i. Tonc v1.4.2 : Table of Contents

Transcription

28-03-13
Tonc : GBA Programming in rot13
i. Tonc v1.4.2 : Table of Contents
i.1. Preface
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i.2. GBA Basics
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
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10
21
34
38
56
62
67
78
i.3. GBA Extended
1
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92
98
109
115
126
133
136
147
155
i.4. Advanced / Applications
1
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4 Th
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165
192
209
213
244
276
i.5. Appendixes
A
B
C
D
E
F
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283
294
304
311
316
322
325
i.6. On revisions
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28-03-13
ii. Introduction to Tonc
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ii.1.2. Tonc code
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ii.1.3. Tonc binaries
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2. Setting up a development environment
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#--------------------------------------------------------------------------------# Clear the implicit built in rules
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#--------------------------------------------------------------------------------ifeq ($(strip $(DEVKITARM)),)
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include $(DEVKITARM)/gba_rules
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#--------------------------------------------------------------------------------# options for code generation
#--------------------------------------------------------------------------------ARCH
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#--------------------------------------------------------------------------------# any extra libraries we wish to link with the project
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12/331
28-03-13
# include and lib
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28-03-13
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15/331
28-03-13
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.PHONY : build clean
18/331
28-03-13
# --- Build ----------------------------------------------------------# Build process starts here!
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20/331
28-03-13
3. My first GBA demo
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// First demo. You are not expected to understand it
// (don't spend too much time trying and read on).
// But if you do understand (as a newbie): wow!
int main()
{
*(unsigned int*)0x04000000 = 0x0403;
((unsigned short*)0x06000000)[120+80*240] = 0x001F;
((unsigned short*)0x06000000)[136+80*240] = 0x03E0;
((unsigned short*)0x06000000)[120+96*240] = 0x7C00;
while(1);
return 0;
}
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# Makefile for first.gba
#
PATH := $(DEVKITARM)/bin:$(PATH)
# --- Project details ------------------------------------------------PROJ
:= first
TARGET := $(PROJ)
OBJS
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# --- Build defines --------------------------------------------------PREFIX := arm-none-eabiCC
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LDFLAGS := $(ARCH) $(SPECS)
.PHONY : build clean
# --- Build ----------------------------------------------------------# Build process starts here!
build: $(TARGET).gba
21/331
28-03-13
# Strip and fix header (step 3,4)
$(TARGET).gba : $(TARGET).elf
$(OBJCOPY) -v -O binary $< $@
-@gbafix $@
# Link (step 2)
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# Compile (step 1)
$(OBJS) : %.o : %.c
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# --- Clean ----------------------------------------------------------clean :
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@rm -fv *.elf
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#EOF
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// toolbox.h:
//
// === NOTES ===
// * This is a _small_ set of typedefs, #defines and inlines that can
// be found in tonclib, and might not represent the
// final forms.
#ifndef TOOLBOX_H
#define TOOLBOX_H
// === (from tonc_types.h) ============================================
typedef unsigned char u8;
typedef unsigned short u16;
typedef unsigned int
u32;
typedef u16 COLOR;
#define INLINE static inline
// === (from tonc_memmap.h) ===========================================
#define MEM_IO
#define MEM_VRAM
#define REG_DISPCNT
0x04000000
0x06000000
*((volatile u32*)(MEM_IO+0x0000))
// === (from tonc_memdef.h) ===========================================
// --- REG_DISPCNT defines --#define DCNT_MODE0
0x0000
#define DCNT_MODE1
0x0001
#define DCNT_MODE2
0x0002
#define DCNT_MODE3
0x0003
#define DCNT_MODE4
0x0004
#define DCNT_MODE5
0x0005
// layers
#define DCNT_BG0
0x0100
#define DCNT_BG1
0x0200
23/331
28-03-13
#define DCNT_BG2
#define DCNT_BG3
#define DCNT_OBJ
0x0400
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0x1000
// === (from tonc_video.h) ============================================
#define SCREEN_WIDTH 240
#define SCREEN_HEIGHT 160
#define vid_mem
((u16*)MEM_VRAM)
INLINE void m3_plot(int x, int y, COLOR clr)
{ vid_mem[y*SCREEN_WIDTH+x]= clr;
}
#define CLR_BLACK
#define CLR_RED
#define CLR_LIME
#define CLR_YELLOW
#define CLR_BLUE
#define CLR_MAG
#define CLR_CYAN
#define CLR_WHITE
0x0000
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INLINE COLOR RGB15(u32 red, u32 green, u32 blue)
{ return red | (green<<5) | (blue<<10); }
#endif // TOOLBOX_H
#include "toolbox.h"
int main()
{
REG_DISPCNT= DCNT_MODE3 | DCNT_BG2;
m3_plot( 120, 80, RGB15(31, 0, 0) );
m3_plot( 136, 80, RGB15( 0,31, 0) );
m3_plot( 120, 96, RGB15( 0, 0,31) );
// or CLR_RED
// or CLR_LIME
// or CLR_BLUE
while(1);
return 0;
}
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// extra stuff, also in tonc_video.h
#define M3_WIDTH
SCREEN_WIDTH
// typedef for a whole mode3 line
typedef COLOR
M3LINE[M3_WIDTH];
// m3_mem is a matrix; m3_mem[y][x] is pixel (x,y)
#define m3_mem
((M3LINE*)MEM_VRAM)
int main()
{
m3_mem[80][120]= CLR_RED;
m3_mem[80][136]= CLR_LIME;
m3_mem[96][120]= CLR_BLUE;
while(1);
return 0;
}
3.3. General notes on GBA programming
26/331
28-03-13
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l
t
h
et
i
me
.Th
i
si
se
s
p
e
c
i
a
l
l
yt
r
u
ef
o
rg
l
o
b
a
l
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
s
,
wh
i
c
hh
a
v
et
ob
er
e
l
o
a
d
e
da
f
t
e
re
a
c
hf
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
c
a
l
l
b
e
c
a
u
s
et
h
ev
a
l
u
e
sma
yh
a
v
ec
h
a
n
g
e
d
.
Use pointers.Po
i
n
t
e
r
sh
a
v
et
h
er
e
p
u
t
a
t
i
o
no
fb
e
i
n
gd
a
n
g
e
r
o
u
s
,
b
u
tt
h
e
y
'
r
eavery p
o
we
r
f
u
l
t
o
o
l
i
fu
s
e
dc
o
r
r
e
c
t
l
y
.
Po
i
n
t
e
ra
r
i
t
h
me
t
i
ci
su
s
u
a
l
l
yf
a
s
t
e
rt
h
a
ni
n
d
e
x
i
n
gb
e
c
a
u
s
ei
t
'
sc
l
o
s
e
rt
oh
a
r
d
wa
r
e
,
a
n
db
ya
s
s
i
g
n
i
n
gt
e
mpp
o
i
n
t
e
r
st
o
d
e
e
p
l
yn
e
s
t
e
ds
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
ee
x
p
r
e
s
s
i
o
n
s(
s
e
ea
b
o
v
e
)
,
y
o
uc
a
ng
r
a
t
l
yr
e
d
u
c
et
h
el
e
n
g
t
ho
ft
h
ee
x
p
r
e
s
s
i
o
n
s
,
wh
i
c
hma
k
e
s
t
h
i
n
g
se
a
s
i
e
ro
nt
h
ec
o
mp
i
l
e
ra
n
dt
h
er
e
a
d
e
ra
l
i
k
e
.
Precalculate. Th
i
si
sr
e
l
a
t
e
dt
ot
h
ep
r
e
v
i
o
u
st
wop
o
i
n
t
s
.I
fy
o
uh
a
v
eal
o
o
pi
nwh
i
c
ht
h
i
n
g
sd
o
n
'
td
e
p
e
n
do
nt
h
el
o
o
p
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
,
p
r
e
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
et
h
a
tp
a
r
tb
e
f
o
r
et
h
el
o
o
p
.Al
s
o
,
t
oa
v
o
i
d(
c
o
mp
l
e
x
)c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
y
o
uc
o
u
l
dd
u
mpt
h
ed
a
t
ai
na
Lo
o
k
u
pTa
b
l
ea
n
ds
i
mp
l
yg
r
a
bav
a
l
u
ef
r
o
mt
h
e
r
e
.
Avoid branches.Th
i
n
g
st
h
a
tr
e
d
i
r
e
c
tp
r
o
g
r
a
mf
l
o
w(
i
f
s
,
l
o
o
p
s
,
s
wi
t
c
h
e
s
)g
e
n
e
r
a
l
l
yc
o
s
tmo
r
et
h
a
no
t
h
e
ro
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
s
u
c
ha
sa
r
i
t
h
me
t
i
c
.So
me
t
i
me
si
t
'
sp
o
s
s
i
b
l
et
oe
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
l
yd
ot
h
eb
r
a
n
c
hwi
t
ha
r
i
t
h
me
t
i
c(
f
o
re
x
a
mp
l
e
,
(int)x>>1
g
i
v
e
s−1o
r0
,
d
e
p
e
n
d
i
n
go
nt
h
es
i
g
no
fx)
Th
e
r
ea
r
ema
n
ymo
r
eo
p
t
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
nt
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
,
o
fc
o
u
r
s
e
.Wi
k
i
p
e
d
i
ah
a
san
i
c
eo
v
e
r
v
i
e
w,
a
n
dy
o
uc
a
nf
i
n
dp
a
g
e
sd
i
s
c
u
s
s
i
n
g
p
a
r
t
i
c
u
l
a
rt
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
sh
e
r
e
[b0rked] a
n
dt
h
e
r
e
.So
meo
ft
h
e
s
et
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
swi
l
l
b
ed
o
n
eb
yt
h
ec
o
mp
i
l
e
ra
n
y
wa
y
,
b
u
tn
o
ta
l
wa
y
s
.
Learn to optimize later.Al
s
ok
n
o
wna
s“
p
r
e
ma
t
u
r
eo
p
t
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
ni
st
h
er
o
o
to
fa
l
l
e
v
i
l
”
.Op
t
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
ns
h
o
u
l
db
ed
o
n
ei
nt
h
e
f
i
n
a
l
s
t
a
g
e
s
,
wh
e
nmo
s
tc
o
d
ei
si
np
a
c
ea
n
dy
o
uc
a
na
c
t
u
a
l
l
yt
e
l
l
wh
e
r
eo
p
t
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
ni
sn
e
c
e
s
s
a
r
y(
i
fi
t
'
sn
e
c
e
s
s
a
r
ya
ta
l
l
)
.
Ho
we
v
e
r
,
t
h
i
sd
o
e
snot me
a
ny
o
us
h
o
u
l
da
c
t
u
a
l
l
ys
t
r
i
v
ef
o
rt
h
es
l
o
we
s
ts
o
l
u
t
i
o
ni
nt
h
ee
a
r
l
yp
h
a
s
e
s
.Of
t
e
nt
h
e
r
ei
sac
l
e
a
n
e
r
a
n
d
/
o
rf
a
s
t
e
r(
s
o
me
t
i
me
se
v
e
nmuch f
a
s
t
e
r
)a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
mt
h
e
nt
h
et
r
i
v
i
a
l
o
n
e
,
wh
i
c
hwi
l
l
c
o
met
oy
o
uwi
t
hj
u
s
tas
ma
l
l
a
mo
u
n
to
f
t
h
o
u
g
h
t
.Th
i
si
s
n
'
to
p
t
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
,
i
t
'
ss
i
mp
l
yama
t
t
e
ro
fn
o
tb
e
i
n
gs
t
u
p
i
d
.Af
e
wo
ft
h
ep
o
i
n
t
sme
n
t
i
o
n
e
da
b
o
v
ef
a
l
l
i
nt
h
i
s
c
a
t
e
g
o
r
y
.
There are always exceptions.Th
e
r
ei
sn
op
r
o
g
r
a
mmi
n
gg
u
i
d
e
l
i
n
et
h
a
td
o
e
s
n
'
th
a
v
ei
t
se
x
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
.Ex
c
e
p
tma
y
b
et
h
i
so
n
e
.
I
'
l
l
l
e
a
v
ei
ta
tt
h
a
tf
o
rn
o
w.En
t
i
r
eb
o
o
k
sh
a
v
eb
e
e
nwr
i
t
t
e
no
nh
o
wt
oc
o
d
ee
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
l
y
.Re
s
o
u
r
c
e
sa
r
ea
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
eo
nt
h
ewe
l
l
a
swe
l
l
:
s
e
a
r
c
hf
o
rt
h
i
n
g
sl
i
k
e“
o
p
t
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
”
,
“
c
o
d
i
n
gs
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
s
”o
r“
c
o
d
i
n
gg
u
i
d
e
l
i
n
e
s
”s
h
o
u
l
dg
i
v
ey
o
umo
r
et
h
a
ne
n
o
u
g
h
.Al
s
ol
o
o
ku
pDe
s
i
g
n
Pa
t
t
e
r
na
n
dAn
t
i
p
a
t
t
e
r
n
.Al
s
of
u
na
r
eb
o
o
k
sa
n
ds
i
t
e
st
h
a
ts
h
o
wh
o
wnot t
oc
o
d
e
.So
me
t
i
me
st
h
e
s
ea
r
ee
v
e
nmo
r
eu
s
e
f
u
l
.Wo
r
s
et
h
a
n
Fa
i
l
u
r
ei
so
n
eo
ft
h
e
s
e(
i
np
a
r
t
i
c
u
l
a
rt
h
ec
o
d
e
SODc
a
t
e
g
o
r
y
)
;Th
ep
r
o
g
r
a
mmi
n
gs
e
c
t
i
o
no
fCo
mp
u
t
e
rs
t
u
p
i
d
i
t
i
e
si
sa
l
s
on
i
c
e
.I
fy
o
uwa
n
t
t
os
e
ewh
yt
h
eu
s
eo
fg
l
o
b
a
l
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
si
sg
e
n
e
r
a
l
l
yd
i
s
c
o
u
r
a
g
e
d
,
d
oas
e
a
r
c
hf
o
r‘
a
l
p
h
a
’i
nt
h
el
a
t
t
e
rp
a
g
e
.
3.3.2. A few examples of good/bad practices
He
r
ea
r
eaf
e
we
x
a
mp
l
e
so
fc
o
d
et
h
a
t
,
wh
i
l
ef
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
,
c
o
u
l
db
ei
mp
r
o
v
e
di
nt
e
r
mso
fs
p
e
e
d
,
a
mo
u
n
to
fc
o
d
ea
n
d
/
o
rma
i
n
t
a
i
n
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
.
Ints versus non-ints
Ab
o
v
e
,
In
o
t
e
dt
h
a
tu
s
eo
fn
o
n
i
n
t
sc
a
nb
ep
r
o
b
l
e
ma
t
i
c
.Be
c
a
u
s
et
h
i
sb
a
dh
a
b
i
ti
sp
a
r
t
i
c
u
l
a
r
l
yc
o
mmo
nu
n
d
e
rGBAa
n
dNDSc
o
d
e(
b
o
t
h
h
o
me
b
r
e
wand c
o
mme
r
c
i
a
l
)
,
I
'
dl
i
k
et
os
h
o
wy
o
ua
ne
x
a
mp
l
eo
ft
h
i
s
.
// Force a number into range [min, max>
#define CLAMP(x, min, max) \
( (x)>=(max) ? ((max)-1) : ( ((x)<(min)) ? (min) : (x) ) )
28/331
28-03-13
// Change brightness of a palette (kinda) (70)
void pal_brightness(u16 *pal, u16 size, s8 bright)
{
u16 ii;
s8 r, g, b;
for(ii=0; ii<size; ii++)
{
r= (pal[ii]
)&31;
g= (pal[ii] >>5)&31;
b= (pal[ii]>>10)&31;
r += bright;
g += bright;
b += bright;
r= CLAMP(r, 0, 32);
g= CLAMP(g, 0, 32);
b= CLAMP(b, 0, 32);
pal[ii]= r |(g<<5) | (b<<10);
}
}
Th
i
sr
o
u
t
i
n
eb
r
i
g
h
t
e
n
so
rd
a
r
k
e
n
sap
a
l
e
t
t
eb
ya
d
d
i
n
gab
r
i
g
h
t
n
e
s
s
f
a
c
t
o
rt
ot
h
ec
o
l
o
rc
o
mp
o
n
e
n
t
s
,
e
a
c
ho
fwh
i
c
hi
st
h
e
nc
l
a
mp
e
dt
ot
h
e
r
a
n
g
e[
0
,
3
1 t
oa
v
o
i
df
u
n
k
ye
r
r
o
r
s
.Th
eb
a
s
i
ca
l
g
o
r
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t
h
mi
ss
o
u
n
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e
v
e
nt
h
ei
mp
l
e
me
n
t
a
t
i
o
ni
s
,
I
MHO,
p
r
e
t
t
yg
o
o
d
.Wh
a
ti
s
n
'
tg
o
o
d
,
h
o
we
v
e
ri
st
h
ed
a
t
a
t
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p
e
su
s
e
d
.Us
i
n
gs8a
n
du16h
e
r
ea
d
d
sa
ne
x
t
r
as
h
i
f
t
p
a
i
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c
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a
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d
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el
o
o
p
i
t
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l
fc
o
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i
l
e
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b
o
u
t9
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u
mbi
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
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s
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nc
o
n
t
r
a
s
t
,
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e
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s
i
n
gintsf
o
re
v
e
r
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t
h
i
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ge
x
c
e
p
tpalt
h
el
o
o
pi
so
n
l
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n
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t
r
u
c
t
i
o
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s
l
o
n
g
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o
u
r
s
et
h
ei
n
c
r
e
a
s
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ns
i
z
eme
a
n
sa
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n
c
r
e
a
s
ei
nt
i
mea
swe
l
l
:
t
h
ei
n
t
o
n
l
yv
e
r
s
i
o
ni
s7
8
%f
a
s
t
e
rt
h
a
nt
h
eo
n
eg
i
v
e
na
b
o
v
e
.To
r
e
p
e
a
tt
h
a
t
:
the code has doubled in size and slowed down by 78% just by using the wrong datatype!
I
'
l
l
a
d
mi
tt
h
a
tt
h
i
se
x
a
mp
l
ei
sp
a
r
t
i
c
u
l
a
r
l
yn
a
s
t
yb
e
c
a
u
s
et
h
e
r
ei
sal
o
to
fa
r
i
t
h
me
t
i
ci
ni
t
.Mo
s
tf
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
swo
u
l
di
n
c
u
ras
ma
l
l
e
rp
e
n
a
l
t
y
.
Ho
we
v
e
r
,
t
h
e
r
ei
sn
or
e
a
s
o
nf
o
rl
o
s
i
n
gt
h
a
tp
e
r
f
o
r
ma
n
c
ei
nt
h
ef
i
r
s
tp
l
a
c
e
.Th
e
r
ei
sn
ob
e
n
e
f
i
to
fu
s
i
n
gs8a
n
du16;i
td
o
e
sn
o
ti
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
r
e
d
a
b
i
l
i
t
y–a
l
l
i
td
o
e
si
sc
a
u
s
eb
l
o
a
ta
n
ds
l
o
wd
o
wn
.Use 32-bit variables when you can, the others only when you have to.
No
w,
b
e
f
o
r
et
h
i
sb
e
c
o
me
sa
n
o
t
h
e
rg
o
t
oi
s
s
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// An array representing a 240x160@16 bitmap, converted
// to an array by some graphics conversion tool.
const u8 fooBitmap[240*160*2]=
{
// Maaaaany, many lines of data.
}
int main()
{
// Copy 240x160 pixels to VRAM (ORLY?)
int ii;
for(ii=0; ii<240*160; ii++)
vid_mem[ii]= fooBitmap[ii];
return 0;
}
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29/331
28-03-13
He
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s
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l
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k
:
// An array representing a 240x160@16 bitmap, converted
// to an array by some graphics conversion tool.
const u8 fooBitmap[240*160*2]=
{
// Maaaaany, many lines of data.
}
int main()
{
u16 *src= (u16*)fooBitmap; // Cast source to u16-array
// Copy 240x160 pixels to VRAM (YARLY!)
int ii;
for(ii=0; ii<240*160; ii++)
vid_mem[ii]= src[ii];
return 0;
}
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)
:
int foo(int x)
{
switch(x)
{
case 1: return 1;
case 2: return 2;
case 3: return 3;
case 4: return 4;
case 5: return 5;
case 6: return 6;
case 7: return 7;
}
return 0;
}
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e
dx.
int foo(int x)
{
if(x >= 1 && x <= 7)
return x;
else
return 0;
}
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30/331
28-03-13
// Some basic structs and a sprite array.
// #defines for sprite-indices and amounts omitted.
typedef struct { int x, y; } POINT;
typedef struct
{
POINT position;
int radius;
} TSprite;
TSprite gSprites[SPRITE_MAX];
// Collision function.
int player_collision()
{
int ii;
for(ii=0; ii<ENEMY_MAX; ii++)
{
// Test for hit between player and enemy ii
if( (gSprites[ENEMY_ID+ii].position.x - gSprites[PLAYER_ID].position.x) *
(gSprites[ENEMY_ID+ii].position.x - gSprites[PLAYER_ID].position.x) +
(gSprites[ENEMY_ID+ii].position.y - gSprites[PLAYER_ID].position.y) *
(gSprites[ENEMY_ID+ii].position.y - gSprites[PLAYER_ID].position.y) <
(gSprites[ENEMY_ID+ii].radius + gSprites[PLAYER_ID].radius) *
(gSprites[ENEMY_ID+ii].radius + gSprites[PLAYER_ID].radius) )
{
return 1;
}
}
// Not hit
return 0;
}
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{
int ii;
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POINT *pt1= &gSprites[PLAYER_ID].position, *pt2;
TSprite *enemy= &gSprites[ENEMY_ID];
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{
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}
// Not hit
return 0;
}
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5
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)
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eb
a
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dp
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t0500:0000h,
i
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i
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we
db
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h
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p
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t0500:0200h.
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sa
n
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y
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:
a
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o
l
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ra
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u
b
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t
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r
palette banks o
f1
6c
o
l
o
r
s(
4b
i
t
sp
e
rp
i
x
e
l
)
.
On
ef
i
n
a
l
t
h
i
n
ga
b
o
u
tp
a
l
e
t
t
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s
:
i
n
d
e
x0i
st
h
etransparency index.I
np
a
l
e
t
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d
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s
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hav
a
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l
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b
et
r
a
n
s
p
a
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e
n
t
.
34/331
28-03-13
4.4. Bitmaps, backgrounds and sprites
Al
l
t
h
i
n
g
sc
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
e
d
,
t
h
eGBAk
n
o
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y
p
e
so
fg
r
a
p
h
i
c
sr
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
:
bitmaps,
tiled backgrounds a
n
dsprites.Th
eb
i
t
ma
pa
n
d
t
i
l
e
db
a
c
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x,y)
,
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n
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h
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o
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dt
y
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s
.
Prefer tile modes over bitmap modes
I
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p
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.
4.5. Display registers: REG_DISPCNT, REG_DISPSTAT and REG_VCOUNT
Th
e
r
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r
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h
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t
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9
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5
4
3 210
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name
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28-03-13
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28-03-13
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37/331
28-03-13
5. The Bitmap modes (mode 3, 4, 5)
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//! Draw a line on a 16bpp canvas
void bmp16_line(int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2, u32 clr,
void *dstBase, uint dstPitch)
{
int ii, dx, dy, xstep, ystep, dd;
u16 *dst= (u16*)(dstBase + y1*dstPitch + x1*2);
dstPitch /= 2;
39/331
28-03-13
// --- Normalization --if(x1>x2)
{ xstep= -1; dx= x1-x2; }
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{ xstep= +1; dx= x2-x1; }
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{ ystep= -dstPitch;
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dy= y1-y2; }
dy= y2-y1; }
// --- Drawing --if(dy == 0)
// Horizontal
{
for(ii=0; ii<=dx; ii++)
dst[ii*xstep]= clr;
}
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// Vertical
{
for(ii=0; ii<=dy; ii++)
dst[ii*ystep]= clr;
}
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// Diagonal, slope <= 1
{
dd= 2*dy - dx;
for(ii=0; ii<=dx; ii++)
{
*dst= clr;
if(dd >= 0)
{ dd -= 2*dx; dst += ystep; }
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// Diagonal, slope > 1
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for(ii=0; ii<=dy; ii++)
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*dst= clr;
if(dd >= 0)
{ dd -= 2*dy; dst += xstep; }
dd += 2*dx;
dst += ystep;
}
}
}
//! Draw a rectangle on a 16bpp canvas
void bmp16_rect(int left, int top, int right, int bottom, u32 clr,
{
int ix, iy;
uint width= right-left, height= bottom-top;
u16 *dst= (u16*)(dstBase+top*dstPitch + left*2);
dstPitch /= 2;
// --- Draw --for(iy=0; iy<height; iy++)
for(ix=0; ix<width; ix++)
dst[iy*dstPitch + ix]= clr;
}
//! Draw a frame on a 16bpp canvas
void bmp16_frame(int left, int top, int right, int bottom, u32 clr,
40/331
28-03-13
{
// Frame is RB exclusive
right--;
bottom--;
bmp16_line(left, top, right, top,
clr, dstBase, dstPitch);
bmp16_line(left, bottom, right, bottom, clr, dstBase, dstPitch);
bmp16_line(left, top,
bmp16_line(right, top,
left, bottom, clr, dstBase, dstPitch);
right, bottom, clr, dstBase, dstPitch);
}
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typedef u16 COLOR;
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// === PROTOTYPES =====================================================
INLINE void m3_plot(int x, int y, COLOR clr);
INLINE void m3_line(int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2, COLOR clr);
INLINE void m3_rect(int left, int top, int right, int bottom, COLOR clr);
INLINE void m3_frame(int left, int top, int right, int bottom, COLOR clr);
// === INLINES ========================================================
//! Plot a single \a clr colored pixel in mode 3 at (\a x, \a y).
INLINE void m3_plot(int x, int y, COLOR clr)
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INLINE void m3_line(int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2, COLOR clr)
{
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INLINE void m3_rect(int left, int top, int right, int bottom, COLOR clr)
{
bmp16_rect(left, top, right, bottom, clr, vid_mem, M3_WIDTH*2);
}
//! Draw a \a clr colored frame in mode 3.
INLINE void m3_frame(int left, int top, int right, int bottom, COLOR clr)
{
bmp16_frame(left, top, right, bottom, clr, vid_mem, M3_WIDTH*2);
}
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int main()
{
int ii, jj;
// Fill screen with grey color
m3_fill(RGB15(12, 12, 14));
// Rectangles:
m3_rect( 12, 8, 108, 72, CLR_RED);
m3_rect(108, 72, 132, 88, CLR_LIME);
m3_rect(132, 88, 228, 152, CLR_BLUE);
// Rectangle frames
m3_frame(132, 8, 228, 72, CLR_CYAN);
m3_frame(109, 73, 131, 87, CLR_BLACK);
m3_frame( 12, 88, 108, 152, CLR_YELLOW);
// Lines in top right frame
for(ii=0; ii<=8; ii++)
{
jj= 3*ii+7;
m3_line(132+11*ii, 9, 226, 12+7*ii, RGB15(jj, 0, jj));
m3_line(226-11*ii,70, 133, 69-7*ii, RGB15(jj, 0, jj));
}
// Lines in bottom left frame
for(ii=0; ii<=8; ii++)
{
jj= 3*ii+7;
m3_line(15+11*ii, 88, 104-11*ii, 150, RGB15(0, jj, jj));
}
while(1);
return 0;
}
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#define M4_WIDTH
240
u16 *vid_page= vid_mem;
// Width in mode 4
// Point to current frame buffer
INLINE void m4_plot(int x, int y, u8 clrid)
{
u16 *dst= &vid_page[(y*M4_WIDTH+x)/2]; // Division by 2 due to u8/u16 pointer mismatch!
if(x&1)
*dst= (*dst& 0xFF) | (clrid<<8);
// odd pixel
else
*dst= (*dst&~0xFF) | clrid;
// even pixel
}
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Th
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tREG_DISPCNT{
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u16 *vid_flip()
{
// toggle the write_buffer's page
vid_page= (u16*)((u32)vid_page ^ VID_FLIP);
REG_DISPCNT ^= DCNT_PAGE;
// update control register
return vid_page;
}
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#include <string.h>
#include <toolbox.h>
#include "page_pic.h"
void load_gfx()
{
int ii;
// (1) Because my bitmaps here don't fit the screen size,
// I'll have to load them one scanlline at a time
for(ii=0; ii<16; ii++)
{
memcpy(&vid_mem_front[ii*120], &frontBitmap[ii*144/4], 144);
memcpy(&vid_mem_back[ii*120], &backBitmap[ii*144/4], 144);
}
// (2) You don't have to do everything with memcpy.
// In fact, for small blocks it might be better if you didn't.
// Just mind your types, though. No sense in copying from a 32bit
// array to a 16bit one.
u32 *dst= (u32*)pal_bg_mem;
dst[ii]= frontPal[ii];
}
int main()
{
int ii=0;
load_gfx();
// Set video mode to 4 (8bpp, 2 pages)
while(1)
{
while(KEY_DOWN_NOW(KEY_START)); // pause with start
vid_vsync();
// (3) Count 60 frames, then flip pages
if(++ii == 60)
{
ii=0;
vid_flip();
}
}
return 0;
}
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47/331
28-03-13
Bitmap conversion via CLI
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# gfx2gba
# mode 3, 5 (C array; u16 foo_Bitmap[]; foo.raw.c)
gfx2gba -fsrc -c32k foo.bmp
# mode 4 (C array u8 foo_Bitmap[], u16 master_Palette[]; foo.raw.c, mastel.pal.c)
gfx2gba -fsrc -c256 foo.bmp
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# mode 3, 5 (C array; u32 fooBitmap[]; foo.c foo.h)
grit foo.bmp -gb -gB16
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grit foo.bmp -gb -gB8
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//======================================================================
//
// modes, 240x160@16,
// + bitmap not compressed
// Total size: 76800 = 76800
//
// Time-stamp: 2005-12-24, 18:13:22
// Exported by Cearn's Usenti v1.7.1
// (comments, kudos, flames to "[email protected]")
//
//======================================================================
const unsigned int modesBitmap[19200]=
{
0x7FE003E0,0x7FE07FE0,0x7FE07FE0,0x7FE07FE0,0x7FE07FE0,0x7FE07FE0,0x7FE07FE0,0x7FE07FE0,
0x080F080F,0x080F080F,0x080F080F,0x080F080F,0x080F080F,0x080F080F,0x080F080F,0x080F080F,
// ...
// over 2500 more lines like this
// ...
0x7FE07FE0,0x7FE07FE0,0x7FE07FE0,0x7FE07FE0,0x7FE07FE0,0x7FE07FE0,0x7FE07FE0,0x7FE07FE0,
};
const unsigned int modesPal[8]=
{
0x7FE07C1F,0x03FF0505,0x03E00505,0x7C000000,0x0000080F,0x00000000,0x00000000,0x080F0000,
};
48/331
28-03-13
Th
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// one byte, one word, one halfword. 7 byte struct?
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struct FOO
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// Define a FOO array
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{
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// In memory. 4x12 bytes.
// 10 00 00 00 | 11 12 13 14 | 15 16 00 00
// 20 00 00 00 | 21 22 23 24 | 25 26 00 00
// 30 00 00 00 | 31 32 33 34 | 35 36 00 00
// 40 00 00 00 | 41 42 43 44 | 45 46 00 00
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#define ALIGN(n)
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const u8 array[256] ALIGN(4) = {...};
typedef struct FOO {...} ALIGN(4) FOO;
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struct FOO {...} PACKED;
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l
e
t
t
ec
o
n
t
r
o
l
o
p
t
i
o
n
s
,
a
n
dt
i
l
i
n
g
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
s
,
b
u
tab
u
i
l
t
i
nGBAg
r
a
p
h
i
c
se
x
p
o
r
t
e
ra
swe
l
l
.Toma
k
et
h
eb
a
c
k
g
r
o
u
n
db
et
h
es
a
mec
o
l
o
ri
na
l
l
mo
d
e
s
,
t
h
et
wob
y
t
e
so
ft
h
e
1
6
b
i
tb
a
c
k
g
r
o
u
n
dc
o
l
o
ro
fmo
d
e
s3a
n
d5h
a
dt
os
e
r
v
ea
sp
a
l
e
t
t
ee
n
t
r
i
e
sf
o
rmo
d
e4
,
b
o
t
hu
s
i
n
gt
h
a
t1
6
b
i
tc
o
l
o
ra
g
a
i
n
.I
nt
h
i
sc
a
s
e
,
t
h
e
c
o
l
o
ri
s0x080F,
s
o
r
to
fab
r
o
wn
i
s
hc
o
l
o
r
.Th
eb
y
t
e
sa
r
e8a
n
d1
5
,
s
ot
h
a
t
'
st
h
ep
a
l
e
t
t
ee
n
t
r
i
e
swh
e
r
et
h
ec
o
l
o
rg
o
e
st
o
o
.No
r
ma
l
l
yy
o
u
d
o
n
'
th
a
v
et
owo
r
r
ya
b
o
u
ts
wi
t
c
h
i
n
gb
i
t
d
e
p
t
h
smi
d
g
a
me
,
b
u
tk
n
o
wi
n
gh
o
wt
or
e
a
dd
a
t
al
i
k
et
h
i
si
sau
s
e
f
u
l
d
e
b
u
g
g
i
n
gs
k
i
l
l
.
#include <string.h>
#include "modes.h"
int main()
{
int mode= 3;
REG_DISPCNT= mode | DCNT_BG2;
// Copy the data and palette to the right
// addresses
memcpy(vid_mem, modesBitmap, modesBitmapLen);
memcpy(pal_bg_mem, modesPal, modesPalLen);
while(1)
{
// Wait till VBlank before doing anything
vid_vsync();
// Check keys for mode change
key_poll();
if(key_hit(KEY_LEFT) && mode>3)
mode--;
else if(key_hit(KEY_RIGHT) && mode<5)
mode++;
// Change the mode
REG_DISPCNT= mode | DCNT_BG2;
}
return 0;
}
55/331
28-03-13
Fig 5.7a:
bm_modesi
nmo
d
e3
.
Fig 5.7b:
bm_modesi
nmo
d
e4
.
Fig 5.7c:
bm_modesi
nmo
d
e5
.
Conclusions
No
wwe
'
v
es
e
e
ns
o
meo
ft
h
eb
a
s
i
c
so
ft
h
eGBAb
i
t
ma
pmo
d
e
s
:
t
h
ep
r
o
p
e
r
t
i
e
so
fmo
d
e
s3
,
4a
n
d5
,
p
a
g
ef
l
i
p
p
i
n
g
,
r
u
d
i
me
n
t
a
r
yd
r
a
wi
n
g
f
o
rmo
d
e3a
n
do
n
eo
ft
h
emo
s
ti
mp
o
r
t
a
n
tr
u
l
e
so
fVRAM i
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
:
y
o
uc
a
n
n
o
twr
i
t
et
oVRAM i
nb
y
t
e
s
.Th
e
r
ei
smu
c
hmo
r
et
h
a
t
c
a
nb
es
a
i
d
,
o
fc
o
u
r
s
e
.Bi
t
ma
pg
r
a
p
h
i
c
si
sar
i
c
hs
u
b
j
e
c
t
,
b
u
tg
o
i
n
gi
n
t
omo
r
ed
e
t
a
i
l
r
i
g
h
tn
o
wma
yn
o
tb
et
h
eb
e
s
ti
d
e
a
.Fo
ro
n
e
,
t
h
e
b
i
t
ma
pmo
d
e
sa
r
ev
e
r
yr
a
r
e
l
yu
s
e
di
ng
a
me
sa
n
y
wa
y
,
b
u
ta
l
s
ob
e
c
a
u
s
et
h
e
r
ea
r
eo
t
h
e
rt
h
i
n
g
st
ot
a
l
ka
b
o
u
ta
swe
l
l
.Th
i
n
g
sl
i
k
eb
u
t
t
o
n
i
n
p
u
t
,
wh
i
c
hi
swh
a
tt
h
en
e
x
tc
h
a
p
t
e
ri
sa
b
o
u
t
.
Th
i
sc
h
a
p
t
e
ra
l
s
od
i
s
c
u
s
s
e
daf
e
wt
h
i
n
g
sa
b
o
u
th
a
n
d
l
i
n
gd
a
t
a
,
av
e
r
yi
mp
o
r
t
a
n
tt
o
p
i
cwh
e
ny
o
u
'
r
et
h
i
sc
l
o
s
et
ot
h
eh
a
r
d
wa
r
e
.
Da
t
a
t
y
p
e
sma
t
t
e
r
,
e
s
p
e
c
i
a
l
l
ywh
e
na
c
c
e
s
s
i
n
gme
mo
r
yt
h
r
o
u
g
hp
o
i
n
t
e
r
s
,
a
n
dy
o
un
e
e
dt
ob
ea
wa
r
eo
ft
h
ed
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
sb
e
t
we
e
nt
h
e
m,
a
n
d
t
h
eo
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
i
t
i
e
sa
n
dd
a
n
g
e
r
so
fe
a
c
h
.Ev
e
ni
fy
o
ud
o
n
'
tr
e
me
mb
e
re
v
e
r
yl
i
t
t
l
ed
e
t
a
i
l
i
nt
h
ed
a
t
as
e
c
t
i
o
n
,
a
tl
e
a
s
tr
e
me
mb
e
rwh
e
r
et
ol
o
o
k
wh
e
nt
h
i
n
g
sg
os
c
r
e
wy
.
Be
f
o
r
ec
o
n
t
i
n
u
i
n
gwi
t
hf
u
r
t
h
e
rc
h
a
p
t
e
r
s
,
t
h
i
sma
yb
eag
o
o
dt
i
met
od
os
o
mee
x
p
e
r
i
me
n
t
i
n
gwi
t
hd
a
t
a
:
t
r
yc
h
a
n
g
i
n
gt
h
ed
a
t
aa
r
r
a
y
s
a
n
ds
e
ewh
a
th
a
p
p
e
n
s
.Lo
o
ka
tt
h
ed
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
td
a
t
ai
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
tc
a
s
t
s
,
a
n
dma
y
b
es
o
mei
n
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
l
e
r
r
o
r
sa
swe
l
l
,
j
u
s
tt
os
e
e
wh
a
tk
i
n
d
so
fp
r
o
b
l
e
msy
o
umi
g
h
tf
a
c
ea
ts
o
mep
o
i
n
t
.I
t
'
sb
e
t
t
e
rt
oma
k
emi
s
t
a
k
e
se
a
r
l
y
,
wh
i
l
ep
r
o
g
r
a
msa
r
es
t
i
l
l
s
h
o
r
ta
n
ds
i
mp
l
ea
n
d
y
o
uh
a
v
el
e
s
sp
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
p
r
o
b
l
e
ms
.
Orn
o
t
,
o
fc
o
u
r
s
e:P.Ma
y
b
ei
t
'
swo
r
t
hwa
i
t
i
n
gal
i
t
t
l
el
o
n
g
e
rwi
t
ht
h
a
t
;o
ra
tl
e
a
s
tu
n
t
i
l
we
'
v
ec
o
v
e
r
e
db
a
s
i
ci
n
p
u
t
,
wh
i
c
ha
l
l
o
wsf
o
rmu
c
h
mo
r
ei
n
t
e
r
e
s
t
i
n
gt
h
i
n
g
st
h
a
nj
u
s
tp
a
s
s
i
v
ei
ma
g
e
s
.
56/331
28-03-13
6. The GBA buttons (a.k.a. keys)
I
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
Ke
yr
e
g
i
s
t
e
r
s
.
Be
y
o
n
db
a
s
i
cb
u
t
t
o
ns
t
a
t
e
s
.
As
i
mp
l
ek
e
yd
e
mo
.
6.1. Introduction
Asy
o
un
od
o
u
b
ta
l
r
e
a
d
yk
n
o
w,
t
h
eGBAh
a
so
n
e4
wa
yd
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
p
a
d(
Dp
a
d
)
;t
woc
o
n
t
r
o
l
b
u
t
t
o
n
s(
Se
l
e
c
ta
n
dSt
a
r
t
)
;t
wor
e
g
u
l
a
rf
i
r
e
b
u
t
t
o
n
s(
Aa
n
dB)a
n
dt
wos
h
o
u
l
d
e
rb
u
t
t
o
n
s(
La
n
dR)
,
ma
k
i
n
gat
o
t
a
l
o
f1
0keys.Th
i
si
sa
l
l
y
o
uh
a
v
ei
nt
e
r
mso
fu
s
e
r
GBAi
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
,
a
n
df
o
rmo
s
tp
u
r
p
o
s
e
si
ti
sp
l
e
n
t
y
.Th
ep
r
i
n
c
i
p
l
e
so
fk
e
y
h
a
n
d
l
i
n
ga
r
ep
r
e
t
t
ys
i
mp
l
e
:
y
o
uh
a
v
eo
n
er
e
g
i
s
t
e
rwi
t
ht
h
ek
e
y
s
t
a
t
e
sa
n
dy
o
us
e
e
wh
i
c
hb
u
t
t
o
n
sa
r
ep
r
e
s
s
e
db
a
s
e
do
nwh
e
t
h
e
ri
t
sb
i
t
sa
r
es
e
to
rc
l
e
a
r
e
d
.Iwi
l
l
c
o
v
e
rt
h
i
s
,
b
u
tI
'
l
l
a
l
s
og
i
v
es
o
memo
r
ea
d
v
a
n
c
e
df
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
s
t
h
a
ty
o
uwi
l
l
p
r
o
b
a
b
l
ywa
n
tt
oh
a
v
ea
ts
o
mep
o
i
n
t
.
6.2. Keypad registers
6.2.1. The keypad register, REG_KEYINPUT
Ass
a
i
d
,
t
h
eGBAh
a
st
e
nb
u
t
t
o
n
s
,
o
f
t
e
nr
e
f
e
r
r
e
dt
oa
sk
e
y
s
.Th
e
i
rs
t
a
t
e
sc
a
nb
ef
o
u
n
di
nt
h
ef
i
r
s
t1
0b
i
t
so
ft
h
eREG_KEYINPUT
r
e
g
i
s
t
e
ra
tl
o
c
a
t
i
o
n0400:0130h(
a
.
k
.
a
.REG_P1)
.Th
ee
x
a
c
tl
a
y
o
u
ti
ss
h
o
wnb
e
l
o
w.Iwi
l
l
r
e
f
r
a
i
nf
r
o
mg
i
v
i
n
gab
i
t
b
y
b
i
td
e
s
c
r
i
p
t
i
o
n
b
e
c
a
u
s
ei
ts
h
o
u
l
db
eq
u
i
t
eo
b
v
i
o
u
s
.Th
en
a
me
so
ft
h
ed
e
f
i
n
e
dc
o
n
s
t
a
n
t
sIu
s
ea
r
e"
KEY_x"
,
wh
e
r
ex i
st
h
en
a
meo
ft
h
eb
u
t
t
o
n
,
i
nc
a
p
s
.
REG_KEYINPUT (REG_P1) @ 0400:0130h
FEDCBA 9 8
-
7
6
5
4
3
2
1 0
L R down up left right start select B A
Ch
e
c
k
i
n
gwh
e
t
h
e
rak
e
yi
sp
r
e
s
s
e
d(
d
o
wn
)o
rn
o
two
u
l
db
eo
b
v
i
o
u
s
,
i
fi
twe
r
e
n
'
tf
o
ro
n
el
i
t
t
l
ed
e
t
a
i
l
:
t
h
eb
i
t
sa
r
ecleare
dwh
e
nak
e
yi
s
d
o
wn
.Sot
h
ed
e
f
a
u
l
ts
t
a
t
eo
fREG_KEYINPUTi
s0x03FF,
a
n
dn
o
t0.Ass
u
c
h
,
c
h
e
c
k
i
n
gi
fkeyi
sd
o
wng
o
e
sl
i
k
et
h
i
s
:
#define KEY_DOWN_NOW(key) (~(REG_KEYINPUT) & key)
I
nc
a
s
ey
o
u
rb
i
t
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
nk
n
o
wl
e
d
g
ei
sab
i
th
a
z
y(
g
e
ti
tc
l
e
a
r
e
du
p
.Fa
s
t
!
)
,
t
h
i
sf
i
r
s
ti
n
v
e
r
t
sREG_KEYINPUTt
oamo
r
ei
n
t
u
i
t
i
v
e(
a
n
d
u
s
e
f
u
l
)‘
b
i
ti
ss
e
twh
e
nd
o
wn
’s
e
t
t
i
n
ga
n
dt
h
e
nma
s
k
si
twi
t
ht
h
ek
e
y
(
s
)y
o
uwa
n
tt
oc
h
e
c
k
.No
t
et
h
a
tkeyc
a
ni
nf
a
c
tb
eac
o
mb
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
o
fmu
l
t
i
p
l
ek
e
y
sa
n
dt
h
er
e
s
u
l
twi
l
l
b
et
h
ec
o
mb
i
n
a
t
i
o
no
fk
e
y
st
h
a
ta
r
ea
c
t
u
a
l
l
yd
o
wn
.
Key states are inverted
Th
ek
e
yb
i
t
sa
r
el
o
wa
c
t
i
v
e
,
me
a
n
i
n
gt
h
a
tt
h
e
ya
r
ecleared wh
e
nab
u
t
t
o
ni
sp
r
e
s
s
e
da
n
dset wh
e
nt
h
e
y
'
r
en
o
t
.Th
i
sma
yb
e
al
i
t
t
l
ec
o
u
n
t
e
r
i
n
t
u
i
t
i
v
e
,
b
u
tt
h
a
t
'
st
h
ewa
yi
ti
s
.
6.2.2. The key control register, REG_KEYCNT
J
u
s
ta
b
o
u
te
v
e
r
y
t
h
i
n
gy
o
uwi
l
l
e
v
e
rn
e
e
di
nt
e
r
mso
fk
e
y
h
a
n
d
l
i
n
gc
a
nb
ed
o
n
ewi
t
hREG_KEYINPUT.Th
a
ts
a
i
d
,
y
o
umi
g
h
tl
i
k
et
ok
n
o
w
t
h
e
r
ei
sa
n
o
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// === (tonc_core.c) ==================================================
// Globals to hold the key state
u16 __key_curr=0, __key_prev=0;
// === (tonc_input.h) =================================================
extern u16 __key_curr, __key_prev;
#define KEY_A
#define KEY_B
#define KEY_SELECT
#define KEY_START
#define KEY_RIGHT
#define KEY_LEFT
#define KEY_UP
#define KEY_DOWN
#define KEY_R
#define KEY_L
0x0001
0x0002
0x0004
0x0008
0x0010
0x0020
0x0040
0x0080
0x0100
0x0200
#define KEY_MASK
0x03FF
// Polling function
INLINE void key_poll()
{
__key_prev= __key_curr;
__key_curr= ~REG_KEYINPUT & KEY_MASK;
}
// Basic state checks
INLINE u32 key_curr_state()
INLINE u32 key_prev_state()
INLINE u32 key_is_down(u32 key)
INLINE u32 key_is_up(u32 key)
INLINE u32 key_was_down(u32 key)
INLINE u32 key_was_up(u32 key)
{
{
{
{
{
{
return __key_curr;
return __key_prev;
return __key_curr & key;
return ~__key_curr & key;
return __key_prev & key;
return ~__key_prev & key;
}
}
}
}
}
}
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58/331
28-03-13
Invert REG_KEYINPUT reads as soon as possible
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// Transitional state checks.
// Key is changing state.
INLINE u32 key_transit(u32 key)
{ return ( __key_curr ^ __key_prev) & key;
}
// Key is held (down now and before).
INLINE u32 key_held(u32 key)
{ return ( __key_curr & __key_prev) & key; }
// Key is being hit (down now, but not before).
INLINE u32 key_hit(u32 key)
{ return ( __key_curr &~ __key_prev) & key; }
Key is being released (up now but down before)
INLINE u32 key_released(u32 key)
{ return (~__key_curr & __key_prev) & key; }
6.3.3. Key tribool states
Th
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// variable x, speed dx
if(key_is_down(KEY_RIGHT))
x += dx;
else if(key_is_down(KEY_LEFT))
x -= dx;
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x += DX*key_tri_horz();
Is
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// === (tonc_core.h) ==================================================
// tribool: 1 if {plus} on, -1 if {minus} on, 0 if {plus}=={minus}
INLINE int bit_tribool(u32 x, int plus, int minus)
{ return ((x>>plus)&1) - ((x>>minus)&1); }
// === (tonc_input.h) =================================================
enum eKeyIndex
{
59/331
28-03-13
KI_A=0, KI_B, KI_SELECT, KI_START,
KI_RIGHT, KI_LEFT, KI_UP, KI_DOWN,
KI_R, KI_L, KI_MAX
};
// --- TRISTATES --INLINE int key_tri_horz()
// right/left : +/{ return bit_tribool(__key_curr, KI_RIGHT, KI_LEFT); }
INLINE int key_tri_vert()
// down/up : +/{ return bit_tribool(__key_curr, KI_DOWN, KI_UP);
}
INLINE int key_tri_shoulder() // R/L : +/{ return bit_tribool(__key_curr, KI_R, KI_L);
}
INLINE int key_tri_fire()
// B/A : -/+
{ return bit_tribool(__key_curr, KI_A, KI_B);
}
Th
ei
n
l
i
n
ef
u
n
c
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o
nbit_tribool()c
r
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s
:
// increase/decrease x on a right/left hit
x += DX*bit_tribool(key_hit(-1), KI_RIGHT, KI_LEFT);
I
t
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6.4. A simple key demo
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a
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e
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:
#include <string.h>
#include "input.h"
Fig 6.1:
k
e
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n
s
h
o
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l
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.
#include "gba_pic.h"
#define BTN_PAL_ID 5
#define CLR_UP RGB15(27,27,29)
int main()
{
int ii;
u32 btn;
COLOR clr;
int frame=0;
memcpy(vid_mem, gba_picBitmap, gba_picBitmapLen);
memcpy(pal_bg_mem, gba_picPal, gba_picPalLen);
while(1)
{
vid_vsync();
// slowing down polling to make the changes visible
if((frame & 7) == 0)
key_poll();
// check state of each button
for(ii=0; ii<KI_MAX; ii++)
{
clr=0;
60/331
28-03-13
btn= 1<<ii;
if(key_hit(btn))
clr= CLR_RED;
else if(key_released(btn))
clr= CLR_YELLOW;
else if(key_held(btn))
clr= CLR_LIME;
else
clr= CLR_UP;
pal_bg_mem[BTN_PAL_ID+ii]= clr;
}
frame++;
}
return 0;
}
BTN_PAL_IDi
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28-03-13
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// tile 8x8@4bpp: 32bytes; 8 ints
typedef struct { u32 data[8]; } TILE, TILE4;
// d-tile: double-sized tile (8bpp)
typedef struct { u32 data[16]; } TILE8;
// tile block: 32x16 tiles, 16x16 d-tiles
typedef TILE CHARBLOCK[512];
typedef TILE8 CHARBLOCK8[256];
#define tile_mem ( (CHARBLOCK*)0x06000000)
#define tile8_mem ((CHARBLOCK8*)0x06000000)
//In code somewhere
TILE *ptr= &tile_mem[4][12];
// block 4 (== lower object block), tile 12
// Copy a tile from data to sprite-mem, tile 12
tile_mem[4][12] = *(TILE*)spriteData;
64/331
28-03-13
7.4.3. Palettes and tile colors
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t
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xf
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a
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n4
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o
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y
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n
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x
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h
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h
epalbank i
n
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ne
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nt
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i
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e
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)
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c
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c
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n
dt
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et
r
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c
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s
s
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e
,
i
ti
sessential t
h
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ty
o
u
rb
i
t
ma
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n
o
wf
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r
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o
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a
l
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n
c
et
h
a
tMSPa
i
n
ta
n
dt
h
eVi
s
u
a
l
Cb
i
t
ma
pe
d
i
t
o
rd
o
n
'
t
,
s
oy
o
umi
g
h
twa
n
tt
ou
s
es
o
me
t
h
i
n
ge
l
s
e
.Fa
v
o
r
i
t
e
sa
mo
n
go
t
h
e
r
GBAd
e
v
e
l
o
p
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r
sa
r
eGr
a
p
h
i
c
sGa
l
ea
n
dGI
MP.Ofc
o
u
r
s
e
,
s
i
n
c
eIh
a
v
emymyo
wnb
i
t
ma
pe
d
i
t
o
r
,
Ip
r
e
f
e
rt
ou
s
et
h
a
t
.
7.5. Summary
Th
i
si
sas
h
o
r
tl
i
s
to
fv
a
r
i
o
u
sa
t
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
so
fs
p
r
i
t
e
sa
n
db
a
c
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
.I
t
'
sa
l
r
i
g
h
ti
fy
o
ud
o
n
'
tu
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
di
tr
i
g
h
ta
wa
y
;I
'
l
l
e
x
p
l
a
i
ni
nmo
r
e
d
e
t
a
i
l
i
nt
h
ef
o
l
l
o
wi
n
gp
a
g
e
s
.
Subject
Backgrounds
Sprites
Nu
mb
e
r
4(
2a
f
f
i
n
e
)
1
2
8(
3
2a
f
f
i
n
e
)
Ma
xs
i
z
e
reg:
5
1
2
x
5
1
2
aff:
1
0
2
4
x
1
0
2
4
6
4
x
6
4
Co
n
t
r
o
l
REG_BGxCNT
OAM
Ba
s
et
i
l
eb
l
o
c
k
0
3
4
Av
a
i
l
a
b
l
et
i
l
e
sids
reg:
0
1
0
2
3
aff:
0
2
5
5
modes 0-2:
0
1
0
2
3
modes 3-5:
5
1
2
1
0
2
3
Ti
l
eme
mo
r
yo
f
f
s
e
t
s
Pe
rt
i
l
es
i
z
e
:
4bpp:
s
t
a
r
t
=b
a
s
e+
id*
3
2
8bpp:
s
t
a
r
t
=b
a
s
e+
id*
6
4
Al
wa
y
sp
e
r4
b
p
pt
i
l
es
i
z
e
:
s
t
a
r
t
=b
a
s
e+id*
3
2
Ma
p
p
i
n
g
I
fas
p
r
i
t
ei
sm × n t
i
l
e
si
ns
i
z
e
:
reg:
t
h
ef
u
l
l
ma
pi
s
d
i
v
i
d
e
di
n
t
oma
p
b
l
o
c
k
s 1D mapping:
t
h
em*n s
u
c
c
e
s
s
i
v
et
i
l
e
s
o
f3
2
×3
2t
e
g
e
l
s
.
a
r
eu
s
e
d
,
s
t
a
r
t
i
n
ga
tid
(
b
a
n
k
e
dma
p
)
2D mapping:
t
i
l
e
b
l
o
c
k
sa
r
e3
2
×3
2
aff:
o
n
ema
t
r
i
xo
ft
e
g
e
l
s
,ma
t
r
i
c
e
s
;t
h
eu
s
e
dt
i
l
e
sa
r
et
h
en
j
u
s
tl
i
k
ean
o
r
ma
l
b
i
t
ma
pc
o
l
u
mn
so
ft
h
em r
o
wso
ft
h
ema
t
r
i
x
,
(
f
l
a
tma
p
)
s
t
a
r
t
i
n
ga
tid.
Fl
i
p
p
i
n
g
Ea
c
ht
i
l
ec
a
nb
ef
l
i
p
p
e
d
Fl
i
p
st
h
ewh
o
l
es
p
r
i
t
e
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
l
y
Pa
l
e
t
t
e
0500:0000h
0500:0200h
7.6. What's in a name?
We
l
l
,
s
i
n
c
ey
o
ua
r
eap
r
o
g
r
a
mme
ry
o
us
h
o
u
l
dk
n
o
wt
h
ea
n
s
we
r
:
p
l
e
n
t
y
.I
fy
o
ud
i
s
a
g
r
e
e
,
v
i
s
i
tt
h
eHo
wToWr
i
t
eUn
ma
i
n
t
a
n
a
b
l
eCo
d
e
we
b
s
i
t
ea
n
dl
o
o
ka
tan
u
mb
e
ro
ft
h
e
i
re
n
t
r
i
e
s
.Myn
a
mi
n
gs
c
h
e
mei
sab
i
td
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
tf
r
o
mt
h
a
to
ft
h
eGBAc
o
mmu
n
i
t
y
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o
n
'
td
ot
h
i
sj
u
s
t
b
e
c
a
u
s
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e
e
l
l
i
k
eb
e
i
n
gc
o
n
t
r
a
r
y
.If
i
n
ds
o
meo
ft
h
ec
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
l
n
a
me
sa
r
ei
n
c
o
mp
l
e
t
e
,
mi
s
l
e
a
d
i
n
ga
n
da
mb
i
g
u
o
u
s
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e
e
l
l
i
t
t
l
en
e
e
d
,
a
t
l
e
a
s
ta
tp
r
e
s
e
n
t
,
t
of
o
l
l
o
wt
r
a
d
i
t
i
o
ns
i
mp
l
yb
e
c
a
u
s
ee
v
e
r
y
o
n
ee
l
s
ed
o
e
s
.Bu
ty
o
us
t
i
l
l
n
e
e
dt
ok
n
o
wt
h
et
r
a
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
n
a
me
s
,
s
i
mp
l
yb
e
c
a
u
s
e
e
v
e
r
y
o
n
ee
l
s
ed
o
e
s
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e
r
e
'
sal
i
s
to
fd
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
si
nn
a
me
s
.
Subject
Traditional
Tonc
Sp
r
i
t
ea
n
db
gi
ma
g
ed
a
t
a
t
i
l
e
s
t
i
l
e
s
Ti
l
e
ma
pe
n
t
r
i
e
s
t
i
l
e
s(
c
a
ny
o
uf
e
e
l
t
h
ec
o
n
f
u
s
i
o
n
?
)
s
c
r
e
e
n
b
l
o
c
k
e
n
t
r
i
e
s/SE
Ma
t
r
i
xf
o
rt
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
n
s Ro
t
/
Sc
a
l
ema
t
r
i
x
a
f
f
i
n
ema
t
r
i
x/P
Sp
r
i
t
et
y
p
e
s
?
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sRo
t
/
Sc
a
l
e
r
e
g
u
l
a
rv
sa
f
f
i
n
e
Ba
c
k
g
r
o
u
n
dt
y
p
e
s
t
e
x
tv
sr
o
t
r
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g
u
l
a
rv
sa
f
f
i
n
e
De
p
o
s
i
t
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oam_mem
65/331
28-03-13
66/331
28-03-13
8. Regular sprites
Sp
r
i
t
ei
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
.
Sp
r
i
t
ei
ma
g
ed
a
t
aa
n
dma
p
p
i
n
gmo
d
e
.
Sp
r
i
t
ec
o
n
t
r
o
l
:
Ob
j
e
c
tAt
t
r
i
b
u
t
eMe
mo
r
y
.
Ob
j
e
c
ta
t
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
s
:
OBJ
_ATTR.
Bi
t
f
i
e
l
dma
c
r
o
s(
OAM o
ro
t
h
e
r
wi
s
e
)
.
De
mot
i
me
.
8.1. Sprite introduction
Ac
c
o
r
d
i
n
gt
oWe
b
s
t
e
r
'
s
,
as
p
r
i
t
ei
s“
a
ni
ma
g
i
n
a
r
yb
e
i
n
go
rs
p
i
r
i
t
,
a
saf
a
i
r
y
,
e
l
f
,
o
rg
o
b
l
i
n
”
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g
h
t
,
g
l
a
dt
h
a
t
'
sc
l
e
a
r
e
du
p
.
Fo
rg
a
me
s
,
t
h
o
u
g
h
,
wh
e
nr
e
f
e
r
r
i
n
gt
oas
p
r
i
t
eo
n
ei
su
s
u
a
l
l
yt
a
l
k
i
n
ga
b
o
u
t“
a[
s
ma
l
l
]a
n
i
ma
t
e
do
b
j
e
c
tt
h
a
tc
a
nmo
v
ef
r
e
e
l
y
f
r
o
mt
h
eb
a
c
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
”(
PERN)
.Pr
i
ma
r
ye
x
a
mp
l
e
sa
r
eg
a
mec
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
s
,
b
u
ts
t
a
t
u
so
b
j
e
c
t
sl
i
k
es
c
o
r
e
sa
n
dl
i
f
eb
a
r
sa
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o
f
t
e
ns
p
r
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t
e
sa
swe
l
l
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g8
.
1o
nt
h
er
i
g
h
ts
h
o
wsas
p
r
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t
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fe
v
e
r
y
b
o
d
y
'
sf
a
v
o
r
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t
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a
mp
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r
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e
l
l
y
f
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s
h
,
t
h
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t
r
o
i
d
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l
l
u
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e
t
h
i
ss
p
r
i
t
ei
nt
h
ed
e
moa
tt
h
ee
n
do
ft
h
i
sc
h
a
p
t
e
r
.
Fig 8.1.
Me
t
r
o
i
d
.
Ra
wr
.
Sp
r
i
t
e
sa
r
eal
i
t
t
l
et
r
i
c
k
i
e
rt
ou
s
et
h
a
nab
i
t
ma
pb
a
c
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
,
b
u
tn
o
tb
ymu
c
h
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uj
u
s
th
a
v
et
op
a
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i
t
t
l
emo
r
ea
t
t
e
n
t
i
o
nt
o
wh
a
ty
o
u
'
r
ed
o
i
n
g
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rs
t
a
r
t
e
r
s
,
t
h
eg
r
a
p
h
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c
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a
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r
o
u
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x
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s
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u
r
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rg
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p
h
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t
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nd
o
t
h
a
t
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i
d
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r
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mt
h
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v
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o
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sa
c
t
i
o
n
ss
u
c
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n
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b
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i
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gs
p
r
i
t
e
si
nt
h
ed
i
s
p
l
a
yc
o
n
t
r
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l
a
n
dl
o
a
d
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n
gu
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h
eg
r
a
p
h
i
c
sa
n
dp
a
l
e
t
t
e
,
y
o
ua
l
s
oh
a
v
e
t
os
e
t
u
pt
h
ea
t
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
so
ft
h
es
p
r
i
t
e
sc
o
r
r
e
c
t
l
yi
nOAM.Mi
s
sa
n
yo
ft
h
e
s
es
t
e
p
sa
n
dy
o
u
'
l
l
s
e
en
o
t
h
i
n
g
.Th
e
s
et
h
i
n
g
sa
n
dmo
r
ewi
l
l
b
e
c
o
v
e
r
e
di
nt
h
i
sc
h
a
p
t
e
r
.
Essential Sprite Steps
Th
e
r
ea
r
e3t
h
i
n
g
st
h
a
ty
o
uh
a
v
et
od
or
i
g
h
tt
og
e
ts
p
r
i
t
e
st
os
h
o
wu
p
:
Lo
a
dt
h
eg
r
a
p
h
i
c
sa
n
dp
a
l
e
t
t
ei
n
t
oo
b
j
e
c
tVRAM a
n
dp
a
l
e
t
t
e
.
Se
ta
t
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
si
nOAM t
ou
s
et
h
ea
p
p
r
o
p
r
i
a
t
et
i
l
e
sa
n
ds
e
tt
h
er
i
g
h
ts
i
z
e
.
Swi
t
c
ho
no
b
j
e
c
t
si
nREG_DI
SPCNT,
a
n
ds
e
tt
h
ema
p
p
i
n
gmo
d
et
h
e
r
et
o
o
.
Sprites aren't objects
Ors
o
me
t
h
i
n
gl
i
k
et
h
a
t
.Ik
n
o
wi
ts
o
u
n
d
swe
i
r
d
,
b
u
tt
h
emo
r
eIt
h
i
n
ka
b
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4bpp tile
8bpp tile
0
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1
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Table 8.1:
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Object data conversion via CLI
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# gfx2gba
# 4x 16x16@4 objects (C array; u8 foo_Bitmap[], u16 master_Palette[]; foo.raw.c, master.pal.c)
gfx2gba -fsrc -c16 -t8 [-T32] foo.bmp
# grit
# 4x 16x16@4 objects (C array; u32 fooTiles[], u16 fooPal[]; foo.c, foo.h)
grit foo.bmp -gB4 [-Mw 2 -Mh 2]
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typedef struct tagOBJ_ATTR
{
u16 attr0;
u16 attr1;
u16 attr2;
s16 fill;
} ALIGN4 OBJ_ATTR;
typedef struct OBJ_AFFINE
{
u16 fill0[3];
s16 pa;
u16 fill1[3];
s16 pb;
u16 fill2[3];
s16 pc;
u16 fill3[3];
s16 pd;
} ALIGN4 OBJ_AFFINE;
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28-03-13
mem (u16)
OBJ_ATTR
0
3 4
012
OBJ_AFFINE
7 8
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pa
b
c
012
pb
f
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pc
pd
Table 8.2: memory interlace of OBJ_ATTR and OBJ_AFFINE
structures.
Force alignment on OBJ_ATTRs
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OBJ_ATTR.attr0
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// The 'ATTR2_ID#' from the attr2 list means these 3 #defines exist
#define ATTR2_ID_MASK
0x03FF
#define ATTR2_ID_SHIFT
0
#define ATTR2_ID(n)
((n)<<ATTR2_ID_SHIFT)
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// bit field set and get routines
#define BF_PREP(x, name)
( ((x)<<name##_SHIFT)& name##_MASK )
#define BF_GET(x, name)
( ((x) & name##_MASK)>> name##_SHIFT )
#define BF_SET(y, x, name)
(y = ((y)&~name##_MASK) | BF_PREP(x,name) )
#define BF_PREP2(x, name)
#define BF_GET2(y, name)
#define BF_SET2(y, x, name)
( (x) & name##_MASK )
( (y) & name##_MASK )
(y = ((y)&~name##_MASK) | BF_PREP2(x, name) )
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// Create bitfield:
attr2 |= BF_PREP(id, ATTR0_SHAPE);
// becomes:
attr2 |= (id<<ATTR2_ID_SHIFT) & ATTR2_ID_MASK;
// Retrieve bitfield:
id= BF_GET(attr2, ATTR2_ID);
// becomes:
id= (attr2 & ATTR2_ID_MASK)>>ATTR2_ID_SHIFT;
// Insert bitfield:
BF_SET(attr2, id, ATTR2_ID);
// becomes:
attr2= (attr&~ATTR2_ID_MASK) | ((id<<ATTR2_ID_SHIFT) & ATTR2_ID_MASK);
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// Insert pre-shifted bitfield:
// BF_SET2(attr0, ATTR0_WIDE, ATTR0_SHAPE);
attr0= (attr0&~ATTR0_SHAPE_MASK) | (id & ATTR0_SHAPE_MASK);
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// Attribute 0
#define ATTR0_BUILD(y, shape, bpp, mode, mos, bld, win)
(
\
\
72/331
28-03-13
((y)&255) | (((mode)&3)<<8) | (((bld)&1)<<10) | (((win)&1)<<11) \
| (((mos)&1)<<12) | (((bpp)&8)<<10) | (((shape)&3)<<14)
\
)
// Attribute 1, regular sprites
#define ATTR1_BUILD_R(x, size, hflip, vflip)
\
( ((x)&511) | (((hflip)&1)<<12) | (((vflip)&1)<<13) | (((size)&3)<<14) )
// Attribute 1, affine sprites
#define ATTR1_BUILD_A(x, size, aff_id)
\
( ((x)&511) | (((aff_id)&31)<<9) | (((size)&3)<<14) )
Attribute 2
#define ATTR2_BUILD(id, pbank, prio)
\
( ((id)&0x3FF) | (((pbank)&15)<<12) | (((prio)&3)<<10) )
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// Excerpt from toolbox.h
void oam_init(OBJ_ATTR *obj, uint count);
void oam_copy(OBJ_ATTR *dst, const OBJ_ATTR *src, uint count);
INLINE OBJ_ATTR *obj_set_attr(OBJ_ATTR *obj, u16 a0, u16 a1, u16 a2);
INLINE void obj_set_pos(OBJ_ATTR *obj, int x, int y);
INLINE void obj_hide(OBJ_ATTR *oatr);
INLINE void obj_unhide(OBJ_ATTR *obj, u16 mode);
// === INLINES ========================================================
//! Set the attributes of an object.
INLINE OBJ_ATTR *obj_set_attr(OBJ_ATTR *obj, u16 a0, u16 a1, u16 a2)
{
obj->attr0= a0; obj->attr1= a1; obj->attr2= a2;
return obj;
}
//! Set the position of \a obj
INLINE void obj_set_pos(OBJ_ATTR *obj, int x, int y)
{
BF_SET(obj->attr0, y, ATTR0_Y);
BF_SET(obj->attr1, x, ATTR1_X);
}
//! Hide an object.
INLINE void obj_hide(OBJ_ATTR *obj)
{ BF_SET2(obj->attr0, ATTR0_HIDE, ATTR0_MODE);
//! Unhide an object.
INLINE void obj_unhide(OBJ_ATTR *obj, u16 mode)
{ BF_SET2(obj->attr0, mode, ATTR0_MODE);
}
}
73/331
28-03-13
// toolbox.c
void oam_init(OBJ_ATTR *obj, uint count)
{
u32 nn= count;
u32 *dst= (u32*)obj;
// Hide each object
while(nn--)
{
*dst++= ATTR0_HIDE;
*dst++= 0;
}
// init oam
oam_copy(oam_mem, obj, count);
}
void oam_copy(OBJ_ATTR *dst, const OBJ_ATTR *src, uint count)
{
// NOTE: while struct-copying is the Right Thing to do here,
// there's a strange bug in DKP that sometimes makes it not work
// If you see problems, just use the word-copy version.
#if 1
while(count--)
*dst++ = *src++;
#else
u32 *dstw= (u32*)dst, *srcw= (u32*)src;
while(count--)
{
*dstw++ = *srcw++;
*dstw++ = *srcw++;
}
#endif
}
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OBJ_AFFINE *obj_aff_buffer= (OBJ_AFFINE*)obj_buffer;
void obj_test()
{
int x= 96, y= 32;
u32 tid= 0, pb= 0;
// (3) tile id, pal-bank
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obj_set_attr(metr,
ATTR0_SQUARE,
// Square, regular sprite
74/331
28-03-13
ATTR1_SIZE_64,
ATTR2_PALBANK(pb) | tid);
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// palbank 0, tile 0
// (4) position sprite (redundant here; the _real_ position
// is set further down
obj_set_pos(metr, x, y);
while(1)
{
vid_vsync();
key_poll();
// (5) Do various interesting things
// move left/right
x += 2*key_tri_horz();
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y += 2*key_tri_vert();
// increment/decrement starting tile with R/L
tid += bit_tribool(key_hit(-1), KI_R, KI_L);
// flip
if(key_hit(KEY_A)) // horizontally
metr->attr1 ^= ATTR1_HFLIP;
if(key_hit(KEY_B)) // vertically
metr->attr1 ^= ATTR1_VFLIP;
// make it glow (via palette swapping)
pb= key_is_down(KEY_SELECT) ? 1 : 0;
// toggle mapping mode
if(key_hit(KEY_START))
REG_DISPCNT ^= DCNT_OBJ_1D;
// Hey look, it's one of them build macros!
metr->attr2= ATTR2_BUILD(tid, pb, 0);
oam_copy(oam_mem, obj_buffer, 1);
// (6) Update OAM (only one now)
}
}
int main()
{
// (1) Places the tiles of a 4bpp boxed metroid sprite
// into LOW obj memory (cbb == 4)
memcpy(&tile_mem[4][0], metr_boxTiles, metr_boxTilesLen);
memcpy(pal_obj_mem, metrPal, metrPalLen);
// (2) Initialize all sprites
oam_init(obj_buffer, 128);
REG_DISPCNT= DCNT_OBJ | DCNT_OBJ_1D;
obj_test();
while(1);
return 0;
}
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28-03-13
Mask your coordinates
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77/331
28-03-13
9. Regular tiled backgrounds
Ti
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28-03-13
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.
Memory
charblock
0600:0000 0600:4000 0600:8000 0600:C000
0
screenblock 0 …
1
2
3
7 8… 1
5 1
6… 2
32
4… 3
1
Table 9.1:
c
h
a
r
b
l
o
c
ka
n
ds
c
r
e
e
n
b
l
o
c
ko
v
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r
l
a
p.
Tiles vs ‘tiles’
Bo
t
ht
h
ee
n
t
r
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e
so
ft
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et
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ma
pa
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Lo
a
dt
h
eg
r
a
p
h
i
c
s
:
t
i
l
e
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n
t
oc
h
a
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r
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a
c
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n
dp
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l
e
t
t
e
.
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dama
pi
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t
oo
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eo
rmo
r
es
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n
b
l
o
c
k
s
.
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t
c
ht
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h
er
i
g
h
tmo
d
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n
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t
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t
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.
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n
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t
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a
l
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z
et
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tb
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c
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o
n
t
r
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l
r
e
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i
s
t
e
rt
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et
h
er
i
g
h
tCBB,
SBBa
n
db
i
t
d
e
p
t
h
.
9.2. Background control
9.2.1. Background types
J
u
s
tl
i
k
es
p
r
i
t
e
s
,
t
h
e
r
ea
r
et
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y
p
e
so
ft
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l
e
db
a
c
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
:
r
e
g
u
l
a
ra
n
da
f
f
i
n
e
;t
h
e
s
ea
r
ea
l
s
ok
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o
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st
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o
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n
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,
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e
c
t
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v
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y
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et
y
p
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ft
h
eb
a
c
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n
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e
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e
n
d
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d
e
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s
e
et
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e9
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2
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h
e
i
rc
o
r
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s
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b
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u
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ra
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f
f
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n
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c
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g
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n
d
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wo
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kt
h
es
a
mewa
y
:
y
o
uh
a
v
et
i
l
e
s
,
at
i
l
e
ma
pa
n
daf
e
wc
o
n
t
r
o
l
r
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g
i
s
t
e
r
s
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tt
h
a
t
'
swh
e
r
et
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r
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t
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f
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n
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a
c
k
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r
o
u
n
d
su
s
e
79/331
28-03-13
mo
r
ea
n
dd
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
tr
e
g
i
s
t
e
r
st
h
a
nr
e
g
u
l
a
ro
n
e
s
,
a
n
de
v
e
nt
h
ema
p
sa
r
ef
o
r
ma
t
t
e
dd
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
l
y
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i
sp
a
g
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n
l
yc
o
v
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r
st
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l
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'
l
l
l
e
a
v
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f
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n
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f
t
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rt
h
ep
a
g
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nt
h
ea
f
f
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n
ema
t
r
i
x
.
mode BG0 BG1 BG2 BG3
0
r
e
g r
e
g r
e
g r
e
g
1
r
e
g r
e
g a
f
f
2
-
-
-
a
f
f a
f
f
Table 9.2:
v
i
d
e
omo
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e
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n
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b
a
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dt
ype
9.2.2. Control registers
Al
l
b
a
c
k
g
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o
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d
sh
a
v
e3p
r
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r
yc
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i
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t
e
r
s
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ep
r
i
ma
r
yc
o
n
t
r
o
l
r
e
g
i
s
t
e
ri
sREG_BGxCNT,
wh
e
r
ex i
n
d
i
c
a
t
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g
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t
h
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o
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i
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e
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n
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e
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n
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e
g
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s
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r
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,
REG_BGxHOFSa
n
dREG_BGxVOFS.
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c
ho
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e
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sa1
6
i
tr
e
g
i
s
t
e
r
.REG_BG0CNTc
a
nb
ef
o
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n
da
t0400:0008,
wi
t
ht
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t
h
e
rc
o
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l
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g
h
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e
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n
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t
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eo
f
f
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e
t
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e
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e
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n
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n
a
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ep
a
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r
s
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e
s
es
t
a
r
ta
t0400:0010
Register
length
address
REG_BGxCNT 2
0
4
0
0
:
0
0
0
8
h+2
·
x
REG_BGxHOFS 2
0
4
0
0
:
0
0
1
0
h+4
·
x
REG_BGxVOFS 2
0
4
0
0
:
0
0
1
2
h+4
·
x
Table 9.3:
Ba
c
k
g
r
o
u
n
dr
e
g
i
s
t
e
ra
d
d
r
e
s
s
e
s
Th
ed
e
s
c
r
i
p
t
i
o
no
fREG_BGxCNTc
a
nb
ef
o
u
n
di
nt
a
b
l
e9
.
4
.Mo
s
to
fi
ti
sp
r
e
t
t
ys
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
,
e
x
c
e
p
tf
o
rt
h
es
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e
:
t
h
e
r
ea
r
ea
c
t
u
a
l
l
ytwo l
i
s
t
s
o
fp
o
s
s
i
b
l
es
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e
s
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n
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e
g
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l
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rma
p
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n
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ra
f
f
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n
ema
p
s
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eb
o
t
hu
s
et
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es
a
meb
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o
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et
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e
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l
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i
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er
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t#d
e
f
i
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e
s
.
REG_BGxCNT @ 0400:0008 + 2x
FE D CBA98 7
Sz Wr
SBB
6
54 32 10
CM Mos - CBB Pr
bits
name
define
description
0
1
Pr
BG_PRIO#
t
e
r
mi
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e
sd
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a
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n
go
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d
e
ro
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c
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o
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s
.
Priority.De
2
3
CBB
BG_CBB#
t
st
h
ec
h
a
r
b
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o
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h
a
ts
e
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v
e
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a
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o
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h
a
r
a
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t
e
r
/
t
i
l
e
Character Base Block .Se
i
n
d
e
x
i
n
g
.Va
l
u
e
s
:
0
3
.
6
Mo
s
BG_MOSAI
CMosaic f
l
a
g
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a
b
l
e
smo
s
a
i
ce
f
f
e
c
t
.
7
CM
BG_4
BPP, Color Mode .1
6c
o
l
o
r
s(
4
b
p
p
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fc
l
e
a
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e
d
;2
5
6c
o
l
o
r
s(
8
b
p
p
)i
fs
e
t
.
BG_8
BPP
8
C
SBB
BG_SBB#
D
Wr
BG_WRAP Affine Wrapping f
l
a
g
.I
fs
e
t
,
a
f
f
i
n
eb
a
c
k
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o
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n
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e
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re
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s
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c
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l
a
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n
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e
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a
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t
.
EF Sz
Sz-flag
t
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es
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e
e
n
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c
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a
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e
r
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e
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a
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n
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p
Screen Base Block .Se
i
n
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e
x
i
n
g
.Va
l
u
e
s
:
0
3
1
.
BG_SIZE#, Background Size .Re
g
u
l
a
ra
n
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f
i
n
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a
c
k
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o
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n
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i
f
f
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r
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n
ts
i
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e
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v
a
i
l
a
b
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et
o
see below
t
h
e
m.Th
es
i
z
e
s
,
i
nt
i
l
e
sa
n
di
np
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e
l
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,
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a
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o
u
n
di
nt
a
b
l
e9
.
5
.
define
(tiles) (pixels)
Sz-flag
define
(tiles)
(pixels)
0
0 BG_REG_3
2
x
3
23
2
x
3
22
5
6
x
2
5
6
0
0
BG_AFF_1
6
x
1
6 1
6
x
1
6 1
2
8
x
1
2
8
0
1 BG_REG_6
4
x
3
26
4
x
3
25
1
2
x
2
5
6
0
1
BG_AFF_3
2
x
3
2 3
2
x
3
2 2
5
6
x
2
5
6
1
0 BG_REG_3
2
x
6
43
2
x
6
42
5
6
x
5
1
2
1
0
BG_AFF_6
4
x
6
4 6
4
x
6
4 5
1
2
x
5
1
2
1
1 BG_REG_6
4
x
6
46
4
x
6
45
1
2
x
5
1
2
Table 9.5a:
r
e
g
u
l
a
rb
gs
i
z
e
s
1
1 BG_AFF_1
2
8
x
1
2
81
2
8
x
1
2
81
0
2
4
x
1
0
2
4
Table 9.5b:
a
f
f
i
n
eb
gs
i
z
e
s
Ea
c
hb
a
c
k
g
r
o
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a
st
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6
b
i
ts
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r
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l
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n
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e
g
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s
t
e
r
st
oo
f
f
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e
tt
h
er
e
n
d
e
r
i
n
g(
REG_BGxHOFSa
n
dREG_BGxVOFS)
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e
r
ea
r
ean
u
mb
e
r
o
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n
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t
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r
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t
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omapsize.Th
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:
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ed
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80/331
28-03-13
s
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g
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a
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a
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e
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a
v
o
co
ny
o
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rc
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t
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o
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.
Fig 9.2a:
S
c
r
o
l
l
i
n
go
f
f
s
e
tdx s
e
t
si
st
h
epo
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o
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c
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nt
h
ema
p.
I
nt
h
i
sc
a
s
e
,
dx =(
1
9
2
,
6
4
)
.
So
,
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fy
o
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n
c
r
e
a
s
et
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t
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nt
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n
gi
st
r
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e
:
(9.1)
q + dx =p
q
=p − dx
Direction of offset registers
Th
eo
f
f
s
e
tr
e
g
i
s
t
e
r
sREG_BGx
HOFSa
n
dREG_BGx
VOFSi
n
d
i
c
a
t
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i
c
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pl
o
c
a
t
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p
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to
ft
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n
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me
a
n
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n
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o
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t
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e
f
ta
n
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p
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t
c
hy
o
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rmi
n
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ss
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g
n
s
.
Offset registers are write only
Th
eo
f
f
s
e
tr
e
g
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s
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r
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r
ewrite-only!Th
a
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td
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t
i
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+=’wi
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o
two
r
k
.
9.2.3. Useful types and #defines
To
n
c
'
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o
d
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a
ss
e
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e
r
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c
r
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t
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a
s
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e
r
.
// === Additional types (tonc_types.h) ================================
//! Screen entry conceptual typedef
typedef u16 SCR_ENTRY;
//! Affine parameter struct for backgrounds, covered later
typedef struct BG_AFFINE
{
s16 pa, pb;
s16 pc, pd;
s32 dx, dy;
} ALIGN4 BG_AFFINE;
//! Regular map offsets
typedef struct BG_POINT
{
s16 x, y;
} ALIGN4 BG_POINT;
//! Screenblock struct
typedef SCR_ENTRY SCREENBLOCK[1024];
// === Memory map #defines (tonc_memmap.h) ============================
//! Screen-entry mapping: se_mem[y][x] is SBB y, entry x
#define se_mem
((SCREENBLOCK*)MEM_VRAM)
//! BG control register array: REG_BGCNT[x] is REG_BGxCNT
#define REG_BGCNT
((vu16*)(REG_BASE+0x0008))
81/331
28-03-13
//! BG offset array: REG_BG_OFS[n].x/.y is REG_BGnHOFS / REG_BGnVOFS
#define REG_BG_OFS
((BG_POINT*)(REG_BASE+0x0010))
//! BG affine params array
#define REG_BG_AFFINE ((BG_AFFINE*)(REG_BASE+0x0000))
St
r
i
c
t
l
ys
p
e
a
k
i
n
g
,
ma
k
i
n
gaSCREEN_ENTRYt
y
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e
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e
fi
sn
o
tn
e
c
e
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s
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r
y
,
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u
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t
su
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e
r
.se_memwo
r
k
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c
hl
i
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e
tile_mem:
i
tma
p
so
u
tVRAM i
n
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n
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n
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i
n
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y
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e
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re
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sa
na
r
r
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yt
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REG_BGx
CNTr
e
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i
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e
r
s
.
REG_BGCNT[0]i
sREG_BG0
CNT,
e
t
c
.Th
eBG_POI
NTa
n
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NEt
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e
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r
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e
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a
s
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i
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et
h
a
t
REG_BG_OFSs
t
i
l
l
c
o
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e
r
st
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es
a
mer
e
g
i
s
t
e
r
sa
sREG_BGx
HOFSa
n
dREG_BGx
VOFSd
o
,
a
n
dt
h
ewr
i
t
e
o
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l
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n
e
s
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e
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a
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//! Get the screen entry index for a tile-coord pair
// And yes, the div and mods will be converted by the compiler
uint se_index(uint tx, uint ty, uint pitch)
82/331
28-03-13
{
uint sbb= (ty/32)*(pitch/32) + (tx/32);
return sbb*1024 + (ty%32)*32 + tx%32;
}
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//! Get the screen entry index for a tile-coord pair.
/*! This is the fast (and possibly unsafe) way.
* \param bgcnt
Control flags for this background (to find its size)
*/
uint se_index_fast(uint tx, uint ty, u16 bgcnt)
{
uint n= tx + ty*32;
if(tx >= 32)
n += 0x03E0;
if(ty >= 32 && (bgcnt&BG_REG_64x64)==BG_REG_64x64)
n += 0x0400;
return n;
}
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83/331
28-03-13
Tilemap data conversion via CLI
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const unsigned short brinMap[2048]=
{
// Map row 0
0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,0x3001,0x3002,
0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,
0x3001,0x3002,0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,
0x3001,0x3002,0x0000,0x0000,0x3001,0x3002,0x0000,0x0000,
Fig 9.3a:
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// Map row 1
0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,0x3003,0x3004,
0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,
0x3003,0x3004,0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,
0x3003,0x3004,0x0000,0x0000,0x3003,0x3004,0x0000,0x0000,
// Map row 2
0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,
0x3001,0x3002,0x3005,0x3006,0x3007,0x3008,
// ... etc
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#include <string.h>
#include "input.h"
#include "brin.h"
int main()
{
// Load palette
memcpy(pal_bg_mem, brinPal, brinPalLen);
// Load tiles into CBB 0
memcpy(&tile_mem[0][0], brinTiles, brinTilesLen);
// Load map into SBB 30
memcpy(&se_mem[30][0], brinMap, brinMapLen);
// set up BG0 for a 4bpp 64x32t map, using
// using charblock 0 and screenblock 31
REG_BG0CNT= BG_CBB(0) | BG_SBB(30) | BG_4BPP | BG_REG_64x32;
// Scroll around some
int x= 192, y= 64;
while(1)
{
vid_vsync();
key_poll();
x += key_tri_horz();
y += key_tri_vert();
REG_BG0HOFS= x;
REG_BG0VOFS= y;
}
return 0;
}
Fig 9.4a:
brin_demoa
tdx=(
1
9
2
,
64)
.
Fig 9.4b:
brin_demoa
tdx=(
0
,
0
)
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Interlude: Fast-copying of non sbb-prepared maps
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Fig 9.5 brin_demowi
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typedef struct { u32 data[8]; } BLOCK;
int iy;
BLOCK *src= (BLOCK*)brinMap;
BLOCK *dst0= (BLOCK*)se_mem[30];
BLOCK *dst1= (BLOCK*)se_mem[31];
for(iy=0; iy<32; iy++)
{
// Copy row iy of the left half
*dst0++= *src++;
*dst0++= *src++;
// Copy row iy of the right half
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*dst1++= *src++;
}
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dREG_BGxVOFS.
#include "input.h"
#define CBB_0 0
#define SBB_0 28
#define CROSS_TX 15
#define CROSS_TY 10
BG_POINT bg0_pt= { 0, 0 };
SCR_ENTRY *bg0_map= se_mem[SBB_0];
uint se_index(uint tx, uint ty, uint pitch)
{
uint sbb= ((tx>>5)+(ty>>5)*(pitch>>5));
return sbb*1024 + ((tx&31)+(ty&31)*32);
}
void init_map()
{
int ii, jj;
86/331
28-03-13
// initialize a background
REG_BG0CNT= BG_CBB(CBB_0) | BG_SBB(SBB_0) | BG_REG_64x64;
REG_BG0HOFS= 0;
REG_BG0VOFS= 0;
// (1) create the tiles: basic tile and a cross
const TILE tiles[2]=
{
{{0x11111111, 0x01111111, 0x01111111, 0x01111111,
0x01111111, 0x01111111, 0x01111111, 0x00000001}},
{{0x00000000, 0x00100100, 0x01100110, 0x00011000,
0x00011000, 0x01100110, 0x00100100, 0x00000000}},
};
tile_mem[CBB_0][0]= tiles[0];
tile_mem[CBB_0][1]= tiles[1];
// (2) create a palette
pal_bg_bank[0][1]= RGB15(31, 0, 0);
pal_bg_bank[1][1]= RGB15( 0, 31, 0);
pal_bg_bank[2][1]= RGB15( 0, 0, 31);
pal_bg_bank[3][1]= RGB15(16, 16, 16);
// (3) Create a map: four contingent blocks of
// 0x0000, 0x1000, 0x2000, 0x3000.
SCR_ENTRY *pse= bg0_map;
for(jj=0; jj<32*32; jj++)
*pse++= SE_PALBANK(ii) | 0;
}
int main()
{
init_map();
REG_DISPCNT= DCNT_MODE0 | DCNT_BG0 | DCNT_OBJ;
u32 tx, ty, se_curr, se_prev= CROSS_TY*32+CROSS_TX;
bg0_map[se_prev]++; // initial position of cross
while(1)
{
vid_vsync();
key_poll();
// (4) Moving around
bg0_pt.x += key_tri_horz();
bg0_pt.y += key_tri_vert();
// (5) Testing se_index
// If all goes well the cross should be around the center of
// the screen at all times.
tx= ((bg0_pt.x>>3)+CROSS_TX) & 0x3F;
ty= ((bg0_pt.y>>3)+CROSS_TY) & 0x3F;
se_curr= se_index(tx, ty, 64);
if(se_curr != se_prev)
{
bg0_map[se_prev]--;
bg0_map[se_curr]++;
se_prev= se_curr;
}
REG_BG_OFS[0]= bg0_pt; // write new position
}
return 0;
}
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#include <toolbox.h>
#include "cbb_ids.h"
#define CBB_4 0
#define SBB_4 2
#define CBB_8 2
#define SBB_8 4
void load_tiles()
{
int ii;
TILE *tl= (TILE*)ids4Tiles;
TILE8 *tl8= (TILE8*)ids8Tiles;
// Loading tiles. don't get freaked out on how it looks
// 4-bit tiles to blocks 0 and 1
tile_mem[0][1]= tl[1];
// and the 8-bit tiles to blocks 2 though 5
tile8_mem[2][1]= tl8[1];
tile8_mem[2][2]= tl8[2];
tile8_mem[3][0]= tl8[3];
tile8_mem[3][1]= tl8[4];
tile8_mem[4][0]= tl8[5];
tile8_mem[4][1]= tl8[6];
tile8_mem[5][0]= tl8[7];
tile8_mem[5][1]= tl8[8];
// And let's not forget the palette (yes, obj pal too)
u16 *src= (u16*)ids4Pal;
pal_bg_mem[ii]= pal_obj_mem[ii]= *src++;
}
void init_maps()
{
// se4 and se8 map coords: (0,2) and (0,8)
SB_ENTRY *se4= &se_mem[SBB_4][2*32], *se8= &se_mem[SBB_8][8*32];
// show first tiles of char-blocks available to bg0
// tiles 1, 2 of char-block CBB_4
se4[0x01]= 0x0001;
se4[0x02]= 0x0002;
88/331
28-03-13
// tiles 0, 1 of char-block CBB_4+1
se4[0x20]= 0x0200;
se4[0x21]= 0x0201;
// show first tiles of char-blocks available to bg1
// tiles 1, 2 of char-block CBB_8 (== 2)
se8[0x01]= 0x0001;
se8[0x02]= 0x0002;
// tiles 1, 2 of char-block CBB_8+1
se8[0x20]= 0x0100;
se8[0x21]= 0x0101;
// tiles 1, 2 of char-block CBB_8+2 (== CBB_OBJ_LO)
se8[0x40]= 0x0200;
se8[0x41]= 0x0201;
// tiles 1, 2 of char-block CBB_8+3 (== CBB_OBJ_HI)
se8[0x60]= 0x0300;
se8[0x61]= 0x0301;
}
int main()
{
load_tiles();
init_maps();
// init backgrounds
REG_BG0CNT= BG_CBB(CBB_4) | BG_SBB(SBB_4) | BG_4BPP;
REG_BG1CNT= BG_CBB(CBB_8) | BG_SBB(SBB_8) | BG_8BPP;
// enable backgrounds
REG_DISPCNT= DCNT_MODE0 | DCNT_BG0 | DCNT_BG1 | DCNT_OBJ;
while(1);
return 0;
}
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}
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28-03-13
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$(PROJ).elf : $(OBJS)
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void memset16(void *dest, u16 hw, uint hwcount);
void memcpy16(void *dest, const void *src, uint hwcount);
void memset32(void *dest, u32 wd, uint wcount) IWRAM_CODE;
void memcpy32(void *dest, const void *src, uint wcount) IWRAM_CODE;
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9.5. In conclusion
Ti
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ma
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:
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.
91/331
28-03-13
10. The Affine Transformation Matrix (a.k.a. P)
Ab
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.
10.1. About this page
Asy
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up
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u
d
er
o
t
a
t
i
o
na
n
ds
c
a
l
i
n
g
,
b
u
talso s
h
e
a
r
i
n
g
.Th
i
si
swh
yIo
b
j
e
c
tt
ot
h
en
a
me“
Ro
t
/
Sc
a
l
e
”
:
t
h
a
tt
e
r
mo
n
l
y
r
e
f
e
r
st
oas
p
e
c
i
a
l
c
a
s
e
,
n
o
tt
h
eg
e
n
e
r
a
l
t
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
n
.I
ti
sa
k
i
nt
oc
a
l
l
i
n
gc
o
l
o
r
ss
h
a
d
e
so
fr
e
d
:
y
e
s
,
r
e
d
sa
r
ec
o
l
o
r
st
o
o
,
b
u
tn
o
ta
l
l
c
o
l
o
r
sa
r
er
e
d
s
,
a
n
dt
oc
a
l
l
t
h
e
mt
h
a
two
u
l
dg
i
v
ead
i
s
t
o
r
t
e
dv
i
e
wo
ft
h
es
u
b
j
e
c
t
.
AsIs
a
i
d
,
t
h
e
r
ea
r
et
h
r
e
eb
a
s
i
c2
dt
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
n
s
,
t
h
o
u
g
hy
o
uc
a
na
l
wa
y
sd
e
s
c
r
i
b
eo
n
eo
ft
h
e
s
ei
nt
e
r
mso
ft
h
eo
t
h
e
rt
wo
.Th
e
t
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
n
sa
r
e
:
r
o
t
a
t
i
o
n(
R)
,
s
c
a
l
i
n
g(
S)a
n
ds
h
e
a
r(
H)
.Ta
b
l
e1
0
.
1s
h
o
wswh
a
te
a
c
ho
ft
h
et
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
n
sd
o
e
st
ot
h
er
e
g
u
l
a
r
me
t
r
o
i
ds
p
r
i
t
e
.Th
eb
l
a
c
ka
x
e
sa
r
et
h
en
o
r
ma
l
b
a
s
ev
e
c
t
o
r
s(
n
o
t
et
h
a
ty p
o
i
n
t
sd
o
wn
!
)
,
t
h
eb
l
u
ea
x
e
sa
r
et
h
et
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
me
db
a
s
ev
e
c
t
o
r
s
a
n
dt
h
ec
y
a
nv
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
sa
r
et
h
ea
r
g
u
me
n
t
so
ft
h
et
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
n
.Al
s
og
i
v
e
na
r
et
h
ema
t
r
i
xa
n
di
n
v
e
r
s
ema
t
r
i
xo
fe
a
c
ht
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
n
.
Wh
y
?Yo
u
'
l
l
s
e
e
.
(10.2) A =
a b
c d
A−1 ≡
1
d −b
ad − bc −c a
Ta
b
l
e1
0
.
1
:
t
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
nma
t
r
i
c
e
sa
n
dt
h
e
i
ri
n
v
e
r
s
e
s
.
Identity
I=
10
01
I−1=I
Rotation
R(
θ
)=
c
o
s
(
θ
) −s
i
n
(
θ
)
s
i
n
(
θ
) c
o
s
(
θ
)
R−1(
θ
)=R(
−θ
)
Scaling
S(
sx,
sy)=
sx 0
0 sy
S−1(
s
,
s)=
x y
S(
1/
s
,
1/
s)
x
y
Shear
H(
hx,
hy)=
1 hx
hy 1
H−1(
h
,
h)=
x y
H(
−h
,
−h)
/(
1−h
h)
x
y
xy
Wec
a
nn
o
wu
s
et
h
e
s
ed
e
f
i
n
i
t
i
o
n
st
of
i
n
dt
h
ec
o
r
r
e
c
tma
t
r
i
xf
o
re
n
l
a
r
g
e
me
n
t
sb
ysxa
n
dsy,
f
o
l
l
o
we
db
yacounter-clockwise r
o
t
a
t
i
o
nb
y
α(
=−θ
)
,
b
yma
t
r
i
xmu
l
t
i
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
.
93/331
28-03-13
(10.3) A =R(
α)·S(
s
,
s)= sx·
c
os
(
α) sy·
s
i
n
(
α)
x y
−sx·
s
i
n
(
α) sy·
c
os
(
α)
…e
r
mm,
wa
i
tas
e
c… I
'
mh
a
v
i
n
gt
h
i
ss
t
r
a
n
g
es
e
n
s
eo
fd
é
j
a
v
uh
e
r
e…
Clockwise vs counterclockwise
I
t
'
sami
n
o
ri
s
s
u
e
,
b
u
tIh
a
v
et
ome
n
t
i
o
ni
t
.I
ft
h
ed
e
f
i
n
i
t
i
o
no
fR u
s
e
sac
l
o
c
k
wi
s
er
o
t
a
t
i
o
n
,
wh
ya
mIs
u
d
d
e
n
l
yu
s
i
n
gac
o
u
n
t
e
r
c
l
o
c
k
wi
s
eo
n
e
?We
l
l
,
t
r
a
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
l
yR i
sg
i
v
e
na
st
h
a
tp
a
r
t
i
c
u
l
a
rma
t
r
i
x
,
i
nwh
i
c
ht
h
ea
n
g
l
er
u
n
sf
r
o
mt
h
ex
a
x
i
st
o
wa
r
d
st
h
ey
a
x
i
s
.Be
c
a
u
s
ey i
sd
o
wn
wa
r
d
,
t
h
i
sc
o
me
sd
o
wnt
oc
l
o
c
k
wi
s
e
.Ho
we
v
e
r
,
t
h
ea
f
f
i
n
er
o
u
t
i
n
e
si
nBI
OSu
s
eac
o
u
n
t
e
r
c
l
o
c
k
wi
s
e
r
o
t
a
t
i
o
n
,
a
n
dIt
h
o
u
g
h
ti
t
'
db
eag
o
o
di
d
e
at
ou
s
et
h
a
ta
sag
u
i
d
e
l
i
n
ef
o
rmyf
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
s
.
Nomenclature: Affine vs Rot/Scale
Th
ema
t
r
i
xP i
sn
o
tar
o
t
a
t
i
o
nma
t
r
i
x
,
n
o
tas
c
a
l
i
n
gma
t
r
i
x
,
b
u
tag
e
n
e
r
a
l
a
f
f
i
n
et
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
nma
t
r
i
x
.Ro
t
a
t
i
o
na
n
ds
c
a
l
i
n
g
ma
yb
ewh
a
tt
h
ema
t
r
i
xi
smo
s
t
l
yu
s
e
df
o
r
,
b
u
tt
h
a
td
o
e
sn
o
tme
a
nt
h
e
y
'
r
et
h
eo
n
l
yt
h
i
n
g
sp
o
s
s
i
b
l
e
,
a
st
h
et
e
r
m‘
Ro
t
/
Sc
a
l
e
’
wo
u
l
di
mp
l
y
.
Tos
e
tt
h
e
ma
p
a
r
tf
r
o
mr
e
g
u
l
a
rb
a
c
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
sa
n
ds
p
r
i
t
e
s
,
Is
u
p
p
o
s
e‘
Ro
t
a
t
i
o
n
’o
r‘
Ro
t
/
Sc
a
l
e
’a
r
es
u
i
t
a
b
l
ee
n
o
u
g
h
,
j
u
s
tn
o
t
e
n
t
i
r
e
l
ya
c
c
u
r
a
t
e
.Ho
we
v
e
r
,
c
a
l
l
i
n
gt
h
ePma
t
r
i
xb
yt
h
o
s
en
a
me
si
ss
i
mp
l
ywr
o
n
g
.
10.3. “Many of the truths we cling to depend greatly upon our own point of view.”
Asy
o
umu
s
th
a
v
en
o
t
i
c
e
d
,
e
q1
0
.
3i
si
d
e
n
t
i
c
a
l
t
oe
q1
0
.
1
,
wh
i
c
hIs
a
i
dwa
si
n
c
o
r
r
e
c
t
.Sowh
a
tg
i
v
e
s
?
We
l
l
,
i
fy
o
ue
n
t
e
rt
h
i
sma
t
r
i
xi
n
t
ot
h
epa-pde
l
e
me
n
t
sy
o
ud
oi
n
d
e
e
dg
e
ts
o
me
t
h
i
n
gd
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
tt
h
a
nwh
a
t
y
o
u
'
de
x
p
e
c
t
.On
l
yn
o
wI
'
v
ep
r
o
v
e
nwh
a
ty
o
uwe
r
es
u
p
p
o
s
e
dt
oe
x
p
e
c
ti
nt
h
ef
i
r
s
tp
l
a
c
e(
n
a
me
l
ya
s
c
a
l
i
n
gb
ysxa
n
dsy,
f
o
l
l
o
we
db
yac
o
u
n
t
e
r
c
l
o
c
k
wi
s
er
o
t
a
t
i
o
nb
yα)
.Th
ereal q
u
e
s
t
i
o
ni
so
fc
o
u
r
s
e
,
wh
y
d
o
e
s
n
'
tt
h
i
swo
r
k
?Toa
n
s
we
rt
h
i
sIwi
l
l
p
r
e
s
e
n
tt
wod
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
ta
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
e
st
ot
h
e2
Dma
p
p
i
n
gp
r
o
c
e
s
s
.
10.3.1. Human point of view
“
He
l
l
o
,
Ia
mCe
a
r
n
'
sb
r
a
i
n
.Ig
r
o
kg
e
o
me
t
r
ya
n
dc
a
nd
oma
t
r
i
x
-t
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
n
si
nmyh
e
a
d
.We
l
l
,
h
i
s
h
e
a
da
c
t
u
a
l
l
y
.Wh
e
ni
tc
o
me
st
ot
e
x
t
u
r
ema
p
p
i
n
gIs
e
et
h
eo
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
ma
p(
i
nt
e
x
t
u
r
es
p
a
c
e
)a
n
dt
h
e
n
v
i
s
u
a
l
i
z
et
h
et
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
n
.Il
o
o
ka
tt
h
eo
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
ma
pa
n
dl
o
o
ka
twh
e
r
et
h
ema
p
'
sp
i
x
e
l
se
n
du
po
n
s
c
r
e
e
n
.Th
et
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
nma
t
r
i
xf
o
rt
h
i
si
sA,
wh
i
c
ht
i
e
st
e
x
e
l
pt
os
c
r
e
e
np
i
x
e
l
qv
i
aq=A · p.Th
e
c
o
l
u
mn
so
fA a
r
es
i
mp
l
yt
h
et
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
me
du
n
i
tma
t
r
i
c
e
s
.Ea
s
ya
sπ.
”
Fig 10.3:
Ma
ppi
n
gpr
oc
e
s
sa
s
s
e
e
nb
yh
u
ma
n
s
.
ua
ndv a
r
et
h
e
c
o
l
u
mn
so
fA (
i
ns
c
r
e
e
ns
pa
c
e
)
.
10.3.2. Computer point of view
“
He
l
l
o
,
Ia
mCe
a
r
n
'
sGBA.I
'
mal
e
a
n
,
me
a
ng
a
mi
n
gma
c
h
i
n
et
h
a
tf
i
t
si
ny
o
u
rp
o
c
k
e
t
,
a
n
dIc
a
np
u
s
h
p
i
x
e
l
sl
i
k
en
oo
n
ee
l
s
e
.Ex
c
e
p
tp
e
r
h
a
p
smyo
wn
e
r
'
sGe
Fo
r
c
e4Ti
4
2
0
0
,
t
h
eb
l
o
o
d
ys
h
o
wo
f
f
.An
y
wa
y
,
o
n
e
o
ft
h
et
h
i
n
g
sId
oi
st
e
x
t
u
r
ema
p
p
i
n
g
.An
dn
o
tj
u
s
to
r
d
i
n
a
r
yt
e
x
t
u
r
e
ma
p
p
i
n
g
,
Ic
a
nd
oc
o
o
l
s
t
u
f
fl
i
k
e
r
o
t
a
t
i
o
na
n
ds
c
a
l
i
n
ga
swe
l
l
.Wh
a
tId
oi
sf
i
l
l
p
i
x
e
l
s
,
a
l
l
In
e
e
dt
ok
n
o
wi
sf
o
ry
o
ut
ot
e
l
l
mewh
e
r
eIs
h
o
u
l
d
g
e
tt
h
ep
i
x
e
l
'
sc
o
l
o
rf
r
o
m.I
no
t
h
e
rwo
r
d
s
,
t
of
i
l
l
s
c
r
e
e
np
i
x
e
l
q,
In
e
e
dama
t
r
i
xB t
h
a
tg
i
v
e
smet
h
ep
r
o
p
e
r
t
e
x
e
l
pv
i
ap = B · q.I
'
l
l
h
a
p
p
i
l
yu
s
ea
n
yma
t
r
i
xy
o
ug
i
v
eme
;Ih
a
v
ec
o
mp
l
e
t
ec
o
n
f
i
d
e
n
c
ei
ny
o
u
ra
b
i
l
i
t
y
t
os
u
p
p
l
ymewi
t
ht
h
ema
t
r
i
xf
o
rt
h
et
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
ny
o
ur
e
q
u
i
r
e
.
”
10.3.3. Resolution
Fig 10.4:
Ma
ppi
n
gpr
oc
e
s
sa
s
s
e
e
nb
yc
o
mpu
t
e
r
s
.
ua
n
dv (
i
n
t
e
x
t
u
r
es
pa
c
e
)a
r
et
h
ec
ol
umn
sof
Ba
n
da
r
ema
ppe
dt
ot
he
pr
i
n
c
i
pl
ea
x
e
si
ns
c
r
e
e
ns
pa
c
e
.
Ih
o
p
ey
o
us
p
o
t
t
e
dt
h
ec
r
u
c
i
a
l
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
eb
e
t
we
e
nt
h
et
wop
o
i
n
t
so
fv
i
e
w.A ma
p
sfrom t
e
x
t
u
r
es
p
a
c
eto
s
c
r
e
e
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28-03-13
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t
hi
su
s
e
db
e
c
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l
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a
t
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sa
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dg
o
o
df
o
ry
o
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ro
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t
h
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b
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dc
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n
a
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y(
e
v
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nwo
r
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,
doubles!
)
,
s
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h
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s
ea
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g
o
i
n
gt
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er
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d
i
c
u
l
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u
s
l
ys
l
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Ra
t
h
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rt
h
a
nu
s
i
n
gt
h
ef
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
sd
i
r
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c
t
l
y
,
we
'
l
l
u
s
eat
i
me
h
o
n
o
r
e
dt
r
a
d
i
t
i
o
nt
owe
a
s
e
l
o
u
rwa
yo
u
to
fu
s
i
n
gc
o
s
t
l
yma
t
hf
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
s
:
we
'
r
eg
o
i
n
gt
ob
u
i
l
dalook-up table (
LUT)c
o
n
t
a
i
n
i
n
gt
h
es
i
n
ea
n
dc
o
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fy
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r
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so
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6
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8
fn
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mb
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r
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df
i
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we
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h
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f
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nt
h
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c
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nt
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ea
p
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n
d
i
x
.
To
n
c
l
i
bh
a
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u
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l
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el
u
ti
sc
a
l
l
e
dsin_lut,
aconst shorta
r
r
a
y
o
f5
1
24
.
1
2
fe
n
t
r
i
e
s(
1
2f
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
b
i
t
s
)
,
c
r
e
a
t
e
db
ymye
x
c
e
l
l
u
tl
u
tc
r
e
a
t
o
r
.I
ntonc_math.hy
o
uc
a
nf
i
n
dt
woi
n
l
i
n
ef
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
st
h
a
t
r
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t
r
i
e
v
es
i
n
ea
n
dc
o
s
i
n
ev
a
l
u
e
s
:
//! Look-up a sine and cosine values
/*! \param theta Angle in [0,FFFFh] range
* \return .12f sine value
*/
INLINE s32 lu_sin(uint theta)
{ return sin_lut[(theta>>7)&0x1FF];
}
INLINE s32 lu_cos(uint theta)
{ return sin_lut[((theta>>7)+128)&0x1FF];
}
No
w,
n
o
t
et
h
ea
n
g
l
er
a
n
g
e
:
0
1
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0
0
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h
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me
mb
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ry
o
ud
o
n
'
thave t
ou
s
e3
6
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e
g
r
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e
sf
o
rac
i
r
c
l
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nf
a
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t
,
o
nc
o
mp
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t
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r
si
t
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sb
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t
t
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rt
o
16p
d
i
v
i
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et
h
ec
i
r
c
l
ei
nap
o
we
ro
ft
woi
n
s
t
e
a
d
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nt
h
i
sc
a
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e
,
t
h
ea
n
g
l
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si
n2
a
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t
sf
o
rc
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mp
a
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b
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u
n
c
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s
,
wh
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sb
r
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g
h
t
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o
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a
n
g
ei
n
s
i
d
et
h
el
o
o
k
u
pf
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
s
.
10.4.3. Initialization
Wh
e
nf
l
a
g
g
i
n
gab
a
c
k
g
r
o
u
n
do
ro
b
j
e
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ta
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f
f
i
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e
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o
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ra
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e
a
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a
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t
opa-pd.Re
me
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rt
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r
ez
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u
t
b
yd
e
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a
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l
t
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e
r
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f
s
e
tme
a
n
si
t
'
l
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et
h
ef
i
r
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s
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a
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v
o
i
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h
i
s
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e
tP t
ot
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ra
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t
h
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rn
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e
r
oma
t
r
i
x
.
10.5. Tonc's affine functions
To
n
c
l
i
bc
o
n
t
a
i
n
san
u
mb
e
ro
ff
u
n
c
t
i
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n
sf
o
rma
n
i
p
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l
a
t
i
n
gt
h
ea
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f
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n
ep
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
so
fo
b
j
e
c
t
sa
n
db
a
c
k
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n
d
s
,
a
su
s
e
db
yt
h
e
OBJ_AFFINEa
n
dBG_AFFINEs
t
r
u
c
t
s
.Be
c
a
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s
et
h
ea
f
f
i
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ema
t
r
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n
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n
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nt
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o
uc
a
nf
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h
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a
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i
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o
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;j
u
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tr
e
p
l
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c
efoo wi
t
h
obj_affo
rbg_affa
n
dFOO wi
t
hOBJo
rBGf
o
ro
b
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e
c
t
sa
n
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a
c
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ef
u
n
c
t
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st
h
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ms
e
l
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e
sc
a
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ef
o
u
n
di
n
tonc_obj_affine.cf
o
ro
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j
e
c
t
s
,
tonc_bg_affine.cf
o
rb
a
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s
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di
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l
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e
sf
o
rb
o
t
hi
ntonc_video.h…
s
o
me
wh
e
r
e
.
Function
Description
v
o
i
dfoo_c
o
p
y
(
FOO_AFFI
NE*
d
s
t
,
c
o
n
s
tFOO_AFFI
NE*
s
r
c
,
u
i
n
tc
o
u
n
t
)
;
Co
p
ya
f
f
i
n
ep
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
s
v
o
i
dfoo_i
d
e
n
t
i
t
y
(
FOO_AFFI
NE*
o
a
f
f
)
;
P =I
v
o
i
dfoo_p
o
s
t
mu
l
(
FOO_AFFI
NE*
d
s
t
,
c
o
n
s
tFOO_AFFI
NE*
s
r
c
)
;
Po
s
t
mu
l
t
i
p
l
y
:
D =D·
S
v
o
i
dfoo_p
r
e
mu
l
(
FOO_AFFI
NE*
d
s
t
,
c
o
n
s
tFOO_AFFI
NE*
s
r
c
)
;
Pr
e
mu
l
t
i
p
l
y
:
D =S·
D
v
o
i
dfoo_r
o
t
a
t
e
(
FOO_AFFI
NE*
a
f
f
,
u
1
6a
l
p
h
a
)
;
Ro
t
a
t
ec
o
u
n
t
e
r
c
l
o
c
k
wi
s
eb
yα·
π/
8
0
0
0
h
.
v
o
i
dfoo_r
o
t
s
c
a
l
e
(
FOO_AFFI
NE*
a
f
f
,
FI
XEDs
x
,
FI
XEDs
y
,
u
1
6a
l
p
h
a
)
;
Sc
a
l
eb
y1
/
sxa
n
d1
/
sy,
t
h
e
nr
o
t
a
t
ec
o
u
n
t
e
r
c
l
o
c
k
wi
s
e
b
yα·
π/
8
0
0
0
h
.
v
o
i
dfoo_r
o
t
s
c
a
l
e
2
(
FOO_AFFI
NE*
a
f
f
,
c
o
n
s
tAFF_SRC*
a
s
)
;
Asfoo_rotscale(),
b
u
ti
n
p
u
ts
t
o
r
e
di
na
n
AFF_SRCs
t
r
u
c
t
.
v
o
i
dfoo_s
c
a
l
e
(
FOO_AFFI
NE*
a
f
f
,
FI
XEDs
x
,
FI
XEDs
y
)
;
Sc
a
l
eb
y1
/
sxa
n
d1
/
sy
v
o
i
dfoo_s
e
t
(
FOO_AFFI
NE*
a
f
f
,
FI
XEDp
a
,
FI
XEDp
b
,
FI
XEDp
c
,
FI
XED
p
d
)
;
Se
tP'
se
l
e
me
n
t
s
v
o
i
dfoo_s
h
e
a
r
x
(
FOO_AFFI
NE*
a
f
f
,
FI
XEDh
x
)
;
Sh
e
a
rt
o
p
s
i
d
er
i
g
h
tb
yh x
v
o
i
dfoo_s
h
e
a
r
y
(
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NE*
a
f
f
,
FI
XEDh
y
)
;
Sh
e
a
rl
e
f
t
s
i
d
ed
o
wnb
yh y
Table 10.2:
a
f
f
i
n
ef
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
s
10.5.1. Sample rot/scale function
Myc
o
d
ef
o
rao
b
j
e
c
tv
e
r
s
i
o
no
ft
h
es
c
a
l
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t
h
e
n
r
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t
a
t
ef
u
n
c
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i
o
n(
àl
ae
q1
0
.
4
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sg
i
v
e
nb
e
l
o
w.No
t
et
h
a
ti
ti
sf
r
o
mt
h
ec
o
mp
u
t
e
r
'
sp
o
i
n
to
f
v
i
e
w,
s
ot
h
a
tsxa
n
dsys
c
a
l
ed
o
wn
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s
o
,
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h
ea
l
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0
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h
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8
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8
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°
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es
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u
ti
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o
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t
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ft
h
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e
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e
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e
.
96/331
28-03-13
void obj_aff_rotscale(OBJ_AFFINE *oaff, int sx, int sy, u16 alpha)
{
int ss= lu_sin(alpha), cc= lu_cos(alpha);
oaff->pa= cc*sx>>12;
oaff->pc= ss*sy>>12;
oaff->pb=-ss*sx>>12;
oaff->pd= cc*sy>>12;
}
Wi
t
ht
h
ei
n
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
ni
nt
h
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sc
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a
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28-03-13
11. Affine sprites
Af
f
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11.1. Affine sprite introduction
Es
s
e
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y
,
affine sprites a
r
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11.3. Graphical artifacts
11.3.1. The clipping and discretization artifacts
Th
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p
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// pseudocode for affine objects
hwidth= width/2; // half-width of object screen canvas
hheight= hheight/2; // half-height of object screen canvas
for(iy=-hheight; iy<hheight; iy++)
{
for(ix=-hwidth; ix<hwidth; ix++)
{
px= (pa*ix + pb*iy)>>8;
// get x texture coordinate
py= (pc*ix + pd*iy)>>8;
// get y texture coordinate
color= GetPixel(px0+px, py0+py); // get color from (px,py)
SetPixel(qx0+ix, qy0+iy, color);
// set color to (qx, qy)
}
}
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28-03-13
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// obj_aff.c
#include <tonc.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include "metr.h"
// affine transformation constants and variables
enum eAffState
{
AFF_NULL=0, AFF_ROTATE, AFF_SCALE_X, AFF_SCALE_Y,
AFF_SHEAR_X, AFF_SHEAR_Y, AFF_COUNT
};
// 'speeds' of transformations
const int aff_diffs[AFF_COUNT]= { 0, 128, 4, 4, 4, 4 };
// keys for transformation direction
const int aff_keys[AFF_COUNT]=
{ 0, KEY_L, KEY_SELECT, KEY_SELECT, KEY_RIGHT, KEY_UP };
int aff_state= AFF_NULL, aff_value= 0;
void init_metr()
{
// Places the tiles of a 4bpp metroid sprite into LOW obj VRAM
memcpy32(tile_mem[4], metr_boxTiles, metr_boxTilesLen/4);
memcpy32(pal_obj_mem, metrPal, metrPalLen/4);
// Set up main metroid
obj_set_attr(obj_buffer,
ATTR0_SQUARE | ATTR0_AFF,
// Square affine sprite
ATTR1_SIZE_64 | ATTR1_AFF_ID(0), // 64x64, using obj_aff[0]
0 | 0);
obj_set_pos(obj_buffer, 96, 32);
obj_aff_identity(&obj_aff_buffer[0]);
// Set up shadow metroid
obj_set_attr(&obj_buffer[1],
ATTR0_SQUARE | ATTR0_AFF,
// Square affine sprite
ATTR1_SIZE_64 | ATTR1_AFF_ID(31), // 64x64, using obj_aff[0]
ATTR2_PALBANK(1) | 0);
obj_set_pos(&obj_buffer[1], 96, 32);
obj_aff_identity(&obj_aff_buffer[31]);
oam_update_all();
}
int get_aff_state()
{
if(key_is_down(KEY_L | KEY_R))
return AFF_ROTATE;
if(key_is_down(KEY_A))
return AFF_SCALE_X;
if(key_is_down(KEY_B))
return AFF_SCALE_Y;
if(key_is_down(KEY_LEFT | KEY_RIGHT))
return AFF_SHEAR_X;
if(key_is_down(KEY_UP | KEY_DOWN))
return AFF_SHEAR_Y;
return AFF_NULL;
}
void get_aff_new(OBJ_AFFINE *oa)
{
int diff= aff_diffs[aff_state];
101/331
28-03-13
aff_value += (key_is_down(aff_keys[aff_state]) ? diff : -diff);
switch(aff_state)
{
case AFF_ROTATE:
// L rotates left, R rotates right
aff_value &= SIN_MASK;
obj_aff_rotate(oa, aff_value);
break;
case AFF_SCALE_X: // A scales x, +SELECT scales down
obj_aff_scale_inv(oa, (1<<8)-aff_value, 1<<8);
break;
case AFF_SCALE_Y: // B scales y, +SELECT scales down
obj_aff_scale_inv(oa, 1<<8, (1<<8)-aff_value);
break;
case AFF_SHEAR_X: // shear left and right
obj_aff_shearx(oa, aff_value);
break;
case AFF_SHEAR_Y: // shear up and down
obj_aff_sheary(oa, aff_value);
break;
default:
// shouldn't happen
obj_aff_identity(oa);
}
}
void objaff_test()
{
OBJ_ATTR *metr= &obj_buffer[0], *shadow= &obj_buffer[1];
OBJ_AFFINE *oaff_curr= &obj_aff_buffer[0];
OBJ_AFFINE *oaff_base= &obj_aff_buffer[1];
OBJ_AFFINE *oaff_new= &obj_aff_buffer[2];
int x=96, y=32;
int new_state;
// oaff_curr = oaff_base * oaff_new
// oaff_base changes when the aff-state changes
// oaff_new is updated when it doesn't
obj_aff_identity(oaff_curr);
obj_aff_identity(oaff_base);
obj_aff_identity(oaff_new);
while(1)
{
key_poll();
// move sprite around
if( key_is_down(KEY_SELECT) && key_is_down(KEY_DIR) )
{
// move
x += 2*key_tri_horz();
y += 2*key_tri_vert();
obj_set_pos(shadow, x, y);
new_state= AFF_NULL;
}
else
// or do an affine transformation
new_state= get_aff_state();
if(new_state != AFF_NULL) // no change
{
if(new_state == aff_state) // increase current transformation
{
get_aff_new(oaff_new);
obj_aff_copy(oaff_curr, obj_aff_base, 1);
obj_aff_postmul(oaff_curr, oaff_new);
}
else
// switch to different transformation type
{
obj_aff_copy(oaff_base, oaff_curr, 1);
aff_value= 0;
102/331
28-03-13
}
aff_state= new_state;
}
// START: toggles double-size flag
// START+SELECT: resets obj_aff to identity
{
if(key_is_down(KEY_SELECT))
{
obj_aff_identity(oaff_curr);
obj_aff_identity(oaff_base);
aff_value= 0;
}
else
{
metr->attr0 ^= ATTR0_DBL_BIT;
shadow->attr0 ^= ATTR0_DBL_BIT;
}
}
vid_vsync();
// we only have one OBJ_ATTR, so update that
obj_copy(obj_mem, obj_buffer, 2);
// we have 3 OBJ_AFFINEs, update these separately
obj_aff_copy(obj_aff_mem, obj_aff_buffer, 3);
// Display the current matrix
tte_printf("#{es;P:8,136}P = "
"#{y:-7;Ps}| %04X\t%04X#{Pr;x:72}|"
"#{Pr;y:12}| %04X\t%04X#{Pr;p:72,12}|",
(u16)oaff_curr->pa, (u16)oaff_curr->pb,
(u16)oaff_curr->pc, (u16)oaff_curr->pd);
}
}
int main()
{
REG_DISPCNT= DCNT_BG0 | DCNT_OBJ | DCNT_OBJ_1D;
oam_init(obj_buffer, 128);
init_metr();
tte_init_chr4_b4_default(0, BG_CBB(2)|BG_SBB(28));
tte_init_con();
tte_set_margins(8, 128, 232, 160);
objaff_test();
return 0;
}
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// === in tonc_types.h ===
// This is the same struct that's used in BgAffineSet,
// where it is called BGAffineSource, even though its uses go
// beyond just backgrounds.
typedef struct tagAFF_SRC_EX
{
s32 tex_x, tex_y; // vector p0: anchor in texture space (.8f)
s16 scr_x, src_y; // vector q0: anchor in screen space (.0f)
s16 sx, sy;
// scales (Q.8)
u16 alpha;
// CCW angle ( integer in [0,0xFFFF] )
} AFF_SRC_EX;
104/331
28-03-13
// === in tonc_core.c ===
// Usage: oam_sizes[shape][size] is (w,h)
const u8 oam_sizes[3][4][2]=
{
{ { 8, 8}, {16,16}, {32,32}, {64,64} },
{ {16, 8}, {32, 8}, {32,16}, {64,32} },
{ { 8,16}, { 8,32}, {16,32}, {32,64} },
};
// === in tonc_obj_affine.c ===
void obj_rotscale_ex(OBJ_ATTR *obj, OBJ_AFFINE *oa, AFF_SRC_EX *asx)
{
int sx= asx->sx, sy= asx->sy;
int sina= lu_sin(asx->alpha)>>4, cosa= lu_cos(asx->alpha)>>4;
// (1) calculate P
oa->pa= sx*cosa>>8;
oa->pc= sy*sina>>8;
oa->pb= -sx*sina>>8;
oa->pd= sy*cosa>>8;
// (2) set-up and calculate A= P^-1
// sx = 1/sx, sy = 1/sy (.12f)
sx= Div(1<<20, sx);
if(sx != sy)
sy= Div(1<<20, sy);
else
sy= sx;
FIXED aa, ab, ac, ad; // .8f
aa= sx*cosa>>12; ab= sy*sina>>12;
ac= -sx*sina>>12; ad= sy*cosa>>12;
// (3) get object size
sx= oam_sizes[obj->attr0>>14][obj->attr1>>14][0];
sy= oam_sizes[obj->attr0>>14][obj->attr1>>14][1];
// (4) calculate dx = q0 - ms - A*(p0-s/2)
int dx= asx->src_x, dy= asx->src_y; // .0f
if(obj->attr0&ATTR0_DBL_BIT)
{ dx -= sx;
dy -=sy;
}
else
{ dx -= sx>>1;
dy -= sy>>1;
}
sx= asx->tex_x - (sx<<7);
sy= asx->tex_y - (sy<<7);
dx -= (aa*sx + ab*sy)>>16;
dy -= (ac*sx + ad*sy)>>16;
// .8f
// .8f
// .0 - (.8f*.8f/.16f)
// .0 - (.8f*.8f/.16f)
// (5) update OBJ_ATTR
obj_set_pos(obj, dx, dy);
}
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typedef struct OACOMBO
{
105/331
28-03-13
OBJ_ATTR *sub_obj; // obj pointer for sub-objects
POINT *sub_pos;
// Local sub-object coords (.8f)
int sub_count;
// Number of sub-objects
POINT pos;
// Global position (.8f)
POINT anchor;
// Local anchor (.8f)
s16 sx, sy;
// scales (.8f)
u16 alpha;
// CCW angle
} OACOMBO;
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// oacombo.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <ton.h>
#include "oac_gfx.h"
#define AX
#define AY
#define X0
#define Y0
(16<<8)
(16<<8)
120
36
// X-anchor
// Y-anchor
// base X
// base Y
// === GLOBALS ========================================================
// Obj templates
const OBJ_ATTR obj_data[7]=
{
// obj[0] , oaff[0]: 1 full 32x32p double-affine circle
{ 0x0300, 0x8200, 0x0000, 0x0000 },
// obj[1-2], oaff[1]: 2 32x16p double-affine semi-circles
{ 0x4300, 0x8200, 0x0000, 0x0000 },
{ 0x4300, 0x8200, 0x0008, 0x0000 },
// obj[3-7], oaff[1]: 4 16x16p double-affine quarter-circles
{ 0x0300, 0x4400, 0x0010, 0x0000 },
{ 0x0300, 0x4400, 0x0014, 0x0000 },
{ 0x0300, 0x4400, 0x0018, 0x0000 },
{ 0x0300, 0x4400, 0x001C, 0x0000 },
};
POINT sub_pos[7]=
{
{0,0},
{0,0},{0,AY},
{0,0},{AX,0}, {0,AY},{AX,AY},
};
OACOMBO oacs[3]=
{
// full 32x32p double-affine circle
{ &obj_buffer[0], &sub_pos[0], 1,
{(X0-48)<<8, Y0<<8}, {AX, AY}, 256, 256, 0 },
106/331
28-03-13
// 2 32x16p double-affine semi-circles
{(X0+16)<<8, Y0<<8}, {AX, AY}, 256, 256, 0 },
// 4 16x16p double-affine quarter-circles
{(X0-16)<<8, (Y0+40)<<8}, {AX, AY}, 256, 256, 0 },
};
void oac_rotscale(OACOMBO *oac)
{
int alpha= oac->alpha;
int sx= oac->sx, sy= oac->sy;
int sina= lu_sin(alpha)>>4, cosa= lu_cos(alpha)>>4;
// --- create P --OBJ_AFFINE *oaff=
&obj_aff_buffer[BF_GET(oac->sub_obj->attr1, ATTR1_AFF_ID)];
oaff->pa= cosa*sx>>8;
oaff->pb= -sina*sx>>8;
oaff->pc= sina*sy>>8;
oaff->pd= cosa*sy>>8;
// --- create A --// sx = 1/sx, sy = 1/sy (.12f)
sx= Div(1<<20, sx);
if(sx != sy)
sy= Div(1<<20, sy);
else
sy= sx;
FIXED aa, ab, ac, ad;
aa= sx*cosa>>12; ab= sy*sina>>12;
ac= -sx*sina>>12; ad= sy*cosa>>12;
// .8f
// .8f
int ii;
OBJ_ATTR *obj= oac->sub_obj;
POINT *pt= oac->sub_pos;
// --- place each sub-object --for(ii=0; ii<oac->sub_count; ii++)
{
int dx, dy;
// all .8f
sx= oam_sizes[obj->attr0>>14][obj->attr1>>14][0]<<7;
sy= oam_sizes[obj->attr0>>14][obj->attr1>>14][1]<<7;
dx= oac->pos.x+oac->anchor.x - sx; // .8f
dy= oac->pos.y+oac->anchor.y - sy; // .8f
if(obj->attr0&ATTR0_DBL_BIT)
{ dx -= sx; dy -= sy; }
sx= oac->anchor.x - pt->x - sx;
sy= oac->anchor.y - pt->y - sy;
dx -= (aa*sx + ab*sy)>>8;
// .8f
dy -= (ac*sx + ad*sy)>>8;
// .8f
BF_SET(obj->attr0, dy>>8, ATTR0_Y);
BF_SET(obj->attr1, dx>>8, ATTR1_X);
obj++;
pt++;
}
}
void init_main()
{
memcpy32(pal_obj_mem, oac_gfxPal, oac_gfxPalLen/4);
memcpy32(tile_mem[4], oac_gfxTiles, oac_gfxTilesLen/4);
// init objs and obj combos
oam_init();
memcpy32(obj_buffer, obj_data, sizeof(obj_data)/4);
REG_DISPCNT= DCNT_BG0 | DCNT_OBJ | DCNT_OBJ_1D;
tte_init_con();
107/331
28-03-13
// Some labels
tte_printf("#{P:%d,%d}1 full #{P:%d,%d}2 semi #{P:%d,%d}4 quarts",
X0-48, Y0-16, X0+20, Y0-16, X0-20, Y0+74);
}
int main()
{
init_main();
int ii, alpha=0;
while(1)
{
vid_vsync();
key_poll();
alpha -= 128*key_tri_shoulder();
{
oacs[ii].alpha= alpha;
oac_rotscale(&oacs[ii]);
}
oam_copy(oam_mem, obj_buffer, 128);
}
return 0;
}
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108/331
28-03-13
12. Affine backgrounds
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12.1. Introduction
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r
e
gr
e
g -
bg1
r
e
gr
e
g -
bg2
r
e
ga
f
fa
f
f
bg3
r
e
g -a
f
f
Table 12.1:
v
i
d
e
omo
d
e
s
a
n
db
a
c
k
g
r
o
u
n
dt
ype
Sz
define
(tiles)
(pixels)
0
0 BG_AFF_1
6
x
1
6 1
6
x
1
6 1
2
8
x
1
2
8
0
1 BG_AFF_3
2
x
3
2 3
2
x
3
2 2
5
6
x
2
5
6
1
0 BG_AFF_6
4
x
6
4 6
4
x
6
4 5
1
2
x
5
1
2
1
1BG_AFF_1
2
8
x
1
2
81
2
8
x
1
2
81
0
2
4
x
1
0
2
4
Table 12.2:
a
f
f
i
n
eb
gs
i
z
e
s
12.2. Affine background registers
Li
k
et
h
e
i
rr
e
g
u
l
a
rc
o
u
n
t
e
r
p
a
r
t
s
,
t
h
ep
r
i
ma
r
yc
o
n
t
r
o
l
f
o
ra
f
f
i
n
eb
a
c
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
si
sREG_BGxCNT.I
fy
o
u
'
v
ef
o
r
g
o
t
t
e
nwh
a
ti
td
o
e
s
,
y
o
uc
a
n
r
e
a
dad
e
s
c
r
i
p
t
i
o
nh
e
r
e
.Th
ed
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
swi
t
hr
e
g
u
l
a
rb
a
c
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
sa
r
et
h
es
i
z
e
s
,
a
n
dt
h
a
tBG_WRAPa
c
t
u
a
l
l
yd
o
e
ss
o
me
t
h
i
n
gn
o
w.Th
e
o
t
h
e
ri
mp
o
r
t
a
n
tr
e
g
i
s
t
e
r
sa
r
et
h
edisplacement vector dx (
REG_BGxXa
n
dREG_BGxY)
,
a
n
dt
h
eaffine matrix P
(
REG_BGxPAREG_BGxPD)
.Yo
uc
a
nf
i
n
dt
h
e
i
ra
d
d
r
e
s
s
e
si
nt
a
b
l
e1
2
.
3
.
Register
length
REG_BGxCNT 2
address
0
4
0
0
:
0
0
0
8
h+2
·
x
REG_BGxPA-PD 2
0
4
0
0
:
0
0
2
0
h+1
0
h
·
(
x
2
)
REG_BGxX
4
0
4
0
0
:
0
0
2
8
h+1
0
h
·
(
x
2
)
REG_BGxY
4
0
4
0
0
:
0
0
2
c
h+1
0
h
·
(
x
2
)
Table 12.3:
Af
f
i
n
eb
a
c
k
g
r
o
u
n
dr
e
g
i
s
t
e
ra
d
d
r
e
s
s
e
s
.
No
t
et
ha
tx
i
s2o
r3o
n
l
y!
Th
e
r
ea
r
eac
o
u
p
l
eo
ft
h
i
n
g
st
ot
a
k
en
o
t
eo
fwh
e
ni
tc
o
me
st
od
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
me
n
ta
n
dt
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
no
fa
f
f
i
n
eb
a
c
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
.Fi
r
s
t
,
t
h
e
d
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
me
n
tdx u
s
e
sd
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
tr
e
g
i
s
t
e
r
st
h
a
nr
e
g
u
l
a
rb
a
c
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
:
REG_BGxXa
n
dREG_BGxYi
n
s
t
e
a
do
fREG_BGxHOFSa
n
d
REG_BGxVOFS.As
e
c
o
n
dp
o
i
n
th
e
r
ei
st
h
a
tt
h
e
ya
r
e2
4
.
8f
i
x
e
dn
u
mb
e
r
sr
a
t
h
e
rt
h
a
np
i
x
e
l
o
f
f
s
e
t
s
.(
Ac
t
u
a
l
l
y
,
t
h
e
ya
r
e2
0
.
8f
i
x
e
d
n
u
mb
e
r
sb
u
tt
h
a
t
'
sn
o
ti
mp
o
r
t
a
n
tr
i
g
h
tn
o
w.
)
Iu
s
u
a
l
l
yu
s
et
h
ea
f
f
i
n
ep
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
sv
i
aBG_AFFI
NEs
t
r
u
c
ti
n
s
t
e
a
do
fREG_BGxPA,
e
t
c
.Th
eme
mo
r
yma
pi
ntonc_memmap.h
c
o
n
t
a
i
n
saREG_BG_AFFINEf
o
rt
h
i
sp
u
r
p
o
s
e
.Se
t
t
i
n
gt
h
er
e
g
i
s
t
e
r
st
h
i
swa
yi
sa
d
v
a
n
t
a
g
e
o
u
sa
tt
i
me
sb
e
c
a
u
s
ey
o
u
'
l
l
u
s
u
a
l
l
yh
a
v
ea
BG_AFFI
NEs
t
r
u
c
ts
e
tu
pa
l
r
e
a
d
y
,
wh
i
c
hy
o
uc
a
nt
h
e
nc
o
p
yt
ot
h
er
e
g
i
s
t
e
r
swi
t
has
i
n
g
l
ea
s
s
i
g
n
me
n
t
.Ane
x
a
mp
l
eo
ft
h
i
si
sg
i
v
e
n
b
e
l
o
w.
Th
ee
l
e
me
n
t
so
ft
h
ea
f
f
i
n
et
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
nma
t
r
i
xP wo
r
k
se
x
a
c
t
l
yl
i
k
et
h
e
yd
of
o
ra
f
f
i
n
es
p
r
i
t
e
s
:
8
.
8f
i
x
e
dp
o
i
n
tn
u
mb
e
r
st
h
a
t
d
e
s
c
r
i
b
et
h
et
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
nf
r
o
ms
c
r
e
e
nt
ot
e
x
t
u
r
es
p
a
c
e
.Ho
we
v
e
rf
o
ra
f
f
i
n
eb
a
c
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
st
h
e
ya
r
es
t
o
r
e
dc
o
n
s
e
c
u
t
i
v
e
l
y(
2b
y
t
eo
f
f
s
e
t
)
,
wh
e
r
e
a
st
h
o
s
eo
fs
p
r
i
t
e
sa
r
ea
ta
n8b
y
t
eo
f
f
s
e
t
.Yo
uc
a
nu
s
et
h
ebg_aff_foof
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
sf
r
o
mtonc_bg_affine.ct
os
e
tt
h
e
mt
o
t
h
et
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
ny
o
uwa
n
t
.
typedef struct tagBG_AFFINE
{
s16 pa, pb;
s16 pc, pd;
109/331
28-03-13
s32 dx, dy
} ALIGN4 BG_AFFINE;
//! BG affine params array
#define REG_BG_AFFINE ((BG_AFFINE*)(REG_BASE+0x0000))
// Default BG_AFFINE data (tonc_core.c)
const BG_AFFINE bg_aff_default= { 256, 0, 0, 256, 0, 0 };
// Initialize affine registers for bg 2
REG_BG_AFFINE[2] = bg_aff_default;
Regular vs affine tilemap scrolling
Af
f
i
n
et
i
l
e
ma
p
su
s
edifferent s
c
r
o
l
l
i
n
gr
e
g
i
s
t
e
r
s
!I
n
s
t
e
a
do
fREG_BGxHOFSa
n
dREG_BGxVOFS,
t
h
e
yu
s
eREG_BGxX
a
n
dREG_BGxY.Al
s
o
,
t
h
e
s
ea
r
e3
2
b
i
tf
i
x
e
dp
o
i
n
tn
u
mb
e
r
s
,
n
o
th
a
l
f
wo
r
d
s
.
12.3. Positioning and transforming affine backgrounds
No
wt
h
a
twek
n
o
wwh
a
tt
h
ed
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
me
n
ta
n
dt
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
nr
e
g
i
s
t
e
r
sa
r
e
,
n
o
wl
e
t
'
sl
o
o
ka
twh
a
tt
h
e
yd
o
.Th
i
si
sa
c
t
u
a
l
l
yal
o
tt
r
i
c
k
i
e
r
s
u
b
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e
c
tt
h
a
ty
o
umi
g
h
tt
h
i
n
k
,
s
op
a
ya
t
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
.Wa
r
n
i
n
g
:
t
h
i
si
sg
o
n
n
ag
e
tma
t
h
e
ma
t
i
c
a
l
a
g
a
i
n
.
Th
ed
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
me
n
tv
e
c
t
o
rdx wo
r
k
st
h
es
a
mea
sf
o
rr
e
g
u
l
a
rb
a
c
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
:
dx c
o
n
t
a
i
n
st
h
eb
a
c
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
c
o
o
r
d
i
n
a
t
e
st
h
a
ta
r
ema
p
p
e
dt
ot
h
e
s
c
r
e
e
no
r
i
g
i
n
.(
An
dnot t
h
eo
t
h
e
rwa
ya
r
o
u
n
d
!
)Ho
we
v
e
r
,
t
h
i
st
i
medx i
si
nf
i
x
e
dn
u
mb
e
rn
o
t
a
t
i
o
n
.Li
k
e
wi
s
e
,
t
h
ea
f
f
i
n
et
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
n
ma
t
r
i
xP wo
r
k
st
h
es
a
mea
sf
o
ra
f
f
i
n
es
p
r
i
t
e
s
:
Pd
e
s
c
r
i
b
e
st
h
et
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
nf
r
o
ms
c
r
e
e
ns
p
a
c
et
ot
e
x
t
u
r
es
p
a
c
e
.Top
u
ti
t
ma
t
h
e
ma
t
i
c
a
l
l
y
,
i
fwed
e
f
i
n
e
(12.1a)
T(
dx)
p := p +dx
−1
T (
dx)=T(
−dx)
(12.1b) P = A−1
t
h
e
n
(12.2a) T(
dx)
q =p
(12.2b) P · q =p
wh
e
r
e
sap
o
i
n
ti
nt
e
x
t
u
r
es
p
a
c
e
,
pi
i
s
a
p
o
i
n
t
i
n
s
c
r
e
e
n
s
p
a
c
e
,
q
st
h
ed
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
me
n
tv
e
c
t
o
r(
REG_BGxXa
n
dREG_BGxY)
.
dx i
st
h
et
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
nf
r
o
mt
e
x
t
u
r
et
os
c
r
e
e
ns
p
a
c
e
,
Ai
st
h
et
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
ns
c
r
e
e
nf
r
o
mt
ot
e
x
t
u
r
es
p
a
c
e
,
(
REG_BGxPAREG_BGxPD)
.
Pi
Th
ep
r
o
b
l
e
mwi
t
he
q1
2
.
2i
st
h
a
tt
h
e
s
eo
n
l
yd
e
s
c
r
i
b
ewh
a
th
a
p
p
e
n
si
fy
o
uu
s
ee
i
t
h
e
rad
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
me
n
to
rat
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
n
.Sowh
a
t
h
a
p
p
e
n
si
fy
o
uwa
n
tt
ou
s
eb
o
t
h
?Th
i
si
sa
ni
mp
o
r
t
a
n
tq
u
e
s
t
i
o
nb
e
c
a
u
s
et
h
eo
r
d
e
ro
ft
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
nma
t
t
e
r
s(
l
i
k
eweh
a
v
es
e
e
ni
nt
h
e
a
f
f
i
n
es
p
r
i
t
ed
e
mo
)
,
a
n
dt
h
i
si
st
r
u
ef
o
rt
h
eo
r
d
e
ro
ft
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
na
n
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i
s
p
l
a
c
e
me
n
ta
swe
l
l
.Asi
th
a
p
p
e
n
s
,
t
r
a
n
s
l
a
t
i
o
ng
o
e
sf
i
r
s
t
:
q
=A ·T(
−dx)p
(12.3) T
(
dx)P ·q =p
dx +P ·q =p
An
o
t
h
e
rwa
yt
os
a
yt
h
i
si
st
h
a
tt
h
et
r
a
n
s
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o
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ma
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o
na
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s
e
st
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et
o
pl
e
f
to
ft
h
es
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r
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e
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t
so
r
i
g
i
na
n
dt
h
ed
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
me
n
tt
e
l
l
swh
i
c
h
b
a
c
k
g
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o
u
n
dp
i
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e
l
si
sp
u
tt
h
e
r
e
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o
u
r
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e
,
t
h
i
sa
r
r
a
n
g
e
me
n
td
o
e
s
n
'
th
e
l
pv
e
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ymu
c
hi
fy
o
uwa
n
tt
o
,
s
a
y
,
r
o
t
a
t
ea
r
o
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n
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o
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t
h
e
rp
o
i
n
t
o
nt
h
es
c
r
e
e
n
.Tod
ot
h
a
ty
o
u
'
l
l
h
a
v
et
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u
l
l
af
e
wt
r
i
c
k
s
.Toc
o
v
e
rt
h
e
ma
l
l
i
no
n
es
wo
o
p
,
we
'
l
l
c
o
mb
i
n
ee
q1
2
.
3a
n
dt
h
eg
e
n
e
r
a
l
c
o
o
r
d
i
n
a
t
et
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
ne
q
u
a
t
i
o
n
:
dx + P · q =p
P ·(
q − q0)=p − p0
−
(12.4)
dx + P · q0 =p0
dx
=p0−P · q0
110/331
28-03-13
Sowh
a
tt
h
eh
e
l
l
d
o
e
sthat me
a
n
?I
tme
a
n
st
h
a
ti
fy
o
uu
s
et
h
i
sdx f
o
ry
o
u
rd
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
me
n
tv
e
c
t
o
r
,
y
o
up
e
r
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o
r
my
o
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rt
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
na
r
o
u
n
d
t
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x
t
u
r
ep
o
i
n
tp0,
wh
i
c
ht
h
e
ne
n
d
su
pa
ts
c
r
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e
np
o
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tq0;t
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eP·
q0t
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r
mi
st
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typedef struct tagAFF_SRC_EX
{
s32 tex_x, tex_y; // vector p0: origin in texture space (24.8f)
s16 scr_x, scr_y; // vector q0: origin in screen space (16.0f)
s16 sx, sy;
// scales (8.8f)
u16 alpha;
// CCW angle ( integer in [0,0xFFFF] )
} ALIGN4 AFF_SRC_EX;
void bg_rotscale_ex(BG_AFFINE *bgaff, const AFF_SRC_EX *asx)
{
int sx= asx->sx, sy= asx->sy;
int sina= lu_sin(asx->alpha), cosa= lu_cos(asx->alpha);
FIXED pa, pb, pc, pd;
pa= sx*cosa>>12; pb=-sx*sina>>12;
pc= sy*sina>>12; pd= sy*cosa>>12;
// .8f
// .8f
bgaff->pa= pa; bgaff->pb= pb;
bgaff->pc= pc; bgaff->pd= pd;
bgaff->dx= asx->tex_x - (pa*asx->scr_x + pb*asx->scr_y);
bgaff->dy= asx->tex_y - (pc*asx->scr_x + pd*asx->scr_y);
}
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#include <stdio.h>
#include <tonc.h>
#include "nums.h"
#define MAP_AFF_SIZE 0x0100
// -------------------------------------------------------------------// GLOBALS
// -------------------------------------------------------------------OBJ_ATTR *obj_cross= &oam_mem[0];
OBJ_ATTR *obj_disp= &oam_mem[1];
BG_AFFINE bgaff;
// -------------------------------------------------------------------// FUNCTIONS
// -------------------------------------------------------------------void win_textbox(int bgnr, int left, int top, int right, int bottom, int bldy)
{
REG_WIN0H= left<<8 | right;
REG_WIN0V= top<<8 | bottom;
REG_WIN0CNT= WIN_ALL | WIN_BLD;
REG_WINOUTCNT= WIN_ALL;
REG_BLDCNT= (BLD_ALL&~BIT(bgnr)) | BLD_BLACK;
REG_BLDY= bldy;
REG_DISPCNT |= DCNT_WIN0;
tte_set_margins(left, top, right, bottom);
}
void init_cross()
{
TILE cross=
{{
112/331
28-03-13
0x00011100, 0x00100010, 0x01022201, 0x01021201,
0x01022201, 0x00100010, 0x00011100, 0x00000000,
}};
tile_mem[4][1]= cross;
pal_obj_mem[0x01]= pal_obj_mem[0x12]= CLR_WHITE;
pal_obj_mem[0x02]= pal_obj_mem[0x11]= CLR_BLACK;
obj_cross->attr2= 0x0001;
obj_disp->attr2= 0x1001;
}
void init_map()
{
int ii;
memcpy32(&tile8_mem[0][1], nums8Tiles, nums8TilesLen/4);
memcpy32(pal_bg_mem, numsPal, numsPalLen/4);
REG_BG2CNT= BG_CBB(0) | BG_SBB(8) | BG_AFF_64x64;
bgaff= bg_aff_default;
// fill per 256 screen entries (=32x4 bands)
u32 *pse= (u32*)se_mem[8];
u32 ses= 0x01010101;
{
memset32(pse, ses, MAP_AFF_SIZE/4);
pse += MAP_AFF_SIZE/4;
ses += 0x01010101;
}
}
void sbb_aff()
{
AFF_SRC_EX asx=
{
32<<8, 64<<8,
120, 80,
0x0100, 0x0100, 0
};
// Map coords.
// Screen coords.
// Scales and angle.
const int DX=256;
FIXED ss= 0x0100;
while(1)
{
vid_vsync();
key_poll();
// dir + A : move map in screen coords
{
asx.scr_x += key_tri_horz();
asx.scr_y += key_tri_vert();
}
else
// dir : move map in map coords
{
asx.tex_x -= DX*key_tri_horz();
asx.tex_y -= DX*key_tri_vert();
}
// rotate
asx.alpha -= 128*key_tri_shoulder();
// B: scale up ; B+Se : scale down
if(key_is_down(KEY_B))
ss += (key_is_down(KEY_SELECT) ? -1 : 1);
// St+Se : reset
// St : toggle wrapping flag.
{
113/331
28-03-13
if(key_is_down(KEY_SELECT))
{
asx.tex_x= asx.tex_y= 0;
asx.scr_x= asx.scr_y= 0;
asx.alpha= 0;
ss= 1<<8;
}
else
REG_BG2CNT ^= BG_WRAP;
}
asx.sx= asx.sy= (1<<16)/ss;
bg_rotscale_ex(&bgaff, &asx);
REG_BG_AFFINE[2]= bgaff;
// the cross indicates the rotation point
// (== p in map-space; q in screen-space)
obj_set_pos(obj_cross, asx.scr_x-3, (asx.scr_y-3));
obj_set_pos(obj_disp, (bgaff.dx>>8)-3, (bgaff.dy>>8)-3);
tte_printf("#{es;P}p0\t: (%d, %d)\nq0\t: (%d, %d)\ndx\t: (%d, %d)",
asx.tex_x>>8, asx.tex_y>>8, asx.scr_x, asx.scr_y,
bgaff.dx>>8, bgaff.dy>>8);
}
}
int main()
{
init_map();
init_cross();
REG_DISPCNT= DCNT_MODE1 | DCNT_BG0 | DCNT_BG2 | DCNT_OBJ;
tte_init_con();
win_textbox(0, 8, 120, 232, 156, 8);
sbb_aff();
return 0;
}
114/331
28-03-13
13. Graphic Effects
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13.1.1. Using mosaic: sprite/bg flags and REG_MOSAIC
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13.1.2. A small mosaic demo
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// mos_demo.c
// bg 0, cbb 0, sbb 31, pb 0: text
115/331
28-03-13
//
//
bg 1, cbb 1, sbb 30, pb 1: bg metroid
oam 0: tile 0-63: obj metroid
#include <stdio.h>
#include <tonc.h>
#include "metr.h"
void test_mosaic()
{
tte_printf("#{P:48,8}obj#{P:168,8}bg");
tte_set_margins(4, 130, 128, 156);
POINT pt_obj={0,0}, pt_bg={0,0};
POINT *ppt= &pt_obj;
while(1)
{
vid_vsync();
// control the mosaic
key_poll();
// switch between bg or obj mosaic
ppt= key_is_down(KEY_A) ? &pt_bg : &pt_obj;
ppt->x += key_tri_horz();
// inc/dec h-mosaic
ppt->y -= key_tri_vert();
// inc/dec v-mosaic
ppt->x= clamp(ppt->x, 0, 0x80);
ppt->y= clamp(ppt->y, 0, 0x80);
REG_MOSAIC= MOS_BUILD(pt_bg.x>>3, pt_bg.y>>3, pt_obj.x>>3, pt_obj.y>>3);
tte_printf("#{es;P}obj h,v: %2d,%2d\n bg h,v: %2d,%2d",
pt_obj.x>>3, pt_obj.y>>3, pt_bg.x>>3, pt_bg.y>>3);
}
}
void load_metr()
{
int ix, iy;
memcpy32(&tile_mem[1][0], metrTiles, metrTilesLen/4);
// create object: oe0
OBJ_ATTR *metr= &oam_mem[0];
obj_set_attr(metr, ATTR0_SQUARE | ATTR0_MOSAIC, ATTR1_SIZE_64, 0);
obj_set_pos(metr, 32, 24);
// left-center
// create bg map: bg1, cbb1, sbb 31
for(ix=1; ix<16; ix++)
pal_bg_mem[ix+16]= pal_obj_mem[ix] ^ CLR_WHITE;
SCR_ENTRY *pse= &se_mem[30][3*32+18];
// right-center
pse[iy*32+ix]= (iy*8+ix) | SE_PALBANK(1);
REG_BG1CNT= BG_CBB(1) | BG_SBB(30) | BG_MOSAIC;
}
int main()
{
// setup sprite
oam_init(oam_mem, 128);
load_metr();
REG_DISPCNT= DCNT_BG0 | DCNT_BG1 | DCNT_OBJ | DCNT_OBJ_1D;
// set-up text: bg0, cbb0, sbb31
tte_init_con();
116/331
28-03-13
test_mosaic();
return 0;
}
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// bld_demo.c
//
//
//
//
bg 0, cbb 0, sbb 31, pb 15: text
bg 1, cbb 2, sbb 30, pb 1: metroid
bg 2, cbb 2, sbb 29, pb 0: fence
oam 0: tile 0-63: obj metroid
#include <stdio.h>
#include <tonc.h>
#include "../gfx/metr.h"
void test_blend()
{
tte_printf("#{P:48,8}obj#{P:168,8}bg");
tte_set_margins(16, SCR_H-4-4*12, SCR_W-4, SCR_H-4);
u32 mode=0;
// eva, evb and ey are .4 fixeds
// eva is full, evb and ey are empty
u32 eva=0x80, evb= 0, ey=0;
REG_BLDCNT= BLD_BUILD(
118/331
28-03-13
BLD_OBJ | BLD_BG0, // Top layers
BLD_BG1,
// Bottom layers
mode);
// Mode
while(1)
{
vid_vsync();
key_poll();
// Interactive blend weights
eva += key_tri_horz();
evb -= key_tri_vert();
ey += key_tri_fire();
mode += bit_tribool(key_hit(-1), KI_R, KI_L);
// Clamp to allowable ranges
eva = clamp(eva, 0, 0x81);
evb = clamp(evb, 0, 0x81);
ey = clamp(ey, 0, 0x81);
mode= clamp(mode, 0, 4);
tte_printf("#{es;P}mode :\t%2d\neva :\t%2d\nevb :\t%2d\ney :\t%2d",
mode, eva/8, evb/8, ey/8);
// Update blend mode
BFN_SET(REG_BLDCNT, mode, BLD_MODE);
// Update blend weights
REG_BLDALPHA= BLDA_BUILD(eva/8, evb/8);
REG_BLDY= BLDY_BUILD(ey/8);
}
}
void load_metr()
{
// copy sprite and bg tiles, and the sprite palette
// set the metroid sprite
OBJ_ATTR *metr= &oam_mem[0]; // use the first sprite
obj_set_attr(metr, ATTR0_SQUARE | ATTR0_BLEND, ATTR1_SIZE_64, 0);
obj_set_pos(metr, 32, 24);
// mid-center
// create the metroid bg
// using inverted palette for bg-metroid
int ix, iy;
pal_bg_mem[ix+16]= pal_obj_mem[ix] ^ CLR_WHITE;
SCR_ENTRY *pse= &se_mem[30][3*32+18]; // right-center
pse[iy*32+ix]= iy*8+ix + SE_PALBANK(1);
REG_BG0CNT= BG_CBB(0) | BG_SBB(30);
}
// set-up the fence background
void load_fence()
{
// tile 0 / ' ' will be a fence tile
const TILE fence=
{{
0x00012000, 0x00012000, 0x00022200, 0x22220222,
0x11122211, 0x00112000, 0x00012000, 0x00012000,
}};
tile_mem[2][64]= fence;
se_fill(se_mem[29], 64);
119/331
28-03-13
pal_bg_mem[0]= RGB15(16, 10, 20);
pal_bg_mem[1]= RGB15( 0, 0, 31);
pal_bg_mem[2]= RGB15(16, 16, 16);
}
int main()
{
load_metr();
load_fence();
tte_init_con();
REG_DISPCNT= DCNT_MODE0 | DCNT_BG0 | DCNT_BG1 | DCNT_BG2 |
DCNT_OBJ | DCNT_OBJ_1D;
test_blend();
return 0;
}
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120/331
28-03-13
13.3.1. Window boundaries
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// win_demo.c
//
//
//
bg 0, cbb 0, sbb 2, pb 0: numbered forground
bg 1, cbb 0, sbb 3, pb 0: fenced background
oam 0: tile 0-3: rocket
//
//
//
win 0: objects
win 1: bg 0
win out : bg 1
#include <tonc.h>
#include "nums.h"
#include "rocket.h"
typedef struct tagRECT_U8 { u8 ll, tt, rr, bb; } ALIGN4 RECT_U8;
// window rectangle regs are write only, so buffers are necessary
// Objects in win0, BG 0 in win1
RECT_U8 win[2]=
{
{ 36, 20, 76, 60 }, // win0: 40x40 rect
{ 12, 12 ,228, 148 }
// win1: screen minus 12 margin.
};
// gfx loaders omitted for clarity
void init_front_map(); // numbers tiles
122/331
28-03-13
void init_back_map();
void init_rocket();
// fence
// rocket
void win_copy()
{
REG_WIN0H= win[0].ll<<8 | win[0].rr;
REG_WIN1H= win[1].ll<<8 | win[1].rr;
REG_WIN0V= win[0].tt<<8 | win[0].bb;
REG_WIN1V= win[1].tt<<8 | win[1].bb;
}
void test_win()
{
win_copy();
while(1)
{
key_poll();
vid_vsync();
// key_hit() or key_is_down() 'switch'
// A depressed: move on direction press (std movement)
// A pressed : moves on direction hit (fine movement)
int keys= key_curr_state();
keys &= ~key_prev_state();
if(keys & KEY_RIGHT)
{ win[0].ll++;
win[0].rr++;
else if(keys & KEY_LEFT )
{ win[0].ll--;
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if(keys & KEY_DOWN)
{ win[0].tt++;
win[0].bb++;
else if(keys & KEY_UP )
{ win[0].tt--;
win[0].bb--;
}
}
}
}
// (1) randomize rocket position
obj_set_pos(&oam_mem[0],
qran_range(0, 232), qran_range(0, 152));
win_copy();
}
}
int main()
{
// obvious inits
oam_init();
init_front_map();
init_back_map();
init_rocket();
// (2) windowing inits
REG_DISPCNT= DCNT_BG0 | DCNT_BG1 | DCNT_OBJ | DCNT_OBJ_1D |
DCNT_WIN0 |
// Enable win 0
DCNT_WIN1;
// Enable win 1
REG_WININ= WININ_BUILD(WIN_OBJ, (WIN_BG0);
REG_WINOUT= WINOUT_BUILD(WIN_BG1, 0);
win_copy();
// Initialize window rects
test_win();
return 0;
}
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// from tonc_core.h/.c
// A Quick (and dirty) random number generator and its seeder
int __qran_seed= 42;
// Seed / rnd holder
// Seed routine
int sqran(int seed)
{
int old= __qran_seed;
__qran_seed= seed;
return old;
}
//! Quick (and very dirty) pseudo-random number generator
/*! \return random in range [0,8000h>
*/
INLINE int qran()
{
__qran_seed= 1664525*__qran_seed+1013904223;
return (__qran_seed>>16) & 0x7FFF;
}
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dqran_range().
//! Ranged random number
/*! \return random in range [\a min, \a max>
* \note (max-min) must be lower than 8000h
*/
INLINE int qran_range(int min, int max)
{
return (qran()*(max-min)>>15)+min;
}
124/331
28-03-13
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es
c
r
e
e
na
ta
l
l
t
i
me
s
.Wh
i
l
et
h
ep
o
s
i
t
i
o
ni
t
s
e
l
fc
o
u
l
db
e
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
e
db
e
f
o
r
e
h
a
n
dwi
t
hs
o
mei
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
,
Id
o
n
'
tt
h
i
n
ki
t
'
l
l
b
et
h
a
te
a
s
y
.An
di
fy
o
ur
e
a
l
l
yp
u
tt
h
a
tk
i
n
do
fe
f
f
o
r
ti
ni
t
,
I
'
ds
a
yy
o
u
wo
u
l
dd
e
s
e
r
v
es
o
me
t
h
i
n
gf
o
ry
o
u
rt
r
o
u
b
l
e
s
.I
fy
o
ur
e
l
o
a
dt
h
ed
e
moaf
e
wt
i
me
s
,
y
o
uwi
l
l
n
o
t
i
c
et
h
a
tt
h
es
e
q
u
e
n
c
eo
fp
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
si
sa
l
wa
y
s
t
h
es
a
me
.Th
i
si
swh
yt
h
e
y
'
r
ec
a
l
l
e
dpseudor
a
n
d
o
m.Tog
e
tad
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
ts
e
q
u
e
n
c
e
,
t
h
es
e
e
dv
a
l
u
es
h
o
u
l
db
ed
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
.Ih
a
v
e
n
'
te
v
e
n
s
e
e
d
e
di
to
n
c
eh
e
r
eb
e
c
a
u
s
ei
t
'
sn
o
tr
e
a
l
l
yi
mp
o
r
t
a
n
tf
o
rt
h
i
s
,
b
u
tt
h
eu
s
u
a
l
t
r
i
c
kt
os
e
e
di
twi
t
hs
o
me
t
h
i
n
gi
n
v
o
l
v
i
n
gt
i
me
:
f
o
re
x
a
mp
l
e
,
t
h
e
n
u
mb
e
ro
ff
r
a
me
so
rc
y
c
l
e
sb
e
f
o
r
eo
n
ea
c
t
u
a
l
l
ys
t
a
r
t
sag
a
me
,
c
o
u
n
t
e
df
r
o
mt
h
ev
a
r
i
o
u
si
n
t
r
os
c
r
e
e
n
st
h
a
tma
yp
r
e
c
e
d
ei
t
.Ev
e
nas
ma
l
l
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
ei
nt
h
es
e
e
dc
a
np
r
o
d
u
c
ewi
l
d
l
yv
a
r
y
i
n
gs
e
q
u
e
n
c
e
s
.
13.4. Conclusions
Te
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
l
ys
p
e
a
k
i
n
gy
o
up
r
o
b
a
b
l
ywo
n
'
tr
e
a
l
l
yn
e
e
dmo
s
a
i
c
,
b
l
e
n
d
i
n
go
rwi
n
d
o
wi
n
gi
ng
a
me
s
,
b
u
tt
h
e
y
'
r
eg
r
e
a
tf
o
rs
u
b
t
l
ee
f
f
e
c
t
s
,
l
i
k
ea
‘
s
h
o
c
k
h
i
t
’o
rs
p
o
t
l
i
g
h
t
s
.Th
e
y
'
r
ea
l
s
oo
fg
r
e
a
tu
s
ef
o
rv
a
r
i
o
u
st
y
p
e
so
fs
c
e
n
et
r
a
n
s
i
t
i
o
n
s
;af
a
d
et
ob
l
a
c
kc
a
nb
ee
a
s
i
l
yi
mp
l
e
me
n
t
e
du
s
i
n
g
t
h
eb
l
e
n
dr
e
g
i
s
t
e
r
s
.Al
s
of
u
na
r
ev
a
r
i
o
u
sHBl
a
n
ke
f
f
e
c
t
su
s
i
n
gwi
n
d
o
ws
,
c
h
a
n
g
i
n
gt
h
er
e
c
t
a
n
g
l
e
se
v
e
r
yHBl
a
n
kt
og
i
v
eb
e
a
ms
,
s
i
d
e
wa
y
wi
p
e
so
rc
i
r
c
l
u
l
a
rwi
n
d
o
ws
.Ho
we
v
e
r
,
t
ob
ea
b
l
et
od
ot
h
a
ty
o
un
e
e
dt
ok
n
o
wh
o
wt
owo
r
kwi
t
hi
n
t
e
r
r
u
p
t
s
.Oras
p
e
c
i
a
l
c
a
s
eo
fDMA
k
n
o
wna
sHDMA,
wh
i
c
hj
u
s
th
a
p
p
e
n
st
ob
eu
pn
e
x
t
.
125/331
28-03-13
14. Direct Memory Access
DMA… q
u
e
?
.
DMAr
e
g
i
s
t
e
r
s
.
So
meDMAr
o
u
t
i
n
e
s
.
DMAd
e
mo:
c
i
r
c
u
l
a
rwi
n
d
o
ws
.
14.1. DMA … que?
Direct Memory Access (
DMA)i
sf
a
s
twa
yo
fc
o
p
y
i
n
gd
a
t
af
r
o
mo
n
ep
l
a
c
et
oa
n
o
t
h
e
r
.Or
,
r
a
t
h
e
r
,
awa
yo
ftransferring d
a
t
af
a
s
t
;a
si
t
c
a
nb
eu
s
e
df
o
rc
o
p
y
i
n
gd
a
t
a
,
b
u
ta
l
s
of
i
l
l
i
n
gme
mo
r
y
.Wh
e
ny
o
ua
c
t
i
v
a
t
eDMAt
h
es
o
c
a
l
l
e
dDMA controller t
a
k
e
so
v
e
rt
h
eh
a
r
d
wa
r
e
(
t
h
eCPUi
sa
c
t
u
a
l
l
yh
a
l
t
e
d
)
,
d
o
e
st
h
ed
e
s
i
r
e
dt
r
a
n
s
f
e
ra
n
dh
a
n
d
sc
o
n
t
r
o
l
b
a
c
kt
ot
h
eCPUb
e
f
o
r
ey
o
ue
v
e
nk
n
e
wi
twa
smi
s
s
i
n
g
.
Th
e
r
ea
r
ef
o
u
rDMAc
h
a
n
n
e
l
s
.Ch
a
n
n
e
l
0h
a
st
h
eh
i
g
h
e
s
tp
r
i
o
r
i
t
y
;i
ti
su
s
e
df
o
rt
i
me
c
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
sa
n
dc
a
no
n
l
yb
eu
s
e
dwi
t
h
i
n
t
e
r
n
a
l
RAM.Ch
a
n
n
e
l
s1a
n
d2a
r
eu
s
e
dt
ot
r
a
n
s
f
e
rs
o
u
n
dd
a
t
at
ot
h
er
i
g
h
ts
o
u
n
db
u
f
f
e
r
sf
o
rp
l
a
y
b
a
c
k
.Th
el
o
we
s
tp
r
i
o
r
i
t
yc
h
a
n
n
e
l
,
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
3
,
i
sf
o
rg
e
n
e
r
a
l
p
u
r
p
o
s
ec
o
p
i
e
s
.On
eo
ft
h
ep
r
i
ma
r
yu
s
e
sf
o
rt
h
i
sc
h
a
n
n
e
l
i
sl
o
a
d
i
n
gi
nn
e
wb
i
t
ma
po
rt
i
l
ed
a
t
a
.
14.2. DMA registers
Ev
e
r
yk
i
n
do
ft
r
a
n
s
f
e
rr
o
u
t
i
n
en
e
e
d
s3t
h
i
n
g
s
:
as
o
u
r
c
e
,
ad
e
s
t
i
n
a
t
i
o
na
n
dt
h
ea
mo
u
n
to
fd
a
t
at
oc
o
p
y
.Th
ewhence,
whither a
n
dhow
much.Fo
rDMA,
t
h
es
o
u
r
c
ea
d
d
r
e
s
si
sp
u
ti
n
t
oREG_DMAxSADa
n
dd
e
s
t
i
n
a
t
i
o
na
d
d
r
e
s
si
n
t
oREG_DMAxDAD.At
h
i
r
dr
e
g
i
s
t
e
r
,
REG_DMAxCNT,
n
o
to
n
l
yi
n
d
i
c
a
t
e
st
h
ea
mo
u
n
tt
ot
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
,
b
u
ta
l
s
oc
o
n
t
r
o
l
so
t
h
e
rf
e
a
t
u
r
e
sp
o
s
s
i
b
l
ef
o
rDMA,
l
i
k
ewh
e
ni
ts
h
o
u
l
ds
t
a
r
t
t
h
et
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
,
c
h
u
n
k
s
i
z
e
,
a
n
dh
o
wt
h
es
o
u
r
c
ea
n
dd
e
s
t
i
n
a
t
i
o
na
d
d
r
e
s
s
e
ss
h
o
u
l
db
eu
p
d
a
t
e
da
f
t
e
re
a
c
hi
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
c
h
u
n
ko
fd
a
t
a
.Al
l
t
h
e
DMAr
e
g
i
s
t
e
r
sa
r
e3
2
b
i
t
si
nl
e
n
g
t
h
,
t
h
o
u
g
ht
h
e
yc
a
nb
ed
i
v
i
d
e
di
n
t
ot
wo1
6
b
i
tr
e
g
i
s
t
e
r
si
fs
od
e
s
i
r
e
d
.Th
o
s
eo
fc
h
a
n
n
e
l
0s
t
a
r
t
a
t
0400:00B0h;s
u
b
s
e
q
u
e
n
tc
h
a
n
n
e
l
ss
t
a
r
ta
ta
no
f
f
s
e
to
f1
2(
s
e
et
a
b
l
e1
)
.
reg
function
address
REG_DMAxSADs
o
u
r
c
e 0400:00B0h + 0Ch·
x
REG_DMAxDADd
e
s
t
i
n
a
t
i
o
n0400:00B4h + 0Ch·
x
REG_DMAxCNTc
o
n
t
r
o
l 0400:00B8h + 0Ch·
x
Table 14.1:
DMAr
e
g
i
s
t
e
ra
d
d
r
e
s
s
e
s
14.2.1. DMA controls
Th
eu
s
eo
ft
h
es
o
u
r
c
ea
n
dd
e
s
t
i
n
a
t
i
o
nr
e
g
i
s
t
e
r
ss
h
o
u
l
db
eo
b
v
i
o
u
s
.Th
ec
o
n
t
r
o
l
r
e
g
i
s
t
e
rn
e
e
d
ss
o
mee
x
p
l
a
i
n
i
n
g
.Al
t
h
o
u
g
ht
h
e
REG_DMAxCNTr
e
g
i
s
t
e
r
st
h
e
ms
e
l
v
e
sa
r
e3
2
b
i
t
s
,
t
h
e
ya
r
eo
f
t
e
ns
p
l
i
ti
n
t
ot
wos
e
p
a
r
a
t
er
e
g
i
s
t
e
r
s
:
o
n
ef
o
rt
h
ec
o
u
n
t
,
a
n
do
n
ef
o
rt
h
ea
c
t
u
a
l
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
b
i
t
s
.
REG_DMAxCNT @ 0400:00B8+12x
1F 1E 1D 1C 1B 1A 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 F E D C B A 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
En I
TM
- CS R
DA
-
N
bits
name
0
0
0
F
N
1
5
1
6
DA
DMA_DST_I
NC,
Destination adjustment.
DMA_DST_DEC,
00:
i
n
c
r
e
me
n
ta
f
t
e
re
a
c
ht
r
a
n
s
f
e
r(
d
e
f
a
u
l
t
)
DMA_DST_FI
XED,
01:
d
e
c
r
e
me
n
ta
f
t
e
re
a
c
ht
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
DMA_DST_RELOAD
10:
n
o
n
e
;a
d
d
r
e
s
si
sf
i
x
e
d
11:
i
n
c
r
e
me
n
tt
h
ed
e
s
t
i
n
a
t
i
o
nd
u
r
i
n
gt
h
et
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
,
a
n
dr
e
s
e
ti
ts
o
t
h
a
tr
e
p
e
a
tDMAwi
l
l
a
l
wa
y
ss
t
a
r
ta
tt
h
es
a
med
e
s
t
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
.
1
7
1
8
SA
DMA_SRC_I
NC,
r
k
sj
u
s
tl
i
k
et
h
et
wob
i
t
sf
o
rt
h
ed
e
s
t
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
.No
t
e
Source Adjustment.Wo
DMA_SRC_DEC, t
h
a
tt
h
e
r
ei
sn
oDMA_SRC_RESET;c
o
d
e3f
o
rs
o
u
r
c
ei
sf
o
r
b
i
d
d
e
n
.
DMA_SRC_FI
XED,
1
9
R
DMA_REPEAT
1
A
CS
DMA_1
6
,
DMA_3
2 Chunk Size .Se
t
sDMAt
oc
o
p
yb
yh
a
l
f
wo
r
d(
i
fc
l
e
a
r
)o
rwo
r
d(
i
fs
e
t
)
.
1
C1
D TM
define
SA
description
ft
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
s
.
Number o
Re
p
e
a
t
st
h
ec
o
p
ya
te
a
c
hVBl
a
n
ko
rHBl
a
n
ki
ft
h
eDMAt
i
mi
n
gh
a
sb
e
e
ns
e
t
t
ot
h
o
s
emo
d
e
s
.
DMA_NOW,
e
c
i
f
i
e
swh
e
nt
h
et
r
a
n
s
f
e
rs
h
o
u
l
ds
t
a
r
t
.
Timing Mode .Sp
DMA_AT_VBLANK,
00:
s
t
a
r
ti
mme
d
i
a
t
e
l
y
.
DMA_AT_HBLANK,
01:
s
t
a
r
ta
tVBl
a
n
k
.
DMA_AT_REFRESH
126/331
28-03-13
10:
s
t
a
r
ta
tHBl
a
n
k
.
11:
Ne
v
e
ru
s
e
di
ts
of
a
r
,
b
u
th
e
r
e
'
sh
o
wIg
a
t
h
e
ri
two
r
k
s
.Fo
r
DMA1a
n
dDMA2i
t
'
l
l
r
e
f
i
l
l
t
h
eFI
FOwh
e
ni
th
a
sb
e
e
ne
mp
t
i
e
d
.
Co
u
n
ta
n
ds
i
z
ea
r
ef
o
r
c
e
dt
o1a
n
d3
2
b
i
t
,
r
e
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
l
y
.Fo
rDMA3
i
twi
l
l
s
t
a
r
tt
h
ec
o
p
ya
tt
h
es
t
a
r
to
fe
a
c
hr
e
n
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1
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I
DMA_I
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i
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ea
ni
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.
Interrupt request.Ra
1
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En
DMA_ENABLE
h
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e
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.
Enable t
14.2.2. Source and destination addresses
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14.2.3. DMA flags
Th
eREG_DMAxCNTr
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14.3. Some DMA routines
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k
et
h
i
s
:
// Don't do this. Please.
void dma_copy(int ch, void* src, void* dest, uint count, u32 mode)
{
switch(ch)
{
case 0:
// set DMA 0
case 1:
// set DMA 1
... // etc
}
}
127/331
28-03-13
Th
i
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l
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sa
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df
l
a
g
s
.
typedef struct DMA_REC
{
const void *src;
void *dst;
u32 cnt;
} DMA_REC;
#define REG_DMA ((volatile DMA_REC*)0x040000B0)
Th
ef
o
l
l
o
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eDMA_TRANSER()ma
c
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o
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st
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g
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e
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t
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o
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e
r
swi
t
hDMA3
.
// in tonc_core.h
//! General DMA transfer macro
#define DMA_TRANSFER(_dst, _src, count, ch, mode)
do {
\
REG_DMA[ch].cnt= 0;
\
REG_DMA[ch].src= (const void*)(_src);
\
REG_DMA[ch].dst= (void*)(_dst);
\
REG_DMA[ch].cnt= (count) | (mode);
\
} while(0)
\
//! General DMA copier
INLINE void dma_cpy(void *dst, const void *src, uint count, int ch, u32 mode)
{
REG_DMA[3].cnt = 0; // shut off any previous transfer
REG_DMA[3].src = src;
REG_DMA[3].dst = dst;
REG_DMA[3].cnt = count;
}
//! General DMA full routine
INLINE void dma_fill(void *dst, volatile u32 src, uint count, int ch, u32 mode)
{
REG_DMA[3].cnt = 0; // shut off any previous transfer
REG_DMA[3].src = (const void*)&src;
REG_DMA[3].dst = dst;
REG_DMA[3].cnt = count | DMA_SRC_FIXED;
}
//! Word copy using DMA 3
INLINE void dma3_cpy(void *dst, const void *src, u32 size)
{ dma_cpy(dst, src, size/4, 3, DMA_CPY32); }
//! Word fill using DMA 3
INLINE void dma3_fill(void *dst, const void *src, u32 size)
{ dma_fill(dst, src, size/4, 3, DMA_CPY32); }
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yp
r
e
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i
o
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s
l
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e
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a
t
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n
gt
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a
n
s
f
e
r
sf
i
r
s
t
.Th
i
sma
ys
e
e
mr
e
d
u
n
d
a
n
ti
fDMAs
t
o
p
st
h
eCPU,
b
u
tr
e
me
mb
e
rt
h
a
t
DMAt
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
sc
a
nb
et
i
me
da
swe
l
l
–y
o
uwo
u
l
d
n
'
twa
n
ti
tt
os
t
a
r
ti
nt
h
emi
d
d
l
eo
fs
e
t
t
i
n
gt
h
er
e
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i
s
t
e
r
s
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t
e
rt
h
a
t
,
i
t
'
ss
i
mp
l
yama
t
t
e
r
o
ff
i
l
l
i
n
gt
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er
e
g
i
s
t
e
r
s
.No
w,
i
ts
oh
a
p
p
e
n
st
h
a
tt
h
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r
ei
sa2
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y
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l
a
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e
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o
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s
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e
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e
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l
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e
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i
n
s
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i
sme
a
n
st
h
a
ty
o
uc
o
u
l
dl
o
s
e
at
r
a
n
s
f
e
ri
fy
o
ua
s
kf
o
rt
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
si
ni
mme
d
i
a
t
es
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c
c
e
s
s
i
o
n
.I
'
mn
o
ts
u
r
ei
ft
h
i
si
sv
e
r
yl
i
k
e
l
yt
h
o
u
g
h
:
me
mo
r
ywa
i
t
s
t
a
t
e
st
h
e
ms
e
l
v
e
s
a
l
r
e
a
d
yt
a
k
et
h
a
tmu
c
ht
i
mes
oy
o
ushould b
es
a
f
e
.
Ot
h
e
rn
o
t
e
so
nt
h
e
s
er
o
u
t
i
n
e
s
:
t
h
eDMA_TRANSFER()ma
c
r
o
'
sc
o
d
es
i
t
sb
e
t
we
e
nado {} while(0);l
o
o
p
.Th
ep
r
o
b
l
e
mwi
t
h
ma
c
r
o
si
st
h
a
twh
e
ne
x
p
a
n
d
e
dmu
l
t
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p
l
es
t
a
t
e
me
n
t
smi
g
h
tb
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a
kn
e
s
t
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n
g
b
l
o
c
k
s
.Fo
re
x
a
mp
l
e
,
c
a
l
l
i
n
gi
ti
nt
h
eb
o
d
yo
fa
nifwi
t
h
o
u
t
b
r
a
c
e
sa
r
o
u
n
di
two
u
l
dh
a
v
et
h
ef
i
r
s
tl
i
n
ea
st
h
eb
o
d
y
,
b
u
tt
h
er
e
s
tf
a
l
l
o
u
t
s
i
d
ei
t
.Th
i
sk
i
n
do
fl
o
o
pi
so
n
eo
ft
h
ewa
y
so
fp
r
e
v
e
n
t
i
n
gt
h
a
t
.
An
o
t
h
e
rp
r
o
b
l
e
mwi
t
hma
c
r
o
si
st
h
a
ti
ft
h
ea
r
g
u
me
n
t
s
'
n
a
me
sma
yh
i
d
eo
t
h
e
rp
a
r
t
so
ft
h
ema
c
r
o
'
sc
o
d
e
.Li
k
et
h
esrca
n
ddst
me
mb
e
r
so
ft
h
eDMA_RECs
t
r
u
c
t
;wh
i
c
hi
swh
yt
h
e
y
'
r
eu
n
d
e
r
s
c
o
r
e
d
.Th
ef
i
l
l
r
o
u
t
i
n
e
sa
l
s
oh
a
v
es
o
me
t
h
i
n
gr
e
ma
r
k
a
b
l
eg
o
i
n
go
n
,
wh
i
c
h
y
o
uc
a
nr
e
a
da
b
o
u
ti
nt
h
en
e
x
ts
u
b
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
.La
s
t
l
y
,
t
h
edma3i
n
l
i
n
e
su
s
ewo
r
d
t
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
sa
n
dt
a
k
et
h
eb
y
t
e
s
i
z
ea
st
h
e
i
rl
a
s
ta
r
g
u
me
n
t
s
,
ma
k
i
n
gt
h
e
mv
e
r
ys
i
mi
l
a
rt
ot
h
es
t
a
n
d
a
r
dmemcpy()a
n
dmemset().
Iu
s
e
dt
oh
a
v
et
h
ef
o
l
l
o
wi
n
gma
c
r
of
o
rmyt
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
s
.I
tu
s
e
so
n
eo
ft
h
emo
r
ee
x
o
t
i
cc
a
p
a
b
i
l
i
t
i
e
so
ft
h
ep
r
e
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
o
r
:
t
h
eme
r
g
i
n
g
o
p
e
r
a
t
o
r‘
##’
,
wh
i
c
ha
l
l
o
wsy
o
ut
oc
r
e
a
t
es
y
mb
o
l
n
a
me
sa
tc
o
mp
i
l
e
t
i
me
.I
t
'
ss
c
a
r
y
,
t
o
t
a
l
l
yu
n
s
a
f
ea
n
dg
e
n
e
r
a
l
l
yu
n
r
u
l
y
,
b
u
ti
td
o
e
swo
r
k
.
Th
eo
t
h
e
rma
c
r
oIg
a
v
ei
sb
e
t
t
e
r
,
b
u
tIs
t
i
l
l
l
i
k
et
h
i
st
h
i
n
gt
o
o
.
128/331
28-03-13
#define DMA_TRANSFER(_dst, _src, _count, _ch, _mode)
REG_DMA##_ch##SAD = (u32)(_src),
REG_DMA##_ch##DAD = (u32)(_dst),
REG_DMA##_ch##CNT = (_count) | (_mode)
\
\
\
\
Asl
o
n
ga
sy
o
ua
r
eu
s
i
n
gal
i
t
e
r
a
l
n
u
mb
e
rf
o
r_chi
t
'
l
l
f
o
r
mt
h
ec
o
r
r
e
c
tr
e
g
i
s
t
e
rn
a
me
s
.An
dy
e
s
,
t
h
o
s
ec
o
mmao
p
e
r
a
t
o
r
sb
e
t
we
e
nt
h
e
s
t
a
t
e
me
n
t
sa
c
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u
a
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l
ywo
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k
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e
yk
e
e
pt
h
es
t
a
t
e
me
n
t
ss
e
p
a
r
a
t
e
,
a
n
da
l
s
og
u
a
r
da
g
a
i
n
s
twr
o
n
g
f
u
l
n
e
s
t
i
n
gj
u
s
tl
i
k
et
h
edo{} while(0)
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
td
o
e
s
.
14.3.1. On DMA fills
DMAc
a
nb
eu
s
e
dt
of
i
l
l
me
mo
r
y
,
b
u
tt
h
e
r
ea
r
et
wop
r
o
b
l
e
mst
h
a
ty
o
un
e
e
dt
ob
ea
wa
r
eo
fb
e
f
o
r
ey
o
ut
r
yi
t
.Th
ef
i
r
s
tc
a
nb
ec
a
u
g
h
tb
y
s
i
mp
l
yp
a
y
i
n
ga
t
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
.DMAf
i
l
l
sd
o
n
'
two
r
kquite i
nt
h
es
a
mewa
ya
smemset()d
o
e
s
.Wh
a
ty
o
up
u
ti
n
t
oREG_DMAxSADi
s
n
'
tt
h
e
v
a
l
u
ey
o
uwa
n
tt
of
i
l
l
wi
t
h
,
b
u
ti
t
saddress!
“
Ve
r
ywe
l
l
,
I
'
l
l
p
u
tt
h
ev
a
l
u
ei
nav
a
r
i
a
b
l
ea
n
du
s
ei
t
sa
d
d
r
e
s
s
.
”Ye
s
,
a
n
dt
h
a
tb
r
i
n
g
su
st
oo
u
rs
e
c
o
n
dp
r
o
b
l
e
m,
ab
u
gwh
i
c
hi
sa
l
mo
s
t
i
mp
o
s
s
i
b
l
et
of
i
n
d
.I
fy
o
ut
r
yt
h
i
s
,
y
o
u
'
l
l
f
i
n
dt
h
a
ti
td
o
e
s
n
'
two
r
k
.We
l
l
i
tf
i
l
l
swi
t
hsomething,
b
u
tu
s
u
a
l
l
yn
o
twh
a
ty
o
uwa
n
t
e
dt
of
i
l
l
wi
t
h
.
Th
ef
u
l
l
e
x
p
l
a
n
a
t
i
o
ni
ss
o
me
wh
a
tt
e
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
,
b
u
tb
a
s
i
c
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l
l
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e
c
a
u
s
ey
o
u
'
r
ep
r
o
b
a
b
l
yo
n
l
yu
s
i
n
gt
h
ev
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
'
sa
d
d
r
e
s
sa
n
dn
o
ti
t
svalue,
t
h
e
o
p
t
i
mi
z
e
rd
o
e
s
n
'
te
v
e
ri
n
i
t
i
a
l
i
z
ei
t
.Th
e
r
ei
sas
i
mp
l
es
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
,
o
n
et
h
a
twe
'
v
es
e
e
nb
e
f
o
r
e
,
ma
k
ei
tv
o
l
a
t
i
l
e
.Ory
o
uc
a
nu
s
ea(
i
n
l
i
n
e
)
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
nl
i
k
edma_fill(),
wh
i
c
hh
a
si
t
ss
o
u
r
c
ea
r
g
u
me
n
ts
e
ta
sv
o
l
a
t
i
l
es
oy
o
uc
a
nj
u
s
ti
n
s
e
r
tan
u
mb
e
rj
u
s
ta
sy
o
u
'
de
x
p
e
c
t
.No
t
e
t
h
a
ti
fy
o
ur
e
mo
v
et
h
ev
o
l
a
t
i
l
ek
e
y
wo
r
dt
h
e
r
e
,
i
t
'
l
l
f
a
i
l
a
g
a
i
n
.
I
ns
h
o
r
t
:
DMAf
i
l
l
sn
e
e
da
d
d
r
e
s
s
e
s
,
n
o
td
i
r
e
c
tv
a
l
u
e
s
.Gl
o
b
a
l
swi
l
l
a
l
wa
y
swo
r
k
,
b
u
ti
fy
o
uu
s
el
o
c
a
l
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
so
ra
r
g
u
me
n
t
sy
o
u
'
l
l
n
e
e
dt
o
ma
k
et
h
e
mv
o
l
a
t
i
l
e
.No
t
et
h
a
tt
h
es
a
met
h
i
n
gh
o
l
d
st
r
u
ef
o
rt
h
eBI
OSc
a
l
l
Cp
u
Fa
s
t
Se
t
(
)
.
14.3.2. DMA; don't wear it out
DMAi
sf
a
s
t
,
t
h
e
r
e
'
sn
oq
u
e
s
t
i
o
na
b
o
u
tt
h
a
t
.I
tc
a
nb
eu
pt
ot
e
nt
i
me
sa
sf
a
s
ta
sa
r
r
a
yc
o
p
i
e
s
.Ho
we
v
e
r
,
t
h
i
n
kt
wi
c
ea
b
o
u
tu
s
i
n
gi
tf
o
r
e
v
e
r
yc
o
p
y
.Wh
i
l
ei
ti
sf
a
s
t
,
i
td
o
e
s
n
'
tq
u
i
t
eb
l
o
we
v
e
r
yo
t
h
e
rt
r
a
n
s
f
e
rr
o
u
t
i
n
eo
u
to
ft
h
ewa
t
e
r
.Cp
u
Fa
s
t
Se
t
(
)c
o
me
swi
t
h
i
n1
0
%o
fi
tf
o
r
c
o
p
i
e
sa
n
di
sa
c
t
u
a
l
l
y1
0
%f
a
s
t
e
rf
o
rf
i
l
l
s
.Th
es
p
e
e
dg
a
i
ni
s
n
'
tt
h
a
tb
i
gad
e
a
l
.An
o
t
h
e
rp
r
o
b
l
e
mi
st
h
a
ti
ts
t
o
p
st
h
eCPU,
wh
i
c
hc
a
n
s
c
r
e
wu
pi
n
t
e
r
r
u
p
t
s
,
c
a
u
s
i
n
gs
e
e
mi
n
g
l
yr
a
n
d
o
mb
u
g
s
.I
td
o
e
sh
a
v
ei
t
ss
p
e
c
i
f
i
cu
s
e
s
,
u
s
u
a
l
l
yi
nc
o
n
j
u
n
c
t
i
o
nwi
t
ht
i
me
r
so
ri
n
t
e
r
r
u
p
t
s
,
b
u
t
f
o
rg
e
n
e
r
a
l
c
o
p
i
e
s
,
y
o
umi
g
h
tc
o
n
s
i
d
e
ro
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h
e
rt
h
i
n
g
sa
swe
l
l
.Cp
u
Fa
s
t
Se
t
(
)i
sag
o
o
dr
o
u
t
i
n
e
,
b
u
tt
o
n
c
l
i
ba
l
s
oc
o
me
swi
t
h
memcpy16()/32()a
n
dmemset16()/32()r
o
u
t
i
n
e
st
h
a
ta
r
es
a
f
e
rt
h
a
nt
h
a
t
,
a
n
dl
e
s
sr
e
s
t
r
i
c
t
i
o
n
s
.Th
e
ya
r
ea
s
s
e
mb
l
yr
o
u
t
i
n
e
s
,
t
h
o
u
g
h
,
s
oy
o
u
'
l
l
n
e
e
dt
ok
n
o
wh
o
wt
oa
s
s
e
mb
l
eo
ru
s
el
i
b
r
a
r
i
e
s
.
14.4. DMA demo : circular windows
Th
ed
e
mof
o
rt
h
i
sc
h
a
p
t
e
rma
ys
e
e
mal
i
t
t
l
ec
o
mp
l
i
c
a
t
e
d
,
b
u
tt
h
ee
f
f
e
c
ti
swo
r
t
hi
t
.Th
e
b
a
s
i
cu
s
eo
fDMAt
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
si
ss
oe
a
s
yt
h
a
ti
t
'
sh
a
r
d
l
ywo
r
t
hh
a
v
i
n
gad
e
moo
f
.Us
eo
f
triggered DMAi
sa
n
o
t
h
e
rma
t
t
e
r
.I
nt
h
i
sc
a
s
e
,
we
'
l
l
l
o
o
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#include <tonc.h>
#include "brin.h"
// From tonc_math.h
129/331
28-03-13
//#define IN_RANGE(x, min, max) ( (x) >= (min) && (x) < (max) )
// The source array
u16 g_winh[SCREEN_HEIGHT+1];
//! Create an array of horizontal offsets for a circular window.
/*! The offsets are to be copied to REG_WINxH each HBlank, either
*
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*
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*
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* \param y0 Y-coord of circle origin.
* \param rr Circle radius.
*/
void win_circle(u16 winh[], int x0, int y0, int rr)
{
int x=0, y= rr, d= 1-rr;
u32 tmp;
// clear the whole array first.
memset16(winh, 0, SCREEN_HEIGHT+1);
while(y >= x)
{
// Side octs
tmp = clamp(x0+y, 0, SCREEN_WIDTH);
tmp += clamp(x0-y, 0, SCREEN_WIDTH)<<8;
if(IN_RANGE(y0-x, 0, SCREEN_HEIGHT))
winh[y0-x]= tmp;
if(IN_RANGE(y0+x, 0, SCREEN_HEIGHT))
winh[y0+x]= tmp;
// o4, o7
// o0, o3
// Change in y: top/bottom octs
if(d >= 0)
{
tmp = clamp(x0+x, 0, SCREEN_WIDTH);
tmp += clamp(x0-x, 0, SCREEN_WIDTH)<<8;
if(IN_RANGE(y0-y, 0, SCREEN_HEIGHT))
winh[y0-y]= tmp;
if(IN_RANGE(y0+y, 0, SCREEN_HEIGHT))
winh[y0+y]= tmp;
// o5, o6
// o1, o2
d -= 2*(--y);
}
d += 2*(x++)+3;
}
winh[SCREEN_HEIGHT]= winh[0];
}
void init_main()
{
// Init BG 2 (basic bg)
dma3_cpy(pal_bg_mem, brinPal, brinPalLen);
dma3_cpy(tile_mem[0], brinTiles, brinTilesLen);
dma3_cpy(se_mem[30], brinMap, brinMapLen);
REG_BG2CNT= BG_CBB(0)|BG_SBB(30);
// Init BG 1 (mask)
const TILE tile=
{{
0xF2F3F2F3, 0x3F2F3F2F, 0xF3F2F3F2, 0x2F3F2F3F,
0xF2F3F2F3, 0x3F2F3F2F, 0xF3F2F3F2, 0x2F3F2F3F
}};
tile_mem[0][32]= tile;
pal_bg_bank[4][ 2]= RGB15(12,12,12);
pal_bg_bank[4][ 3]= RGB15( 8, 8, 8);
pal_bg_bank[4][15]= RGB15( 0, 0, 0);
se_fill(se_mem[29], 0x4020);
130/331
28-03-13
REG_BG1CNT= BG_CBB(0)|BG_SBB(29);
tte_init_con();
tte_set_margins(8, 8, 232, 40);
// Init window
REG_WIN0H= SCREEN_WIDTH;
REG_WIN0V= SCREEN_HEIGHT;
// Enable stuff
REG_DISPCNT= DCNT_MODE0 | DCNT_BG0 | DCNT_BG1 | DCNT_BG2 | DCNT_WIN0;
REG_WININ= WIN_BUILD(WIN_BG0|WIN_BG2, 0);
REG_WINOUT= WIN_BUILD(WIN_BG0|WIN_BG1, 0);
}
int main()
{
int rr=40, x0=128, y0=120;
init_main();
while(1)
{
vid_vsync();
key_poll();
rr += key_tri_shoulder();
x0 += key_tri_horz();
y0 += key_tri_vert();
// size with B/A
// move left/right
// move up/down
if(rr<0)
rr= 0;
// Fill circle array
win_circle(g_winh, x0, y0, rr);
// Init win-circle HDMA
DMA_TRANSFER(&REG_WIN0H, &g_winh[1], 1, 3, DMA_HDMA);
tte_printf("#{es;P}(%d,%d) | %d", x0, y0, rr);
}
return 0;
}
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15. Timers
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mi
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h
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r
s
Ti
me
rd
e
mo:
l
i
k
ec
l
o
c
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15.1. Timing is everything
Th
i
n
ko
fe
v
e
r
yt
i
mey
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u
'
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a
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.
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l
c
o
n
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v
a
b
l
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me
r
swo
r
ki
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o
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n
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h
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me
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s
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s
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o
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me
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1
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s
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1
.
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4μs
Table 15.1:
Ti
me
rf
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
i
e
s
15.2.1. Timer registers
Th
eGBAh
a
sf
o
u
rt
i
me
r
s
,
t
i
me
r
s0t
o3
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e
s
eh
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g
i
s
t
e
r
s
:
ad
a
t
ar
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g
i
s
t
e
r(
REG_TMxD)a
n
dac
o
n
t
r
o
l
r
e
g
i
s
t
e
r
(
REG_TMxCNT)
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d
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s
s
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sc
a
nb
ef
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u
n
di
nt
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b
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5
.
2
.
reg
function
address
REG_TMxD d
a
t
a
0400:0100h + 04h·
x
REG_TMxCNTc
o
n
t
r
o
l 0400:0102h + 04h·
x
Table 15.2:
Ti
me
rr
e
g
i
s
t
e
ra
d
d
r
e
s
s
e
s
15.2.2. REG_TMxCNT
REG_TMxCNT @ 0400:0102 + 4x
FEDCBA98 7 6 543 2 10
-
En I
-
CM Fr
bits
name
define
0
1
Fr
TM_FREQ_y Ti
me
rfrequency.0
3f
o
r1
,
6
4
,
2
5
6
,
o
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e
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f
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n
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st
h
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n
u
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ro
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s
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2
CM
TM_CASCADECascade mode .Wh
e
nt
h
ec
o
u
n
t
e
ro
ft
h
epreceding (
)t
i
me
ro
v
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(
REG_TM(x-1)D= 0xffff)
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6
I
TM_I
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7
En
TM_ENABLE En
a
b
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et
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me
r
.
15.2.3. REG_TMxD
Th
ed
a
t
ar
e
g
i
s
t
e
rREG_TMxDi
sa1
6
b
i
tn
u
mb
e
rt
h
a
two
r
k
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t
t
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n
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r
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t
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n
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e
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en
u
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rt
h
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ty
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r
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mt
h
er
e
g
i
s
t
e
ri
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h
ecurrent t
i
me
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c
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u
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a
r
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o
o
d
.Ho
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e
r
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t
h
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rt
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ty
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uwrite t
o
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st
h
einitial value t
h
a
tt
h
ec
o
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n
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e
rb
e
g
i
n
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e
nt
h
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me
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se
i
t
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re
n
a
b
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e
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i
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ro
v
e
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l
o
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i
sh
a
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n
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t
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h
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r
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n
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o
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u
r
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n
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o
u
n
t(
t
h
er
e
a
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u
mb
e
r
)
.
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r
s
to
fa
l
l
,
wh
e
ny
o
us
e
ta
nn (
o
f
,
s
a
y
,
c000h)l
i
k
et
h
i
s
:
REG_TM2D= 0xc000;
y
o
uwi
l
l
not h
a
v
es
e
tt
h
ec
u
r
r
e
n
tt
i
me
r
c
o
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n
tc t
on (
=c000h)
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a
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t
,
i
ft
h
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me
ri
sd
i
s
a
b
l
e
d
,
t
h
e
nc=0
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e
r
,
a
ss
o
o
na
sy
o
ud
o
e
n
a
b
l
et
h
ec
o
u
n
t
e
r
,
t
h
e
nc = n a
n
dp
r
o
c
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e
d
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r
o
mt
h
e
r
e
.An
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e
nt
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me
ro
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e
r
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i
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// Using a the "Berk" font from headspins font collection.
Fig 15.1:
tmr_demo.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <tonc.h>
#include "berk.h"
void tmr_test()
{
// Overflow every ~1 second:
// 0x4000 ticks @ FREQ_1024
REG_TM2D= -0x4000;
REG_TM2CNT= TM_FREQ_1024;
// 0x4000 ticks till overflow
// we're using the 1024 cycle timer
// cascade into tm3
134/331
28-03-13
REG_TM3CNT= TM_ENABLE | TM_CASCADE;
u32 sec= -1;
while(1)
{
vid_vsync();
key_poll();
if(REG_TM3D != sec)
{
sec= REG_TM3D;
tte_printf("#{es;P:24,60}%02d:%02d:%02d",
sec/3600, (sec%3600)/60, sec%60);
}
if(key_hit(KEY_START)) // pause by disabling timer
REG_TM2CNT ^= TM_ENABLE;
if(key_hit(KEY_SELECT)) // pause by enabling cascade
REG_TM2CNT ^= TM_CASCADE;
}
}
int main()
{
// set-up berk font
tte_init_se(0, BG_CBB(0)|BG_SBB(31), 1, 0, 0, &berkFont, se_drawg);
tte_init_con();
memcpy16(pal_bg_mem, berkPal, berkPalLen/4);
tmr_test();
return 0;
}
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135/331
28-03-13
16. Interrupts
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16.2. Interrupts registers
Th
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0400:0200h)
,
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(
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#define REG_ISR_MAIN *(fnptr*)(0x03007FFC)
// Be careful when using it like this, see notes below
void foo()
{
REG_ISR_MAIN= hbl_pal_invert; // tell the GBA where my isr is
REG_DISPSTAT |= VID_HBL_IRQ; // Tell the display to fire HBlank interrupts
REG_IE |= IRQ_HBLANK;
// Tell the GBA to catch HBlank interrupts
REG_IME= 1;
// Tell the GBA to enable interrupts;
}
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ntonc_irq.h/.ci
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//! Interrups Indices
typedef enum eIrqIndex
{
II_VBLANK=0, II_HBLANK, II_VCOUNT, II_TIMER0,
II_TIMER1, II_TIMER2, II_TIMER3, II_SERIAL,
II_DMA0,
II_DMA1, II_DMA2, II_DMA3,
II_KEYPAD, II_GAMEPAK,II_MAX
} eIrqIndex;
//! Struct for prioritized irq table
typedef struct IRQ_REC
{
u32 flag; //!< Flag for interrupt in REG_IF, etc
fnptr isr; //!< Pointer to interrupt routine
} IRQ_REC;
// === PROTOTYPES =====================================================
IWRAM_CODE void isr_master_nest();
void irq_init(fnptr isr);
fnptr irq_set_master(fnptr isr);
fnptr irq_add(enum eIrqIndex irq_id, fnptr isr);
fnptr irq_delete(enum eIrqIndex irq_id);
138/331
28-03-13
fnptr irq_set(enum eIrqIndex irq_id, fnptr isr, int prio);
void irq_enable(enum eIrqIndex irq_id);
void irq_disable(enum eIrqIndex irq_id);
// IRQ Sender information
typedef struct IRQ_SENDER
{
u16 reg_ofs;
//!< sender reg - REG_BASE
u16 flag;
//!< irq-bit in sender reg
} ALIGN4 IRQ_SENDER;
// === GLOBALS ========================================================
// One extra entry for guaranteed zero
IRQ_REC __isr_table[II_MAX+1];
static const IRQ_SENDER __irq_senders[] =
{
{ 0x0004, 0x0008 },
// REG_DISPSTAT,
{ 0x0004, 0x0010 },
// REG_DISPSTAT,
{ 0x0004, 0x0020 },
// REG_DISPSTAT,
{ 0x0102, 0x0040 },
// REG_TM0CNT,
{ 0x0106, 0x0040 },
// REG_TM1CNT,
{ 0x010A, 0x0040 },
// REG_TM2CNT,
{ 0x010E, 0x0040 },
// REG_TM3CNT,
{ 0x0128, 0x4000 },
// REG_SCCNT_L
{ 0x00BA, 0x4000 },
// REG_DMA0CNT_H,
{ 0x00C6, 0x4000 },
// REG_DMA1CNT_H,
{ 0x00D2, 0x4000 },
// REG_DMA2CNT_H,
{ 0x00DE, 0x4000 },
// REG_DMA3CNT_H,
{ 0x0132, 0x4000 },
// REG_KEYCNT,
{ 0x0000, 0x0000 },
// cart: none
};
DSTAT_VBL_IRQ
DSTAT_VHB_IRQ
DSTAT_VCT_IRQ
TM_IRQ
TM_IRQ
TM_IRQ
TM_IRQ
BIT(14) // not sure
DMA_IRQ>>16
DMA_IRQ>>16
DMA_IRQ>>16
DMA_IRQ>>16
KCNT_IRQ
// === FUNCTIONS ======================================================
//! Enable irq bits in REG_IE and sender bits elsewhere
void irq_enable(enum eIrqIndex irq_id)
{
u16 ime= REG_IME;
REG_IME= 0;
const IRQ_SENDER *sender= &__irq_senders[irq_id];
*(u16*)(REG_BASE+sender->reg_ofs) |= sender->flag;
REG_IE |= BIT(irq_id);
REG_IME= ime;
}
//! Add a specific isr
fnptr irq_add(enum eIrqIndex irq_id, fnptr isr)
{
u16 ime= REG_IME;
REG_IME= 0;
int ii;
u16 irq_flag= BIT(irq_id);
fnptr old_isr;
IRQ_REC *pir= __isr_table;
// Enable irq
const IRQ_SENDER *sender= &__irq_senders[irq_id];
*(u16*)(REG_BASE+sender->reg_ofs) |= sender->flag;
REG_IE |= irq_flag;
// Search for previous occurance, or empty slot
for(ii=0; pir[ii].flag; ii++)
if(pir[ii].flag == irq_flag)
break;
139/331
28-03-13
old_isr= pir[ii].isr;
pir[ii].isr= isr;
pir[ii].flag= irq_flag;
REG_IME= ime;
return old_isr;
}
16.4.2. The master interrupt service routine
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// This is mostly what tonclib's isr_master does, but
// you really need asm for the full functionality
IWRAM_CODE void isr_master_c()
{
u32 ie= REG_IE;
u32 ieif= ie & REG_IF;
IRQ_REC *pir;
// (1) Acknowledge IRQ for hardware and BIOS.
REG_IF
= ieif;
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return;
// --- If we're here have an interrupt routine --// (4a) Disable IME and clear the current IRQ in IE
u32 ime= REG_IME;
REG_IME= 0;
REG_IE &= ~ieif;
// (5a) CPU back to system mode
//> *(--sp_irq)= lr_irq;
//> *(--sp_irq)= spsr
//> cpsr &= ~(CPU_MODE_MASK | CPU_IRQ_OFF);
//> cpsr |= CPU_MODE_SYS;
//> *(--sp_sys) = lr_sys;
pir->isr();
// (6) Run the ISR
REG_IME= 0;
// Clear IME again (safety)
// (5b) Back to irq mode
//> lr_sys = *sp_sys++;
//> cpsr &= ~(CPU_MODE_MASK | CPU_IRQ_OFF);
//> cpsr |= CPU_MODE_IRQ | CPU_IRQ_OFF;
//> spsr = *sp_irq++
//> lr_irq = *sp_irq++;
// (4b) Restore original ie and ime
REG_IE= ie;
REG_IME= ime;
}
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.extern __isr_table;
/*! \fn IWRAM_CODE void isr_master()
\brief Default irq dispatcher (no automatic nesting)
*/
.section .iwram, "ax", %progbits
.arm
.align
.global isr_master
@ --- Register list --@ r0 : &REG_IE
@ r1 : __isr_table / isr
@ r2 : IF & IE
@ r3 : tmp
@ ip : (IF<<16 | IE)
isr_master:
@ Read IF/IE
mov
r0, #0x04000000
ldr
ip, [r0, #0x200]!
and
r2, ip, ip, lsr #16
@ irq= IE & IF
@ (1) Acknowledge irq in IF and for BIOS
strh
r2, [r0, #2]
ldr
r3, [r0, #-0x208]
orr
r3, r3, r2
str
r3, [r0, #-0x208]
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ldr
r1, =__isr_table
.Lirq_search:
ldr
r3, [r1], #8
tst
r3, r2
bne
.Lpost_search
cmp
r3, #0
bne
.Lirq_search
@ Found one, break off search
@ Not here; try next irq
@ (3) Search over : return if no isr, otherwise continue.
.Lpost_search:
ldrne r1, [r1, #-4]
@ isr= __isr_table[ii-1].isr
cmpne r1, #0
bxeq
lr
@ If no isr: quit
@ --- If we're here, we have an isr --@ (4a) Disable IME and clear the current IRQ in IE
ldr
r3, [r0, #8]
@ Read IME
strb
r0, [r0, #8]
@ Clear IME
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strh
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sp!, {r2-r3, ip, lr}
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bic
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141/331
28-03-13
msr
cpsr, r3
@ (6) Call isr
stmfd sp!, {r0,lr}
mov
lr, pc
bx
r1
ldmfd sp!, {r0,lr}
@ --- Unwind --strb
r0, [r0, #8]
@ (5b) Reset mode to irq
mrs
r3, cpsr
bic
r3, r3, #0xDF
orr
r3, r3, #0x92
msr
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@ &REG_IE, lr_sys
@ &REG_IE, lr_sys
@ Clear IME again (safety)
@ (4b) Restore original spsr, IME, IE, lr_irq
ldmfd sp!, {r2-r3, ip, lr}
@ sprs, IME, (IE,IF), lr_irq
msr
spsr, r2
strh
ip, [r0]
str
r3, [r0, #8]
bx
lr
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#include <stdio.h>
#include <tonc.h>
IWRAM_CODE void isr_master();
IWRAM_CODE void hbl_grad_direct();
void vct_wait();
void vct_wait_nest();
142/331
28-03-13
CSTR strings[]=
{
"asm/nested",
"HBlank",
};
"c/direct",
"VCount"
// Function pointers to master isrs.
const fnptr master_isrs[2]=
{
(fnptr)isr_master,
(fnptr)hbl_grad_direct
};
// VCount interrupt routines.
const fnptr vct_isrs[2]=
{
vct_wait,
vct_wait_nest
};
// (1) Uses tonc_isr_master.s' isr_master() as a switchboard
void hbl_grad_routed()
{
u32 clr= REG_VCOUNT/8;
pal_bg_mem[0]= RGB15(clr, 0, 31-clr);
}
// (2a) VCT is triggered at line 80; this waits 40 scanlines
void vct_wait()
{
pal_bg_mem[0]= CLR_RED;
while(REG_VCOUNT<120);
}
// (2b) As vct_wait(), but interruptable by HBlank
void vct_wait_nest()
{
REG_IE= IRQ_HBLANK;
// Allow nested hblanks
REG_IME= 1;
while(REG_VCOUNT<120);
}
int main()
{
u32 bDirect=0, bVctPrio= 0;
tte_set_drawg((fnDrawg)chr4_drawg_b4cts_fast);
tte_init_con();
// (3) Initialize irqs; add HBL and VCT isrs
// and set VCT to trigger at 80
irq_init(master_isrs[0]);
irq_add(II_HBLANK, hbl_grad_routed);
BFN_SET(REG_DISPSTAT, 80, DSTAT_VCT);
irq_add(II_VCOUNT, vct_wait);
irq_add(II_VBLANK, NULL);
while(1)
{
//vid_vsync();
VBlankIntrWait();
key_poll();
// Toggle HBlank irq
143/331
28-03-13
if(key_hit(KEY_R))
REG_IE ^= IRQ_HBLANK;
// Toggle Vcount irq
if(key_hit(KEY_L))
REG_IE ^= IRQ_VCOUNT;
// (4) Toggle between
// asm switchblock + hbl_gradient (red, descending)
// or purely hbl_isr_in_c (green, ascending)
if(key_hit(KEY_A))
{
bDirect ^= 1;
irq_set_master(master_isrs[bDirect]);
}
// (5) Switch priorities of HBlank and VCount
if(key_hit(KEY_B))
{
//irq_set(II_VCOUNT, vct_wait, bVctPrio);
bVctPrio ^= 1;
irq_add(II_VCOUNT, vct_isrs[bVctPrio]);
}
tte_printf("#{es;P}IRS#{X:32}: %s\nPrio#{X:32}: %s\nIE#{X:32}: %04X",
strings[bDirect], strings[2+bVctPrio], REG_IE);
}
return 0;
}
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28-03-13
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#define EWRAM_DATA __attribute__((section(".ewram")))
#define IWRAM_DATA __attribute__((section(".iwram")))
#define EWRAM_BSS __attribute__((section(".sbss")))
#define EWRAM_CODE __attribute__((section(".ewram"), long_call))
#define IWRAM_CODE __attribute__((section(".iwram"), long_call))
// --- Examples of use: --// Declarations
extern EWRAM_DATA u8 data[];
IWRAM_CODE void foo();
// Definitions
EWRAM_DATA u8 data[8]= { ... };
IWRAM_CODE void foo()
{
....
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WRAM t
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#include <tonc.h>
IWRAM_CODE void hbl_grad_direct();
// an interrupt routine purely in C
// (make SURE you compile in ARM mode!!)
void hbl_grad_direct()
{
u32 irqs= REG_IF & REG_IE;
REG_IFBIOS |= irqs;
if(irqs & IRQ_HBLANK)
145/331
28-03-13
{
u32 clr= REG_VCOUNT/8;
pal_bg_mem[0]= RGB15(0, clr, 0);
}
REG_IF= irqs;
}
Flags for ARM+IWRAM compilation
Re
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:
CBASE
:= $(INCDIR) -O2 -Wall
# ROM flags
RCFLAGS := $(CBASE) -mthumb-interwork -mthumb
# IWRAM flags
ICFLAGS := $(CBASE) -mthumb-interwork -marm -mlong-calls
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146/331
28-03-13
17. BIOS Calls
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n
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tt
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tf
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h
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:
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h
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t
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ss
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,
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s
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t
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'
l
l
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s
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r
e
.
17.2. The BIOS functions
Ca
l
l
i
n
gt
h
eBI
OSf
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
sc
a
nb
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n
,
wh
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en i
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ef
i
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tf
o
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i
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r
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r
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r
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)
a
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df
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sd
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r
e
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s
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o
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t
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me
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17.2.1. Full list
id
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x
0
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2
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3
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// Source struct. Note the alignment!
typedef struct AFF_SRC
{
s16 sx, sy;
u16 alpha;
} ALIGN4 AFF_SRC, ObjAffineSource;
// Dst struct for background matrices
typedef struct Aff_DST
{
s16 pa, pb;
s16 pc, pd;
} ALIGN4 AFF_DST, ObjAffineDest;
// Dst struct for objects. Note that r1 should be
// the address of pa, not the start of the struct
{
u16 fill0[3];
s16 pa;
u16 fill1[3];
s16 pb;
u16 fill2[3];
s16 pc;
u16 fill3[3];
s16 pd;
17.3. Using BIOS calls
17.3.1. Assembly for BIOS calls
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.text
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.code 16
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149/331
28-03-13
// In tonc_bios.h
int Div(int num, int denom);
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#ifndef(__thumb__)
#define swi_call(x)
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#define swi_call(x)
asm volatile("swi\t"#x ::: "r0", "r1", "r2", "r3")
asm volatile("swi\t"#x"<<16" ::: "r0", "r1", "r2", "r3")
150/331
28-03-13
#endif
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#define ASM_CMT(str) asm volatile("@ " str)
//In code. Outputs "@ Hi, I'm here!" in the generated asm
ASM_CMT("Hi, I'm here!");
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#include <stdio.h>
#include <tonc.h>
// === swi calls ======================================================
// Their assembly equivalents can be found in tonc_bios.s
void VBlankIntrWait()
{ swi_call(0x05); }
int Div(int num, int denom)
{ swi_call(0x06); }
u32 Sqrt(u32 num)
{ swi_call(0x08); }
s16 ArcTan2(s16 x, s16 y)
{ swi_call(0x0a); }
void ObjAffineSet(const AFF_SRC *src, void *dst, int num, int offset)
{ swi_call(0x0f); }
// === swi demos ======================================================
// NOTE!
// To be consistent with general mathematical graphs, the
// y-axis has to be reversed and the origin moved to the
// either the bottom or mid of the screen via
// "iy = H - y"
// or
// "iy = H/2 - y"
//
// functions have been scaled to fit the graphs on the 240x160 screen
151/331
28-03-13
// y= 2560/x
void div_demo()
{
int ix, y;
for(ix=1; ix<SCREEN_WIDTH; ix++)
{
y= Div(0x0a000000, ix)>>16;
if(y <= SCREEN_HEIGHT)
m3_plot(ix, SCREEN_HEIGHT - y, CLR_RED);
}
tte_printf("#{P:168,132;ci:%d}div", CLR_RED);
}
// y= 160*sqrt(x/240)
void sqrt_demo()
{
int ix, y;
{
y= Sqrt(Div(320*ix, 3));
m3_plot(ix, SCREEN_HEIGHT - y, CLR_LIME);
}
tte_printf("#{P:160,8;ci:%d}sqrt", CLR_LIME);
}
// y = 80 + tan((x-120)/16) * (64)*2/pi
void arctan2_demo()
{
int ix, y;
int ww= SCREEN_WIDTH/2, hh= SCREEN_HEIGHT/2;
for(ix=0; ix < SCREEN_WIDTH; ix++)
{
y= ArcTan2(0x10, ix-ww);
m3_plot(ix, hh - y/256, CLR_MAG);
}
tte_printf("#{P:144,40;ci:%d}atan", CLR_MAG);
}
// wX= 1, wY= 80
// cc= 80*sx*cos(2*pi*alpha/240)
// ss= 1*sy*sin(2*pi*alpha/240)
void aff_demo()
{
int ix, ss, cc;
ObjAffineSource af_src= {0x0100, 0x5000, 0};
// sx=1, sy=80, alpha=0
ObjAffineDest af_dest= {0x0100, 0, 0, 0x0100}; // =I (redundant)
{
ObjAffineSet(&af_src, &af_dest, 1, BG_AFF_OFS);
cc= 80*af_dest.pa>>8;
ss= af_dest.pc>>8;
m3_plot(ix, 80 - cc, CLR_YELLOW);
m3_plot(ix, 80 - ss, CLR_CYAN);
// 0x010000/0xf0 = 0x0111.111...
af_src.alpha += 0x0111;
}
tte_printf("#{P:48,38;ci:%d}cos", CLR_YELLOW);
tte_printf("#{P:72,20;ci:%d}sin", CLR_CYAN);
}
// === main ===========================================================
int main()
{
tte_init_bmp_default(3);
tte_init_con();
152/331
28-03-13
div_demo();
sqrt_demo();
aff_demo();
arctan2_demo();
while(1);
return 0;
}
17.5. Vsyncing part II, VBlankIntrWait
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irq_init(NULL);
while(1)
{
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// Full circle = 10000h
// 10000h/4/60= 111h -> 1/4 rev/s = 1 passing corner/s
as.alpha += 0x0111;
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obj_aff_copy(obj_aff_mem, &oaff, 1);
}
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a
ty
o
uma
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n
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d
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e
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su
n
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ro
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a
me
s
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a
st
h
e
r
ei
s
n
'
tr
e
a
l
l
ya
no
f
f
i
c
i
a
l
o
n
ef
o
ri
t
.
153/331
28-03-13
17.6. Final thoughts
No
wt
h
a
ty
o
uk
n
o
wh
o
wt
ou
s
et
h
e
m,
Is
h
o
u
l
dwa
r
ny
o
ut
h
a
ty
o
us
h
o
u
l
d
n
'
tg
oo
v
e
r
b
o
a
r
dwi
t
ht
h
e
m.I
ta
p
p
e
a
r
st
h
a
tt
h
eBI
OSr
o
u
t
i
n
e
s
h
a
v
eb
e
e
nd
e
s
i
g
n
e
df
o
rs
p
a
c
e
,
n
o
ts
p
e
e
d
,
s
ot
h
e
ya
r
e
n
'
tt
h
ef
a
s
t
e
s
ti
nt
h
ewo
r
l
d
.No
to
n
l
yt
h
a
t
,
t
h
e
r
e
'
sa
no
v
e
r
h
e
a
do
fa
tl
e
a
s
t6
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y
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l
e
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o
re
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ho
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e(
mi
n
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,
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o
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ma
l
f
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n
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t
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o
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e
mt
oh
a
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l
eo
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e
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h
e
a
d
)
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fs
p
e
e
di
swh
a
ty
o
u
'
r
ea
f
t
e
rt
h
e
nt
h
eBI
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a
l
l
sma
yn
o
t
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et
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e
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h
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n
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;y
o
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np
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a
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nt
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o
me
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e
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i
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n
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nt
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a
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h
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o
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t
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a
n
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e
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e
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l
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o
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o
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r
s
e
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u
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o
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a
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l
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e
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a
t
i
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eme
t
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o
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et
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n
s
t
e
a
d
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u
s
tr
e
me
mb
e
rt
h
a
tt
h
a
t
'
sa
no
p
t
i
mi
s
a
t
i
o
ns
t
e
p
,
wh
i
c
hy
o
u
s
h
o
u
l
d
n
'
td
op
r
e
ma
t
u
r
e
l
y
.
154/331
28-03-13
18. Beep! GBA sound introduction
I
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
nt
oGBAs
o
u
n
d
So
u
n
da
n
dWa
v
e
s
GBAs
o
u
n
d
De
mot
i
me
18.1. Introduction to GBA sound
Ap
a
r
tf
r
o
mg
r
a
p
h
i
c
sa
n
di
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
,
t
h
e
r
ei
so
n
eo
t
h
e
rs
e
n
s
ei
mp
o
r
t
a
n
tt
og
a
me
s
:
a
u
d
i
o
.Wh
i
l
eg
r
a
p
h
i
c
sma
ys
e
tt
h
es
c
e
n
e
,
s
o
u
n
ds
e
t
s
t
h
emo
o
d
,
wh
i
c
hc
a
nb
ee
v
e
nmo
r
ei
mp
o
r
t
a
n
tt
h
a
tt
h
eg
r
a
p
h
i
c
s
.Tr
yp
l
a
y
i
n
gRe
s
i
d
e
n
tEv
i
l
wi
t
h
,
s
a
y
,
We
i
r
dAl
Ya
n
k
o
v
i
cp
l
a
y
i
n
g
:
i
ts
i
mp
l
y
d
o
e
s
n
'
two
r
k
,
t
h
ea
t
mo
s
p
h
e
r
ei
sl
o
s
t
.
Th
eGBAh
a
ss
i
xs
o
u
n
dc
h
a
n
n
e
l
s
.Th
ef
i
r
s
tf
o
u
ra
r
er
o
u
g
h
l
yt
h
es
a
mea
st
h
eo
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
Ga
me
Bo
yh
a
d
:
t
wos
q
u
a
r
ewa
v
eg
e
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
s
(
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
s1a
n
d2
)
,
as
a
mp
l
ep
l
a
y
e
r(
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
3
)a
n
dan
o
i
s
eg
e
n
e
r
a
t
o
r(
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
4
)
.Th
o
s
ea
r
ea
l
s
or
e
f
e
r
r
e
dt
oa
st
h
eDMGc
h
a
n
n
e
l
s
.
Ne
wa
r
et
woDi
r
e
c
tSo
u
n
dc
h
a
n
n
e
l
sAa
n
dB(
n
o
tt
ob
ec
o
n
f
u
s
e
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t
hMi
c
r
o
s
o
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t
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e
c
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n
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,
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r
e
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t
Xc
o
mp
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n
e
n
t
)
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e
s
ea
r
e
8
b
i
td
i
g
i
t
a
l
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
s
.
Is
h
o
u
l
dp
o
i
n
to
u
tt
h
a
tIr
e
a
l
l
yk
n
o
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e
r
yl
i
t
t
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o
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n
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o
g
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a
mmi
n
g
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mo
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l
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e
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s
eI
'
mn
o
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t
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a
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e
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h
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e
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f
mu
s
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i
t
'
sk
i
n
d
ah
a
r
dt
od
ot
h
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e
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l
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e
a
d
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a
v
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s
i
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n
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)
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fy
o
uwa
n
tt
or
e
a
l
l
yl
e
a
r
na
b
o
u
ts
o
u
n
dp
r
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g
r
a
mmi
n
g
,
y
o
us
h
o
u
l
d
l
o
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tBe
l
o
g
i
c
.
c
o
m,
wh
e
r
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l
mo
s
te
v
e
r
y
b
o
d
yg
o
tt
h
e
i
ri
n
f
o
r
ma
t
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o
nf
r
o
m,
a
n
dd
e
k
u
.
g
b
a
d
e
v
.
o
r
g
,
wh
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c
hs
h
o
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o
uh
o
wt
ob
u
i
l
das
o
u
n
d
mi
x
e
r
.Bo
t
ho
ft
h
e
s
es
i
t
e
sa
r
ee
x
c
e
l
l
e
n
t
.
Ima
yn
o
tk
n
o
wmu
c
ha
b
o
u
ts
o
u
n
dc
r
e
a
t
i
o
n
/
p
r
o
g
r
a
mmi
n
g
,
b
u
ta
ti
t
sc
o
r
es
o
u
n
di
sawa
v
ei
nma
t
t
e
r
;wa
v
e
sa
r
ema
t
h
e
ma
t
i
c
a
l
c
r
i
t
t
e
r
s
,
a
n
dIdo k
n
o
wat
h
i
n
go
rt
woa
b
o
u
tma
t
h
,
a
n
dt
h
a
t
'
sk
i
n
do
fwh
a
tI
'
l
l
d
oh
e
r
ef
o
rt
h
es
q
u
a
r
ewa
v
eg
e
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
s
.
18.2. Sound and Waves
Co
n
s
i
d
e
ri
fy
o
uwi
l
l
,
ama
s
s
i
v
es
e
ao
fp
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
,
a
l
l
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
dt
ot
h
e
i
rn
e
i
g
h
b
o
u
r
swi
t
hl
i
t
t
l
es
p
r
i
n
g
s
.No
wg
i
v
eo
n
eo
ft
h
e
mal
i
t
t
l
ep
u
s
h
.I
n
t
h
ed
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
no
ft
h
ep
u
s
h
,
t
h
es
p
r
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n
gc
o
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r
e
s
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e
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n
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e
l
a
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e
s
,
p
u
s
h
i
n
gt
h
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r
i
g
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n
a
l
p
a
r
t
i
c
l
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a
c
kt
oi
t
sn
o
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ma
l
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o
s
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t
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o
na
n
dp
a
s
s
i
n
go
nt
h
e
p
u
s
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ot
h
en
e
i
g
h
b
o
u
r
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h
i
sc
o
mp
r
e
s
s
e
st
h
en
e
x
ts
p
r
i
n
ga
n
dr
e
l
a
y
st
h
ep
u
s
ht
oits n
e
i
g
h
b
o
u
r
,
a
n
ds
oo
na
n
ds
oo
n
.
Th
i
si
sap
r
i
mee
x
a
mp
l
eo
fwa
v
eb
e
h
a
v
i
o
u
r
.Gi
v
i
n
gap
r
e
c
i
s
ed
e
f
i
n
i
t
i
o
no
fawa
v
et
h
a
tc
o
v
e
r
sa
l
l
c
a
s
e
si
st
r
i
c
k
y
,
b
u
ti
ne
s
s
e
n
c
e
,
a
wave i
satransferred disturbance.Th
e
r
ea
r
ema
n
yk
i
n
d
so
fwa
v
e
s
;t
woma
j
o
rc
l
a
s
s
e
sa
r
elongitudinal wa
v
e
s
,
wh
i
c
ho
s
c
i
l
l
a
t
ei
nt
h
e
d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
no
ft
r
a
v
e
l
,
a
n
dtransverse wa
v
e
s
,
wh
i
c
ha
r
ep
e
r
p
e
n
d
i
c
u
l
a
rt
oi
t
.So
mewa
v
e
sa
r
ep
e
r
i
o
d
i
c(
r
e
p
e
a
t
i
n
gp
a
t
t
e
r
n
so
v
e
rt
i
meo
r
s
p
a
c
e
)
,
s
o
mea
r
e
n
'
t
.So
met
r
a
v
e
l
,
s
o
med
o
n
'
t
.
18.2.1. Waves
Th
ec
a
n
o
n
i
c
a
l
wa
v
ei
st
h
eharmonic wave.Th
i
si
sa
n
yf
u
n
c
t
i
o
nψ(
x)t
h
a
t
'
sas
o
l
u
t
i
o
nt
oe
q1
8
.
1
.Th
en
a
meo
ft
h
ev
a
r
i
a
b
l
ed
o
e
s
n
'
tr
e
a
l
l
y
ma
t
t
e
r
,
b
u
tu
s
u
a
l
l
yi
t
'
se
i
t
h
e
rs
p
a
t
i
a
l
(
x,
y,
z)o
rt
e
mp
o
r
a
l
(
t)
,
o
ra
l
l
o
ft
h
e
s
ea
tt
h
es
a
met
i
me
.Th
eg
e
n
e
r
a
l
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
nc
a
nb
ef
o
u
n
di
n
e
q1
8
.
2
.Orp
e
r
h
a
p
sIs
h
o
u
l
ds
a
ys
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
s,
a
st
h
e
r
ea
r
ema
n
ywa
y
so
fwr
i
t
i
n
gt
h
e
md
o
wn
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e
y
'
r
ea
l
l
e
q
u
i
v
a
l
e
n
tt
h
o
u
g
h
,
a
n
dy
o
uc
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ng
o
f
r
o
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n
et
ot
h
eo
t
h
e
rwi
t
hs
o
met
r
i
c
k
e
r
yt
h
a
td
o
e
sn
o
tc
o
n
c
e
r
nu
sa
tt
h
i
smo
me
n
t
.
(18.1)
d
²
ψ(
x)+k
²ψ(
x)=0
d
x
²
Ge
n
e
r
a
l
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
(
s
)
:
ψ(
x)=A·
c
os
(
k
x)+B·
s
i
n
(
k
x)
i
k
x
i
k
x
=C·
e +D·
e
(18.2)
=E·
s
i
n
(
k
x +φ)
0
Af
u
l
l
wa
v
ec
a
nb
ed
e
s
c
r
i
b
e
db
yt
h
r
e
et
h
i
n
g
s
.Fi
r
s
t
,
t
h
e
r
e
'
st
h
eamplitude A,
wh
i
c
hg
i
v
e
sh
a
l
f
d
i
s
t
a
n
c
eb
e
t
we
e
nt
h
emi
n
i
mu
ma
n
dma
x
i
mu
m.Se
c
o
n
d
,
t
h
ewavelength λ
,
wh
i
c
hi
st
h
el
e
n
g
t
h
a
f
t
e
rwh
i
c
ht
h
ewa
v
er
e
p
e
a
t
si
t
s
e
l
f(
t
h
i
si
st
i
e
dt
owa
v
e
n
u
mb
e
rk=2
π/
λ
)
.Th
e
nt
h
e
r
e
'
sphase
constant φ,
w
h
i
c
h
d
e
f
i
n
e
s
t
h
e
s
t
a
t
i
n
g
p
o
i
n
t
.
I
f
t
h
e
w
a
v
e
i
s
i
n
t
i
m
e
,
i
n
s
t
e
a
d
o
f
a
w
a
v
e
l
e
n
g
t
hy
o
u
0
h
a
v
eperiod T,
frequency f=1
/
T(
a
n
da
n
g
u
l
a
rf
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
yω=2
πf=2
π/
T)
.Yo
uc
a
ns
e
ewh
a
te
a
c
h
o
ft
h
e
s
ep
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
si
si
nf
i
g1
8
.
1
.
Fig 18.1:
ah
a
r
mo
n
i
cwa
v
e
On
eo
ft
h
ei
n
t
e
r
e
s
t
i
n
gt
h
i
n
g
sa
b
o
u
tt
h
ewa
v
ee
q
u
a
t
i
o
ni
st
h
a
ti
ti
sal
i
n
e
a
ro
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
no
nψ.
Wh
a
tt
h
a
tme
a
n
si
st
h
a
ta
n
yc
o
mb
i
n
a
t
i
o
no
fs
o
l
u
t
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o
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re
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s
.
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So
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n
di
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a
c
t
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emusical scale.Ce
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0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
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name
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freq (Hz) 2
Table 18.1:
n
o
t
e
s&f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
i
e
so
fo
c
t
a
v
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rt
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3
.
(18.3) f
(
t)=½A0+Σn>0Amc
os
(
mωt)+Σn>0Bms
i
n
(
mωt)
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o
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r
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t
h
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i
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f
f
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n
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t
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g
r
a
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T]
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[
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2
Am = ∫
f
(
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t
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,
T
(18.4)
T
2
Bm = ∫
f
(
t)s
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n
(
mωt)d
t
0
,
T
T
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x
a
mp
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2
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a
r
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v
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so
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1
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ra
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e
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t
a
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nt
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me(
p
a
r
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me
t
e
rh)
,
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h
e
no
f
f(
0
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o
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er
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ewep
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to
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a
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oma
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t
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c
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n
c
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dt
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f
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4
.
Fig 18.2:
as
q
u
a
r
ewa
v
e
2s
i
n
(
πmh/T) 2T s
i
n
(
πh/T m)
=
·
π
m
h
πh/T m
(18.5) Am = ·
Am i
sasinc f
u
n
c
t
i
o
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v REG_SG2
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CNT_L REG_SND1
SWEEP
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0
SOUND1
CNT_H REG_SND1
CNT
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1
h
a
n
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l
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s
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r
e
q
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n
6Ch c
SOUND1
CNT_X REG_SND1
FREQ
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CNT_L REG_SND2
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h
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0
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CNT_H REG_SND1
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CNT_L REG_SND3
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1
h
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e
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CNT_X REG_SND3
FREQ
SOUND4
CNT_L REG_SND4
CNT
REG_SG4
1
SOUND4
CNT_H REG_SND4
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80h
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t
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l
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t
e
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t
r
o
l
SOUNDCNT_L REG_SNDDMGCNT
REG_SGCNT0
SOUNDCNT_H REG_SNDDSCNT
84h
s
o
u
n
ds
t
a
t
u
s
REG_SGCNT1SOUNDCNT_X REG_SNDSTAT
88h
b
i
a
sc
o
n
t
r
o
l
REG_SGBI
AS SOUNDBI
AS
REG_SNDBI
AS
Table 18.2:
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o
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t
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2
.
18.3.2. Master sound registers
REG_SNDDMGCNT,
REG_SNDDSCNTa
n
dREG_SNDSTATa
r
et
h
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t
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REG_SNDDMGCNT (SOUNDCNT_L / SGCNT0_L ) @
0400:0080h
F
E
D
C
B
A
9
8 7 654 3 210
R4 R3 R2 R1 L4 L3 L2 L1 -
bits
name define
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-
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description
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B L1
L4SDMG_LSQR1
, Ch
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t
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,
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, Ch
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s1
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t
R4 SDMG_RSQR2
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REG_SNDDMGCNTc
o
n
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#define SDMG_SQR1
#define SDMG_SQR2
0x01
0x02
157/331
28-03-13
#define SDMG_WAVE
#define SDMG_NOISE
0x04
0x08
#define SDMG_BUILD(_lmode, _rmode, _lvol, _rvol)
\
( ((_lvol)&7) | (((_rvol)&7)<<4) | ((_lmode)<<8) | ((_rmode)<<12) )
#define SDMG_BUILD_LR(_mode, _vol) SDMG_BUILD(_mode, _mode, _vol, _vol)
REG_SNDDSCNT (SOUNDCNT_H / SGCNT0_H) @ 0400:0082h
F
E
D
C
B
A
9
8 7654 3
BF BT BL BR AF AT AL AR
define
-
2
10
BV AV DMGV
bits
name
0
1
DMGV SDS_DMG2
5
,
SDS_DMG5
0
,
SDS_DMG1
0
0
description
DMGVo
l
u
mer
a
t
i
o
.
2
AV
SDS_A5
0
,
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0
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u
n
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o
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u
mer
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fc
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e
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r
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e
t
3
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0
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u
n
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o
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mer
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r
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fs
e
t
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9
AR,
AL SDS_AR,
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a
b
l
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nr
i
g
h
ta
n
dl
e
f
ts
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e
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,
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et
i
me
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i
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r
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o
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e
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n
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o
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c
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o
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n
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i
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e
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or
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tt
h
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u
f
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ra
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ri
t
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s
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00:
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5
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01:
5
0
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10:
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0
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11:
f
o
r
b
i
d
d
e
n
CF BR,
BL,SDS_BR,
SDS_BL,Asb
i
t
s8
B,
b
u
tf
o
rDSo
u
n
dB
BT,
BF SDS_BTMR0
,
SDS_BTMR1
,
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Do
n
'
tk
n
o
wt
o
omu
c
ha
b
o
u
tREG_SNDDSCNT,
a
p
a
r
tf
r
o
mt
h
a
ti
tg
o
v
e
r
n
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r
e
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o
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n
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t
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o
rs
o
me
r
e
a
s
o
n
.REG_SNDSTATs
h
o
wst
h
es
t
a
t
u
so
ft
h
eDMGc
h
a
n
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o
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tb
i
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h
e
r
e
.
REG_SNDSTAT (SOUNDCNT_X / SGCNT1) @
0400:0084h
0
3
1
A4
A SSTAT_SQR1
,
SSTAT_SQR2
,
SSTAT_WAVE,
SSTAT_NOI
SE
7
MSE
MSE
define
-
name
7
bits
FEDCBA98
654 3
-
2
1
0
4A 3A 2A 1A
description
n
d
i
c
a
t
e
swh
i
c
hDMAc
h
a
n
n
e
l
sa
r
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u
r
r
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l
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y
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g
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e
yd
o
Active channels .I
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a
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h
ec
h
a
n
n
e
l
s
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h
a
t
'
swh
a
tREG_SNDDMGCNTi
sf
o
r
.
SSTAT_DI
SABLE,Master Sound Enable .Mu
s
tb
es
e
ti
fa
n
ys
o
u
n
di
st
ob
eh
e
a
r
da
ta
l
l
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tt
h
i
s
SSTAT_ENABLE before y
o
ud
oa
n
y
t
h
i
n
ge
l
s
e
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h
e
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e
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e
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n
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c
c
e
s
s
e
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h
e
r
wi
s
e
,
s
e
e
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kf
o
rd
e
t
a
i
l
s
.
Sound register access
Emu
l
a
t
o
r
sma
ya
l
l
o
wa
c
c
e
s
st
os
o
u
n
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e
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t
e
r
se
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e
ni
fs
o
u
n
di
sd
i
s
a
b
l
e
d(
REG_SNDSTAT{
7
}i
sc
l
e
a
r
)
,
b
u
th
a
r
d
wa
r
ed
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REG_SND1CNT (SOUND1CNT_H / SG10_H)
@ 0400:0062h
and
REG_SND2CNT (SOUND2CNT_L / SG20_L)
@ 0400:0068h
FEDC B A98 76 543210
EIV
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D
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name
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description
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159/331
28-03-13
REG_SND1FREQ (SOUND1CNT_X / SG11) @
0400:0062h
and
REG_SND2FREQ (SOUND2CNT_H / SG21) @
0400:006Ch
F E DCB A9876543210
Re T
-
R
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name
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description
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// Listing 18.1: a sound-rate macro and friends
typedef enum
{
NOTE_C=0, NOTE_CIS, NOTE_D, NOTE_DIS,
NOTE_E, NOTE_F, NOTE_FIS, NOTE_G,
NOTE_GIS, NOTE_A, NOTE_BES, NOTE_B
} eSndNoteId;
// Rates for traditional notes in octave +5
const u32 __snd_rates[12]=
{
8013, 7566, 7144, 6742, // C , C#, D , D#
6362, 6005, 5666, 5346, // E , F , F#, G
5048, 4766, 4499, 4246 // G#, A , A#, B
};
#define SND_RATE(note, oct) ( 2048-(__snd_rates[note]>>(4+(oct))) )
// sample use: note A, octave 0
REG_SND1FREQ= SFREQ_RESET | SND_RATE(NOTE_A, 0);
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#include <stdio.h>
#include <tonc.h>
u8 txt_scrolly= 8;
const char *names[]=
{ "C ", "C#", "D ", "D#", "E ", "F ", "F#", "G ", "G#", "A ", "A#", "B " };
// === FUNCTIONS ======================================================
// Show the octave the next note will be in
void note_prep(int octave)
{
char str[32];
siprintf(str, "[ %+2d]", octave);
se_puts(8, txt_scrolly, str, 0x1000);
}
// Play a note and show which one was played
void note_play(int note, int octave)
{
char str[32];
// Clear next top and current rows
SBB_CLEAR_ROW(31, (txt_scrolly/8-2)&31);
SBB_CLEAR_ROW(31, txt_scrolly/8);
// Display note and scroll
siprintf(str, "%02s%+2d", names[note], octave);
se_puts(16, txt_scrolly, str, 0);
txt_scrolly -= 8;
REG_BG0VOFS= txt_scrolly-8;
// Play the actual note
REG_SND1FREQ = SFREQ_RESET | SND_RATE(note, octave);
}
// Play a little ditty
void sos()
{
const u8 lens[6]= { 1,1,4, 1,1,4 };
const u8 notes[6]= { 0x02, 0x05, 0x12, 0x02, 0x05, 0x12 };
int ii;
{
note_play(notes[ii]&15, notes[ii]>>4);
VBlankIntrDelay(8*lens[ii]);
}
}
int main()
{
irq_init(NULL);
txt_init_std();
txt_init_se(0, BG_CBB(0) | BG_SBB(31), 0, CLR_ORANGE, 0);
pal_bg_mem[0x11]= CLR_GREEN;
int octave= 0;
// turn sound on
162/331
28-03-13
REG_SNDSTAT= SSTAT_ENABLE;
// snd1 on left/right ; both full volume
REG_SNDDMGCNT = SDMG_BUILD_LR(SDMG_SQR1, 7);
// DMG ratio to 100%
REG_SNDDSCNT= SDS_DMG100;
// no sweep
REG_SND1SWEEP= SSW_OFF;
// envelope: vol=12, decay, max step time (7) ; 50% duty
REG_SND1CNT= SSQR_ENV_BUILD(12, 0, 7) | SSQR_DUTY1_2;
REG_SND1FREQ= 0;
sos();
while(1)
{
VBlankIntrWait();
key_poll();
// Change octave:
octave += bit_tribool(key_hit(-1), KI_R, KI_L);
octave= wrap(octave, -2, 6);
note_prep(octave);
// Play note
if(key_hit(KEY_DIR|KEY_A))
{
if(key_hit(KEY_UP))
note_play(NOTE_D, octave+1);
if(key_hit(KEY_LEFT))
note_play(NOTE_B, octave);
if(key_hit(KEY_RIGHT))
note_play(NOTE_A, octave);
if(key_hit(KEY_DOWN))
note_play(NOTE_F, octave);
if(key_hit(KEY_A))
note_play(NOTE_D, octave);
}
// Play ditty
if(key_hit(KEY_B))
sos();
}
return 0;
}
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163/331
28-03-13
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{
const u8 lens[6]= { 1,1,4, 1,1,4 };
const u8 notes[6]= { 0x02, 0x05, 0x12, 0x02, 0x05, 0x12 };
int ii;
{
note_play(notes[ii]&15, notes[ii]>>4);
VBlankIntrDelay(8*lens[ii]);
}
}
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28-03-13
19. Text systems
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19.1. Introduction
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
printf("Hello World");
return 0;
}
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typedef struct tagTXT_BASE
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} TXT_BASE;
extern TXT_BASE __txt_base, *gptxt;
// In text.c
TXT_BASE __txt_base;
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Main TXT_BASE instance
and a pointer to it
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const unsigned int toncfontTiles[192]=
{
0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x18181818, 0x00180018, 0x00003636, 0x00000000, 0x367F3636, 0x0036367F,
0x3C067C18, 0x00183E60, 0x1B356600, 0x0033566C, 0x6E16361C, 0x00DE733B, 0x000C1818, 0x00000000,
0x0C0C1830, 0x0030180C, 0x3030180C, 0x000C1830, 0xFF3C6600, 0x0000663C, 0x7E181800, 0x00001818,
0x00000000, 0x0C181800, 0x7E000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00181800, 0x183060C0, 0x0003060C,
0x7E76663C, 0x003C666E, 0x181E1C18, 0x00181818, 0x3060663C, 0x007E0C18, 0x3860663C, 0x003C6660,
0x33363C38, 0x0030307F, 0x603E067E, 0x003C6660, 0x3E060C38, 0x003C6666, 0x3060607E, 0x00181818,
0x3C66663C, 0x003C6666, 0x7C66663C, 0x001C3060, 0x00181800, 0x00181800, 0x00181800, 0x0C181800,
0x06186000, 0x00006018, 0x007E0000, 0x0000007E, 0x60180600, 0x00000618, 0x3060663C, 0x00180018,
0x5A5A663C, 0x003C067A, 0x7E66663C, 0x00666666, 0x3E66663E, 0x003E6666, 0x06060C78, 0x00780C06,
0x6666361E, 0x001E3666, 0x1E06067E, 0x007E0606, 0x1E06067E, 0x00060606, 0x7606663C, 0x007C6666,
0x7E666666, 0x00666666, 0x1818183C, 0x003C1818, 0x60606060, 0x003C6660, 0x0F1B3363, 0x0063331B,
0x06060606, 0x007E0606, 0x6B7F7763, 0x00636363, 0x7B6F6763, 0x00636373, 0x6666663C, 0x003C6666,
0x3E66663E, 0x00060606, 0x3333331E, 0x007E3B33, 0x3E66663E, 0x00666636, 0x3C0E663C, 0x003C6670,
0x1818187E, 0x00181818, 0x66666666, 0x003C6666, 0x66666666, 0x00183C3C, 0x6B636363, 0x0063777F,
0x183C66C3, 0x00C3663C, 0x183C66C3, 0x00181818, 0x0C18307F, 0x007F0306, 0x0C0C0C3C, 0x003C0C0C,
0x180C0603, 0x00C06030, 0x3030303C, 0x003C3030, 0x00663C18, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x003F0000,
0x00301818, 0x00000000, 0x603C0000, 0x007C667C, 0x663E0606, 0x003E6666, 0x063C0000, 0x003C0606,
0x667C6060, 0x007C6666, 0x663C0000, 0x003C067E, 0x0C3E0C38, 0x000C0C0C, 0x667C0000, 0x3C607C66,
0x663E0606, 0x00666666, 0x18180018, 0x00301818, 0x30300030, 0x1E303030, 0x36660606, 0x0066361E,
0x18181818, 0x00301818, 0x7F370000, 0x0063636B, 0x663E0000, 0x00666666, 0x663C0000, 0x003C6666,
0x663E0000, 0x06063E66, 0x667C0000, 0x60607C66, 0x663E0000, 0x00060606, 0x063C0000, 0x003E603C,
0x0C3E0C0C, 0x00380C0C, 0x66660000, 0x007C6666, 0x66660000, 0x00183C66, 0x63630000, 0x00367F6B,
0x36630000, 0x0063361C, 0x66660000, 0x0C183C66, 0x307E0000, 0x007E0C18, 0x0C181830, 0x00301818,
0x18181818, 0x00181818, 0x3018180C, 0x000C1818, 0x003B6E00, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000,
};
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// Pseudo code for xxx_puts
void xxx_puts(int x, int y, const char *str, [[more]])
{
[[find real writing start]]
while(c=*str++)
// iterate through string
{
switch(c)
{
case [[special chars ('\n' etc)]]:
[[handle special]]
case [[normal chars]]:
[[xxx_putc(destination pointer, lut[c])]]
[[advance destination]]
}
}
}
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{
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l
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e
rl
o
o
pa
sb
e
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o
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e
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u
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td
o
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st
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ni
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n
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t
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e
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s
,
i
t
'
sa
h
a
c
k
;n
o
,
Id
o
n
'
tc
a
r
e
.
void bm8_puts(u16 *dst, const char *str, u8 clrid)
{
int c, x=0, dx= gptxt->dx >> 1;
{
// <snip char-switch and iy loop>
for(ix=x; row>0; row >>= 2, ix++)
{
pxs= dst[iy*120+ix];
if(row&1)
pxs= (pxs&0xFF00) | clrid;
if(row&2)
pxs= (pxs&0x00FF) | (clrid<<8);
dst[iy*120+ix]= pxs;
}
// <snip>
}
}
19.3.2. Interface functions
Th
ei
n
t
e
r
f
a
c
ef
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
sa
r
es
t
r
a
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h
t
f
o
r
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r
d
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l
t
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e
yh
a
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et
od
oi
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e
t
u
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h
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e
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t
i
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o
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t
a
r
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o
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h
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d
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e
svid_mema
si
t
sb
a
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e
,
a
n
dmo
d
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n
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s
evid_paget
oma
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es
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r
ei
two
r
k
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t
hp
a
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e
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l
i
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p
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g
.m4_puts()a
l
s
oe
n
s
u
r
e
st
h
a
tt
h
ec
h
a
r
a
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t
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t
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ta
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e
np
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s
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e
rt
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h
i
sr
o
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t
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n
eu
s
e
sac
o
l
o
r
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d
e
x
,
r
a
t
h
e
rt
h
a
nat
r
u
ec
o
l
o
r
.
// Bitmap text interface. Goes in text.h
INLINE void m3_puts(int x, int y, const char *str, COLOR clr)
{
bm16_puts(&vid_mem[y*240+x], str, clr, 240);
}
INLINE void m4_puts(int x, int y, const char *str, u8 clrid)
{
bm8_puts(&vid_page[(y*240+x)>>1], str, clrid); }
INLINE void m5_puts(int x, int y, const char *str, COLOR clr)
{
bm16_puts(&vid_page[y*160+x], str, clr, 160);
}
19.3.3. Clearing text
Do
i
n
gat
e
x
tc
l
e
a
ri
sa
l
mo
s
tt
h
es
a
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us
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o
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ebm16_clrs()f
u
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to
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np
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g(
nx*gptxt->dx)
,
t
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p
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s(
gptxt->dy)
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e
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e
'
ss
o
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oma
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o
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l
a
n
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ee
n
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h
a
t
'
sa
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l
i
td
o
e
s
.
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es
a
meg
o
e
sf
o
rt
h
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l
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a
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o
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t
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e
so
ft
h
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t
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s
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oI
'
mn
o
tg
o
i
n
gt
os
h
o
wt
h
o
s
e
.
void bm16_clrs(u16 *dst, const char *str, COLOR clr, int pitch)
{
int c, nx=0, ny;
170/331
28-03-13
while(1)
{
c= *str++;
if(c=='\n' || c=='\0')
{
if(nx>0)
{
nx *= gptxt->dx;
ny= gptxt->dy;
while(ny--)
{
memset16(dst, clr, nx);
dst += pitch;
}
nx=0;
}
else
dst += gptxt->dy*pitch;
if(c=='\0')
return;
}
else
nx++;
}
}
19.4. Tilemap text
I
ns
o
mewa
y
s
,
t
e
x
tf
o
rt
i
l
e
mo
d
e
si
sa
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a
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a
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o
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o
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o
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i
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n
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d
.
19.4.1. Tile initialisation
Th
ef
i
r
s
to
r
d
e
ro
fb
u
s
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n
e
s
si
st
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et
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n
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oe
i
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e
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i
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ee
a
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o
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i
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s
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e
t
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t
o
BitUnpack()a
n
db
ed
o
n
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t
hi
t
.Ho
we
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e
r
,
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si
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e
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o
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o
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or
o
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g
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et
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e
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y
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n
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e
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e
r
v
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r
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s
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y
,
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o
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t
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o
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st
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s
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n
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h
a
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o
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r
c
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i
t
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e
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t
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n
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l
ds
u
p
p
l
y
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n
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no
t
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e
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t
et
r
i
c
kt
h
a
tI
'
l
l
g
e
tt
ol
a
t
e
r
.
// Note, the BIOS BitUnpack does exactly the same thing!
void txt_bup_1toX(void *dstv, const void *srcv, u32 len, int bpp, u32 base)
{
u32 *src= (u32*)srcv;
u32 *dst= (u32*)dstv;
len= (len*bpp+3)>>2;
// # dst words
u32 bBase0= base&(1<<31);
// add to 0 too?
base &= ~(1<<31);
u32 swd, ssh=32;
// src data and shift
u32 dwd, dsh;
// dst data and shift
while(len--)
{
if(ssh >= 32)
{
swd= *src++;
ssh= 0;
}
dwd=0;
for(dsh=0; dsh<32; dsh += bpp)
{
u32 wd= swd&1;
if(wd || bBase0)
wd += base;
dwd |= wd<<dsh;
swd >>= 1;
ssh++;
}
*dst++= dwd;
171/331
28-03-13
}
}
Th
ea
c
t
u
a
l
ma
p
t
e
x
ti
n
i
t
i
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
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sd
o
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eb
ytxt_init_se().I
t
sf
i
r
s
tt
woa
r
g
u
me
n
t
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x
a
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o
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et
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esecond c
o
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nclrs,
a
n
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t
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o
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h
.
void txt_init_se(int bgnr, u16 bgcnt, SB_ENTRY se0, u32 clrs, u32 base)
{
bg_cnt_mem[bgnr]= bgcnt;
gptxt->dst0= se_mem[BF_GET(bgcnt, BG_SBB)];
// prep palette
int bpp= (bgcnt&BG_8BPP) ? 8 : 4;
if(bpp == 4)
{
COLOR *palbank= &pal_bg_mem[BF_GET(se0, SE_PALBANK)<<4];
palbank[(base+1)&15]= clrs&0xFFFF;
palbank[(base>>4)&15]= clrs>>16;
}
else
pal_bg_mem[(base+1)&255]= clrs&0xFFFF;
// account for tile-size difference
se0 &= SE_ID_MASK;
if(bpp == 8)
se0 *= 2;
// Bitunpack the tiles
txt_bup_1toX(&tile_mem[BF_GET(bgcnt, BG_CBB)][se0],
toncfontTiles, toncfontTilesLen, bpp, base);
}
I
fy
o
ud
o
n
'
twa
n
tt
od
e
a
l
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t
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t
'
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b
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e
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19.4.2. Screen entry writer
Th
i
si
sa
r
g
u
a
b
l
yt
h
emo
s
ts
i
mp
l
eo
ft
h
et
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x
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r
s
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h
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r
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so
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p
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rs
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ne
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o
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a
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l
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a
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r
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nt
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tp
o
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s
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ed
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s
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ntxt_init_se().La
s
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se0i
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oma
k
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pt
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ea
c
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u
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th
e
r
et
o
o
.
void se_puts(int x, int y, const char *str, SB_ENTRY se0)
{
int c;
SB_ENTRY *dst= &gptxt->dst0[(y>>3)*32+(x>>3)];
x=0;
{
if(c == '\n')
// line break
{
dst += (x&~31) + 32;
x=0;
}
else
dst[x++] = (gptxt->chars[c]) + se0;
}
}
19.5. Sprite text
Sp
r
i
t
et
e
x
ti
ss
i
mi
l
a
rt
ot
i
l
e
ma
pt
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t
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o
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eOBJ
_ATTRsn
o
wi
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fs
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uh
a
v
et
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e
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h
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o
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a
l
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a
t
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r
i
b
u
t
e
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n
d1
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p
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ei
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i
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a
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e
rtxt_init_obj()i
s
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a
rt
otxt_init_se(),
e
x
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rOAM c
o
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a
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k
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172/331
28-03-13
wep
o
i
n
tt
oab
a
s
eOBJ
_ATTRoe0,
a
n
dattr2wo
r
k
si
nmu
c
ht
h
es
a
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ec
o
d
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sa
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u
a
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p
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rt
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e
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e
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t
h
o
u
tu
p
s
e
t
t
i
n
gt
h
eo
t
h
e
r
s
.
// OAM text initializer
void txt_init_obj(OBJ_ATTR *oe0, u16 attr2, u32 clrs, u32 base)
{
gptxt->dst0= (u16*)oe0;
COLOR *pbank= &pal_obj_mem[BF_GET(attr2, ATTR2_PALBANK)<<4];
pbank[(base+1)&15]= clrs&0xFFFF;
pbank[(base>>4)&15]= clrs>>16;
txt_bup_1toX(&tile_mem[4][attr2&ATTR2_ID_MASK], toncfontTiles,
toncfontTilesLen, 4, base);
}
// OAM text writer
void obj_puts(int x, int y, const char *str, u16 attr2)
{
int c, x0= x;
OBJ_ATTR *oe= (OBJ_ATTR*)gptxt->dst0;
{
if(c == '\n')
// line break
{
y += gptxt->dy; x= x0; }
else
{
if(c != ' ') // Only act on a non-space
{
oe->attr0= y & ATTR0_Y_MASK;
oe->attr1= x & ATTR1_X_MASK;
oe->attr2= gptxt->chars[c] + attr2;
oe++;
}
x += gptxt->dx;
}
}
}
Th
es
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
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ft
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t
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t
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a
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_ATTR,
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i
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_ATTRa
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na
r
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os
e
r
v
ea
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h
en
e
wb
a
s
e
.
INLINE void obj_puts2(int x, int y, const char *str, u16 attr2, OBJ_ATTR *oe0)
{
gptxt->dst0= (u16*)oe0;
obj_puts(x, y, str, attr2);
}
Th
e
r
ea
r
es
o
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i
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o
t
e
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et
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r
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o
u
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s
tu
s
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n
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p
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r
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u
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r
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t
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r
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b
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t
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h
t
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ro
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t
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h
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e
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e
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r
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s
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r
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e
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s
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e
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e
n
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tb
e
c
a
u
s
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r
e
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a
me
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t
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l
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e
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e
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a
l
s
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l
u
t
i
o
nf
o
ri
t
.
19.6. Some demos
19.6.1. Bitmap text demo
Is
u
p
p
o
s
eIc
o
u
l
ds
t
a
r
twi
t
h“
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l
l
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r
l
d
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,
b
u
ta
st
h
a
t
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sp
r
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ds
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t
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n
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r
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r
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g
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etxt_bm
d
e
mod
o
e
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o
me
t
h
i
n
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i
mi
l
a
rt
obm_modes:
n
a
me
l
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h
o
ws
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me
t
h
i
n
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ns
c
r
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e
na
n
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l
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t
c
h
i
n
gb
e
t
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e
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e
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e
e
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ed
i
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e
r
e
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e
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r
e
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l
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o
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'
r
eg
o
i
n
gt
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s
et
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eb
i
t
ma
pputs()v
e
r
s
i
o
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st
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t
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t
u
a
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s
t
r
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r
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c
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a
t
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ss
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r
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ma
l
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o
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a
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l
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r
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ro
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e
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ti
t
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n
a
t
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s
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r
e
'
st
h
ef
u
l
l
173/331
28-03-13
c
o
d
e
:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <tonc.h>
#define CLR_BD
0x080F
const TILE cursorTile=
{{ 0x0, 0x21, 0x211, 0x2111, 0x21111, 0x2100, 0x1100, 0x21000 }};
void base_init()
{
vid_page= vid_mem;
// init interrupts
irq_init(NULL);
// init backdrop
pal_bg_mem[0]= CLR_MAG;
pal_bg_mem[CLR_BD>>8]= CLR_BD;
pal_bg_mem[CLR_BD&255]= CLR_BD;
m3_fill(CLR_BD);
// init mode 4 pal
pal_bg_mem[1]= CLR_LIME;
pal_bg_mem[255]= CLR_WHITE;
// init cursor
tile_mem[5][0]= cursorTile;
pal_obj_mem[1]= CLR_WHITE;
pal_obj_mem[2]= CLR_GRAY;
}
int main()
{
base_init();
txt_init_std();
// (1) print some string so we know what mode we're at
m3_puts( 8, 8, "mode 3", CLR_CYAN);
m4_puts(12, 32, "mode 4", 1);
m5_puts(16, 40, "mode 5", CLR_YELLOW);
// init variables
u32 mode=3, bClear=0;
OBJ_ATTR cursor= { 80, 120, 512, 0 };
// init video mode
REG_DISPCNT= DCNT_BG2 | DCNT_OBJ | 3;
// init cursor string
char str[32];
siprintf(str, "o %3d,%3d", cursor.attr1, cursor.attr0);
while(1)
{
VBlankIntrWait();
oam_mem[0]= cursor;
key_poll();
bClear ^= 1;
// move cursor
cursor.attr1 += key_tri_horz();
cursor.attr0 += key_tri_vert();
// adjust cursor(-string) only if necessary
if(key_is_down(KEY_ANY))
{
174/331
28-03-13
// (2) clear previous coords
if(bClear)
bm_clrs(80, 112, str, CLR_BD);
cursor.attr0 &= ATTR0_Y_MASK;
cursor.attr1 &= ATTR1_X_MASK;
// (3) update cursor string
siprintf(str, "%c %3d,%3d", (bClear ? 'c' : 'o'),
cursor.attr1, cursor.attr0);
}
// switch modes
if(key_hit(KEY_L) && mode>3)
mode--;
else if(key_hit(KEY_R) && mode<5)
mode++;
REG_DISPCNT &= ~DCNT_MODE_MASK;
REG_DISPCNT |= mode;
// (4) write coords
bm_puts(80, 112, str, CLR_WHITE);
}
return 0;
}
Co
n
t
r
o
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s
:
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19.6.2. Sprite text; Hello world!
Ye
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175/331
28-03-13
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#include <tonc.h>
// === CONSTANTS & STRUCTS ============================================
#define POS0 (80<<8)
#define GRAV 0x40
#define DAMP 0xD0
#define HWLEN 12
const char hwstr[]= "Hello world!";
typedef struct
{
u32 state;
int tt;
FIXED fy;
FIXED fvy;
} PATTERN;
// === FUNCTIONS ======================================================
void pat_bounce(PATTERN *pat)
{
if(pat->tt <= 0)
// timer's run out: play pattern
{
pat->fvy += GRAV;
pat->fy += pat->fvy;
// touched floor: bounce
if(pat->fy > POS0)
{
// damp if we still have enough speed
// otherwise kill movement
if(pat->fvy > DAMP)
{
pat->fy= 2*POS0-pat->fy;
pat->fvy= DAMP-pat->fvy;
}
else
{
pat->fy= POS0;
pat->fvy= 0;
}
}
}
else
// still in waiting period
pat->tt--;
}
int main()
{
REG_DISPCNT= DCNT_MODE3 | DCNT_BG2 | DCNT_OBJ;
irq_init(NULL);
memset16(&vid_mem[88*240], CLR_GREEN, 240);
// (1) init sprite text
txt_init_std();
txt_init_obj(&oam_mem[0], 0xF200, CLR_YELLOW, 0xEE);
// (2) 12 px between letters
gptxt->dx= 12;
// (3) init sprite letters
OBJ_ATTR *oe= oam_mem;
obj_puts2(120-12*HWLEN/2, 8, hwstr, 0xF200, oe);
int ii;
176/331
28-03-13
PATTERN pats[HWLEN];
for(ii=0; ii<HWLEN; ii++)
{
// init patterns
pats[ii].state=0;
pats[ii].tt= 3*ii+1;
pats[ii].fy= -12<<8;
pats[ii].fvy= 0;
// init sprite position
oe[ii].attr0 &= ~ATTR0_Y_MASK;
oe[ii].attr0 |= 160;
}
while(1)
{
VBlankIntrWait();
for(ii=0; ii<HWLEN; ii++)
{
pat_bounce(&pats[ii]);
oe[ii].attr0 &= ~ATTR0_Y_MASK;
oe[ii].attr0 |= (pats[ii].fy>>8)& ATTR0_Y_MASK;
}
}
return 0;
}
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// 1D inelastic reflections
// y, vy, ay: position, velocity, acceleration.
// Q: inelastic collision coefficient.
vy += ay;
y += vy;
if(y>ymay) // collision
{
if((ABS(vy)>Q)
{
vy= -(vy-SGN(vy)*Q); // lower speed, switch direction
y= 2*ymay-y;
// Mirror y at r: y= r-(y-r)= 2r-y
}
else // too slow: stop at ymay
{ vy= 0; y= ymay; }
177/331
28-03-13
}
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x += (vx+k)/2;
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{
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#include <tonc.h>
#include "border.h"
#define TID_FRAME0
#define TID_FRAME1
#define TID_FONT
#define TID_FONT2
#define TID_FONT3
#define TXT_PID_SHADE
#define TXT_PID_BG
96
105
0
128
256
0xEE
0x88
// === FUNCTIONS ======================================================
void init()
{
int ii;
irq_init(NULL);
txt_init_std();
// (1a) Basic se text initialization
txt_init_se(0, BG_CBB(0) | BG_SBB(31), 0x1000, CLR_RED, 0x0E);
// (1b) again, with a twist
txt_init_se(0, BG_CBB(0) | BG_SBB(31), 0xF000|TID_FONT2,
CLR_YELLOW | (CLR_MAG<<16), TXT_PID_SHADE);
// (1c) and once more, with feeling!
txt_init_se(0, BG_CBB(0) | BG_SBB(31), 0xE000|TID_FONT3,
0, TXT_PID_SHADE);
u32 *pwd= (u32*)&tile_mem[0][TID_FONT3];
for(ii=0; ii<96*8; ii++)
*pwd++ |= quad8(TXT_PID_BG);
// extra border initialisation
178/331
28-03-13
memcpy32(pal_bg_mem, borderPal, borderPalLen/4);
memcpy32(&tile_mem[0][TID_FRAME0], borderTiles, borderTilesLen/4);
// (2) overwrite /\ [] `% ^_ to use border tiles
// / ^ \
// [ # ]
// ` _ '
const u8 bdr_lut[9]= "/^\\[#]`_\'";
gptxt->chars[bdr_lut[ii]]= TID_FRAME0+ii;
// (3) set some extra colors
pal_bg_mem[0x1F]= CLR_RED;
pal_bg_mem[0x2F]= CLR_GREEN;
pal_bg_mem[0x3F]= CLR_BLUE;
pal_bg_mem[0xE8]= pal_bg_mem[0x08]; // bg
pal_bg_mem[0xEE]= CLR_ORANGE; // shadow
pal_bg_mem[0xEF]= pal_bg_mem[0x0F]; // text
}
void txt_se_frame(int l, int t, int r, int b, u16 se0)
{
int ix, iy;
u8 *lut= gptxt->chars;
u16 *pse= (u16*)gptxt->dst0;
pse += t*32 + l;
r -= (l+1);
b -= (t+1);
// corners
pse[32*0 + 0] = se0+lut['/'];
pse[32*0 + r] = se0+lut['\\'];
pse[32*b + 0] = se0+lut['`'];
pse[32*b + r] = se0+lut['\''];
// horizontal
for(ix=1; ix<r; ix++)
{
pse[32*0+ix]= se0+lut['^'];
pse[32*b+ix]= se0+lut['_'];
}
// vertical + inside
pse += 32;
for(iy=1; iy<b; iy++)
{
pse[0]= se0+lut['['];
pse[r]= se0+lut[']'];
for(ix=1; ix<r; ix++)
pse[ix]= se0+lut['#'];
pse += 32;
}
}
int main()
{
init();
// (4a) red, green, blue text
se_puts(8, 16, "bank 1:\n red", 0x1000);
se_puts(8, 40, "bank 2:\n green", 0x2000);
se_puts(8, 72, "bank 3:\n blue", 0x3000);
// (4b) yellow text with magenta shadow
se_puts(8, 96, "bank 15:\n yellow, \nwith mag \nshadow", 0xF000|TID_FONT2);
// (5a) framed text, v1
txt_se_frame(10, 2, 29, 9, 0);
se_puts( 88, 24, "frame 0:", 0);
se_puts(104, 32, "/^\\[#]`_'", 0);
se_puts( 88, 40, "bank 0:\n basic text,\n transparent bg", 0);
// (5b) framed text, v2
txt_se_frame(10, 11, 29, 18, TID_FRAME1-TID_FRAME0);
179/331
28-03-13
se_puts( 88, 96, "frame 1:", 0xE000|TID_FONT3);
se_puts(104, 104, "/^\\[#]`_'", 9);
se_puts( 88, 112, "bank 14:\n shaded text\n opaque bg", 0xE000|TID_FONT3);
while(1)
VBlankIntrWait();
return 0;
}
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#define TID_FONT
#define TID_FONT2
#define TID_FONT3
#define TXT_PID_SHADE
#define TXT_PID_BG
0
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28-03-13
// (1a) Basic se text initialization
txt_init_se(0, BG_CBB(0) | BG_SBB(31), 0x1000, CLR_RED, 0x0E);
// (1b) again, with a twist
txt_init_se(0, BG_CBB(0) | BG_SBB(31), 0xF000|TID_FONT2,
CLR_YELLOW | (CLR_MAG<<16), TXT_PID_SHADE);
// (1c) and once more, with feeling!
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0, TXT_PID_SHADE);
u32 *pwd= (u32*)&tile_mem[0][TID_FONT3];
for(ii=0; ii<96*8; ii++)
*pwd++ |= quad8(TXT_PID_BG);
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181/331
28-03-13
u16 array.Co
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#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <tonc.h>
#include "gba_pic.h"
int gtimes[5];
const char *strs[5]=
{ "u16 array", "u32 array", "memcpy", "memcpy32", "DMA32" };
// === FUNCTIONS ======================================================
// copy via u16 array
void test_0(u16 *dst, const u16 *src, u32 len)
{
u32 ii;
profile_start();
for(ii=0; ii<len/2; ii++)
dst[ii]= src[ii];
gtimes[0]= profile_stop();
}
// copy via u32 array
void test_1(u32 *dst, const u32 *src, u32 len)
{
u32 ii;
profile_start();
for(ii=0; ii<len/4; ii++)
dst[ii]= src[ii];
}
// copy via memcpy
void test_2(void *dst, const void *src, u32 len)
{
profile_start();
memcpy(dst, src, len);
}
// copy via my own memcpy32
{
profile_start();
memcpy32(dst, src, len/4);
}
// copy using DMA
{
profile_start();
dma3_cpy(dst, src, len);
}
int main()
{
182/331
28-03-13
irq_init(NULL);
test_0((u16*)vid_mem, (const u16*)gba_picBitmap, gba_picBitmapLen);
test_1((u32*)vid_mem, (const u32*)gba_picBitmap, gba_picBitmapLen);
test_2(vid_mem, gba_picBitmap, gba_picBitmapLen);
// clear the screenblock I'm about to use
memset32(&se_mem[7], 0, SBB_SIZE/4);
// init map text
txt_init_std();
txt_init_se(0, BG_SBB(7), 0, CLR_YELLOW, 0);
// print results
int ii;
char str[32];
{
siprintf(str, "%12s %6d", strs[ii], gtimes[ii]);
se_puts(8, 8+8*ii, str, 0);
}
while(1)
VBlankIntrWait();
return 0;
}
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INLINE void profile_start()
{
REG_TM2D= 0;
REG_TM3D= 0;
REG_TM2CNT= 0; REG_TM3CNT= 0;
REG_TM3CNT= TM_ENABLE | TM_CASCADE;
REG_TM2CNT= TM_ENABLE;
}
INLINE u32 profile_stop()
{
REG_TM2CNT= 0;
return (REG_TM3D<<16)|REG_TM2D;
}
Fig 19.6a:
txt_se2o
nVBA.
hardware
Fig 19.6b:
txt_se2o
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vba no$gba vba err no$ err
u16 array
6
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183/331
28-03-13
memcpy32
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184/331
28-03-13
20. Mode 7 Part 1
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185/331
28-03-13
20.2. Getting a sense of perspective
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z =−D
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3
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naf
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28-03-13
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s
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t
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:
(20.3)
xs=W/
2=120
ys=(
D+h)
2
0
.
6
a
:
p
r
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t
r
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l
a
t
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y(
a x,
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6
b
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t
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2
0
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6
c
:
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c
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l
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λ
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6
d
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o
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a
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xs,
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:
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20.3.2. Putting it all together
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:
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187/331
28-03-13
(20.6) dx + P · q =p
P ·(
q − xs)=p − a
−
dx + P · xs =a
dx
=a −P · xs
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20.5.1. The code
188/331
28-03-13
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#define M7_D
128
extern VECTOR cam_pos;
extern FIXED g_cosf, g_sinf;
// Camera position
// cos(phi) and sin(phi), .8f
// --- Type A --// (offset * zoom) * rotation
// All .8 fixed
void m7_hbl_a()
{
FIXED lam, xs, ys;
lam= cam_pos.y*lu_div(REG_VCOUNT)>>16; // .8*.16/.16 = .8
// Calculate offsets (.8)
xs= 120*lam;
ys= M7_D*lam;
REG_BG2PA= (g_cosf*lam)>>8;
REG_BG2PC= (g_sinf*lam)>>8;
REG_BG2X = cam_pos.x - ( (xs*g_cosf-ys*g_sinf)>>8 );
REG_BG2Y = cam_pos.z - ( (xs*g_sinf+ys*g_cosf)>>8 );
}
// --- Type B --// (offset * zoom) * rotation
// Mixed fixed point: lam, xs, ys use .12
void m7_hbl_b()
{
FIXED lam, xs, ys;
lam= cam_pos.y*lu_div(REG_VCOUNT)>>12; // .8*.16/.12 = .12
// Calculate offsets (.12f)
xs= 120*lam;
ys= M7_D*lam;
REG_BG2PA= (g_cosf*lam)>>12;
REG_BG2PC= (g_sinf*lam)>>12;
REG_BG2X = cam_pos.x - ( (xs*g_cosf-ys*g_sinf)>>12 );
REG_BG2Y = cam_pos.z - ( (xs*g_sinf+ys*g_cosf)>>12 );
}
// --- Type C --// offset * (zoom * rotation)
// Mixed fixed point: lam, lxr, lyr use .12
// lxr and lyr have different calculation methods
void m7_hbl_c()
{
FIXED lam, lcf, lsf, lxr, lyr;
lam= cam_pos.y*lu_div(REG_VCOUNT)>>12; // .8*.16 /.12 = 20.12
lcf= lam*g_cosf>>8;
// .12*.8 /.8 = .12
lsf= lam*g_sinf>>8;
// .12*.8 /.8 = .12
REG_BG2PA= lcf>>4;
REG_BG2PC= lsf>>4;
// Offsets
// Note that the lxr shifts down first!
// horizontal offset
lxr= 120*(lcf>>4);
lyr= (M7_D*lsf)>>4;
REG_BG2X= cam_pos.x - lxr + lyr;
189/331
28-03-13
// vertical offset
lxr= 120*(lsf>>4);
lyr= (M7_D*lcf)>>4;
REG_BG2Y= cam_pos.z - lxr - lyr;
}
20.5.2. The discussion (technical)
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.
20.6. Final Thoughts
Th
i
sh
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sb
e
e
no
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ft
h
o
s
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c
c
a
s
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o
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190/331
28-03-13
i
nt
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me
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t
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h
.
191/331
28-03-13
21. Mode 7 Part 2
I
n
t
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o
d
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c
t
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o
n
.
Ba
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Co
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n
gr
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ma
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s
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21.1. Introduction
Mo
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(21.3a) Rx(
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os
(
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i
n
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0 1 0 (21.3b) Ry(
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os
(
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Fig 21.3:
Ca
me
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ao
r
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n
t
a
t
i
o
n{
u, v, w}i
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i
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n
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sθa
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ty
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a
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s
:
c
os
(
φ) s
i
n
(
φ)
·
s
i
n
(
θ
) −s
i
n
(
φ)
·
c
os
(
θ
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(21.4) C(
θ
,
φ)=Ry(
φ)·Rx(
θ
)= 0
c
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(
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s
i
n
(
θ
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(
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·
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Toc
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l
l
u
s
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o
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e
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t
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rt
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i
s
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o
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l
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194/331
28-03-13
c
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a
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ta
c
t
sa
safocus length.No
t
et
h
a
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e
nzc=−D,
t
h
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o
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e
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o
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21.2.5. Viewport and viewing volume
Be
f
o
r
eIg
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Fig 21.4:
pe
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y
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eg
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e
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I
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c
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r
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i
d
e Fig 21.5:Vi
st
h
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i
s
i
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l
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r
to
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c
t
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o
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i
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a
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1
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5
)
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(21.6) t
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21.2.6. The screen
Th
el
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t
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/
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t
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p
a
c
ei
sasp=(
L, T, −D)
.
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r
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f
u
l
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o
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or
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l
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s
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h
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t
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a
l
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x
i
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n
dt
h
e Fig 21.6:scr
e
e
ns
pa
c
ev
sc
a
me
r
as
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e
o
r
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g
i
no
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s
p
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ei
nmi
n
d
,
weh
a
v
e
(21.7) S(
1,
−1,
1)
·
xs=xp−asp
Th
es
c
a
l
i
n
gma
t
r
i
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e
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e
r
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o
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o
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tId
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t
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i
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,
t
h
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e
np
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sx s=(
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0
)
,
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.
21.2.7. Theory summary
An
dt
h
a
t
'
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a
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l
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t
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q
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swen
e
e
d
a
r
e
:
(21.8a) λ
C ·xp
=xw −acw
195/331
28-03-13
(21.8b) S(
1,
1,
1)·xs=(
xp−asp)
wh
e
r
e
xw
xp
xs
acw
asp
C
λ
c
o
o
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d
i
n
a
t
e
si
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l
ds
p
a
c
e
;
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o
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d
i
n
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so
nt
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r
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j
e
c
t
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o
np
l
a
n
e
,
x p=(
xp,
yp,
−D)
;
c
o
o
r
d
i
n
a
t
e
so
nt
h
es
c
r
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e
n
,
x s=(
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0
)
;
t
h
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o
c
a
t
i
o
no
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h
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me
r
ai
nwo
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l
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a
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e
;
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h
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o
c
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t
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o
no
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e
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as
p
a
c
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p
a
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e
,
asp=(
L, T, −D)
;
t
h
ec
a
me
r
ama
t
r
i
x
,
a
sf
u
n
c
t
i
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no
fp
i
t
c
hθa
n
dy
a
wφ:
C =Ry(
φ)
·Rx(
θ
)
;
t
h
es
c
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l
i
n
gf
a
c
t
o
r
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t
sv
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l
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e
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yt
h
eb
o
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o
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.
Re
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mb
e
rt
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q
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,
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o
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a
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e
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n
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q2
1
.
8
bi
sb
yd
e
s
i
g
n
:
a
l
l
t
h
er
e
a
l
i
n
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
ni
si
ne
q2
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.
8
a
;e
q2
1
.
8
bi
sj
u
s
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n
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l
s
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e
pt
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a
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e
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st
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et
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nt
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o
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et
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n
s
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o
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nt
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er
e
ma
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n
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e
ro
ft
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et
e
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Iwi
l
l
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e
q
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e
n
tu
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q2
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8
aa
n
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e
a
v
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u
te
q2
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.
8
bu
n
l
e
s
sn
e
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
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h
e
ri
n
t
e
r
e
s
t
i
n
gt
h
i
n
g
st
ok
n
o
w:
Wo
r
l
ds
y
s
t
e
mS w ={
i,
j,
k}a
n
dc
a
me
r
as
y
s
t
e
mS c={
u,
v,
w}a
r
er
i
g
h
t
h
a
n
d
e
dCa
r
t
e
s
i
a
nc
o
o
r
d
i
n
a
t
es
y
s
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e
ms
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x
p
e
c
t
e
d
,
t
h
e
c
o
l
u
mn
so
fc
a
me
r
ama
t
r
i
xC a
r
et
h
ep
r
i
n
c
i
p
l
ea
x
e
so
fS c:
C =[
u v w]
;
Th
ev
i
e
wp
o
r
ta
n
dv
i
e
wi
n
gf
r
u
s
t
u
ma
r
ei
nc
a
me
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as
p
a
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,
me
a
n
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n
gt
h
a
tt
h
e
i
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o
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n
d
a
r
i
e
sa
r
et
o
o
.Th
i
sme
a
n
st
h
a
t
R >0>L (
h
o
r
i
z
o
n
t
a
l
)
T >0>B (
v
e
r
t
i
c
a
l
)
0>−N >−F (
d
e
p
t
h
)
I
fweu
s
et
h
eGBAs
c
r
e
e
ns
i
z
ea
sab
a
s
i
s(
W =2
4
0
,
H =1
6
0
)
,
a
n
dD =2
5
6
,
r
e
a
s
o
n
a
b
l
ev
a
l
u
e
sf
o
rt
h
ev
i
e
wi
n
gf
r
u
s
t
u
m
b
o
u
n
d
a
r
i
e
sa
r
e
L =−1
2
0 R =−1
2
0
T =8
0 B =−8
0
N =2
4 F =1
0
2
4
Bu
ty
o
uc
a
np
i
c
ko
t
h
e
r
si
fy
o
uwa
n
t
.
21.3. Horizon and backdrop
Ta
k
et
h
ee
s
s
e
n
t
i
a
l
mo
d
e7c
a
s
e
:
af
l
o
o
ri
np
e
r
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
.Du
et
ot
h
ep
e
r
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
ed
i
v
i
s
i
o
n
,
t
h
ed
i
s
t
a
n
tp
a
r
t
so
ft
h
ef
l
o
o
rwi
l
l
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
ha
s
i
n
g
l
el
i
n
e
:
t
h
ehorizon.Si
n
c
et
h
ema
pr
e
a
l
l
yi
sj
u
s
taf
l
o
o
r
,
t
h
eh
o
r
i
z
o
nr
e
a
l
l
ywi
l
l
b
ej
u
s
tt
h
a
t
:
o
n
eh
o
r
i
z
o
n
t
a
l
l
i
n
e
.Th
es
p
a
c
ea
b
o
v
et
h
a
ti
s
u
s
u
a
l
l
ye
mp
t
y
,
b
u
tt
oma
k
ei
tal
i
t
t
l
el
e
s
sb
l
a
n
d
,
wewi
l
l
u
s
eabackdrop:
ap
a
n
o
r
a
mav
i
e
wo
ft
h
ed
i
s
t
a
n
te
n
v
i
r
o
n
me
n
tt
h
a
tmo
v
e
sa
l
o
n
g
wi
t
ht
h
ec
a
me
r
a
'
sr
o
t
a
t
i
o
n
.
21.4. Finding the horizon
Ro
u
g
h
l
yp
u
t
,
t
h
eh
o
r
i
z
o
ni
swh
e
r
ez=−∞.I
fy
o
uh
a
v
el
i
n
e
so
nt
h
ef
l
o
o
r
,
t
h
eh
o
r
i
z
o
ni
swh
e
r
ea
l
l
p
a
r
a
l
l
e
l
l
i
n
e
ss
e
e
mt
ome
e
t
:
t
h
ev
a
n
i
s
h
i
n
g
l
i
n
e
.Na
t
u
r
a
l
l
y
,
i
fy
o
uo
n
l
yh
a
v
eaf
l
o
o
r
,
t
h
e
ny
o
us
h
o
u
l
do
n
l
yd
r
a
wi
tb
e
l
o
wt
h
eh
o
r
i
z
o
na
n
dt
h
eg
r
a
p
h
i
c
sa
b
o
v
ei
ts
h
o
u
l
db
ep
a
r
to
fa
s
k
y
b
o
x
.I
'
ms
u
r
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o
u
'
v
es
e
e
nt
h
i
si
nt
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eo
r
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n
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l
Ma
r
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r
ta
n
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h
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rmo
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a
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r
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n
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ewe
'
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el
i
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o
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l
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eah
o
r
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z
o
n
t
a
l
l
i
n
e
:
o
n
es
c
a
n
l
i
n
eys,h.Tof
i
n
di
t
,
a
l
l
weh
a
v
et
od
oi
st
a
k
et
h
eyc
o
mp
o
n
e
n
to
fe
q2
1
.
8
aa
n
dr
e
a
r
r
a
n
g
e
t
h
et
e
r
mst
og
e
t
(21.9a)
λ(
vyyp,
=−acw,
h−wyD)
y
yp,
=(
w
D
λ
)/vy
h
y −a c
w,
y/
An
di
fwewe
r
et
ot
a
k
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u
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o
r
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na
ti
n
f
i
n
i
t
y
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t
h
e
mλ=−∞,
wh
i
c
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u
l
dr
e
d
u
c
ee
q2
1
.
9t
o
(21.9b) y p,
vy=D t
a
n
(
θ
)
h=D wy/
Ho
we
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e
r
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o
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e
e
dt
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h
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ry
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et
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yl
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r
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eλ
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h
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a
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s
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l
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e
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o
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a
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h
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ty
o
u
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r
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f
f
e
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t
i
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l
ys
h
o
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n
gn
o
i
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e
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c
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a
nb
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r
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g
l
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n
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d
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e
t
t
e
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l
db
ema
k
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n
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s
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ft
h
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a
rc
l
i
p
p
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n
g
p
l
a
n
ea
tzc=−F.I
nt
h
a
tc
a
s
e
,
λ=F/D a
n
dwec
a
nu
s
ee
q2
1
.
9t
oc
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
et
h
eh
o
r
i
z
o
n
,
wh
i
c
hwi
l
l
b
es
o
me
t
h
i
n
gl
i
k
e
(21.9c) y p,
(
F wy−acw,
/vy
h=D/F ·
y)
Ase
x
p
e
c
t
e
d
,
i
fF =−∞t
h
e
ne
q2
1
.
9
cr
e
d
u
c
e
st
oe
q2
1
.
9
b
.Re
g
a
r
d
l
e
s
so
fwh
e
t
h
e
ry
o
uc
h
o
s
eaf
i
n
i
t
eo
fi
n
f
i
n
i
t
ezc,
t
h
eh
o
r
i
z
o
nwi
l
l
b
ea
t
s
c
a
n
l
i
n
eys,h=T − yp,h.
21.4.1. Using the horizon
Th
eh
o
r
i
z
o
nma
r
k
st
h
el
i
n
eb
e
t
we
e
nt
h
ema
pa
n
d‘
f
a
rf
a
ra
wa
y
’
:
b
e
t
we
e
nt
h
ef
l
o
o
ra
n
dt
h
eb
a
c
k
d
r
o
p
.Th
ef
l
o
o
rs
h
o
u
l
db
ea
na
f
f
i
n
e
b
a
c
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
,
o
b
v
i
o
u
s
l
y
;f
o
rt
h
eb
a
c
k
d
r
o
p
,
wewi
l
l
u
s
ear
e
g
u
l
a
rb
a
c
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
,
a
l
t
h
o
u
g
ht
h
a
t
'
sn
o
tr
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
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a
twen
e
e
dt
oawa
yt
o
s
wi
t
c
hb
e
t
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e
nt
h
et
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tt
h
eh
o
r
i
z
o
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c
a
n
l
i
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e
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es
i
mp
l
e
s
twa
yi
sb
yHBl
a
n
ki
n
t
e
r
r
u
p
t
:
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n
c
et
h
eh
o
r
i
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o
ns
c
a
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ei
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e
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ra
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e
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h
a
t
.
196/331
28-03-13
Swi
t
c
h
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n
gb
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we
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nt
h
eb
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c
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e
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r
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r
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s
e
ef
o
r
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m:
1
3
0
3
)
,
s
oy
o
u
'
l
l
s
e
ec
r
a
pd
u
r
i
n
gt
h
a
tt
i
me
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no
t
h
e
rwo
r
d
s
,
t
h
i
ss
o
l
u
t
i
o
ni
sn
og
o
o
d
.
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t
h
e
rwa
ywo
u
l
db
et
oh
a
v
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n
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a
c
k
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df
o
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t
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i
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n
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i
v
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o
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i
n
e
so
f
g
a
r
b
a
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e
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b
u
tn
o
wa
n
o
t
h
e
rp
r
o
b
l
e
ma
r
i
s
e
s
:
c
h
a
n
c
e
sa
r
ev
e
r
yh
i
g
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h
a
tt
h
eb
a
c
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d
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df
l
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i
f
f
e
r
e
n
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l
e
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n
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t
t
r
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b
u
t
e
s
.
Th
i
si
se
a
s
yt
os
o
l
v
et
h
o
u
g
h
:
s
i
mp
l
yc
h
a
n
g
et
h
es
c
r
e
e
n(
a
n
dc
h
a
r
)b
a
s
eb
l
o
c
k
si
nREG_BGxCNT.
Fig 21.7:
S
wi
t
c
hv
i
d
e
o
mo
d
ea
n
db
a
c
k
g
r
o
u
n
dpa
r
a
me
t
e
r
sa
tt
h
e
h
o
r
i
z
o
n
.
Fig 21.8:
pe
e
l
i
n
gapa
n
o
r
a
mi
cv
i
e
wf
r
o
mac
yl
i
n
d
e
r
.
21.4.2. Making and placing the backdrop
Th
es
p
a
c
ed
i
r
e
c
t
l
ya
b
o
v
et
h
eh
o
r
i
z
o
ni
sf
o
rt
h
eb
a
c
k
d
r
o
p
.Yo
up
r
o
b
a
b
l
ywa
n
tan
i
c
ei
ma
g
eo
fad
i
s
t
a
n
tt
o
wno
rt
r
e
el
i
n
eo
v
e
rt
h
e
r
e
,
n
o
t
j
u
s
tab
o
r
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ge
mp
t
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k
y
.Th
eb
a
c
k
d
r
o
po
f
f
e
r
sap
a
n
o
r
a
mi
cv
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e
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wh
i
c
hc
a
nb
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o
n
s
i
d
e
r
e
dama
pp
a
i
n
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e
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nt
h
ei
n
s
i
d
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fac
y
l
i
n
d
e
ra
n
d
t
h
e
np
e
e
l
e
do
f
ft
oan
o
r
ma
l
2
Ds
u
r
f
a
c
e(
s
e
ef
i
g2
1
.
8
)
.Th
ei
d
e
ai
st
op
u
tt
h
a
ts
u
r
f
a
c
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197/331
28-03-13
21.5. The floor
21.5.1. Affine parameters for the floor
Eq2
1
.
8d
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.
λ
C ·xp
=xw −acw
(21.12) S(
1,
−1,
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P·q
=p − dx
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e
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L,
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−D)
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1
.
1
4g
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so
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1
.
1
3my
s
e
l
f
.
λ =a cw,y/((
ys−T)
vy+Dwy)
p a =λu x
(21.14) p c =λu z
dx =a cw,x+λ(Lu x+(
T−ys)
vx−Dwx)
dy =a cw,z+λ(Lu z+(
T−ys)
vz−Dwz)
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h
a
ti
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a
k
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h
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o
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Fig 21.9:
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e
s
t
st
o
p
e
r
f
o
r
m:
Object position
Depth
d =zc=w·
r
Horizontal l =xc−p 0,x
Vertical t =−yc−p 0,y
Visible if
N ≤d && d <F
λ
L ≤l +w && l <λ
R
−λ
T ≤t +h && t <−λ
B
Table 21.1:
Ob
j
e
c
tr
e
c
ta
n
dc
u
l
l
i
n
gt
e
s
t
si
nc
a
me
r
as
pa
c
e
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et
h
e
s
i
g
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!
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l
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et
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e
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et
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200/331
28-03-13
f
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o
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=φo−φc−a
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Fig 21.13:
Fi
n
d
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h
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e
wa
ng
l
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a
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.
// Pseudo code for sorting sprites for OAM
void spr_sort()
{
int ids[N];
// Index table
int keys[N];
// Sort keys
// Create initial index and sort-key table
for ii=0; ii<N; ii++)
{
ids[ii]= ii;
keys[ii]= is_visible(sprite[ii]) ? sprite[ii].depth : DEPTH_MAX;
}
// Sort keys (i.e., fill ids)
id_sort(ids, keys);
201/331
28-03-13
// Fill OAM according to
for(ii=0; ii<N; ii++)
oam_mem[ii]= sprite[ids[ii]].obj;
}
21.6.5. Renormalization
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#define M7_D
256
#define M7_D_SHIFT
8
#define M7O_NORM
2
// View frustum limits
#define M7_LEFT
(-120)
#define M7_RIGHT
120
#define M7_TOP
80
#define M7_BOTTOM (-80)
#define M7_NEAR
24
//!< Focal length
//!< Focal shift
//!< Object renormalization shift (by /4)
//!< Viewport left
//!< Viewport right
//!< Viewport top (y-axis up)
//!< Viewport bottom (y-axis up!)
//!< Near plane (objects)
202/331
28-03-13
#define M7_FAR
512
//!< Far plane (objects)
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768
//!< Far plane (floor)
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//! 3D sprite struct
typedef struct M7_SPRITE
{
VECTOR pos;
//!< World position.
POINT anchor; //!< Sprite anchor.
OBJ_ATTR obj; //!< Object attributes.
s16 phi;
//!< Azimuth angle.
u8 obj_id;
//!< Object index.
u8 aff_id;
//!< OBJ_AFFINE index.
TILE *tiles;
//!< Gfx pointer.
VECTOR pos2;
//!< Position in cam space (subject to change)
} M7_SPRITE;
//! 3D camera struct
typedef struct M7_CAM
{
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int theta;
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int phi;
//!< Azimuth angle.
VECTOR u;
//!< local x-axis (right)
VECTOR v;
//!< local y-axis (up)
VECTOR w;
//!< local z-axis (back)
} M7_CAM;
//! One struct to bind them all
typedef struct M7_LEVEL
{
M7_CAM *camera;
//!< Camera variables
BG_AFFINE *bgaff;
//!< Affine parameter array
M7_SPRITE *sprites;
//!< 3D sprites
int horizon;
//!< Horizon scanline (sorta)
u16 bgcnt_sky;
//!< BGxCNT for backdrop
u16 bgcnt_floor;
//!< BGxCNT for floor
} M7_LEVEL;
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M7_LEVEL m7_level;
203/331
28-03-13
Type and order of struct members
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//! Calculate the horizon scanline
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{
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{
horz= M7_FAR_BG*cam->w.y - cam->pos.y;
horz= M7_TOP - Div(horz*M7_D, M7_FAR_BG*cam->v.y);
}
else
// looking straight down (w.y > 0) means horizon at -inf scanline
horz= cam->w.y > 0 ? INT_MIN : INT_MAX;
level->horizon= horz;
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{
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REG_BG2VOFS= -clamp(level->horizon, 0, 228)-1;
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IWRAM_CODE void m7_prep_affines(M7_LEVEL *level)
{
if(level->horizon >= SCREEN_HEIGHT)
return;
int ii, ii0= (level->horizon>=0 ? level->horizon : 0);
FIXED xc= cam->pos.x, yc= cam->pos.y, zc=cam->pos.z;
BG_AFFINE *bga= &level->bgaff[ii0];
FIXED yb, zb;
// b' = Rx(theta) * (L, ys, -D)
FIXED cf, sf, ct, st; // sines and cosines
FIXED lam, lcf, lsf;
// scale and scaled (co)sine(phi)
cf= cam->u.x;
sf= cam->u.z;
ct= cam->v.y;
st= cam->w.y;
for(ii= ii0; ii<SCREEN_HEIGHT; ii++)
{
yb= (ii-M7_TOP)*ct + M7_D*st;
lam= DivSafe( yc<<12, yb);
// .12f
lcf= lam*cf>>8;
lsf= lam*sf>>8;
// .12f
// .12f
bga->pa= lcf>>4;
bga->pc= lsf>>4;
// .8f
// .8f
// lambda·Rx·b
zb= (ii-M7_TOP)*st - M7_D*ct; // .8f
bga->dx= xc + (lcf>>4)*M7_LEFT - (lsf*zb>>12); // .8f
bga->dy= zc + (lsf>>4)*M7_LEFT + (lcf*zb>>12); // .8f
// hack that I need for fog. pb and pd are unused anyway
bga->pb= lam;
bga++;
}
level->bgaff[SCREEN_HEIGHT]= level->bgaff[0];
}
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// from tonc_core.h
//! Range check; true if xmin<=x<xmax
#define IN_RANGE(x, min, max) ( (x) >= (min) && (x) < (max) )
IWRAM_CODE void m7_hbl_floor()
{
int vc= REG_VCOUNT;
int horz= m7_level.horizon;
// (1) Not in floor range: quit
if(!IN_RANGE(vc, horz, SCREEN_HEIGHT) )
return;
// (2) Horizon: switch to mode 1; set-up bg control for floor
if(vc == horz)
{
BF_SET(REG_DISPCNT, DCNT_MODE1, DCNT_MODE);
REG_BG2CNT= m7_level.bgcnt_floor;
}
// (3) Looking at floor: copy affine params
BG_AFFINE *bga= &m7_level.bgaff[vc+1];
REG_BG_AFFINE[2] = *bga;
// (4) A distance fogging with high marks for hack-value
u32 ey= bga->pb*6>>12;
if(ey>16)
ey= 16;
REG_BLDALPHA= BLDA_BUILD(16-ey, ey);
}
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void update_sprites()
{
int ii;
M7_SPRITE *spr= m7_level.sprites;
for(ii=0; ii<SPR_COUNT; ii++)
{
m7_prep_sprite(&m7_level, &spr[ii]);
// Create sort key
if(BF_GET2(spr[ii].obj.attr0, ATTR0_MODE) != ATTR0_HIDE)
sort_keys[ii]= spr[ii].pos2.z;
else
sort_keys[ii]= INT_MAX;
}
// Sort the sprites
id_sort_shell(sort_keys, sort_ids, SPR_COUNT);
// Animate karts
kart_animate(&spr[ii], m7_level.camera);
// Update real OAM
for(ii=0; ii<SPR_COUNT; ii++)
obj_copy(&oam_mem[ii], &spr[sort_ids[ii]].obj, 1);
}
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28-03-13
//! Setup an object's attr/affine with the right attributes
/*! \param level
Mode 7 level data
* \param spr
3D sprite to calculate for
*/
IWRAM_CODE void m7_prep_sprite(M7_LEVEL *level, M7_SPRITE *spr)
{
VECTOR vr, vc;
// Difference and inverted-cam vector
int sx, sy;
// Object size
RECT rect;
// Object rectangle
// (1) Convert to camera frame
vec_sub(&vr, &spr->pos, &cam->pos);
vc.x= vec_dot(&vr, &cam->u);
vc.y= -vec_dot(&vr, &cam->v);
vc.z= -vec_dot(&vr, &cam->w);
spr->pos2= vc;
OBJ_ATTR *obj= &spr->obj;
sx= obj_get_width(obj);
sy= obj_get_height(obj);
// --- Check with viewbox --do
{
// (2a) check distance
if(M7_NEAR*256 > vc.z || vc.z > M7_FAR*256)
break;
// (2b) check horizontal
rect.l= vc.x - spr->anchor.x*(256>>M7O_NORM);
rect.r= rect.l + sx*(256>>M7O_NORM);
if(M7_LEFT*vc.z > rect.r*M7_D || rect.l*M7_D > M7_RIGHT*vc.z)
break;
// (2c) check vertical
rect.t= vc.y - spr->anchor.y*(256>>M7O_NORM);
rect.b= rect.t + sy*(256>>M7O_NORM);
if(-M7_TOP*vc.z > rect.b*M7_D || rect.t*M7_D > -M7_BOTTOM*vc.z)
break;
// (3) Set-up affine matrix
OBJ_AFFINE *oa= &obj_aff_mem[spr->aff_id];
oa->pa= oa->pd= vc.z>>(M7_D_SHIFT-M7O_NORM);
oa->pb= oa->pb= 0;
FIXED scale= DivSafe(M7_D<<16, vc.z);
// normalized lambda
// (.16 / .8) = .8
// (4) anchoring
// Base anchoring equation:
// x = q0 - s - A(p0 - s/2)
// In this case A = 1/lam; and q0 = xc/lam
// -> x = (xc - p0 + s/2)/lam - s + screen/2
int xscr, yscr;
xscr = spr->anchor.x*256 - sx*128;
xscr = (vc.x - (xscr>>M7O_NORM))*scale>>16;
xscr += -sx - M7_LEFT;
yscr = spr->anchor.y*256 - sy*128;
yscr = (vc.y - (yscr>>M7O_NORM))*scale>>16;
yscr += -sy + M7_TOP;
obj_unhide(obj, ATTR0_AFF_DBL);
obj_set_pos(obj, xscr, yscr);
// .8
// .0
// .8
// .0
return;
}
while(0);
// (5) If we're here, we have an invisible sprite
obj_hide(obj);
}
208/331
28-03-13
Kart animation
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const u8 cKartFrames[32]=
{
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 7, 8, 8, 9, 9, 10, 10, 11,
11, 10, 10, 9, 9, 8, 8, 7, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0,
};
//! Animate kart sprite
void kart_animate(M7_SPRITE *spr, const M7_CAM *cam)
{
OBJ_ATTR *obj= &spr->obj;
if(BF_GET2(obj->attr0,ATTR0_MODE) == ATTR0_HIDE)
return;
TILE *dst= &tile_mem[4][BF_GET(obj->attr2, ATTR2_ID)];
s16 psi= spr->phi - cam->phi;
// Extra arctan angle for correctness
if(g_state & STATE_OBJ_VIEW_ATAN)
psi -= ArcTan2(spr->pos2.z>>8, spr->pos2.x>>8);
memcpy32(dst, &spr->tiles[cKartFrames[(psi>>11)&31]*16], 16*8);
OBJ_AFFINE *oa= &obj_aff_mem[spr->aff_id];
if(psi < 0)
oa->pa= -oa->pa;
}
209/331
28-03-13
Th
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int main()
{
init_main();
while(1)
{
VBlankIntrWait();
input();
m7_prep_horizon(&m7_level);
// Switch to backdrop display.
if(m7_level.horizon > 0)
{
BF_SET(REG_DISPCNT, DCNT_MODE0, DCNT_MODE);
REG_BG2CNT= m7_level.bgcnt_sky;
REG_BLDALPHA= 16;
}
m7_update_sky(&m7_level);
update_sprites();
m7_prep_affines(&m7_level);
}
return 0;
}
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210/331
28-03-13
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yxw +=vw.
//! Translate by \a dir in global frame
void m7_translate_global(M7_CAM *cam, const VECTOR *dir)
{
vec_add_eq(&cam->pos, dir);
}
//! Translate by \a dir in local frame
void m7_translate_local(M7_CAM *cam, const VECTOR *dir)
{
cam->pos.x += (cam->u.x * dir->x + cam->v.x * dir->y + cam->w.x * dir->z) >> 8;
cam->pos.y += ( 0
+ cam->v.y * dir->y + cam->w.y * dir->z) >> 8;
cam->pos.z += (cam->u.z * dir->x + cam->v.z * dir->y + cam->w.z * dir->z) >> 8;
}
//! Translate by \a dir using local frame for x/y, but global z
void m7_translate_level(M7_CAM *cam, const VECTOR *dir)
{
cam->pos.x += (cam->u.x * dir->x - cam->u.z * dir->z)>>8;
cam->pos.y += dir->y;
cam->pos.z += (cam->u.z * dir->x + cam->u.x * dir->z)>>8;
}
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211/331
28-03-13
212/331
28-03-13
22. Tonc's Text Engine
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//# From tonc_tte.h : main TTE types.
typedef struct TFont
{
const void *data;
const u8
*widths;
const u8
*heights;
u16 charOffset;
u16 charCount;
u8 charW;
u8 charH;
u8 cellW;
u8 cellH;
u16 cellSize;
u8 bpp;
u8 extra;
} TFont;
//!< Character data.
//!< Width table for variable width font.
//!< Height table for variable height font (mostly unused).
//!< Character offset
//!< Number of characters in font.
//!< Character width (fwf).
//!< Character height.(fhf).
//!< Glyph cell width.
//!< Glyph cell height.
//!< Cell-size (bytes).
//!< Font bitdepth;
//!< Padding. Free to use.
//! TTE context struct.
typedef struct TTC
{
// Members for renderers
TSurface dst;
//!< Destination surface.
s16 cursorX;
//!< Cursor X-coord.
s16 cursorY;
//!< Cursor Y-coord.
TFont *font;
//!< Current font.
u8 *charLut;
//!< Character mapping lut, if any.
u16 cattr[4];
//!< ink, shadow, paper and special color attributes.
// Higher-up members
u16 reserved;
u16 ctrl;
//!< BG control flags.
u16 marginLeft;
u16 marginTop;
u16 marginRight;
u16 marginBottom;
s16 savedX;
s16 savedY;
// Callbacks and table pointers
fnDrawg drawgProc;
//!< Glyph render procedure.
fnErase eraseProc;
//!< Text eraser procedure.
const TFont **fontTable;
//!< Pointer to font table for
const char **stringTable; //!< Pointer to string table for
} TTC;
//# Supporting types
//! Glyph render function format.
typedef void (*fnDrawg)(int);
//! Erase rectangle function format.
typedef void (*fnErase)(int left, int top, int right, int bottom);
typedef struct TSurface
{
u8 *data;
//!< Surface data pointer.
u32 pitch;
//!< Scanline pitch in bytes.
u16 width;
//!< Image width in pixels.
u16 height;
//!< Image width in pixels.
u8 bpp;
//!< Bits per pixel.
u8 type;
//!< Surface type.
u16 palSize;
//!< Number of colors.
u16 *palData;
//!< Pointer to palette.
} TSurface;
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TTC __tte_main_context;
TTC *gp_tte_context= &__tte_main_context;
//! Get the master text-system.
INLINE TTC *tte_get_context()
{ return gp_tte_context;
}
//! Set the master context pointer.
void tte_set_context(TTC *tc)
{
gp_tte_context= tc ? tc : &__tte_main_context;
}
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//! Get the glyph index of character \a ch.
INLINE uint tte_get_glyph_id(int ch)
{
TTC *tc= tte_get_context();
ch -= tc->font->charOffset;
return tc->charLut ? tc->charLut[ch] : ch;
}
//! Get the width of glyph \a id.
215/331
28-03-13
INLINE uint tte_get_glyph_width(uint gid)
{
TFont *font= tte_get_context()->font;
return font->widths ? font->widths[gid] : font->charW;
}
//! Render a character.
int tte_putc(int ch)
{
TFont *font= tc->font;
// (4) translate from character to glyph index
uint gid= tte_get_glyph_id(ch);
// (5) get width for cursor update
int charW= tte_get_glyph_width(gid);
if(tc->cursorX+charW > tc->marginRight)
[[ simulate newline ]]
// (6) Draw and update position
tc->drawgProc(gid);
tc->cursorX += charW;
return charW;
}
//! Render a string.
/*! \param text String to parse and write.
\return
Number of parsed characters.
*/
int tte_write(const char *text)
{
int ch;
uint gid, charW;
const char *str= text;
while( (ch= *str++) != '\0' )
{
// (1) Act according to character type
switch(ch)
{
case '\n': [[ update cursorX/Y for newline ]];
break;
case '\t': [[ update cursorX for tab ]];
break;
default:
// (2) more special thingies
if(ch=='#' && str[0]=='{')
// (2a) Command sequence
{
str= tte_cmd_default(str+1);
break;
}
else if(ch=='\\' && str[0]=='#')
// (2b) Escaped command
ch= *str++;
else if(ch>=0x80)
// (2c) UTF8 character
ch= utf8_decode_char(str-1, &str);
// (3) draw character
tte_putc(ch);
}
}
return str - text;
}
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g
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n
dwh
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o
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fy
o
uwa
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h
e
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et
h
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n
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ro
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o
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l
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et
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f
f
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c
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l
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.
22.2.4. On nomenclature
So
met
e
r
msIu
s
ei
nTTEh
a
v
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r
ys
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e
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c
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s
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ed
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t
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e
nt
e
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a
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b
t
l
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ti
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mp
o
r
t
a
n
tt
od
e
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n
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h
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me
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p
l
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c
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t
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d
i
t
i
o
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a
l
l
y
,
TTEu
s
e
ss
e
v
e
r
a
l
a
c
r
o
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y
msa
n
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b
b
r
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
st
h
a
tn
e
e
dt
ob
ec
l
a
r
i
f
i
e
d
.
char(acter) vs glyph index.‘
Ch
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
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e
f
e
r
st
ot
h
eASCI
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h
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r
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c
t
e
r
;t
h
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l
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p
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n
d
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o
r
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s
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n
gi
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nt
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f
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t
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re
x
a
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l
e
,
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sc
h
a
r
a
c
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e
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5
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u
ti
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h
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o
n
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t
a
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t
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c
e(
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'
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h
e‘
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n
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e
x6
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=3
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r
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l
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a
b
l
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a
me
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dgidme
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ei
n
p
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to
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e
n
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l
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n
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r
f
a
c
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st
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s
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i
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a
l
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yVRAM,
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u
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h
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g
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l
l
,
l
i
k
eOBJ
_ATTRsf
o
ro
b
j
e
c
tt
e
x
t
.
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ep
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t
c
hi
sa
c
t
u
a
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l
yac
o
mmo
nt
e
r
mi
ng
r
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c
s
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ts
i
n
c
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r
a
p
h
i
c
st
e
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oc
o
mmo
n
,
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t
'
swo
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t
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a
t
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n
g
.
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c
h
n
i
c
a
l
l
y
,
t
h
epitch i
st
h
en
u
mb
e
ro
fs
c
a
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l
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e
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nr
o
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'
me
x
t
e
n
d
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n
gi
tal
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l
et
ome
a
nt
h
echaracteristic major
distance f
o
rma
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r
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t
r
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r
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De
n
t
i
t
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e
s
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n
dt
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y
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l
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h
a
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d
j
a
c
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te
l
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me
n
t
si
no
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r
e
c
t
i
o
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n
dal
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r
g
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rd
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a
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c
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o
r
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t
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e
r
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e
s
eu
s
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a
l
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ya
r
ex a
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e
s
p
e
c
t
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l
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u
tn
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ta
l
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y
s
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eminor d
i
s
t
a
n
c
ewi
l
l
b
er
e
f
e
r
r
e
dt
oa
sstride.
Color vs color attribute.Th
e‘
c
o
l
o
r
’i
st
h
er
e
a
l
5
.
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.
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o
l
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r
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c
o
l
o
ra
t
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
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swh
a
t
e
v
e
rt
h
er
e
n
d
e
r
e
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l
l
u
s
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n
t
h
es
u
r
f
a
c
e
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i
sc
a
nb
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o
l
o
r
,
b
u
ti
tc
a
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l
s
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a
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t
t
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n
d
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rs
o
me
t
h
i
n
ge
l
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n
t
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l
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ei
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
a
t
i
o
ni
su
pt
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r
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n
d
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e
r
.
Render/Text family.Th
i
si
sac
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
g
r
o
u
p
n
a
mef
o
ras
p
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c
i
f
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ck
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n
do
ft
e
x
t
.Ta
b
l
e2
2
.
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i
v
e
sa
no
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e
r
v
i
e
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ft
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e
f
a
mi
l
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e
sa
v
a
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l
a
b
l
e
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i
sl
a
r
g
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l
yc
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
st
ot
h
eTSurfacet
y
p
e
s
.
Renderer types.Wi
t
h
i
ne
a
c
hf
a
mi
l
yt
h
e
r
ec
a
nb
ed
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
tr
e
n
d
e
r
e
r
sf
o
rd
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f
f
e
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n
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d
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ff
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re
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e
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e
n
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n
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n8
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p
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t
h
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8f
a
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)
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o
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b
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b
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e
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i
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e
d
)
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e
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a
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o
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c
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tl
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en
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me
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ts
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e
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b
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e
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i
a
t
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o
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nt
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er
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r
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sn
a
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n
d
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c
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s
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o
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a
n
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rt
h
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s
tp
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r
t
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t
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h
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fp
i
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l
s
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i
si
si
n
d
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c
a
t
e
db
y*_b1cts.
Family
prefix
Initializer
Re
g
u
l
a
rt
i
l
e
ma
p(
mo
d
e0
/
1
) s
e
v
o
i
dt
t
e
_i
n
i
t
_s
e
(
i
n
tb
g
n
r
,
u
1
6b
g
c
n
t
,
SCR_ENTRYs
e
0
,
u
3
2c
o
l
o
r
s
,
u
3
2b
u
p
o
f
s
,
c
o
n
s
tTFo
n
t*
f
o
n
t
,
f
n
Dr
a
wgp
r
o
c
)
;
Af
f
i
n
et
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l
e
ma
p(
mo
d
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/
2
)
v
o
i
dt
t
e
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n
i
t
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s
e
(
i
n
tb
g
n
r
,
u
1
6b
g
c
n
t
,
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8a
s
e
0
,
u
3
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o
l
o
r
s
,
u
3
2b
u
p
o
f
s
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c
o
n
s
t
TFo
n
t*
f
o
n
t
,
f
n
Dr
a
wgp
r
o
c
)
;
a
s
e
4
b
p
pTi
l
e
s(
mo
d
e
s0
/
1
/
o
b
j
) c
h
r
4
(c/r)
v
o
i
dt
t
e
_i
n
i
t
_c
h
r
4
(c/r)(
i
n
tb
g
n
r
,
u
1
6b
g
c
n
t
,
u
3
2c
a
t
t
r
s
,
u
3
2c
o
l
o
r
s
,
c
o
n
s
tTFo
n
t
*
f
o
n
t
,
f
n
Dr
a
wgp
r
o
c
)
;
8
b
p
pb
i
t
ma
p(
mo
d
e4
)
b
mp
8
v
o
i
dt
t
e
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n
i
t
_b
mp
(
i
n
tv
mo
d
e
,
c
o
n
s
tTFo
n
t*
f
o
n
t
,
f
n
Dr
a
wgp
r
o
c
)
;
1
6
b
p
pb
i
t
ma
p(
mo
d
e
3
/
5
)
b
mp
1
6 v
o
i
dt
t
e
_i
n
i
t
_b
mp
(
i
n
tv
mo
d
e
,
c
o
n
s
tTFo
n
t*
f
o
n
t
,
f
n
Dr
a
wgp
r
o
c
)
;
o
b
j
e
c
t
s
o
b
j
v
o
i
dt
t
e
_i
n
i
t
_o
b
j
(
OBJ
_ATTR*
d
s
t
,
u
3
2a
t
t
r
0
,
u
3
2a
t
t
r
1
,
u
3
2a
t
t
r
2
,
u
3
2c
o
l
o
r
s
,
u
3
2b
u
p
o
f
s
,
c
o
n
s
tTFo
n
t*
f
o
n
t
,
f
n
Dr
a
wgp
r
o
c
)
;
Table 22.1:
TTEr
e
n
d
e
rf
a
mi
l
yi
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
r
sa
n
di
n
i
t
i
a
l
i
z
e
r
s
.4b
ppTi
l
e
sc
a
nb
er
o
wo
rc
o
l
u
mnma
j
o
r(
crh4ro
rchr4c)
.
Code
Description
b
x
Bi
t
d
e
p
t
ho
fs
o
u
r
c
ef
o
n
t
.(
b1=1b
p
p
)
wx
Sp
e
c
i
f
i
cwi
d
t
h(
w8=wi
d
t
h8
)
h
x
Sp
e
c
i
f
i
che
i
g
h
t(
h8=h
e
i
g
h
t8
)
c
Re
co
l
o
r
i
n
g
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l
o
ra
t
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
sa
r
ea
p
p
l
i
e
dt
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h
ep
i
x
e
l
si
ns
o
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y
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t
/
o
Tr
a
n
s
p
a
r
e
n
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rop
a
q
u
ep
a
p
e
rp
i
x
e
l
s
.
s
Gl
y
p
h
sa
r
ei
nt
i
l
e
st
r
i
pf
o
r
ma
t
.
Table 22.2:
Re
n
d
e
rt
ypes
u
mma
r
y.
La
s
t
l
y
,
an
o
t
eo
ns
o
meo
ft
h
ea
b
b
r
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
sIu
s
ei
nt
h
er
e
n
d
e
r
i
n
gc
o
d
e
.An
u
mb
e
ro
ft
e
r
msc
o
meu
pa
g
a
i
na
n
da
g
a
i
n
,
a
n
dI
'
v
et
a
k
e
nt
o
u
s
eas
h
o
r
t
h
a
n
dn
o
t
a
t
i
o
nf
o
rt
h
e
s
ei
t
e
ms
.Th
eb
a
s
i
cf
o
r
ma
ti
sfooXwh
e
r
efooi
st
h
er
e
l
e
v
a
n
tb
i
t
ma
p
/
s
u
r
f
a
c
ea
n
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l
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t
t
e
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o
d
e
f
o
rt
h
i
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g
sl
i
k
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d
t
h
,
h
e
i
g
h
t
,
d
a
t
aa
n
do
t
h
e
r
s
.Ye
s
,
t
h
eu
s
eo
fs
i
n
g
l
e
l
e
t
t
e
rn
a
me
si
sf
r
o
wn
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du
p
o
na
n
dId
o
n
'
ta
d
v
o
c
a
t
et
h
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ru
s
ei
n
g
e
n
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r
a
l
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b
u
tI
'
v
ef
o
u
n
dt
h
a
ti
nt
h
i
sp
a
r
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i
c
u
l
a
rc
a
s
e
,
i
fu
s
e
dj
u
d
i
c
i
o
u
s
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,
t
h
e
yh
a
v
eh
e
l
p
e
dmer
e
a
dmyo
wnc
o
d
e
.
Term
Meaning
217/331
28-03-13
fooW Wi
d
t
ho
ffoo
fooH He
i
g
h
to
ffoo
fooB Bi
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//! Character-plot for reg BGs, any sized, vertically tiled font.
void se_drawg_s(uint gid)
{
int ix, iy;
// (1) Get main variables.
uint charW= (font->cellW+7)/8, charH= (font->cellH+7)/8;
uint x0= tc->cursorX, y0= tc->cursorY;
uint dstP= tc->dst.pitch/2;
u16 *dstD= (u16*)(tc->data + (y0*dstP+x0)*2);
// (2) Get the base tile index.
u32 se= tc->cattr[TTE_SPECIAL] + gid*charW*charH;
// (3) Loop over all tiles to draw glyph.
for(ix=0; ix<charW; ix++)
{
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dstD[iy*dstP]= se++;
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}
}
//! Character-plot for reg BGs using an 8x8 font.
void se_drawg_w8h8(uint gid)
{
218/331
28-03-13
uint dstP= tc->dst.pitch/2;
u16 *dstD= (u16*)(tc->data + (y0*dstP+x0)*2);
dstD[0]= tc->cattr[TTE_SPECIAL] + gid;
}
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void test_tte_se4()
{
irq_init(NULL);
// --- (1) Base TTE init for tilemaps --tte_init_se(
0,
// Background number (BG 0)
BG_CBB(0)|BG_SBB(31), // BG control (for REG_BGxCNT)
0,
// Tile offset (special cattr)
CLR_YELLOW,
// Ink color
14,
// BitUnpack offset (on-pixel = 15)
NULL,
// Default font (sys8)
NULL);
// Default renderer (se_drawg_s)
// --- (2) Init some colors --pal_bg_bank[1][15]= CLR_RED;
pal_bg_bank[2][15]= CLR_GREEN;
pal_bg_bank[3][15]= CLR_BLUE;
pal_bg_bank[4][15]= CLR_WHITE;
pal_bg_bank[5][15]= CLR_MAG;
pal_bg_bank[4][14]= CLR_GRAY;
// --- (3) Print some text --// "Hello world in different colors"
tte_write("\n Hello world! in yellow\n");
tte_write(" #{cx:0x1000}Hello world! in red\n");
tte_write(" #{cx:0x2000}Hello world! in green\n");
// Color use explained
tte_set_pos(8, 64);
tte_write("#{cx:0x0000}C#{cx:0x1000}o#{cx:0x2000}l");
tte_write("#{cx:0x3000}o#{cx:0x4000}r#{cx:0x5000}s");
tte_write("#{cx:0} provided by \\#{cx:#}.");
// --- (4) Init for 8x16 font and print something --GRIT_CPY(&tile_mem[0][256], cyber16Glyphs); // Load tiles
tte_set_font(&cyber16Font);
// Attach font
tte_set_special(0x4100);
// Set special to tile 256, pal 4
219/331
28-03-13
tte_set_drawg(se_drawg_w8h16);
// Attach renderer
tte_write("#{P:8,80}Also available in 8x16");
key_wait_till_hit(KEY_ANY);
}
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Cyb
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Fig 22.3b:
Pa
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Fig 22.3a:
test_tte_se4o
u
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pu
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.
Fig 22.3c:
Ti
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I
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.
//! Character-plot for affine BGs using an 8x8 font.
void ase_drawg_w8h8(uint gid)
{
u8 se= tc->cattr[TTE_SPECIAL] + gid;
_sbmp8_plot(&tc->dst, tc->cursorX/8, tc->cursorY/8, se);
}
//! Character-plot for affine BGs, any sized, vertically oriented font.
void ase_drawg_s(int gid)
{
uint charW= (font->cellW+7)/8, charH= (font->cellH+7)/8;
220/331
28-03-13
uint x0= tc->cursorX/8, y0= tc->cursorY/8;
u8 se= tc->cattr[TTE_SPECIAL] + gid*charW*charH;
int ix, iy;
for(iy=0; iy<charH; iy++, se++)
_sbmp8_plot(&tc->dst, ix+x0, iy+y0, se);
}
Th
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stext_tte_ase().Th
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r
.
void test_tte_ase()
{
irq_init(NULL);
// Init affine text for 32x32t bg
tte_init_ase(
2,
// BG number
BG_CBB(0) | BG_SBB(28) | BG_AFF_32x32, // BG control
0,
// Tile offset (special cattr)
CLR_YELLOW,
// Ink color
0xFE,
// BUP offset (on-pixel = 255)
NULL,
// Default font (sys8)
NULL);
// Default renderer (ase_drawg_s)
// Write something
tte_write("#{P:120,80}o");
tte_write("#{P:72,104}Round, round, #{P:80,112}round we go");
// Rotate it
AFF_SRC_EX asx= { 124<<8, 84<<8, 120, 80, 0x100, 0x100, 0 };
bg_rotscale_ex(&REG_BG_AFFINE[2], &asx);
while(1)
{
VBlankIntrWait();
key_poll();
asx.alpha += 0x111;
bg_rotscale_ex(&REG_BG_AFFINE[2], &asx);
break;
}
}
Fig 22.4:
test_tte_ase.
22.4. Bitmapped text
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ma
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// Pseudo code for a general glyph printer.
221/331
28-03-13
void foo_drawg(uint gid)
{
// Drawing with color keying.
// Loop over all pixels. If the glyph's pixel is not zero, draw it.
// Other wise, nevermind.
for(iy=0; iy<tte_get_glyph_height(gid); iy++)
{
for(ix=0; ix<tte_get_glyph_width(gid); ix++)
{
u16 color= font_get_pixel(font, gid, ix, iy);
if(color != 0)
foo_plot(&tc->dst, tc->cursorX+ix, tc->cursorY+iy, color);
}
}
}
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r
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22.4.1. Basic bmp16 to bmp16 glyph printer
Th
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//! Glyph renderer from bmp16 glyph to bmp16 destination.
void bmp16_drawg(uint gid)
{
// (1a) Basic variables
u16 *srcD= (u16*)(font->data+gid*font->cellSize), *srcL= srcD;
uint charW= tte_get_glyph_width(gid)
uint charH= tte_get_glyph_height(gid);
uint srcP= font->cellW, dstP= tc->dst.pitch/2;
u16 *dstD= (u16*)(tc->dst.data + (y0*dstP + x0)*2);
// (2) The actual rendering
uint ix, iy;
{
if(srcD[ix] != 0)
dstD[ix]= srcD[ix];
srcD += srcP;
dstD += dstP;
}
}
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Intermezzo : considerations for performance
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222/331
28-03-13
//# Example of a more standard bitmap copier.
for(iy=0; iy < charH; iy++)
for(ix=0; ix < charW; ix++)
dstD[iy*dstP + ix]= srcD[iy*srcP+ix];
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//# Another bitmap-copy example. DO NOT USE THIS !!!
for(iy=0; iy < font->charH; iy++)
for(ix=0; ix < charW; ix++)
dstD[iy*tc->dst.pitch/2 + ix]= srcD[iy*font->cellW + ix];
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223/331
28-03-13
Fig 22.5:
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22.4.3. bmp16_drawg_b1cts : 1- to 16-bpp with transparency and coloring
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nbmp16_drawg().
void bmp16_drawg_b1cts(uint gid)
{
// (1) Basic variables
TTE_BASE_VARS(tc, font);
TTE_CHAR_VARS(font, gid, u8, srcD, srcL, charW, charH);
TTE_DST_VARS(tc, u16, dstD, dstL, dstP, x0, y0);
uint srcP= font->cellH;
dstD += x0;
u32 ink= tc->cattr[TTE_INK], raw;
// (2) Rendering loops.
uint ix, iy, iw;
for(iw=0; iw<charW; iw += 8)
// loop over tile-strips
{
dstL= &dstD[iw];
// loop over tile-lines
{
raw= srcL[iy];
for(ix=0; raw>0; raw>>=1, ix++) // loop over tile-scanline (8 pixels)
if(raw&1)
dstL[ix]= ink;
dstL += dstP/2;
}
srcL += srcP;
}
}
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void bmp8_drawg_b1cts(uint gid)
224/331
28-03-13
{
// (1) Basic variables
TTE_DST_VARS(tc, u16, dstD, dstL, dstP, x0, y0);
dstD += x0/2;
u32 ink= tc->cattr[TTE_INK], raw, px;
uint odd= x0&1;
// (2) Source offset.
uint ix, iy, iw;
// Loop over strips.
{
dstL= &dstD[iw/2];
// Loop over lines.
{
raw= srcL[iy]<<odd;
// (3) Apply source offset.
for(ix=0; raw>0; raw>>=2, ix++) // Loop over pixels.
{
// (4) 2-bit -> 2-byte unpack, then used as masks.
px= ( (raw&3)<<7 | (raw&3) ) &~ 0xFE;
dstL[ix]= (dstL[ix]&~(px*255)) + ink*px;
}
dstL += dstP/2;
}
srcL += srcP;
}
}
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# 2-bit to 2-byte unpacking.
0000 0000 hgfe dcba
p = raw (start)
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//! Glyph-plotter using objects.
void obj_drawg(uint gid)
{
// (1) find the right object, and increment index.
uint id= tc->dst.pitch;
OBJ_ATTR *obj= &((OBJ_ATTR*)tc->dst.data)[-id];
tc->dst.pitch= (id+1 < tc->dst.width ? id+1 : 0);
// (2) Set object attributes.
obj->attr0= tc->cattr[0] + (y0 & ATTR0_Y_MASK);
obj->attr1= tc->cattr[1] + (x0 & ATTR1_X_MASK);
obj->attr2= tc->cattr[2] + gid*font->cellW*font->cellH/64;
}
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// Object text demo
void test_tte_obj()
{
// Base inits
irq_init(NULL);
REG_DISPCNT= DCNT_MODE0 | DCNT_OBJ | DCNT_OBJ_1D;
VBlankIntrWait();
// (1) Init object text, using verdana 9 (8x16 objects)
OBJ_ATTR *objs= &oam_mem[127];
tte_init_obj(
objs,
// Start at back of OAM
ATTR0_TALL,
// attr0: 8x16 objects
227/331
28-03-13
ATTR1_SIZE_8,
0,
CLR_YELLOW,
0x0E,
&vwf_default,
NULL);
// attr1: 8x16 objects
// attr2: nothing special
// Yellow ink
// ink pixel 14+1 = 15
// Verdana 9 font
// Default renderer (obj_drawg)
pal_obj_bank[1][15]= CLR_RED;
// (2) Write something (and prep for path)
const char *str= "Parametrized object text, omg!!!";
const int len= strlen(str);
tte_write("Parametrized object text, #{cp:0x1000}omg#{cp:0}!!!");
// Play with the objects
int ii, t= 0x9000;
while(1)
{
VBlankIntrWait();
key_poll();
// (3) Make lissajous figure
for(ii=0; ii<len; ii++)
{
int ti= t-0x380*ii;
// Get the path param for letter ii
obj_set_pos(&objs[-ii],
(96*lu_cos( ti)>>12)+120, // y= Ay*cos( t) + y0
(64*lu_sin(2*ti)>>12)+80); // x= Ax*sin(2*t) + x0
}
t += 0x00A0;
break;
}
}
22.6. Rendering to tiles
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//# From tonc_schr4c.c
//! Plot a pixel on a 4bpp tiled, column-major surface.
void schr4c_plot(const TSurface *dst, int x, int y, u32 clr)
{
uint xx= x;
// fluff to make x unsigned.
u32 *dstD= (u32*)(dst->data + xx/8*dst->pitch);
uint shift= xx%8*4;
dstD[y] = (dstD[y] &~ (15<<shift)) | (clr&15)<<shift;
}
//! Prepare a screen-entry map for use with chr4c mode.
void schr4c_prep_map(const TSurface *srf, u16 *map, u16 se0)
{
uint ix, iy;
uint mapW= srf->width/8, mapH= srf->height/8, mapP= srf->pitch/32;
for(iy=0; iy<mapH; iy++)
for(ix=0; ix<mapW; ix++)
map[iy*32+ix]= ix*mapP + iy + se0;
}
//# --- Simple test --------------------------------------------------void test_chr4()
{
// (1) The usual
irq_init(NULL);
pal_bg_mem[2]= CLR_GREEN;
pal_bg_mem[3]= CLR_BLUE;
pal_bg_mem[4]= CLR_WHITE;
// (2) Define a surface
TSurface srf;
srf_init(&srf,
SRF_CHR4C,
// Surface type.
tile_mem[0],
// Destination tiles.
SCREEN_WIDTH,
// Surface width.
SCREEN_HEIGHT,
// Surface height.
4,
// Bitdepth (ignored due to SRF_CHR4C).
pal_bg_mem);
// Palette.
// (3) Prepare the map
schr4c_prep_map(&srf, se_mem[31], 0);
// (4) Plot some things
int ii, ix, iy;
schr4c_plot(&srf, ix+3, iy+11, 4);
{
schr4c_plot(&srf, ii+4,
12, 1); // Red line
schr4c_plot(&srf, ii+4, ii+12, 2); // Green line
schr4c_plot(&srf,
4, ii+12, 3); // Blue line
}
}
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22.6.2. Text rendering on tiles
Version 1 : pixel by pixel
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//! Simple version of chr4 renderer.
void chr4_drawg_b1cts_base(uint gid)
{
u32 ink= tc->cattr[TTE_INK], raw;
uint ix, iy, iw;
{
{
raw= srcD[iy];
for(ix=0; raw>0; raw>>=1, ix++)
if(raw&1)
schr4c_plot(&tc->dst, x0+ix, y0+iy, ink);
}
srcD += srcP;
x0 += 8;
}
}
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Version 2 : 8 pixels at once.
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28-03-13
//! Render 1bpp fonts to 4bpp tiles; col-major order.
void chr4c_drawg_b1cts(uint gid)
{
// Base variables.
uint x= tc->cursorX, y= tc->cursorY, dstP= tc->dst.pitch/4;
// (1) Prepare dst pointers and shifts.
u32 *dstD= (u32*)(tc->dst.data + (y + x/8*dstP)*4), *dstL;
x %= 8;
uint lsl= 4*x, lsr= 32-4*x, right= x+charW;
// Inner loop vars.
u32 px, pxmask, raw;
u32 ink= tc->cattr[TTE_INK];
const u32 mask= 0x01010101;
uint iy, iw;
// Loop over strips
{
// (2) Update and increment main data pointers.
srcL= srcD;
srcD += srcP;
dstL= dstD;
dstD += dstP;
for(iy=0; iy<charH; iy++) // Loop over scanlines
{
raw= *srcL++;
if(raw)
{
// (3) Unpack 8 bits into 8 nybbles and create the mask
raw |= raw<<12;
raw |= raw<< 6;
px = raw & mask<<1;
raw &= mask;
px = raw | px<<3;
pxmask= px*15;
px *= ink;
// (4a) Write left tile:
dstL[0] = (dstL[0] &~ (pxmask<<lsl) ) | (px<<lsl);
// (4b) Write right tile (if any)
if(right > 8)
dstL[dstP]= (dstL[dstP] &~ (pxmask>>lsr) ) | (px>>lsr);
}
dstL++;
}
}
}
chr4c_drawg_b1cts()i
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#include "tte_types.s"
/*
IWRAM_CODE void chr4c_drawg_b1cts_fast(int gid);
231/331
28-03-13
*/
.section .iwram, "ax", %progbits
.arm
.align
.global chr4c_drawg_b1cts_fast
chr4c_drawg_b1cts_fast:
stmfd sp!, {r4-r11, lr}
ldr
ldr
r5,=gp_tte_context
r5, [r5]
@ Preload dstBase (r4), dstPitch (ip), yx (r6), font (r7)
ldmia r5, {r4, ip}
add
r3, r5, #TTC_cursorX
ldmia r3, {r6, r7}
@ Get srcD (r1), width (r11), charH (r2)
ldmia r7, {r1, r3}
@ Load data, widths
cmp
r3, #0
ldrneb r11, [r3, r0]
@ Var charW
ldreqb r11, [r7, #TF_charW]
@ Fixed charW
ldrh
r3, [r7, #TF_cellS]
mla
r1, r3, r0, r1
@ srcL
ldrb
r2, [r7, #TF_charH]
@ charH
ldrb
r10, [r7, #TF_cellH]
@ cellH
@ Positional issues: dstD(r0), lsl(r8), lsr(r9), right(lr), cursorX
mov
r3, r6, lsr #16
@y
bic
r6, r6, r3, lsl #16
@x
add
mov
mla
r0, r4, r3, lsl #2
r3, r6, lsr #3
r0, ip, r3, r0
@ dstD= dstBase + y*4
and
add
mov
rsb
r6, r6, #7
lr, r11, r6
r8, r6, lsl #2
r9, r8, #32
@ x%7
@ right= width + x%8
@ lsl = x%8*4
@ lsr = 32-x%8*4
ldr
ldrh
r6,=0x01010101
r7, [r5, #TTC_ink]
@ --- Reg-list for strip/render loop --@ r0
dstL
@ r1
srcL
@ r2
scanline looper
@ r3
raw
@ r4
px / tmp
@ r5
pxmask
@ r6
bitmask
@ r7
ink
@ r8
left shift
@ r9
right shift
@ r10 dstD
@ r11 charW
@ ip
dstP
@ lr
split indicator (right edge)
@ sp00 charH
@ sp04 deltaS = cellH-charH
(delta srcL)
cmp
r11, #8
@ Prep for single-strip render
suble sp, sp, #8
ble
.Lyloop
@ Prep for multi-strip render
sub
r3, r10, r2
mov
r10, r0
stmfd sp!, {r2, r3}
@ Store charH, deltaS
b
.Lyloop
@ --- Strip loop --.Lsloop:
@ (2) Update and increment main data pointers.
232/331
28-03-13
ldmia
add
mov
add
sub
sp, {r2, r3}
r10, r10, ip
r0, r10
r1, r1, r3
lr, lr, #8
@ Reload charH and deltaS
@ (Re)set dstD/dstL
@ --- Render loop --.Lyloop:
@ (3) Prep px and pxmask
ldrb
r3, [r1], #1
orrs
r3, r3, r3, lsl #12
beq
.Lnopx
@ Skip if no pixels
orr
r3, r3, r3, lsl #6
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r4, r3, r6, lsl #1
and
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orr
r3, r3, r4, lsl #3
rsb
mul
r5, r3, r3, lsl #4
r4, r3, r7
@ (4a) Render to left tile
ldr
r3, [r0]
bic
r3, r3, r5, lsl r8
orr
r3, r3, r4, lsl r8
str
r3, [r0]
@ (4b) Render to right tile
cmp
lr, #8
ldrgt r3, [r0, ip]
bicgt r3, r3, r5, lsr r9
orrgt r3, r3, r4, lsr r9
strgt r3, [r0, ip]
.Lnopx:
add
subs
bne
r0, r0, #4
r2, r2, #1
.Lyloop
@ Test for strip loop
subs
r11, r11, #8
bgt
.Lsloop
add
ldmfd
bx
sp, sp, #8
sp!, {r4-r11, lr}
lr
@ EOF
22.6.3. Multi-color and shaded fonts.
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// Create pixel mask from 8x 4 bits
u32 *srcL= ...;
// Source is now 32bit.
raw
= *srcL++;
pxmask = raw;
pxmask |= pxmask>>2;
pxmask |= pxmask>>1;
pxmask &= 0x11111111;
pxmask *= 15;
// Source word: 8x 4 bits
// bit0 = bit0 | bit2
// bit0 = bit0 | bit1 | bit2 | bit3;
// bit0 is 0 only if bits 0-3 were all 0
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ereally s
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233/331
28-03-13
me
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l
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nARM
c
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ea
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y
wa
y
.
// Use bits 0 and 1 from each nybble to create masks and apply colors.
u32 *srcL= ...;
raw
= *srcL++;
px
= raw
& 0x11111111;
raw
= raw>>1 & 0x11111111;
pxmask = px | raw;
pxmask *= 15;
// Source word: 8x 4 bits
// Bit 0 for ink pixels
// Bit 1 for shadow pixels
// Mask of ink and shadow bits
px
px
// Color with ink
// Add shadow pixels
= px * ink;
+= raw* shadow;
Th
echr4c_drawg_b4cts()r
e
n
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e
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et
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'
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n
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od
o
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ds
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n
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t
.
Fig 22.12:Ve
r
da
n
a9,
wi
t
hs
h
a
d
e
.
//! 4bpp font, tilestrips with ink/shadow coloring.
void chr4c_drawg_b4cts(uint gid)
{
uint x= tc->cursorX, y= tc->cursorY;
uint srcP= font->cellH, dstP= tc->dst.pitch/4;
// (1) Prepare dst pointers and shifts.
u32 *dstD= (u32*)(tc->dst.data + (y+x/8*dstP)*4), *dstL;
x %= 8;
uint lsl= 4*x, lsr= 32-4*x, right= x+charW;
// Inner loop vars
u32 amask= 0x11111111;
u32 px, pxmask, raw;
u32 ink= tc->cattr[TTE_INK];
u32 shade= tc->cattr[TTE_SHADOW];
uint iy, iw;
// Loop over strips
{
srcL= srcD;
srcD += srcP;
dstL= dstD;
dstD += dstP;
{
raw= *srcL++;
// Loop over scanlines
// (3a) Prepare pixel mask
px
= (raw
& amask);
raw = (raw>>1 & amask);
pxmask= px | raw;
if(pxmask)
{
px *= ink;
// (3b) Color ink pixels
px += raw*shade;
// (3c) Color shadow pixels
pxmask *= 15;
// (3d) Create mask
// (4a) Write left tile:
dstL[0] = (dstL[0] &~ (pxmask<<lsl) ) | (px<<lsl);
// (4b) Write right tile (if any)
if(right > 8)
dstL[dstP]= (dstL[dstP] &~ (pxmask>>lsr) ) | (px>>lsr);
}
dstL++;
234/331
28-03-13
}
}
}
22.6.4. Tips for fast tile rendering
I
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Profile.Be
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o
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u
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gu
pt
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o
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t
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a
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a
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.
Render transparently.No
w,
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h
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h
i
swo
u
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db
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i
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ARM code is teh r0xx0rz.Th
e
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el
o
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h
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v
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Do not let GCC use constant masks in ARM.Th
e
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ei
sa
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n
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wo
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a
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i
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np
a
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a
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e
mb
l
e
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s
o
meo
ft
h
er
o
u
t
i
n
e
s
.
Code for special case if you can.I
fy
o
uo
n
l
yh
a
v
eo
n
ef
o
n
ta
n
dd
o
n
'
tr
e
q
u
i
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et
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i
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i
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o
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o
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i
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,
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o
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o
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h
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a
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n
dp
o
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n
t
i
a
l
l
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a
v
emu
c
ht
i
me
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i
n
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o
n
s
t
a
n
t
sf
o
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o
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r
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e
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t
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n
s
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n
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s
i
n
gt
h
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n
e
si
n
me
mo
r
ywi
l
l
a
l
s
oh
e
l
pal
i
t
t
l
e
.
Use column-major accessing.Th
er
o
u
t
i
n
e
sp
r
e
s
e
n
t
e
da
b
o
v
er
e
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u
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t
r
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o
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et
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v
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r
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o
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n
o
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fy
o
u
u
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o
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mn
ma
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o
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t
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o
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n
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th
a
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ot
h
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s
.
Pl
e
a
s
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p
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h
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a
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i
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o
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h
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o
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u
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n
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p
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h
a
two
u
l
da
f
f
e
c
t
t
h
es
p
e
e
d
.
22.6.5. Colored text on a dialog window.
Th
es
i
t
u
a
t
i
o
nd
e
p
i
c
t
e
di
nf
i
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stest_tte_chr4().Th
ef
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tte_init_chr4c()t
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.
//! Set up a rectangle for text, with the non-text layers darkened for contrast.
void win_textbox(uint bgnr, int left, int top, int right, int bottom, uint bldy)
{
REG_WIN0H= left<<8 | right;
REG_WIN0V= top<<8 | bottom;
REG_WIN0CNT= WIN_ALL | WIN_BLD;
REG_WINOUTCNT= WIN_ALL;
REG_BLDCNT= (BLD_ALL&~BIT(bgnr)) | BLD_BLACK;
REG_BLDY= bldy;
REG_DISPCNT |= DCNT_WIN0;
235/331
28-03-13
tte_set_margins(left, top, right, bottom);
}
//! Test chr4 shaded text renderer
void test_tte_chr4()
{
irq_init(NULL);
REG_DISPCNT= DCNT_MODE0 | DCNT_BG0 | DCNT_BG2;
// (1) Init for text
tte_init_chr4c(
0,
// BG number.
BG_CBB(0)|BG_SBB(10),
// BG control.
0xF000,
// Screen-entry base
bytes2word(13,15,0,0),
// Color attributes.
CLR_BLACK,
// Ink color
&verdana9_b4Font,
// Verdana 9, with shade.
(fnDrawg)chr4c_drawg_b4cts_fast);
// b4cts renderer, asm version
tte_init_con();
// Initialize console I/O
// (2) Load graphics
LZ77UnCompVram(dungeon01Map, se_mem[12]);
LZ77UnCompVram(dungeon01Tiles, tile_mem[2]);
LZ77UnCompVram(dungeon01Pal, pal_bg_mem);
GRIT_CPY(&tile_mem[0][16*30], dlgboxTiles);
GRIT_CPY(pal_bg_bank[15], dlgboxPal);
// (3) Create and print to a text box.
win_textbox(0, 8, 160-32+4, 232, 160-4, 8);
CSTR text=
"#{P}Scroll with #{ci:1;cs:2}arrows#{ci:13;cs:15}, "
"quit with #{ci:1;cs:2}start#{ci:13;cs:15}\n"
"Box opacity with #{ci:3;cs:4}L/R#{ci:7;cs:9}";
tte_write(text);
// Reset margins for coord-printing
int x=128, y= 32, ey=8<<3;
REG_BG2HOFS= x;
REG_BG2VOFS= y;
// Invisible map buildup!
REG_BG2CNT= BG_CBB(2) | BG_SBB(12) | BG_REG_64x64;
REG_DISPCNT= DCNT_MODE0 | DCNT_BG0 | DCNT_BG2 | DCNT_WIN0;
while(1)
{
VBlankIntrWait();
key_poll();
// (4) Scroll and blend
x = clamp(x + key_tri_horz(), 0, 512+1-SCREEN_WIDTH);
y = clamp(y + key_tri_vert(), 0, 512+1-SCREEN_HEIGHT);
ey= clamp(ey+ key_tri_shoulder(), 0, 0x81);
REG_BG2HOFS= x;
REG_BG2VOFS= y;
REG_BLDY= ey>>3;
// (5) Erase and print new position.
tte_printf("#{es;P}%d, %d", x, y);
break;
}
}
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22.7. Scripting, console IO and other niceties
22.7.1. TTE formatting commands
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:
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s
:
char *tte_cmd_default(const char *str)
{
int ch, val;
char *curr= (char*)str, *next;
while(1)
{
ch= *curr;
next= curr+1;
// (1) Check first character
switch(ch)
{
// (2) --- Absolute Positions --case 'X':
tc->cursorX= curr[1]==':'
? strtol(curr+2, &next, 0)
: tc->marginLeft;
break;
// If there's an argument ...
// set cursor X to arg
// else move to start of line.
... more cases ...
// (3) Find EOS/EOC/token and act on it
curr= tte_cmd_next(next);
if(curr[0] == '\0')
return curr;
else if(curr[0] == '}')
return curr+1;
}
}
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Code
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238/331
28-03-13
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{
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// (3) --- VT100 sequence ( ESC[foo; ) --case 0x1B:
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str += tte_cmd_vt100(str);
break;
//# (4) Other character cases. See tte_write()
}
}
return str - text;
}
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r
g
e
tt
h
elenp
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
.Ast
h
eb
u
f
f
e
ri
s
n
'
tz
e
r
o
e
d
,
r
e
mn
a
n
t
so
fo
l
dd
a
t
ama
ys
t
i
l
l
b
et
h
e
r
e
,
a
n
dy
o
ug
e
tc
r
a
p
.
Th
e
r
e
'
sa
na
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
d
a
n
g
e
rwi
t
hr
e
s
p
e
c
tt
op
a
r
s
i
n
go
ff
o
r
ma
t
t
i
n
gc
o
mma
n
d
sh
e
r
e
.Wh
e
ns
t
r
i
n
g
se
x
c
e
e
dt
h
eb
u
f
f
e
r
l
e
n
g
t
h
,
Ii
ma
g
i
n
et
h
a
ti
t
'
sb
r
o
k
e
nu
pi
n
t
os
ma
l
l
e
rc
h
u
n
k
s
.Id
o
n
'
tk
n
o
wwh
a
twi
l
l
h
a
p
p
e
ni
ft
h
eb
r
e
a
ko
c
c
u
r
si
nt
h
emi
d
d
l
eo
fa
c
o
mma
n
d
,
b
u
tId
o
u
b
ti
t
'
sg
o
o
d
.Ofc
o
u
r
s
e
,
y
o
us
h
o
u
l
d
n
'
th
a
v
es
t
r
i
n
g
st
h
a
tl
o
n
ga
n
y
wa
y
,
a
st
h
es
c
r
e
e
ni
s
n
'
tb
i
ge
n
o
u
g
ht
of
i
t
t
h
e
m.
As
i
d
ef
r
o
mt
h
a
t
,
tte_con_write()i
ss
t
r
a
i
g
h
t
f
o
r
wa
r
d
.Ass
a
i
d
,
t
h
ec
o
n
t
e
n
t
so
ft
h
el
o
o
pa
r
en
e
a
r
l
yi
d
e
n
t
i
c
a
l
t
ot
h
eo
n
ei
n
tte_write().Th
eo
n
l
yr
e
a
l
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
ei
sp
o
i
n
t3
.Th
i
si
sat
e
s
tf
o
rVT1
0
0f
o
r
ma
t
t
i
n
gs
t
r
i
n
g
s
,
wh
i
c
hwi
l
l
b
ec
o
v
e
r
e
di
nt
h
en
e
x
t
s
u
b
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
.
Toma
k
eu
s
eo
ft
h
en
e
wwr
i
t
e
r
,
y
o
uh
a
v
et
oh
o
o
ki
ti
n
t
ot
h
ed
e
v
i
c
el
i
s
ts
o
me
h
o
w.Fi
r
s
t
,
c
r
e
a
t
eadevoptab_ti
n
s
t
a
n
c
ewh
i
c
ht
h
e
wr
i
t
e
ri
nt
h
er
i
g
h
tp
l
a
c
e
.Th
e
r
ei
sal
i
s
to
fd
e
v
i
c
eo
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
sc
a
l
l
e
ddevoptab_list.Th
ed
e
v
i
c
e
so
fi
n
t
e
r
e
s
ta
r
et
h
es
t
r
e
a
msstdout
a
n
dstderr,
wh
i
c
ha
r
ee
n
t
r
i
e
sSTD_OUTa
n
dSTD_ERRi
nt
h
el
i
s
t
.Si
mp
l
yp
o
i
n
tt
h
e
s
ee
n
t
r
i
e
st
oy
o
u
ro
wns
t
r
u
c
t
.
As
e
c
o
n
di
t
e
mi
st
os
e
tt
h
eb
u
f
f
e
r
sf
o
rt
h
e
s
es
t
r
e
a
ms
.I
'
mn
o
ts
u
r
et
h
i
si
sr
e
a
l
l
yn
e
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
,
b
u
tt
h
a
t
'
sh
o
wi
t
'
sd
o
n
ei
nl
i
b
g
b
aa
n
di
t
s
a
u
t
h
o
rk
n
o
wst
h
i
ss
y
s
t
e
mb
e
s
ts
oI
'
mn
o
tg
o
i
n
gt
oa
r
g
u
eh
e
r
e
.Th
ef
u
n
c
t
i
o
nf
o
rt
h
i
si
ssetvbuf().Yo
uf
i
n
dt
h
er
e
q
u
i
r
e
di
n
i
t
i
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
s
t
e
p
sb
e
l
o
w.
static int sConInitialized= 0;
239/331
28-03-13
const devoptab_t tte_dotab_stdout=
{
"ttecon",
0,
NULL,
NULL,
tte_con_write,
NULL,
NULL,
NULL
};
//! Init stdio capabilities for TTE.
void tte_init_con()
{
// attach our operations to stdout and stderr.
devoptab_list[STD_OUT] = &tte_dotab_stdout;
devoptab_list[STD_ERR] = &tte_dotab_stdout;
// Set buffers.
setvbuf(stderr, NULL , _IONBF, 0);
setvbuf(stdout, NULL , _IONBF, 0);
sConInitialized = 1;
}
Ca
l
l
i
n
gtte_init_con()a
c
t
i
v
a
t
e
ss
t
d
i
o
'
sf
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
i
t
ys
oy
o
uc
a
nu
s
eprintf()a
n
ds
u
c
h
.No
t
et
h
a
tt
h
er
a
wprintf()i
s
r
a
t
h
e
rh
e
a
v
ya
n
di
ta
l
s
oh
a
sf
l
o
a
t
i
n
gp
o
i
n
to
p
t
i
o
n
s
,
wh
i
c
ha
r
er
a
r
e
l
yu
s
e
di
naGBAe
n
v
i
r
o
n
me
n
t
,
i
fe
v
e
r
.Fo
rt
h
a
tr
e
a
s
o
n
,
y
o
u
'
l
l
u
s
u
a
l
l
y
u
s
ei
t
si
n
t
e
g
e
r
o
n
l
yc
o
u
s
i
n
,
iprintf().Al
s
on
o
t
et
h
a
tTTE'
si
mp
l
e
me
n
t
a
t
i
o
ni
sdifferent f
r
o
ml
i
b
g
b
a
'
s
,
a
n
dt
h
et
wos
h
o
u
l
dn
o
tb
e
c
o
n
f
u
s
e
d
.Fo
rt
h
a
tr
e
a
s
o
n
,
I
'
v
eh
i
d
d
e
nt
h
eiprintf()n
a
meb
e
h
i
n
datte_printfma
c
r
o
.
Th
ef
o
l
l
o
wi
n
gi
sas
h
o
r
te
x
a
mp
l
eo
fi
t
su
s
e
.I
'
mu
s
i
n
gtte_printf()h
e
r
e
,
b
u
tprintf()o
riprintf()wo
u
l
dh
a
v
ewo
r
k
e
d
j
u
s
ta
swe
l
l
.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <tonc.h>
int main()
{
// Init BG 0 for text on screen entries.
tte_init_se_default(0, BG_CBB(0)|BG_SBB(31));
// Enable TTE's console functionality
tte_init_con();
tte_printf("#{P:72,64}");
tte_printf("Hello World!");
// Goto (72, 64).
// Print "Hello world!"
while(1);
return 0;
}
Printf bagage
Aswo
n
d
e
r
f
u
l
a
sprintf()i
s
,
t
h
e
r
ea
r
es
o
med
o
wn
s
i
d
e
st
oi
tt
o
o
.Fi
r
s
t
,
i
t
'
sav
e
r
yh
e
a
v
yf
u
n
c
t
i
o
nt
h
a
tc
a
l
l
sq
u
i
t
eal
a
r
g
e
a
mo
u
n
to
ff
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
swh
i
c
ha
l
l
h
a
v
et
ob
el
i
n
k
e
di
n
.Se
c
o
n
d
,
i
ti
sp
r
e
t
t
yd
a
mns
l
o
w.Be
c
a
u
s
ei
tc
a
nd
os
omu
c
h
,
i
th
a
st
oc
h
e
c
k
f
o
ra
l
l
t
h
e
s
ed
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
tc
a
s
e
s
.Al
s
o
,
f
o
rt
h
es
t
r
i
n
gt
od
e
c
i
ma
l
c
o
n
v
e
r
s
i
o
ni
tu
s
e
sd
i
v
i
s
i
o
n
s
,
wh
i
c
hi
sr
e
a
l
l
yb
a
df
o
rt
h
eGBA.
Bea
wa
r
eo
fh
o
wmu
c
hprintf()c
o
s
t
s
.I
fi
tt
u
r
n
so
u
tt
ob
eab
o
t
t
l
e
n
e
c
k
,
t
r
yma
k
i
n
gy
o
u
ro
wns
l
i
mme
dd
o
wnv
e
r
s
i
o
n
.
Ad
e
c
e
n
tsprintf()a
l
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
v
ei
sposprintf(),
c
r
e
a
t
e
db
yDa
nPo
s
l
u
n
s
.
22.7.3. VT100 escape sequences
Ev
e
r
yb
o
o
ko
nCwi
l
l
t
e
l
l
y
o
ut
h
a
ty
o
uc
a
np
l
a
c
et
e
x
to
nac
o
n
s
o
l
es
c
r
e
e
n
.Wh
a
tt
h
e
yu
s
u
a
l
l
yd
o
n
'
tt
e
l
l
y
o
ui
st
h
a
t
,
i
ns
o
mee
n
v
i
r
o
n
me
n
t
s
,
y
o
uc
a
nc
o
n
t
r
o
l
f
o
r
ma
t
t
i
n
ga
swe
l
l
.On
es
u
c
he
n
v
i
r
o
n
me
n
ti
st
h
eVT1
0
0
,
wh
i
c
hu
s
e
descape sequences t
oi
n
d
i
c
a
t
ef
o
r
ma
t
t
i
n
g
.Th
e
l
i
b
r
a
r
i
e
st
h
a
td
e
v
k
i
t
Pr
od
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
sf
o
rv
a
r
i
o
u
ss
y
s
t
e
msu
s
et
h
e
s
es
e
q
u
e
n
c
e
s
,
s
oi
t
'
sag
o
o
di
d
e
at
os
u
p
p
o
r
tt
h
e
ma
swe
l
l
.
Th
eg
e
n
e
r
a
l
f
o
r
ma
tf
o
rt
h
ec
o
d
e
si
st
h
i
s
:
240/331
28-03-13
CSI n1;n2 ... letter
CSI h
e
r
ei
st
h
eASCI
Ic
o
d
ef
o
rt
h
ecommand sequence indicator,
wh
i
c
hi
nt
h
i
sc
a
s
ei
st
h
ee
s
c
a
p
ec
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r(
2
7
,
0
x
1
Bo
r0
3
3
)
f
o
l
l
o
we
db
y'
[
'
.Th
el
e
t
t
e
ra
tt
h
ee
n
dd
e
n
o
t
e
st
h
ek
i
n
do
ff
o
r
ma
t
t
i
n
gc
o
d
e
,
a
n
dn1,
n2 … a
r
et
h
ef
o
r
ma
t
t
i
n
gp
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
s
.Wi
k
i
p
e
d
i
ah
a
sa
n
i
c
eo
v
e
r
v
i
e
wo
ft
h
es
t
a
n
d
a
r
ds
e
th
e
r
ea
n
dt
h
e
r
e
'
sa
n
o
t
h
e
ro
n
ea
th
t
t
p
:
/
/
l
o
c
a
l
.
wa
s
p
.
u
wa
.
e
d
u
.
a
u
/
~p
b
o
u
r
k
e
/
d
a
t
a
f
o
r
ma
t
s
/
v
t
1
0
0
/
.No
t
et
h
a
t
n
o
ta
l
l
o
ft
h
ec
o
d
e
sa
r
es
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
di
nt
h
ed
e
v
k
i
t
Pr
ol
i
b
r
a
r
i
e
s
.Th
eo
n
e
sy
o
u
'
l
l
e
n
c
o
u
n
t
e
rmo
s
ta
r
et
h
ef
o
l
l
o
wi
n
g
:
ESC[
dyA Mo
v
ec
u
r
s
o
ru
pdy r
o
ws
.
ESC[
dyB Mo
v
ec
u
r
s
o
rd
o
wndy r
o
ws
.
ESC[
dxC Mo
v
ec
u
r
s
o
rr
i
g
h
tdx c
o
l
u
mn
s
.
ESC[
dxD Mo
v
ec
u
r
s
o
rl
e
f
tdx c
o
l
u
mn
s
.
ESC[
y;
xH Se
tc
u
r
s
o
rt
oc
o
l
u
mnx,
r
o
wy.
ESC[
2
J Er
a
s
es
c
r
e
e
n
.
0
.Er
a
s
et
oe
n
do
fl
i
n
e
.
1
.Er
a
s
et
os
t
a
r
to
fl
i
n
e
.
2
.Er
a
s
ewh
o
l
el
i
n
e
.
ESC[
nK
ESC[
y;
xf AsESC[
y;
xH
ESC[
s
Sa
v
ec
u
r
s
o
rp
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
.
ESC[
u
Re
s
t
o
r
ec
u
r
s
o
rp
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
.
Table 22.5:
Co
mmo
nVT1
0
0s
e
q
u
e
n
c
e
s
I
fy
o
uc
o
mp
a
r
et
h
i
sl
i
s
tt
ot
a
b
l
e2
2
.
4
,
y
o
u
'
l
l
s
e
et
h
a
tmo
s
to
ft
h
e
s
ec
o
d
e
sh
a
v
ec
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
i
n
gTTEc
o
mma
n
d
s
.Yo
uc
a
nu
s
ee
i
t
h
e
r
,
b
u
ti
f
y
o
up
l
a
nt
oma
k
es
o
me
t
h
i
n
gt
h
a
t
'
ss
u
p
p
o
s
e
dt
ob
ec
r
o
s
s
p
l
a
t
f
o
r
m,
u
s
et
h
eVT1
0
0c
o
d
e
s
.
Deviations from the standard
I
'
mt
r
y
i
n
gt
ok
e
e
pmyi
mp
l
e
me
n
t
a
t
i
o
na
sc
l
o
s
et
ot
h
es
t
a
n
d
a
r
da
sp
o
s
s
i
b
l
e
.Th
i
si
sma
i
n
l
yb
e
c
a
u
s
eTTEu
s
e
so
t
h
e
rt
h
i
n
g
sj
u
s
t
8
x
8c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
so
nar
e
g
u
l
a
rb
a
c
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
.I
np
a
r
t
i
c
u
l
a
r
,
s
c
r
o
l
l
i
n
gi
sa
b
s
e
n
th
e
r
ea
n
dt
h
e
r
ea
r
en
oc
o
l
o
rc
o
d
e
s
.Ye
t
.
22.7.4. UTF-8
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df
o
l
l
o
we
db
yd
e
a
t
h
.Go
o
dl
u
c
k
!
”
Renderer
Cycles/char
242/331
28-03-13
n
u
l
l
2
2
1
s
e
_d
r
a
wg
5
9
5
s
e
_d
r
a
wg
_w8
h
1
6
3
7
0
a
s
e
_d
r
a
wg
7
7
3
a
s
e
_d
r
a
wg
_w8
h
1
6
4
5
8
c
h
r
4
_d
r
a
wg
_b
1
c
t
s
_b
a
s
e
3
0
4
9
c
h
r
4
_d
r
a
wg
_b
1
c
t
s
2
0
4
4
c
h
r
4
_d
r
a
wg
_b
1
c
t
s
_f
a
s
t
6
3
1
b
mp
8
_d
r
a
wg
_b
1
c
t
s
_b
a
s
e
2
8
7
5
b
mp
8
_d
r
a
wg
_b
1
c
t
s
2
0
7
8
b
mp
8
_d
r
a
wg
_b
1
c
t
s
_f
a
s
t
6
1
9
b
mp
1
6
_d
r
a
wg
_b
1
c
t
s
_b
a
s
e
2
4
5
6
b
mp
1
6
_d
r
a
wg
_b
1
c
t
s
1
5
0
3
o
b
j
_d
r
a
wg
4
2
3
Table 22.7:
Re
n
d
e
r
e
rt
i
me
s
.
Co
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
:
1
9
4
c
h
a
r
s
,
v
e
r
d
a
n
a9
,
ROM c
o
d
e
,
d
e
f
a
u
l
twa
i
t
s
,
O2
.
Fi
r
s
t
,
n
o
t
et
h
eg
r
e
a
td
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
si
nv
a
l
u
e
s
:
f
r
o
mh
u
n
d
r
e
d
sf
o
rt
h
et
i
l
e
ma
p
sa
n
do
b
j
e
c
t
st
othousands i
nt
h
ec
a
s
eo
fb
i
t
ma
p
sa
n
dt
i
l
e
r
e
n
d
e
r
e
r
s
.An
dt
h
i
si
sp
e
rc
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
,
s
owr
i
t
i
n
gl
a
r
g
es
wa
t
so
ft
e
x
tc
a
nl
e
a
dt
os
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
ts
l
o
wd
o
wn
.
Th
enull()r
e
n
d
e
r
e
ri
sad
u
mmyr
e
n
d
e
r
e
r
,
u
s
e
dt
of
i
n
dt
h
eo
v
e
r
h
e
a
do
ft
h
eTTEs
y
s
t
e
m.2
0
0i
s
n
'
ta
c
t
u
a
l
l
yt
h
a
tb
a
d
,
a
l
l
t
h
i
n
g
s
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
e
d(
r
e
me
mb
e
r
:
ROM c
o
d
e
)
.Th
a
ts
a
i
d
,
n
o
wc
o
mp
a
r
et
h
i
sn
u
mb
e
rt
ot
h
er
e
g
u
l
a
rt
i
l
e
ma
pt
i
me
:
t
h
eo
v
e
r
h
e
a
di
st
a
k
e
su
pa
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
tf
r
a
c
t
i
o
no
ft
h
et
i
meh
e
r
e
.Al
s
on

i. Tonc v1.4.2 : Table of Contents

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