03_04_2013 - CarteHabitat_165x235mm_V-5

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03_04_2013 - CarteHabitat_165x235mm_V-5
Habitate cu valoare conservativă din Parcul Natural Bucegi
Habitats with conservation value from Bucegi Natural Park
Anca Sârbu (Coordonator / Coordinator)
Anca Sârbu, Paulina AnASTASIu, Daniela SmArAnDAChE,
Gabriela PASCAlE, Sanda lIţESCu, Daniela Clara mIhAI
˘
Habitate cu valoare conservativa
din Parcul Natural Bucegi
Habitats with conservation value
from Bucegi Natural Park
EDITurA CErES
Această carte a fost realizată în cadrul
proiectului internaţional: Adaptive management of climate-induced changes of habitat
diversity in protected areas – HABITCHANGE, proiect implementat prin programul EUROPA CENTRALĂ şi cofinanţat de
către ERDF. Universitatea din Bucureşti, în
calitatea sa de partener, a susţinut realizarea acestei
publicaţii, care se adresează habitatelor Natura 2000
din Parcul Natural Bucegi, România.
Consultanță botanică: Dr. Ion Sârbu
Fotografii: Anca Sârbu, Paulina Anastasiu,
Victor Bortaş, Petronela Comănescu,
Marius Negulici, Daniela Smarandache,
Gabriela Pascale, Sanda Liţescu
Foto coperta I: Anca Sârbu - Silene acaulis,
Saxifraga oppositifolia, Dryas octopetala
Foto coperta IV: Anca Sârbu - Platoul Bucegilor
şi abruptul prahovean
The present book was created in the frame of
the international project: Adaptive management of climate-induced changes of habitat
diversity in protected areas – HABITCHANGE, implemented through the CENTRAL EUROPE, Programme cofinanced by
the ERDF. The University of Bucharest, as
partner in this project, supported the development
of this publication, which address to Natura 2000
habitats, from Bucegi Natural Park, Romania.
Botanical consulting: Dr. Ion Sârbu
Photos: Anca Sârbu, Paulina Anastasiu,
Victor Bortaş, Petronela Comănescu,
Marius Negulici, Daniela Smarandache,
Gabriela Pascale, Sanda Liţescu
Photo cover I: Anca Sârbu - Silene acaulis,
Saxifraga oppositifolia, Dryas octopetala
Photo cover IV: Anca Sârbu - The Bucegi
plateau and the Prahova Valley abrupt
Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naţionale a României
Habitate cu valoare conservativă din Parcul Natural Bucegi = Habitats
with conservation value from Bucegi Natural Park / Anca Sârbu
(coord.); Anca Sârbu, Paulina Anastasiu, Daniela Smarandache, .... Bucureşti : Ceres, 2013
ISBN 978-973-40-0994-7
I. Sârbu, Anca
II. Anastasiu, Paulina
III. Smarandache, Daniela
IV. Sârbu, Anca (coord.)
504.06(498)(23 Bucegi)
502.75(498)(23 Bucegi)
504.73(498)(23 Bucegi)
EDITURA CERES / CERES PUBLISHER HOUSE
www.editura-ceres.ro
ISBN 978-973-40-0994-7
Primula halleri
n Foto Anca Sârbu
SUMAR
Introducere ...........................................................................................................
8
Despre Parcul Natural Bucegi .................................................................................
10
˘
Habitat 4060 - Tufarişuri
alpine şi boreale...................................................................
13
Habitat 4070* - Tufarişuri
de Pinus mugo şi Rhododendron myrtifolium .........................
˘
27
Habitat 6150 - Pajişti boreale şi alpine pe substrate silicatice ...................................
33
Habitat 6170 - Pajişti calcifile alpine şi subalpine .......................................................
50
Habitat 6230* - Pajişti de Nardus bogate în specii, pe substraturi silicatice
˘ ..........................................
din zone montane (şi submontane, în Europa Continentala)
62
˘¸ de liziera
˘ cu ierburi înalte higrofile, de la câmpie
Habitat 6430 - Comunitati
˘ în cel alpin .........................................................................
şi din etajul montan pâna
74
Habitat 6520 - Fânete
¸ montane ..............................................................................
84
Habitat 8120 - Grohotişuri calcaroase şi de şisturi calcaroase din etajul
˘ în cel alpin (Thlaspietea rotundifolii) ....................................................... 101
montan pâna
˘ .......................... 111
¸ stâncoşi calcaroşi cu vegetatie
¸ casmofitica
Habitat 8210 - Versanti
˘
Habitat 9110 - Paduri
de fag de tip Luzulo-Fagetum .................................................. 118
˘
Habitat 9410 - Paduri
acidofile de molid (Picea abies) din etajul montan
˘ în cel alpin (Vaccinio-Piceetaea) ........................................................................ 128
pâna
˘
Habitat 91V0 - Paduri
dacice de fag (Symphyto-Fagion) .............................................. 145
Indexul plantelor inventariate ................................................................................... 157
Glosar de termeni
................................................................................................. 166
Bibliografie ............................................................................................................. 167
6
SUMMARy
Introduction ..................................................................................................................
8
About Bucegi Natural Park ..............................................................................................
10
Habitat 4060 - Alpine and Boreal heaths .........................................................................
13
Habitat 4070* - Bushes with Pinus mugo and Rhododendron myrtifolium ............................
27
Habitat 6150 - Siliceous alpine and boreal grasslands ......................................................
33
Habitat 6170 - Alpine and subalpine calcareous grasslands
..............................................
50
Habitat 6230* - Species-rich Nardus grasslands, on siliceous substrates
in mountain areas (and sub-mountain areas, in Continental Europe) ....................................
62
Habitat 6430 - Hydrophilous tall herb fringe communities of plain
and of the montane to alpine levels ..................................................................................
74
Habitat 6520 - Mountain hay meadows ...........................................................................
84
Habitat 8120 - Calcareous and calcshist screes of the montane
to alpine levels (Thlaspietea rotundifolii) ...........................................................................
101
Habitat 8210 - Calcareous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation ..............................
111
Habitat 9110 - Luzulo-Fagetum beech forests .................................................................
118
Habitat 9410 - Acidophilous Picea forests of the montane
to alpine levels (Vaccinio-Piceetaea) .................................................................................
128
Habitat 91V0 - Dacian beech forest (Symphyto-Fagion) .....................................................
145
Index of inventoried plants ...............................................................................................
157
Glossary of Terms ..........................................................................................................
166
Bibliography ...................................................................................................................
167
7
Introducere
Introduction
Schimbările climatice se conturează din
ce în ce mai mult ca o ameninţare semnificativă pentru plantele şi habitatele
din ariile protejate şi nu numai. În acest
sens, se preconizează ca, până la sfârşitul acestui secol, diversitatea plantelor din actualele arii protejate ale
Europei să sufere reduceri majore.
Climate change is increasingly emerging as a significant threat to plants
and habitats from protected areas and
beyond. Thus it is expected that by the
end of this century plant diversity in the
current protected areas of Europe will
diminish considerably.
Plantele manifestă anumite cerinţe faţă
de mediu, cerinţe fundamentale pentru răspândirea şi asocierea lor, iar modificarea
unor factori climatici, precum apa, temperatura, lumina, determină schimbări majore în condiţiile existente în actualele arii
protejate, care devin astfel improprii pentru supravieţuirea multor specii.
În acest context, ne aşteptăm, ca sub
impactul schimbărilor climatice, să asistăm la reducerea diversităţii plantelor, modificarea compoziţiei specifice, a calităţii
şi integrităţii multor habitate protejate.
Implementarea conceptului de management adaptativ al ariilor protejate, ca răspuns la efectele schimbărilor climatice, se
conturează din ce în ce mai mult ca o modalitate reală de reducere şi de amortizare
a consecinţelor, iar fundamentarea ştiinţifică a stării actuale a habitatelor cu valoare
conservativă şi a sensibilităţii speciilor
componente, reprezintă o etapă preliminară obligatorie în dezvoltarea planurilor
de management adaptativ.
Plants have specific requirements in
terms of their environment, and these requirements are fundamental for their
spread and association. Changes in climate
factors such as water, temperature, and
light lead to major changes in the conditions present in the current protected areas,
which thus become inadequate for the survival of many species. In this context, it is
envisaged that under the impact of climate
change plant diversity will be reduced, and
the specific composition, quality and integrity of many protected habitats will suffer changes.
The implementation of the concept of
adaptive management of protected areas as
a response to the effects of climate change
is increasingly emerging as an effective
way of reducing and buffering the consequences linked to climate change. The
scientific understanding of the current state
of habitats with a conservation value and
of the sensitivity of the component species
represents a mandatory preliminary step in
8
În acest context se înscrie şi prezenta
lucrare, care se referă la Parcul Natural Bucegi şi aduce informaţii actualizate pentru
douăsprezece tipuri de habitate Natura
2000 din categoriile tufărişuri, pajişti, stâncării şi grohotişuri, păduri şi comunităţi hidrofile. Ea se adresează atât Administraţiei
Parcului Natural Bucegi şi factorilor de decizie de la nivel regional şi central, cât şi
specialiştilor, cercetătorilor, studenţilor şi
publicului larg.
Lucrarea a fost fundamentată ştiinţific
şi elaborată în cadrul proiectului European
HABIT-CHANGE: Adaptive management
of climate-induces changes of habitat diversity in protected areas, de către echipa
Universităţii din Bucureşti, partener din
partea României în acest proiect.
Coordonator
Prof. dr. Anca SÂRBU
the development of adaptative management plans.
This book fits into this context. It looks
at Bucegi Natural Park and offers up to
date information about twelve types of
Natura 2000 habitats from the categories
of heaths, grasslands, rocks and screes,
forests and hydrophilic communities. It is
addressed to the Administration of Bucegi
Natural Park and to the decision-making
factors at regional and central level, but
also to specialists, researchers, students
and the general public.
The book was scientifically documented and developed in the framework of
the European project HABIT-CHANGE:
Adaptive management of climate-induces
changes of habitat diversity in protected
areas, by the team of the University of
Bucharest, a partner on behalf of Romania
of this project.
Coordinator
Prof. dr. Anca SÂRBU
9
Despre Parcul Natural Bucegi
About Bucegi Natural Park
Parcul Natural Bucegi (32.497,6 ha), arie
naturală de interes naţional şi parte componentă a Sitului Natura 2000 Bucegi
este localizat în partea estică a Carpaţilor
Meridionali şi cuprinde în structura sa întregul Masiv Bucegi.
Aşezat între Valea Prahovei, depresiunea Bârsei şi Leaota, masivul se etalează
ca un arc muntos înalt, cu o diferenţă de
nivel cuprinsă între 800 m și 2507 m, format din două ramuri inegal de late, care se
prelungesc paralel pe o distanţă de cca 15
km, pe direcţia nord-sud. În partea nordică,
ramurile converg într-un vârf muntos, situat în apropierea celui mai înalt punct al
masivului (Vf. Omu 2507 m) şi închid
între ele bazinul superior al râului Ialomiţa.
Ramura estică a arcului muntos este considerată culmea principală a Masivului Bucegi. Aceasta se înalţă între Valea Prahovei
şi Valea Ialomiţei şi se compune din două
tipuri de forme de relief contrastante: versantul prahovean al Bucegilor şi platoul
Bucegilor. Primul este un abrupt stâncos,
care etalează creste zvelte, hornuri adânci
şi brâne înierbate, iar al doilea este un
podiş înalt (1600 – 2400 m), larg şi uşor
ondulat.
Constituţia geologică a Masivului Bucegi include şisturi cristaline peste care se
suprapun depozite sedimentare mezozoice,
reprezentate de calcare jurasice, conglomerate de Bucegi adesea bogate în material silicios şi gresii micacee. În partea
centrală şi sudică a platoului Bucegilor,
precum şi pe versantul vestic, apar pe suprafeţe însemnate, gresii micacee în strate
subţiri (platoul Jepilor Mari, Jepii Mici,
Piatra Arsă, Lăptici, Cocora, Furnica), în
Bucegi Natural Park (32,497.6 ha), a natural area of national interest and part of
the Natura 2000 Bucegi Site, is located on
the eastern side of the Southern Carpathians and it includes in its structure the
whole of the Bucegi Massif.
10
Located between the Prahova Valley,
the Bârsa Depression and Leaota, the massif has the form of a high mountain arch,
with a level difference between 800 m and
2507 m, formed out of two branches of different width, which extend parallel to each
other for a distance of about 15 km, on the
north-south direction. In the northern side,
the branches converge in a mountain peak,
situated near the highest point of the massif (Omu Peak 2507 m) and close between
them the upper basin of the river Ialomiţa.
The eastern branch of the mountain arch is
considered the main peak of the Bucegi
Massif. It stands between Prahova Valley
and Ialomiţa Valley and consists of two
contrasting types of relief: the Prahova
slope of Bucegi and the Bucegi plateau.
The first is a rocky abrupt which has a
slender crest, deep towers and alpine
ridges, and the second one is a high plateau
(1600 – 2400 m), large and slightly wavy.
The geological constitution of the
Bucegi Massif includes crystalline schists
on top of which there are Mesozoic sedimentary deposits, represented by Jurassic
limestones, Bucegi conglomerates often
rich in siliceous material, and micaceous
sandstones. In the central and southern part
of the Bucegi plateau, as well as on the
western slope, there are on significant
areas micaceous sandstones in thin layers
(Jepii Mari plateau, Jepii Mici, Piatra Arsă,
Lăptici, Cocora, Furnica). In the southern
extremity of the massif, the micaceous
sandstones replace almost completely the
Bucegi conglomerates.
By its position, the Bucegi Massif belongs to the cool, humid, and with sufficient snow mountain climate. However,
the level difference and the diverse relief
determine significant variations in the vertical distribution of the climate elements at
the level of high peaks, slopes, plateau,
valleys and glacial forms. The coldest
month is January, and the hottest month is
July. At high altitudes the climate is colder,
the peaks being under negative temperatures for extended periods of time, the
wind blows stronger, the solar radiation is
more intense, and rainfall is usually higher,
especially in winter and spring. The
higher the altitude, the shorter the
vegetation season; winter comes earlier, covering with snow almost entirely the alpine plateau of Bucegi
from December to April. In winter, the
phenomenon of thermal inversion occurs,
which determines the increase of temperature on the high peaks and its decrease in
depressions.
The vegetation of the Bucegi Massif
presents an altitudinal distribution on three
levels of vegetation (mountain, subalpine
and alpine), determined by the mountain
relief and by the climate and edaphic factors. The flora is rich, with numerous endemic and rare elements, present in diverse
natural habitats, which are valuable from
a conservation point of view. Bucegi
Natural Park currently shelters 24 types of
Natura 2000 habitats from the following
categories: rocks, heaths, swamps, grasslands, hydrophilic vegetation, deciduous,
conifers and mixed forests. About 30% of
the total of superior plants known in the
Romanian flora can be found in these habitats, as well as a rich bryoflora and numerous species of lichens and fungi.
timp ce în extremitatea sudică a masivului,
gresiile micacee, înlocuiesc aproape în întregime conglomeratele de Bucegi.
Prin poziţia sa, Masivul Bucegi se încadrează climatului de munte răcoros,
umed şi cu zăpadă suficientă. Diferenţele
mari de nivel şi relieful divers, determină
însă variaţii semnificative în distribuţia pe
verticală a elementelor climatice la nivelul
culmilor înalte, a versanţilor, a podişului,
a văilor şi a căldărilor glaciare. Luna cea
mai rece din an este ianuarie, iar luna cea
mai caldă este iulie. La altitudini mai mari,
clima este mai rece, înălţimile aflându-se
pentru mult timp sub temperaturi negative,
vântul suflă mai puternic, radiaţia solară
este mai intensă, iar precipitaţiile sunt adesea mai bogate, în special iarna şi primăvara. Cu cât altitudinea creşte, sezonul
de vegetaţie se scurtează, iarna vine
mai repede, acoperind aproape complet cu zăpadă platoul alpin al Bucegilor din decembrie şi până în aprilie.
Iarna se semnalează adesea şi fenomenul de inversiune termică, care determină
creşterea temperaturii pe culmile înalte ale
muntelui şi scăderea acesteia în depresiuni.
Vegetaţia Masivului Bucegi prezintă o
zonare altitudinală în trei etaje de vegetaţie
(montan, subalpin şi alpin), determinate de
relieful muntos, de factorii climatici şi edafici. Flora este bogată, cu multe elemente
endemice şi rare, prezente în habitatele naturale diverse şi valoroase din punct de vedere conservativ. Parcul Natural Bucegi
adăposteşte astăzi 24 de tipuri de habitate
Natura 2000 din categoriile stâncării, tufărişuri, mlaştini, pajişti, vegetaţie hidrofilă,
păduri de foioase, de conifere şi mixte, în
care regăsim aproximativ 30% din totalul
plantelor superioare cunoscute în flora României, o briofloră bogată, şi numeroase
specii de licheni şi ciuperci.
Parcul Natural Bucegi este un loc care
oferă cele mai spectaculoase, variate şi impresionante privelişti pentru iubitorii
11
naturii, dar şi un loc cu multe elemente floristice de mare însemnătate ştiinţifică şi de
un deosebit interes pentru botanişti. De-a
lungul timpului, numeroşi specialişti români (Ulrich Hoffmann, Zacharia Panţu,
Dimitrie Grecescu, Alexandru Borza, Iuliu
Morariu, Karel Domin, Ana Paucă, Constantin C. Georgescu, Petre Cretzoiu, Alexandru Beldie, Marcel Brandza, Gheorghe
Grinţescu, Emilian Pop, Erasmus I. Nyárády ş.a.) şi străini (Johann Christian
Baumgarten, Jozsef Barth, Vera Csapody,
Victor von Janka, Carl Georg Theodor
Kotschy, Ferdinand Albin Pax, Johann
Iacob Römer, Janos Tuzson, Moritz Winkler, Julius Wolff ş.a.) au manifestat interes
ştiinţific pentru flora şi vegetaţia Munţilor
Bucegi.
Platoul Bucegilor şi abruptul prahovean
The Bucegi plateau and the Prahova Valley abrupt
12
Bucegi Natural Park is a place offering
spectacular, varied and impressive sceneries for nature lovers, and it is also the
home of numerous floristic elements of
great scientific importance and of particular interest for botanists. Throughout time
numerous Romanian specialists (Ulrich
Hoffmann, Zacharia Panţu, Dimitrie Grecescu, Alexandru Borza, Iuliu Morariu,
Karel Domin, Ana Paucă, Constantin C.
Georgescu, Petre Cretzoiu, Alexandru
Beldie, Marcel Brandza, Gheorghe
Grinţescu, Emilian Pop, Erasmus I.
Nyárády etc.) and also foreign experts
(Johann Christian Baumgarten, Jozsef
Barth, Vera Csapody, Victor von Janka,
Carl Georg Theodor Kotschy, Ferdinand
Albin Pax, Johann Iacob Römer, Janos
Tuzson, Moritz Winkler, Julius Wolff etc.)
have shown a great deal of scientific interest in the flora and vegetation of the
Bucegi Mountains.
n Foto Anca Sârbu
Foto Petronela Comănescu
Habitat 4060
˘
Tufarişuri
alpine şi boreale
Alpine and Boreal heaths
Habitatul este reprezentat prin tufărişuri
pitice, xero-heliofile, ce se dezvoltă în
Carpaţii Româneşti, la altitudini de peste
1800 m, predominant în etajul subalpin,
alpin şi boreal (Mountford et al. 2008).
Sunt dominate uneori de Ericaceae
(Rhododendron myrtifolium, Loiseleuria
procumbens) sau de Dryas octopetala,
Salix reticulata, Salix retusa sau Juniperus
sibirica.
Tufărişurile din etajul alpin se dezvoltă
pe sol superficial, oligotrof localizat
pe creste de versanţi, pe platouri, culmi
domoale, însorite şi vântuite, situate la
The habitat is represented by dwarf xeroheliophile heaths which grow in the Romanian Carpathians at altitudes of over
1800 m, mainly in the subalpine, alpine
and boreal level (Mountford et al. 2008).
They are sometimes dominated by
Ericaceae such as Rhododendron myrtifolium and Loiseleuria procumbens or by
Dryas octopetala, Salix reticulata, Salix
retusa or Juniperus sibirica.
13
The heaths in the alpine level grow
on a thin and oligotrophic soil, found on
slope crests, plateaus, mild, windy and
sunny heights located at altitudes between
2000 m and 2200 m, in a cold climate with
low average annual temperatures (between
0°...-1.4°C) and with plenty of rainfall
(1350-1450 mm/year) (Doniţă et al. 2005).
The shrub formation, identified in the
studied area of the Bucegi plateau, are represented by dwarf alpine heaths of Loiseleuria procumbens, heaths of Rhododendron myrtifolium, dwarf heaths of Salix retusa and Salix reticulata, and heaths of Juniperus sibirica.
The dominating species are Loiseleuria
procumbens, Rhododendron myrtifolium,
Salix retusa and Salix reticulata, and the
characteristic species are Loiseleuria procumbens, Cetraria islandica, Saxifraga
paniculata, Saxifraga oppositifolia, Achillea schurii, Anemone narcissiflora, Armeria alpina, Carex sempervirens, Dryas
octopetala, Festuca supina, Lloydia serotina, Saxifraga androsacea.
The dwarf vegetation is dominated by
Salix reticulata and Dryas octopetala, it
often forms small patches, it is pioneer vegetation which occupies limited areas in
the alpine level, and it grows on the calcareous substrate of the northern and northwestern slopes which are covered in snow
for prolonged periods of time.
The heaths of Rhododendron myrtifolium, often associated with species such as
Vaccinium spp. and Bruckenthalia spiculifolia, are among the most widespread
shrub formations in the Bucegi Mountains,
and play an important role in stabilising
the soil on slopes, screes and rocky areas.
Among the bushes, there grow numerous
species characteristic to the nearby grasslands (Festuca supina, Potentilla ternata,
Primula minima, Campanula alpina, Homogyne alpina), which are heavily grazed
(Puşcaru et al. 1956). Rhododendron myrtifolium is a highly sensitive to the cold
species, in particular to late frosts. These
conditions limit the existence and the development of the Rhododendron bushes.
Habitat 4060
altitudini cuprinse între 2000 m
și 2200 m, în climat rece cu temperaturi medii anuale scăzute
(0°...-1,4°C) şi cu precipitaţii destul
de abundente (1350-1450 mm/an)
(Doniţă et al. 2005).
Formaţiunile arbustive, identificate la nivelul zonei studiate a
platoului Munţilor Bucegi, au fost
reprezentate de tufărişuri alpine pitice de Loiseleuria procumbens,
tufărişuri de Rhododendron myrtifolium, tufărişuri pitice de Salix retusa şi
Salix reticulata şi tufărişuri cu Juniperus
sibirica.
Speciile edificatoare au fost reprezentate de Loiseleuria procumbens, Rhododendron myrtifolium, Salix retusa şi Salix
reticulata, iar speciile caracteristice de Loiseleuria procumbens, Cetraria islandica,
Saxifraga paniculata, Saxifraga oppositifolia, Achillea schurii, Anemone narcissiflora, Armeria alpina, Carex sempervirens, Dryas octopetala, Festuca supina,
Lloydia serotina, Saxifraga androsacea.
Vegetaţia pitică dominată de Salix reticulata, în care Dryas octopetala formează
adeseori pâlcuri mici, este o vegetaţie pionieră care ocupă suprafeţe reduse în etajul
alpin superior şi se dezvoltă pe substratul
calcaros de pe versanţii nordici, nord-vestici, versanţi cu durată de înzăpezire îndelungată.
Tufărişurile cu Rhododendron myrtifolium, asociate adesea cu specii de Vaccinium spp. şi Bruckenthalia spiculifolia, sunt
dintre cele mai răspândite grupări arbustive din Munţii Bucegi, cu rol important în
fixarea coastelor, bolovănişurilor şi grohotişurilor. Printre tufele arbuştilor cresc numeroase specii proprii pajiştilor învecinate
(Festuca supina, Potentilla ternata, Primula minima, Campanula alpina, Homogyne alpina), care sunt intens păşunate
(Puşcaru et al. 1956). Rhododendron myrtifolium este o specie sensibilă la geruri şi
14
During winters with little snow,
the young shoots often freeze. The
species requires a stable and permanent snow cover over the winter
and up to spring.
The procumbent dwarf bush
Loiseleuria procumbens forms on
the high plateau of the Bucegi
Mountains vegetation patches resembling short, homogenous grasslands, poor in accompanying
species (Dryas octopetala, Festuca
supina, Primula minima, Campanula alpina). Loiseleuria procumbens is
one of the species that has best adapted to
the conditions of the alpine climate, being
highly resistant to low temperatures, wind
deflation and frosted soil. It is one of the
longest lasting species, fixing and consolidating the eroded and degraded soils of
the alpine level.
This type of habitat has a great conservation value, sheltering numerous rare,
vulnerable and endemic plants, but also
Natura 2000 species such as Campanula
serrata, which has been evaluated as a
threatened taxon at European level
(Mountford et al. 2008, Coldea et al.
2003). It is a fragile habitat that can be easily affected by erosion under the effect of
excessive grazing and tourism.
Campanula serrata (the family Campanulaceae) is an herbaceous plant with a
thickened, napiforme root (hence the name
it is also known by – Campanula napuligera), thin stem, about 20-60 cm tall, and
sessile, lanceolate leaves, with a serrated
edge. The flowers are bell-shaped, blue,
grouped in an inflorescence. It flowers
from July to September. Campanula serrata is endemic to the Carpathian Mountains where it can be found on grasslands
and heaths at the beech forest level and up
to the alpine level. In relation to the environmental factors, it is mesophyte and microthermophyte up to mesothermophyte.
Habitat 4060
în special la îngheţurile târzii. Aceşti factori acţionează limitativ asupra existenţei
şi bunei dezvoltări a rodoretelor. În iernile
cu zăpadă puţină, vârfurile lujerilor degeră
adesea. Specia necesită staţiuni cu acoperire permanentă şi stabilă de zăpadă în timpul iernii şi până în primăvară.
Arbustul pitic târâtor Loiseleuria procumbens formează pe platoul înalt al Munţilor Bucegi pâlcuri cu aspect de pajişti
scunde, omogene şi sărace în specii însoţitoare (Dryas octopetala, Festuca supina,
Primula minima, Campanula alpina). Loiseleuria procumbens este una dintre speciile cele mai bine adaptate la condiţiile
climatului alpin, foarte rezistentă la temperaturile scăzute, la deflaţia eoliană şi la
îngheţul solului. Este una dintre cele mai
durabile specii fixatoare şi consolidatoare
a terenurilor erodate şi degradate din etajul
alpin.
Acest tip de habitat are o valoare conservativă foarte mare, adăpostind numeroase plante rare, vulnerabile şi endemice,
dar şi specii Natura 2000, precum Campanula serrata, taxon evaluat ca fiind ameninţat la nivel european (Mountford et al.
2008, Coldea et al. 2003). Este un habitat
fragil, care poate fi uşor afectat de eroziune
atât sub impactul păşunatului în exces, cât
şi prin diferitele activităţi turistice.
Campanula serrata (familia Campanulaceae) este o plantă erbacee cu rădăcină
îngroşată napiform (de aici numele cu care
mai este cunoscută – Campanula napuligera), tulpină subţire, înaltă de 20-60 cm,
şi frunze sesile, lanceolate, cu marginea serată. Florile sunt de forma unor clopoţei,
albastre, grupate în inflorescenţe. Înfloreşte din iulie şi până în septembrie. Campanula serrata este specie endemică
pentru Munţii Carpaţi unde poate fi întâlnită prin pajişti şi tufărişuri din zona pădurilor de fag şi până în etajul alpin. Faţă de
factorii de mediu este mezofită şi microtermofită până la mezotermofită.
15
Tabel 1. Habitat 4060 – Tufărişuri alpine şi boreale – lista taxonilor inventariaţi cu prezentarea
bioformei şi a caracteristicilor ecologice, subliniindu-se speciile caracteristice şi dominante, precum şi cele cu valoare conservativă în conformitate cu Oltean et al. (1994)
Table 1. Habitat 4060 – Alpine and Boreal heaths – list of the recorded taxa with life forms
and ecological characteristics, highlighting dominant and characteristic species, as well
as the species with conservation value according to Oltean et al. (1994)
Taxa
Life form
Ecological characteristics
Humidity
Achillea schurii Sch. Bip. - R, End. S&E Carp.
H.; perennial
Agrostis rupestris All.
Alchemilla glabra Neygenf.
H.; perennial
H.; perennial
Alchemilla monticola Opiz
H.; perennial
Alyssum repens Baumg. - End. Carp.-Balc.
Androsace chamaejasme Wulfen - V/R
Ch.; perennial
Ch.; perennial
Anemone narcissiflora L.
G.; perennial
Antennaria dioica (L.) Gaertn.
Anthemis carpatica Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd.
Ch.(H.); perennial
H.; perennial
Anthoxanthum odoratum L.
Armeria alpina (DC.) Willd. - R
H.; perennial
H.; perennial
Artemisia eriantha Ten.
Ch.; perennial
Biscutella laevigata L.
Botrychium lunaria (L.) Sw.
H.; perennial
G.; perennial
Bruckenthalia spiculifolia (Salisb.) Rchb.
Ph.(Ch.); perennial
Campanula alpina Jacq.
Campanula serrata
(Kit. ex Schult.) Hendrych - End. Carp.
Carex sempervirens Vill.
H.; perennial
H.; perennial
mesophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
xerophytexeromesophyte
euriphyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesophyte
mesophyte
H.; perennial
mesophyte
Cerastium alpinum L. subsp. lanatum
(Lam.) Asch. & Graebn.
Dianthus glacialis Haenke subsp. gelidus
(Schott, Nyman & Kotschy) Tutin - R, End.
S&E Carp.
Doronicum carpaticum
(Griseb. & Schenk) Nyman - R, End. Carp.-Balc.
Draba kotschyi Stur - nt
Ch.; perennial
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
*Dryas octopetala L.
*Festuca supina Schur [syn. Festuca ovina L.
var. supina (Schur) Hack.]
Galium anisophyllon Vill.
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophyte
mesohygrophytehygrophyte
mesophytemesoxerophyte
euriphyte
mesophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
xeromesophyte
xeromesophyte
G.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
Ch.; perennial
xeromesophyte
Ch.; shrub
H.; perennial
mesophyte
mesophyte
Ch.; perennial
xeromesophytemesophyte
16
Temperature
microthermophyte
hekistothermophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
eurithermophyte
hekistothermophytepsichrothermophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
hekistothermophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
eurithermophyte
eurithermophyte
hekistothermophyte
eurithermophyte
microthermophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
hekistothermophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
hekistothermophytepsichrothermophyte
hekistothermophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
psichrothermophyte
psichrothermophyte
mesothermophyte
Taxa
Life form
Ecological characteristics
Humidity
Temperature
Gentiana orbicularis Schur
Gentiana verna L.
Geum reptans L. - R
Helianthemum alpestre DC.
H.; perennial
H.; perennial
H.; perennial
Ch.; undershrub
mesophyte
mesophyte
mesohygrophyte
mesophyte
Hieracium alpinum L.
Homogyne alpina (L.) Cass
H.; perennial
H.; perennial
Juncus trifidus L. s.l.
H.; perennial
Juniperus sibirica Lodd. in Burgsd.
Ph.; shrub
Kobresia simpliciuscula
(Wahlenb.) Mack. - R
Ligusticum mutellinoides Vill. - R
H.; perennial
H.; perennial
mesophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesophyte
Lloydia serotina (L.) Rchb. - R
G.; perennial
xeromesophyte
*Loiseleuria procumbens (L.) Desv. - R
Ch.; shrub
Luzula alpinopilosa (Chaix) Breistr. s.l.
Luzula spicata (L.) DC. s.l.
H.; perennial
H.; perennial
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesohygrophyte
mesophyte
Minuartia recurva (All.) Schinz & Thell.
Ch.; perennial
xeromesophyte
Minuartia sedoides (L.) Hiern
Ch.; perennial
Myosotis alpestris F.W.Schmidt
H.; perennial
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesophyte
Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill - R
Oxytropis halleri Koch - R
Pedicularis oederi Vahl
Pedicularis verticillata L.
H.; perennial
H.; perennial
H.; perennial
H.; perennial
Pinguicula alpina L. - R
H.; perennial
Pinguicula vulgaris L. - R
H.; perennial
Poa alpina L.
Polygonum viviparum L.
Potentilla ternata Freyn
H.; perennial
G.; perennial
H.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
xeromesophyte
mesophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesohygrophytehygrophyte
mesohygrophytehygrophyte
mesophyte
mesophyte
mesophyte
*Primula minima L.
H.; perennial
mesophyte
Pritzelago alpina (L.) Kuntze subsp. brevicaulis
(Spreng.) Greuter & Burdet - R
Pulsatilla micrantha Sweet
[syn. Pulsatilla alba Rchb.]
Ranunculus breyninus Crantz
H.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
eurithermophyte
microthermophyte
microthermophytepsichrothermophyte
psichrothermophytehekistothermophyte
eurithermophyte
H.; perennial
mesophyte
microthermophyte
H.; perennial
xeromesophytemesophyte
subthermophyte
17
eurithermophyte
eurithermophyte
psichrothermophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
microthermophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
hekistothermophytepsichrothermophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
hekistothermophyte
psichrothermophytehekistothermophyte
psichrothermophytehekistothermophyte
psichrothermophyte
microthermophyte
psichrothermophytehekistothermophyte
psichrothermophytehekistothermophyte
psichrothermophytemicrothermophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
hekistothermophyte
psichrothermophyte
psichrothermophyte
microthermophyte
eurithermophyte
eurithermophyte
Taxa
Life form
Ecological characteristics
Humidity
Ranunculus montanus Willd. subsp.
pseudomontanus (Schur) Ciocârlan
Ranunculus repens L.
H.; perennial
*Rhododendron myrtifolium
Schott & Kotschy - V, End. Carp.-Balc.
Salix herbacea L.
Ph.; shrub
*Salix reticulata L.
Ch.; shrub
*Salix retusa L. - R
Ch.; undershrub
Saxifraga adscendens L.
Ht.; biannual
Saxifraga androsacea L.
Saxifraga moschata Wulfen
Saxifraga oppositifolia L. - R, End. S&E Carp.
Ch.; perennial
Ch.; perennial
Ch.; perennial
Saxifraga paniculata Mill.
Ch.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
xerophytexeromesophyte
mesohygrophyte
xeromesophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
xeromesophyte
Sedum alpestre Vill.
Ch.; perennial
hygrophyte
Senecio carpaticus Herbich - R, End. Carp.-Balc.
Sesleria coerulans Friv.
Silene acaulis (L.) Jacq. s.l.
H.; perennial
H.; perennial
Ch.; perennial
Taraxacum officinale (L.) Weber ex F.H.Wigg.
H.; perennial
Tephroseris capitata
(Wahlenb.) Griseb. & Schenk.
Thymus alpestris (Celak.) Tausch ex A.Kern.
Thymus pulcherrimus Schur - End. Carp.
H.; perennial
mesophyte
mesophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesophyte
Ch.; perennial
Ch.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
xeromesophyte
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
xeromesophytemesohygrophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesophyte
Trifolium repens L. subsp. ochranthum
(K.Maly) Nyár.
Vaccinium myrtillus L.
Vaccinium uliginosum L. subsp. microphyllum
(Lange) Hultén - R
Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.
H.; perennial
Ch.; undershrub
Ch.(Ph.); (under)
shrub
Ch.; undershrub
Viola alpina Jacq. - R
Ch.(Ph.); (under)
shrub
H.; perennial
Viola declinata Waldst. & Kit.
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesohygrophytehygrophyte
mesophyte
xeromesophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
Temperature
microthermophyte
eurithermophyte
eurithermophyte
hekistothermophyte
psichrothermophytehekistothermophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
hekistothermophyte
hekistothermophyte
psichrothermophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
microthermophytepsichrothermophyte
psichrothermophyte
psichrothermophyte
hekistothermophyte
eurithermophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
microthermophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
eurithermophyte
microthermophyte
psichrothermophyte
microthermophyte
psichrothermophytemicrothermophyte
microthermophyte
* (text bold) – taxon caracteristic, taxon dominant / characteristic taxon, dominant taxon
R (text bold) – taxon rar / rare taxon; V (text bold) – taxon vulnerabil / vulnerable taxon; nt (text bold) –
taxon neameninţat / non-endangered taxon; End. (text bold) – taxon endemic / endemic taxon
18
Ansamblu / General view
Anthemis carpatica
(Foto Victor Bortaș)
19
(Foto Victor Bortaș)
Armeria alpina
Campanula serrata
(Foto Daniela Smarandache)
Lloydia serotina
(Foto Gabriela Pascale)
20
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
Geum reptans
Pedicularis verticillata
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
Dryas octopetala
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
21
Minuartia recurva
Minuartia sedoides
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
22
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
Loiseleuria procumbens
Oxytropis halleri, Salix reticulata
(Foto Victor Bortaș)
(Foto Petronela Comănescu)
Primula minima
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
23
Salix reticulata
Rhododendron myrtifolium
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
Salix herbacea
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
(Foto Victor Bortaș)
24
Thymus alpestris, Cerastium alpinum subsp. lanatum
Saxifraga moschata
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
Saxifraga paniculata
(Foto Victor Bortaș)
25
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
Thymus alpestris
Viola alpina
(Foto Gabriela Pascale)
26
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
Habitat 4070*
Foto Anca Sârbu
Acest tip de habitat se găseşte în diferite
proporţii în etajul subalpin al Carpaţilor
Româneşti, la altitudini ce variază între
1400 m și 2000 m. Această comunitate vegetală edificată de Pinus mugo este tipică
pentru etajul subalpin al Munţilor Carpaţi
din România. Solicită pentru dezvoltare
temperaturi scăzute, cu valori medii
anuale cuprinse între 2,2°C şi -0,2°C şi umiditate suficientă (1250-1425 mm anual).
Preferă versanţii înalţi şi înclinaţi şi solicită
acoperire cu zăpadă pe parcursul sezonului rece (Mountford et al. 2008).
This type of habitat is found in various
proportions in the subalpine level of the
Romanian Carpathians, at altitudes between 1400 m and 2000 m. This vegetal
community, dominated by Pinus mugo, is
typical of the subalpine level of the Romanian Carpathians. It requires low temperatures, with annual averages of between
2.2°C and -0.2°C and sufficient humidity
(1250-1425 mm annually). It prefers high
and inclined slopes and requires to be covered in snow all throughout winter
(Mountford et al. 2008).
˘
Tufarişuri
de Pinus mugo şi
Rhododendron myrtifolium
Bushes with Pinus mugo
and Rhododendron myrtifolium
27
In the Bucegi Mountains, this type of
habitat grows at over 1700 m altitude, in
hard climatic conditions, with annual temperatures between 0°C and 1-2°C; the vegetation season is short, there are strong
winds, and the soil is poor in nutrients.
The edificatory species are represented
by Pinus mugo and Rhododendron myrtifolium, and the characteristic species are
Pinus mugo, Rhododendron myrtifolium
and Calamagrostis villosa (Doniţă et al.
2005).
The general vegetation cover can reach
90-100%, the dominating species being
Pinus mugo and Vaccinium myrtillus.
There are subalpine shrubs (about 2 m tall)
consisting of perennial species. These
shrubs are dominated (about 90%) by
Pinus mugo, which is a rare plant, mesophilic up to mesohygrophilic, microthermophilic (psichrothermophilic) and
oligotrophic.
Although this habitat shelters only a
few species, its conservation value is great,
due to the significant population of Pinus
mugo, which is a protected species in Romania, and also due to the presence of
Rhododendron myrtifolium, which is a rare
plant (Coldea et al. 2003).
Over the years, the anthropogenic impact on this habitat has been immense, and
consisted of deforestation of some surfaces
in order to create pastures, usage of the
areas for sheep grazing over the summer,
tourism and infrastructure development.
All these factors have led to the formation
of degraded soils through erosion (Puşcaru
at al. 1956).
Tourism, the collection of buds and
limitrophe grazing are only some of the
numerous aspects of the current anthropogenic impact (Mountford et al. 2008).
Habitat 4070
În Munţii Bucegi acest tip de
habitat se dezvoltă la altitudini de
peste 1700 m, în condiţii climatice
aspre, marcate de temperaturi
anuale cuprinse între 0°C și 1-2°C,
sezon de vegetaţie scurt, vânturi
puternice şi soluri sărace în substanţe nutritive.
Speciile edificatoare sunt reprezentate de Pinus mugo şi Rhododendron myrtifolium, iar cele
caracteristice de Pinus mugo, Rhododendron myrtifolium şi Calamagrostis
villosa (Doniţă et al. 2005).
Acoperirea generală cu vegetaţie poate
ajunge la 90-100%, speciile dominante
fiind Pinus mugo şi Vaccinium myrtillus.
Sunt tufărişuri subalpine (cca 2 m înălţime) alcătuite din specii perene. Sunt dominate în proporţie de cca 90% de Pinus
mugo, plantă rară, mezofilă până la mezohigrofilă, microtermic dependentă (psichrotermofilă) şi oligotrofă.
Deşi acest tip de habitat adăposteşte
specii puţine, valoarea sa conservativă este
mare prin populaţiile semnificative pe care
le realizează Pinus mugo, specie ocrotită
în România, dar şi prin prezenţa plantei
rare Rhododendron myrtifolium (Coldea et
al. 2003).
În decursul timpului, impactul antropic
asupra acestui habitat a fost semnificativ şi
a constat în defrişarea unor suprafeţe pentru a crea păşuni, folosirea zonelor pentru
păşunatul de vară al oilor, dezvoltarea turismului şi a infrastructurilor asociate, ducând la formarea de terenuri degradate prin
eroziune (Puşcaru et al. 1956).
Activitatea turistică, activitatea de recoltare a mugurilor şi păşunatul limitrof reprezintă unele dintre numeroasele efecte
ale impactului antropic actual (Mountford
et al. 2008).
28
Tabel 2. Habitat 4070* – Tufărişuri cu Pinus mugo şi Rhododendron myrtifolium – lista taxonilor inventariaţi cu prezentarea bioformei şi a caracteristicilor ecologice, subliniindu-se
speciile caracteristice şi dominante, precum şi cele cu valoare conservativă în conformitate cu Oltean et al. (1994)
Table 2. Habitat 4070* – Bushes with Pinus mugo and Rhododendron myrtifolium – list of
the recorded taxa with life forms and ecological characteristics, highlighting dominant
and characteristic species, as well as the species with conservation value according to
Oltean et al. (1994)
Taxa
Life form
Ecological characteristics
Humidity
Temperature
Calamagrostis villosa (Chaix) J.F.Gmel.
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
Caltha palustris L.
H.; perennial
hygrophyte
microthermophyte
Festuca supina Schur
[syn. Festuca ovina L. var. supina (Schur) Hack.]
H.; perennial
mesophyte
psichrothermophyte
Homogyne alpina (L.) Cass
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
Ligusticum mutellina Crantz
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
Nardus stricta L.
H.; perennial
xeromesophytemesophytemesohygrophyte
eurithermophyte
Oxalis acetosella L.
H.(G.); perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesothermophyte
Picea abies (L.) H.Karst.
Ph.; tree
mesophytehygrophyte
microthermophyte
*Pinus mugo Turra
Ph.; shrub
mesophytemesohygrophyte
psichrothermophyte
Poa alpina L.
H.; perennial
mesophyte
eurithermophyte
Polygonum bistorta L.
G.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
Rhododendron myrtifolium
Schott & Kotschy - V, End. Carp.-Balc.
Ph.; shrub
mesophyte
eurithermophyte
Soldanella hungarica Simonk.
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
microthermophyte
Sorbus aucuparia L. subsp. aucuparia
Ph.; tree
mesophyte
*Vaccinium myrtillus L.
Ch.(Ph.); (under)
shrub
xeromesophytemesohygrophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
microthermophyte
Veratrum album L. s.l.
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
* (text bold) – taxon caracteristic, taxon dominant / characteristic taxon, dominant taxon
V (text bold) – taxon vulnerabil / vulnerable taxon; End. (text bold) – taxon endemic / endemic taxon
29
Ansamblu / General view
Pinus mugo, Veratrum album
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
30
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
Caltha palustris
Caltha palustris
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
Homogyne alpina
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
31
(Foto Victor Bortaș)
Rhododendron myrtifolium
Pinus mugo
(Foto Victor Bortaș)
32
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
Foto Anca Sârbu
Habitat 6150
Pajişti boreale şi alpine
pe substrate silicatice
Siliceous alpine and boreal
grasslands
This habitat, considered a glacial relic, is
well represented in the Carpathians (including the Romanian Carpathians).
Acest tip de habitat, considerat un relict
glaciar, este bine reprezentat în Munţii
Carpaţi (inclusiv în Carpaţii Româneşti).
Include comunităţi de plante ce se dezvoltă pe culmile mai înalte, coamele şi platourile munţilor din etajul alpin şi subalpin
(1550-2500 m altitudine), pe soluri humico-silicate formate pe conglomerate de
Bucegi, adesea bogate în material silicios
şi pe gresii conglomerate, în condiţii de
umiditate suficientă (1100-1450 mm/an) şi
temperatură medie anuală cuprinsă între
-2,5°C şi 3°C. Sunt pajişti relativ scunde
33
It includes plant communities which grow
on the high crests of the mountains in the
alpine and subalpine level (1550-2500 m
altitude), on humic-silicate soils formed on
Bucegi conglomerates often rich in
siliceous material, and on sandstone conglomerates, in conditions of sufficient humidity (1100-1450 mm/year) and an average annual temperature between -2.5°C
and 3°C. They are fairly short grasslands
Habitat 6150
(15-25 cm înălţime), dominate după
caz de specii, precum: Festuca supina, Agrostis rupestris, Carex
curvula, Juncus trifidus (Mountford et al. 2008). Cele mai răspândite sunt pajiştile sud-est carpatice
de păruşcă (Festuca supina) şi Potentilla ternata (Potentilla aurea
subsp. chrysocraspeda). Acestea
se dezvoltă în special pe coaste relativ domoale cu înclinare moderată, însorite şi slab vântuite
(Puşcaru et al. 1956). În Munţii Bucegi
sunt prezente în etajul alpin superior
(2000-2300 m altitudine), dar coboară şi
până la 1800 m altitudine.
Pajiştile de Festuca supina formează o
vegetaţie densă, cu multe specii componente, dar care au o pondere redusă în dominanţa comunităţii. Speciile edificatoare
sunt Festuca supina şi Potentilla ternata
(Doniţă et al. 2005). Specia dominantă
(65-85%) este Festuca supina, mezofilă,
microtermic dependentă (psichrotermofilă) şi oligotrofă, care dă pajiştii un aspect
caracteristic de vegetaţie densă. Se remarcă, de asemenea, Agrostis rupestris, specie
adesea codominantă (35-40%) şi Potentilla
ternata cu pondere cuprinsă între 10% și
13%. Perioada scurtă de vegetaţie face ca
majoritatea plantelor să se dezvolte la sfârşitul primăverii, începutul verii, când şi
umiditatea este suficientă.
Specia dominantă, ca şi majoritatea
celorlalte specii, se caracterizează prin
dependenţa lor faţă de umiditate moderată,
de prezenţa zăpezii şi a temperaturilor
scăzute. Condiţiile optime pentru dezvoltarea acestui tip de vegetaţie reclamă precipitaţii atmosferice anuale abundente
(1000-1400 mm/an), o durată minimă de
înzăpezire de cca 200 de zile/an şi prezenţa
temperaturilor scăzute (-2,5°...3°C tempe ratură medie anuală), vegetaţia fiind microtermic dependentă. Lipsa zăpezii, asociată cu îngheţul, dar şi cu eroziunea eo34
(15-25 cm high), dominated by species
such as: Festuca supina, Agrostis rupestris, Carex curvula, Juncus trifidus
(Mountford et al. 2008). The most widespread grasslands are the south-eastern
Carpathian ones with Festuca supina and
Potentilla ternata (Potentilla aurea subsp.
chrysocraspeda). They grow especially on
mild slopes, with a moderate inclination
and weak winds (Puşcaru et al. 1956). In
the Bucegi Mountains they can be found in
the superior alpine level (2000-2300 m
altitude), but they can go as low as 1800 m
altitude.
The grasslands of Festuca supina form
a dense vegetation, consisting of many
species, but which only have a small share
in the dominance of the community. The
edificatory and characteristic species are
Festuca supina and Potentilla ternata
(Doniţă et al. 2005). The dominant species
(65-85%) is Festuca supina, a mesophilic,
microthermophilic (psichrothermophilic)
and oligotrophic plant, which gives the
grassland its dense vegetation typical characteristic. Other important species are,
Agrostis rupestris, which is often a co-dominant species (35-40%) and Potentilla
ternata, with a percentage of between
10% and 13%. The short vegetation period
ensures that the plants grow in spring,
when they have enough humidity.
The dominating species, just like the
majority of the species, depend on humi dity, the existence of snow and of low temperatures. The optimal conditions for the
growth and development of this type of
vegetation are abundant annual precipitation (1000-1400 mm/year), the existence
of snow for about 200 days per year, and
low temperatures (-2.5°...3°C average annual temperature), the vegetation being
microthermic dependent. The lack of
snow, associated with frost and also with
wind erosion, and the mechanical degradation of the grassland due to grazing acti -
vities leads to the rarefying of the
grassland and the formation of
wide gaps or patches.
The habitat shelters a wealth of
species and has a particularly important conservation value. Thus,
in the 16 plots analysed in the
plateau of the Bucegi Mountains
126 taxa were identified, among
which 30 have a conservation
value (rare, vulnerable or endemic
plants).
The habitat continues to be affected by anthropogenic activities, particularly by grazing, tourism and construction.
Habitat 6150
liană, degradarea mecanică a pajiştii asociată activităţilor de păşunat, determină rărirea pajiştii şi formarea de goluri şi
chelituri extinse.
Este un habitat bogat în specii cu valoare conservativă deosebită. În acest sens,
în cele 16 ploturi analizate la nivelul platoului Munţilor Bucegi au fost identificaţi
126 de taxoni, dintre care 30 cu valoare
conservativă (plante rare, vulnerabile, endemice).
Continuă să fie afectat de activităţile
umane şi în special de păşunatul divers (oi,
cai, vaci) şi intens, dar şi de activităţile turistice şi de construcţie.
Tabel 3. Habitat 6150 – Pajişti boreale şi alpine pe substrate silicatice – lista taxonilor
inventariaţi cu prezentarea bioformei şi a caracteristicilor ecologice, subliniindu-se
speciile caracteristice şi dominante, precum şi cele cu valoare conservativă în conformitate cu Oltean et al. (1994)
Table 3. Habitat 6150 – Siliceous alpine and boreal grasslands – list of the recorded taxa with
life forms and ecological characteristics, highlighting dominant and characteristic species,
as well as the species with conservation value according to Oltean et al. (1994)
Taxa
Life form
Ecological characteristics
Humidity
Achillea schurii Sch.Bip. - R, End. S&E Carp.
H.; perennial
Acinos alpinus (L.) Moench
H.; perennial
*Agrostis rupestris All.
Alchemilla glabra Neygenf.
H.; perennial
H.; perennial
Alchemilla glaucescens Wallr.
H.; perennial
Alchemilla monticola Opiz
H.; perennial
Alyssum repens Baumg. - End. Carp.-Balc.
Androsace chamaejasme Wulfen - V/R
Ch.; perennial
Ch.; perennial
mesophytemesoxerophyte
euriphyte
mesophyte
Androsace villosa L. subsp. arachnoidea
(Schott, Nyman & Kotschy) R.Knuth - R,
End. S&E Carp.
Anemone narcissiflora L.
Ch.; perennial
xeromesophyte
G.; perennial
Antennaria dioica (L.) Gaertn.
Anthemis carpatica Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd.
Ch.(H.); perennial
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
xeromesophyte
xeromesophyte
Anthoxanthum odoratum L.
Arabis alpina L.
H.; perennial
H.; perennial
mesophyte
mesohygrophyte
35
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophyte
mesohygrophytehygrophyte
mesoxerophyte
Temperature
microthermophyte
eurithermophyte
hekistothermophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
eurithermophyte
hekistothermophytepsichrothermophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
hekistothermophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
eurithermophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
Taxa
Life form
Ecological characteristics
Humidity
Arenaria biflora L.
Arenaria ciliata L.
Ch.; perennial
Ch.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
mesophyte
Armeria alpina (DC.) Willd. - R
H.; perennial
Artemisia eriantha Ten.
Ch.; perennial
Asplenium viride Huds.
[syn. Asplenium ramosum L.]
Bartsia alpina L.
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
xerophytexeromesophyte
mesophyte
H.; perennial
mesophyte
Biscutella laevigata L.
Botrychium lunaria (L.) Sw.
H.; perennial
G.; perennial
Bruckenthalia spiculifolia (Salisb.) Rchb.
Ph.(Ch.); perennial
Campanula alpina Jacq.
Campanula cochleariifolia Lam.
Campanula patula L. subsp. abietina
(Griseb. & Schenk) Simonk. - End. Carp.-Balc.
Campanula serrata
(Kit. ex Schult.) Hendrych - End. Carp.
Campanula transsilvanica
Schur ex André - V/R, End. Carp.-Balc.
Cardamine pratensis L. s.l.
H.; perennial
H.; perennial
H.; perennial
H.; perennial
euriphyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesophyte
mesophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophyte
Ht.; biannual
mesophyte
H.; perennial
Carex atrata L. s.l.
H.; perennial
mesohygrophytehygrophyte
mesophyte
Carex dioica L.
Carex pallescens L.
H.; perennial
H.; perennial
Carex sempervirens Vill.
H.; perennial
Carlina acaulis L. s.l.
H.; monocarpous
Cerastium alpinum L. subsp. lanatum (Lam.)
Asch. & Graebn.
Cerastium arvense L. s.l.
Ch.; perennial
Coeloglossum viride (L.) Hartm. - R
Cortusa matthioli L.
Cruciata glabra (L.) Ehrend.
Deschampsia cespitosa (L.) Beauv.
G.; perennial
H.; perennial
H.; perennial
H.; perennial
Dianthus glacialis Haenke subsp. gelidus
(Schott, Nyman & Kotschy) Tutin - R, End.
S&E Carp.
Draba kotschyi Stur - nt
H.; perennial
Ch.; perennial
xeromesophyte
Dryas octopetala L.
Erigeron uniflorus L. - R
Ch.; undershrub
H.; perennial
mesophyte
mesophyte
Ch.; perennial
36
hygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesophyte
mesohygrophyte
mesophyte
mesohygrophytehygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
Temperature
hekistothermophyte
psichrothermophytehekistothermophyte
eurithermophyte
hekistothermophyte
eurithermophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
eurithermophyte
microthermophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
hekistothermophyte
eurithermophyte
microthermophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
microthermophyte
mesothermophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
microthermophyte
mesothermophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
eurithermophyte
hekistothermophytepsichrothermophyte
eurithermophyte
microthermophyte
microthermophyte
mesothermophyte
eurithermophyte
hekistothermophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
psichrothermophyte
hekistothermophytepsichrothermophyte
Taxa
Life form
Ecological characteristics
Humidity
Temperature
*Festuca supina Schur [syn. Festuca ovina L.
var. supina (Schur) Hack.]
Festuca versicolor Tausch - R, End. Carp.
Galium anisophyllon Vill.
H.; perennial
mesophyte
psichrothermophyte
H.; perennial
Ch.; perennial
subthermophyte
mesothermophyte
Gentiana verna L.
Geum montanum L.
H.; perennial
H.; perennial
xeromesophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesophyte
mesophyte
Gnaphalium supinum L.
H.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
Gnaphalium uliginosum L.
T.; annual
Gymnadenia conopsea (L.) R.Br. subsp.
conopsea - R
Helianthemum alpestre DC.
G.; perennial
Ch.; undershrub
mesohygrophytehygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophyte
Hieracium alpinum L.
Hieracium aurantiacum L.
Hieracium villosum Jacq.
H.; perennial
H.; perennial
H.; perennial
mesophyte
mesophyte
mesophyte
Homogyne alpina (L.) Cass
H.; perennial
Juncus trifidus L. s.l.
H.; perennial
Juniperus sibirica Lodd. in Burgsd.
Ph.; shrub
Kobresia myosuroides (Vill.) Fiori - R
Kobresia simpliciuscula
(Wahlenb.) Mack. - R
Leontopodium alpinum
Colm. ex Cass. - V/R
Ligusticum mutellina Crantz
H.; perennial
H.; perennial
Ligusticum mutellinoides Vill. - R
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophyte
Linum extraaxilare
Kit. - nt, End. Carp.-Balc.
Loiseleuria procumbens (L.) Desv. - R
H.; perennial
Ch.; shrub
Luzula multiflora (Ehrh.) Lej. s.l.
Luzula spicata (L.) DC. s.l.
H.; perennial
H.; perennial
xeromesophytemesophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesophyte
mesophyte
Luzula sudetica (Willd.) Schult.
Minuartia recurva (All.) Schinz & Thell.
H.; perennial
Ch.; perennial
mesophyte
xeromesophyte
Minuartia sedoides (L.) Hiern
Ch.; perennial
Myosotis alpestris F.W.Schmidt
H.; perennial
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesophyte
Nardus stricta L.
H.; perennial
H.; perennial
H.; perennial
37
xeromesophytemesophytemesohygrophyte
eurithermophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
hekistothermophytepsichrothermophyte
mesothermophyte
microthermophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
microthermophyte
microthermophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
hekistothermophytepsichrothermophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
hekistothermophyte
hekistothermophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
psichrothermophytehekistothermophyte
eurithermophyte
psichrothermophyte
microthermophyte
psichrothermophytehekistothermophyte
microthermophyte
psichrothermophytehekistothermophyte
psichrothermophytemicrothermophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
eurithermophyte
Taxa
Life form
Ecological characteristics
Humidity
Temperature
Nigritella nigra (L.) Rchb. - V/R
G.; perennial
mesophyte
Nigritella rubra (Wettst.) K.Richt. - V/R
Oxytropis halleri Koch - R
Parnassia palustris L.
G.; perennial
H.; perennial
H.; perennial
Pedicularis oederi Vahl
Pedicularis verticillata L.
H.; perennial
H.; perennial
Phleum alpinum L.
Phyteuma orbiculare L.
H.; perennial
H.; perennial
Pilosella lactucella (Wallr.)
P.D.Sell & C.West
Pinguicula vulgaris L. - R
H.; perennial
H.; perennial
Pinus mugo Turra
Ph.; shrub
Plantago atrata Hoppe - R
H.; perennial
Poa alpina L.
Poa hybrida Gaudich.
H.; perennial
H.; perennial
Poa media Schur
Poa molinerii Balb. s.l. - R
Polygonum viviparum L.
Potentilla aurea L.
H.; perennial
H.; perennial
G.; perennial
H.; perennial
mesophyte
xeromesophyte
mesohygrophytehygrophyte
mesophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesohygrophytehygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophyte
xeromesophyte
mesophyte
mesophyte
Potentilla chrysantha Trevir.
*Potentilla ternata Freyn
H.; perennial
H.; perennial
xeromesophyte
mesophyte
Primula halleri Honck. - R
Primula minima L.
H.; perennial
H.; perennial
mesophyte
mesophyte
Pseudorchis albida (L.)
Á.Löve & D.Löve - R
Pulsatilla micrantha Sweet
[syn. Pulsatilla alba Rchb.]
Ranunculus breyninus Crantz
G.; perennial
mesophyte
microthermophyte
microthermophyte
microthermophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
eurithermophyte
microthermophytepsichrothermophyte
microthermophyte
psichrothermophytehekistothermophyte
microthermophyte
H.; perennial
mesophyte
microthermophyte
H.; perennial
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesohygrophytehygrophyte
mesophyte
subthermophyte
Ranunculus montanus Willd. subsp.
pseudomontanus (Schur) Ciocârlan
Ranunculus repens L.
H.; perennial
Rhododendron myrtifolium
Schott & Kotschy - V, End. Carp.-Balc.
Salix herbacea L.
Ph.; shrub
Saxifraga adscendens L.
Ht.; biannual
Saxifraga aizoides L.
Ch.; perennial
H.; perennial
Ch.; undershrub
38
mesophytemesohygrophyte
xerophytexeromesophyte
mesohygrophytehygrophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
eurithermophyte
psichrothermophyte
microthermophyte
psichrothermophyte
microthermophyte
microthermophyte
microthermophyte
eurithermophyte
eurithermophyte
psichrothermophyte
microthermophyte
eurithermophyte
microthermophyte
microthermophyte
eurithermophyte
eurithermophyte
hekistothermophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
eurithermophyte
Taxa
Life form
Ecological characteristics
Humidity
Saxifraga bryoides L.
Saxifraga corymbosa Boiss.
Saxifraga moschata Wulfen
Saxifraga paniculata Mill.
Ch.; perennial
Ch.; perennial
Ch.; perennial
Ch.; perennial
mesophyte
xeromesophyte
xeromesophyte
xeromesophyte
Scleranthus perennis L.
Sedum alpestre Vill.
H.; perennial
Ch.; perennial
mesophyte
hygrophyte
Sedum annuum L.
T.-Ht.; annualbiannual
T.; annual
xeromesophyte
Sedum atratum L.
Sesleria bielzii Schur - R, End. Carp.-Balc.
Sesleria coerulans Friv.
Sesleria rigida
Heuff. ex Rchb. - End. Carp.-Balc.
Silene acaulis (L.) Jacq. s.l.
H.; perennial
H.; perennial
H.; perennial
Silene pusilla Waldst. & Kit. subsp. pusilla
Ch.; perennial
Taraxacum officinale (L.)
Weber ex F.H.Wigg.
Thymus alpestris (Celak.)
Tausch ex A.Kern.
Trifolium repens L. subsp. ochranthum
(K.Maly) Nyár.
Vaccinium myrtillus L.
H.; perennial
Ch.; perennial
Ch.; perennial
H.; perennial
Veratrum album L. s.l.
Ch.(Ph.); (under)
shrub
Ch.(Ph.); (under)
shrub
H.; perennial
Veronica bellidioides L.
H.; perennial
Viola alpina Jacq. - R
H.; perennial
Viola declinata Waldst. & Kit.
H.; perennial
Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.
mesophyte
mesophyte
mesophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesohygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
xeromesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
xeromesophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
Temperature
hekistothermophyte
hekistothermophyte
hekistothermophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
eurithermophyte
microthermophytepsichrothermophyte
mesothermophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
psichrothermophyte
psichrothermophyte
subthermophyte
hekistothermophyte
microthermophyte
eurithermophyte
microthermophyte
eurithermophyte
microthermophyte
microthermophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
psichrothermophytemicrothermophyte
microthermophyte
* (text bold) – taxon caracteristic, taxon dominant / characteristic taxon, dominant taxon
nt (text bold) – taxon neameninţat / non-endangered taxon; R (text bold) – taxon rar / rare taxon; V (text bold) – taxon
vulnerabil / vulnerable taxon; End. (text bold) – taxon endemic / endemic taxon
39
Ansamblu / General view
Phyteuma orbiculare
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
40
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
Nigritella nigra (flori roșii / red flowers)
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
Acinos alpinus
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
41
Alchemilla glaucescens
Agrostis rupestris
(Foto Victor Bortaș)
Alyssum repens
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
42
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
Anemone narcissiflora
Armeria alpina
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
Androsace villosa subsp. arachnoidea
43
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
Biscutella laevigata
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
Biscutella laevigata
(Foto Petronela Comănescu)
Antennaria dioica, Festuca supina (Foto Anca Sârbu)
Pinguicula vulgaris
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
44
Gentiana verna
Botrychium lunaria
(Foto Victor Bortaș)
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
45
Campanula alpina
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
Campanula transsilvanica
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
Festuca supina
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
Dianthus glacialis subsp. gelidus (Foto Anca Sârbu)
Nigritella nigra
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
46
Gnaphalium supinum
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
Helianthemum alpestre
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
47
Potentilla ternata
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
Parnassia palustris
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
48
Trifolium repens subsp. ochranthum
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
Poa alpina
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
49
Foto Anca Sârbu
Habitat 6170
Pajişti calcifile alpine şi subalpine
Alpine and subalpine calcareous
grasslands
În Munţii Carpaţi, acest tip de habitat se
găseşte sub forma a două tipuri de pajişti,
cu preferinţe diferite faţă de condiţiile de
relief şi de climă: pajişti mezo-xerofile închegate, care preferă culmile puternic
vântuite, şi pajişti xero-termofile, care se
dezvoltă pe brâne (Mountford et al.
2008).
In the Carpathian Mountains, this habitat
is represented by two types of grasslands,
with different preferences regarding the
geographic and climate conditions: defined meso-xerophile grasslands that prefer windy crests, and xero-thermophile
grasslands that grow on mountain girdles
(Mountford et al. 2008).
În zona platoului Munţilor Bucegi, luat
în studiu, acest tip de habitat a fost identifi cat ca fiind reprezentat de pajişti neînchegate, care înierbează brânele şi treptele feţelor abrupte din etajul alpin (1800-2400 m
altitudine). Sunt alcătuite din multe specii
xerofile şi xeromezofile, iubitoare de
50
In the researched area of the Bucegi
Mountains plateau, this type of habitat was
identified as being represented by relati vely closed grasslands, which grass-cover
mountain girdles and abrupt walls at the
alpine level (1800-2400 m altitude). They
consist of numerous xerophile and xeromesophile species, which prefer light, warmth
and a calcareous soil; they prefer a
sunny exposure (southern or eastern), average temperatures between
2.5°C and -2.5°C and sufficient precipitation (1200-1450 mm/year).
The most widespread areas can be
found on the mountain girdle of the
Prahova Valley slope of the Bucegi
Mountains.
The grasslands have relatively
short vegetation and a great floristic
diversity, given by the inclination
and width of the mountain girdles, but also
by the depth of the soil and the height of
the layer of snow during winter.
The edificatory and characteristic species are Sesleria rigida and Carex sempervirens, which are also dominating. Other
important species are: Alyssum repens,
Festuca amethystina, Helianthemum
alpestre, Dryas octopetala, Linum extraaxilare, Thymus pulcherrimus, Erigeron
uniflorus (Doniţă et al. 2005).
Sesleria rigida (xeromesophyte-mesophyte, subthermophyte) and Carex sempervirens (mesophyte, microthermic dependent, oligotrophic-mesotrophic), as the dominant and characteristic species, share the
area depending on the microclimate. Thus,
Sesleria rigida prefers the territories with
medium humidity, inclined and with a
thinner layer of snow. Carex sempervirens
prefers the areas with higher humidity, less
inclined and covered with a thick layer of
snow over winter (Puşcaru et al. 1956).
The habitat has a high conservation
value. The list of the species identified in
34 different plots on the Bucegi Mountains
plateau comprises of 78 taxa, out of which
30 have a conservation value (rare, vulnerable or endemic species).
The most disruptive anthropogenic factors for this habitat are tourism and the collecting of rare and vulnerable plants such
as: Leontopodium alpinum, Nigritella
nigra, Nigritella rubra.
Habitat 6170
lumină, căldură şi de sol bogat în calcar,
specii care preferă în general o expoziţie
însorită (sudică sau estică), o climă rece cu
valori medii anuale cuprinse între 2,5°C şi
-2,5°C şi precipitaţii suficiente (12001450 mm/an). Suprafeţele cele mai întinse
se află pe brânele versantului prahovean al
Munţilor Bucegi.
Sunt pajişti cu vegetaţie relativ scundă
şi cu variaţii floristice mari, determinate
atât de înclinarea şi lăţimea brânelor cât şi
de profunzimea solului şi grosimea stratului de zăpadă din timpul iernii.
Dintre speciile edificatoare şi caracteristice se remarcă Sesleria rigida şi Carex
sempervirens, care sunt şi dominante. Alte
specii importante sunt: Alyssum repens,
Festuca amethystina, Helianthemum
alpestre, Dryas octopetala, Linum extraaxilare, Thymus pulcherrimus, Erigeron
uniflorus (Doniţă et al. 2005).
Sesleria rigida (xeromezofită-mezofită,
subtermofită) şi Carex sempervirens (mezofită, microtermic dependentă, oligotrofămezotrofă), ca specii dominante şi caracteristice, îşi dispută adesea arealul în funcţie
de microclimat. Astfel, Sesleria rigida preferă zonele potrivit de umede, înclinate,
unde şi stratul de zăpadă este mai subţire,
în timp ce Carex sempervirens preferă zonele cu umiditate mai ridicată, mai plane
şi acoperite cu strat gros de zăpadă peste
iarnă (Puşcaru et al. 1956).
Este un habitat cu valoare conservativă
semnificativă. Lista speciilor identificate în
urma evaluării a 34 de ploturi de la nivelul
platoului Munţilor Bucegi, include 78 de
taxoni, dintre care 30 cu valoare conservativă (plante rare, vulnerabile, endemice).
Dintre factorii antropici cu efecte negative asupra integrităţii acestui tip de habitat
se remarcă activităţile turistice asociate cu
recoltarea unor plante rare şi vulnerabile,
precum: Leontopodium alpinum, Nigritella
nigra, Nigritella rubra.
51
Tabel 4. Habitat 6170 – Pajişti calcifile alpine şi subalpine – lista taxonilor inventariaţi cu
prezentarea bioformei şi a caracteristicilor ecologice, subliniindu-se speciile caracteristice
şi dominante, precum şi cele cu valoare conservativă în conformitate cu Oltean et al.
(1994)
Table 4. Habitat 6170 – Alpine and subalpine calcareous grasslands – list of the recorded taxa
with life forms and ecological characteristics, highlighting dominant and characteristic
species, as well as the species with conservation value according to Oltean et al. (1994)
Taxa
Life form
Ecological characteristics
Humidity
mesophytemesohygrophyte
Temperature
microthermophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
eurithermophyte
Achillea schurii Sch.Bip. - R, End. S&E Carp.
H.; perennial
Acinos alpinus (L.) Moench
H.; perennial
Alyssum repens Baumg. - End. Carp.-Balc.
Ch.; perennial
euriphyte
eurithermophyte
Androsace chamaejasme Wulfen - V/R
Ch.; perennial
mesophyte
hekistothermophytepsichrothermophyte
Antennaria dioica (L.) Gaertn.
Ch.(H.); perennial
xeromesophyte
hekistothermophyte
Anthemis carpatica Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd.
H.; perennial
xeromesophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
Armeria alpina (DC.) Willd. - R
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
eurithermophyte
Artemisia eriantha Ten.
Ch.; perennial
xerophytexeromesophyte
hekistothermophyte
Asperula capitata Kit. ex Schult.
H.; perennial
xeromesophyte
microthermophyte
Bartsia alpina L.
H.; perennial
mesophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
Biscutella laevigata L.
H.; perennial
euriphyte
eurithermophyte
Botrychium lunaria (L.) Sw.
G.; perennial
xeromesophytemesophyte
microthermophyte
Campanula alpina Jacq.
H.; perennial
mesophyte
hekistothermophyte
Campanula cochleariifolia Lam.
H.; perennial
mesophyte
eurithermophyte
*Carex sempervirens Vill.
H.; perennial
mesophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
Cerastium alpinum L. subsp. lanatum
(Lam.) Asch. & Graebn.
Ch.; perennial
xeromesophytemesophyte
hekistothermophytepsichrothermophyte
Coeloglossum viride (L.) Hartm. - R
G.; perennial
mesophyte
microthermophyte
Draba kotschyi Stur - nt
Ch.; perennial
xeromesophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
*Dryas octopetala L.
Ch.; shrub
mesophyte
psichrothermophyte
Erigeron uniflorus L. - R
H.; perennial
mesophyte
hekistothermophytepsichrothermophyte
Festuca supina Schur [syn. Festuca ovina L.
var. supina (Schur) Hack.]
H.; perennial
mesophyte
psichrothermophyte
Festuca amethystina L. - R
H.; perennial
mesophyte
mesothermophyte
Festuca bucegiensis Markgraf-Dannenb. End. S. Carp.
H.; perennial
xeromesophyte
hekistothermophyte
Galium anisophyllon Vill.
Ch.; perennial
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesothermophyte
Gentiana nivalis L.
T.; annual
mesophyte
hekistothermophytepsichrothermophyte
52
Taxa
Life form
Ecological characteristics
Gentiana orbicularis Schur
H.; perennial
Humidity
mesophyte
Temperature
eurithermophyte
Gentiana verna L.
H.; perennial
mesophyte
eurithermophyte
Gymnadenia conopsea (L.) R.Br. subsp.
densiflora (Wahlenb.) K.Richt. - R
G.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
microthermophyte
Hedysarum hedysaroides
(L.) Schinz & Thell. - R
H.; perennial
mesophyte
microthermophytepsichrothermophyte
Helianthemum alpestre DC.
Ch.; undershrub
mesophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
Hieracium alpinum L.
H.; perennial
mesophyte
microthermophyte
Hieracium villosum Jacq.
H.; perennial
mesophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
Homogyne alpina (L.) Cass
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
Juniperus sibirica Lodd. in Burgsd.
Ph.; shrub
xeromesophytemesophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
Kernera saxatilis (L.) Sweet
H.; perennial
xeromesophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
Kobresia myosuroides (Vill.) Fiori - R
H.; perennial
mesophyte
hekistothermophyte
Larix decidua Mill. subsp. carpatica
(Domin) Šiman - R
Ph.; tree
mesophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
Leontopodium alpinum Colm. ex Cass. - V/R
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
Linum extraaxilare Kit. - nt, End. Carp.-Balc.
H.; perennial
xeromesophytemesophyte
eurithermophyte
Lloydia serotina (L.) Rchb. - R
G.; perennial
xeromesophyte
psichrothermophytehekistothermophyte
Loiseleuria procumbens (L.) Desv. - R
Ch.; shrub
xeromesophytemesophyte
psichrothermophyte
Minuartia recurva (All.) Schinz & Thell.
Ch.; perennial
xeromesophyte
psichrothermophytehekistothermophyte
Minuartia sedoides (L.) Hiern
Ch.; perennial
xeromesophytemesophyte
psichrothermophytemicrothermophyte
Minuartia setacea (Thuill.) Hayek subsp.
banatica (Rchb.) Nyár.
Ch.; perennial
xerophytexeromesophyte
eurithermophyte
Nigritella nigra (L.) Rchb. - V/R
G.; perennial
mesophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
Nigritella rubra (Wettst.) K.Richt. - V/R
G.; perennial
mesophyte
eurithermophyte
Oxytropis halleri Koch - R
H.; perennial
xeromesophyte
psichrothermophyte
Pedicularis verticillata L.
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
microthermophyte
Phyteuma confusum A.Kern. - R
H.; perennial
mesophyte
microthermophyte
Pinguicula alpina L. - R
H.; perennial
mesohygrophytehygrophyte
eurithermophyte
Pinguicula vulgaris L. - R
H.; perennial
mesohygrophytehygrophyte
eurithermophyte
Pinus mugo Turra
Ph.; shrub
mesophytemesohygrophyte
psichrothermophyte
Plantago atrata Hoppe - R
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
microthermophyte
Polygala amarella Crantz
H.(Ch.); perennial
mesohygrophyte
microthermophyte
53
Taxa
Life form
Ecological characteristics
Polygonum viviparum L.
G.; perennial
Humidity
mesophyte
Temperature
microthermophyte
Primula minima L.
H.; perennial
mesophyte
psichrothermophytehekistothermophyte
Pulsatilla micrantha Sweet
[syn. Pulsatilla alba Rchb.]
H.; perennial
mesophyte
microthermophyte
Ranunculus breyninus Crantz
H.; perennial
xeromesophytemesophyte
subthermophyte
Ranunculus montanus Willd. subsp.
pseudomontanus (Schur) Ciocârlan
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
microthermophyte
Rhododendron myrtifolium
Schott & Kotschy - V, End. Carp.-Balc.
Ph.; shrub
mesophyte
eurithermophyte
Salix herbacea L.
Ch.; undershrub
mesophytemesohygrophyte
hekistothermophyte
Salix reticulata L.
Ch.; shrub
mesophytemesohygrophyte
psichrothermophytehekistothermophyte
Salix retusa L. - R
Ch.; undershrub
mesophytemesohygrophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
Saxifraga corymbosa Boiss.
Ch.; perennial
xeromesophyte
hekistothermophyte
Saxifraga moschata Wulfen
Ch.; perennial
xeromesophyte
hekistothermophyte
Saxifraga oppositifolia L. - R, End. S&E Carp.
Ch.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
psichrothermophyte
Saxifraga paniculata Mill.
Ch.; perennial
xeromesophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
Sedum alpestre Vill.
Ch.; perennial
hygrophyte
microthermophytepsichrothermophyte
Sedum atratum L.
T.; annual
mesophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
Sesleria bielzii Schur - R, End. Carp.-Balc.
H.; perennial
mesophyte
psichrothermophyte
*Sesleria rigida
Heuff. ex Rchb. - End. Carp.-Balc.
H.; perennial
xeromesophytemesophyte
subthermophyte
Silene acaulis (L.) Jacq. s.l.
Ch.; perennial
xeromesophytemesophyte
hekistothermophyte
Thesium kernerianum Simonk. - R, End. Carp.
G.-H.; perennial
xeromesophyte
hekistothermophyte
Thymus alpestris (Celak.) Tausch ex A.Kern.
Ch.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
microthermophyte
Thymus pulcherrimus Schur - End. Carp.
Ch.; perennial
xeromesophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
Trifolium repens L. subsp. ochranthum
(K.Maly) Nyár.
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
eurithermophyte
Vaccinium uliginosum L. subsp.
microphyllum (Lange) Hultén - R
Ch.; undershrub
xeromesophytemesophyte
psichrothermophyte
Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.
Ch.(Ph.); (under)
shrub
mesophyte
microthermophyte
Viola alpina Jacq. - R
H.; perennial
xeromesophyte
psichrothermophytemicrothermophyte
* (text bold) – taxon caracteristic, taxon dominant / characteristic taxon, dominant taxon
nt (text bold) – taxon neameninţat / non-endangered taxon; R (text bold) – taxon rar / rare taxon; V (text bold) – taxon
vulnerabil / vulnerable taxon; End. (text bold) – taxon endemic / endemic taxon
54
Ansamblu / General view
Acinos alpinus, Minuartia recurva
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
55
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
Achillea schurii
Campanula cochleariifolia
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
56
Coeloglossum viride
(Foto Petronela Comănescu)
Hedysarum hedysaroides
Bartsia alpina
Kernera saxatilis
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
57
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
Hieracium alpinum
Festuca bucegiensis
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
Hedysarum hedysaroides, Linum extraaxilare
58
(Foto Marius Negulici)
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
Erigeron uniflorus
Leontopodium alpinum
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
59
Helianthemum alpestre
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
Silene acaulis, Gentiana verna
Minuartia recurva
Oxytropis halleri
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
60
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
Linum extraaxilare
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
Pinguicula alpina
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
Polygonum viviparum
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
Saxifraga paniculata
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
61
Foto Anca Sârbu
Habitat 6230*
Pajişti de Nardus bogate în specii,
pe substraturi silicatice din zone montane
(şi submontane, în Europa Continentala)
˘
Species-rich Nardus grasslands, on
siliceous substrates in mountain areas (and
sub-mountain areas, in Continental Europe)
În România, pajiştile de ţepoşică (nardete) sunt cele mai răspândite pajişti din
etajele montan şi subalpin, dar sunt
uneori frecvente şi în regiunile inferioare
(600-1600 m altitudine).
Suportă variaţii semnificative ale tem peraturii (media anuală între -1,5°C şi 6°C)
şi ale umidităţii (între 950 mm şi 1400 mm/
an) (Mountford et al. 2008). Această răspândire amplă a nardetelor se datorează
plasticităţii ecologice mari a speciei dominante – Nardus stricta, specie care se poate
dezvolta în condiţii ecologice foarte variate (terenuri mai uscate, terenuri mai
umede, temperaturi mai ridicate sau mai
62
In Romania, Nardus grasslands are the
most widespread grasslands in the
mountain and subalpine level, but are
also sometimes frequent in lower regions
(600-1600 m altitude).
They can cope with great variations in
temperature (annual average of -1.5°C and
6°C) and humidity (950-1400 mm/year)
(Mountford et al. 2008). This wide sprea ding of Nardus grasslands is possible thanks
to the great ecological plasticity of the
dominant species – Nardus stricta, which
can grow in very diverse ecological conditions (dry or wet areas, with low or high
temperatures). The dense tuft of Nardus is
63
well adapted to poorly aerated
soils, either compact or hardpacked, or too wet. However, the
species is not resistant to prolonged
drought or to long-term flooding.
Nardus stricta is oligotrophic, mycorrhizal and very competitive plant
(Puşcaru et al. 1956).
This type of habitat represents
about 35-40% of the pasture area of
the Bucegi Mountains. It grass-covers wide surfaces in the mountain to
alpine level (800-2070 m altitude), spreading over plateaus, slopes and mild crests.
The most widespread areas covered by
Nardus grasslands are found on the plateau
of the Bucegi Mountains. The vegetation
is short (15-20 cm tall), with a mountain
aspect and coloured dark-green. The edificatory species are Viola declinata and
Nardus stricta. Among the characteristic
species, Nardus stricta and Poa media were
identified on the plateau. Nardus stricta
(80-95%) and Festuca supina are the do minating species.
The great ecologic adaptive plasticity
of Nardus stricta facilitates its expansion
and the spread over new soils, acidic and
depleted of nutrients, where the initial
herbaceous vegetation finished its evolution. Thus, in the Nardus grasslands there
can often be found plant species left over
from previous pastures: Agrostis rupestris,
Festuca supina, Deschampsia cespitosa,
Festuca nigrescens, Poa molinerii etc.
The habitat is a priority for conservation at European level, having a moderate
conservation value (Doniţă et al. 2005). It
shelters endemic plants such as: Dianthus
glacialis subsp. gelidus, the species of
community interest Arnica montana, but
also numerous rare and vulnerable alpine
species. This type of habitat is severely
threatened by the effect of anthropogenic
activities such as: fairly intensive grazing
by a variety of animals (sheep, goats,
horses, cows, donkeys), uncontrolled tou -
Habitat 6230
scăzute). Tufa densă de Nardus este bine
adaptată la soluri slab aerisite, fie compacte şi bătătorite, fie prea umede. Nu este
însă o specie rezistentă la secetă prelungită
şi nici la inundare îndelungată. Nardus
stricta este plantă oligotrofă, micorizică şi
foarte competitivă (Puşcaru et al. 1956).
Acest tip de habitat reprezintă 35-40%
din suprafaţa păşunabilă a Munţilor Bucegi. Înierbează suprafeţe întinse din etajul
montan până în etajul alpin (800-2070 m
altitudine), ocupând platouri, versanţi,
coaste domoale. Suprafeţele cele mai întinse ocupate de pajiştile de Nardus sunt
localizate pe platoul Munţilor Bucegi. Vegetaţia este scundă (15-20 cm înălţime), cu
aspect montan şi culoare verde-închis.
Speciile edificatoare sunt Viola declinata
şi Nardus stricta. Dintre speciile caracteristice au fost identificate la nivelul zonei
de platou studiate Nardus stricta şi Poa
media. Domină Nardus stricta (80-95%) şi
Festuca supina.
Plasticitatea adaptativă ecologică semnificativă a speciei Nardus stricta permite
expansiunea şi ocuparea de terenuri noi,
acide şi epuizate de substanţe nutritive,
unde vegetaţia erbacee iniţială îşi încheie
evoluţia. În consecinţă, în pajiştile de Nardus se găsesc adesea specii de plante rămase
din pajiştile anterioare: Agrostis rupestris,
Festuca supina, Deschampsia cespitosa,
Festuca nigrescens, Poa molinerii etc.
Este un habitat european prioritar pentru conservare, cu valoare conservativă
moderată (Doniţă et al. 2005). Adăposteşte
plante endemice, precum: Dianthus glacialis subsp. gelidus, specia de interes co munitar Arnica montana, dar şi numeroase
specii alpine rare şi vulnerabile. Este un tip
de habitat puternic ameninţat de efectele
activităţilor umane, precum: păşunatul destul de intens şi cu o diversitate de animale
(oi, capre, cai, vaci, măgari), turismul necontrolat şi dezvoltarea unei infrastructuri
turistice din ce în ce mai ample.
Arnica montana (familia Asteraceae) este plantă erbacee perenă
cu tulpină neramificată, înaltă de
până la cca 50 cm, ce poartă terminal un singur antodiu mare, galben. Înfloreşte din iunie până în
august. Arnica este răspândită în
Europa şi Asia şi preferă pajiştile
şi tufărişurile din zona montană.
Faţă de factorii de mediu este mezofilă şi moderat acidofilă. Prelevarea din natură şi exploatarea
speciei, care este cunoscută pentru proprietăţile ei medicinale, se supune prevederilor
legislaţiei europene.
Habitat 6230
rism and the development of a growing
tourism infrastructure.
Arnica montana (the family Asteraceae)
is a perennial herbaceous plant with a unbranched stem, about 50 cm tall, terminally bearing a single, big, yellow head. It
flowers from June to August. Arnica is
spread throughout Europe and Asia and
prefers grasslands and heaths from the
mountain areas. In relation to the environmental factors it is mesophile and moderately acidophile. The collection and exploitation of the species, which is well-known
for its medicinal properties, is according to
European standards and legislation.
Tabel 5. Habitat 6230* – Pajişti de Nardus bogate în specii, pe substraturi silicatice din zone
montane (şi submontane, în Europa Continentală) – lista taxonilor inventariaţi cu prezentarea bioformei şi a caracteristicilor ecologice, subliniindu-se speciile caracteristice şi
dominante, precum şi cele cu valoare conservativă în conformitate cu Oltean et al. (1994)
Table 5. Habitat 6230* – Species-rich Nardus grasslands, on siliceous substrates in mountain
areas (and sub-mountain areas, in Continental Europe) – list of the recorded taxa
with life forms and ecological characteristics, highlighting dominant and characteristic
species, as well as the species with conservation value according to Oltean et al. (1994)
Taxa
Life form
Ecological characteristics
Agrostis rupestris All.
H.; perennial
Humidity
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophyte
Alchemilla glaucescens Wallr.
H.; perennial
mesoxerophyte
Alchemilla monticola Opiz
H.; perennial
Androsace chamaejasme Wulfen - V/R
Ch.; perennial
mesophytemesoxerophyte
mesophyte
Antennaria dioica (L.) Gaertn.
xeromesophyte
Anthoxanthum odoratum L.
Ch.(H.);
perennial
H.; perennial
microthermophytemesothermophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
hekistothermophytepsichrothermophyte
hekistothermophyte
mesophyte
eurithermophyte
Arenaria biflora L.
Ch.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
hekistothermophyte
Arenaria ciliata L.
Ch.; perennial
mesophyte
psichrothermophytehekistothermophyte
microthermophyte
Acinos alpinus (L.) Moench
H.; perennial
Arenaria rotundifolia M.Bieb.
Ch.; perennial
xeromesophyte
Arnica montana L. - V
H.; perennial
mesophyte
Bruckenthalia spiculifolia (Salisb.) Rchb.
Ph.(Ch.);
perennial
H.; perennial
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesophyte
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophyte
Campanula alpina Jacq.
Campanula patula L. subsp. abietina
(Griseb. & Schenk) Simonk. - End. Carp.-Balc.
Campanula serrata
(Kit. ex Schult.) Hendrych - End. Carp.
H.; perennial
64
Temperature
eurithermophyte
hekistothermophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
hekistothermophyte
microthermophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
Taxa
Life form
Ecological characteristics
G.; perennial
Humidity
xeromesophytemesophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesophyte
microthermophyte
G.; perennial
mesophyte
hekistothermophyte
Deschampsia cespitosa (L.) Beauv.
H.; perennial
eurithermophyte
Dianthus glacialis Haenke subsp. gelidus
(Schott, Nyman & Kotschy) Tutin - R, End. S&E Carp.
Erigeron uniflorus L. - R
H.; perennial
mesohygrophytehygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophyte
Cerastium alpinum L. subsp. lanatum
(Lam.) Asch. & Graebn.
Cerastium arvense L. s.l.
Ch.; perennial
Coeloglossum viride (L.) Hartm. - R
Crocus vernus (L.) Hill
Ch.; perennial
H.; perennial
Temperature
hekistothermophytepsichrothermophyte
eurithermophyte
hekistothermophyte
Festuca nigrescens Lam.
H.; perennial
mesophyte
hekistothermophytepsichrothermophyte
microthermophyte
*Festuca supina Schur
[syn. Festuca ovina L. var. supina (Schur) Hack.]
Galium anisophyllon Vill.
H.; perennial
mesophyte
psichrothermophyte
Ch.; perennial
mesothermophyte
Gentiana acaulis L. - R
H.; perennial
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesophyte
microthermophyte
Gentiana verna L.
H.; perennial
mesophyte
eurithermophyte
Geum montanum L.
H.; perennial
mesophyte
Gnaphalium supinum L.
H.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
Gnaphalium uliginosum L.
T.; annual
Gymnadenia conopsea
(L.) R.Br. subsp. conopsea - R
Helianthemum alpestre DC.
G.; perennial
Ch.; undershrub
mesohygrophytehygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
hekistothermophytepsichrothermophyte
mesothermophyte
Hieracium aurantiacum L.
H.; perennial
mesophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
microthermophyte
Homogyne alpina (L.) Cass
H.; perennial
Ligusticum mutellina Crantz
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesohygrophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
microthermophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
microthermophyte
microthermophyte
Luzula alpinopilosa (Chaix) Breistr. s.l.
H.; perennial
Luzula luzuloides (Lam.) Dandy & Wilmott
H.; perennial
Luzula multiflora (Ehrh.) Lej. s.l.
H.; perennial
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesophyte
Luzula spicata (L.) DC. s.l.
H.; perennial
mesophyte
Luzula sudetica (Willd.) Schult.
H.; perennial
mesophyte
psichrothermophytehekistothermophyte
microthermophyte
Minuartia sedoides (L.) Hiern
Ch.; perennial
Minuartia verna (L.) Hiern
Ch.; perennial
xeromesophytemesophyte
xeromesophyte
psichrothermophytemicrothermophyte
eurithermophyte
*Nardus stricta L.
H.; perennial
eurithermophyte
Nigritella nigra (L.) Rchb. - V/R
G.; perennial
xeromesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophyte
Nigritella rubra (Wettst.) K.Richt. - V/R
G.; perennial
mesophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
eurithermophyte
Oxytropis halleri Koch - R
H.; perennial
xeromesophyte
psichrothermophyte
Phyteuma orbiculare L.
H.; perennial
microthermophyte
Pinguicula vulgaris L. - R
H.; perennial
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesohygrophytehygrophyte
65
eurithermophyte
Taxa
Life form
Ecological characteristics
Humidity
mesophyte
Temperature
eurithermophyte
microthermophyte
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophyte
H.; perennial
xeromesophyte
microthermophyte
Polygonum bistorta L.
G.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
Polygonum viviparum L.
G.; perennial
mesophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
microthermophyte
Potentilla ternata Freyn
H.; perennial
mesophyte
Primula minima L.
H.; perennial
mesophyte
Poa alpina L.
H.; perennial
Poa hybrida Gaudich.
H.; perennial
Poa media Schur
Poa molinerii Balb. s.l. - R
microthermophyte
Pseudorchis albida (L.) Á.Löve & D.Löve - R
G.; perennial
mesophyte
microthermophytepsichrothermophyte
psichrothermophytehekistothermophyte
microthermophyte
Pulsatilla micrantha Sweet
[syn. Pulsatilla alba Rchb.]
Ranunculus breyninus Crantz
H.; perennial
mesophyte
microthermophyte
H.; perennial
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophyte
subthermophyte
eurithermophyte
mesohygrophyte
mesothermophyte
Ranunculus montanus Willd. subsp.
pseudomontanus (Schur) Ciocârlan
Rhododendron myrtifolium
Schott & Kotschy - V, End. Carp.-Balc.
Sagina procumbens L.
H.; perennial
Ph.; shrub
microthermophyte
Saxifraga moschata Wulfen
H.(Ch.);
perennial
Ch.; perennial
xeromesophyte
hekistothermophyte
Scleranthus perennis L.
H.; perennial
mesophyte
eurithermophyte
Sedum alpestre Vill.
Ch.; perennial
hygrophyte
Sedum atratum L.
T.; annual
mesophyte
Soldanella hungarica Simonk.
H.; perennial
Tephroseris capitata
(Wahlenb.) Griseb. & Schenk.
Thlaspi dacicum Heuff. s.l. - R, S&E Carp.
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophyte
microthermophytepsichrothermophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
microthermophyte
H.(Ch.);
perennial
H.; perennial
mesophyte
Thymus alpestris (Celak.) Tausch ex A.Kern.
Ch.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
Trifolium repens L. subsp. ochranthum
(K.Maly) Nyár.
Vaccinium myrtillus L.
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
xeromesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesohygrophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
hekistothermophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
mesothermophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
microthermophyte
Thlaspi kovatsii Heuff.
Veratrum album L. s.l.
Ch.(Ph.);
(under) shrub
H.; perennial
Veronica alpina L. - R
H.; perennial
Veronica bellidioides L.
H.; perennial
Veronica serpyllifolia L. s.l.
H.; perennial
*Viola declinata Waldst. & Kit.
H.; perennial
xeromesophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
microthermophyte
eurithermophyte
microthermophyte
* (text bold) – taxon caracteristic, taxon dominant / characteristic taxon, dominant taxon
nt (text bold) – taxon neameninţat / non-endangered taxon; R (text bold) – taxon rar / rare taxon; V (text bold) – taxon
vulnerabil / vulnerable taxon; End. (text bold) – taxon endemic / endemic taxon
66
Ansamblu / General view
Antennaria dioica
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
67
Luzula luzuloides
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
Arnica montana
Arnica montana
(Foto Marius Negulici)
Campanula patula subsp. abietina
68
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
Gentiana acaulis
Geum montanum
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
69
Poa molinerii
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
Antennaria dioica, Phyteuma orbiculare
Gnaphalium supinum
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
70
(Foto Petronela Comănescu)
Geum montanum
Ansamblu / General view
Nigritella rubra
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
71
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
Pulsatilla micrantha
Pseudorchis albida
Ranunculus montanus subsp. pseudomontanus
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
72
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
Pinguicula vulgaris
Pseudorchis albida
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
73
Viola declinata
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
Foto Paulina Anastasiu
Habitat 6430
˘¸ de liziera
˘ cu ierburi înalte higrofile, de
Comunitati
˘ în cel alpin
la câmpie şi din etajul montan pâna
Hydrophilous tall herb fringe communities of
plain and of the montane to alpine levels
Habitatul cuprinde grupările de buruienişuri înalte din lungul apelor curgătoare,
de pe marginea pâraielor, a izvoarelor,
din văile abrupte şi umede, din jgheaburile şi hornurile umbrite. În general, preferă condiţii de umiditate atmosferică
ridicată şi temperaturi medii anuale cuprinse între -1,5°C şi 7,5°C, în funcţie de comunităţile vegetale care îl constituie.
74
The habitat comprises of the tall forbs
groupings found along rivers, on the
banks of streams and springs, in abrupt
and humid valleys, and in shaded gutters
and chimneys. They generally prefer high
humidity atmospheric conditions and
average annual temperatures between
-1.5°C and 7.5°C, depending on the vegetal
communities that make it up.
Habitat 6430 can be found in the
form of strips of different widths all
across the Carpathian chain, up to
2200 m altitude (Doniţă et al. 2005).
The habitat has a great conservation value due to the fact that it
shelters the protected species Ligularia sibirica (Doniţă et al. 2005).
In the Bucegi Mountains, between Bolboci and Dobreşti, this
habitat was identified along the
river Ialomiţa and the other streams
which the river collects, where it occupies
limited areas on the edge of the forests it
comes into contact with. The characteristic
species of this habitat are: Adenostyles alliariae, Cicerbita alpina, Doronicum austriacum, Cirsium waldsteinii. These are
mesohygrophytes and microthermic dependent.
At the edge of habitat 9410, downstream of Zănoaga Gorges, Ligularia sibirica was identified, a species of community interest, perennial microthermophyte.
Other species with conservative value recorded in this type of habitat are: Coelo glossum viride, Dactylorhiza fuchsii,
Hepatica transsilvanica, Leucanthemum
rotundifolium, Streptopus amplexifolius.
Of the species with a possible negative
impact, Urtica dioica and Erigeron annuus
were found, but these only have a sporadic
presence.
Ligularia sibirica (the family Astera ceae) is a perennial herbaceous plant, with
an up to 120 cm tall stem, long-petiole,
cordate, serrated basal and lower stem
leaves, and short-petiole to sessile upper
leaves. The heads are big, yellow, grouped
in simple racemes. It flowers in July-August. The species is spread in Europe and
Asia, in the mountain and subalpine areas,
where they prefer the swampy habitates,
the heaths along valleys. In relation to the
environmental factors, it is mesohygrophyte-hygrophyte and microthermophyte.
Habitat 6430
Habitatul 6430 poate fi întâlnit, sub
forma unor fâşii de lăţime variabilă, în tot
lungul lanţului carpatic, până la cca 2200 m
altitudine (Doniţă et al. 2005). Valoarea
conservativă a habitatului este considerată
mare doar dacă adăposteşte specia protejată Ligularia sibirica (Doniţă et al. 2005).
În Bucegi, între Bolboci şi Dobreşti,
acest habitat a fost identificat de-a lungul
râului Ialomiţa şi a pâraielor pe care le colectează, unde ocupă suprafeţe restrânse în
liziera pădurilor cu care interferează. Speciile caracteristice acestui tip de habitat
sunt: Adenostyles alliariae, Cicerbita
alpina, Doronicum austriacum, Cirsium
waldsteinii. Acestea sunt mezohigrofite şi
microtermic dependente.
La liziera habitatului 9410, în aval de
Cheile Zănoagei, a fost identificată Ligularia sibirica, specie de interes comunitar,
microtermofită perenă. Alte specii cu valoare conservativă întâlnite în acest habitat
sunt: Coeloglossum viride, Dactylorhiza
fuchsii, Hepatica transsilvanica, Leucanthemum rotundifolium, Streptopus amplexifolius.
Dintre speciile cu posibil impact negativ au fost notate Urtica dioica şi Erigeron
annuus, care au însă doar o prezenţă sporadică.
Ligularia sibirica (familia Asteraceae)
este plantă erbacee perenă, cu tulpină
înaltă de până la 120 cm, frunze bazale şi
tulpinale inferioare lung peţiolate, cordate,
mărunt dinţate pe margini şi frunze superioare scurt peţiolate până la sesile. Antodiile sunt mari, galbene, grupate în raceme
simple.
Înfloreşte în iulie-august. Specia este
răspândită în Europa şi Asia, în zona montană şi subalpină unde preferă habitatele
mlăştinoase, buruienişurile din lungul văilor. Faţă de factorii de mediu este mezohigrofită-higrofită şi microtermofită.
75
Tabel 6. Habitat 6430 – Comunităţi de lizieră cu ierburi înalte higrofile, de la câmpie şi din
etajul montan până în cel alpin – lista taxonilor inventariaţi cu prezentarea bioformei
şi a caracteristicilor ecologice, subliniindu-se speciile caracteristice şi dominante, precum
şi cele cu valoare conservativă în conformitate cu Oltean et al. (1994)
Table 6. Habitat 6430 – Hydrophilous tall herb fringe communities of plain and of the montane to alpine levels – list of the recorded taxa with life forms and ecological characteristics, highlighting dominant and characteristic species, as well as the species with
conservation value according to Oltean et al. (1994)
Taxa
Ecological characteristics
Life form
Humidity
mesohygrophyte
Temperature
mesothermophyte
Adoxa moschatellina L.
G.; perennial
*Adenostyles alliariae (Gouan) A.Kern.
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
microthermophyte
Aegopodium podagraria L.
H.(G.); perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesothermophyte
Ajuga reptans L.
H.; perennial
mesophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
Alnus viridis (Chaix) DC.
Ph.; shrub
mesophytemesohygrophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm.
Ht.-H.; biannualperennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesothermophyte
Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth
H.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
Bellis perennis L.
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
microthermophyte
Brachypodium sylvaticum
(Huds.) P.Beauv.
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesothermophyte
Caltha palustris L.
H.; perennial
hygrophyte
microthermophyte
Campanula patula L. subsp. abietina
(Griseb. & Schenk) Simonk. - End.
Carp.-Balc.
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
microthermophyte
Cardamine amara L.
H.; perennial
hygrophyte
eurithermophyte
Carex hirta L.
G.; perennial
euriphyte
mesothermophyte
Carex sylvatica Huds.
H.(HH.); perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesothermophyte
Centaurea triumfetti All.
H.; perennial
xeromesophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
Cerastium arvense L. s.l.
Ch.; perennial
xeromesophytemesophyte
eurithermophyte
Chaerophyllum hirsutum L.
H.; perennial
mesohygrophytehygrophyte
mesothermophyte
Chamaerion angustifolium (L.) Holub
H.; perennial
mesophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
Chrysosplenium alternifolium L.
H.; perennial
mesohygrophytehygrophyte
microthermophyte
*Cicerbita alpina (L.) Wallr.
H.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
microthermophyte
Circaea lutetiana L.
G.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
mesothermophyte
Cirsium erisithales (Jacq.) Scop.
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesothermophyte
*Cirsium waldsteinii Rouy
H.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
microthermophyte
76
Taxa
Life form
Ecological characteristics
Clematis alpina (L.) Mill.
Ph.; perennial
Humidity
mesophyte
Temperature
microthermophyte
Coeloglossum viride (L.) Hartm. - R
G.; perennial
mesophyte
microthermophyte
Cortusa matthioli L.
H.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
microthermophyte
Dactylorhiza fuchsii (Druce) Soó - R
G.; perennial
mesophyte
eurithermophyte
Daphne mezereum L.
Ph.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesothermophyte
Delphinium elatum L. subsp. elatum
H.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
microthermophyte
Dentaria glandulosa Waldst. & Kit.
[syn. Cardamine glanduligera O.Schwarz] End. Carp.
G.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
Digitalis grandiflora Mill.
H.; perennial
mesophyte
mesothermophyte
*Doronicum austriacum Jacq.
G.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
microthermophyte
Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott
H.; perennial
mesophyte
mesothermophyte
Equisetum arvense L.
G.; perennial
mesophyte
mesothermophyte
Equisetum hyemale L.
G.; perennial
hygrophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
Equisetum sylvaticum L.
G.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
microthermophyte
Epilobium montanum L.
H.; perennial
mesophyte
eurithermophyte
Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. s.l.
T.-Ht.-H.; annualbiannual-perennial
mesohygrophyte
eurithermophyte
Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim.
H.; perennial
mesohygrophytehygrophyte
microthermophyte
Fragaria vesca L.
H.; perennial
mesophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
Galeopsis speciosa Mill.
T.; annual
mesophyte
microthermophyte
Gentiana asclepiadea L.
H.; perennial
mesohygrophytehygrophyte
microthermophyte
Geranium phaeum L.
H.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
mesothermophyte
Geranium robertianum L.
T.-Ht.; annualwinter annual
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesothermophyte
Geranium sylvaticum L.
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
microthermophyte
Geum rivale L.
H.; perennial
mesohygrophytehygrophyte
eurithermophyte
Gymnocarpium robertianum
(Hoffm.) Newman
G.; perennial
mesophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
Hepatica transsilvanica
Fuss - nt, End. S&E Carp.
H.; perennial
mesophyte
microthermophyte
Hieracium aurantiacum L.
H.; perennial
mesophyte
microthermophyte
Hieracium transsilvanicum Heuff.
H.; perennial
mesophyte
eurithermophyte
Hypericum maculatum Crantz
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesothermophyte
Juncus articulatus L.
H.; perennial
mesohygrophytehygrophyte
microthermophyte
Lamium maculatum (L.) L. subsp.
maculatum
H.(Ch.); perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesothermophyte
77
Taxa
Life form
Ecological characteristics
Humidity
mesophytemesohygrophyte
Temperature
microthermophyte
H.; perennial
mesohygrophytehygrophyte
microthermophyte
Lilium martagon L.
G.; perennial
mesophyte
eurithermophyte
Luzula luzuloides
(Lam.) Dandy & Wilmott
H.; perennial
xeromesophytemesophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
Medicago lupulina L.
T.-H.; annualperennial
xeromesophytemesohygrophyte
mesothermophyte
Myosotis nemorosa Besser
Ht.-H.; biannualperennial
hygrophyte
mesothermophyte
Myosotis sylvatica Ehrh. ex Hoffm.
Ht.; biannual
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesothermophyte
Oxalis acetosella L.
H.(G.); perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesothermophyte
Paris quadrifolia L.
G.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
eurithermophyte
Petasites kablikianus Tausch ex Bercht.
G.; perennial
mesohygrophytehygrophyte
eurithermophyte
Leucanthemum rotundifolium DC. - R
H.; perennial
Ligularia sibirica (L.) Cass. - R
Plantago major L. s.l.
H.; perennial
mesophyte
eurithermophyte
Poa nemoralis L.
H.; perennial
mesophyte
mesothermophyte
Polygonatum verticillatum (L.) All.
G.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
Polygonum bistorta L.
G.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
Potentilla erecta (L.) Raeusch.
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
microthermophyte
Primula elatior Hill
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesothermophyte
Primula veris L.
H.; perennial
mesophyte
microthermophyte
Prunella vulgaris L.
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesothermophyte
Pulmonaria rubra
Schott - End. Carp.-Balc.
H.; perennial
mesophyte
microthermophyte
Ranunculus acris L. s.l.
H.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
eurithermophyte
Ranunculus platanifolius L.
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
Ranunculus repens L.
H.; perennial
mesohygrophytehygrophyte
eurithermophyte
Ribes petraeum Wulfen
Ph.; shrub
mesophytemesohygrophyte
microthermophyte
Rosa pendulina L.
Ph.; shrub
mesophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
Rubus idaeus L.
Ph.; shrub
mesophyte
mesothermophyte
Rumex acetosa L.
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
eurithermophyte
Rumex alpinus L.
H.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
microthermophyte
Salix caprea L.
Ph.; tree
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesothermophyte
78
Taxa
Life form
Ecological characteristics
Humidity
mesophytemesohygrophyte
Temperature
microthermophyte
Ht.; biannual
xerophytexeromesophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
Scirpus sylvaticus L.
G.; perennial
hygrophyte
mesothermophyte
Scrophularia nodosa L.
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte,
hygrophyte
mesothermophyte
Sedum telephium L. s.l.
H.; perennial
mesophyte
mesothermophyte
Senecio ovatus Willd.
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesothermophyte
Silene pusilla Waldst. & Kit. subsp. pusilla
Ch.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
microthermophyte
Soldanella hungarica Simonk.
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
microthermophyte
Solidago virgaurea L.
H.; perennial
xeromesophytemesophyte
microthermophyte
Sorbus aucuparia L. subsp. aucuparia juv.
Ph.; tree
mesophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
Spiraea chamaedryfolia L.
Ph.; shrub
mesophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
Stellaria nemorum L.
H.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
mesothermophyte
Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC. - R
G.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
microthermophyte
Symphytum tuberosum L.
H.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
mesothermophyte
Taraxacum officinale
(L.) Weber ex F.H.Wigg.
H.; perennial
xeromesophytemesophyte
eurithermophyte
Thalictrum aquilegiifolium L.
H.; perennial
xeromesophytemesophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
Trifolium pratense L. s.l.
H.; perennial
xeromesophytemesophyte
eurithermophyte
Trifolium repens L. subsp. repens
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
eurithermophyte
Tussilago farfara L.
G.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesothermophyte
Urtica dioica L.
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesothermophyte
Valeriana sambucifolia Mikan f.
H.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
microthermophyte
Veratrum album L. s.l.
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
Veronica chamaedrys L. s.l.
H.-Ch.; perennial
xeromesophytemesophyte
eurithermophyte
Veronica officinalis L.
Ch.; perennial
mesophyte
microthermophyte
Salix silesiaca Willd.
Ph.; shrub
Saxifraga adscendens L.
Viola biflora L.
H.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
microthermophyte
Viola elatior Fr.
H.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
subthermophyte
* (text bold) – taxon caracteristic, taxon dominant / characteristic taxon, dominant taxon
nt (text bold) – taxon neameninţat / non-endangered taxon; R (text bold) – taxon rar / rare taxon; End. (text bold) – taxon
endemic / endemic taxon
79
Ansamblu / General view
Coeloglossum viride
(Foto Paulina Anastasiu)
(Foto Paulina Anastasiu)
80
Cirsium waldsteinii
(Foto Paulina Anastasiu)
Geum rivale
Ligularia sibirica
(Foto Paulina Anastasiu)
Cicerbita alpina, Doronicum austriacum, Cirsium waldsteinii
81
(Foto Paulina Anastasiu)
(Foto Paulina Anastasiu)
Senecio ovatus
Veronica chamaedrys
(Foto Paulina Anastasiu)
Delphinium elatum subsp. elatum
82
(Foto Paulina Anastasiu)
(Foto Paulina Anastasiu)
Filipendula ulmaria, Aegopodium podagraria, Geranium sylvaticum
(Foto Paulina Anastasiu)
Veratrum album
(Foto Paulina Anastasiu)
(Foto Paulina Anastasiu)
83
Equisetum sylvaticum
Foto Anca Sârbu
Habitat 6520
¸ montane
Fânete
Mountain hay meadows
Sunt răspândite în etajul montan inferior
şi mijlociu al Carpaţilor din România, la
altitudini cuprinse în general între 400 m
şi 800 m.
Sunt alcătuite din specii care necesită
temperaturi medii anuale cuprinse între 6°C
și 7°C şi precipitaţii de 700-800 mm/an.
Preferă versanţi puţin înclinaţi, cu expoziţie nordică sau nord-estică, substrat repre-
They are spread in the lower and middle
mountain level of the Romanian Carpathians, at altitudes of between 400 m
and 800 m.
84
They comprise of species that require
average annual temperatures between 6°C
and 7°C and rainfall of about 700-800 mm/
year. Mountain hay meadows prefer slopes
with low inclination, with northern and
north-eastern exposure, with a substrate represented by schist and
conglomerates and soils rich in nutrient substances, moderately moist,
neutral to slightly acidic (Doniţă et
al. 2005).
This type of habitat was identified in Poiana Stânii Regale (Royal
Sheepfold Meadow) where it is edified by species such as: Trisetum
flavescens subsp. flavescens, Cerastium holosteoides, Anthoxanthum
odoratum, Briza media, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca pratensis. The characteristic
species are Trisetum flavescens subsp.
flavescens and Cerastium holosteoides.
Although this habitat is considered to
have a low conservation value (Doniţă et
al. 2005), in the case of the hay meadow at
Poiana Stânii Regale we can talk about a
great conservation value, given by the
presence of the species Campanula serrata
and Gentiana lutea, which are of interest
at community level, but also by the presence of numerous rare and vulnerable
species: Campanula patula subsp. abietina,
Carduus kerneri subsp. kerneri, Dianthus
barbatus subsp. compactus, Centaurea kotschyana, Crocus banaticus, Dactylorhiza
fuchsii, Dactylorhiza maculata, Dactylorhiza saccifera, Eriophorum angustifolium,
Gymnadenia conopsea, Phyteuma vagneri,
Platanthera bifolia, Traunsteinera globosa, Trollius europaeus, Viola dacica.
Tourism is among the most significant
anthropogenic factors with a negative impact on the integrity of this type of habitat.
In addition to tourist activities, other factors with negative consequences are the collection of rare and vulnerable plants such as
Trollius europaeus and of orchid species,
but also the presence of some species untypical of this type of hay meadow, such
as: Rumex alpinus, Urtica dioica, Brassica
rapa subsp. campestris, Cirsium arvense,
Nardus stricta, Veratrum album and Jun-
Habitat 6520
zentat de şisturi sau conglomerate şi soluri
bogate în substanţe nutritive, moderat
umede, neutre până la slab acide (Doniţă
et al. 2005).
Acest tip de habitat a fost identificat în
Poiana Stânii Regale unde este edificat de
specii, precum: Trisetum flavescens subsp.
flavescens, Cerastium holosteoides, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Briza media, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca pratensis.
Speciile caracteristice sunt Trisetum flavescens subsp. flavescens şi Cerastium holosteoides.
Deşi se consideră că habitatul are valoare conservativă redusă (Doniţă et al.
2005), în cazul fâneţei din Poiana Stânii
Regale se poate vorbi de o valoare conservativă ridicată, dată de prezenţa speciilor
de interes comunitar Campanula serrata şi
Gentiana lutea, dar şi de prezenţa a numeroase specii rare şi vulnerabile: Campanula patula subsp. abietina, Carduus
kerneri subsp. kerneri, Dianthus barbatus
subsp. compactus, Centaurea kotschyana,
Crocus banaticus, Dactylorhiza fuchsii,
Dactylorhiza maculata, Dactylorhiza saccifera, Eriophorum angustifolium, Gymnadenia conopsea, Phyteuma vagneri,
Platanthera bifolia, Traunsteinera globosa, Trollius europaeus, Viola dacica.
Dintre factorii antropici cu efecte negative asupra integrităţii acestui tip de habitat
se remarcă în principal activităţile turistice.
Acestea sunt asociate cu recoltarea unor
plante rare şi vulnerabile, precum Trollius
europaeus şi specii de orhidee, dar şi cu
prezenţa unor plante nespecifice acestei fâneţe, precum: Rumex alpinus, Urtica dioica,
Brassica rapa subsp. campestris, Cirsium
arvense, Nardus stricta, Veratrum album
sau specia de origine americană Juncus tenuis. Păşunatul cu animale exotice (reni,
ponei) ar putea reprezenta, de asemenea,
un factor de ameninţare pentru această fâ85
Habitat 6520
cus tenuis, a species of American origins.
Exotic animal grazing (reindeers, ponies)
could also represent a threatening factor
for this hay meadow, together with the lack
of an adequate mowing management strategy and the performing of winter activities (for example, sledding).
Gentiana lutea (the family Gentianaceae) is a perennial herbaceous plant, up
to about 140 cm tall. The stem is straight,
thick, covered by big, opposite leaves with
prominent, almost parallel nerves. The flo wers are big, yellow, arranged in the form
of clusters in the leaves’ axil. It flowers in
June-July. The Yellow Gentian is spread in
central and southern Europe, and in Asia
Minor, where it prefers the mountain and
alpine meadows. In relation to the environmental factors, it is mesophyte and microthermophyte. The collection and
exploitation of the species, which is known
for its medicinal properties, is according to
European law.
neaţă, alături de lipsa unui management adecvat al cosirilor, dar şi
de practicarea unor activităţi pe
timpul iernii (ex. săniuş).
Gentiana lutea (familia Gentianaceae) este plantă erbacee perenă,
înaltă de până la cca 140 cm. Tulpina este dreaptă, groasă, îmbrăcată de frunze mari, dispuse opus,
cu nervuri proeminente, aproape
paralele. Florile sunt mari, galbene, dispuse sub formă de glomerule în axilele frunzelor. Înfloreşte în
iunie-iulie. Ghinţura galbenă este răspândită în partea centrală şi de sud a Europei,
în Asia Mică, unde preferă pajiştile montane şi alpine. Faţă de factorii de mediu
este mezofită şi microtermofită. Prelevarea
din natură şi exploatarea speciei, care este
cunoscută pentru proprietăţile ei medicinale, se supune prevederilor legislaţiei europene.
Tabel 7. Habitat 6520 – Fâneţe montane – lista taxonilor inventariaţi cu prezentarea bioformei
şi a caracteristicilor ecologice, subliniindu-se speciile caracteristice şi dominante, precum
şi cele cu valoare conservativă în conformitate cu Oltean et al. (1994)
Table 7. Habitat 6520 – Mountain hay meadows – list of the recorded taxa with life forms and
ecological characteristics, highlighting dominant and characteristic species, as well as
the species with conservation value according to Oltean et al. (1994)
Taxa
Life form
Acer pseudoplatanus L. juv.
Ph.; tree
Achillea distans Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd.
H.; perennial
Acinos alpinus (L.) Moench
H.; perennial
Aconitum vulparia Reichenb. subsp. vulparia
H.; perennial
Aegopodium podagraria L.
H.(G.); perennial
Agrostis capillaris L. s.l.
Agrostis stolonifera L. subsp. stolonifera
Ajuga reptans L.
H.(G.); perennial
H.; perennial
H.; perennial
Alchemilla colorata Buser
H.; perennial
Alchemilla mollis (Buser) Rothm.
H.; perennial
86
Ecological characteristics
Humidity
mesophytemesohygrophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesohygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
euriphyte
mesohygrophyte
mesophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
Temperature
mesothermophyte
mesothermophyte
eurithermophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
mesothermophyte
eurithermophyte
eurithermophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
Taxa
Alopecurus pratensis L.
Anthoxanthum odoratum L.
Anthyllis vulneraria L. s.l.
Arabis hirsuta (L.) Scop.
Arrhenatherum elatius
(L.) Beauv. ex J. & C.Presl subsp. elatius
Astrantia major L. subsp. major
Life form
H.; perennial
H.; perennial
H.; perennial
Ht.-H.; biannual,
perennial
H.; perennial
Humidity
mesohygrophyte
mesophyte
xeromesophyte
xerophytexeromesophyte
mesophyte
Temperature
mesothermophyte
eurithermophyte
eurithermophyte
mesothermophyte
mesothermophyte
Avenula planiculmis
(Schrad.) W.Sauer & Chmel.
Avenula praeusta (Rchb.) Holub. subsp.
adsurgens (Simonk.) Soó
Brassica rapa L. subsp. campestris
(L.) A.R.Clapham
Briza media L.
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophyte
H.; perennial
xeromesophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
microthermophyte
T.; annual
mesophyte
mesothermophyte
H.; perennial
eurithermophyte
Bromus ramosus Huds.
Bupleurum sibthorpianum
Sm. - End. Carp.-Balc.
Calamagrostis arundinacea (L.) Roth
H.; perennial
H.; perennial
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesophyte
xeromesophyte
Caltha palustris L.
Campanula glomerata L. s.l.
H.; perennial
H.; perennial
Campanula patula L. subsp. abietina
(Griseb. & Schenk) Simonk. - End. Carp.-Balc.
Campanula persicifolia L.
H.; perennial
Campanula serrata
(Kit. ex Schult.) Hendrych - End. Carp.
Campanula sibirica L. s.l.
Cardamine impatiens L.
Carduus kerneri Simonk. subsp. kerneri End. Carp.-Balc.
Carex flava L. s.str.
H.; perennial
Ecological characteristics
H.; perennial
H.; perennial
H.; perennial
Ht.; biannual
Ht.; winter
annual, biannual
H.; perennial
xeromesophytemesophyte
hygrophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesohygrophyte
Carex fusca All.
Carex pallescens L.
G.; perennial
H.; perennial
Carlina acaulis L. s.l.
H.; monocarpous
Centaurea kotschyana
Heuffel - End. Carp.-Balc.
Centaurea phrygia L.
H.; perennial
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesohygrophytehygrophyte
mesohygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
xeromesophyte
H.; perennial
mesophyte
*Cerastium holosteoides Fries ampl. Hyl.
mesophyte
Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.
H.-Ch; biannualperennial
G.; perennial
Cirsium erisithales (Jacq.) Scop.
H.; perennial
Cirsium waldsteinii Rouy
H.; perennial
H.; perennial
87
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesohygrophyte
mesothermophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
mesothermophyte
microthermophyte
mesothermophyte
microthermophyte
mesothermophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
subthermophyte
mesothermophyte
microthermophyte
mesothermophyte
mesothermophyte
mesothermophyte
eurithermophyte
subthermophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
eurithermophyte
mesothermophyte
mesothermophyte
microthermophyte
Taxa
Life form
Ecological characteristics
Clinopodium vulgare L.
H.; perennial
Colchicum autumnale L.
G.; perennial
Coronilla varia L.
Crepis biennis L.
Crocus banaticus J.Gay - End. Carp.
Crocus vernus (L.) Hill
Cruciata glabra (L.) Ehrend.
Cuscuta europaea L. subsp. europaea
Cynosurus cristatus L.
Dactylis glomerata L. s.l.
H.; perennial
Ht.; biannual
G.; perennial
G.; perennial
H.; perennial
T.; annual
H.; perennial
H.; perennial
Dactylorhiza saccifera (Brongn.) Soó - R
Dactylorhiza maculata (L.) Soó subsp.
maculata - R
Dactylorhiza fuchsii (Druce) Soó - R
Dentaria bulbifera L.
[syn. Cardamine bulbifera (L.) Crantz]
Dianthus barbatus L. subsp. compactus
(Kit.) Heuffel - R
Digitalis grandiflora Mill.
Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott
Epilobium alpestre (Jacq.) Kroker
G.; perennial
G.; perennial
Humidity
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
xeromesophyte
mesophyte
mesophyte
mesophyte
mesophyte
mesohygrophyte
mesophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesohygrophyte
mesohygrophyte
G.; perennial
G.; perennial
mesophyte
mesophyte
eurithermophyte
mesothermophyte
Ch.; perennial
xeromesophyte
mesothermophyte
H.; perennial
H.; perennial
H.; perennial
mesothermophyte
mesothermophyte
microthermophyte
Epilobium lamyi F.W.Schultz
H.; perennial
mesophyte
mesophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
euriphyte
Equisetum arvense L.
Equisetum palustre L.
Eriophorum angustifolium Honck.
G.; perennial
G.; perennial
HG.(HH.);
perennial
Ch.; perennial
mesophyte
hygrophyte
mesohygrophytehygrophyte
mesophyte
Euphorbia amygdaloides L.
Euphrasia officinalis L. subsp. pratensis
Schübler & Martens
Euphrasia stricta D.Wolff ex J.F.Lehm
Fallopia dumetorum (L.) Holub.
T.; annual
mesophyte
T.; annual
T.; annual
Festuca gigantea (L.) Vill.
Festuca rubra L.
Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim.
H.; perennial
H.; perennial
H.; perennial
Galanthus nivalis L.
G.; perennial
Galeopsis bifida Boenn.
Galeopsis speciosa Mill.
Galium album Mill. subsp. album
T.; annual
T.; annual
H.; perennial
Galium schultesii Vest
G.; perennial
Galium verum L. subsp. verum
H.; perennial
Gentiana lutea L. - V/R
H.; perennial
mesophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesohygrophyte
mesophyte
mesohygrophytehygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophyte
mesophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesophyte
88
Temperature
mesothermophyte
mesothermophyte
mesothermophyte
mesothermophyte
mesothermophyte
hekistothermophyte
mesothermophyte
eurithermophyte
mesothermophyte
eurithermophyte
microthermophyte
microthermophyte
mesothermophytesubthermophyte
mesothermophyte
microthermophyte
mesothermophyte
mesothermophytesubthermophyte
mesothermophyte
mesothermophyte
mesothermophyte
mesothermophyte
eurithermophyte
microthermophyte
mesothermophyte
eurithermophyte
microthermophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
mesothermophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
microthermophyte
Taxa
Life form
Gentianella austriaca (A. & J. Kerner) Holub
Geranium phaeum L.
Geranium pratense L.
Ht.; biannual
H.; perennial
H.; perennial
Geranium sylvaticum L.
H.; perennial
Geum rivale L.
H.; perennial
Gladiolus imbricatus L.
G.; perennial
Gymnadenia conopsea (L.) R.Br. subsp.
conopsea - R
Helianthemum nummularium (L.) Mill. s.l.
G.; perennial
Helleborus purpurascens Waldst. & Kit.
H.; perennial
Heracleum sphondylium L. s.l.
Hieracium aurantiacum L.
Hieracium valdepilosum Vill.
Hypericum maculatum Crantz
Ht.-H.; biannual,
perennial
H.; perennial
H.; perennial
H.; perennial
Juncus articulatus L.
H.; perennial
Juncus bufonius L.
T.; annual
Juncus conglomeratus L.
H.; perennial
Juncus tenuis Willd.
G.; perennial
Juniperus communis L.
Ph.; shrub
Knautia longifolia (Waldst. & Kit.) Koch
H.; perennial
Lathyrus pratensis L.
Leontodon hispidus L.
H.; perennial
H.; perennial
Leucanthemum vulgare Lam.
Lilium martagon L.
Linum catharticum L. subsp. catharticum
Lotus corniculatus L.
H.; perennial
G.; perennial
T.; annual
H.; perennial
Luzula luzuloides (Lam.) Dandy & Wilmott
H.; perennial
Luzula sylvatica (Huds.) Gaudin
H.; perennial
Lychnis flos-cuculi L.
H.; perennial
Lysimachia nummularia L.
Medicago lupulina L.
Ch.; perennial
T.-H.; annualperennial
Ht.-H.; biannualperennial
Myosotis nemorosa Besser
Ch.; perennial
89
Ecological characteristics
Humidity
mesophyte
mesohygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesohygrophytehygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesophyte
mesophyte
mesophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesohygrophytehygrophyte
mesohygrophytehygrophyte
mesohygrophytehygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
xeromesophyte
mesophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesophyte
mesophyte
mesophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesohygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesohygrophyte
xeromesophytemesohygrophyte
hygrophyte
Temperature
microthermophyte
mesothermophyte
mesothermophyte
microthermophyte
eurithermophyte
mesothermophyte
microthermophyte
mesothermophyte
mesothermophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
microthermophyte
microthermophyte
mesothermophyte
microthermophyte
eurithermophyte
mesothermophyte
mesothermophyte
eurithermophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
eurithermophyte
eurithermophyte
eurithermophyte
eurithermophyte
microthermophyte
eurithermophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
mesothermophyte
mesothermophyte
mesothermophyte
Taxa
Life form
Myosotis sylvatica Ehrh. ex Hoffm.
Ht.; biannual
Nardus stricta L.
H.; perennial
Origanum vulgare L.
H.; perennial
Orobanche lutea Baumg.
Parnassia palustris L.
G.; perennial
H.; perennial
Phleum alpinum L.
Phleum pratense L.
H.; perennial
H.; perennial
Phyteuma vagneri A.Kern. - R, End. Carp.
H.; perennial
Pimpinella major (L.) Huds. s.l.
H.; perennial
Pimpinella saxifraga L. s.l.
H.; perennial
Plantago lanceolata L.
Plantago major L. s.l.
Plantago media L.
H.; perennial
H.; perennial
H.; perennial
Platanthera bifolia (L.) L.C.M.Richard - R
G.; perennial
Poa chaixii Vill.
Poa nemoralis L.
Poa pratensis L.
Poa trivialis L.
Polygala amara L. s.l.
H.; perennial
H.; perennial
H.; perennial
H.; perennial
H.(Ch.); perennial
Polygala vulgaris L. s.l.
Polygonum bistorta L.
H.(Ch.); perennial
G.; perennial
Potentilla erecta (L.) Raeusch
H.; perennial
Potentilla recta L. subsp. recta
H.; perennial
Potentilla reptans L.
H.; perennial
Prunella vulgaris L.
H.; perennial
Ranunculus montanus Willd. subsp.
pseudomontanus (Schur) Ciocârlan
Rhinanthus angustifolius C.C.Gmelin
Rhinanthus minor L.
Rumex acetosa L.
H.; perennial
Rumex alpinus L.
Rumex sanguineus L.
Salvia glutinosa L.
Scorzonera rosea Waldst. & Kit.
Scrophularia scopolii Hoppe
Sedum annuum L.
T.; annual
T.; annual
H.; perennial
H.; perennial
H.; perennial
H.; perennial
G.; perennial
H.; perennial
T.-Ht.; annualbiannual
90
Ecological characteristics
Humidity
mesophytemesohygrophyte
xeromesophytemesophytemesohygrophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
xeromesophyte
mesohygrophytehygrophyte
mesophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesophyte
mesophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophyte
mesophyte
mesophyte
mesohygrophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesophyte
mesohygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
xeromesophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
euriphyte
mesophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesohygrophyte
mesohygrophyte
mesohygrophyte
xeromesophyte
mesohygrophyte
xeromesophyte
Temperature
mesothermophyte
eurithermophyte
mesothermophyte
mesothermophyte
microthermophyte
microthermophyte
eurithermophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
eurithermophyte
eurithermophyte
eurithermophyte
eurithermophyte
eurithermophyte
eurithermophyte
mesothermophyte
mesothermophyte
eurithermophyte
eurithermophyte
microthermophyte
mesothermophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
microthermophyte
mesothermophytesubthermophyte
subthermophyte
mesothermophyte
microthermophyte
eurithermophyte
eurithermophyte
eurithermophyte
microthermophyte
mesothermophyte
mesothermophyte
eurithermophyte
mesothermophyte
mesothermophyte
Taxa
Sedum hispanicum L.
Senecio ovatus Willd.
Life form
T-Ht.; annualbiannual
H.; perennial
Ecological characteristics
Humidity
xerophyte
Silene nutans L. subsp. dubia
(Herbich) Zapal. - End. Carp.
Silene noctiflora L.
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
xeromesophyte
T.; annual
xeromesophyte
Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke
Stachys alpina L.
Stachys officinalis (L.) Trev.
Stellaria graminea L.
Teucrium chamaedrys L.
Thlaspi kovatsii Heuff.
H.; perennial
H.; perennial
H.; perennial
H.; perennial
Ch.; perennial
H.; perennial
mesophyte
mesophyte
mesophyte
mesophyte
xeromesophyte
mesophyte
Thymus balcanus Borbás
Ch.; perennial
Thymus pulegioides L. s.l.
Traunsteinera globosa (L.) Rchb. - R
Trifolium pannonicum Jacq.
Ch.; perennial
G.; perennial
H.; perennial
xerophytexeromesophyte
xeromesophyte
mesophyte
xeromesophyte
Trifolium pratense L. s.l.
H.; perennial
Trifolium repens L. subsp. repens
H.; perennial
*Trisetum flavescens (L.) P.Beauv. subsp.
flavescens
Trollius europaeus L. - R
Tussilago farfara L.
H.; perennial
Urtica dioica L.
H.; perennial
Veratrum album L. s.l.
H.; perennial
Verbascum lychnitis L.
Veronica anagallis-aquatica L.
Veronica chamaedrys L. s.l.
Ht.; biannual
H.(HH.); perennial
H.-Ch.; perennial
Veronica officinalis L.
Vicia cracca L.
Viola dacica Borbás - R
Viola declinata Waldst. & Kit.
Ch.; perennial
H.; perennial
H.; perennial
H.; perennial
Viola tricolor L. subsp. tricolor
T.-Ht.; annualbiannual
H.; perennial
G.; perennial
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
euriphyte
mesohygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
xeromesophyte
hygrophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesophyte
mesophyte
mesophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophyte
Temperature
mesothermophytesubthermophyte
mesothermophyte
mesothermophyte
mesothermophytesubthermophyte
mesothermophyte
microthermophyte
mesothermophyte
microthermophyte
subthermophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
mesothermophytesubthermophyte
mesothermophyte
microthermophyte
mesothermophytesubthermophyte
eurithermophyte
eurithermophyte
microthermophyte
microthermophyte
mesothermophyte
mesothermophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
mesothermophyte
eurithermophyte
eurithermophyte
microthermophyte
eurithermophyte
microthermophyte
microthermophyte
microthermophyte
* (text bold) – taxon caracteristic, taxon dominant / characteristic taxon, dominant taxon
R (text bold) – taxon rar / rare taxon; V (text bold) – taxon vulnerabil / vulnerable taxon; End. (text bold) – taxon
endemic / endemic taxon
91
Ansamblu / General view - Gentiana lutea
Aconitum vulparia subsp. vulparia
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
(Foto Paulina Anastasiu)
92
Aconitum vulparia subsp. vulparia
Carduus kerneri subsp. kerneri (Foto Paulina Anastasiu)
Anthyllis vulneraria s.l.
93
Centaurea kotschyana
(Foto Paulina Anastasiu)
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
Gentiana lutea
Sedum hispanicum
Centaurea kotschyana
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
94
(Foto Paulina Anastasiu)
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
Astrantia major subsp. major
Centaurea phrygia
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
95
Gymnadenia conopsea subsp. conopsea
(Foto Paulina Anastasiu)
Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. maculata
Helleborus purpurascens
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
Hieracium aurantiacum
Pimpinella major s.l.
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
96
Campanula persicifolia
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
Dianthus barbatus subsp. compactus
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
97
Viola declinata
Silene nutans subsp. dubia
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
98
(Foto Paulina Anastasiu)
Helianthemum nummularium s.l.
Trifolium pannonicum
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
99
Viola dacica
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
Silene vulgaris
Knautia longifolia
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
Scorzonera rosea
100
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
Foto Victor Bortaș
Habitat 8120
Grohotişuri calcaroase şi de şisturi
˘ în cel alpin
calcaroase din etajul montan pâna
(Thlaspietea rotundifolii)
Calcareous and calcshist screes of the montane
to alpine levels (Thlaspietea rotundifolii)
Acest tip de habitat este larg răspândit în
Carpaţii Româneşti, la altitudini cuprinse
între 1800 m și 2200 m, climă rece cu
temperaturi medii anuale cuprinse între
1,5°C şi -0,8°C şi precipitaţii cuprinse între
1300 mm și 1400 mm/an (Doniţă at al.
2005).
Este un habitat saxicol, prezent pe grohotişuri mobile calcaroase (roci mobile şi
This type of habitat is widely spread in
the Romanian Carpathians, at altitudes of
1800 mm and 2200 m, and a cold climate
with average annual temperatures between 1.5°C and -0.8°C and precipitation
between 1300 mm and 1400 mm/year
(Doniţă et al. 2005).
It is a saxicolous habitat which can be
found on mobile calcareous screes (mobile
101
Habitat 8120
semimobile) şi pe soluri scheletice
de pe versanţii înclinaţi sau cu
pantă mare, din etajul montan şi
până în cel alpin. Este un habitat
cu acoperire redusă, cu vegetaţie
scundă (10-25 cm înălţime), un habitat pionier, cu rol în procesul de
înţelenire şi fixare a grohotişurilor
mobile. Pe grohotişurile mai fine
şi cu acumulări de sol, vegetaţia
erbacee este mai bogată. Vegetaţia
este scundă (10-25 cm înălţime) şi
relativ săracă în specii (25-30 specii)
(Mountford et al. 2008).
În cazul Munţilor Bucegi, acest tip de
habitat se găseşte la altitudini cuprinse
între 2300 m și 2400 m, în condiţii de
climă rece cu temperaturi medii anuale de
-2,0°C şi precipitaţii de 800 mm/an. Se
dezvoltă pe zone de pietriş şi terenuri scheletice cu expoziţie nord-estică şi nord-vestică unde plantele acoperă neuniform
substratul şi formează perniţe dense de
plante scunde (5-10 cm înălţime) cu o acoperire de 40-60% (Doniţă et al. 2005).
În zona studiată a platoului Munţilor
Bucegi pentru acest tip de habitat au fost
identificaţi 29 de taxoni. Speciile edificatoare şi caracteristice sunt Minuartia sedoides şi Silene acaulis. Speciile dominante sunt reprezentate de Primula minima, Minuartia sedoides, Saxifraga
bryoides şi Cerastium arvense. Nu au fost
identificate plante cu potenţial invaziv.
Este un tip de habitat cu valoare conservativă mare prin plantele rare şi endemice pe care le adăposteşte. Reprezintă
totodată habitat pentru Tozzia alpina
subsp. carpatica (Mountford et al. 2008),
plantă ameninţată la nivel european (Coldea et al. 2003).
Impactul antropic exercitat asupra acestui tip de habitat este semnificativ şi se exprimă în efectele păşunatului intens, ale
turismului necontrolat şi ale activităţilor de
alpinism (Mountford et al. 2008).
and semi-mobile rocks) and on the skeletal
soils of the inclined or steep slopes in the
mountain to alpine level. It is a habitat with
limited coverage, with short vegetation
(10-25 cm high); it is a pioneer habitat
with an important function in the stabilisation of the mobile screes. On the finer
screes with soil accumulations, the herbaceous vegetation is richer. The vegetation
is short (10-25 cm high) and fairly poor in
species (25-30 species) (Mountford et al.
2008).
In the Bucegi Mountains, this type of
habitat can be found at altitudes between
2300 m and 2400 m, in a cold climate, with
average annual temperatures of -2.0°C and
precipitation of 800 mm per year. It grows
on gravel and skeletal soils with northeastern and north-western exposure, where
plants cover unevenly the substrate,
and form dense cushions of short plants
(5-10 cm high) with a coverage of 40-60%
(Doniţă et al. 2005).
In the researched area of the Bucegi
Mountains plateau, 29 taxa were identified
for this habitat. The edificatory and characteristic species are Minuartia sedoides
and Silene acaulis. The dominating species
are represented by Primula minima, Mi nuartia sedoides, Saxifraga bryoides and
Cerastium arvense. There were not identified any plants with invasive potential.
The habitat has a high conservation
value due to the rare and endemic plants
that can be found here. It is also the habitat
for the species Tozzia alpina subsp. carpa tica (Mountford et al. 2008), a plant considered threatened at European level
(Coldea et al. 2003).
The anthropogenic impact on this habitat is significant and is represented parti cularly by the effects of intensive grazing,
unmanaged tourism and alpinism activities
(Mountford et al. 2008).
102
Tabel 8. Habitat 8120 – Grohotişuri calcaroase şi de şisturi calcaroase din etajul montan
până în cel alpin (Thlaspietea rotundifolii) – lista taxonilor inventariaţi cu prezentarea
bioformei şi a caracteristicilor ecologice, subliniindu-se speciile caracteristice şi dominante, precum şi cele cu valoare conservativă în conformitate cu Oltean et al. (1994)
Table 8. Habitat 8120 – Calcareous and calcshist screes of the montane to alpine levels
(Thlaspietea rotundifolii) – list of the recorded taxa with life forms and ecological
characteristics, highlighting dominant and characteristic species, as well as the species
with conservation value according to Oltean et al. (1994)
Ecological characteristics
Taxa
Life form
Humidity
Temperature
Anthemis carpatica Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd.
H.; perennial
xeromesophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
Arenaria ciliata L.
Ch.; perennial
mesophyte
psichrothermophytehekistothermophyte
Armeria alpina (DC.) Willd. - R
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
eurithermophyte
*Cerastium alpinum L. subsp. lanatum
(Lam.) Asch. & Graebn.
Ch.; perennial
xeromesophytemesophyte
hekistothermophytepsichrothermophyte
Cerastium arvense L. s.l.
Ch.; perennial
xeromesophytemesophyte
eurithermophyte
Draba compacta Schott, Nyman & Kotschy - R
Ch.; perennial
xeromesophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
Draba kotschyi Stur - nt
Ch.; perennial
xeromesophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
Dryas octopetala L.
Ch.; shrub
mesophyte
psichrothermophyte
Erigeron nanus Schur - R
H.; perennial
mesophyte
hekistothermophyte
Geum montanum L.
H.; perennial
mesophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
Kobresia simpliciuscula (Wahlenb.) Mack. - R
H.; perennial
xeromesophytemesophyte
hekistothermophyte
Ligusticum mutellinoides Vill. - R
H.; perennial
mesophyte
psichrothermophytehekistothermophyte
Luzula spicata (L.) DC. s.l.
H.; perennial
mesophyte
psichrothermophytehekistothermophyte
*Minuartia sedoides (L.) Hiern
Ch.; perennial
xeromesophytemesophyte
psichrothermophytemicrothermophyte
Minuartia verna (L.) Hiern
Ch.; perennial
xeromesophyte
eurithermophyte
Myosotis alpestris F.W.Schmidt
H.; perennial
mesophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill - R
H.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
hekistothermophyte
Papaver alpinum L. subsp. corona-sancti-stephani
(Zapal.) Borza - R, End. S&E Carp.
H.; perennial
xeromesophyte
microthermophyte
103
Taxa
Life form
Ecological characteristics
Humidity
Temperature
Plantago atrata Hoppe - R
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
microthermophyte
Poa alpina L.
H.; perennial
mesophyte
eurithermophyte
Potentilla ternata Freyn
H.; perennial
mesophyte
microthermophytepsichrothermophyte
*Primula minima L.
H.; perennial
mesophyte
psichrothermophytehekistothermophyte
Pritzelago alpina (L.) Kuntze subsp. brevicaulis
(Spreng.) Greuter & Burdet - R
H.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
eurithermophyte
Pulsatilla micrantha Sweet
[syn. Pulsatilla alba Rchb.]
H.; perennial
mesophyte
microthermophyte
*Saxifraga bryoides L.
Ch.; perennial
mesophyte
hekistothermophyte
Saxifraga stellaris L. subsp. robusta
(Engl.) Gremli
Ch.; perennial
hygrophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
Scleranthus perennis L.
H.; perennial
mesophyte
eurithermophyte
Silene acaulis (L.) Jacq. s.l.
Ch.; perennial
xeromesophytemesophyte
hekistothermophyte
Viola alpina Jacq. - R
H.; perennial
xeromesophyte
psichrothermophytemicrothermophyte
* (text bold) – taxon caracteristic, taxon dominant / characteristic taxon, dominant taxon
nt (text bold) – taxon neameninţat / non-endangered taxon; R (text bold) – taxon rar / rare taxon; End (text bold) – taxon
endemic / endemic taxon
Pritzelago alpina subsp. brevicaulis
104
(Foto Paulina Anastasiu)
Ansamblu / General view - Plantago atrata, Potentilla ternata, Myosotis alpestris
Oxyria digyna
(Foto Victor Bortaș)
Erigeron nanus
105
(Foto Victor Bortaș)
(Foto Petronela Comănescu)
Cerastium arvense s.l.
Scleranthus perennis
(Foto Victor Bortaș)
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
Saxifraga bryoides
106
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
Plantago atrata, Draba compacta (flori galbene / yellow flowers)
Myosotis alpestris
107
(Foto Petronela Comănescu)
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
Papaver alpinum subsp. corona-sancti-stephani
Plantago atrata
(Foto Victor Bortaș)
108
(Foto Petronela Comănescu)
Saxifraga bryoides, Silene acaulis
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
Saxifraga stellaris subsp. robusta
(Foto Petronela Comănescu)
109
Silene acaulis
Viola alpina
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
110
(Foto Gabriela Pascale)
Foto Anca Sârbu
Habitat 8210
¸ stâncoşi calcaroşi
Versanti
¸ casmofitica
˘
cu vegetatie
Calcareous rocky slopes with
chasmophytic vegetation
Acest tip de habitat este larg răspândit în
Carpaţii Româneşti. Este un habitat fragmentat, în care comunităţile vegetale nu
ocupă suprafeţe întinse, localizat pe versanţii stâncoşi cu verticalitate mare şi pe
pereţii stâncoşi înclinaţi, însoriţi sau umbriţi, situaţi în general la altitudini cuprinse între 2000 m și 2100 m.
Vegetaţia este scundă (10-20 cm înălţime), cu specii puţine, şi acoperă suprafeţe
relativ mici (Mountford et al. 2008).
În cazul Munţilor Bucegi, acest tip de
habitat se găseşte la altitudini cuprinse
între 1750 m și 2100 m, solicită o climă
This type of habitat is widely spread in
the Romanian Carpathians. It is a fragmented habitat where the vegetal communities do no occupy large areas. It can
be found on rocky slopes with high verticality and on rocky walls that are inclined,
sunny or shadowy, and situated at altitudes between 2000 m și 2100 m.
The vegetation is short (10-20 cm
high), with few species, and is spread over
fairly small areas (Mountford et al. 2008).
In the Bucegi Mountains, this habitat
can be found at altitudes of 1750 m și
2100 m, requiring a cold climate, with
111
Habitat 8210
rece, cu temperaturi medii anuale
cuprinse între -1,5°C şi 0°C, precipitaţii cu valori cuprinse între 1300
mm și 1400 mm/an şi un substrat
calcaros, ce se găseşte la nivelul
pereţilor stâncoşi şi abrupţi (Doniţă et al. 2005).
Pentru cele 6 ploturi evaluate la
nivelul platoului Munţilor Bucegi,
au fost identificaţi 31 de taxoni.
Speciile edificatoare au fost reprezentate de Saxifraga moschata,
Draba kotschyi, iar dintre speciile caracteristice s-au găsit: Cystopteris fragilis, Eritrichium nanum, Saxifraga corymbosa şi
Draba kotschyi. Speciile dominante au fost
reprezentate de Asplenium viride, Carex
sempervirens şi Sesleria bielzii.
Este un habitat cu valoare conservativă
remarcabilă, susţinută de prezenţa plantelor endemice, rare, vulnerabile. Reprezintă
totodată un tip de habitat pentru Tozzia alpina subsp. carpatica (Mountford et al.
2008), plantă ameninţată la nivel european
(Coldea et al. 2003). Datorită localizării în
zone foarte greu accesibile, acest tip de habitat este mai puţin afectat de unele activităţi umane cu excepţia alpinismului mai
mult sau mai puţin controlat.
average annual temperatures between 1.5°C and 0°C, precipitation of 1300 mm
and 1400 mm/ year and a calcareous substrate which is found at the level of rocky
and abrupt walls (Doniţă et al. 2005).
For the 6 plots under evaluation on the
plateau of the Bucegi Mountains, there
were identified 31 taxa. The edificatory
species are Saxifraga moschata, Draba
kotschyi, and among the characteristic
species, it is worth mentioning Cystopteris
fragilis, Eritrichium nanum, Saxifraga
corymbosa and Draba kotschyi. The dominating species are Asplenium viride, Carex
sempervirens and Sesleria bielzii.
This habitat has a remarkable conservation value, due to the existence of endemic, rare and vulnerable plants. This
habitat also shelters Tozzia alpina subsp.
carpatica (Mountford et al. 2008), which
has the status of threatened plant at European level (Coldea et al. 2003). Due to its
highly inaccessible location, this habitat is
less affected by most anthropogenic activities, except for alpinism which so far has
been kept more or less under control.
Tabel 9. Habitat 8210 – Versanţi stâncoşi calcaroşi cu vegetaţie casmofitică – lista taxonilor
inventariaţi cu prezentarea bioformei şi a caracteristicilor ecologice, subliniindu-se speciile
caracteristice şi dominante, precum şi cele cu valoare conservativă în conformitate cu
Oltean et al. (1994)
Table 9. Habitat 8210 – Calcareous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation – list of the
recorded taxa with life forms and ecological characteristics, highlighting dominant and
characteristic species, as well as the species with conservation value according to Oltean
et al. (1994)
Ecological characteristics
Taxa
Life form
Humidity
Achillea schurii Sch.Bip. - R, End. S&E Carp.
H.; perennial
Androsace chamaejasme Wulfen - V/R
Ch.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophyte
Arenaria ciliata L.
Ch.; perennial
mesophyte
Artemisia eriantha Ten.
Ch.; perennial
xerophytexeromesophyte
112
Temperature
microthermophyte
hekistothermophytepsichrothermophyte
psichrothermophytehekistothermophyte
hekistothermophyte
Taxa
Life form
Ecological characteristics
Humidity
Temperature
*Asplenium viride Huds.
[syn. Asplenium ramosum L.]
Carex atrata L. s.l.
H.; perennial
mesophyte
eurithermophyte
H.; perennial
mesophyte
*Carex sempervirens Vill.
H.; perennial
mesophyte
Cerastium alpinum L. subsp. lanatum
(Lam.) Asch. & Graebn.
Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh.
Ch.; perennial
H.; perennial
Draba kotschyi Stur - nt
Ch.; perennial
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
xeromesophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
hekistothermophytepsichrothermophyte
eurithermophyte
Dryas octopetala L.
Ch.; shrub
mesophyte
Eritrichium nanum (L.) Schrad. ex Gaudin - R
H.; perennial
xeromesophyte
Festuca supina Schur
[syn. Festuca ovina L. var. supina (Schur) Hack.]
Galium anisophyllon Vill.
H.; perennial
mesophyte
Ch.; perennial
eurithermophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
psichrothermophyte
hekistothermophytepsichrothermophyte
psichrothermophyte
Gentiana orbicularis Schur
H.; perennial
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesophyte
Gentiana verna L.
H.; perennial
mesophyte
eurithermophyte
Poa alpina L.
H.; perennial
mesophyte
eurithermophyte
Polygonum viviparum L.
G.; perennial
mesophyte
microthermophyte
Primula minima L.
H.; perennial
mesophyte
Salix reticulata L.
Ch.; shrub
Saxifraga adscendens L.
Ht.; biannual
Saxifraga corymbosa Boiss.
Ch.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
xerophytexeromesophyte
xeromesophyte
psichrothermophytehekistothermophyte
psichrothermophytehekistothermophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
hekistothermophyte
Saxifraga moschata Wulfen
Ch.; perennial
xeromesophyte
hekistothermophyte
Saxifraga oppositifolia L. - R, End. S&E Carp.
Ch.; perennial
psichrothermophyte
*Sesleria bielzii Schur - R, End. Carp.-Balc.
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophyte
Silene acaulis (L.) Jacq. s.l.
Ch.; perennial
Tephroseris capitata
(Wahlenb.) Griseb. & Schenk.
Thymus alpestris (Celak.) Tausch ex A.Kern.
H.; perennial
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesophyte
Ch.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
xeromesophyte
Trifolium repens L. subsp. ochranthum
(K.Maly) Nyár.
Viola alpina Jacq. - R
H.; perennial
mesothermophyte
psichrothermophyte
hekistothermophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
microthermophyte
eurithermophyte
psichrothermophytemicrothermophyte
* (text bold) – taxon caracteristic, taxon dominant / characteristic taxon, dominant taxon
nt (text bold) – taxon neameninţat / non-endangered taxon; R (text bold) – taxon rar / rare taxon; V (text bold) – taxon
vulnerabil / vulnerable taxon; End (text bold) – taxon endemic / endemic taxon
113
Ansamblu / General view
Viola alpina
(Foto Victor Bortaș)
(Foto Marius Negulici)
Tephroseris capitata
114
(Foto Victor Bortaș)
Saxifraga oppositifolia
Arenaria ciliata
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
Saxifraga moschata
115
(Foto Victor Bortaș)
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
Achillea schurii
(Foto Victor Bortaș)
Primula minima
(Foto Victor Bortaș)
116
Silene acaulis
Androsace chamaejasme
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
117
(Foto Victor Bortaș)
Foto Paulina Anastasiu
Habitat 9110
Paduri
de fag de tip Luzulo-Fagetum
˘
Luzulo-Fagetum beech forests
Habitatul 9110 este reprezentat de păduri
acidofile de fag, de fag şi brad sau de fag,
brad şi molid. Se întâlneşte în toţi Carpaţii
Româneşti, în etajul nemoral.
Se dezvoltă pe versanţi mediu până la
puternic înclinaţi, cu expoziţii diferite, dar
şi pe creste, culmi. Solicită temperaturi
Luzulo-Fagetum beech forest is made up of
acidophilous beech forests, beech and fir
forests or beech, fir and spruce forests. It
can be found in all the Romanian Carpa thian Mountains, at the nemoral level.
It grows on slopes with a medium to
high inclination, with various exposures,
118
În zona cercetată, acest tip de habitat a
fost identificat în special în zona Valea
Orzei - Cheile Orzei, până la o altitudine
de circa 1400 m, unde se dezvoltă pe versanţi mediu până la puternic înclinaţi, cu
expoziţii diferite.
Speciile de plante vasculare edificatoare sunt reprezentate de Fagus sylvatica,
Picea abies şi Abies alba, iar cele caracteristice de Luzula luzuloides, Symphytum
cordatum, Festuca drymeia şi Hieracium
transsilvanicum. Unele exemplare de fag
sunt în vârstă de peste 120 ani. Arbuştii lipsesc, iar plantele ierboase realizează o acoperire redusă (30-40%).
Habitatul 9110 are valoare conservativă
redusă (Doniţă et al. 2005). Pe valea Ialomiţei, acesta adăposteşte unele specii endemice pentru Munţii Carpaţi (Ranunculus
carpaticus, Hepatica transsilvanica,
Dentaria glandulosa) şi orhidee, precum:
Dactylorhiza fuchsii, Dactylorhiza maculata, Neottia nidus-avis.
Nu au fost identificate specii cu impact
negativ.
but also on crests and peaks. It requires average annual temperatures
of 3°C and 8°C and precipitation of
700 mm and 1300 mm/year (Mountford et al. 2008). The substrate on
which it grows is varied; it can be
crystalline schist, granites, sandstones, eruptive rocks, limestone, conglomerates, siliceous gneisses. The
soils on which this habitat grows
are also varied (Doniţă et al. 2005).
For the studied area in the Bucegi
Mountains, this type of habitat was mainly
identified in the area Orzei Valley - Orzei
Gorges, up to an altitude of about 1400 m,
where it grows on slopes with a medium
to high inclination, and with various exposures.
The edificatory wooden vascular plant
species are Fagus sylvatica, Picea abies
and Abies alba, and the characteristic ones
are Luzula luzuloides, Symphytum cordatum, Festuca drymeia and Hieracium
transsilvanicum. Some beech trees are
over 120 years old. There are no shrubs,
and herbaceous plants only have a small
spread (30-40%).
Habitat 9110 has little conservation importance (Doniţă et al. 2005). In Ialomiţa
Valley, it shelters some species endemic to
the Carpathian Mountains (Ranunculus
carpaticus, Hepatica transsilvanica,
Dentaria glandulosa) and orchids such as:
Dactylorhiza fuchsii, Dactylorhiza maculata, Neottia nidus-avis.
There were not identified any species
with a negative impact.
119
Habitat 9110
medii anuale cuprinse între 3°C și 8°C
şi precipitaţii cuprinse între 700 mm şi
1300 mm/an (Mountford et al. 2008).
Substratul pe care se instalează este variat,
putând fi reprezentat de şisturi cristaline,
granite, gresii, roci eruptive, calcare, conglomerate, gneise silicioase. Solurile pe
care poate fi găsit habitatul 9110 pot fi şi
ele diversificate (Doniţă et al. 2005).
Tabel 10. Habitat 9110 – Păduri de fag de tip Luzulo-Fagetum – lista taxonilor inventariaţi cu
prezentarea bioformei şi a caracteristicilor ecologice, subliniindu-se speciile caracteristice şi dominante, precum şi cele cu valoare conservativă în conformitate cu Oltean
et al. (1994)
Table 10. Habitat 9110 – Luzulo-Fagetum beech forests – list of the recorded taxa with life
forms and ecological characteristics, highlighting dominant and characteristic species,
as well as the species with conservation value according to Oltean et al. (1994)
Ecological characteristics
Taxa
Life form
Humidity
*Abies alba Mill. - E
Ph.; tree
Acer pseudoplatanus L.
Actaea spicata L.
Temperature
Ph.; tree
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophyte
mesothermophyte
mesothermophyte
G.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
mesothermophyte
Adoxa moschatellina L.
G.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
mesothermophyte
Aegopodium podagraria L.
H.(G.); perennial
mesothermophyte
Ajuga reptans L.
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophyte
Anemone nemorosa L.
G.; perennial
mesophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
mesothermophyte
Anemone ranunculoides L.
G.; perennial
mesophyte
mesothermophyte
Asplenium viride Huds.
[syn. Asplenium ramosum L.]
Asplenium trichomanes L. s.l.
H.; perennial
mesophyte
eurithermophyte
H.; perennial
mesophyte
eurithermophyte
Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth
H.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
Brachypodium sylvaticum (Huds.) P.Beauv.
H.; perennial
Cardamine amara L.
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
hygrophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
mesothermophyte
Carex sylvatica Huds.
Chaerophyllum hirsutum L.
H.(HH.);
perennial
H.; perennial
Chrysosplenium alternifolium L.
H.; perennial
eurithermophyte
Circaea lutetiana L.
G.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesohygrophytehygrophyte
mesohygrophytehygrophyte
mesohygrophyte
Cirsium waldsteinii Rouy
H.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
microthermophyte
Clematis alpina (L.) Mill.
Ph.; perennial
mesophyte
microthermophyte
Corydalis solida (L.) Clairv. s.l.
G.; perennial
mesophyte
mesothermophyte
Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh.
H.; perennial
eurithermophyte
Dactylorhiza fuchsii (Druce) Soó - R
G.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophyte
eurithermophyte
Dactylorhiza maculata (L.) Soó subsp.
maculata - R
Dentaria bulbifera L.
[syn. Cardamine bulbifera (L.) Crantz]
Dentaria glandulosa Waldst. & Kit.
[syn. Cardamine glanduligera O.Schwarz] End. Carp.
G.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
microthermophyte
G.; perennial
mesophyte
mesothermophyte
G.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
G.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
microthermophyte
Doronicum austriacum Jacq.
120
mesothermophyte
mesothermophyte
microthermophyte
mesothermophyte
Taxa
Life form
Ecological characteristics
Humidity
mesohygrophyte
Temperature
Doronicum carpaticum
(Griseb. & Schenk) Nyman - R, End. Carp.-Balc.
G.; perennial
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott
H.; perennial
mesophyte
mesothermophyte
Epilobium montanum L.
H.; perennial
mesophyte
eurithermophyte
Equisetum hyemale L.
G.; perennial
hygrophyte
Equisetum palustre L.
G.; perennial
hygrophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
microthermophyte
Euphorbia carniolica Jacq.
H.; perennial
mesophyte
subthermophyte
*Fagus sylvatica L.
Ph.; tree
mesothermophyte
*Festuca drymeia Mert. & W.D.J. Koch
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesohygrophyte
Fragaria vesca L.
H.; perennial
mesophyte
Galeobdolon luteum Huds.
H.(Ch.); perennial
Galium odoratum (L.) Scop.
G.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophyte
Geranium phaeum L.
H.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
mesothermophyte
Geranium robertianum L.
T.-Ht.; annualwinter annual
G.; perennial
mesothermophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
microthermophyte
microthermophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
eurithermophyte
mesothermophyte
Hepatica transsilvanica
Fuss - nt, End. S&E Carp.
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophyte
*Hieracium transsilvanicum Heuff.
H.; perennial
mesophyte
eurithermophyte
Isopyrum thalictroides L.
H.; perennial
mesophyte
Lamium purpureum L.
T.; annual
Lapsana communis L. s.l.
*Luzula luzuloides (Lam.) Dandy & Wilmott
T.-H.; annualperennial
H.; perennial
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesophyte
mesothermophytesubthermophyte
eurithermophyte
Luzula pilosa (L.) Willd.
H.; perennial
Mercurialis perennis L.
G.(H.); perennial
Moneses uniflora (L.) A.Gray
H.(G.); perennial
Gymnocarpium dryopteris (L.) Newman
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophyte
mesothermophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
microthermophyte
mesothermophyte
microthermophyte
Mycelis muralis (L.) Dumort.
H.; perennial
mesophyte
mesothermophyte
Myosotis sylvatica Ehrh. ex Hoffm.
Ht.; biannual
mesothermophyte
Neottia nidus-avis (L.) Rich. - R
G.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophyte
Oxalis acetosella L.
H.(G.); perennial
mesothermophyte
*Picea abies (L.) H.Karst.
Ph.; tree
Polygonatum verticillatum (L.) All.
G.; perennial
Polystichum braunii (Spenn.) Fée
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophytehygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
121
mesothermophyte
microthermophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
Taxa
Life form
Ecological characteristics
Humidity
Temperature
Polystichum lonchitis (L.) Roth
H.; perennial
mesophyte
Polystichum setiferum
(Forssk.) Moore ex Woyn.
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
Prunella vulgaris L.
H.; perennial
Pulmonaria rubra Schott - End. Carp.-Balc.
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophyte
microthermophyte
Ranunculus carpaticus
Herbich - R, End. Carp.
H.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
microthermophyte
Rubus idaeus L.
Ph.; shrub
mesophyte
mesothermophyte
Saxifraga cuneifolia L.
Ch.; perennial
microthermophyte
Senecio ovatus Willd.
H.; perennial
Soldanella hungarica Simonk.
H.; perennial
Sorbus aucuparia L. subsp. aucuparia
Ph.; tree
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophyte
Stellaria media (L.) Vill.
mesophyte
Stellaria nemorum L.
T.-Ht.; annualwinter annual
H.; perennial
microthermophytemesothermophyte
eurithermophyte
mesohygrophyte
mesothermophyte
*Symphytum cordatum Waldst. & Kit.
H.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
microthermophyte
Symphytum tuberosum L.
H.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
mesothermophyte
Taraxacum officinale
(L.) Weber ex F.H.Wigg.
Tussilago farfara L.
H.; perennial
eurithermophyte
Urtica dioica L.
H.; perennial
Valeriana sambucifolia Mikan f.
H.; perennial
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesohygrophyte
microthermophyte
G.; perennial
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
eurithermophyte
mesothermophyte
mesothermophyte
microthermophyte
mesothermophyte
mesothermophyte
Valeriana tripteris L.
H.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
eurithermophyte
Veronica urticifolia Jacq.
H.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
* (text bold) – taxon caracteristic, taxon dominant / characteristic taxon, dominant taxon
E (text bold) – taxon periclitat / endangered taxon; nt (text bold) – taxon neameninţat / non-endangered taxon; R (text
bold) – taxon rar / rare taxon; End. (text bold) – taxon endemic / endemic taxon.
122
Ansamblu / General view
Anemone ranunculoides
(Foto Paulina Anastasiu)
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
Dactylorhiza fuchsii
123
(Foto Paulina Anastasiu)
Anemone nemorosa
Geranium phaeum
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
Symphytum cordatum
124
(Foto Paulina Anastasiu)
Clematis alpina
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
Anemone ranunculoides
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
125
Anemone nemorosa
Corydalis solida s.l.
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
Hepatica transsilvanica
126
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
Doronicum carpaticum
Chrysosplenium alternifolium
(Foto Sanda Lițescu)
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
Saxifraga cuneifolia
127
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
Foto Marius Negulici
Habitat 9410
˘
Paduri
acidofile de molid (Picea abies) din etajul
˘ în cel alpin (Vaccinio-Piceetaea)
montan pâna
Acidophilous Picea forests of the montane
to alpine levels (Vaccinio-Piceetaea)
Habitatul 9410 are o răspândire largă
în Carpaţii Româneşti, între 1000 m şi
1850 m altitudine, acoperind sute de mii
de hectare (Mountford et al. 2008).
Din punct de vedere al climei, solicită
temperaturi medii anuale cuprinse între
1,5 °C și 5°C şi precipitaţii cuprinse între
900 mm şi 1400 mm/an (Mountford et al.
2008).
Substratul pe care este instalat habitatul
este foarte diversificat: silicios, calcaros,
fliş, conglomerate, gresii calcaroase, ande-
Acidophilous Picea forest of the montane
to alpine levels (Vaccinio-Piceetaea) is widespread in the Romanian Carpathians,
between 1000 m and 1850 m altitude, covering hundreds of thousands of acres
(Mountford et al. 2008). They require an
average annual temperature of 1.5 °C and
5°C and precipitation between 900 mm
and 1400 mm/year (Mountford et al. 2008).
The substrate on which this habitat
grows is very diverse: siliceous, calcareous, flysch, conglomerates, calcareous
128
sandstones, andesites, seldom
siliceous schist, crystalline schist,
siliceous sandstones, eruptive, intermediate and acidic rocks, clay
deposits (Doniţă et al. 2005). The
soils are also very diverse, mainly
podsols, acidic, oligo-mesobasic,
wet (Doniţă et al. 2005).
Spruce forests are widespread in
the Bucegi Mountains. They grow
on slopes with various exposures,
stretching up to 1600 m altitude in
the studied area, between Lake Bolboci
and Dobreşti, along the valley of the river
Ialomiţa.
The structure of the habitat 9410 in the
upper basin of the river Ialomiţa matches
the information available in the literature
(Doniţă et al. 2005, Mountford et al. 2008),
having as dominating and characteristic
species the following: Picea abies, Soldanella hungarica, Luzula sylvatica, Sorbus aucuparia subsp. aucuparia. The
vegetation is stratified on four levels: the
moss layer, the herbaceous layer, the shrub
layer and the tree layer. Among the species
forming the moss layer we mention:
Sphagnum spp., Hylocomium splendens,
Polytrichum juniperinum, Ptilium cristacastrensis, Rhitidiadelphus triquetrus, Plagiochilla asplenioides, Plagiomnium
undulatum, Plagiomnium affine, Metzgeria pubescens, Dicranella montana,
Atrichum undulatum, Pogonatum aloides.
The herbaceous species, fairly numerous,
are found especially on the edges of the
forestes or in the places where light pierces
through. The same is true for shrubs. Most
trees inside the forest are mature, but there
are also many juvenile ones, mainly of
spruce (Picea abies). Moreover, dead
wood, fallen on the ground can be found in
the forest. The branches of the spruces are
often covered with lichens of the genera
Usnea and Parmelia. On the right bank of
Ialomiţa river, in the spruce forest,
129
Habitat 9410
zite, mai rar şisturi silicioase, şisturi cristaline, gresii silicioase, roci eruptive acide
şi intermediare, depozite şi coluvii de luturi argiloase (Doniţă et al. 2005). De asemenea, sunt foarte diversificate şi solurile
pe care se instalează acest tip de habitat, în
general podzolice, acide, oligo-mezobazice, umede (Doniţă et al. 2005).
Pădurile de molid sunt foarte răspândite
în Munţii Bucegi. Se dezvoltă pe versanţi
cu expoziţii diferite, ajungând până la o altitudine de circa 1600 m în zona cercetată,
cuprinsă între lacul Bolboci şi Dobreşti, în
lungul văii Ialomiţei.
Structura habitatului 9410 din bazinul
superior al Ialomiţei corespunde datelor
din literatura de specialitate (Doniţă et al.
2005, Mountford et al. 2008), având drept
specii edificatoare şi caracteristice Picea
abies, Soldanella hungarica, Luzula sylvatica, Sorbus aucuparia subsp. aucuparia.
Vegetaţia este stratificată pe patru niveluri:
stratul muscinal, stratul erbaceu, stratul arbuştilor şi stratul arborilor. Dintre speciile
ce alcătuiesc stratul muscinal menţionăm:
Sphagnum spp., Hylocomium splendens,
Polytrichum juniperinum, Ptilium cristacastrensis, Rhitidiadelphus triquetrus, Plagiochilla asplenioides, Plagiomnium
undulatum, Plagiomnium affine, Metzgeria pubescens, Dicranella montana, Atrichum undulatum, Pogonatum aloides.
Speciile erbacee, destul de numeroase,
sunt prezente mai ales la marginea pădurii
sau în locurile în care pătrunde lumină. Situaţia este aceeaşi pentru arbuşti. Majoritatea arborilor sunt maturi, în interiorul
pădurii apar însă adesea juvenili, predominant de molid (Picea abies). De asemenea,
sunt prezente în interiorul pădurii trunchiuri moarte, căzute pe sol. Frecvent ramurile molizilor sunt acoperite de licheni
din genurile Usnea şi Parmelia. Pe partea
dreaptă a râului Ialomiţa în pădurea de
molid sunt prezente numeroase stânci cu
vegetaţie caracteristică.
Habitat 9410
Habitatul 9410 adăposteşte în
zona cercetată numeroase elemente de interes conservativ, precum
Streptopus amplexifolius, orhidee,
precum Corallorhiza trifida, Listera cordata, Listera ovata, Dactylorhiza maculata, Dactylorhiza
fuchsii, Dactylorhiza incarnata,
Cephalanthera
damasonium,
Gymnadenia conopsea, Coeloglossum viride, Pseudorchis albida şi Neottia nidus-avis.
Dintre factorii de ameninţare ai pădurilor de molid se remarcă unele procese naturale cum ar fi furtunile şi vânturile
puternice care duc la doborârea arborilor.
numerous rocks with characteristic vegetation can be found.
Habitat 9410 shelters in the researched
area numerous elements of interest from a
conservation point of view: Streptopus amplexifolius, orchids such as: Corallorhiza
trifida, Listera cordata, Listera ovata, Da ctylorhiza maculata, Dactylorhiza fuchsii,
Dactylorhiza incarnata, Cephalanthera
damasonium, Gymnadenia conopsea,
Coeloglossum viride, Pseudorchis albida
and Neottia nidus-avis.
Among the most significant threatening
factors for the spruce forests there are
some natural phenomena such as storms
and strong winds that knock down trees.
Tabel 11. Habitat 9410 – Păduri acidofile de molid (Picea abies) din etajul montan până în
cel alpin (Vaccinio-Piceetaea) – lista taxonilor inventariaţi cu prezentarea bioformei
şi a caracteristicilor ecologice, subliniindu-se speciile caracteristice şi dominante, precum şi cele cu valoare conservativă în conformitate cu Oltean et al. (1994)
Table 11. Habitat 9410 – Acidophilous Picea forests of the montane to alpine levels
(Vaccinio-Piceetaea) – list of the recorded taxa with life forms and ecological characteristics, highlighting dominant and characteristic species, as well as the species with
conservation value according to Oltean et al. (1994)
Ecological characteristics
Taxa
Life form
Humidity
Abies alba Mill. - E
Ph.; tree
Temperature
Acer pseudoplatanus L.
Ph.; tree
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophyte
Achillea millefolium L.
H.; perennial
mesophyte
eurithermophyte
Acinos alpinus (L.) Moench
H.; perennial
eurithermophyte
Aconitum moldavicum Hacq. subsp.
moldavicum - End. Carp.
Actaea spicata L.
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesohygrophyte
microthermophyte
G.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
mesothermophyte
Adenostyles alliariae (Gouan) A.Kern.
H.; perennial
microthermophyte
Adoxa moschatellina L.
G.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesohygrophyte
Aegopodium podagraria L.
H.(G.); perennial
Ajuga genevensis L.
H.; perennial
Ajuga reptans L.
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesophyte
Alchemilla glaucescens Wallr.
H.; perennial
mesoxerophyte
Alchemilla reniformis Buser
H.; perennial
mesophyte
130
mesothermophyte
mesothermophyte
mesothermophyte
mesothermophyte
mesothermophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
microthermophyte
Taxa
Alliaria petiolata (M.Bieb.) Cavara & Grande
Life form
Ecological characteristics
Humidity
Temperature
Alnus incana (L.) Moench
Ht.-H.; biannualperennial
Ph.; tree
Antennaria dioica (L.) Gaertn.
Ch.(H.); perennial
Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm.
Anthyllis vulneraria L. s.l.
Ht.-H.; biannualperennial
H.; perennial
Arabis alpina L.
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesohygrophyte
Arabis turrita L.
Ht.-H.; biannualperennial
H.; perennial
xeromesophytemesophyte
xeromesophyte
Asplenium viride Huds.
[syn. Asplenium ramosum L.]
Astrantia major L. subsp. major
H.; perennial
mesophyte
eurithermophyte
H.; perennial
Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesohygrophyte
Bellis perennis L.
H.; perennial
Botrychium lunaria (L.) Sw.
G.; perennial
Bruckenthalia spiculifolia (Salisb.) Rchb.
Calamagrostis arundinacea (L.) Roth
Ph.(Ch.);
perennial
H.; perennial
Caltha palustris L.
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
hygrophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
microthermophyte
Campanula carpatica Jacq. - R, End. Carp.
H.; perennial
mesophyte
Campanula patula L. subsp. abietina
(Griseb. & Schenk) Simonk. - End. Carp.-Balc.
Campanula persicifolia L.
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesohygrophyte
Asperula capitata Kit. ex Schult.
Cardamine impatiens L.
Cardamine pratensis L. s.l.
H.; perennial
Ht.; winter
annual, biannual
H.; perennial
mesophyte
mesothermophyte
mesohygrophytehygrophyte
xeromesophyte
microthermophyte
mesohygrophytehygrophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesohygrophyte
Carduus kerneri Simonk. subsp. kerneri End. Carp.-Balc.
Carex leporina L.
H.; perennial
Carex pallescens L.
H.; perennial
Carex rostrata Stokes
Centaurea triumfetti All.
H.(HH.);
perennial
H.(HH.);
perennial
Ht.-H.; biannualperennial
H.; perennial
Cephalanthera damasonium (Mill.) Druce - nt
G.; perennial
mesophyte
Cerastium arvense L. s.l.
Ch.; perennial
xeromesophytemesophyte
Carex sylvatica Huds.
Carum carvi L.
H.; perennial
131
mesophytemesohygrophyte
hygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophyte
xeromesophyte
hekistothermophyte
mesothermophyte
eurithermophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
subthermophyte
microthermophyte
microthermophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
mesothermophyte
microthermophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
microthermophyte
mesothermophyte
mesothermophyte
mesothermophyte
microthermophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
mesothermophyte
microthermophyte
mesothermophyte
mesothermophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
mesothermophyte
eurithermophyte
Taxa
Life form
Ecological characteristics
Humidity
Temperature
Cerastium fontanum Baumg. subsp. fontanum
Ch.-H.; perennial
mesophyte
eurithermophyte
Chaerophyllum hirsutum L.
H.; perennial
mesothermophyte
Chamaerion angustifolium (L.) Holub
H.; perennial
mesohygrophytehygrophyte
mesophyte
Chelidonium majus L.
H.; perennial
mesophyte
Chrysosplenium alternifolium L.
H.; perennial
microthermophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
mesothermophyte
Cicerbita alpina (L.) Wallr.
H.; perennial
mesohygrophytehygrophyte
mesohygrophyte
microthermophyte
Circaea lutetiana L.
G.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
mesothermophyte
Cirsium erisithales (Jacq.) Scop.
H.; perennial
mesothermophyte
Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten.
Ht.; biannual
Cirsium waldsteinii Rouy
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesohygrophyte
microthermophyte
Clematis alpina (L.) Mill.
Ph.; perennial
mesophyte
microthermophyte
Coeloglossum viride (L.) Hartm. - R
G.; perennial
mesophyte
microthermophyte
Corallorrhiza trifida Châtel. - R
G.; perennial
mesophyte
microthermophyte
Coronilla varia L.
H.; perennial
xeromesophyte
mesothermophyte
Cortusa matthioli L.
H.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
microthermophyte
Crocus vernus (L.) Hill
G.; perennial
mesophyte
hekistothermophyte
Cruciata glabra (L.) Ehrend.
H.; perennial
mesophyte
mesothermophyte
Cruciata laevipes Opiz
H.; perennial
mesothermophyte
Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh.
H.; perennial
Dactylis glomerata L. s.l.
H.; perennial
Dactylorhiza fuchsii (Druce) Soó - R
G.; perennial
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesophyte
eurithermophyte
mesothermophyte
eurithermophyte
eurithermophyte
Dactylorhiza incarnata (L.) Soó - R
G.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
mesothermophyte
Dactylorhiza maculata (L.) Soó subsp. schurii
(Klinge) Soó - R
Daphne mezereum L.
G.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
microthermophyte
Ph.; perennial
mesothermophyte
Dentaria bulbifera L.
[syn. Cardamine bulbifera (L.) Crantz]
Dentaria glandulosa Waldst. & Kit.
[syn. Cardamine glanduligera O.Schwarz] End. Carp.
Deschampsia cespitosa (L.) Beauv.
G.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophyte
G.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
H.; perennial
eurithermophyte
*Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin.
H.; perennial
mesohygrophytehygrophyte
mesophyte
Dianthus spiculifolius Schur - R, End. Carp.
H.(Ch.); perennial
xeromesophyte
Digitalis grandiflora Mill.
H.; perennial
mesophyte
Doronicum austriacum Jacq.
G.; perennial
Doronicum carpaticum
(Griseb. & Schenk) Nyman - R, End. Carp.-Balc.
Dryopteris dilatata (Hoffm.) A.Gray
G.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesohygrophyte
H.; perennial
132
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesothermophyte
eurithermophyte
mesothermophytesubthermophyte
mesothermophyte
microthermophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
eurithermophyte
Taxa
Life form
Ecological characteristics
Humidity
Temperature
Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott
H.; perennial
mesophyte
mesothermophyte
Epilobium montanum L.
H.; perennial
mesophyte
eurithermophyte
Epilobium palustre L.
H.; perennial
hygrophyte
eurithermophyte
Equisetum hyemale L.
G.; perennial
hygrophyte
Equisetum palustre L.
G.; perennial
hygrophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
microthermophyte
Equisetum ramosissimum Desf.
G.; perennial
xeromesophyte
eurithermophyte
Equisetum sylvaticum L.
G.; perennial
hygrophyte
microthermophyte
Euphorbia amygdaloides L.
Ch.; perennial
mesophyte
Euphorbia carniolica Jacq.
H.; perennial
mesophyte
mesothermophytesubthermophyte
subthermophyte
Fagus sylvatica L.
Ph.; tree
mesothermophyte
Festuca ovina L.
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
xeromesophyte
Festuca pratensis Huds.
H.; perennial
microthermophyte
Festuca rupicola Heuff. s.l.
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
xeromesophyte
Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim.
H.; perennial
Fragaria vesca L.
H.; perennial
Galeobdolon luteum Huds.
H.(Ch.); perennial
Gentiana asclepiadea L.
H.; perennial
Geranium phaeum L.
H.; perennial
Geranium robertianum L.
Geranium sylvaticum L.
T.-Ht.; annualwinter annual
H.; perennial
Geum rivale L.
H.; perennial
Glechoma hirsuta Waldst. & Kit.
H.(Ch.); perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesohygrophytehygrophyte
mesophyte
Gnaphalium sylvaticum L.
H.; perennial
mesophyte
mesothermophyte
Gymnadenia conopsea (L.) R.Br. subsp.
conopsea - R
Gymnocarpium dryopteris (L.) Newman
G.; perennial
microthermophyte
G.; perennial
Helianthemum nummularium (L.) Mill. s.l.
Ch.; undershrub
mesohygrophytehygrophyte
mesophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesohygrophytehygrophyte
mesohygrophyte
eurithermophyte
subthermophyte
microthermophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
eurithermophyte
microthermophyte
mesothermophyte
mesothermophyte
microthermophyte
eurithermophyte
mesothermophyte
Hepatica transsilvanica Fuss - nt, End. S&E Carp.
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesophyte
Hesperis matronalis L. s.l.
Hieracium aurantiacum L.
Ht.-H.; biannualperennial
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophyte
Hieracium bifidum Kit. ex Hornem.
H.; perennial
Hieracium pilosella L.
H.; perennial
Hieracium transsilvanicum Heuff.
H.; perennial
xeromesophytemesophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesophyte
eurithermophyte
Homogyne alpina (L.) Cass
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
133
microthermophytemesothermophyte
mesothermophyte
microthermophyte
microthermophyte
microthermophyte
microthermophyte
eurithermophyte
Taxa
Life form
Ecological characteristics
Humidity
Temperature
*Huperzia selago
(L.) Bernh. ex Schrank & Mart. - R
Hypericum maculatum Crantz
Ch.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
microthermophyte
H.; perennial
mesothermophyte
Impatiens noli-tangere L.
T.; annual
Juncus articulatus L.
H.; perennial
Juncus effusus L.
H.; perennial
Juniperus communis L.
Ph.; shrub
Lamium maculatum (L.) L. subsp. maculatum
H.(Ch.); perennial
Lamium purpureum L.
T.; annual
Lapsana communis L. s.l.
T.-H.; annualperennial
Ph.; tree
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesohygrophytehygrophyte
mesohygrophytehygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesophyte
Larix decidua Mill. subsp. carpatica
(Domin) Šiman - R
Lathraea squamaria L.
microthermophyte
mesothermophyte
eurithermophyte
mesothermophyte
eurithermophyte
mesothermophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
mesothermophyte
Lilium martagon L.
G.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophyte
Listera cordata (L.) R.Br. - R
G.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
eurithermophyte
Listera ovata (L.) R.Br. - R
G.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophyte
mesothermophyte
Leucanthemum rotundifolium DC. - R
G.; perennial
mesophyte
mesothermophyte
H.; perennial
microthermophyte
eurithermophyte
Lonicera xylosteum L.
Ph.; shrub
Lotus corniculatus L.
H.; perennial
Lunaria rediviva L.
H.; perennial
Luzula campestris (L.) DC.
H.; perennial
Luzula luzuloides (Lam.) Dandy & Wilmott
H.; perennial
*Luzula sylvatica (Huds.) Gaudin
H.; perennial
*Lycopodium annotinum L. - R
Ch.; perennial
Lycopodium clavatum L. - R
Ch.; perennial
Melampyrum sylvaticum L.
T.; annual
mesophyte
eurithermophyte
Melica nutans L.
H.(G.); perennial
mesophyte
eurithermophyte
Mercurialis perennis L.
G.(H.); perennial
mesothermophyte
Moehringia muscosa L.
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesohygrophyte
microthermophyte
Moneses uniflora (L.) A.Gray
H.(G.); perennial
mesophyte
microthermophyte
Mycelis muralis (L.) Dumort.
H.; perennial
mesophyte
mesothermophyte
Myosotis sylvatica Ehrh. ex Hoffm.
Ht.; biannual
mesothermophyte
Nardus stricta L.
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
xeromesophytemesophytemesohygrophyte
134
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesohygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophyte
mesothermophyte
eurithermophyte
mesothermophyte
eurithermophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
mesothermophyte
eurithermophyte
Taxa
Life form
Ecological characteristics
Humidity
Temperature
Neottia nidus-avis (L.) Rich. - R
G.; perennial
mesophyte
Orchis militaris L. - R
G.; perennial
mesophyte
mesothermophyte
mesothermophyte
*Oxalis acetosella L.
H.(G.); perennial
mesothermophyte
Paris quadrifolia L.
G.; perennial
Pedicularis verticillata L.
H.; perennial
Petasites kablikianus Tausch ex Bercht.
G.; perennial
Phleum alpinum L.
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesohygrophytehygrophyte
mesophyte
Phyteuma orbiculare L.
H.; perennial
*Picea abies (L.) H.Karst.
Ph.; tree
Pinguicula vulgaris L. - R
H.; perennial
Plantago lanceolata L.
Plantago major L. s.l.
eurithermophyte
microthermophyte
eurithermophyte
microthermophyte
H.; perennial
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesophytehygrophyte
mesohygrophytehygrophyte
mesophyte
microthermophyte
eurithermophyte
H.; perennial
mesophyte
eurithermophyte
Plantago media L.
H.; perennial
eurithermophyte
Poa alpina L.
H.; perennial
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesophyte
eurithermophyte
Poa nemoralis L.
H.; perennial
mesophyte
mesothermophyte
microthermophyte
eurithermophyte
Poa trivialis L.
H.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
eurithermophyte
Polygala amara L. s.l.
H.(Ch.); perennial
microthermophyte
Polygonatum verticillatum (L.) All.
G.; perennial
Polygonum bistorta L.
G.; perennial
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesohygrophyte
Polygonum viviparum L.
G.; perennial
mesophyte
Polypodium vulgare L.
G.; perennial
Polystichum braunii (Spenn.) Fée
H.; perennial
Polystichum lonchitis (L.) Roth
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophyte
Polystichum setiferum
(Forssk.) Moore ex Woyn.
Populus tremula L.
H.; perennial
Potentilla anserina L.
H.; perennial
Potentilla erecta (L.) Raeusch.
H.; perennial
Potentilla ternata Freyn
H.; perennial
Prenanthes purpurea L.
G.; perennial
Primula elatior Hill
H.; perennial
Prunella vulgaris L.
H.; perennial
Pseudorchis albida (L.) A.Löve & D.Löve - R
G.; perennial
Ph.; tree
135
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophyte
mesohygrophytehygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
microthermophyte
mesothermophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
eurithermophyte
microthermophyte
mesothermophyte
microthermophyte
microthermophytepsichrothermophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
mesothermophyte
mesothermophyte
microthermophyte
Taxa
Life form
Ecological characteristics
Humidity
Temperature
Pulmonaria rubra Schott - End. Carp.-Balc.
H.; perennial
mesophyte
microthermophyte
Pyrola media Sw.
H.; perennial
mesophyte
eurithermophyte
Pyrola rotundifolia L.
H.; perennial
eurithermophyte
eurithermophyte
Ranunculus acris L. s.l.
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesohygrophyte
Ranunculus carpaticus
Herbich - R, End. Carp.
Ranunculus cassubicus L.
H.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
microthermophyte
H.; perennial
mesothermophyte
Ranunculus platanifolius L.
H.; perennial
Ranunculus repens L.
H.; perennial
Ribes petraeum Wulfen
Ph.; shrub
Rosa canina L.
Ph.; shrub
Rosa pendulina L.
Ph.; shrub
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesohygrophytehygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesophyte
Rubus idaeus L.
Ph.; shrub
mesophyte
Rumex acetosa L.
H.; perennial
Salix caprea L.
Ph.; tree
Salix silesiaca Willd.
Ph.; shrub
mesothermophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
eurithermophyte
microthermophyte
mesothermophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
mesothermophyte
Salvia glutinosa L.
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesohygrophyte
Sambucus racemosa L.
Ph.; shrub
mesophyte
microthermophyte
Saxifraga cuneifolia L.
Ch.; perennial
microthermophyte
Saxifraga demissa Schott & Kotschy
Ch.; perennial
Saxifraga heucherifolia Griseb. & Schenk
H.; perennial
Saxifraga paniculata Mill.
Ch.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
xerophytexeromesophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
xeromesophyte
Saxifraga stellaris L. subsp. robusta
(Engl.) Gremli
Scabiosa lucida Vill. subsp. barbata Nyár.
Ch.; perennial
hygrophyte
H.; perennial
mesophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
microthermophyte
Scirpus sylvaticus L.
G.; perennial
hygrophyte
mesothermophyte
Scrophularia nodosa L.
H.; perennial
mesothermophyte
Senecio ovatus Willd.
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte,
hygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophyte
Sesleria bielzii Schur - R, End. Carp.-Balc.
H.; perennial
Silene latifolia subsp. alba
(Mill.) Greuter & Burdet
Silene pusilla Waldst. & Kit. subsp. pusilla
T.-H.; annualperennial
Ch.; perennial
Sisyrinchium montanum Greene
G.; perennial
*Soldanella hungarica Simonk.
H.; perennial
136
eurithermophyte
mesothermophyte
microthermophyte
hekistothermophytemicrothermophyte
eurithermophyte
mesothermophyte
psichrothermophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophyte
microthermophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
microthermophyte
microthermophyte
mesothermophyte
Taxa
Life form
Ecological characteristics
Humidity
Temperature
*Sorbus aucuparia L. subsp. aucuparia
Ph.; tree
mesophyte
Spiraea chamaedryfolia L.
Ph.; shrub
mesophyte
Stachys sylvatica L.
H.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
Stellaria holostea L.
H.; perennial
mesophyte
mesothermophyte
Stellaria nemorum L.
H.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
mesothermophyte
Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC. - R
G.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
microthermophyte
Symphytum cordatum Waldst. & Kit.
H.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
microthermophyte
Symphytum tuberosum L.
H.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
mesothermophyte
Taraxacum officinale (L.) Weber ex F.H.Wigg.
H.; perennial
eurithermophyte
Thalictrum aquilegiifolium L.
H.; perennial
Thesium alpinum L.
H.; perennial
xeromesophytemesophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesohygrophyte
Thymus alpestris (Celak.) Tausch ex A.Kern.
Ch.; perennial
Trifolium pratense L. s.l.
H.; perennial
Trifolium repens L. subsp. repens
H.; perennial
Tussilago farfara L.
G.; perennial
Urtica dioica L.
H.; perennial
Vaccinium myrtillus L.
Ch.(Ph.);
(under)shrub
Ch.(Ph.);
(under)shrub
H.; perennial
*Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.
Valeriana montana L.
microthermophytemesothermophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
microthermophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
microthermophyte
microthermophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
xeromesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophyte
eurithermophyte
microthermophyte
mesohygrophyte
microthermophyte
eurithermophyte
mesothermophyte
mesothermophyte
microthermophyte
Valeriana sambucifolia Mikan f.
H.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
microthermophyte
Valeriana tripteris L.
H.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
eurithermophyte
Veratrum album L. s.l.
H.; perennial
Veronica beccabunga L.
microthermophytemesothermophyte
mesothermophyte
Veronica chamaedrys L. s.l.
H.(HH.);
perennial
H.-Ch.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
hygrophyte
eurithermophyte
Veronica officinalis L.
Ch.; perennial
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesophyte
Veronica urticifolia Jacq.
H.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
Viola biflora L.
H.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
Viola declinata Waldst. & Kit.
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
microthermophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
microthermophyte
microthermophyte
* (text bold) – taxon caracteristic, taxon dominant / characteristic taxon, dominant taxon
E (text bold) – taxon periclitat / endangered taxon; nt (text bold) – taxon neameninţat / non-endangered taxon; R (text
bold) – taxon rar / rare taxon; End. (text bold) – taxon endemic / endemic taxon
137
Ansamblu / General view
(Foto Paulina Anastasiu)
(Foto Paulina Anastasiu)
Gymnadenia conopsea subsp. conopsea
Cortusa matthioli
138
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
Adoxa moschatellina
Bruckenthalia spiculifolia
(Foto Paulina Anastasiu)
Asplenium viride
139
(Foto Paulina Anastasiu)
(Foto Paulina Anastasiu)
Galeobdolon luteum
Campanula carpatica
(Foto Paulina Anastasiu)
Lilium martagon
140
(Foto Daniela Smarandache)
(Foto Daniela Smarandache)
Lamium purpureum
Listera cordata
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
(Foto Paulina Anastasiu)
Oxalis acetosella
141
(Foto Paulina Anastasiu)
Lycopodium clavatum
Morchella esculenta
(Foto Paulina Anastasiu)
Ranunculus carpaticus
142
(Foto Paulina Anastasiu)
(Foto Paulina Anastasiu)
Ptilium crista-castrensis
(Foto Paulina Anastasiu)
Pulmonaria rubra
(Foto Paulina Anastasiu)
143
Vaccinium myrtillus
Streptopus amplexifolius
(Foto Paulina Anastasiu)
(Foto Paulina Anastasiu)
Viola biflora
144
(Foto Paulina Anastasiu)
Foto Marius Negulici
Habitat 91V0
˘
Paduri
dacice de fag
(Symphyto-Fagion)
Dacian beech forest
(Symphyto-Fagion)
Acest habitat grupează pădurile de fag,
molid şi brad care au ca specie caracteristică fie Pulmonaria rubra, fie Leucanthemum rotundifolium. De asemenea,
habitatul include şi pădurile de fag cu
Symphytum cordatum sau cu Asplenium
scolopendrium.
Pădurile dacice de fag se întâlnesc în
tot lungul lanţului carpatic, la altitudini cuprinse între 500 m şi 1450 m, pe versanţi
slab până la puternic înclinaţi, cu expoziţii
diferite, pe platouri, culmi, vâlcele umede,
This habitat comprises of forests of
beech, spruce and fir that have as characteristic species either Pulmonaria rubra or
Leucanthemum rotundifolium. The habitat also includes beech forests with Symphytum cordatum or with Asplenium
scolopendrium.
Dacian beech forests can be found all
across the Carpathian chain, between
500 m and 1450 m altitude, on slopes with
low to high inclination, with various exposures, on plateaus, heights and valleys.
145
Habitat 91V0
coame, funduri de văi. Solicită
temperaturi medii anuale cuprinse
între 3°C și 8°C şi precipitaţii cuprinse între 750 mm şi 1200 mm/an
(Mountford et al. 2008). Substratul
pe care se dezvoltă este variat, reprezentat în special de fliş, conglomerate, şisturi cristaline, gresii
calcaroase, roci eruptive şi metamorfice, bazice, intermediare, rar
acide. Solurile preferate sunt: eutricambosol, luvosol, stagnosol şi
rendzine (Doniță et al. 2005).
În zona cercetată au fost identificate
astfel de păduri în bazinul superior al Ialomiţei şi pe Coama Priporului, până la o altitudine de cca 1400 m, pe versanţi cu
expoziţii diferite. Structura habitatului este
în concordanţă cu datele din literatura de
specialitate (Doniţă et al. 2005, Mountford
et al. 2008). Peste 80% dintre speciile inventariate în acest tip de habitat prezintă
cerinţe medii spre ridicate faţă de factorul
apă şi dintre acestea aproximativ jumătate
sunt microtermofite.
Alături de speciile edificatoare şi caracteristice, habitatul, considerat ca având valoare conservativă foarte mare (Doniţă et
al. 2005), adăposteşte unele elemente rare,
precum: Corralorhiza trifida, Gymnadenia
conopsea, Neottia nidus-avis, Cephalanthera damasonium, Ranunculus carpaticus.
Nu au fost notate specii cu impact negativ.
This habitat requires average annual temperatures of 3°C to 8°C and rainfall of between 750 mm and 1200 mm/year
(Mountford et al. 2008). The substrate on
which it grows is varied, represented in
particular by flysch, conglomerates, crystalline schist, calcareous sandstones, and
eruptive, metamorphic, basic, intermediate, rarely acidic rocks. The preferred
kinds of soil are cambisols, luvisols, stagnosols and rendzinas (Doniță et al. 2005).
In the researched area, the habitat was
identified in the upper basin of the river
Ialomiţa and at Coama Priporului, up to an
altitude of about 1400 m, on slopes with
various exposures. The structures of the
habitat confirm the data available in the literature (Doniţă et al. 2005, Mountford et
al. 2008). Over 80% of the species recorded for this type of habitat have medium
to high water requirements, and about half
of them are microthermophyte.
The habitat is considered to have great
conservation importance (Doniţă et al.
2005), sheltering alongside the edificatory
and characteristic species, some rare plants
such as: Corralorhiza trifida, Gymnadenia
conopsea, Neottia nidus-avis, Cephalanthera damasonium, Ranunculus carpaticus.
No species with a negative impact were
found.
146
Tabel 12. Habitat 91V0 – Păduri dacice de fag (Symphyto-Fagion) – lista taxonilor inventariaţi
cu prezentarea bioformei şi a caracteristicilor ecologice, subliniindu-se speciile caracteristice şi dominante, precum şi cele cu valoare conservativă în conformitate cu Oltean
et al. (1994)
Table 12. Habitat 91V0 – Dacian Beech forests (Symphyto-Fagion) – list of the recorded taxa
with life forms and ecological characteristics, highlighting dominant and characteristic
species, as well as the species with conservation value according to Oltean et al. (1994)
Ecological characteristics
Taxa
Life form
Humidity
Abies alba Mill. - E
Ph.; tree
Acer pseudoplatanus L.
Actaea spicata L.
Temperature
Ph.; tree
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophyte
mesothermophyte
G.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
mesothermophyte
Adenostyles alliariae (Gouan) A.Kern.
H.; perennial
microthermophyte
Adoxa moschatellina L.
G.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesohygrophyte
Aegopodium podagraria L.
Ajuga reptans L.
H.(G.);
perennial
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophyte
Allium ursinum L. s.l.
G.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophyte
Anemone nemorosa L.
G.; perennial
Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm.
Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth
Ht.-H.;
biannualperennial
H.; perennial
Bellis perennis L.
H.; perennial
Brachypodium sylvaticum (Huds.) P.Beauv.
H.; perennial
Bruckenthalia spiculifolia (Salisb.) Rchb.
Ph.(Ch.);
perennial
H.; perennial
Caltha palustris L.
mesothermophyte
mesothermophyte
mesothermophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
mesothermophytesubthermophyte
mesothermophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesothermophyte
mesohygrophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
microthermophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
hygrophyte
mesothermophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
microthermophyte
Campanula patula L. subsp. abietina
(Griseb. & Schenk) Simonk. - End. Carp.-Balc.
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
microthermophyte
Carex pendula Huds.
H.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
microthermophyte
Carex sylvatica Huds.
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophyte
mesothermophyte
Cephalanthera damasonium (Mill.) Druce - nt
H.(HH.);
perennial
G.; perennial
Chaerophyllum hirsutum L.
H.; perennial
mesothermophyte
Chrysosplenium alternifolium L.
H.; perennial
Cicerbita alpina (L.) Wallr.
H.; perennial
mesohygrophytehygrophyte
mesohygrophytehygrophyte
mesohygrophyte
microthermophyte
Circaea lutetiana L.
G.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
mesothermophyte
Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten.
Ht.; biannual
mesothermophyte
Corallorrhiza trifida Châtel. - R
G.; perennial
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesophyte
microthermophyte
Corydalis solida (L.) Clairv. s.l.
G.; perennial
mesophyte
mesothermophyte
147
mesothermophyte
microthermophyte
Taxa
Life form
Dactylis glomerata L. s.l.
H.; perennial
Dentaria bulbifera L.
[syn. Cardamine bulbifera (L.) Crantz]
*Dentaria glandulosa Waldst. & Kit.
[syn. Cardamine glanduligera O.Schwarz] - End. Carp.
Doronicum austriacum Jacq.
Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott
Echium vulgare L.
Ecological characteristics
Humidity
Temperature
eurithermophyte
G.; perennial
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesophyte
G.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
G.; perennial
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
microthermophyte
Ht.; biannual
xeromesophyte
Epilobium montanum L.
H.; perennial
mesophyte
mesothermophytesubthermophyte
eurithermophyte
Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz - R
G.; perennial
mesophyte
mesothermophyte
Equisetum arvense L.
G.; perennial
mesophyte
mesothermophyte
Euphorbia amygdaloides L.
Ch.; perennial
mesophyte
mesothermophytesubthermophyte
subthermophyte
Euphorbia carniolica Jacq.
H.; perennial
mesophyte
*Fagus sylvatica L.
Ph.; tree
Fragaria vesca L.
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophyte
Fraxinus excelsior L.
Ph.; tree
Galeobdolon luteum Huds.
Galium odoratum (L.) Scop.
H.(Ch.);
perennial
G.; perennial
Gentiana asclepiadea L.
H.; perennial
Geranium robertianum L.
T.-Ht.; annualwinter annual
H.(Ch.);
perennial
H.; perennial
Glechoma hirsuta Waldst. & Kit.
Gnaphalium sylvaticum L.
Gymnadenia conopsea (L.) R.Br. subsp.
conopsea - R
Gymnocarpium dryopteris (L.) Newman
G.; perennial
Hieracium bifidum Kit. ex Hornem.
H.; perennial
Hieracium pilosella L.
H.; perennial
Hieracium transsilvanicum Heuff.
H.; perennial
Hordelymus europaeus (L.) Jessen ex Harz
H.; perennial
Hypericum maculatum Crantz
H.; perennial
Isopyrum thalictroides L.
H.; perennial
Lamium maculatum (L.) L. subsp. maculatum
H.(Ch.);
perennial
T.; annual
Lamium purpureum L.
Lapsana communis L. s.l.
G.; perennial
T.-H.; annualperennial
148
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophyte
mesothermophyte
mesothermophyte
mesothermophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
mesothermophyte
eurithermophyte
mesothermophyte
mesohygrophytehygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophyte
microthermophyte
mesothermophyte
mesophyte
mesothermophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesophyte
microthermophyte
mesothermophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
microthermophyte
eurithermophyte
eurithermophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophyte
mesothermophyte
mesothermophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesophyte
eurithermophyte
mesothermophytesubthermophyte
mesothermophyte
mesothermophyte
Taxa
Life form
Ecological characteristics
Humidity
Temperature
Larix decidua Mill. subsp. carpatica
(Domin) Šiman - R
Lathyrus venetus (Mill.) Wohlf.
Ph.; tree
mesophyte
G.; perennial
mesophyte
Lathyrus vernus (L.) Bernh.
G.; perennial
mesophyte
mesothermophyte
*Leucanthemum rotundifolium DC. - R
H.; perennial
microthermophyte
Linum catharticum L. subsp. catharticum
T.; annual
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophyte
Lotus corniculatus L.
H.; perennial
Luzula luzuloides (Lam.) Dandy & Wilmott
H.; perennial
Lycopodium annotinum L. - R
Ch.; perennial
Medicago lupulina L.
T.-H.; annualperennial
H.; perennial
xeromesophytemesophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
xeromesophytemesohygrophyte
mesohygrophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesophyte
mesothermophyte
Mycelis muralis (L.) Dumort.
T.-H.; annualperennial
H.; perennial
Myosotis sylvatica Ehrh. ex Hoffm.
Ht.; biannual
mesothermophyte
Neottia nidus-avis (L.) Rich. - R
G.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophyte
Orthilia secunda (L.) House
mesophyte
eurithermophyte
Petasites kablikianus Tausch ex Bercht.
G.; perennial
*Picea abies (L.) H.Karst.
Ph.; tree
Pinus sylvestris L.
Ph.; tree
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesohygrophytehygrophyte
mesophytehygrophyte
euriphyte
mesothermophyte
Paris quadrifolia L.
Ch.;
undershrub
H.(G.);
perennial
G.; perennial
eurithermophyte
Plantago major L. s.l.
H.; perennial
mesophyte
eurithermophyte
Poa nemoralis L.
H.; perennial
mesophyte
mesothermophyte
Polygonatum verticillatum (L.) All.
G.; perennial
Polystichum braunii (Spenn.) Fée
H.; perennial
Polystichum setiferum (Forssk.) Moore ex Woyn.
H.; perennial
microthermophytemesothermophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
eurithermophyte
Populus tremula L.
Ph.; tree
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophyte
Potentilla anserina L.
H.; perennial
Potentilla erecta (L.) Raeusch.
H.; perennial
Prunella vulgaris L.
H.; perennial
Moehringia muscosa L.
Moehringia trinervia (L.) Clairv.
Oxalis acetosella L.
microthermophytemesothermophyte
subthermophyte
microthermophyte
eurithermophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
mesothermophyte
microthermophyte
mesothermophyte
mesothermophyte
eurithermophyte
eurithermophyte
microthermophyte
microthermophyte
*Pulmonaria rubra Schott - End. Carp.-Balc.
H.; perennial
mesohygrophytehygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophyte
Pyrola media Sw.
H.; perennial
mesophyte
eurithermophyte
Ranunculus carpaticus Herbich - R, End. Carp.
H.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
microthermophyte
149
mesothermophyte
microthermophyte
mesothermophyte
microthermophyte
Taxa
Life form
Ecological characteristics
Humidity
Temperature
microthermophytemesothermophyte
eurithermophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
mesothermophyte
Ranunculus platanifolius L.
H.; perennial
Ranunculus repens L.
H.; perennial
Rubus hirtus Waldst. & Kit.
Ph.; shrub
Rubus idaeus L.
Ph.; shrub
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesohygrophytehygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophyte
Rumex alpinus L.
H.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
microthermophyte
Salix caprea L.
Ph.; tree
mesothermophyte
Salix silesiaca Willd.
Ph.; shrub
Sanicula europaea L.
H.; perennial
Scilla bifolia L. subsp. bifolia
G.; perennial
Scrophularia nodosa L.
H.; perennial
Senecio ovatus Willd.
H.; perennial
Sorbus aucuparia L. subsp. aucuparia
Ph.; tree
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte,
hygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophyte
Stachys sylvatica L.
H.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
microthermophyte
Stellaria nemorum L.
H.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
mesothermophyte
Symphytum tuberosum L.
H.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
mesothermophyte
Taraxacum officinale (L.) Weber ex F.H.Wigg.
H.; perennial
eurithermophyte
Thalictrum aquilegiifolium L.
H.; perennial
Trifolium pratense L. s.l.
H.; perennial
Trifolium repens L. subsp. repens
H.; perennial
Tussilago farfara L.
G.; perennial
Urtica dioica L.
H.; perennial
Valeriana sambucifolia Mikan f.
H.; perennial
xeromesophytemesophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
xeromesophytemesophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesophytemesohygrophyte
mesohygrophyte
microthermophyte
Veratrum album L. s.l.
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
xeromesophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
mesothermophyte
mesothermophyte
microthermophyte
mesothermophyte
mesothermophyte
mesothermophyte
mesothermophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
eurithermophyte
eurithermophyte
mesothermophyte
mesothermophyte
Verbascum nigrum L.
H.; perennial
Veronica beccabunga L.
hygrophyte
Veronica serpyllifolia L. s.l.
H.(HH.);
perennial
H.; perennial
mesophyte
mesothermophyte
Veronica urticifolia Jacq.
H.; perennial
mesohygrophyte
Vicia sepium L.
H.; perennial
mesophytemesohygrophyte
microthermophytemesothermophyte
mesothermophyte
* (text bold) – taxon caracteristic, taxon dominant / characteristic taxon, dominant taxon
E (text bold) – taxon periclitat / endangered taxon; nt (text bold) – taxon neameninţat / non-endangered taxon;
R (text bold) – taxon rar / rare taxon; End. (text bold) – taxon endemic / endemic taxon.
150
Ansamblu / General view
Epipactis helleborine
(Foto Paulina Anastasiu)
(Foto Paulina Anastasiu)
Thalictrum aquilegiifolium
151
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
Euphorbia carniolica
Neottia nidus-avis
(Foto Paulina Anastasiu)
(Foto Sanda Lițescu)
Corallorrhiza trifida
152
(Foto Paulina Anastasiu)
Pyrola media
Dentaria bulbifera
(Foto Paulina Anastasiu)
Polygonatum verticillatum (Foto Paulina Anastasiu)
153
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
Lycopodium annotinum
(Foto Paulina Anastasiu)
Campanula patula subsp. abietina
Stellaria nemorum
154
(Foto Paulina Anastasiu)
(Foto Paulina Anastasiu)
Ranunculus carpaticus
(Foto Paulina Anastasiu)
Paris quadrifolia
(Foto Paulina Anastasiu)
155
Valeriana sambucifolia
Pulmonaria rubra
(Foto Anca Sârbu)
Veronica urticifolia
156
(Foto Paulina Anastasiu)
(Foto Paulina Anastasiu)
Indexul plantelor inventariate
Index of Inventoried Plants
Denumirea ‫܈‬tiin‫܊‬ifică
Scientific Name
Abies alba
Acer pseudoplatanus
Achillea distans
Achillea millefolium
Achillea schurii
Acinos alpinus
Aconitum moldavicum subsp. moldavicum
Aconitum vulparia subsp. vulparia
Actaea spicata
Adenostyles alliariae
Adoxa moschatellina
Aegopodium podagraria
Agrostis capillaris
Agrostis rupestris
Agrostis stolonifera subsp. stolonifera
Ajuga genevensis
Ajuga reptans
Alchemilla colorata
Alchemilla glabra
Alchemilla glaucescens
Alchemilla mollis
Alchemilla monticola
Alchemilla reniformis
Alliaria petiolata
Allium ursinum
Alnus incana
Alnus viridis
Alopecurus pratensis
Alyssum repens
Androsace chamaejasme
Androsace villosa subsp. arachnoidea
Anemone narcissiflora
Anemone nemorosa
Anemone ranunculoides
Antennaria dioica
Anthemis carpatica
Anthoxanthum odoratum
Anthriscus sylvestris
Anthyllis vulneraria
Arabis alpina
Arabis hirsuta
Arabis turrita
Arenaria biflora
Arenaria ciliata
Arenaria rotundifolia
Armeria alpina
Arnica montana
Arrhenatherum elatius subsp. elatius
Artemisia eriantha
Asperula capitata
Asplenium trichomanes
Asplenium viride
Denumirea populară
în limba română
Romanian Common
Name
Brad
Paltin de munte
Codi‫܊‬a ‫܈‬oricelului
Codi‫܊‬a ‫܈‬oricelului
Denumirea populară
în limba engleză
English Common Name
European Silver-fir
Sycamore
Tall Yarrow
Yarrow
Cimbru mare de munte Alpine Thyme
Omag
Moldavian Monk's-hoods
Omag
Monk's-hoods
Ciucura‫܈‬i
Frăgu‫܊‬ă
Piciorul caprei
Suliman
Vine‫܊‬ică
Moschatel
Ground-elder
Common Bent
Creeping Bent
Upright bugle
Bugle
Silky Lady's mantle
Velvet Lady's mantle
Cre‫܊‬i‫܈‬oară
Usturoi‫܊‬ă
Leurdă
Arin alb
Arin de munte
Coada vulpii
Cui‫܈‬oară
Lăpti‫܈‬or
Oi‫܊‬e
Floarea Pa‫܈‬tilor
Pă‫܈‬ti‫܊‬ă
Parpian, Siminic
Vi‫܊‬elar
Ha‫܈‬maciucă
Vătămătoare
Gâscari‫܊‬ă
Gâscari‫܊‬ă
Gâscari‫܊‬ă
Studeni‫܊‬ă
Studeni‫܊‬ă
Studeni‫܊‬ă
Garlic Mustard
Ramsons
Grey Alder
Green Alder
Meadow Foxtail
Wood Anemone
Yellow Anemone
Mountain Everlasting
Sweet Vernal-grass
Cow Parsley
Kidney Vetch
Alpine Rock-cress
Hairy Rock-cress
Tower Cress
Arnică
Ovăscior
Thrift
Mountain Arnica
False Oat-grass
Sânziene de munte
Stra‫܈‬nic
Pocitoc
Maidenhair Spleenwort
Green Spleenwort
157
Pagina
Page
119, 120, 130, 147
86, 120, 130, 147
86
130
14, 16, 35, 52, 56, 112, 116
35, 41, 52, 55, 64, 86, 130
130
86, 92
120, 130, 147
75, 76, 130, 147
76, 120, 130, 139, 147
76, 83, 86, 120, 130, 147
86
16, 34, 35, 42, 63, 64
86
130
76, 86, 120, 130, 147
86
16, 35
35, 42, 64, 130
86
16, 35, 64
130
131
147
131
76
87
16, 35, 42, 51, 52
16, 35, 52, 64, 112, 117
35, 43
14, 16, 35, 43
120, 124, 126, 147
120, 123, 125
16, 35, 44, 52, 64, 67, 70, 131
16, 19, 35, 52, 103
16, 35, 64, 85, 87
76, 131, 147
87, 93, 131
35, 131
87
131
36, 64
36, 64, 103, 112, 115
64
14, 16, 20, 36, 43, 52, 103
63, 64, 68
87
16, 36, 52, 112
52, 131
120
36, 112, 113, 120, 131, 139
Astrantia major subsp. major
Athyrium filix-femina
Avenula planiculmis
Avenula praeusta subsp. adsurgens
Bartsia alpina
Bellis perennis
Biscutella laevigata
Botrychium lunaria
Brachypodium sylvaticum
Brassica rapa subsp. campestris
Briza media
Bromus ramosus
Bruckenthalia spiculifolia
Bupleurum sibthorpianum
Calamagrostis arundinacea
Calamagrostis villosa
Caltha palustris
Campanula alpina
Campanula carpatica
Campanula cochleariifolia
Campanula glomerata
Campanula patula subsp. abietina
Campanula persicifolia
Campanula serrata
Campanula sibirica
Campanula transsilvanica
Cardamine amara
Cardamine impatiens
Cardamine pratensis
Carduus kerneri subsp. kerneri
Carex atrata
Carex dioica
Carex flava
Carex fusca
Carex hirta
Carex leporina
Carex pallescens
Carex pendula
Carex rostrata
Carex sempervirens
Carex sylvatica
Carlina acaulis
Carum carvi
Centaurea kotschyana
Centaurea phrygia
Centaurea triumfetti
Cephalanthera damasonium
Cerastium alpinum subsp. lanatum
Cerastium arvense
Cerastium fontanum subsp. fontanum
Cerastium holosteoides
Chaerophyllum hirsutum
Chamaerion angustifolium
Chelidonium majus
Chrysosplenium alternifolium
Cicerbita alpina
Circaea lutetiana
Cirsium arvense
Astrantia
Spinarea lupului
Bursucă
Bănu‫܊‬ei, Părălu‫܊‬e
Ochelari‫܊‬ă
Limba cucului,
Iarba dragostei
Alpine Bartsia
Daisy
Moonwort
False Brome
Wild Turnip
Quaking-grass
Hairy-brome
Rapi‫܊‬ă sălbatică
Tremurătoare
Coacăză
Calcea calului
Clopo‫܊‬ei de munte
Cădelni‫܊‬ă
Clopo‫܊‬ei
Ciucure
Clopo‫܊‬ei
Clopo‫܊‬ei
Clopo‫܊‬ei
Clopo‫܊‬ei
Stupitul cucului
Râjnică
Stupitul cucului
Rogoz
Rogoz
Rogoz
Rogoz
Rogoz
Rogoz
Rogoz
Rogoz
Rogoz
Rogoz
Rogoz
Turtă
Chimen
Căp‫܈‬unică
Lâna caprelor
Asmă‫܊‬ui sălbatic
Zburătoare, Răscoage
Rostopască
Splină
Pălămidă
87, 95, 131
76, 120, 131, 147
87
87
36, 52, 57
76, 131, 147
16, 36, 44, 52
16, 36, 45, 52, 131
76, 120, 147
85, 87
85, 87
87
14, 16, 36, 131, 139, 147
87
Small-reeds
87, 131
Small-reeds
28, 29
Marsh-marigold
29, 31, 76, 87, 131, 147
14, 15, 16, 36, 45, 52, 64
Carpathian Bellflower
131, 140
Fairy's-thimble
36, 52, 56
Clustered Bellflower
87
36, 64, 68, 76, 85, 87, 131, 147, 154
Peach-Leaved Bellflower
87, 97, 131
Serrated Bellflower
15, 16, 20, 36, 64, 85, 87
87
36, 46
Large Bitter-cress
76, 120
Narrow-leaved Bitter-cress 87, 131
Meadow Bitter-cress
36, 131
Thistle
85, 87, 93, 131
Black Alpine-sedge
36, 113
Dioecious Sedge
36
Large Yellow-sedge
87
87
76
Oval Sedge
131
Pale Sedge
36, 87, 131
Pendulous Sedge
147
131
14, 16, 36, 51, 52, 112, 113
Wood-sedge
76, 120, 131, 147
Carlina Thistle
36, 87
131
Knapweed
85, 87, 93, 94
87, 95
76, 131
White Helleborine
130, 131, 146, 147
Alpine Mouse-ear
16, 25, 36, 52, 65, 103, 113
Field Mouse-ear
36, 65, 76, 102, 103, 106, 131
Common Mouse-ear
132
85, 87
Hairy Chervil
76, 120, 132, 147
Rosebay Willowherb
76, 132
132
Alternate-leaved Golden76, 120, 127, 132, 147
saxifrage
Alpine Blue-sowthistle
75, 76, 81, 132, 147
Enchanter's nightshade
120, 132, 147
Field Thistle
85, 87
158
Cirsium erisithales
Cirsium vulgare
Cirsium waldsteinii
Clematis alpina
Clinopodium vulgare
Coeloglossum viride
Colchicum autumnale
Corallorrhiza trifida
Coronilla varia
Cortusa matthioli
Corydalis solida
Crepis biennis
Crocus banaticus
Crocus vernus
Cruciata glabra
Cruciata laevipes
Cuscuta europaea subsp. europaea
Cynosurus cristatus
Cystopteris fragilis
Dactylis glomerata
Dactylorhiza fuchsii
Dactylorhiza incarnata
Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. maculata
Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. schurii
Dactylorhiza saccifera
Daphne mezereum
Delphinium elatum subsp. elatum
Dentaria bulbifera
Dentaria glandulosa
Deschampsia cespitosa
Deschampsia flexuosa
Dianthus barbatus subsp. compactus
Dianthus glacialis subsp. gelidus
Dianthus spiculifolius
Digitalis grandiflora
Doronicum austriacum
Doronicum carpaticum
Draba compacta
Draba kotschyi
Dryas octopetala
Dryopteris dilatata
Dryopteris filix-mas
Echium vulgare
Epilobium alpestre
Epilobium lamyi
Epilobium montanum
Epilobium palustre
Epipactis helleborine
Equisetum arvense
Equisetum hyemale
Equisetum palustre
Equisetum ramosissimum
Equisetum sylvaticum
Erigeron annuus
Erigeron nanus
Erigeron uniflorus
Eriophorum angustifolium
Eritrichium nanum
Col‫܊‬ul lupului
Crăpu‫܈‬nic, Scai
Yellow Thistle
Spear Thistle
Curpen de munte
Apărătoare
Wild Basil
Frog Orchid
Meadow Saffron
Coralroot Orchid
Crown Vetch
Brându‫܈‬a de toamnă
Buzi‫܈‬or
Coroni‫܈‬te
Ciubo‫܊‬ica ursului
Brebenei
Bird-in-a-bush
Barba lupului
Rough Hawk's-bread
Brânduúe
Brându‫܈‬e de primăvară Spring Crocus
Crosswort
Smântânică
Tor‫܊‬el
Greater Dodder
Pieptănari‫܊‬ă
Crested Dog's-tail
Ferigu‫܊‬ă de stâncă
Brittle Bladder-fern
Golomă‫܊‬
Cock's Foot
Common Spotted-orchid
Early Marsh-orchid
Mâna Maicii
Heah Spotted-orchid
Domnului
Heah Spotted-orchid
Tulichină
Nem‫܊‬i‫܈‬or
Col‫܊‬i‫܈‬or
Breabăn
Târsă
Păiu‫܈‬
Garofi‫܊‬ă
Mezereon
Coralroot
Tufted Hairy-grass
Wavy Hairy-grass
Sweet-William
Dege‫܊‬el galben
Iarba ciutei
Cujdă
Yellow Foxglove
Argin‫܊‬ică
Mountain Avens
Ferigă
Iarba ‫܈‬arpelui
Pufuli‫܊‬ă
Pufuli‫܊‬ă
Viper's-bugloss
Square-stalked
Willowherb
Pufuli‫܊‬ă
Pufuli‫܊‬ă
Coada calului
Pipirig
Barba ursului de Bahne
Coada calului
Coada calului
Bunghi‫܈‬or
Bunghi‫܈‬or
Bumbăcari‫܊‬ă
Ochiul ‫܈‬arpelui
Broad-leaved Helleborine
Field Horsetail
Rough Horsetail
Marsh Willowherb
Branched Horsetail
Wood Horsetail
Fleabane
Common Cottongrass
159
76, 87, 132
132, 147
75, 76, 80, 81, 87, 120, 132
77, 120, 125, 132
88
36, 52, 56, 65, 75, 77, 80, 130, 132
88
130, 132, 146, 147, 152
88, 132
36, 77, 132, 138
120, 126, 147
88
85, 88
65, 88, 132
36, 88, 132
132
88
88
112, 113, 120, 132
85, 88, 132, 148
75, 77, 85, 88, 119, 120, 123, 130, 132
130, 132
85, 88, 96, 119, 120
130, 132
85, 88
77, 132
77, 82
88, 120, 132, 148, 153
77, 119, 120, 132, 148
36, 63, 65, 132
132
85, 88, 97
16, 36, 46, 63, 65
132
77, 88, 132
75, 77, 81, 120, 132, 148
16, 121, 127, 132
103, 107
16, 36, 52, 103, 112, 113
13, 14, 15, 16, 21, 36, 51, 52, 103, 113
132
77, 88, 121, 133, 148
148
88
88
77, 121, 133, 148
133
148, 151
77, 88, 148
77, 121, 133
88, 121, 133
133
77, 83, 133
75, 77
103, 105
37, 51, 52, 59, 65
85, 88
112, 113
Euphorbia amygdaloides
Euphorbia carniolica
Euphrasia officinalis subsp. pratensis
Euphrasia stricta
Fagus sylvatica
Fallopia dumetorum
Festuca amethystina
Festuca bucegiensis
Festuca drymeia
Festuca gigantea
Festuca nigrescens
Festuca ovina
Festuca pratensis
Festuca rubra
Festuca rupicola
Festuca supina
Festuca versicolor
Filipendula ulmaria
Fragaria vesca
Fraxinus excelsior
Galanthus nivalis
Galeobdolon luteum
Galeopsis bifida
Galeopsis speciosa
Galium album subsp. album
Galium anisophyllon
Galium odoratum
Galium schultesii
Galium verum subsp. verum
Gentiana acaulis
Gentiana asclepiadea
Gentiana lutea
Gentiana nivalis
Gentiana orbicularis
Gentiana verna
Gentianella austriaca
Geranium phaeum
Geranium pratense
Geranium robertianum
Geranium sylvaticum
Geum montanum
Geum reptans
Geum rivale
Gladiolus imbricatus
Glechoma hirsuta
Gnaphalium supinum
Gnaphalium sylvaticum
Gnaphalium uliginosum
Gymnadenia conopsea subsp. conopsea
Gymnadenia conopsea subsp. densiflora
Gymnocarpium dryopteris
Gymnocarpium robertianum
Hedysarum hedysaroides
Helianthemum alpestre
Helianthemum nummularium
Helleborus purpurascens
Hepatica transsilvanica
Heracleum sphondylium
Alior
Alior
Silur
Silur
Fag
Hri‫܈‬că deasă
Wood Spurge
88, 133, 148
121, 133, 148, 152
Rostkov's Eyebright
88
88
Beech
119, 121, 133, 148
Copse-bindweed
88
51, 52
52, 58
Scradă
119, 121
88
63, 65
133
Păiu‫܈‬
Fescue
85, 133
Păiu‫ ܈‬ro‫܈‬u
Red Fescue
88
133
14, 15, 16, 29, 34, 37, 44, 46, 52, 63,
65, 113
37
Cre‫܊‬u‫܈‬că
Meadowsweet
77, 83, 88, 133
Fragi de pădure
Wild Strawberry
77, 121, 133, 148
Frasin
Ash
148
Ghiocei
Snowdrop
88
Gălbini‫܊‬ă
Yellow Archangel
121, 133, 140, 148
Bifid Hemp-nettle
88
Cânepi‫܊‬ă, Zabră
Large-flowered Hemp-nettle 77, 88
Sânziene albe
88
16, 37, 52, 65, 113
Vinari‫܊‬ă
Woodruff
148
Sânziene de pădure
88
Sânziene, Drăgaică
Lady's Bedstraw
88
Cupe
Koch's Gentian
65, 69
Lumânărica pământului Willow Gentian
77, 133, 148
Ghin‫܊‬ură galbenă
Yellow Gentian
85, 86, 88, 94
Alpine Gentian
52
17, 52, 113
Ochincele
Spring Gentian
17, 37, 45, 53, 60, 65, 113
89
Pălăria cucului
Dusky Crane's-bill
77, 89, 121, 124, 133
Greghetin
Meadow Crane's-bill
89
Năpraznică
Herb-Robert
77, 121, 133, 148
Fratele priboiului
Wood Crane's-bill
77, 83, 89, 133
Măr‫܊‬i‫܈‬or
37, 65, 69, 71, 103
Plăcin‫܊‬ele
17, 21
Căl‫܊‬unul Doamnei
Water Avens
77, 81, 89, 133
Săbiu‫܊‬ă
Gladiolus
89
Silnic
133, 148
37, 47, 65, 70
Floarea patului
Heath Cudweed
148
Marsh Cudweed
37, 65
Chalk Fragrant Orchid
37, 65, 85, 89, 95, 130, 133, 138,
146, 148
Marsh Fragrant Orchid
53
Oak Fern
121, 133, 148
Limestone Fern
77
Dulci‫܈‬or
53, 57, 58
Mălăioaie
17, 37, 47, 51, 53, 59, 65
Iarba osului
Common Rock-rose
89, 99, 133
Spânz
Hellebore
89, 96
Crucea voinicului
75, 77, 119, 121, 126, 133
Brânca ursului
Hogweed
89
160
Hesperis matronalis
Hieracium alpinum
Hieracium aurantiacum
Hieracium bifidum
Hieracium pilosella
Hieracium transsilvanicum
Hieracium valdepilosum
Hieracium villosum
Homogyne alpina
Hordelymus europaeus
Huperzia selago
Hypericum maculatum
Impatiens noli-tangere
Isopyrum thalictroides
Juncus articulatus
Juncus bufonius
Juncus conglomeratus
Juncus effusus
Juncus tenuis
Juncus trifidus
Juniperus communis
Juniperus sibirica
Kernera saxatilis
Knautia longifolia
Kobresia myosuroides
Kobresia simpliciuscula
Lamium maculatum subsp. maculatum
Lamium purpureum
Lapsana communis
Larix decidua subsp. carpatica
Lathraea squamaria
Lathyrus pratensis
Lathyrus venetus
Lathyrus vernus
Leontodon hispidus
Leontopodium alpinum
Leucanthemum rotundifolium
Leucanthemum vulgare
Ligularia sibirica
Ligusticum mutellina
Ligusticum mutellinoides
Lilium martagon
Linum catharticum subsp. catharticum
Linum extraaxilare
Listera cordata
Listera ovata
Lloydia serotina
Loiseleuria procumbens
Lonicera xylosteum
Lotus corniculatus
Lunaria rediviva
Luzula alpinopilosa
Luzula campestris
Luzula luzuloides
Luzula multiflora
Luzula pilosa
Luzula spicata
Luzula sudetica
Nopticoasă
Dame's violet
Ru‫܈‬uli‫܊‬a
Orange Hawkwud
Rotunjoare
Orz pădure‫܊‬
Purple Colt's-foot
Slăbănog
Găinu‫܈‬i
Fir Clubmoss
Imperforate St John's-wort
Touch-me-not Balsam
Iarba broa‫܈‬tei
Jointed Rush
Toad Rush
Compact Rush
Spetează
Pipirig american
Părul porcului
Ienupăr
Ienupăr pitic
Slender Rush
Three-leaved Rush
Common Juniper
Mu‫܈‬cata dracului
Urzică moartă
Sugel puturos
Zgrăbun‫܊‬ică, Salata
câinelui
Larice de Carpa‫܊‬i
Muma pădurii
Lintea pratului
Pupezele
Potcapul călugărului
Floare de col‫܊‬,
Floarea reginei
Margarete
Curechi de munte
Brie, Brioală
Mărarul ursului
Crin de pădure
Inea‫܊‬ă, Inu‫ ܊‬de câmp
In de munte
Buhai
Caprifoi
Ghizdei
Lopă‫܊‬ea
Mălaiul cucului
Mălaiul cucului
Mălaiul cucului
False Sedge
False Sedge
Spotted Dead-nettle
Red Dead-nettle
Nipplewort
Carpathian Larch
Toothwort
Meadow Vetchling
Rough Hawkbit
Edelweiss
Oxeye Daisy
Martagon Lily
Fairy Flax
Lesser Twayblade
Common Twayblade
Trailing Azalea
Fly Honeysuckle
Common Bird's-foot-trefoil
Field Wood-rush
White Wood-rush
Heath Wood-rush
Hairy Wood-rush
Spiked Wood-rush
Credei de munte
161
133
17, 37, 53, 58
37, 65, 77, 89, 96, 133
133, 148
133, 148
77, 119, 133, 148
89
37, 53
14, 17, 29, 31, 37, 53, 65, 133
148
134
77, 89, 134, 148
134
121, 148
77, 89, 134
89
89
134
85, 89
17, 34, 37
89, 134
13, 14, 17, 37, 53
53, 57
89, 100
37, 53
17, 37, 103
77, 134, 148
121, 134, 141, 148
121, 134, 148
53, 134, 149
134
89
149
149
89
37, 51, 53, 59
75, 78, 134, 145, 149
89
75, 78, 81
29, 37, 65
17, 37, 103
78, 89, 134, 140
89, 149
37, 51, 53, 58, 61
130, 134, 141
130, 134
14, 17, 20, 53
13, 14, 15, 17, 23, 37, 53
134
89, 134, 149
134
17, 65
134
65, 67, 78, 89, 119, 121, 134, 149
37, 65
121
17, 37, 65, 103
37, 65
Luzula sylvatica
Lychnis flos-cuculi
Lycopodium annotinum
Lycopodium clavatum
Lysimachia nummularia
Medicago lupulina
Melampyrum sylvaticum
Melica nutans
Mercurialis perennis
Minuartia recurva
Minuartia sedoides
Minuartia setacea
Minuartia verna
Moehringia muscosa
Moehringia trinervia
Moneses uniflora
Mycelis muralis
Myosotis alpestris
Myosotis nemorosa
Myosotis sylvatica
Nardus stricta
Neottia nidus-avis
Nigritella nigra
Nigritella rubra
Orchis militaris
Origanum vulgare
Orobanche lutea
Orthilia secunda
Oxalis acetosella
Oxyria digyna
Oxytropis halleri
Papaver alpinum subsp. corona
sancti-stephani
Paris quadrifolia
Parnassia palustris
Pedicularis oederi
Pedicularis verticillata
Petasites kablikianus
Phleum alpinum
Phleum pratense
Phyteuma confusum
Phyteuma orbiculare
Phyteuma vagneri
Picea abies
Pilosella lactucella
Pimpinella major
Pimpinella saxifraga
Pinguicula alpina
Pinguicula vulgaris
Pinus mugo
Pinus sylvestris
Plantago atrata
Plantago lanceolata
Plantago major
Plantago media
Platanthera bifolia
Poa alpina
Poa chaixii
Poa hybrida
Great Wood-rush
Ragged-Robin
Interrupted Clubmoss
Stag's-horn Clubmoss
Creeping-Jenny
Black Medick
Floarea cucului
Corni‫܈‬or
Pedicu‫܊‬ă
Gălbăjoară
Trifoi mărunt
Ciormoiag
Brei
Mierlu‫܊‬ă
Scânteiu‫܊‬e albe
Merinană
Părălu‫܊‬e de munte
Susai pădure‫܊‬
Nu-mă-uita
Nu-mă-uita
Nu-mă-uita
‫܉‬ăpo‫܈‬ică
Trânji
Sângele voinicului
Sângele voinicului
Poroinic
Sovârv
Lupoaie
Peri‫܈‬or
Măcri‫܈‬ul iepurelui
Măcri‫܈‬el
Luntricică
Mac galben de munte
Dalac
‫܇‬opârli‫܊‬ă albă
Herb-Paris
Vârtejul pământului
Captalan
Timoftică
Timoftică
Butterbur
Alpine Cat's-tail
Timothy
Rampion
Rampion
Rampion
Norway Spruce
Bănică, Schinu‫܊‬ă
Cărbuni
Molid
Petrinjei de câmp mari
Petrinjei de câmp
Foaie grasă
Foaie grasă
Jneapăn
Pin
Pătlagină cu frunze
înguste
Pătlagină mare
Pătlagină
Stupini‫܊‬ă
Firu‫܈‬ca ‫܈‬opârlelor
89, 129, 134
89
134, 149, 154
134, 142
89
78, 89, 149
134
Mountain Melck
134
Dog's Mercury
121, 134
17, 22, 37, 53, 55, 60
Cyphel
17, 22, 37, 53, 65, 102, 103
53
Spring Sandwort
65, 103
134, 149
Three-nerved Sandwort
149
One-flowered Wintergreen 121, 134
Wall Lettuce
121, 134, 149
17, 37, 103, 105, 107
78, 89
Wood Forget-me-not
78, 90, 121, 134, 149
Mat-grass
29, 38, 62, 63, 65, 85, 90, 134
Bird's-nest Orchid
119, 121, 130, 135, 146, 149, 152
38, 41, 46, 51, 53, 65
38, 51, 53, 65, 71
Military Orchid
135
Wild Marjoram
90
Yellow Broomrapes
90
Serrated Wintergreen
149
Wood-sorrel
29, 78, 121, 135, 141, 149
Mountain Sorrel
17, 103, 105
Purple Oxytropis
17, 23, 38, 53, 60, 65
103, 108
Greater Burnet-saxifrage
Alpine Butterwort
Common Butterwort
Dwarf Mountain-pine
Scots Pine
Black Plantain
Ribwort Plantain
Greater Plantain
Hoary Plantain
Lesser Butterfly Orchid
Alpine Meadow-grass
Broad-leaved Meadow-grass
162
78, 135, 149, 155
38, 48, 90
17, 38
17, 21, 53, 135
78, 135, 149
38, 90, 135
90
53
38, 40, 65, 70, 135
85, 90
29, 119, 121, 129, 135, 149
38
90, 96
90
17, 53, 61, 65
17, 38, 44, 53, 65, 73, 135
27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 38, 53
149
38, 53, 104, 105, 108
90, 135
78, 90, 135, 149
90, 135
85, 90
17, 29, 38, 49, 66, 104, 113, 135
90
38, 66
Poa media
Poa molinerii
Poa nemoralis
Poa pratensis
Poa trivialis
Polygala amara
Polygala amarella
Polygala vulgaris
Polygonatum verticillatum
Polygonum bistorta
Polygonum viviparum
Polypodium vulgare
Polystichum braunii
Polystichum lonchitis
Polystichum setiferum
Populus tremula
Potentilla anserina
Potentilla aurea
Potentilla chrysantha
Potentilla erecta
Potentilla recta subsp. recta
Potentilla reptans
Potentilla ternata
Prenanthes purpurea
Primula elatior
Primula halleri
Primula minima
Primula veris
Pritzelago alpina subsp. brevicaulis
Prunella vulgaris
Pseudorchis albida
Pulmonaria rubra
Pulsatilla micrantha
Pyrola media
Pyrola rotundifolia
Ranunculus acris
Ranunculus breyninus
Ranunculus carpaticus
Ranunculus cassubicus
Ranunculus montanus subsp.
pseudomontanus
Ranunculus platanifolius
Ranunculus repens
Rhinanthus angustifolius
Rhinanthus minor
Rhododendron myrtifolium
Ribes petraeum
Rosa canina
Rosa pendulina
Rubus hirtus
Rubus idaeus
Rumex acetosa
Rumex alpinus
Rumex sanguineus
Sagina procumbens
Salix caprea
Salix herbacea
Salix reticulata
Iarbă deasă
Firu‫܊‬ă
‫܇‬uvar de munte
Amăreală
Wood Meadow-grass
Smooth Meadow-grass
Rough Meadow-grass
Milkwort
Dwarf Milkwort
Common Milkwort
Whorled Solomon's-seal
Common Bistort
Alpine Bistort
Polypody
Răcule‫܊‬
Iarba ‫܈‬opârlelor
Ferigu‫܊‬ă
Creasta coco‫܈‬ului
‫܇‬arpe
Holly-fern
Soft Shield-fern
Aspen
Plop tremurător
Coada racului
Sclipe‫܊‬i
Gălbenu‫܈‬e
Sclipe‫܊‬i
Buruiană de cinci
degete
Cinci degete
Scânteiu‫܊‬ă de munte
Salata iepurelui
Ciubo‫܊‬ica cucului
Anghelină
Ochiul găinii
Tormentil
Sulphur Cinquefoil
38, 63, 66
38, 63, 66, 69
78, 90, 135, 149
90
90, 135
90, 135
54
90
78, 121, 135, 149, 153
29, 66, 78, 90, 135
17, 38, 53, 61, 66, 113, 135
135
121, 135, 149
122, 135
122, 135, 149
135, 149
135, 149
38
38
78, 90, 135, 149
90
Creeping Cinquefoil
90
14, 17, 34, 38, 48, 66, 104, 105, 135
135
Oxlip
78, 135
5, 38
14, 15, 17, 23, 38, 54, 66, 102, 104,
113, 116
Cowslip
78
17, 104
Selfhead
78, 90, 122, 135, 149
Small-white Orchid
38, 66, 72, 73, 130, 135
Red Lungwort
78, 122, 136, 143, 145, 149, 156
17, 38, 54, 66, 72, 104
136, 149, 153
Round-leaved Wintergreen 136
Meadow Buttercup
78, 136
17, 38, 54, 66
119, 122, 136, 142, 146, 149, 155
136
17, 38, 54, 66, 72, 90
Ciubo‫܊‬ica cucului
Nocilă
Busuioc de câmp
Mierea ursului
Sisinei de munte
Brăbănoi
Piciorul coco‫܈‬ului
Floare de leac
Clocotici
Clocotici
Smirdar
Păltior
Măce‫܈‬
Măce‫ ܈‬de munte
Greater Yellow-rattle
Yellow-rattle
Rhododendron
Gooseberry
Dog-rose
Zmeur
Măcri‫܈‬
‫܇‬tevia stânelor
Dragavei
Salcie căprească, Iovă
Raspberry
Common Sorrel
Monk's-rhubarb
Wood Dock
Procumbent Pearlwort
Goat Willow
Dwarf Willow
Net-leaved Willow
163
78, 136, 150
17, 38, 78, 136, 150
90
90
13, 14, 17, 24, 27, 28, 29, 32, 38, 54, 66
78, 136
136
78, 136
150
78, 122, 136, 150
78, 90, 136
78, 85, 90, 150
90
66
79, 136, 150
17, 24, 38, 54
13, 14, 17, 23, 24, 113
Salix retusa
Salix silesiaca
Salvia glutinosa
Sambucus racemosa
Sanicula europaea
Saxifraga adscendens
Saxifraga aizoides
Saxifraga androsacea
Saxifraga bryoides
Saxifraga corymbosa
Saxifraga cuneifolia
Saxifraga demissa
Saxifraga heucherifolia
Saxifraga moschata
Saxifraga oppositifolia
Saxifraga paniculata
Saxifraga stellaris subsp. robusta
Scabiosa lucida subsp. barbata
Scilla bifolia subsp. bifolia
Scirpus sylvaticus
Scleranthus perennis
Scorzonera rosea
Scrophularia nodosa
Scrophularia scopolii
Sedum alpestre
Sedum annuum
Sedum atratum
Sedum hispanicum
Sedum telephium
Senecio carpaticus
Senecio ovatus
Sesleria bielzii
Sesleria coerulans
Sesleria rigida
Silene acaulis
Silene latifolia subsp. alba
Silene noctiflora
Silene nutans subsp. dubia
Silene pusilla subsp. pusilla
Silene vulgaris
Sisyrinchium montanum
Soldanella hungarica
Solidago virgaurea
Sorbus aucuparia subsp. aucuparia
Spiraea chamaedryfolia
Stachys alpina
Stachys officinalis
Stachys sylvatica
Stellaria graminea
Stellaria holostea
Stellaria media
Stellaria nemorum
Streptopus amplexifolius
Symphytum cordatum
Symphytum tuberosum
Taraxacum officinale
Tephroseris capitata
Teucrium chamaedrys
Iovă
Cinste‫܊‬
Soc ro‫܈‬u
Sâni‫܈‬oară
Ochii ‫܈‬oricelului
Sticky Clary
Red-beeried Elder
Sanicle
Yellow Saxifrage
Iarba că‫܈‬unăturii
Lesser Londonpride
Iarba surzilor
Purple Saxifrage
Livelong Saxifrage
Viorele
Pipirig
Sincerică
Alpine Squill
Wood Club-rush
Perennial Knawel
Bubernic, Iarbă neagră Common Figwort
Brânca porcului,
Italian Figwort
Buruiană de pocitură
‫܇‬oaldină aurie
Iarbă grasă
Coada iepurelui
Coada iepurelui
Coada iepurelui
Opai‫܊‬ă
Spanish Stonecrop
Orpine
Carpathian Ragwort
Wood Ragwort
Blue Moor-grass
Blue Moor-grass
Blue Moor-grass
Moss Campion
White Campion
Nottingham Catchfly
Gu‫܈‬a porumbelului
Bladder Campion
American Blue-eyed-grass
Cre‫܊‬i‫܈‬or, Vindecea
Bălbisă
Goldenrod
Rowan
Elm-leaved Spiraea
Limestone Woundwort
Betony
Hedge Woundwort
Iarbă moale
Rocoină
Stelu‫܊‬ă
Common Chickweed
Wood Stitchwort
Scoru‫ ܈‬de munte
Cununi‫܊‬ă
Brustur negru
Păpădie
Tuberous Comphrey
Dandelion
Dumbă‫܊‬
Wall Germander
164
13, 14, 17, 54
79, 136
90, 136
136
150
17, 39, 79, 113
39
14, 17
39, 102, 104, 106, 109
39, 54, 112, 113
122, 127, 136
136
136
17, 25, 39, 54, 66, 112, 113, 115
14, 17, 54, 113, 115
14, 17, 25, 39, 54, 61, 136
104, 109, 136
136
150
79, 136
39, 66, 104, 106
90, 100
79, 136, 150
90
17, 39, 54, 66
39, 90
39, 54, 66
91, 94
79
17
79, 82, 91, 122, 136, 150
39, 54, 112, 113, 136
17, 39
39, 51, 54
17, 39, 54, 60, 102, 104, 109, 110,
113, 117
136
91
91, 98
39, 79, 136
91, 100
136
29, 66, 79, 122, 129, 136
79
29, 79, 122, 129, 137, 150
79, 137
91
91
137, 150
91
137
122
79, 122, 137, 150, 154
75, 79, 130, 137, 144
119, 122, 124, 137, 145
79, 122, 137, 150
17, 39, 79, 122, 137, 150
17, 66, 113, 114
91
Thalictrum aquilegiifolium
Thesium alpinum
Thesium kernerianum
Thlaspi dacicum
Thlaspi kovatsii
Thymus alpestris
Thymus balcanus
Thymus pulcherrimus
Thymus pulegioides
Traunsteinera globosa
Trifolium pannonicum
Trifolium pratense
Trifolium repens subsp. ochranthum
Trifolium repens subsp. repens
Trisetum flavescens subsp. flavescens
Trollius europaeus
Tussilago farfara
Urtica dioica
Vaccinium myrtillus
Vaccinium uliginosum subsp.
microphyllum
Vaccinium vitis-idaea
Valeriana montana
Valeriana sambucifolia
Valeriana tripteris
Veratrum album
Verbascum lychnitis
Verbascum nigrum
Veronica alpina
Veronica anagallis-aquatica
Veronica beccabunga
Veronica bellidioides
Veronica chamaedrys
Veronica officinalis
Veronica serpyllifolia
Veronica urticifolia
Vicia cracca
Vicia sepium
Viola alpina
Viola biflora
Viola dacica
Viola declinata
Viola elatior
Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor
Ruti‫܈‬or
Măciulie
Cimbri‫܈‬or
Cimbri‫܈‬or
Cimbri‫܈‬or
Cimbri‫܈‬or
French Meadow-rue
Large Thyme
Trifoi ro‫܈‬u
Trifoi alb târâtor
Trifoi alb târâtor
Ovăscior auriu
Bulbuci
Podbal
Urzică mare
Afin
Afin vânăt
White Clover
Yellow Oat-grass
Globeflower
Colt's-foot
Common Nettle
Bilberry
Bog Bilberry
Meri‫܈‬or
Cowberry
Cujucărea de munte
‫܇‬tirigoaie
Lumânărică
Somnoroasă
Red Clover
False-helleborine
White Mullein
Black Mullein
Alpine Speedwell
Blue Water-speedwell
Bobornic
Stejărel
Ventrilică, Strătorică
Iarba ‫܈‬arpelui
Măzăriche
Măzăroi sălbatic
Viorele alpine
Viorele galbene
Unghia păsării
Unghia păsării
Trei fra‫܊‬i păta‫܊‬i
Germander Speedwell
Heath Speedwell
Thyme-leaved Speedwell
Tufted Vetch
Buch Vetch
Alpine Pansy
Wild Pansy
165
79, 137, 150, 151
137
54
66
66, 91
17, 25, 26, 39, 54, 66, 113, 137
91
17, 51, 54
91
85, 91
91, 99
79, 91, 137, 150
17, 39, 49, 54, 66, 113
79, 91, 137, 150
85, 91
85, 91
79, 91, 122, 137, 150
75, 79, 85, 91, 122, 137, 150
17, 28, 29, 39, 66, 137, 144
17, 54
17, 39, 54, 137
137
79, 122, 137, 150, 156
122, 137
29, 30, 39, 66, 79, 83, 85, 91, 137, 150
91
150
66
91
137, 150
39, 66
79, 82, 91, 137
79, 91, 137
66, 150
122, 137, 150, 156
91
150
17, 26, 39, 54, 104, 110, 113, 114
79, 137, 144
85, 91, 99
17, 39, 63, 66, 73, 91, 98, 137
79
91
Glosar de termeni
Glossary of Terms
Anual – Annual
Anual de iarnă – Winter annual
Arbore – Tree
Arbust – Shrub
Bianual – Biannual
Camefită (Ch) – Chamaephyte
Eurifită – Euriphyte
Euritermofită – Eurithermophyte
Fanerofită (Ph) – Phanerophyte
Forma de viaţă, forma biologică, bioforma – Life form
Geofită (G) – Geophyte
Hekistotermofită – Hekistothermophyte
Hemicriptofită (H) – Hemycryptophyte
Hemiterofită (Ht) – Hemytherophyte
Hidrohelofită (HH) – Hydro-helophyte
Higrofită – Hygrophyte
Mezofită – Mesophyte
Mezotermofită – Mesothermophyte
Microtermofită – Microthermophyte
Monocarpic – Monocarpous
Peren – Perennial
Psichrotermofită – Psichrothermophyte
Subarbust – Undershrub
Subtermofită – Subthermophyte
Temperatură – Temperature
Terofită (T) – Therophyte
Umiditate – Humidity
Xerofită – Xerophyte
166
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