d e a l l aspects o f t h e archaeology o f
t h e c o n t i n e n t and n e i g h b o u r i n g i s l a n d s , e x c e p t i n g s p e c i a l i z e d
human b i o l o g y on
t h e one hand and, on t h e o t h e r , t o p i c s
r e l a t i n g p r i m a r i l y t o N o r t h A f r i c a n c i v i l i z a t i o n s ( i n t h e Engl i s h
sense o f t h a t word) and t h e i r e x t r a - A f r i c a n i n t e r e s t s .
New
d a t a from t h e f i e l d w i l l b e emphasized as w i l l s t u d i e s o f w i d e r
than r e g i o n a l s i g n i f i c a n c e .
E d i t o r i a l p o l i c y w i l l be t o f a v o u r
m a t e r i a l f r o m areas t h a t a r e n o t s e r v e d by any o f t h e j o u r n a l s
c u r r e n t l y published.
Content Categories w i l l i n c l u d e : 1.
A r t i c l e s o f 6000-15000 words on t o p i c s such as:a)
treatments o f c u l t u r a l h i s t o r i c a l quest ions
on a g r e a t e r t h a n r e g i o n a l s c a l e ,
b)
developments i n a r c h a e o l o g i c a l t h e o r y
and method t h a t a r e o f P a n - A f r i c a n
s i g n i f i c a n c e , and
c)
advances
i n related disciplines that are o f
special interest t o Africanists.
2.
Reports o f 6000-15000 words on s i t e s t h a t a r e
o f importance i n t h a t t h e i r i n t e r p r e t a t i o n
f o r c e s r e a p p r a i s a l o f c u r r e n t l y h e l d views.
3.
S i t e r e p o r t s s u b s i d i z e d through t h e a u t h o r .
These
w i l l c o n s i s t o f a 6000-15000 word g e n e r a l t e x t
p l u s m i c r o f i c h e i n s e r t s s u p p l y i n g documentation
and argument a t a l e v e l o f d e t a i l n o r m a l l y
found o n l y i n monographs.
4.
Formal r e p o r t s (as opposed t o n e w s l e t t e r i tems)
o f 2000-4000 words on research i n p r o g r e s s .
5.
Review a r t i c l e s of 3000-5000 words on groups
o f publications.
There w i l l be no reviews o f
I
i n d i v i d u a l books o r monographs.
6.
Annotated b i b l i o g r a p h i e s e s p e c i a l l y o f p u b l i c a t i o n s
i n languages o t h e r than English.
7.
A b s t r a c t s o f theses and d i s s e r t a t i o n s on A f r i c a n
Archaeology.
8.
B r i e f e d i t o r i a l comment on recent major d i s c o v e r i e s
and issues o f general i n t e r e s t .
9.
P u b l i c a t i o n s received.
The Review wdsll be i n English; however c o n t r i b u t i o n s i n
French w i l l be welcomed and,
i f accepted f o r p u b l i c a t i o n ,
translated.
The Review w i l l be an annual p u b l i c a t i o n w i t h t h e f i r s t
issue scheduled t o appear i n March, 1983.
I t w i l l consist o f
about 280 pages (80,000 words p l u s 1 i n e drawings and photographs)
i n a format s i m i l a r t o t h a t o f World Archaeology. The present
(cost estimate
the C.U.P.
- 4g12
s t e r l i n g p.a.
C i r c u l a r s w i l l be issued by
i n due course.
The f o l l o w i n g have a l r e a d y agreed t o serve on an Advisory
E d i t o r i a l Board:Bassey Wai Andah, Cyr Descamps, A.T.
Grove, F e k r i
Hassan, Lech Krzyzaniak, Gadi Mgomezulu, Charles Nelson,
Nicole Petit-Maire,
C o l e t t e Roubet, Peter Shinnie,
N i c k Van der Merwe, and F r a n c i s Van Noten.
This i s t h e
f u l l board l e s s one E a r l y Man s p e c i a l i s t .
Please consider t h i s as a CALL FOR PAPERS
regarding
-
correspondence
s c h o l a r l y aspects o f t h e Review should be addressed t o :
Nicholas David
E d i t o r , The A f r i c a n Archaeological Review,
Dept o f Archaeology, U n i v e r s i t y o f Calgary
Calgary
2500 U n i v e r s i t y D r . N.W.,
A l b e r t a , Canada, T2N IN4

NYAME AKUMA No.19 November, 1981. Newsletter of the Society

Transcription

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