Mayflower Passengers

Transcription

Mayflower Passengers
Who are we?
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Contents
Articles
Constance Hopkins
1
Edward Fuller (Mayflower passenger)
3
Edward Tilley
5
Edward Winslow
7
Francis Eaton
12
Henry Samson
15
Humility Cooper
18
Isaac Allerton
20
James Chilton
25
John Alden
29
John Billington
33
John Carver
36
John Crackstone
39
John Tilley (Mayflower passenger)
41
Love Brewster
43
Mary Allerton
48
Mary Chilton
49
Mayflower
51
Moses Fletcher
57
Myles Standish
60
Oceanus Hopkins
72
Peregrine White
73
Priscilla Alden
77
Resolved White
80
Richard More (Mayflower passenger)
83
Stephen Hopkins (Mayflower passenger)
92
Thomas Tinker
96
William Bradford (Plymouth governor)
98
William Brewster (Mayflower passenger)
107
William Mullins
115
William White (Mayflower passenger)
117
References
Article Sources and Contributors
121
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
123
Article Licenses
License
125
Constance Hopkins
1
Constance Hopkins
Constance Hopkins (May 11, 1606 – October 1677),
also sometimes listed as Constanta. She was probably
born in Hursley, Hampshire, England. Constance was
the second daughter of Stephen Hopkins, by his first
wife, Mary. Some believe she was named in honor of
Constance (Marline) Hopkins. Constance, at the age of
fourteen, along with her father and his second wife
Elizabeth (Fisher), accompanied by brother Giles,
half-sister Damaris as well as two servants by the name
of Edward Doty and Edward Lester were passengers on
the Mayflower on its journey to the New World in
1620. Along the way her half-brother Oceanus was
born, the only child born on the Mayflower journey.
Her headstone marker, placed in 1966 by descendants,
states in part “Wife of Nicholas Snow, Eastham’s first
town clerk 1646 – 1662”.
Constance married Nicholas, sometime before the 1627
division of cattle, probably May 22, 1627. Nicholas
came to Plymouth on board the ship Anne in 1623 and
was made a freeman at Plymouth in 1633. The
inventory of Nicholas Snow's estate made at his death
lists a wide variety of cooper's and carpenter's tools;
this may indicate his trade. He was town clerk at
Eastham and held several other local government offices.
Constance Hopkins Headstone, Cove Burying Ground in Eastham,
MA.
According to Governor William Bradford, who wrote between March 6 and April 3, 1651:
“Constanta is also married, and hath 12 children all of them living, and one of them married”.
Children of Constance and Nicholas Snow
• Mark b. Plymouth, May 9, 1628, married (1) Ann Cooke daughter of Josiah Cooke, married (2) Jane Prence,
daughter of Thomas Prence
• Mary b. Plymouth, 1630, married Thomas Paine
• Sarah b. Plymouth, 1632, married William Walker, who came to the colony on the ship Elizabeth, in 1635
• Joseph b. Plymouth, 1634, Joseph Snow married Mary Higgins she was the daughter of Richard and Mary (Yates)
Higgins
• Stephen b. Plymouth, 1636, married (1) Susanna Rogers (Deane), daughter of Stephen Deane, married (2) Mary
Bigford (Cottle, Bickford), daughter of Edward Cottle and Judith, last name unknown
• John b. Plymouth, December 11, 1638, married Mary Smalley, a twin daughter of John Smalley and Ann Walden
• Elizabeth b. Plymouth, 1640, married Thomas Rogers, son of Joseph Rogers, the son of Pilgrim, Thomas Rogers
• Jabez b. Plymouth, 1642, married Elizabeth, last name unknown, she was possibly the daughter of Ralph Smith
• Ruth b. Plymouth, 1644, married Lieutenant John Cole Sr., son of Daniel Cole and Ruth Chester
Constance Hopkins
Josiah Paine, a Town Clerk and historian of Harwich wrote “Nicholas and Constance had a dau. named for her
mother who was the first wife of Daniel Doane of Eastham…”
• Constance, b. Plymouth, married Daniel Doane
• unnamed
• Anthony, b. Plymouth, married Abigail Warren, daughter of Richard Warren
Fictional representations
Constance Hopkins is the central character in Patricia Clapp's young adult novel Constance: A Story of Early
Plymouth.
References
1. Caleb Johnson, The American Genealogist 73:161-171, “The True English Origins of Stephen Hopkins of the
Mayflower”, July 1998. His first wife was not Constance Dudley, though this erroneous name is given by older
references
2. Mayflower Families Through Five Generations, Volume Six, Third Edition, Stephen Hopkins ISBN
0-930270-03-7
External links
•
•
•
•
•
Find a grave [1]
Mayflower History [2]
Constance Hopkins beaver hat [3]
Constance Hopkins in the Records of the 17th Century [4]
Constance Hopkins Snow marker in Eastham Cove Burying Ground [5]
References
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=8634
http:/ / www. mayflowerhistory. com/ Passengers/ ConstanceHopkins. php
http:/ / www. pilgrimhall. org/ beav_hat. htm
http:/ / www. pilgrimhall. org/ hopkinssnowrecords. htm
http:/ / www. capecodgravestones. com/ easthampixweb/ snow77cove. html
2
3
Edward Fuller was baptized on September 5,
1575 in Redenhall, Norfolk. In his father's
1614 will, mention is made of him, but no
other information is available about his life in
England. His English life has been widely
disputed.[1] [2]
England
Edward and his brother Matthew Fuller have
been identified as sons of Robert Fuller, a
butcher in Redenhall, Norfolk. Their mother
was Sara Dunkhorn.[3][4]
There are no images of the actual Mayflower. This is a painting entitled
Mayflower in Plymouth Harbor by William Halsall (1882)
Leiden, Holland
Edward Fuller and his brother Matthew's names appear in a Leiden record, but there is no further information.[5][6][7]
Mayflower
Edward Fuller, his wife Ann "_______" Fuller and son Samuel[8] [9]
departed Plymouth, England on the Mayflower on September 6/16,
1620 with 102 passengers and about 30 crew members in a small 100
foot ship. The first month in the Atlantic, the seas were not severe, but
by the second month the ship was being hit by strong north-Atlantic
winter gales causing the ship to be badly shaken with water leaks from
structural damage. There were two deaths, but this was just a precursor
of what happened after their Cape Cod arrival, when almost half the
company would die in the first winter of 1621 in Plymouth.[10][11]
The Mayflower Compact, a painting by Jean Leon
Gerome Ferris which was widely reproduced
through much of the 20th century
On November 9/19, 1620, after about 3 months at sea, including a
month of delays in England, they spotted land, which was Cape Cod.
And after several days of trying to get south to their intended
destination of the Colony of Virginia, strong winter seas forced them to return to the harbor at Cape Cod hook,
where they anchored on November 11/21. The Mayflower Compact was signed that day. Edward Fuller is the twenty
first signer of the Mayflower Compact.[12][13][14]
Marriage and children
Edward Fuller married Ann "________" Fuller by about 1605 and had two sons.[15][16]
Children of Edward and Ann "------" Fuller were:
• Matthew Fuller was born about 1605. He married Frances "_______" Fuller in about 1630 and had five children.
He came to Plymouth before October 26, 1640 and lived first in Plymouth and then in Barnstable after 1648
where he was a physician and lieutenant in the militia. He died in Barnstable in 1678.
• Samuel Fuller was born in England in 1610. He married Jane Lothrop in Scituate on April 5, 1635 and had nine
children. The family moved to Barnstable by August 1641 where Samuel died on October 31, 1683.[17][18]
Death and burial
Edward and his wife Ann both died the first winter. Their son Samuel, who was about age 12 at this time, survived.
Another son Matthew did not travel with them and came over later. Edward Fuller and his wife Ann died in
Plymouth in 1621 and were buried in unmarked graves like so many others who died during the first winter in
Plymouth. Their names are recorded on the Pilgrim Memorial Tomb on Coles Hill as “Edward Fuller and his wife”
now known to have been named Ann "-------" Fuller.[19][20]
References
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
Charles Edward Banks. The English Ancestry and Homes of the Pilgrim Fathers (Grafton Press N.Y. 1929) p. 55
A genealogical profile of Edward Fuller (http:/ / www. plimoth. org/ media/ pdf/ fuller_edward. pdf)/
Charles Edward Banks. The English Ancestry and Homes of the Pilgrim Fathers (Grafton Press N.Y. 1929) p. 55
Edward Fuller at MayflowerHistory.com (http:/ / www. mayflowerhistory. com/ Passengers/ EdwardFuller. php)/
A genealogical profile of Edward Fuller (http:/ / www. plimoth. org/ media/ pdf/ fuller_edward. pdf)/
New England Genealogical Historic Society/ (http:/ / www. americanancestors. org/ pilgrim-families-edward-fuller/ )/
Edward Fuller at MayflowerHistory.com (http:/ / www. mayflowerhistory. com/ Passengers/ EdwardFuller. php)/
[8] William Bradford. History of Plymouth Plantation by William Bradford, the second Governor of Plymouth (Boston. 1856 Not in copyright) p.
449
449
[10] mayflowerhistory.com Edward Fuller (http:/ / www. mayflowerhistory. com/ History/ voyage_secondary. php)/
[11] Allison Lassieur Peter McDonnall The voyage of the Mayflower (Pub. Capstone Press, ©2006 Mankato, Minnesota)
[12] Eugene Aubrey Stratton. Plymouth Colony: Its History and People, 1620-1691, (Ancestry Publishing, Salt Lake City, UT, 1986) p. 413
[14] George Ernest Bowman. The Mayflower Compact and its signers (Boston: Massachusetts Society of Mayflower Descendants, 1920).
Photocopies of the 1622, 1646 and 1669 versions of the document.
[15] A genealogical profile of Edward Fuller (http:/ / www. plimoth. org/ media/ pdf/ fuller_edward. pdf)/
[16] New England Genealogical Historic Society/ (http:/ / www. americanancestors. org/ pilgrim-families-edward-fuller/ )/
[17] A genealogical profile of Edward Fuller (http:/ / www. plimoth. org/ media/ pdf/ fuller_edward. pdf)/
[18] New England Genealogical Historic Society/ (http:/ / www. americanancestors. org/ pilgrim-families-edward-fuller/ )/
[19] Edward Fuller at MayflowerHistory.com (http:/ / www. mayflowerhistory. com/ Passengers/ EdwardFuller. php)/
[20] Find a Grave Edward Fuller (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=25473954)
4
Edward Tilley
5
Edward Tilley
Edward Tilley (1588-1620/1) was a
Separatist who is believed to have been born
in Henlow, Bedfordshire, England and
traveled on the Mayflower in 1620 to escape
religious persecution.[1][2]
In England
Edward Tilley and his wife Agnes Cooper
were married on June 28, 1614 in Henlow,
Bedfordshire. Agnes was the daughter of
Edmund and Mary (Wyne) Cooper and was
baptized November 7, 1585 at Henlow,
Bedfordshire.[3] They most likely lived in
Henlow until they emigrated to Holland sometime after his marriage. There were no recorded children. In Leiden,
Holland he worked as a weaver.[2]
In Holland
At some point after that date he became a Separatist, and to escape the persecution of James VI and I he, along with
several other Separatists, emigrated to the Netherlands.[1]
On the Mayflower
Edward traveled on the Mayflower in 1620 in company with his wife
Agnes and two young relatives, Humility Cooper and Henry Sampson.
Agnes was the aunt of both Humility and Henry.[1][4] [5] He also
traveled in company with his brother John Tilley and wife Joan Hurst
Tilley.[6][7]
They departed Plymouth, England on the Mayflower on September
6/16, 1620 with 102 passengers and about 30 crew members in a small
100 foot ship. The first month in the Atlantic, the seas were not severe,
but by the second month the ship was being hit by strong
north-Atlantic winter gales causing the ship to be badly shaken with
water leaks from structural damage. There were two deaths, but this
was just a precursor of what happened after their Cape Cod arrival,
when almost half the company would die in the first winter.[8][9]
On November 9/19, 1620, after about 3 months at sea, including a month of delays in England, they spotted land,
which was Cape Cod. And after several days of trying to get south to their planned destination of the Colony of
Virginia, strong winter seas forced them to return to the harbor at Cape Cod hook, where they anchored on
November 11/21. The Mayflower Compact was signed that day.[9][10][11]
Edward Tilley
Death and legacy
Edward Tilley and his wife Agnes both died in the winter of 1620/21. With many others who died that winter, they
were buried in unmarked graves in Coles Hill Burial Ground. Their names appear on the Pilgrim Memorial Tomb in
Plymouth, Massachusetts.[1][3][12][13]
Of the Tilley’s, only John Tilley’s thirteen year-old daughter Elizabeth and John Tilley and his wife Joan's daughter
survived - Elizabeth became an orphan, having lost her parents as well as her uncle and aunt, Edward and Agnes
Tilley. Elizabeth grew to adulthood in Plymouth Colony and married. Humility Cooper, also an orphan, was sent
back to England, where she grew to adulthood.[6][14][15]
References
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
Pilgrim Village Family Sketch Edward Tilley (http:/ / www. americanancestors. org/ pilgrim-families-edward-tilley) at americanancestors.org
A genealogical profile of Edward Tilley (http:/ / www. plimoth. org/ media/ pdf/ tilley_edward. pdf) at plimoth.org
Agnes Cooper Tilley (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=30047354) at Find a Grave
Eugene Aubrey Stratton. Plymouth Colony: Its History and People, 1620-1691, pp. 362, 406, 409, (Ancestry Publishing, Salt Lake City, UT,
1986).
[5] Girls on the Mayflower (http:/ / www. mayflowerhistory. com/ History/ girls. php), MayflowerHistory.com, retrieved 15 Feb 2011.
[6] Pilgrim Hall Museum, (no date), Humility Cooper in 17th Century Records (http:/ / www. pilgrimhall. org/ cooperh. htm)
[7] Henry Sampson (http:/ / www. pilgrimhall. org/ SampsonHenry. htm) at pilgrimhall.org
[8] mayflowerhistory.com (http:/ / www. mayflowerhistory. com/ History/ voyage_secondary. php)/
[12] Edward Tilley (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=30047208) at Find a Grave
[13] William Bradford, William, ed. by Samuel Elinor Morison. Of Plymouth Plantation, 1620-1647 (The Modern Library, Random House, New
York, NY, 1967) p. 68
[14] Nathaniel Philbrick. Mayflower: A story of Courage, Community and War (Viking 2006) p. 89
[15] R. L. Ward, The Baronial Ancestry of Henry Sampson, Humility Cooper, and Ann (Cooper) Tilley, The Genealogist 6:166-186.
External links
• Plimoth Plantation Web site (http://www.plimoth.org/)
• Pilgrim Hall Museum (sub page) (http://www.pilgrimhall.org/cooperh.htm) main site Pilgrim Hall Museum
(http://www.pilgrimhall.org/cooperh.htm)
6
Edward Winslow
7
Edward Winslow
Edward Winslow
3rd Governor of Plymouth Colony
In office
1633–1634
Preceded by
William Bradford (thrice)
Succeeded by
Thomas Prence
6th Governor of Plymouth Colony
In office
March 1, 1636 – March 7, 1637
Preceded by
William Bradford
Succeeded by
William Bradford
10th Governor of Plymouth Colony
In office
June 3, 1639 – June 5, 1644
Preceded by
William Bradford
Succeeded by
William Bradford
Personal details
Born
October 18, 1595
Droitwich, Worcestershire (England)
Died
May 8, 1655
Near Jamaica
Profession
politician and governor
Religion
Separatist
Edward Winslow (October 18, 1595 – May 8, 1655) was a Separatist who traveled on the Mayflower in 1620. He
was one of several senior leaders on the ship and also later at Plymouth Colony. In Plymouth he served in a number
of governmental positions such as assistant governor, three times was governor and also was the colony’s agent in
London.[1] In early 1621 he had been one of several key Pilgrim leaders that Governor Bradford depended on after
Edward Winslow
the death of John Carver. He was the author of several important pamphlets, including Good Newes from New
England and co-wrote with William Bradford the historic Mourt’s Relation, which ends with an account of the First
Thanksgiving and the abundance of the New World. By 1649 Winslow had traveled to England to serve the Puritan
government of Oliver Cromwell, never to return to Plymouth. In 1655 he died of fever while on a British naval
expedition in the Caribbean. His is the only Plymouth colonist with an extant portrait, and this can be seen at Pilgrim
Hall, Plymouth.
Early life
Edward Winslow was baptized on October 20, 1595 in Droitwich, Worcestershire. His parents were Edward
Winslow (1560-1620) and Magdalene Oliver/Ollyver (b. 1566). His father was a salt extractor. In 1613 Edward
Winslow was apprenticed to a London printer. His wife was Elizabeth Barker.[2][3][4]
In 1617 Edward Winslow traveled to Leiden, Holland and worked with William Brewster as a printer. By publishing
religious tracts critical of the English king and his bishops, Brewster ran afoul of the English government. King
James I ordered Brewster’s arrest, and when the king’s men came to seize him, he was forced into hiding, first in
Holland and later in England. This was at a critical time for the Leideners, as their preparations for their voyage to
America had entered a critical phase and Elder Brewster’s guidance was badly needed.[5]
Voyage
Winslow and his wife Elizabeth were part of the Leiden Separatist
group who had decided to travel far away from England and the
repressive regime of King James I to more freely practice their
religious beliefs. Merchant Adventurer investment group agent
Thomas Weston assisted them in this venture by providing the ship
Mayflower for their journey. Traveling on the Mayflower in company
with the Winslows were his brother Gilbert and family
servant/employee George Soule and a youth, Elias Story. Also in the
care of the family was Elinor (Ellen) More, a girl of eight years. In all
there were four More children from Shipton, Shropshire in the care of
others on the Mayflower: Elinor, Jasper, Mary and Richard.[6][7] These
childen were later to be found to be the reputed offspring of an
adulterous relationship and given into the care of others on the Mayflower by their mother’s husband, Samuel More
to put the children at as great a distance as possible.[8] Elinor perished the winter of 1620 with only one brother
Richard More surviving.
They departed Plymouth, England on the Mayflower on September 6/16, 1620 with 102 passengers and about 30
crew members in a small 100 foot ship. The first month in the Atlantic, the seas were not severe, but by the second
month the ship was being hit by strong north-Atlantic winter gales causing the ship to be badly shaken with water
leaks from structural damage. There were two deaths, but this was just a precursor of what happened after their Cape
Cod arrival, when almost half the company would die in the first winter.[9][10]
8
Edward Winslow
In Plymouth
The ill-prepared and poorly supplied colonists lost over half of its population through a multitude of problems including hunger, scurvy, disease and their first bitter winter on the North American mainland. In the spring of 1621,
Winslow and the others attended what would become known as the first Thanksgiving.[14]
The people who survived all worked hard to provide food and shelter. Amidst criticism from Thomas Weston for not
loading up the returning Mayflower with goods for the investors, William Bradford sent a letter stating the troubles
encountered by the Pilgrims. He blamed Thomas Weston, and stated that Governor Carver has worked himself to
death that spring and the loss of him and other industrious men lives cannot be valued at any price.[15]
The following year the ship Fortune arrived at Plymouth colony. But again, Thomas Weston had inadequately
supplied the ship for the colony. With winter approaching, the colonists only had half the needed supplies, but as
William Bradford recorded, 'they all faced it bravely'.
The following year, despite the adversities of the winter, the colonists were able to load the Fortune for England with
enough furs and other supplies for to pay for over half of their indebtedness to the Merchant Adventurers, but the
ship was attacked by the French as it came near the English coast and all the cargo was taken by the
privateers.[16][17]
On February 21, 1621, Pilgrim William White died leaving a widow, Susanna, and two sons, Resolved and
Peregrine. Edward Winslow had lost his wife Elizabeth on March 24, 1621. And just a month and half later, on May
12, 1621, Edward Winslow and Susanna White became the first couple to marry in Plymouth Colony. This was
necessary to provide for the women and children. They were married in a civil ceremony by Governor William
Bradford. The couple had three sons, one daughter and one unknown child who died young.[18]
Leadership at Plymouth and with Cromwell in England
Winslow had established a friendship with native leader Massasoit, whose people were trading with the colonists. In
January 1629 a new patent for land at Kennebec was approved which provided for a fishing and trading post at
Pentagoet and a fortified trading post at Cushnoc on the Kennebec which opened the area to Plymouth colonists. At
the same time, Isaac Allerton opened his own trading post on the Kenebec and thereby became a rival of Edward
Winslow, setting a pattern for adverserial rivalry between them that would continue from that time on.[19][20]
In 1632, he made an exploratory tour up the Connecticut River for colonization. It is suggested that he landed and
selected the settlement which became Windsor. [21]
Edward Winslow was an experienced diplomat acting for Plymouth in its relationaship with English officials. He
later was Plymouth governor for one year terms from 1633-34, 1636-37 and 1644-45. Additionally, in 1643 Winslow
was one of the commissioners of the United Colonies of New England, which was a military group uniting the
various New England colonies against the natives.[22]
By the early 1640s England was engaged in a great civil war. Some settlers returned to England to join the efforts to
overthrow the reigning King. In 1646, Winslow began working for Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector. After King
Charles was executed in 1649, Edward Winslow had plans to return to Plymouth but soon became involved in the
problems of England. He would never return to Plymouth.[23]
In 1654, Winslow was commissioner of a British naval mission against the Spanish in the West Indies. They were
victorious but Winslow contracted yellow fever and died on May 7, 1655 near Jamaica.
Although Winslow is reported to have been buried at sea in the Caribbean somewhere between Hispanola and
Jamaica,[24] Winslow Cemetery in Marshfield, Massachusetts has a stone monument to "The Settlers of Green
Harbor Marshfield" with the name of Edward Winslow and his wife Susannah (White) and many others. This
includes the names of Susannah's sons Resolved and Peregrine White and their wives. Also in Winslow Cemetery is
a memorial stone w/plaque stating "Edward Winslow, Founder of Marshfield". Edward Winslow's first wife
9
Edward Winslow
Elizabeth Barker Winslow was buried in 1621 in the Cole's Hill Burial Ground, Plymouth, Massachusetts, with her
remains later interred in The Pilgrim Memorial Tomb, Plymouth.[25][26][27]
Marriage and children
Edward Winslow married:
(1) Elizabeth Barker after May 12, 1618 in Leiden Holland. She died on March 24, 1621 in Plymouth Colony. No
reported children.
(2) Susanna ______ White on May 12, 1621 in Plymouth Colony. She died between December 18, 1654 (Edward
Winslow’s will) and July 2, 1675 (date of son Josiah’s will).[28]
Children of Edward Winslow and his wife Susanna:
•
•
•
•
(child) born and died in 1622 or 1623
Edward Winslow - born ca. 1624. No record after May 22, 1627.
John Winslow - born ca. 1626. No record after May 22, 1627.
Josiah Winslow, 13th Governor of Plymouth Colony - born ca. 1627. Married Penelope Pelham by 1658 and had
four children. He died 1680. She died 1703.
• Elizabeth Winslow - born ca. 1631. Married (1) Robert Brooks by 1656 and had one son. Married (2) George
Curwin 1669 and had two daughters. He died 1684/5. She died 1698.[29]
Children of Susanna ____ White’s first marriage with William White who became Edward Winslow‘s step-sons:
• Resolved White - born ca. 1615. Married 1640 (1) Judith Vassall, daughter of William Vassall, and had eight
children. Resolved married 1674 (2) Abigail ____ Lord. She died 1682. He died 1687.
• Peregrine White - born late November 1620 on board the Mayflower in Cape Cod Harbor. First English child
born in that part of America. Married ca. 1648/9 Sarah Bassett daughter of William Bassett, and had seven
children. He died 1704. She died 1711.[30][31]
Overview
Winslow may looked upon his final decade in England as his best work as a diplomat. But his greatest contribution
to Britain and America may have actually occurred more than thirty years earlier when he became the one
Englishman that native leader Massasoit may have trusted above all others.
Works
His writings, though fragmentary, are of the greatest value to the history of the Plymouth colony. They include:
• Good Newes from New England, or a True Relation of Things very Remarkable at the Plantation of Plimouth in
New England (1624);
• Hypocrisie Unmasked; by a True Relation of the Governor and Company of Massachusetts against Samuel
Gorton, a Notorious Disturber of the Peace (1646), to which was added a chapter entitled "A Brief Narration of
the True Grounds or Cause of the First Plantation of New England";
• New England's Salamander (1647); and
• The Glorious Progress of the Gospel amongst the Indians in New England (1649).
With William Bradford he also is supposed to have prepared a Journal of the Beginning and Proceeding of the
English Plantation settled at Plymouth in New England, published in 1622, which is generally known as Mourt's
Relation, owing to its preface having been signed by "G. Mourt."
Some of his writings may be found reprinted in Alexander Young's Chronicles of the Pilgrims.[32]
10
Edward Winslow
References
[1] William Bradford. History of Plymouth Plantation by 'William Bradford, the second Governor of Plymouth (Boston. 1856) Not in copyright.
p. 306
[2] New England Historical Genealogical Society (http:/ / www. americanancestors. org/ pilgrim-families-edward-winslow/ )
[3] Travers, Len (October 2006). "Winslow, Edward (1595–1655)" (http:/ / www. oxforddnb. com/ view/ article/ 29751). Oxford Dictionary of
National Biography. Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn,. . Retrieved 2011-02-07.
[4] Charles Edward Banks. ‘’The English Ancestry and Homes of the Pilgrim Fathers’’ (Grafton Press N.Y. 1929) pp. 98-99
[5] Nathaniel Philbrick Mayflower: A story of Courage, Community and War (Viking 2006) p. 18
[6] David Lindsay, PhD., Mayflower Bastard: A Stranger amongst the Pilgrims (St. Martins Press, New York, 2002) p. 29
[7] Donald F. Harris, PhD. Mayflower Descendant (July 1993) vol. 43 no. 2 pp. 1-5
[8] Donald F. Harris, Ph.D Mayflower Descendant (July 1993) vol. 43 no. 2 pp. 1-7
[14] Edward Winslow "Primary Sources for The First Thanksgiving at Plymouth Mourt's Relation. Pilgrim Hall Museum. Retrieved 2009-11-26.
[15] William Bradford. History of Plymouth Plantation by William Bradford, the second Governor of Plymouth (Boston. 1856) Not in copyright.
p. 109
[16] Nathaniel Philbrick Mayflower: A story of Courage, Community and War (Viking 2006) p. 126, 135
[17] David Lindsay, PhD., Mayflower Bastard: A Stranger amongst the Pilgrims (St. Martins Press, New York, 2002) Introduction, also p. 50
[19] Philbrick, Nathaniel, Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community, and War (Viking, New York, NY, 2006) pp. 183-184
[20] David Lindsay, PhD. Mayflower Bastard: A Stranger amongst the Pilgrims (St. Martins Press, New York, 2002) pp. 72, 79, 137
[21] Van Dusen, Albert "Connecticut" Random House, 1961, p.19
[22] David Lindsay, PhD. Mayflower Bastard: A Stranger amongst the Pilgrims (St. Martins Press, New York, 2002) pp. 72, 79, 137
[23] Mayflower Families Through Five Generations: Descendants of the Pilgrims who landed at Plymouth Massachusetts, Dec., 1620: Family of
William White. Originally compiled by Ruth Wilder Sherman, CG, FASG and Robert Moody Sherman, CG, FASG, Re-edited by Robert S.
Wakefield, FASG (Pub. by General Society of Mayflower Descendants 2006 3rd Edition) vol. 13 p. 2
[25] Edward Winslow memorials Find a Grave (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?GRid=15048246& page=gr)/
[26] Early Settlers of Green Harbor - Winslow/White (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=22205269)/
[27] Find a Grave Elizabeth Barker Winslow (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=17835446)/
[28] William Bradford. ed. by Charles Deane. History of Plymouth Plantation by William Bradford, the second Governor of Plymouth (Boston.
1856 Not in copyright) p. 101
[29] Mayflower Families Through Five Generations: Descendants of the Pilgrims who landed at Plymouth Massachusetts, Dec., 1620: Family of
[30] New England Historic Genealogical Records
[31] Mayflower Families Through Five Generations: descendants of the Pilgrims who landed at Plymouth Massachusetts, Dec. 1620: Family of
[32] Young, Alexander (1841). Chronicles of the Pilgrim fathers of the colony of Plymouth, from 1602–1625 (http:/ / www. archive. org/ details/
chroniclesofpilg00youn). Boston: CC Little & J Brown. .
Further reading
• William Bradford, Edward Winslow (1865). Mourt’s Relation, or Journal of the Plantation at Plymouth (http://
books.google.com/books?id=xb3coQS13NYC). Boston: J. K. Wiggin. Reprint of the original version.
• J. D. Bangs's 'Pilgrim Edward Winslow: New England's First International Diplomat (Boston, 2004);
• Moore, Jacob B. (1846). Memoirs of American governors (http://www.archive.org/details/
memoirsamerican00moorgoog). New York: Gates & Stedman.
• Holton, David P.; Holton, Frances K. F. (1877). Winslow memorial. Family records of the Winslows and their
descendants in America, with the English ancestry as far as known (http://www.archive.org/details/
winslowmemorial00holtgoog). New York: Holton.
11
Edward Winslow
• Palfrey, John G. (1859). History of New England, Vol. 1 (http://www.archive.org/details/
historynewengla14palfgoog). Boston: Little, Brown.
• Plymouth Archaeological Rediscovery Project "Archaeology of the Edward Winslow Site"
www.plymoutharch.com
• Also see a paper by W. C. Winslow, Governor Edward Winslow, his Place and Part in Plymouth Colony, in the
Annual Report of the American Historical Association for 1895 (Washington, 1896)
• See Egerton Ryerson's The Loyalists of America and Their Times for evidence of the differences between the
Pilgrim Fathers (Plymouth Rock) and the Puritan Fathers (Massachusetts Bay) with respect to loyalty to the
Crown, tolerance of other religions, and treatment of the Native Peoples, and how this schism continued right up
to and during the American Revolution.
Sources
• The Mayflower Society
External links
• "Winslow Homestead in Marshfield, Massachusetts" (http://winslowhouse.org). Winslow House. Retrieved
2011-02-07.
Francis Eaton
Francis Eaton was born in Bristol, England
and baptized on 11 September 1596. It is
believed he died in 1633 in Plymouth, between
25 March when he was named on a tax list,
and 8 November, with the probate-related
inventory of his possessions.[1][2]
Life in England
Francis Eaton was identified as a house
carpenter in Bristol records. Francis was the
only surviving child of his parents, his siblings
all dying from an unknown illness in
1603/1604. No records of his own family exist
in Bristol, indicating that he may have lived elsewhere in England prior to sailing on the Mayflower.[3][4][5][6]
12
Francis Eaton
13
On the Mayflower and in Plymouth
Francis Eaton, his wife Sarah, and infant son Samuel[7] departed
Plymouth, England on the Mayflower on 6/16 September 1620 with
102 passengers and about 30 crew members in a small 100 foot ship.
The first month in the Atlantic, the seas were not severe, but by the
second month the ship was being hit by strong north-Atlantic winter
gales causing the ship to be badly shaken with water leaks from
company would die in the first winter.[8][9]
On 9/19 November 1620, after about three months at sea, including a
And after several days of trying to get south to their planned
where they anchored on 11/21 November. The Mayflower Compact was signed that day.[10][11][12]
By the time of his death in 1633, Francis Eaton was a freeman and Plymouth property owner. His possession
inventory at his death indicated it was for “Fr Eaton carpenter of Plymouth” and that his debts were more than his
estate value.[13][14]
Marriage and family
Francis Eaton married:
(1) Sarah _____ in England. She died of “general sickness” in the first winter.[15]
(2) Dorothy _____ - generally thought to have been a maidservant of Mayflower passenger, John Carver. She
married Francis Eaton sometime after the deaths of John Carver and his wife Katherine in early 1621. Dorothy died
within a year or two after her marriage. They had no children.
(3) about 1626 - Christian Penn. She had arrived in Plymouth in the summer of 1623, either on the ship ‘Anne’ or
‘Little James’. They had three children.[16] Christian Penn later married (2) Francis Billington, son of John
Billington. They had nine children. She died in Middleborough[?] about 1684.[17][18][19]
Children of Francis Eaton
Son of Francis and Sarah Eaton:
• Samuel Eaton grew up in Plymouth, later moving to Duxbury and then Middleboro, where he died in 1684.
Samuel Eaton married:
(1) Elizabeth _____ before 10 March 1646 and had two children.
(2) Martha Billington, his step-sister, on 10 January 1660/1. They had four children.
Children of Francis and Christian Eaton:
• Rachel Eaton, born about 1625-5.
She married Joseph Ramsdell (Ramsden) and had at least one son. She died in Plymouth between June 1656
and October 1661.
• Benjamin Eaton, born about March 1627/8.
He married Sarah Hoskins on 4 December 1660 and had four children. He died in Plympton on 16 January
1711/2.
Francis Eaton
• (one child) - unknown - William Bradford said the child was “an idiot”. Died sometime after 1651.
Death and burial
Francis Eaton died on 18 November 1633 and was buried on Burial Hill in Plymouth.
Death and burial information about the three wives of Francis Eaton:
(1) Sarah Eaton died in 1621. Burial place unknown.
(2) Dorothy Eaton died in 1622. Burial place unknown.
(3) Christian Penn Easton Billington died in July 1684. Burial place unknown.[20][21][22]
References
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
profile of Francis Eaton (http:/ / www. plimoth. org/ media/ pdf/ eaton_francis. pdf)
Family of Francis Eaton (http:/ / www. americanancestors. org/ pilgrim-families-francis-eaton/ )
profile of Francis Eaton (http:/ / www. plimoth. org/ media/ pdf/ eaton_francis. pdf)
Family of Francis Eaton (http:/ / www. americanancestors. org/ pilgrim-families-francis-eaton/ )
History of Francis Eaton (http:/ / www. mayflowerhistory. com/ Passengers/ FrancisEaton. php)
Charles Edward Banks. ‘’The English Ancestry and Homes of the Pilgrim Fathers’’ (Grafton Press N.Y. 1929) p. 52
449
[13] profile of Francis Eaton (http:/ / www. plimoth. org/ media/ pdf/ eaton_francis. pdf)
[14] Family of Francis Eaton (http:/ / www. americanancestors. org/ pilgrim-families-francis-eaton/ )
[15] William Bradford. History of Plymouth Plantation by William Bradford, the second Governor of Plymouth (Boston. 1856 Not in copyright)
p. 454
p. 454
[17] profile of Francis Eaton (http:/ / www. plimoth. org/ media/ pdf/ eaton_francis. pdf)
[18] Family of Francis Eaton (http:/ / www. americanancestors. org/ pilgrim-families-francis-eaton/ )
[19] History of Francis Eaton (http:/ / www. mayflowerhistory. com/ Passengers/ FrancisEaton. php)
[20] Sarah Eaton (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=34795907)
[21] Eaton (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=34795919Dorothy)
[22] Christian Penn Eaton Billington (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=34795930)
• Van Antwerp, L. D. (rev. by Robert S. Wakefield) Mayflower Families Through Five Generations, Volume 9,
Francis Eaton. Mayflower Society, 1996
Further reading
• Cheney, Glenn Alan, Thanksgiving: The Pilgrims' First Year in America, (New London: New London Librarium,
2007) ISBN 978-0-9798039-0-1
• Philbrick, Nathaniel, Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community, and War, (New York: Viking, 2006) ISBN
0-670-03760-5
14
Henry Samson
15
Henry Samson
Henry Samson (Sampson) (c. 1603-after
1684) was one of the passengers who came
over on the Mayflower.[1]
He was baptized at Henlow, Bedfordshire,
England on January 15, 1603/4 and died at
Duxbury, Massachusetts between December
24, 1684 and March 5, 1684/5. He was buried
at Coles Hill Burial Ground in Plymouth,
Mass. He was 16 years old when he made the
voyage.[2]
Life in England
Henry was the older son of nine children of James Samson and Martha Cooper. James Samson died in 1638 and his
wife Martha some time after. Henry was the only one of their children to emigrate to America.
Voyage on the Mayflower
Henry Samson departed Plymouth, England on the Mayflower on September 6/16, 1620, the small 100 foot ship
having 102 passengers with about 30 crew members. The first month in the Atlantic, the seas were not severe, but by
the second month the ship was being hit by strong north-Atlantic winter gales causing the ship to be badly shaken
with water leaks from structural damage. There were two deaths, but this was just a precursor of what happened after
their Cape Cod arrival, when almost half the company would die in the first winter.[3][4]
November 11/21. The Mayflower Compact was signed that day. There were forty-one of the adult males, including
the servants, who signed the Mayflower Compact on November 11, 1620.[5][6][7]
Life in New England
In 1620, as a sixteen-year old boy, Henry Samson came to New England on the Mayflower, traveling with close
relations of his mother. Bradford’s list of passengers included “Edward Tilley and Anne his wife, and two children
that were their cousins, Henry Samson and Humility Cooper.” Edward Tilleys wife was Ann (or Agnes) Cooper and
Henry’s mother was her sister Martha (Cooper) Samson. The exact reason Henry was traveling with his aunt and
uncle on the Mayflower is unknown - he may have been apprenticed to his uncle. Henry’s parents and siblings
remained behind in England, although Edward Tilley’s brother John and his family, and a cousin, Humility Cooper,
also came on the Mayflower. Henry’s aunt and uncle, Edward and Ann, died in the first winter of 1620-21 and it is
unknown which family cared for him after their deaths. Edward’s brother John Tilley and his wife Joan also died,
leaving behind as orphans their thirteen-year-old daughter Elizabeth Tilley as well as his one-year-old cousin
Humility Cooper.
Of the 102 Mayflower passengers, 52 of them died in the first winter, including both of the Tilleys. Henry Samson
survived and thrived.
In the 1623 division of land, Henry and Humility Cooper each received share next to each other.
Henry Samson
In the 1627 division of cattle (census), Henry and Humility were grouped with the Brewster family, suggesting they
were living with them, along with another orphan with a tragic personal story, Richard More.
Sometime after May 22, 1627 Humility Cooper returned to England where she died some time before 1651.
Henry Samson was one of the Purchasers and over the years received generous land grants, becoming a freeman
before March 7, 1636/37.
Henry was a volunteer in the Pequot War of 1637, but the war ended before the Colony could get its troops
organized.
On January 1, 1637/38 Henry and Ann were granted land in Duxbury next to Henry Howland.
Henry would be mentioned in his father James Samson’s 1638 will.
In April 1640, Henry was granted additional land that had formerly been a common.
Starting in the 1640s, Henry Samson began many years of public-service duties. He served on six juries between
1641 and 1663 and twelve petty juries between 1644 and 1670.
In 1648 he was an arbiter, a surveyor in 1649 and 1650 and in 1661 a constable for Duxbury.
Between about 1638 and about 1654 he and his wife had nine children and in 1665 and 1667 he was allowed by the
Plymouth Court to seek out land for his children.
Sometime after 1668 Henry and his wife sold some of their land in Nemasket and he would sell off some of his
Dartmouth properties in 1682 and 1684.
In 1669 he served on a coroner’s jury assembled by John Alden.[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]
Family
Henry Samson married Anne Plummer in February 6, 1635/6 in Plymouth and had nine children. She died between
December 24, 1668 and December 24, 1684 and was buried at Coles Hill Burial Ground in Plymouth where her
husband was also buried. Children of Henry and Anne Samson:
Between about 1638 and about 1654 he and his wife had nine children and in 1665 and 1667 he was allowed by the
Plymouth Court to seek out land for his children.
• Stephen was born about 1638 and died before January 31, 1714/5 in Duxbury. He married Elizabeth ______ by
1686 and had eight children.
• John was born about 1640 and died unmarried between 1702 and 1712.
• Elizabeth was born about 1642 and died after November 23, 1711. She married Robert Sprout by 1662 and had
eight children.
• James was born about 1644 and died between January 10, 1715/6 and July 7, 1718. He married Hannah (_____)
Wait by 1679 and had seven children.
• Hannah was born about 1646 and was still living on January 23, 1681. She married Josiah Holmes on March 20,
1665/6 in Duxbury and had six children.
• ______ (daughter) was born about 1648. She married John Hanmore by 1682 and had two sons. Her name has
never been discovered.
• Mary was born about 1650 and died before 1686. She married John Summers by 1684 but had no recorded
children.
• Dorcas was born about 1652 and died before July 29, 1695. She married Thomas Bonney by 1684 and had three
children.
• Caleb was born about 1654 and died after July 9, 1744. He was buried at Myles Standish Burial Ground in
Duxbury, Mass.
He married:
16
Henry Samson
1. Mercy Standish by 1686 and had nine children. She died between May 17, 1722 and January 30, 1728/9.
She was a grand-daughter of Mayflower passengers Myles Standish and John Alden.
2. Rebecca (Bartlett) (Bradford) Stanford on January 30, 1728/9 in Duxbury. She died in
1741.[16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]
Will of Henry Samson
Henry Samson made his will December 24, 1684, which was sworn March 5, 1684/85. In the will he named his sons
Stephen, John, James and Caleb, dividing his remaining Dartmouth land holdings between Stephen, John and James.
Small sums were given to son Caleb and daughter Elizabeth, wife of Robert Sprout; Hannah, wife of Josias Holmes;
(unknown) the wife of John Hanmore; Mary, wife of John Summers; and Dorcas, wife of Thomas Bonney. The
name of the daughter who was married to John Hanmore has not been found in any record.[24][25][26][27]
References
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
Ward, Robert Leigh, "English Ancestry of Seven Mayflower Passengers: Tilley, Samson, and Cooper," The American Genealogist, 52:198
Memorial for Henry Samson (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=36890825)/
mayflowerhistory.com (http:/ / www. mayflowerhistory. com/ History/ voyage_secondary. php)/
Allison Lassieur Peter McDonnall The voyage of the Mayflower (Pub. Capstone Press, ©2006 Mankato, Minnesota)
[8] A genealogical profile of Henry Samson (http:/ / www. plimoth. org/ media/ pdf/ samson_henry. pdf)/
[9] Caleb H. Johnson. The Mayflower and her passengers(copyright 2006 Caleb Johnson Xlibris Corp.) pp. 203-204
[10] Stratton, Eugene Aubrey, Plymouth Colony: Its History & People, 1620-1691, pp. 344-347, 348, 406, 416 and 423, Ancestry Publishing,
Salt Lake City, UT, 1986.
[11] Ward, Robert Leigh, "Henry Sampson's Paternal Grandfather," The American Genealogist, 56:141.
[12] Shurtleff, Nathaniel B., Plymouth Colony Records, Vol. I, p. 36, AMS Press, New York, NY, 1968.
[13] Pilgrim Henry Samson Kindred Web site (http:/ / www. pilgrimhenrysamsonkindred. org/ ), Retrieved 15 Feb. 2011.
[14] Sampson, Lilla Briggs, The Sampson Family, Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore, MD, 1914.
[15] Wood, Henry Shepard Jr., Sampson, Privately Printed, Greenville, NC, 1993.
[17] Caleb H. Johnson. The Mayflower and her passengers(copyright 2006 Caleb Johnson Xlibris Corp.) pp. 203-204
[18] Stratton, Eugene Aubrey, Plymouth Colony: Its History & People, 1620-1691, pp. 347, 348, 406, 416 and 423, Ancestry Publishing, Salt
Lake City, UT, 1986.
[19] Ward, Robert Leigh, "Henry Sampson's Paternal Grandfather," The American Genealogist, 56:141.
[21] Pilgrim Henry Samson Kindred Web site (http:/ / www. pilgrimhenrysamsonkindred. org/ ), Retrieved 15 Feb. 2011.
[22] Sampson, Lilla Briggs, The Sampson Family, Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore, MD, 1914.
[25] Stratton, Eugene Aubrey, Plymouth Colony: Its History & People, 1620-1691, pp. 347, 348, Ancestry Publishing, Salt Lake City, UT, 1986.
External links
17
Humility Cooper
18
Humility Cooper
Humility Cooper was born in Holland about 1619 where her parents were living, and died in England between 1639
and 1651. She was one of the youngest Pilgrims who came over on the Mayflower and was approximately one year
old.[1].[2]
Humility was an orphan, daughter of Robert Cooper and Joan Gresham
of Henlow, Bedfordshire. Proof of Robert Cooper’s residency in
Holland was a 1618 business agreement in Leiden. There is no further
information about her father but it is believed that both parents died
prior to the Mayflower sailing as his one year old daughter Humility
was in the care of her aunt and uncle, Edward Tilley and Ann Cooper
Tilley on the voyage.[3][4][5][6]
"The Landing of the Pilgrims" (1877) by Henry
A. Bacon
The Mayflower Voyage
Cooper departed Plymouth, England on the Mayflower on September 6/16, 1620, the small 100 foot ship having 102
passengers with about 30 crew members. The first month in the Atlantic, the seas were not severe, but by the second
November 11/21. The Mayflower Compact was signed that day. There were forty-one of the adult males, including
the servants, who signed the Mayflower Compact on November 11, 1620.[9][10][11]
Life in New England
Humility came to New England at about age 1 and was one of the youngest of the passengers on the Mayflower,
traveling with sisters of her father. Bradford’s list of passengers included “Edward Tilley and Anne, his wife, and two
children that were their ‘cousins’ Henry Sampson and Humility Cooper.”.[12].[13][14]
Edward Tilley’s wife Ann (Agnes) Cooper; Henry’s mother was Martha (Cooper) Sampson; both being sisters of
Humility’s father, Robert Cooper. As Humility had been orphaned in Holland and it was natural for her to be in the
family of Edward and Agnes (Cooper) Tilley. The Tilleys died the first winter of 1620/1621 and another (unknown)
family took care of Humility. By spring of the first year, out of the 102 Mayflower passengers who arrived in
Plymouth Colony, 52 of them had died.[15][16][17]
Humility Cooper
Return to England
Humility Cooper returned to England some time after May 22, 1627. Records indicate that on March 17/19, 1638/39
Humility was baptized as an adult in the parish of Holy Trinity, Minorities in London. The entry states that she was
age 19 and had been born in Holland.[18][19]
She apparently had died before Bradford compiled his list of Mayflower passengers in 1651 as he wrote “Edward
Tilley, and his wife both died soon after their arrival; and the girl Humility their cousin (niece) was sent for into
England and died there.” There is no evidence that she married and had children. Of all the Tilley family and their
relatives who came on the Mayflower, only three were still living. They were the youngest members of the family,
Humility Cooper, Henry Sampson, and Elizabeth Tilley who was about age thirteen.[20][21][22][23][24]
References
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
"Girls on the Mayflower," MayflowerHistory.com
"Girls on the Mayflower," MayflowerHistory.com (http:/ / www. mayflowerhistory. com/ History/ girls. php), Retrieved 15 Feb. 2011.
Ward, R. L. "The Baronial Ancestry of Henry Sampson, Humility Cooper, and Ann (Cooper) Tilley," The Genealogist 6:166-186.
Stratton, E. A. Plymouth Colony: Its History and People, 1620-1691 (Salt Lake City : Ancestry Publishing, 1986), p. 273.
Bradford, W. Of Plymouth Plantation 1620-1647.
A genealogical profile of Humility Cooper (http:/ / www. plimoth. org/ media/ pdf/ cooper_humility. pdf)/
[12] "Girls on the Mayflower," MayflowerHistory.com
[13] "Girls on the Mayflower," MayflowerHistory.com (http:/ / www. mayflowerhistory. com/ History/ girls. php), Retrieved 15 Feb. 2011.
[14] Eugene Aubrey Stratton. Plymouth Colony: Its History and People, 1620-1691, (Ancestry Publishing, Salt Lake City, UT, 1986) p.273
[15] Philbrick, Nathaniel, Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community, and War, pp. 89-90, Viking, New York, NY, 2006.
[16] Caleb Johnson. ‘’The Mayflower and her passengers’’ (Xlibris Corp. 2006) p.129
[17] A genealogical profile of Humility Cooper (http:/ / www. plimoth. org/ media/ pdf/ cooper_humility. pdf)/
[20] Pilgrim Hall Museum. (n.d.). Humility Cooper in 17th Century Records, Available: http:/ / www. pilgrimhall. org/ cooperh. htm.
[21] Complete Mayflower Passenger List. (n.d.) Francis Cooke, Available: http:/ / www. mayflowerhistory. com/ Passengers/ FrancisCooke.
php,la.
[22] Ward, Robert Leigh, "The Baronial Ancestry of Henry Sampson, Humility Cooper, and Ann (Cooper) Tilley," The Genealogist 6:166.
Sources
• Morrison, S. E. (1976). Of Plymouth Plantation, 1620-1647 by William Bradford, New York: Alfred Knopf.
External links
• Pilgrim Hall Museum (sub page) (http://www.pilgrimhall.org/cooperh.htm) main site Pilgrim Hall Museum
(http://www.pilgrimhall.org/cooperh.htm)
19
Isaac Allerton
20
Isaac Allerton
Isaac Allerton born in England ca. 1586 and
died in New Haven, Connecticut between
February 1, 1658/9 and February 12, 1658/9.
Based on a deposition given in 1639, Allerton
was born in England around 1586. He came
over on the Mayflower in 1620 and
established Colony of Virginia.[1] Isaac
Allerton came to Plymouth on the Mayflower
with his wife, three children and also his
apprentice John Hooke, who died that first
winter.[2] At Plymouth Allerton became active
in colony affairs and when William Bradford
became the second governor of Plymouth
Colony, he was assistant to him.[3] Starting in
1626, he made many trips back and forth to England as a representative of the colony. Amidst much controversy he
left his role as Plymouth’s agent and went to live in Marblehead and after 1646 he was said to be “of New Haven”
where he died in 1658/9.[4]
In England
In Leiden in 1611, Allerton stated he was from London but the actual place of his birth is unknown. His family
property may have been in Bramfield in Suffolk as a lawsuit involving his son seems to indicate.[5]
Life in Holland
Allerton became betrothed to Mary Norris in Leiden by October 7, 1611. He lived in Pieterskerkhof near St. Peter’s
Church. In 1614 he became a citizen of Leiden. While in Leiden in 1619 Allerton worked as a tailor; John Hooke,
who would travel with Allerton on the Mayflower, was his apprentice.[6] [7]
The Voyage on the Mayflower
Isaac Allerton departed Plymouth, England on the Mayflower on
September 6/16, 1620 with 102 passengers and about 30 crew
members in a small 100 foot ship. The first month in the Atlantic, the
seas were not severe, but by the second month the ship was being hit
by strong north-Atlantic winter gales causing the ship to be badly
shaken with water leaks from structural damage. There were two
deaths, but this was just a precursor of what happened after their Cape
Cod arrival, when almost half the company would die in the first
winter.[8][9]
where they anchored on November 11/21. The Mayflower Compact was signed that day.[10][11][12]
Isaac Allerton
Life in Plymouth Colony
Of Isaac Allerton and his first wife, William Bradford recorded: “Mr. Allerton's wife died with the first, and his
servant John Hooke.[13] His son Bartle is married in England but I know not how many children he hath. His
daughter Remember is married at Salem and hath three or four children living. His daughter Mary is married here
and hath four children. Himself married again with the daughter of Mr. Brewster and hath one son living by her, but
she is long since dead. And he is married again and hath left this place long ago.”[14][15]
The colony government chose John Carver as their first governor. Allerton was his assistant from 1621 to 1624, and
afterwards serving on the colony civil affairs council. After the early death of John Carver in April 1621, William
Bradford was elected governor in Carver's place.[16][17][18]
In 1626 Allerton became involved in the colony’s finances. With the dissolving of the merchant adventurers there
was a great need for the colonist to pay their debts. William Bradford, Allerton and others took on the colony’s debt
to the merchant adventurers with the provison that they be given a monopoly in the fur trade.[19][20]
Isaac Allerton traveled to London in 1626 to negotiate a new agreement with the Merchant Adventurers group which
had given much money for the trip and the maintenance of the colony.[21][22]
In the 1627 division of cattle (equal to a census) the Allerton family is listed with wife Fear and children
Bartholomew, Remember, Mary and Sarah.[23]
About 1628 a young man came to work as an apprentice under Allerton. This was Mayflower passenger Richard
More, who then was about age 15 then and a world away from his parents in England.[24] Richard had been part of a
historic incident in which he and three siblings were placed aboard the Mayflower in 1620 by their mother’s
husband, Samuel More, without her knowledge, after her admission of adultery.[25] All three of Richard’s siblings
perished the first winter in America, with only he surviving. Richard worked under Allerton for the usual seven years
in which he learned to be a sailor working largely in the fishing and coastal cargo-transport business and in
Allerton‘s business development in Maine. By 1635 Richard was in London, but the reason for the trip is unknown.
His name appears on the manifest of the Blessing in 1635.[26] Later More was an Atlantic ship captain.[27]
Allerton returned from England in 1628 He made a payment to the Merchant Adventurers investment group thus
reducing the colony's debt to them. The debt was still a tremendous amount of money estimated into the thousands of
pounds. He had obtained a land grant at Kennebec (in present-day Maine), provided by the Council for New
England. The Kennebec grant was officially authorized in January 1629, and the Plymouth colonists began to build a
fortified trading structure at Cushnoc on the Kennebec River, with Edward Winslow as overseer in charge of the
operation.[28]
Allerton was not dealing honestly with the colony and was mixing their money with his from the proceeds of the furs
and other goods. And as a result of Allerton's mismanagement and Bradley's lack of business skill, the colony's debts
were not only not being paid off but, in fact, increased. Also, Allerton started his own trading post at Kennebec at the
same time as the colony was trading there and became a competitor. As a result, it took many years for the colony to
repay its debt to the merchant adventurers and they only did so by selling off some of their land.[29][30][31]
Allerton also brought some unscrupulous persons from England to the colony. One was as a pastor for the Plymouth
church and another was Thomas Morton, his clerk. Morton was eventually deported twice for his transgressions but
came back because William Brewster was his father-in-law.[32] This pattern of incompetence continued when, upon
his return in 1630, it was revealed that Allerton had also failed to bring much needed supplies.[33]
Plymouth had built a trading posts at Pentagoet[34]and in 1630 Allerton built his own trading post there (near
Castine) putting Edward Ashley in charge. This man was also disreputable and eventually replaced with another
agent in mid-1631 after a Pentagoet local gave a disposition in Plymouth. Although Allerton had begun honestly
handling the colony's business dealing he wound up enriching himself greatly at the colony's expense and was finally
removed from his position.[35]
In September 1631 Allerton moved from Plymouth and settled at Marblehead Neck in Salem Harbor.[36]
21
Isaac Allerton
Under the year 1631 in colony records William Bradford wrote “Mr. Allerton doth wholly desert them (the people of
Plymouth Colony) having brought them into the briars, he leaves them to get out as they can … and sets up a trading
house behind Penobscot to cut off trade from there also.”[37]
By 1633 Allerton had set up yet another trading post in Machias, but lost it with the Treaty of Saint-German-en-Laye
of 1632, when England ceded most of the Maine coast to France.[38] Charles La Tour arrived, killing some of
Allerton's men and bringing goods and also prisoners to Port Roual to be ransomed.[39]
In 1634, more misfortune came to the colony with disease killing over many people, among them were Allerton's
wife Fear, daughter of William Brewster, as well as her sister Patience, wife of Thomas Prence, who would later be
governor of the Plymouth Colony.[40][41]
Allerton was finally banished, along with some of his unscrupulous friends from Massachusetts Bay. He then moved
to the colony of New Haven (Connecticut). One of Allerton’s contacts in London was William Vassall, who had
come to Massachusetts in 1630 but shortly returned to England to fight for the rights of those who had not joined the
church in Massachusetts. In mid-1635 Vassall returned to Massachusetts with his family on the ship Blessing.[42]
Vassall's daughter Judith married Resolved White who was William's eldest son, in 1640.) Vassall proposed to
Allerton to go to a Caribbean island in which he had an investment in sugar cane.[43]
By 1646 Allerton lived in New Haven, Connecticut and also had some property in New Amsterdam (later New York
City). He died in February 1658/9.[44]
Isaac Allerton was buried in 1659 in the churchyard of Center Church on the Green in New Haven, Connecticut. His
first wife, Mary Norris Allerton, who died in 1621, was buried in Cole's Hill Burial Ground, Plymouth,
Massachusetts with her remains later interred in The Pilgrim Memorial Tomb, Cole's Hill, in Plymouth. The burial
place of his second wife, Fear Brewster, is unknown." [45][46]
Marriages
Isaac Allerton was married three times:
(1) Leiden, Holland November 4, 1611, Mary Norris of Newbury, England. She died in Plymouth February 25,
1620/1.
(2) Plymouth Colony ca. 1625/26, Fear Brewster. Born in England. She died in Plymouth before December 12, 1634.
She was a daughter of William and Mary Brewster.
(3) Probably in New Haven CT before February 17, 1644/5, Joanna Swinnerton. She was still living in New Haven
as of May 19, 1684.[47][48]
Children
From Mary Norris: [49]
• Bartholomew Allerton. Born Leiden, Holland ca. 1612/13. He moved back to England, marrying (1) Margaret __
and (2) Sarah Fairfax. He had at least four children and died at Bramfield, Suffolk in 1658.
• Remember Allerton. Born Leiden ca. 1614/15. She married Moses Maverick before May 6, 1635, and had seven
children. She died in Marblehead between September 12, 1652, and October 22, 1656.
• Mary Allerton. Born Leiden ca. 1616/17. She married Thomas Cushman in Plymouth about 1636 and had eight
children. She died, the last of the Mayflower passengers, on November 28, 1699.
• (child) buried at St. Pancras/St. Peters, Leiden February 5, 1620.
• (son) was stillborn aboard Mayflower at Plymouth Harbor December 22, 1620.
From Fear Brewster:
• Sarah Allerton. Born Plymouth ca. 1626/27. Most probably died young - before 1651.
22
Isaac Allerton
• Isaac Allerton. Born Plymouth between May 22 1627 and 1630. He graduated from Harvard in 1650. He married
(1) Elizabeth ____ about 1652 and had two children. She died after June 11, 1655. He married (2) Elizabeth
(Willoughby) (Oversee) Colclough about 1663 and had three children. He died in Westmoreland County, Virginia
about 1702.[50][51]
Descendants
Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Zachary Taylor are descendants of Isaac Allerton.[52]
References
[1] New England Historic Genealogical Society American Ancestors Pilgrim Village Families Sketch: Isaac Allerton (http:/ / www.
americanancestors. org/ pilgrim-families-isaac-allerton) /
451
101
[7] Charles Edward Banks. The English Ancestry and Homes of the Pilgrim Fathers (Grafton Press N.Y. 1929) p. 29
p. 451
[14] William Bradford, second governor of the Colony. History of Plymouth Plantation Reprinted from the Massachusetts Historical Collections,
ed. Charles Deane, member of the Mass. Historical Society, (Boston 1856) not in copyright
[15] Robert S. Wakefield, F.A.S.G. and Margaret Harris Stover, CG. Mayflower Families through Five Generations: Descendants of the Pilgrims
who landed at Plymouth, Mass. December 1620. Vol. 17: Family of Isaac Allerton p. 1
[16] David Lindsay, PhD., Mayflower Bastard: A Stranger amongst the Pilgrims (St. Martins Press, New York, 2002) pp. 45, 68
who landed at Plymouth, Mass. December 1620. vol. 17: Family of Isaac Allerton p. 1
[23] Caleb H. Johnson. The Mayflower and her passengers (copyright 2006 Caleb Johnson Xlibris Corp.) p. 271.
[24] David Lindsay, PhD., Mayflower Bastard: A Stranger amongst the Pilgrims (St. Martins Press, New York, 2002) p. 73.
[25] Anthony R. Wagner. The Origin of the Mayflower Children: Jasper, Richard and Ellen More, The New England Historical and
Genealogical Register (July 1960) vol. 114 p. 164-167
[26] Manifest of the Blessing 1635 (http:/ / www. packrat-pro. com/ ships/ blessing. htm)\
[27] David Lindsay, PhD., Mayflower Bastard: A Stranger amongst the Pilgrims (St. Martins Press, New York, 2002) pp. 73-73
p. 379
[30] Nathaniel Philbrick. Mayflower: A story of Courage, Community and War (Viking 2006) pp. 168-169
p. 379
23
Isaac Allerton
p. 292
[40] Jacob Bailey Moore, Memoirs of American Governors (Washington 1846 pub. For subscribers)vol. 1, IV p. 139
[42] Manifest of the Blessing 1635 (http:/ / www. packrat-pro. com/ ships/ blessing. htm)\
[43] David Lindsay, PhD., Mayflower Bastard: A Stranger amongst the Pilgrims (St. Martins Press, New York, 2002) pp. 85, 88, 89 227n3 & 7
[45] Find a Grave Isaac Allerton (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=13252546)/
[46] Find a Grave Mary Norris Allerton (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=12498353)/
[52] General Society of Mayflower Descendanats Notable Descendants" (http:/ / www. themayflowersociety. com/ about-the-pilgrims/
notable-descendants)/
Sources
External links
• Isaac Allerton at MayflowerHistory.com (http://www.mayflowerhistory.com/Passengers/IsaacAllerton.php)
• Last Will and Testament of Isaac Allerton at The Plymouth Colony Archive Project (http://etext.virginia.edu/
users/deetz/Plymouth/allerwill.html)
24
James Chilton
James Chilton
James Chilton (before 1556 – 1620) was a
passenger aboard the Mayflower on its 1620
voyage that carried persons fleeing religious
persecution under James I and others who
established the Plymouth Colony on the shores
of Massachusetts Bay. He died not long after
arrival in the New World.[1]
Life in England
James Chilton was born before 1556 (age 63
in 1619) probably in Canterbury. Kent,
England. The Chilton surname is an ancient
one that appears in records from at least 1339,
when his ancestor Robert Chilton was a Canterbury parliamentary representative.[2]
James's grandfather Richard Chilton was of St. Paul’s Parish in Canterbury and in a will dated and proved in 1549, it
named his deceased wife Isabel and bequeathed the bulk of his estate to his son Lyonnell.[3] and served two years as
churchwarden of St. Paul's Parish Church there.[4][5]
In 1583 James Chilton, tailor, was listed as a freeman of Canterbury.[6]
Just before 1587 James Chilton married possibly Susanna Furner, the daughter of his step-mother Isabella and her
first husband Francis Furner.[7][8]
James Chilton and his wife Susanna had seven children who were baptized in Canterbury. About 1600 the family
moved to Sandwich, also in Kent, where three more children were baptized, including his youngest daughter Mary,
who was baptized at 12th century St. Peter’s Church, Sandwich in 1607.[9]
It is believed that here James met Moses Fletcher, who was also a Mayflower passenger, as well as other Separatists
who later went to Holland, and so became part of the English Leiden religious company.[10]Sandwich was becoming
a center of Separatist activity, and was home to several future members of John Robinson's Leiden church.[11]
The first evidence that the Chilton family had its own Separatist views appears in 1609. In late April, Chilton's wife
was among four people that secretly buried a dead child, without having the Church of England perform its
mandatory burial rites. [12]For this defiant act, Chilton's wife and two of the others were excommunicated from the
Church of England on 12 June 1609.[13]
Life in Leiden
James Chilton must have been in Leiden as early as 1615 as his daughter Isabel was married there in 1615. Her name
is recorded as “Ysabel Tgiltron spinster from Canterbury”. The Mayflower Society has proved descent from James
Chilton only through his eldest daughter Isabella and his youngest daughter Mary. His daughter Ingel (“Engletgen
Gilten’), who married Robert Nelson, could not be researched further. None of the other of James Chilton’s children
seems to have lived to maturity. [14]
Sometime between 1609 and 1615, Chilton and his family left England and joined John Robinson's congregation in
Leiden, Holland.[15]
An incident involving James and a daughter was recorded in Leiden on April 28, 1619, when it was reported that as
they were returning to their home, about twenty boys began throwing rocks at them.[16] When Chilton confronted the
25
James Chilton
26
crowd, he was struck in the head by a large cobblestone, and was knocked unconscious.[17] [18][19]
On the Mayflower
James Chilton departed Plymouth, England on the Mayflower on
winter.[20][21]
In 1650 Bradford wrote: James Chilton and his wife also died in the first infection, but their daughter Mary is still
living and hath nine children; and one daughter is married and hath a child. So their increase is ten.[25]
He died on December 18, 1620, only about a month after signing the Mayflower Compact, thought by some scholars
to be the first written constitution. He was the only signer of the Compact who died while the Mayflower was
anchored at Cape Cod. There are two Provincetown memorials to him and others who died shipboard in November
and December 1620, with a small memorial plaque at Winthrop Street Cemetery and the larger Mayflower
Passengers Who Died At Sea memorial plaque at Bas Relief Park. [26][27][28]
His wife Susanna died about a month after him, dying during the First Sickness at Plymouth sometime after January
11 or 21, 1621.[29] James was apparently buried ashore on Cape Cod, location now unknown as with others buried
then. His wife is commemorated in Coles Hill Burial Ground, and, as with others buried then, in an unmarked grave.
Her name appears on the Pilgrim Memorial Tomb, Plymouth, Massachusetts as "James Chilton's wife".[30][31]
Family
James Chilton married Susanna Furner by 1586 and had ten children. Three of the daughters, Isabella, Ingel (Angel)
and Mary survived to adulthood and married. Both Isabella, who came to Plymouth later, and Mary, who was a
Mayflower passenger, are known to have descendants.[32]
Children
All children were born either in Canterbury or Sandwich (10 mi. distant) in Kent, England. Only three daughters,
Isabella, Ingel and Mary lived to maturity.
• Isabella Chilton was baptized on January 15, 1586/7 in St. Paul’s Parish, Canterbury. She married Roger Chandler
in Leiden, Holland on July 21, 1615 and had four children. There is no record of Isabella's death. Bradford’s
statement that Chilton had another daughter is the only proof that Isabella came to Plymouth.[33] The family
probably came to Plymouth in either 1629 or 1630 when Bradford states that “the rest of the Leiden contingent
arrived”.[34] There is also an earliest tax record showing Roger Chandler March 25, 1633. Chandler is also shown
in a record of those men able to bear arms in 1643, and a land record in 1644. He is also listed as a Freeman in
1648. Chandler died in Duxbury between 1658 and 1665. In October 1665, the land in Plymouth Colony (150
James Chilton
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
acres) is granted to the three unnamed daughters of Roger Chandler, deceased.
Jane Chilton was baptized June 8, 1589 in St. Paul’s Parish, Canterbury. No further information is shown on Mary
and it is assumed that she died young.
Joel Chilton was born in Canterbury probably about 1591. He was buried at St. Martin’s Parish, Canterbury on
November 2, 1593.
Mary Chilton (first with that name) was probably born in Canterbury approximately 1593. She was buried at St.
Martin’s Parish on November 23, 1593.
Elizabeth Chilton was baptized July 14, 1594 at St. Martin's Parish, Canterbury. No further record of her has been
found and she probably died young.
James Chilton (the first with that name) was baptized August 22, 1596 at St. Martin's Parish, Canterbury. Since
there is a later child named “James”, he probably died young.
Ingel (Ingell) (Angel) Chilton was baptized on April 29, 1599 in St. Paul’s Parish, Canterbury. She married
Robert Nelson in Leiden, Holland on August 27, 1622 under the probable Dutch name of Engeltgen Gilten but no
other information is available.
Christian was baptized on July 26, 1601 at St. Paul’s Parish, Sandwich. Since there is no further information he
probably died young.
• James Chilton (the second with that name) was baptized on September 11, 1603 in St. Peter’s Parish in Sandwich.
Since there is no further information he, too, probably died young.
• Mary (the second with that name) was baptized on May 30, 1607 in St. Peter’s Parish, Sandwich. With the early
death of her parents, Mary, age 13, was left in Plymouth as an orphan. In the 1623 land division, a “Marie”
Chilton received shares for her parents' land. Since it is listed between Alden and Standish, it has been suggested
that she lived with either of those two families. There is no record which states with whom she lived after her
parents' death. Between July 1623 and May 22, 1627, she married John Winslow in Plymouth. They had ten
children. John is listed as having arrived at Plymouth in 1621 aboard the Fortune. John and Mary are part of the
records of the 1627 division of cattle. John died before May 21, 1674, which is the date his will is proved. Mary
died before July 11, 1679 which is the date her will was proved. [35]
References
[1] History of James Chilton (http:/ / www. pilgrimhall. org/ chiltonjrecords. htm)/
[2] James Chilton at mayflowerhistory.com (http:/ / www. mayflowerhistory. com/ Passengers/ JamesChilton. php)/
[3] Mrs. Russell Mack Skelton. Nov. 1961 Copies of Wills of the Chilton Family. The Mayflower Quarterly vol. 27 pp. 5-6 General Society of
Mayflower DescendantsPlymouth, Massachusetts issn 0148-5032 oclc 1590096
[4] Robert Moody Shennan, CG, FASG and Verle Delano Vincent Revised by Robert S. Wakefield, FASG. Mayflower Families Through Five
Generations Descendants of the Pilgrims who landed at Plymouth, Massachusetts, Dec. 1620 Vol. 15 Family of James Chilton (Pub. by
General Society of Mayflower Descendants 1997) p. 1
[5] Michael R. Paulick "The Mayflower Chiltons in Canterbury, 1556–1600, New England Ancestors (Boston: New England Historic
Genealogical Society 2007) vol. 8 pp. 39–40, 59, ISSN 1527-9405, OCLC 43146397, retrieved 2008-11-18
[6] History of James Chilton (http:/ / www. pilgrimhall. org/ chiltonjrecords. htm)/
General Society of Mayflower Descendants 1997) pp. 1-3
[8] Paulick, Michael R. (Spring 2007), "The Mayflower Chiltons in Canterbury, 1556–1600" (subscription required), New England Ancestors
(Boston: New England Historic Genealogical Society) 8 (2): 39–40, 59, ISSN 1527-9405, OCLC 43146397, retrieved 2008-11-18 p. 40
[11] Paulick, Michael R. (Spring 2007), "The Mayflower Chiltons in Canterbury, 1556–1600" (subscription required), New England Ancestors
(Boston: New England Historic Genealogical Society) 8 (2): 39–40, 59, ISSN 1527-9405, OCLC 43146397, retrieved 2008 4-11
[12] James Chilton at Mayflower.com (http:/ / www. mayflowerhistory. com/ Passengers/ JamesChilton. php)/
27
James Chilton
[13] Paulick, Michael R. (October 1999), "The 1609–1610 Excommunications of Mayflower Pilgrims Mrs. Chilton and Moses Fletcher" New
England Historical and Genealogical Register (Boston: New England Historic Genealogical Society) 153: 407–412, ISSN 0028-4785, OCLC
9117214, retrieved 2008-11-18 p. 407.
[15] Robert Charles Anderson The Pilgrim Migration: Immigrants to Plymouth Colony 1620–1633, Boston: New England Historic Genealogical
Society, (2004)ISBN 0-88082-181-7, OCLC 57507677 pp. 102, 104
[18] (in Dutch) 008 reg./ONA180fo. 239/30-4-1619 State of Facts, Leiden, The Netherlands: Leiden Pilgrim Archives, retrieved 2008-11-17
[19] Jeremy D. Bangs, ed. The Pilgrims in the Netherlands, Recent Research Papers Presented at a Symposium held by The Leiden Pilgrim
Documents Center and The Sir Thomas Browne Institute. Leiden Pilgrim Documents Center Leiden, The Netherlands
p.449
[26] Provincetown Memorial James Chilton (http:/ / provincetownbanner. com/ article/ history_article/ _/ 26743/ History/ 7/ 24/ 2003)/
[27] Memorial for James Chilton (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=15882666)/
[28] Winthrope Street Cemetery James Chilton (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=53719990)/
p. 10
[30] Memorial for James Chilton's wife (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=28972097)/
[32] NEHGS plimoth.org A genealogical profile of James Chilton (http:/ / www. plimoth. org/ media/ pdf/ chilton_james. pdf)/
p. 449
pp. 105-107
General Society of Mayflower Descendants 1997) pp. 2 thru 6
Sources
• Anderson, Robert Charles (2004), The Pilgrim Migration: Immigrants to Plymouth Colony 1620–1633, Boston:
New England Historic Genealogical Society, ISBN 0-88082-181-7, OCLC 57507677
• Bradford, William (1898) [c. 1650], Bradford's History "Of Plimoth Plantation" (http://books.google.com/
?id=7VcPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1), Boston: Wright & Potter Printing Co., OCLC 166607057, retrieved
2008-11-19
• Paulick, Michael R. (October 1999), "The 1609–1610 Excommunications of Mayflower Pilgrims Mrs. Chilton
and Moses Fletcher" (http://www.newenglandancestors.org/database_search/nehgsr.asp?page=1&vol=153&
pg=407&anchor=#image) (subscription required), New England Historical and Genealogical Register (Boston:
New England Historic Genealogical Society) 153: 407–412, ISSN 0028-4785, OCLC 9117214, retrieved
2008-11-18
• Paulick, Michael R. (Spring 2007), "The Mayflower Chiltons in Canterbury, 1556–1600" (http://www.
newenglandancestors.org/publications/nea_nea_spring2007_vol8_2_mayflower_chilton.asp) (subscription
28
James Chilton
29
required), New England Ancestors (Boston: New England Historic Genealogical Society) 8 (2): 39–40, 59,
ISSN 1527-9405, OCLC 43146397, retrieved 2008-11-18
• Sherman, Robert Moody; Verle Delano Vincent, Robert S. Wakefield, Lydia Dow Finlay (1997), Mayflower
Families Through Five Generations: Descendants of the Pilgrims who Landed at Plymouth, Mass. December
1620, Vol. 15, Plymouth, Mass.: General Society of Mayflower Descendants, ISBN 0-930270-16-9,
OCLC 38860922
Notes
John Alden
John Alden (1599 – September 12, 1687) is said to be the first person
from the Mayflower to set foot on Plymouth Rock in 1620.[1] He was a
ship-carpenter by trade and a cooper for Mayflower, which was usually
docked at Southampton.[2] He was also one of the founders of
Plymouth Colony and the seventh signer of the Mayflower Compact.
Distinguished for practical wisdom, integrity and decision, he acquired
and retained a commanding influence over his associates.[3] Employed
in public business he became the Governor's Assistant, the Duxbury
Deputy to the General Court of Plymouth, a member under arms of
Capt. Miles Standish's Duxbury Company, a member of Council of
War, Treasurer of Plymouth Colony, and Commissioner to
Yarmouth.[4]
Voyage of the Mayflower
They departed Plymouth, England on the
Mayflower on September 6/16, 1620 with 102
passengers and about 30 crew members in a
small 100 foot ship. The first month in the
Atlantic, the seas were not severe, but by the
second month the ship was being hit by strong
north-Atlantic winter gales causing the ship to
be badly shaken with water leaks from
structural damage. There were two deaths, but
this was just a precursor of what happened
after their arrival in Cape Cod, when almost
half the company would die in the first
winter.[5][6]
John Alden
30
Biography
John Alden was among the original settlers of the Plymouth Colony.
Although not himself a Pilgrim he had been hired to repair Mayflower
while she lay off Southampton, England and decided to journey when
she set sail, perhaps with the hope of being prosperous in the New
World, or because he wished to follow Priscilla Mullins.[2] John was
not the only man who would fall for Priscilla. His friend, military
Captain Miles Standish came to love the maiden throughout the long
voyage of 1620. A love triangle ensued with the result of John
ultimately winning Priscilla's hand.[10] They married on May 12, 1622.
That denouement plus Alden's engagement with rivaling Indians who
plotted to kill newcomers[11] is told elaborately in Henry Wadsworth
Longfellow's poem, The Courtship of Miles Standish.
From 1633 until 1675, he was assistant to the governor of the
Plymouth Colony, frequently serving as acting governor and also on
many juries, including one witch trial.
In 1634, Alden was jailed, in Boston, for a fight at Kenebeck in Maine
between members of the Plymouth Colony and the Massachusetts Bay
Colony. While Alden did not participate in the fight (which left one
person dead) he was the highest-ranking member from Plymouth that
the Massachusetts Bay colonists found to arrest. It was only through
the intervention of Bradford that he was eventually released.
Rogers Group, depicting the courtship of John
Alden and Priscilla Mullins: "Why Don't You
Speak for Yourself, John?" (1885)
In later years, Alden became known for his intense dislike of Quakers and Baptists, who were settling on Cape Cod.
A letter survives complaining that Alden was too harsh in his dealings with them.
Marriage
John Alden married Priscilla Mullins 12 May 1622. She was the only survivor of the Mayflower Mullins family.
They had ten children. Priscilla died in Duxbury between 1651 and her husband’s death in 1687. Both were buried in
the Myles Standish Burial Ground in Duxbury, Massachusetts.[12][13] [14]
Children of John Alden and Priscilla Mullins
• Elizabeth was born about 1624 and died in Little Compton, Rhode Island on May 31, 1717. She married William
Peabody on December 26, 1644 and had thirteen children. The graves of her and her husband are in the Old
Commons Cemetery in Little Compton.
• John was born about 1626 and died in Boston on March 14, 1701/2. He married Elizabeth (Phillips) Everill on
April 1, 1660 and had fourteen children. He was a survivor of the Salem Witch Trials, of which he wrote a
notable account.
• Joseph was born about 1628 and died in Bridgewater on February 8, 1696/7. He married Mary Simmons about
1660 and had seven children.
• Priscilla was born about 1630. She was alive and unmarried in 1688.[15][16]
• Jonathan was born about 1632 and died in Duxbury on February 14, 1697. He married Abigail Hallett on
December 10, 1672 and had six children. Jonathan was buried in the Old Cemetery in South Duxbury.
John Alden
31
• Sarah was born about 1634 and died before the settlement of her father’s estate in 1688. She married Alexander
Standish about 1660 and had eight children.
• Ruth was born about 1636 and died in Braintree on October 12, 1674. She married John Bass in Braintree on
February 3, 1657/8 and had seven children.
• Mary was born about 1638. She was still alive and unmarried in 1688.
• Rebecca was born about 1640 and died between June 12, 1696 and October 5, 1722. She married Thomas Delano
in 1667 and had nine children.
• David was born about 1642 and died in Duxbury between July 2, 1718 and April 1, 1719. He married Mary
Southworth by 1674 and had six children..[17][18]
Final days and legacy
John Alden was the last male survivor of the signers of the Mayflower
Compact, and with the exception of Mary Allerton, he was the last
survivor of the Mayflower's company. He died at Duxbury[19] on
September 12, 1687. Both he and his wife Priscilla lie buried in the
Miles Standish Burial Ground.
The Alden residence is also in Duxbury, on the north side of the
village, on a farm which is still in possession of their descendants of
the seventh generation. He made no will, having distributed the greater
part of his estate among his children during his lifetime.[20]
John Alden's House, now a National Historic Landmark, was built in
1653 and is open to the public as a museum. It is run by the Alden
Kindred of America [21], an organization which provides historical
information about him and his home, including genealogical records of
his descendants. John and Priscilla had the following children who
survived to adulthood: Elizabeth, John (accused during the Salem
witch trials), Joseph, Priscilla, Robert, Jonathan, Sarah, Ruth, Mary,
Rebecca, and David. They have the most descendants today of all the
pilgrim families.[3]
Ancestry
Myles Standish Burial Ground, the final resting
place of John and Priscilla Alden
John Alden's House, built ca. 1653, in Duxbury,
Massachusetts
There are several theories regarding Alden's ancestry. According to
William Bradford’s Of Plimoth Plantation, he was hired as a cooper in
Southampton, England, just before the voyage to America. In The English Ancestry and Homes of the Pilgrim
Fathers, Charles Edward Banks suggested that John was the son of George and Jane Alden and grandson of Richard
and Avys Alden of Southampton. However, there are no further occurrences of the names George, Richard, and
Avys in his family which would have been unusual in the seventeenth century.
Another theory is that John Alden came from Harwich, England, where there are records of an Alden family who
were related by marriage to Christopher Jones, the Mayflower’s captain. In this case, he may have been the son of
John Alden and Elizabeth Daye.
John Alden
Descendants
The Aldens have many distinguished descendants. They include Presidents John Adams, John Quincy Adams, Henry
Wadsworth Longfellow, and many other well known figures in American history.
Notes
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
Addison, 1897; p.1
Hawthorne, 2007; p.61
Alden 1867, p.1.
Society of Colonial Dames, 1897; Section 75
Eugene Aubrey Stratton. Plymouth Colony: Its History and People, 1620-1691, (Ancestry Publishing, Salt Lake City, UT, 1986) p. 413
George Ernest Bowman. The Mayflower Compact and its signers (Boston: Massachusetts Society of Mayflower Descendants, 1920).
[10] Longfellow, 1858
[11] Hawthorne, 2007; p.62
[12] A Genealogical profile of John Alden (http:/ / www. plimoth. org/ media/ pdf/ alden_john. pdf)/
[13] Memorial for John Alden (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?GRid=15& page=gr)/
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
[19]
[20]
[21]
Pilgrim Family Sketch of John Alden (http:/ / www. americanancestors. org/ pilgrim-families-john-alden/ )/
A Genealogical profile of John Alden (http:/ / www. plimoth. org/ media/ pdf/ alden_john. pdf)/
A Genealogical profile of John Alden (http:/ / www. plimoth. org/ media/ pdf/ alden_john. pdf)/
Duxbury, in other records, aka. Duxburrough, Duxborough, Duxboro
Alden 1867, p.2.
http:/ / www. alden. org/
References
• Alden, Ebenezer. "Memorial of the Descendants of the Hon. John Alden". S.P. Brown, 1867 (http://books.
google.com/books?id=aDYxAAAAMAAJ&dq=Memorial of the Descendants of the Hon.John Alden&
pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false)
• Addison, Daniel Dulany. "The Life and Times of Edward Bass, First Bishop of Massachusetts". Houghton,
Mifflin, 1897
• National Society of Colonial Dames. "First Record Book of the Society of Colonial Dames", 1897; Ch.75
• Waters, Henry Fitz-Gilbert. "The New England Historical and Genealogical Register". New England Historic
Genealogical Society, 1898; p. 435-440
• Longfellow, H.W. "The Courtship of Miles Standish", 1858
• Hawthorne, Julian. "The History of the United States from 1492 to 1910 Volume 1: 1492-1910". BiblioBazaar,
LLC, 2007. ISBN 1-4264-8541-7, ISBN 978-1-4264-8541-1.; p. 61-62
• Genealogy of John Alden (1599-1687) (http://genealogy.wikia.com/wiki/John_Alden_(c1599_-1687))
32
John Alden
33
External links
• John Alden (http://www.mayflowerhistory.com/Passengers/JohnAlden.php) from MayflowerHistory.com
• John Alden House & Alden Kindred of America (http://www.alden.org)
• John Alden (http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GSln=alden&GSfn=john+&
GSbyrel=all&GSdyrel=all&GSob=n&GRid=15&) at Find A Grave
John Billington
John Billington (also spelled as Billinton) (c.
1580 – September 30, 1630) was an
Englishman who came over on the Mayflower
and was one of the signers of the Mayflower
Compact.[1] He was hanged in Plymouth
Colony in 1630.[2]
Nothing is known about John Billington’s life
in England. His son Francis was named in a
1612 lease of property in Cowbit, Lincolnshire
and either John or Elinor, or both, were
associated with this area. Around Cowbit and
Spaulding, in Lincolnshire, Francis Longland
named young Francis Billington, son of John
Billington, an heir.[3][4][5][6]
Mayflower
John Billington, his wife Elinor and two sons, John and Francis
departed Plymouth, England on the Mayflower on September 6/16,
1620 with 102 passengers and about 30 crew members in a small 100
foot ship. The first month in the Atlantic, the seas were not severe, but
by the second month the ship was being hit by strong north-Atlantic
John Billington
Life in Plymouth colony
The Billington family appeared a number of times in the accounts of early Plymouth Colony and were reported to be
the colony‘s troublemakers. Francis made squibs (poss. firecracker) and fired a musket in the Mayflower while the
ship was anchored off Cape Cod. Francis went exploring soon after their arrival and discovered the body of water
now known as Billington Sea.[12]
In March 1621 John Senior challenged Myles Standish’s orders for “contempt of the Captain’s lawful command with
several speeches" and was punished for it. He would do this many times more.[13]
In May 1621 John Billington (the younger) became lost in some woods for several days, eventually being returned
home by some natives from Nauset on Cape Cod.[14] 449, 452
In 1624 John Billington was implicated in the Oldham-Lyford scandal (a revolt against the rule of the Plymouth
church), but insisted he was innocent and was never officially punished.[15]
In 1625 Governor Bradford wrote a letter to Robert Cushman saying “Billington still rails against you…he is a
knave, and so will live and died.”
In 1636, wife Elinor (Eleanor) was sentenced to sit in the stocks and be whipped for slandering John
Doane.[16][17][18]
Family
John Billington married Elinor _____ in England. They had two sons. After John’s death, Elinor married Gregory
Armstrong in September 1638. Elinor died after March 2, 1642/3. Gregory Armstrong died in Plymouth on
November 5, 1650.[19][20][21]
Children of John and Elinor Billington:
• John, born about 1604. He died in Plymouth between May 22, 1627 and his father’s death in 1630.
• Francis, born about 1606. He married Christian (Penn) Eaton in Plymouth in July 1634 and had nine children. A
survey in 1650 indicated that Francis Billington was then in New England. He died in Middleboro on December
3, 1684.[22][23]
Death of John Billington
In September 1630 John Billington was tried by a jury and hanged for the murder of John Newcomen, whom he saw
as an enemy. This was the first such execution in Plymouth colony. Bradford states he was approximately forty years
of age. His exact burial location is unknown.[24][25]
Notable descendants
• James Garfield, U.S. President.[26]
References
181
[3] John Billington at plimouth.org (http:/ / www. plimoth. org/ media/ pdf/ billington_john. pdf)/
[4] NEHGS John Billington Family (http:/ / www. americanancestors. org/ pilgrim-families-john-billington/ )/
[5] History of John Billington (http:/ / www. mayflowerhistory. com/ Passengers/ JohnBillington. php)/
102
34
John Billington
p. 102
pp. 102, 103
p. 131
pp.276, 277
[25] Grave of John Billington (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=34837709)/
[26] "Famous Descendants of Mayflower Passengers" (http:/ / www. mayflowerhistory. com/ Genealogy/ famousdescendants. php).
MayflowerHistory.com. . Retrieved May 9, 2009.
References
External links
• Biography at Pilgrim Hall Museum (http://www.pilgrimhall.org/billingtonj.htm)
• Records at Pilgrim Hall Museum (http://www.pilgrimhall.org/billingtonjrecords.htm)
• Biography at Mayflowerhistory.com (http://www.mayflowerhistory.com/Passengers/JohnBillington.php)
35
John Carver
John Carver
John Carver (c .1576 – April 1621) was a
wealthy London merchant and early American
colonist.
Little is known about Carver's early life, but
he is assumed to have been born in England.[1]
He joined the Separatist movement and
travelled from England to Holland to avoid
religious persecution under James I. There he
and other Separatists decided to travel to
America and came on the ship Mayflower in
1620.[2] After the Mayflower arrival in
America, John Carver was chosen the first
[3]
governor. He was governor for about four
months until his untimely death which is believed to be in April 1621.[4]
Marriage
John Carver married Catherine (White) Leggatt sometime after 1599. There were no recorded surviving children.
They had two children but both died while in Leiden, Holland.[5][6]
Leiden
The Carvers had connections with the original Scrooby Separatist group in Nottinghamshire, but do not appear to
have been members of the original congregation.[7] He was a wealthy man and contributed much to the congregation
in Leiden (Leyden) Holland.[8] John Carver and Robert Cushman from Canterbury were both deacons of the Green
Gate congregation in Leiden, Holland.[7][9] In 1619, William Brewster and Edward Winslow published a religious
tract critical of the English king and his bishops. James ordered Brewster’s arrest, and when the king’s agents in
Holland came to seize the elder, Brewster was forced into hiding just as preparations to depart for America entered
the most critical phase.
John Carver was a very generous man and in addition to donating much of his money to the Church, he also
provided much money to the Mayflower voyage.[10][11]
In 1617, he became the agent for the Separatists in securing a charter and financial support for the establishment of a
colony in America.[12]
By June 1619, Carver and Robert Cushman, the Separatists Chief Agent, had succeeded in securing a patent from the
Virginia Company. In addition to securing the voyage, both Carver and Cushman were agiven the responsibility to
secure supplies and provisions, and this was done in both London and Canterbury.[13]
Organizing the voyage was a tremendous task due to all the disorganization and competing interests involved. He
was described by the other Separatists as a man of "a gentlemen of singular piety, rare humility and great
condescendency".[14]
36
John Carver
37
Mayflower voyage
Carver chartered the Mayflower and with 101 other colonists, he set
sail from Plymouth, England, in September 1620.[15] Carver traveled
on the Mayflower in a style in accordance with his wealth. In addition
to his wife Katherine, he was accompanied by five servants.[16] On the
Mayflower the Carvers had been guardians of Jasper More, one of the
four More children onboard, but who had died in early December
along with others who were starting to die in the early bitter winter
weather.[17] It is unknown whether these Pilgrims knew of the
children’s circumstances or not. Prior to that discovery, it may have
been thought the four More children were parentless London street
waifs or children of people on Church relief, who were unwillingly
sent to the New World by the Virginia Company as indentured
labor.[18] Of these children, only Richard More survived.[19]
They departed Plymouth, England on the Mayflower on September 6/16, 1620 with 102 passengers and about 30
Life in Plymouth
Ill-prepared and poorly supplied, the Mayflower lost over half of its passenger through starvation, scurvy, the terrible
epidemic and first winter. All of the people helped gather supplies for food and shelter as well as burying the dead.
In the spring of 1621, Carver and the others attended what would become known as the first Thanksgiving.[24]
Carver was also in the first group that explored Cape Cod in November, 1620.[25]
In March 1621, Carver established a peace treaty with Chief Massasoit of the Wampanoag tribe. This was one of
America's most successful Indian treaties, lasting for over half a century[26][27]
When the Mayflower returned empty of cargo for their investors, Thomas Weston complained that it was due to the
selfishness of the Pilgrims and their leader John Carver. The new governor William Bradford answered him by
blaming Weston for their ill-preparedness and for the unnecessary deaths and stated that Governor Carver has
worked himself to death that spring and the loss of him and other industrious men lives cannot be valued at any
price.[28] After Carver’s death, William Bradford, age 31, had been unanimously elected governor the following
month, an office he held with distinction for thirty-three years.[29]
Carver was a gentleman in every respect, nevertheless during the first winter in Plymouth, Carver he worked
alongside common laborers. He died of exhaustion in April 1621 and William Bradford was named his successor as
governor. At the time of his death the whole number of survivors in the colony was fifty-five.[30]
Carver was buried in 1621 at Cole's Hill Burial Ground, Plymouth, Massachusetts. Later his remains were interred in
The Pilgrim Memorial Tomb, on Cole's Hill in Plymouth.[31]
John Carver
References
[1] "John and Catherine Carver." (http:/ / www. pilgrimhall. org/ CarverJohn. htm). Pilgrim Hall Museum. . Retrieved 27 October 2010.
56
90
[4] Jacob Bailey Moore. Memoirs of American Governors (N.Y. Gates & Stedman 1846) vol. 1 p. 46
[5] Nathaniel Philbrick. Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community, and War, (Viking, New York, NY, 2006) pp. 42-43
[6] John and Catherine Carver, Pilgrim Hall Museum Web site (http:/ / www. pilgrimhall. org/ CarverJohn. htm)/
[7] Robert E. Cushman and Franklin P. Cole. Robert Cushman of Kent (1577-1625) : Chief Agent of the Plymouth Pilgrims (1617-1625) (pub.
General Society of Mayflower Descendants 2005) 2nd Ed., edited by Judith Swan p.108
[9] Eugene Aubrey Stratton. Plymouth Colony: Its History and People, 1620-1691 (Ancestry Publishing, Salt Lake City, UT, 1986) p. 18
[10] Nathaniel Philbrick. Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community, and War, (Viking, New York, NY, 2006) p. 42
[11] William Bradford. Of Plymouth Plantation, 1620-1647, ed. by Samuel Eliot Morison. The Modern Library, (Random House, New York,
NY, 1967)pp. 31-2, 38, 42-51, 59, 68, 76-8, 85-6, 92, 94, 100, 358, 362-8
[12] Nathaniel Philbrick. Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community, and War, (Viking, New York, NY, 2006) p. 19
[13] Nathaniel Philbrick. Mayflower: A story of Courage, Community and War (Viking 2006) pp. 19, 22
[14] Nathaniel Philbrick. Mayflower: A story of Courage, Community and War (Viking 2006) pp. 42, 43
[15] "Mayflower: The Journey, the People, and the Ship" (http:/ / www. plimoth. org/ kids/ homeworkHelp/ mayflower. php). Plimoth Plantation.
. Retrieved 27 October 2010.
p. 447
p.447
[18] R.C. Johnson The Transportation of Vagrant Children from London to Virginia, 1618-1622 in H.S. Reinmuth (Ed.), Early Stuart Studies:
Essays in Honor of David Harris Willson, Minneapolis, 1970.
[19] Donald F. Harris, PhD. The Mayflower Descendant (July 1993) vol. 43 no. 2 pp. 123-128
[24] Edward Winslow "Primary Sources for The First Thanksgiving at Plymouth Mourt's Relation. Pilgrim Hall Museum. Retrieved 2009-11-26
[26] Dana T. Parker. Reasons to Celebrate the Pilgrims, (Orange County Register, Nov. 22, 2010) (http:/ / www. ocregister. com/ opinion/
first-277221-pilgrims-america. html), Retrieved 28 Jan. 2011.
[27] Heinsohn, Robert Jennings. "Pilgrims and Wampanoag: The Prudence of Bradford and Massasoit" (http:/ / www. sail1620. org/ history/
articles/ 119-pilgrims-wampanoag. html). Sail 1620. . Retrieved 27 October 2010..
[28] William Bradford. History of Plymouth Plantation by William Bradford, the second Governor of Plymouth (Boston. 1856) Not in copyright.
pp. 107-109
p. 306
[30] Jacob Bailey Moore. Memoirs of American Governors (N.Y. Gates & Stedman, 136 Nassau St. 1846) Vol. 1 pp. 46
[31] John Carver (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=15038628)
External links
38
John Crackstone
39
John Crackstone
John Crackstone, also known as Craxton and
Crakston, was born about 1575.[1][2]
He was a Separatist who voyaged on the
Mayflower in 1620.[3] He also signed the
Mayflower Compact on November 11, 1620
(OS).[4]
Life in England
Nothing is known of his life in England,
although his family was likely from the
Colchester, Essexshire, area. His daughter
Anna Crackstone described herself as being
from Colchester in her 1618 Leiden betrothal record. Genealogist Robert S. Wakefield found a John Crackston listed
in the lay subsidy roll of 1523 in the parish of St. James, Colchester, possibly a John Crackstone ancestor. A
Margaret, daughter of William Crackstone was baptized on April 6, 1569 at St. Botolph, Colchester. No other
Crackstone records in Colchester have been found. Due the fact that the name is extremely rare and comparing the
approximate age of daughter given in the marriage records of 1618, it has been concluded that John Crackstone was
from the Colchester area.[1][5]
Life in Holland
The family was Separatist and is known to have been in Leiden, Holland as of June 1616 as his name in on a record
as a witness to a betrothal record of Zechariah Barrow to Joan Barrow. Another bethrothal in 1617 of Henry Collet to
Alice Howarth also shows Crackstone as a witness. Finally he appears at a witness to his daughter Anna's betrothal
to Thomas Smith. She was a friend of Patience Brewster, who was later to die of fever in Plymouth.[1][5][6]
The Mayflower and death in Plymouth
John Crackstone and his son John departed Plymouth, England on the
Mayflower on September 6/16, 1620 with 102 passengers and about 30
crew members in a small 100 foot ship. The first month in the Atlantic,
the seas were not severe, but by the second month the ship was being
hit by strong north-Atlantic winter gales causing the ship to be badly
winter.[7][8]
where they anchored on November 11/21. The Mayflower Compact was signed that day.[9][10][11][12]
John Crackstone
John Crackstone Senior died in the first winter of the general sickness. Regarding his son John, Bradford states:
“Other orphans (that winter) included seventeen-year-old Joseph Rogers, twelve-year-old Samuel Fuller,
eighteen-year-old John Crackston…".[3] Sometime after May 22, 1627, John Crackstone Junior died. William
Bradford said, “having lost himself in the woods, his feet became frozen, which put him into a fever of which he
died.”[13][1][3][6][14]
Death and burial of John Crackstone Sr
John Crackstone Sr. was buried in the Coles Hill Burial Ground in an unmarked grave as were so many who died
that winter and is named on the Pilgrim Memorial Tomb, Coles Hill, Plymouth, Massachusetts.[1][3][6]
Family
The name of John Crackstone’s wife is unknown, and there is no mention of her in the Leiden records.[1][2]
Children of John and ____ ____ Crackstone[1][2]
1. Anna, was born about 1600. She married Thomas Smith in Leiden, Holland on December 22, 1618. Any
descendants of John Crackstone would have to be thru Anna, but no children have been identified from this
marriage.
2. John, was born about 1602. He died unmarried of a fever about 1627-28.
References
[1] A genealogical profile of John Crackstone (http:/ / www. plimoth. org/ media/ pdf/ crackstone_john. pdf) at plimoth.org
[2] Family of John Crackstone (http:/ / www. americanancestors. org/ pilgrim-families-john-crackstone/ ) New England Genealogical Historical
Society
[3] William Bradford. History of Plymouth Plantation by William Bradford, the second Governor of Plymouth (Boston, 1856 p. 447
[4] John Cracksone (http:/ / www. mayflowerhistory. com/ Passengers/ JohnCrackston. php), Complete Mayflower Passenger List (no date)
[5] Crackston history (http:/ / www. mayflowerhistory. com/ Passengers/ JohnCrackston. php) at mayflowerhistory.com
[6] John Crackston Sr. (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=28971702) at Find a Grave
p. 448
p. 452
40
John Tilley was baptized at Henlow,
Bedfordshire on December 19, 1571. He was a
son of Robert Tilley and his wife Elizabeth
_____. He most likely resided at Henlow until
he emigrated in the Mayflower in 1620.[1]
On the Mayflower and in the
New World
They departed Plymouth, England on the
Mayflower on September 6/16, 1620 with 102
passengers and about 30 crew members in a
small 100 foot ship. The first month in the
Atlantic, the seas were not severe, but by the
second month the ship was being hit by strong north-Atlantic winter gales causing the ship to be badly shaken with
water leaks from structural damage. There were two deaths, but this was just a precursor of what happened after their
Cape Cod arrival, when almost half the company would die in the first winter.[2][3]
Marriage and Children
John Tilley married Joan (Hurst) Rogers on September 20, 1596 at Henlow, Bedfordshire. She was the widow of
Thomas Rogers (d. 1594) who she had married on June 18, 1593.[7]
Children of Joan and Thomas Rogers:.[8][9]
• Joan, baptized May 20, 1594. She may have died young. No further record.
Children of John Tilley and his wife Joan (all baptized at Henlow, Bedfordshire):.[10][11]
•
•
•
•
•
Rose, baptized October 23, 1597. May have died young. No further record.
John, baptized August 26, 1599. May have died young. No further record.
Rose, baptized February 28, 1601/2. May have died young. No further record.
Robert, baptized November 25, 1604. May have died young. No further record.
Elizabeth, baptized August 30, 1607. She married John Howland in Plymouth Colony about 1624 and had ten
children with him.[12]
41
Death and burial
John Tilley died January 11, 1621 and his wife Joan also died that winter - date unknown. Their daughter Elizabeth,
age 13, survived. John Tilley and his wife were buried in unmarked graves in Coles Hill Burial Ground, Plymouth,
as happened to so many who died that winter. They are named as “John Tilley and his wife” on the Pilgrim Memorial
Tomb, Plymouth, Massachusetts.[13][14] [15]
External links
• Plimoth Plantation Web site [16]
References
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
A genealogical profile of John Tilley (http:/ / www. plimoth. org/ media/ pdf/ tilley_john. pdf)/
Eugene Aubrey Stratton. Plymouth Colony: Its History and People, 1620-1691, (Ancestry Publishing, Salt Lake City, UT, 1986) p. 413
George Ernest Bowman. The Mayflower Compact and its signers (Boston: Massachusetts Society of Mayflower Descendants, 1920).
[7] John tilley at MayflowerHistory.com (http:/ / www. mayflowerhistory. com/ Passengers/ JohnTilley. php)/
[8] A genealogical profile of John Tilley (http:/ / www. plimoth. org/ media/ pdf/ tilley_john. pdf)/
[9] New England Historic Genealogical Society John Tilley (http:/ / www. americanancestors. org/ pilgrim-families-john-tilley/ )/
[10] A genealogical profile of John Tilley (http:/ / www. plimoth. org/ media/ pdf/ tilley_john. pdf)/
[11] New England Historic Genealogical Society John Tilley (http:/ / www. americanancestors. org/ pilgrim-families-john-tilley/ )/
pp. 447, 450
p. 453
[14] Find a Grave John Tilley (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=16539001)/
[15] Find a Grave Joan Hurst Tilley (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=16539005)/
[16] http:/ / www. plimoth. org/
42
Love Brewster
43
Love Brewster
Love Brewster
Born
Love Brewster
abt 1611
Leiden, Holland
Died
bef 31 January 1650/1.
Duxbury, Massachusetts, USA
Nationality English Subject
Known for Pilgrim
Religion
Separatist
Spouse(s)
Sarah Collier
Children
Sarah Brewster
Nathaniel Brewster
William Brewster
Wrestling Brewster
Parents
William Brewster
Mary (----)
Elder Love Brewster (born ca. 1611) was an early American settler, the son of Elder William Brewster and his wife,
Mary Brewster. He traveled with his father, mother and brother, Wrestling, on the Mayflower reaching what became
the Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620. Brewster had two sisters, Patience and Fear, and two brothers,
Jonathan and Wrestling, along with an unnamed sister who died young. He was a founder of the town of
Bridgewater, Plymouth County, Massachusetts.
Biography
Early life
Love Brewster[1][2] was born at Leiden, Holland, circa 1611, although no birth records have been found, and died at
Duxbury, Massachusetts, sometime between October 6, 1650, and the "last day" of January 1651. This latter date is
based on the date of his will and when the inventory of his estate was taken. He was the son of Elder William
Brewster, (ca. 1567 – April 10, 1644), the Pilgrim colonist leader and spiritual elder of the Plymouth Colony and his
wife, Mary. At the age of 9, he traveled with his father, mother and brother, Wrestling, on the Mayflower to
Plymouth, Massachusetts.[3]
Marriage
He married at Plymouth, Massachusetts, on May 15, 1634, Sarah Collier,[4][5] Sarah was baptized on April 30, 1616,
at St Olave's Church, in the parish of Southwark St Olave, an area of south-east London in the London Borough of
Southwark, England; and died on April 26, 1691 at Duxbury, Massachusetts. She was a daughter of Jane Clark and
William Collier, one of the investors, or Merchant Adventurers, and an initial shareholder in the Plymouth Colony.
She was the sister of Mary Collier, the wife of Thomas Prence, a co-founder of Eastham, Massachusetts, a political
leader in both the Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay colonies, and governor of Plymouth (1634, 1638, and 1657–73).
Thomas' first wife, Patience Brewster, was a sister of Love's. Sarah, Love's widow, married sometime after
September 1, 1656, Richard Parke of Cambridge, Massachusetts,[6] and he died there in 1665. He also gave her a
life's interest in his estate, which was later sold to Thomas Parke in 1678.[5][7]
Love Brewster
Career
He was admitted a Freeman of the Colony on March 2, 1635/1636, which granted him the right to own land and the
right to vote. Love and Sarah settled in Duxbury, Plymouth County, Massachusetts, around 1636/7 next door to his
father. Love was a successful farmer through his adult life. He served in the Pequot War as a volunteer in 1637, and
was a member of Captain Myles Standish's Duxbury Company in 1643. He served on the grand jury from Duxbury
in 1648 and was one of the founders of Bridgewater, Massachusetts, although it is believed that he never lived there.
Death
He died about January 1650/1 in Duxbury, Massachusetts. Governor William Bradford reported that "Love lived till
this year 1650 and dyed, & left 4 children, now living". He was probably buried in Duxbury; however, his place of
burial is unknown.[5][8]
Children
Love Brewster and Sarah Collier had four children:[2][9]
• Sarah, born ca. 1635
• Nathaniel, called "eldest son," born ca. 1637
• William, born ca. 1645[10]
• Wrestling
Descendants
Love and Sarah's descendants number in the thousands today. Some of their notable descendants include:
• Ralph Brewster Allison, M.D.[11] (b. 1931), an American psychiatrist and a pioneer in Dissociative identity
disorder (DID)
• Roger Nash Baldwin[12][13] (b. 1884), one of the founders of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)
• John Bartlett[14] (b. 1820), an American writer and publisher whose best-known work was Bartlett's Familiar
Quotations
• Gamaliel Bradford[15] (b. 1863), an American biographer, critic, poet, and dramatist
• Benjamin Brewster[16][17][18] (b. 1860), Episcopal Bishop of Maine and Missionary Bishop of Western Colorado
• Benjamin Brewster[19] (b. 1828), an American industrialist, financier, and one of the original trustees of Standard
Oil
• Dr.Chauncey Bunce Brewster[20][21][22] (b. 1848), the fifth American Episcopal bishop of the Episcopal Diocese
of Connecticut
• David Brewster[11] (b. 1939), American journalist.
• Diane Brewster[23][24] (b. 1931), an American television actress
• John Brewster, Jr.[25] (b. 1766), a prolific, deaf, itinerant painter who produced many charming portraits of much
of Maine's elite society of his time, especially their children
• Oliver Brewster[26][27][28] (b. 1708), who was married to Martha Wadsworth Brewster, a notable 18th-century
American poet and writer. She is one of only four colonial women who published volumes of their verse before
the American Revolution and was the first American-born woman to publish under her own name.
• Ralph Owen Brewster[29][30][31] (b. 1888), American politician from Maine; Republican U.S. Senator from Maine
from 1941 until 1952
• Bruce Dern[32][33] (b. 1936), an Academy Award-nominated American film actor
• Laura Dern[32][33] (b. 1967), American actress, film director and producer
• Alfred Ely (b. 1815), U.S. Representative from New York
• Doris Humphrey,[34] dancer and choreographer
44
Love Brewster
• Brewster Jennings[19] (b. 1898), a founder and president of the Socony-Vacuum company, which in 1955 became
the Standard Oil Company of New York (Socony), which would later become Mobil Oil, and then merged to
become part of ExxonMobil
• George Trumbull Ladd[35][36] (b. 1842), an American philosopher and psychologist
• Henry Wadsworth Longfellow[37][38] (b. 1807), American educator and poet
• Archibald MacLeish[32][33] (b. 1892), American poet, writer and Librarian of Congress. He is associated with the
Modernist school of poetry. He received three Pulitzer Prizes for his work.
• Admiral Samuel Eliot Morison (b. 1887), Pulitzer Prize-winning historian
• Gaylord Brewster Noyce[11][39][40] (b. 1926), one of first Freedom Riders; arrested for trying to integrate the bus
station lunch counter in Montgomery, Alabama
• Robert Noyce[11] (b. 1927), nicknamed "the Mayor of Silicon Valley"; inventor of the integrated circuit or
microchip
• Henry Farnham Perkins[36] (b. 1877), American zoologist and eugenicist
• Thomas Ruggles Pynchon, Jr.[32] (b. 1937), an American novelist based in New York City and noted for his dense
and complex works of fiction. His best known novels are: V. (1963), The Crying of Lot 49 (1966), Gravity's
Rainbow (1973), and Mason & Dixon (1997)
• Matthew Laflin Rockwell[41][42] (b. 1915), American architect, responsible for the site selection, plan and design
of O'Hare International Airport
Notes
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
Merrick, p. 4
Merrick, pp. 14–15
Jones, pp. 26–33
Jones, p. 26
Merrick, p. 14
Parks, pp. 25–30
Jones, p. 27
Love Brewster (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GSln=brewster& GSfn=love+ & GSbyrel=in& GSdyrel=in&
GSob=n& GRid=6769443& ) at Find A Grave
[9] Jones, pp. 30–33
[10] William Brewster (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GSln=brewster& GSfn=william& GSbyrel=in& GSdyrel=in&
GSst=21& GScntry=4& GSob=n& GRid=6769449& ) at Find A Grave
[11] Jones, pp. 625–26
[12] Cottrell, Robert C. (2010). "Roger Baldwin: Founder, American Civil Liberties Union 1884-1981" (http:/ / www. harvardsquarelibrary. org/
unitarians/ baldwin. html). Harvard Square Library. . Retrieved 2010-07-18.
[13] Cottrell, pp. 1-12
[14] Morgan, pp. 841-846
[15] Jones, p. 373
[16] Jones, 781
[17] Jones, 782
[18] Wright, 34
[19] Jones, pp. 351–53
[20] Osborn, pp. 388-391
[21] Jones, 779
[22] Jones, 780
[23] Jones, pp. 1064–65
[24] Jones, p. 627
[25] Jones, p. 189
[26] Jones, p. 86
[27] Schmidt, p. 9
[28]
[29]
[30]
[31]
Burt, p. 71
Jones, pp. 143–44
Jones, p. 280
Ralph Owen Brewster, William Edmund Brewster, Abiatha, Morgan, William, Icabod, William, William, Love, William, of the Mayflower.
45
Love Brewster
[32] Roberts, Gary Boyd (2000). "#48 Royal Descents, Notable Kin, and Printed Sources: The Ancestry of Novelist Thomas Pynchon" (http:/ /
www. newenglandancestors. org/ research/ services/ articles_gbr48. asp). NewEnglandAncestors.org. New England Historic Genealogical
Society. . Retrieved 2010-04-13.
[33] Lisle, pp. 1-5
[34] Doris Batcheller Humphrey, Horace Buckingham Humphrey, Simon James Humphrey, Rebecca Brewster Humphrey, Simon Brewster, Jr.,
Simon Brewster, Sr., Benjamin, William, Love, William of the Mayflower.
[35] Jones, p. 274
[36] Jones, pp. 620–21
[37] Longfellow, p. 1
[38] "Wadsworth Longfellow Genealogy" (http:/ / www. hwlongfellow. org/ family_genealogy. shtml). Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Website.
Maine Historical Society. 2009. . Retrieved 2010-03-15.
[39] "Yale Divinity School-News: Prof. Gaylord Noyce Dies at 83" (http:/ / www. yale. edu/ divinity/ news/ 090813_news_noyce. shtml), Yale
Divinity School.
[40] "Gaylord Brewster Noyce" (http:/ / www. thesmokinggun. com/ archive/ 1103052mmugs92. html). Heroes of the Civil Rights Movement
Web site. The Civil Rights Digital Library. 2007. . Retrieved 2010-03-09.
[41] Jones, pp. 1037–39
[42] Blum, Betty J. (2007). "Matthew L. Rockwell (1915-1988)" (http:/ / www. artic. edu/ aic/ libraries/ research/ specialcollections/
oralhistories/ rockwell. html). Chicago Architects Oral History Project. The Art Institute of Chicago. . Retrieved 2010-03-09.
References
• Burt, Daniel S. The Chronology of American Literature: America's Literary Achievements from the Colonial Era
to Modern Times New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2004. ISBN 978-0-618-16821-7
• Cottrell, Robert C. Roger Nash Baldwin and the American Civil Liberties Union New York: Columbia University
Press, 2000 ISBN 0231119720
• Jones, Emma C. Brewster. The Brewster Genealogy, 1566-1907: a Record of the Descendants of William
Brewster of the "Mayflower," ruling elder of the Pilgrim church which founded Plymouth Colony in 1620. New
York: Grafton Press, 1908.
• Lisle, Laurie. Westover: Giving Girls a Place of Their Own. Middletown: Wesleyan University Press, 2009. ISBN
0-8195-6886-4
• Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth. Evangeline, a Tale of Acadie: Issue 40 of Sesame booklets; BiblioBazaar, LLC,
2008. ISBN 0-554-47602-9.
• Merrick, Barbara Lambert. William Brewster of the Mayflower and His Descendants for Four Generations,
Revised 3rd Edition, Barbara Lambert Merrick, compiler. General Society of Mayflower Descendants, 2000.
• Merrick, Barbara Lambert. William Brewster of the Mayflower and the Fifth Generation Descendants of his son
Love, Barbara Lambert Merrick, compiler. General Society of Mayflower Descendants, 2003.
• Morgan, M.H. Daedalus: proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Volume 41 California:
American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1906.
• Osborn, Norris Galpin. Men of mark in Connecticut: ideals of American life told in biographies and
autobiographies of eminent living Americans, Volume 4. New York: W.R. Goodspeed, 1908.
• Parks, Frank Sylvester. Genealogy of the Parke families of Massachusetts: including Richard Parke, of
Cambridge, William Park, of Groton, and others. Higginson Book Co., 1909.
• Schmidt, Gary D. A Passionate Usefulness: The Life and Literary Labors of Hannah Adams. University of
Virginia Press, 2004. ISBN 0-8139-2272-0
• Wright, R.W. Biographical record: Yale University, Class of 1842. R.W. Wright, compiler. Tuttle, Morehouse &
Taylor, 1878.
46
Love Brewster
Further reading
• Jones, Emma C. Brewster. The Brewster Genealogy, 1566-1907: a Record of the Descendants of William
Brewster of the "Mayflower," ruling elder of the Pilgrim church which founded Plymouth Colony in 1620. (http://
www.williambrewster.com/brewstergenealogy.htm) New York: Grafton Press, 1908.
• "Life Visits the Mayflower Descendants" (http://books.google.com/books?id=tUoEAAAAMBAJ&
pg=PA129&lpg=PA129&dq=Bishop+Benjamin+Brewster&source=bl&ots=7ShuLGR4kH&
sig=Me-NiovFnRlBI4i43KBWDMO8lMk&hl=en&ei=dBWZS5a_EI2AswOR_73CAQ&sa=X&
oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CBMQ6AEwBTgK#v=onepage&q=Bishop Benjamin Brewster&
f=false) Life November 29, 1948: 129–32. ISSN 0024-3019
• Sherwood, Mary B. Pilgrim: A Biography of William Brewster 1982.
• "Will of Love Brewster" dated 6 October 1650 (http://www.mayflowerhistory.com/PrimarySources/
WillsAndProbates/LoveBrewster.php) MayflowerHistory.com
• Hillard, Rev. Elias Brewster. The Last Men of the Revolution. Barre, Mass: Barre Publishers, described with brief
excerpts in Taylor, Maureen. "Ghosts of the Revolution" (http://www.photodetective.com/
ghosts_of_the_revolution.pdf), American Spirit (July/August 2003): 29-31.
• Lisle, Laurie. Westover: Giving Girls a Place of Their Own (http://books.google.com/
books?id=dp4kJVP-1GYC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0). Middletown: Wesleyan
University Press, 2009. ISBN 0-8195-6886-4
47
Mary Allerton
48
Mary Allerton
Mary Allerton Cushman
Born
June, 1616
Leiden, South Holland, Netherlands
Died
November 28, 1699 (aged 83)
Plymouth, Massachusetts
Spouse(s) Thomas Cushman (m. 1636)
Children Thomas, Mary, Sarah, Isaac, Elkanah, Fear, Eleazar, and Lydia
Mary Allerton Cushman (c. 1616 – 28 November 1699) was a settler
of Plymouth Colony in what is now Massachusetts. She was the last
surviving passenger of the Mayflower.[1] She arrived at Plymouth on
the Mayflower when she was about four years old and lived there her
entire life; she died aged 83.
Mary Allerton was born about 1616 (according to some sources,
baptised in June 1616[2]) in Leiden, The Netherlands to parents Isaac
and Mary Norris Allerton. She came to Plymouth on the Mayflower in
1620, at about the age of four. Around 1636, she married Thomas
Cushman, who had come to Plymouth in 1621 at the age of thirteen on
the ship Fortune with father Robert Cushman, a prominent member of
the Pilgrims' congregation in Leiden. Thomas and Mary had a
surprisingly prosperous family; seven of their eight children survived
to adulthood, got married, and provided at least 50 grandchildren.
Thomas and Mary both lived to very old age, having never moved
from Plymouth. Thomas died in December 1691, reaching nearly 85
years in age. Mary, who gave birth to and raised eight children, lived to
the age of 83. Prior to her death in November 1699, she was the last
surviving Mayflower passenger. She was buried on Burial Hill in
Plymouth.[3]
Mary Allerton Cushman's grave on Burial Hill
References
[1] "Mayflower History" (http:/ / www. mayflowerhistory. com/ Passengers/ MaryAllerton. php#). .
[2] Her birthyear is disputed, about 1616 or 1617. Some sources claim she was baptized in June 1616 in Leiden; the authenticity of this claim has
not been verified.
[3] "Find A Grave" (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GSob=c& GSvcid=10643& GRid=12498378& #). .
• Genealogy of Mary Allerton (http://genealogy.wikia.com/wiki/Mary_Allerton_(1616-1699)) - Wikia Project
Mary Chilton
49
Mary Chilton
Mary Chilton (1607 – ca. April 1679) was a Pilgrim and purportedly
the first European woman to step ashore at Plymouth, Massachusetts.
Biography
Mary Chilton was baptized on May 31, 1607 in Sandwich, Kent,
England and was the daughter of Mayflower passenger James Chilton.
Mary Chilton's mother's name has been listed as "Susannah, possibly
Furner" in many places. Ancestry.com shows several records listing
Susannah Furner as James Chilton's wife. Susannah Furner was
thought to be the daughter of Frances and Isabella Furner, but this was
disproven by Michael Paulick in 1999 (it was proved that Susannah
Furner was James Chilton's step-sister, and while this does not
necessarily preclude her also being his wife, there is no solid evidence
that they were married. She is listed by William Bradford as "Mrs.
Chilton" or "James Chilton's wife." It is possible that he never knew
her given name.[1] At the age of thirteen, Mary accompanied her
parents on the voyage to Plymouth. Her father, at age sixty-four, was
the oldest passenger on the Mayflower.[2]
Mary Chilton leaping onto Plymouth Rock before
the other Pilgrims
By legend, Mary Chilton was the first passenger to step ashore at
Plymouth, reportedly so excited that she jumped out of the small boat
and waded ashore onto "Plymouth Rock."[3]
Her father died on December 18, 1620 aboard the Mayflower and her
mother died six weeks later on January 21, 1621, also aboard ship, both
of "the first infection of the disease" according to a report by Governor
William Bradford in 1650. Once orphaned, it is believed she became
the ward of Myles Standish or John Alden. Chilton was given three
shares in the land division of 1623, one for herself and one each for her
deceased parents. Her property was situated between those of Standish
and John Howland.[4]
Site of Mary Chilton Winslow's home on Spring
Lane in Boston
She was one of eleven minor girls on the Mayflower. Of these, she was
one of the nine to survive the first year at Plymouth and would have
been present at the time of the famous First Thanksgiving in 1621. In
contrast, only four of the fourteen adult women survived the first
year.[4]
Mary Chilton Winslow's burial site in the
She married John Winslow (possibly on October 12, 1624) and thus
Winslow tomb at King's Chapel Burying Ground
became the sister-in-law of Mayflower passenger Edward Winslow.
They had ten children: John, Susannah, Mary, Edward, Sarah, Samuel,
Joseph, Isaac, an unnamed child who probably died in infancy, and Benjamin. All but Benjamin married, and
Benjamin's birth is the only one listed in the records of Plymouth colony.[4]
The family moved to Boston some time after the birth of Benjamin in 1653. There John Winslow is said to have
prospered as a merchant.
Mary Chilton
She made out a will on July 31, 1676 (one of two female passengers from the Mayflower who did so, Elizabeth
Tilley being the other) and died before May 1, 1679 in Boston.
Notable Descendants
Notable descendants of Mary Chilton include First Lady Lucretia Rudolph Garfield, singer Pete Seeger, Ambassador
Pamela Harriman, poet Robert Lowell, actress Jane Wyatt, Marjorie "Betty Crocker" Child, Attorney General Elliot
Richardson, actor Vincent Price, and former governor Howard Dean.[5]
References
[1] Biographical Summary of James Chilton at www.mayflowerhistory.com (http:/ / www. mayflowerhistory. com/ Passengers/ JamesChilton.
php)
[2] Pilgrim Hall Museum, Chilton information, accessed Oct. 2009 (http:/ / www. pilgrimhall. org/ winslowmch. htm)
[3] Samuel Adams Drake, A book of New England legends and folk lore in prose and poetry. Illustrated by F. T. Merrill (Roberts Brothers, 1884)
pg. 379 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=wMsrAAAAYAAJ& source=gbs_navlinks_s)
[4] Eugene Aubrey Stratton, Plymouth Colony, its history & people, 1620-1691, (Ancestry Publishing, 1986) pg. 262 (http:/ / books. google.
com/ books?id=7TH062rPP2MC& source=gbs_navlinks_s)
[5] Reitwiesner, William. "Ancestry of Howard Dean" (http:/ / wargs. com/ political/ dean. html). .
External links
• Last Will of Mary Chilton (http://www.mayflowerhistory.com/PrimarySources/WillsAndProbates/
MaryChilton.php)
50
Mayflower
51
Mayflower
Career
Name:
Mayflower
Owner:
Christopher Jones (¼ of the ship)
Operator:
Christopher Jones
Route:
numerous, but the most famous route is: Southampton to America
Acquired:
ca. 1607
Maiden voyage: Before 1607
Out of service:
March 1622
Fate:
Sold and taken apart in May 1624
General characteristics
Class & type:
Dutch cargo fluyt
Tonnage:
160 to 180 tons
Length:
ca. 80 - 90 ft. on deck, 100 - 110 ft overall.
Decks:
Around 4
Propulsion:
Wind
Capacity:
Unknown, but carried ca. 135 people during the historical voyage to Plymouth
Crew:
25–30
The Mayflower was the ship that transported English and Dutch
Separatists and other adventurers referred to by the Separatists as "the
Strangers" to Plymouth, Massachusetts in 1620.
The Mayflower departed Plymouth, England on September 6/16, 1620,
with 102 passengers and about 30 crew members aboard the small
100-foot ship. During the first month of the voyage, the seas were not
severe, but by the second month the ship was being hit by strong North
Atlantic winter gales, causing the ship to be badly shaken, with water
leaking from structural damage. There were two deaths, but this was
just a precursor of what happened after their arrival in Cape Cod, when
almost half the company would die in the first winter.[1][2]
~ The Mayflower ~Issue of 1920, 300th
anniversary.
Mayflower
52
On November 9/19, 1620, they sighted land, which was Cape Cod.
After several days of trying to sail south to their planned destination of
the Colony of Virginia, strong winter seas forced them to return to the
harbor at Cape Cod hook, where they anchored on November 11/21.
The Mayflower Compact was signed that day.[2][3][4][5]
The Mayflower has a famous place in American history as a symbol of
early European colonization of the future United States.[6]
The main record for the voyage of the Mayflower and the disposition of
the Plymouth Colony comes from the letters and journal of William
Bradford, who was a guiding force and later the governor of the
colony.
Ship
Mayflower arrived inside the tip of Cape Cod
fishhook, 11 November/21 November 1620
(satellite photo, 1997)
The Mayflower was used mostly as a cargo ship in the trade of goods
(often wine) between England and France, but also Norway, Germany and Spain.[7][8] Like many ships of the time
(such as the Santa Maria) the Mayflower was most likely a carrack with three masts, square-rigged on the foremast
and mainmast but lateen-rigged on the mizzenmast. The ship's dimensions are unknown but estimates based on its
load, weight, and the typical size of 180-ton merchant ships of its day, suggest a length of 90–110 feet (27.4–33.5 m)
and a width of about 25 feet (7.6 m).[7]
Aboard the Mayflower were many stores that supplied the pilgrims with the essentials needed for their journey and
future lives. Among these stores it is assumed that they would have carried tools and weapons, including cannon,
shot, and gunpowder, as well as some live animals, including dogs, sheep, goats, and poultry. Horses and cattle
would come later. The Mayflower would also carry two boats: a long boat and a “shallop”, a sort of twenty-one foot
dinghy. She also carried twelve artillery pieces (eight minions and four sakers), as the Pilgrims feared they might
need to defend themselves against the Spaniards, Frenchmen, or the Dutch, as well as the Native Americans.[9]
At least between 1609 and 1622 the ship was based in Rotherhithe, London, England[10] and mastered by
Christopher Jones, who commanded the ship on its famous transatlantic voyage. The Mayflower had a crew of
twenty-five to thirty,[8] along with other hired personnel. The names of five are known, John Alden among them.[8]
William Bradford, in the only known account of the Pilgrim voyage, wrote that Alden "was hired for a cooper
[barrel-maker], at South-Hampton, where the ship victuled; and being a hopefull yong man, was much desired, but
left to his owne liking to go or stay when he came here; but he stayed, and maryed here."[11]
After leaving the passengers at Plymouth, Jones sailed the Mayflower back to England, arriving in May 1621. Within
two years of his death, in March 1622, the ship had fallen into disrepair, and was likely broken up and sold for scrap
lumber.[12]
Mayflower
53
Pilgrims' voyage
Initially, the plan was for the voyage to be made in two vessels, the other being the
smaller Speedwell, which had transported some of the Pilgrims embarking on the voyage
from Delfshaven in the Netherlands to Southampton, England. The first voyage of the
ships departed Southampton,[13] on August 5/15, 1620, but the Speedwell developed a
leak, and had to be refitted at Dartmouth on August 17/27.
On the second attempt, the ships reached the Atlantic Ocean but again were forced to
return to Plymouth because of the Speedwell's leak. It would later be revealed that there
was in fact nothing wrong with the Speedwell. The Pilgrims believed that the crew had,
through aspects of refitting the ship, and their behavior in operating it, sabotaged the
voyage in order to escape the year-long commitment of their contract.[14] After
reorganization, the final sixty-six day voyage was made by the Mayflower alone, leaving
from a site near to the Mayflower Steps in Plymouth, England, on September 6/16.[13]
With 102 passengers plus crew, each family was allotted a very confined amount of space
for personal belongings. The Mayflower stopped off at Newlyn in Cornwall to take on
water.[15]
The intended destination was an area near the Hudson River, in the "Colony of Virginia."
However, the ship was forced far off course by inclement weather and drifted well north
of the intended Virginia settlement. As a result of the delay, the settlers did not arrive in
Cape Cod until after the onset of a harsh New England winter. The settlers ultimately
failed to reach Virginia, where they had already obtained permission from the Virginia
Company to settle, because of difficulties navigating the treacherous waters off the
southeast corner of Cape Cod.[16]
The Mayflower Memorial
in Southampton.
After setting sail on September 6, the Pilgrims experienced good weather and good
sailing conditions for the first few days. However, the Mayflower soon became caught in
forceful winds that severely shook the ship. This caused some damage as the ship became leaky above the waterline,
and one of the main beams supporting the deck appeared to be bowing. Luckily, the crew had brought a big screw
with them from Holland, and they were able to support the deck with it while they reinforced it with a new post.
Thankfully, this repair allowed the Pilgrims to continue on with their journey.[9]
There were times when the sailing became so difficult that the Mayflower’s master, Christopher Jones, wanted to turn
around and go back to England. However, he decided that to turn back would only make conditions worse.[17] To
establish legal order and to quell increasing strife within the ranks, the settlers wrote and signed the Mayflower
Compact after the ship dropped anchor at the tip of Cape Cod on November 11/21, in what is now Provincetown
Harbor.[10]
The settlers, upon initially coming ashore, explored the snow-covered area and discovered an empty Native
American village. The curious settlers dug up some artificially made mounds, some of which stored corn, while
others were burial sites. Nathaniel Philbrick claims that the settlers stole the corn and looted and desecrated the
graves,[18] sparking friction with the locals.[19] Philbrick goes on to say that, as they moved down the coast to what is
now Eastham, they explored the area of Cape Cod for several weeks, looting and stealing native stores as they
went.[20] He then writes about how they decided to relocate to Plymouth after a difficult encounter with the local
native Americans, the Nausets, at First Encounter Beach, in December 1620.
However, Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation records that they took "some" of the corn to show the others
back at the boat, leaving the rest. Then, later, they took what they needed from another store of grain, paying the
locals back in six months, which they gladly received.
Mayflower
54
Also there was found more of their corn and of their beans of various colors; the corn and beans they
brought away, purposing to give them full satisfaction when they should meet with any of them as,
about some six months afterward they did, to their good content.[21]
During the winter the passengers remained on board the Mayflower, suffering an outbreak of a contagious disease
described as a mixture of scurvy, pneumonia and tuberculosis.[10] When it ended, there were only 53 passengers, just
over half, still alive. Likewise, half of the crew died as well.[10] In the spring, they built huts ashore, and on March
21/31, 1621, the surviving passengers disembarked from the Mayflower.[10] On April 5/15, 1621, the Mayflower set
sail from Plymouth to return to England,[10] where she arrived on May 6/16, 1621.[22]
Passengers
The Mayflower left England with 102 passengers plus crew. Some families traveled together and others left family
members behind. Two of the Mayflower’s passengers were pregnant women: Susanna White, and Mary Allerton.
Elizabeth Hopkins gave birth en route; her baby was appropriately named Oceanus.[17] A second baby was born
during the winter of 1620-1621, when the company wintered aboard ship in Provincetown Harbor. One child died
during the voyage, and there was one stillbirth during the construction of the colony. Many of the passengers were
Pilgrims fleeing persistent religious persecution, but some were hired hands, servants, or farmers recruited by
London merchants, all originally destined for Virginia.
Four of this latter group of passengers were small children given into the care of Mayflower pilgrims. The Virginia
Company began the transportation of children in 1618.[23] Until relatively recently, the children were thought to be
orphans, foundlings or involuntary child labor. At that time, children were routinely rounded up from the streets of
London or taken from poor families receiving church relief to be used as laborers in the colonies. Any legal
objections to the involuntary transportation of the children were over-ridden by the Privy Council. The delay in
departure led to the scarcity of fresh food, and the development of scurvy among the passengers. Upon arrival late in
the year, the harsh climate and scarcity of fresh food caused many more deaths.[24][25] In 1959 it was conclusively
shown[26] that the four More children were sent to America because they were deemed illegitimate, and a source of
great controversy in England. Three of the four children died in the first winter in the New World, but the survivor,
Richard More, lived to be approximately 81, dying in Salem, probably in 1695 or 1696.[27]
The passengers mostly slept and lived in the low-ceilinged great cabins. These cabins were thin-walled and
extremely cramped.[17] The cabin area was 25 feet by 15 at its largest, and on the main deck, which was 75 by 20 at
the most. Below decks, any person over five feet tall would be unable to stand up straight. The maximum possible
space for each person would have been slightly less than the size of a standard single bed.[28] The Mayflower
passengers were the earliest permanent European settlers in New England. During their time they were referred to as
the "First Comers", "The Ancient Brethren" or "The Ancient Men". They lived in the perilous times of what was
called "The Ancient Beginnings" of the New World adventure.[29]
Passengers would pass the time by reading by candlelight or playing cards and games like Nine Men’s Morris.[9]
Meals on board were cooked by the firebox, which was an iron tray with sand in it on which a fire was built. This
was risky because it was kept in the waist of the ship. Passengers made their own meals from rations that were issued
daily and food was cooked for a group at a time.[28] Living in these extremely close and crowded quarters, several
passengers experienced scurvy. This disease is caused by a lack of the essential nutrient vitamin C (ascorbic acid).
There was no way to store fruits or vegetables without them becoming rotten, so many passengers did not receive
enough nutrients in their diets. Passengers with scurvy experienced symptoms such as rotten teeth, which would fall
out, bleeding gums, and stinking breath.[17] Passengers consumed large amounts of alcohol, specifically beer. Beer
was thought to be safer than water because the Pilgrims were accustomed to unsafe drinking water. Beer was thought
to be part of a healthy, well-balanced diet.[17] William Mullins took 126 pairs of shoes and 13 pairs of boots. These
clothes included: oiled leather and canvas suits, stuff gowns and leather and stuff breeches, shirts, jerkins, doublets,
neckcloths, hats and caps, hose, stockings, belts, piece goods, and haberdasherie.[9]
Mayflower
55
No cattle or beasts of draft or burden were brought on the journey but there were pigs, goats, and poultry. Some
passengers brought family pets such as cats and birds. Peter Browne took his large bitch mastiff and John Goodman
brought his spaniel along. The crew of the Mayflower totaled between twenty and thirty men. There was the pilot,
John Clarke, a carpenter, a bosun, a gunner, a cook, and four quartermasters, Robert Coppin, the second mate, and
Andrew Williamson, the ship’s merchant (today he would be known as the purser).[9]
The seamen on the Mayflower had four devices to help them during their journey. They charted their course with a
compass. They measured their speed with the log and line system. The log and line system was a board attached to a
line, which was tossed over the stern. The line was marked with a knot at regular intervals related to the length of a
nautical mile. Time was measured with hour glasses; for example, "when the hour glass had emptied at the top
vessel, a sailor would strike a bell, and another sailor would count how many knots of line had run out".[9] The speed
of the ship in nautical miles per hour (still called "knots") would then be known.
Second Mayflower
A second ship called the Mayflower made a voyage from London to Plymouth Colony in 1629 carrying 35
passengers, many from the Pilgrim congregation in Leiden that organized the first voyage. This was not the same
ship that made the original voyage with the first settlers. This voyage began in May and reached Plymouth in
August. This ship also made the crossing from England to America in 1630, 1633, 1634, and 1639. It attempted the
trip again in 1641, departing London in October of that year under master John Cole, with 140 passengers bound for
Virginia. It never arrived. On October 18, 1642 a deposition was made in England regarding the loss.[30]
Mayflower II
After World War II, an effort began to reenact the voyage of the Mayflower.
With cooperation between Project Mayflower and Plimoth Plantation, a
speculative replica of the ship was designed by naval architect William A.
Baker and launched September 22, 1956 from Devon, England, setting sail in
the spring of 1957. Captained by Alan Villiers, the voyage ended in Plymouth
Harbor, USA, after 55 days, on June 13, 1957, to great acclaim.
The ship is moored to this day at State Pier in Plymouth, Massachusetts, and
is open to visitors.[31]
Notes
[1] mayflowerhistory.com (http:/ / www. mayflowerhistory. com/ History/ voyage_secondary.
php)/
[2] Allison Lassieur Peter McDonnall The voyage of the Mayflower (Pub. Capstone Press,
©2006 Mankato, Minnesota)
Mayflower II masts in the fog
448
[6] Philbrick, pp. 4-5
[7] Philbrick, p. 24
[8] "Crew Genealogy" (http:/ / www. mayflowerhistory. com/ Genealogy/ crew. php). Mayflowerhistory.com. . Retrieved 2008-09-24.
[9] Hodgson, Godfrey. A Great and Godly Adventure. Public Affairs: New York, 2006
[10] Moritz, Bjoern (2003). "The Pilgrim-Fathers’ Voyage with the 'Mayflower' (history)" (http:/ / www. shipsonstamps. org/ Topics/ html/
pilgrim. htm). ShipsOnStamps.org. .
[11] "John Alden (history)" (http:/ / www. pilgrimhall. org/ aldenjohn. htm). Pilgrim Hall Museum. 1998-07-14. . Retrieved 2008-09-16.
Mayflower
[12] "The Mayflower after the Pilgrims" (http:/ / www. mayflowerhistory. com/ History/ mflower7. php). MayflowerHistory.com. . Retrieved
2012-02-19.
[13] Press Kit - Mayflower II (with history of the Mayflower) (http:/ / www. plimoth. org/ about/ presskit/ mayflowerBG. asp). Plimoth
Plantation Museum. 2004. .
[14] Usher, p. 67
[15] "Plaque in Newlyn, Cornwall" (http:/ / www. penzance-town-council. org. uk/ pzg1/ g033. htm). www.penzance-town-council.org.uk. .
Retrieved 2008-09-24.
[16] Cheney, Glenn Alan (2007). Thanksgiving: The Pilgrims' First Year in America. New London: New London Librarium.
ISBN 978-0-9798039-0-1.
[17] Philbrick, Nathaniel. Mayflower. New York: Penguin Group, 2006
[19] Winslow, Edward; William Bradford (1622). A Relation or Journal of the Beginning and Proceeding of the English Plantation Settled at
Plymouth (http:/ / www. mayflowerhistory. com/ PrimarySources/ MourtsRelation. pdf). London, England: John Bellamie. pp. 8–10. .
[21] Bradford, William. "Of Plymouth Plantation" (http:/ / spider. georgetowncollege. edu/ english/ coke/ bradford. htm). .
[22] "Saga Of The Pilgrims" (historical analysis), John Harris, Globe Newspaper Co., 1983, webpages (no links between): UCcom-saga1 (http:/ /
www. unityinchrist. com/ history/ print/ saga1. htm) and UCcom-saga11 (http:/ / www. unityinchrist. com/ history/ print/ saga11. htm)
[23] Donalf F. Harris, PhD. The Mayflower Descendant (July 1994) vol. 44 no. 2 p. 111
[24] The Mayflower Descendant (July 2, 1994) vol. 44 no. 2 pp. 110, 111
[25] R.C. Johnson. The Transportation of Vagrant Children from London to Virginia, 1618-1622, in H.S. Reinmuth (Ed.), Early Stuart Studies:
[26] Donald F. Harris, PhD. The Mayflower Descendants. vol 43 (July 1993), vol. 44 (July 1994.
[27]
[28]
[29]
[30]
[31]
David Lindsay, PhD., Mayflower Bastard: A Stranger amongst the Pilgrims (St. Martins Press, New York, 2002) Introduction
Caffrey, Kate. The Mayflower. New York: Stein and Day, 1974
David Lindsay, PhD., Mayflower Bastard: A Stranger amongst the Pilgrims (St. Martins Press, New York, 2002) pp. x, xvi.
Pierson, RichardE.; Pierson, Jennifer (1997). Pierson Millennium. Bowie, Maryland: Heritage Books, Inc. ISBN 0-7884-0742-2.
"Mayflower II Background Information" (http:/ / www. plimoth. org/ press/ mayflowerBG. php). . Retrieved 2008-09-24.
References
• Bradford, William; William T. Davis (ed) (1908). Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation, 1606-1646 (http://
books.google.com/books?id=Sd9BAAAAIAAJ). Scribners. (the only written account of the voyage)
• Marsden, R. G. "The 'Mayflower,'" English Historical Review 19 (October 1904): 669-80.
• Philbrick, Nathaniel (2006). Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community, and War. Viking. ISBN 0-670-03760-5.
• Usher, Roland G (1984). The Pilgrims and their History. Williamstown, Massachusetts: Corner House Publishers.
ISBN 0-87928-082-4. (originally published in 1918)
Filmography
• Plymouth Adventure (directed by Clarence Brown, 1952)
• Mayflower: The Pilgrims' Adventure (1979)
External links
•
•
•
•
Mayflower history (http://www.mayflowerhistory.com/History/history.php) Mayflower History
Pilgrim Hall Museum (http://www.pilgrimhall.org/) of Plymouth, Massachusetts
General Society of Mayflower Descendants (http://www.themayflowersociety.com)
The Mayflower And Her Log (http://www.gutenberg.net/browse/BIBREC/BR4107.HTM); Azel Ames,
Project Gutenberg edition.
• The Mayflower And Her Log (http://www.archive.org/details/mayflowerherlogj00ames); Azel Ames, Internet
Archive edition.
• Exact arrival site of the Mayflower on Satellite Map and NOAA Chart (http://bloosee.com/r/im8FVs) on
BlooSee
• The Mayflower II (http://www.plimoth.org/features/mayflower-2/)
56
Mayflower
57
• Contemporary photos of Plymouth's Barbican and the Mayflower Steps (http://www.mayflowersteps.co.uk/)
• Pilgrims Point, Plymouth (UK) (http://www.highton-ridley.co.uk/blog/2009/07/
pilgrims-point-rare-one-in-colour.html) A photo of the modern-day Mayflower Steps Arch and Pilgrims Point
•
"Mayflower, The". Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.
Moses Fletcher
Moses Fletcher was a Separatist who may
have been in Canterbury, England. At his
marriage in 1589, it was recorded he had been
born about 1564/5, making him one of the
oldest Mayflower passengers, along with
James Chilton, who was also from
Canterbury/Sandwich in Kent.[1][2][3][4]
He was a signer of the Mayflower Compact on
November 11, 1620 (OS).[1]
Life in England
By 1599 Moses Fletcher resided in Sandwich,
county Kent and possibly trained there as a blacksmith.[1][5]
From 1604 to 1609 he was the sexton of St. Peters Church in Sandwich, which entailed maintaining the church
buildings and the surrounding churchyard. But while in that position he was excommunicated by the church three
times. Two of those three punishments were caused by his participation in illegal burials (the Separatists did not
respect others rituals), one of those being for his daughter Judith. Judith’s death caused Moses to be excluded from
church sacraments and services for burying her without the ritual of the Church of England.[1][6]
Moses Fletcher, along with James Chilton’s wife, was accused of having attended the burial of a child performed
outside of the Church of England, and so excommunication proceedings were commenced. Shortly thereafter, he and
other from the Sandwich (Separatist) congregation moved to Leiden and joined the Puritan community.[7][8]
Life in Holland
By December 1613 Moses Fletcher and his family moved to Leiden, Holland, the center of the English Separatist
community.[9] He appears to have continued his trade as blacksmith there, as he identified his occupation as “smith”
in his betrothal to his second wife.[1][2] It is believed that here Moses met James Chilton, who was also a Mayflower
passenger, as well as other Separatists who later went to Holland, and so became part of the English Leiden religious
company.[10]
Moses Fletcher
58
On the Mayflower and death in Plymouth
Moses Fletcher departed Plymouth, England on the Mayflower on
winter.[11][12]
Moses Fletcher traveled to Plymouth Colony by himself, leaving his family in Leiden. It is unknown if his second
wife was alive then or not. He died there in the winter of 1620/1.[1][16]
In William Bradford’s appended list of The names of those which came over first, in ye year 1620 he groups together
ten males, of whom he includes no further information, with “Moyses” Fletcher heading the list. Later in Bradford’s
account of the decreasing & increasing of these persons” “Moyses” Fletcher heads the paragraph of those who dyed
sone (soon) after their arrival, in the generall sickness that befell. But the rest left no posteritie (descendants) here.
No further mention is made of Moyses (Moses) by Bradford nor is he mentioned in the journal of the first years
known as Mourt’s Relation, that was published in 1622. He is however, included in Nathaniel Morton’s 1669 New
England’s Memorial list of those who signed the Mayflower Compact.[17]
Moses Fletcher’s children remained in Holland and married there. Since 1972 a few modern descendants of Moses
Fletcher have been identified. None of his children are known to have come to America. His descendants today are
Dutch.[1][18]
Burial
Moses Fletcher was buried in 1621 in Coles Hill Burial Ground, Plymouth in an unmarked grave as were all who
died that winter. He is named on the Pilgrim Memorial Tomb, Plymouth, Massachusetts. The burial place of his wife
Mary is unknown as is that of his second wife Sarah.[1][2][19]
There are no known portraits, estate inventories, wills or personal belongings extant for Moses Fletcher.[20]
Fletcher family
Moses Fletcher married:
(1) Mary Evans on October 30, 1589 at St. Peters, Sandwich, Kent. They had ten children. She died possibly in 1613
with her husband remarrying shortly thereafter.
(2) Sarah (_____) Denby, widow of William Denby, also from England, on December 21, 1613. Moses Fletcher
would have been about 49 years old at this time. There are no recorded children of this marriage.[1][21][2][22]
Of his children, only John, Priscilla and Elizabeth are known to have married. None of the children are known to
have come to the New World.[23]
Children of Moses and Mary Fletcher, all baptized at St. Peters Church in Sandwich, Kent:[1][24][25]
Moses Fletcher
• Mary, baptized January 4, 1589/90. No further record.
• John, born about 1592. Married Josina Sarchariasdaughter in Leiden December 5, 1618. Had at least four
children. He died after February 13, 1656.
• Catherine, baptized September 1, 1594. No further record.
• Richard, baptized January 2, 1596/7. No further record.
• Priscilla, baptized March 24, 1599/1600. She married in Leiden (1) Thomas Coit, an English soldier, April 4,
1626, as his second wife and had four children. She married (secondly) Help or Solomon Terry June 1, 1637 and
had one daughter. She married (3) Jan Janzoon Vermont July 29, 1652.
• Moses, baptized October 10, 1602. Died as an infant - buried April 21, 1603.
• Elizabeth, baptized April 4, 1604. In Leiden she married first Casper Barnaat and secondly Michiel Voorchoren
May 21, 1636 and had four children. She died after September 21, 1677.
• Jane, baptized February 8, 1606/7. No further record.
• Moses, baptized April 2, 1609. No further record.
• Judith, died as an infant - buried on November 6, 1609.
The General Society of Mayflower Descendants lists fourteen members claiming descent from Moses Fletcher and
his wife Mary. All of the lines are through his daughter Priscilla.[26]
References
[1] Moses Fletcher (http:/ / www. plimoth. org/ media/ pdf/ fletcher_moses. pdf) at plimoth.org
[2] Moses Fletcher (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=28971741) at Find a Grave
449, 452
[6] Junior PA Mayflower (http:/ / www. sail1620. org/ jr-pa-mayflower/ 2011-winter. pdf)/
[7] History of Moses Fletcher (http:/ / www. mayflowerhistory. com/ Passengers/ MosesFletcher. php)/
[11] mayflowerhistory.com Moses Fletcher (http:/ / www. mayflowerhistory. com/ History/ voyage_secondary. php)/
[16] Moses Fletcher (http:/ / www. mayflowerhistory. com/ Passengers/ MosesFletcher. php)/
[19] Mary Evans Fletcher at Find a Grave (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=34793296)
[21] Family of Moses Fletcher (http:/ / www. americanancestors. org/ pilgrim-families-moses-fletcher/ )
[24] Family of Moses Fletcher (http:/ / www. americanancestors. org/ pilgrim-families-moses-fletcher/ )/
[25] History of Moses Fletcher (http:/ / www. mayflowerhistory. com/ Passengers/ MosesFletcher. php)/
59
Myles Standish
60
Myles Standish
Myles Standish
This portrait, first published in 1885, was alleged to be a 1625 likeness of Standish, although its authenticity has never been
[1]
proven.
Born
c. 1584
Possibly Lancashire, England
Died
October 3, 1656 (aged 72)
Duxbury, Massachusetts
Allegiance
England
Plymouth Colony
Rank
Captain
Commands held
Plymouth Colony militia
Battles/wars
Eighty Years War (Netherlands)
Wessagusset(Plymouth Colony)
Myles Standish (c. 1584 – October 3, 1656; sometimes spelled Miles Standish) was an English military officer hired
by the Pilgrims as military advisor for Plymouth Colony. One of the Mayflower passengers, Standish played a
leading role in the administration and defense of Plymouth Colony from its inception.[2] On February 17, 1621, the
Plymouth Colony militia elected him as its first commander and continued to re-elect him to that position for the
remainder of his life.[3] Standish served as an agent of Plymouth Colony in England, as assistant governor, and as
treasurer of Plymouth Colony.[4] He was also one of the first settlers and founders of the town of Duxbury,
Massachusetts.[5]
A defining characteristic of Standish's military leadership was his proclivity for preemptive action which resulted in
at least two attacks (or small skirmishes) on different groups of Native Americans—the Nemasket raid and the
Wessagusset massacre. During these actions, Standish exhibited considerable courage and skill as a soldier, but also
demonstrated a brutality that angered Native Americans and disturbed more moderate members of the Colony.[6]
One of Standish's last military actions on behalf of Plymouth Colony was the botched Penobscot expedition in 1635.
By the 1640s, Standish relinquished his role as an active soldier and settled into a quieter life on his Duxbury farm.
Although he was still nominally the commander of military forces in a growing Plymouth Colony, he seems to have
preferred to act in an advisory capacity.[7] He died in his home in Duxbury in 1656 at age 72.[8] Although he
Myles Standish
supported and defended the Pilgrim colony for much of his life, there is no evidence to suggest that Standish ever
joined their church.[9] However, Standish was one of the forty-one signers of the Mayflower Compact which states
the colony's purpose was to advance the Christian faith for the Glory of God. Forty-one of the ship's one-hundred
and one passengers signed the Compact in the cabin of the Mayflower while anchored in what is now Provincetown
Harbor within the northern tip of Cape Cod.
Several towns and military installations have been named for Standish and monuments have been built in his
memory. One of the best known depictions of Standish in popular culture was the 1858 book, The Courtship of Miles
Standish by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. Highly fictionalized, the story presents Standish as a timid romantic.[10]
It was extremely popular in the 19th century and played a significant role in cementing the Pilgrim story in American
culture.[11]
Historical background of Plymouth Colony
Standish was associated for most of his life with a congregation of Protestants known as Separatists. Unlike Puritans,
who sought to reform the Church of England, Separatists believed that the Church of England was beyond reform
and wished to break from it to form independent congregations.[12] One group of Separatists formed in Scrooby,
Nottinghamshire, led by ministers Richard Clyfton and John Robinson, and by a lay minister or "elder" William
Brewster. English authorities outlawed and persecuted such congregations. In 1608, the Scrooby congregation
relocated to Holland in the Dutch Republic, where freedom of religion was permitted.[13] The group eventually
settled in Leiden, Holland, where it remained for 12 years.
Although they enjoyed religious freedom in Holland, the members of the Scrooby congregation were troubled by the
foreign culture of Leiden and they wished to raise their children in a strictly English environment. In 1620, with the
permission of King James I of England and backing from a group of financial investors in London known as the
Merchant Adventurers, the Scrooby congregation departed for the New World aboard the Mayflower to establish a
colony in North America.[14]
Not all the Mayflower passengers were Separatists. The Merchant Adventurers recruited a number of colonists
seeking financial opportunity in the New World.[14] Others, such as Myles Standish, had been hired by the
Separatists specifically for their expertise in certain areas. Standish's religious leanings have been the source of some
debate. He was one of the forty-one signers of the Mayflower Compact which states the colony's purpose was to
advance the Christian faith for the Glory of God. Whatever his denomination, he sympathized with the Separatists,
supporting and defending Plymouth Colony for much of his life, although there is no evidence as to whether he
joined their church.[15]
In what is now Plymouth, Massachusetts, the passengers of the Mayflower established a colony referred to at the
time as "New Plymouth" (although the name and spelling varied). The term "Pilgrims" is now used primarily to refer
to the Separatist congregation, although it is often applied to all the original settlers of Plymouth Colony (both
Separatist and Anglican).
Birthplace and early military service
Little is definitively known of Myles Standish's origins and early life. His place of birth has been subject to debate
among historians for more than 150 years.[15] At the center of the debate is language in Myles Standish's will, drafted
in Plymouth Colony in 1656, regarding his rights of inheritance. Standish wrote:
I give unto my son & heire apparent Alexander Standish all my lands as heire apparent by lawfull decent
in Ormskirke Borscouge Wrightington Maudsley Newburrow Crowston and in the Isle of man and given
to mee as Right heire by lawfull decent but Surruptuously detained from mee My great Grandfather
being a 2cond or younger brother from the house of Standish of Standish.[15]
61
Myles Standish
62
The places named by Standish, with the exception of the Isle of Man, are all in Lancashire, England, leading some to
conclude that Standish was born in Lancashire—possibly in the vicinity of Chorley where a branch of the Standish
family owned a manor known as Duxbury Hall.[16] However, efforts to link Standish to the Standishes of Duxbury
Hall have proven inconclusive. A competing theory focuses on Standish's mention of the Isle of Man and argues that
Myles belonged to a Manx branch of the Standish family. No definitive documentation exists in either location to
provide clear evidence of Standish's birthplace.[15]
Possibly the best source, however brief, on Standish's origins and early life is a short passage recorded by Nathaniel
Morton, secretary of Plymouth Colony, who wrote in his New England's Memorial, published in 1669, that Standish:
...was a gentleman, born in Lancashire, and was heir apparent unto a great estate of lands and livings,
surreptitiously detained from him; his great grandfather being a second or younger brother from the
house of Standish. In his younger time he went over into the low countries, and was a soldier there, and
came acquainted with the church at Leyden, and came over into New England, with such of them as at
the first set out for the planting of the plantation of New Plimouth, and bare a deep share of their first
difficulties, and was always very faithful to their interest.[17]
The circumstances of Standish's early military career in Holland (the
"low countries" to which Morton referred) are vague at best. At the
time, the Dutch Republic was embroiled in the Eighty Years War with
Spain. Queen Elizabeth I of England chose to support the Protestant
Dutch Republic and sent troops to fight the Spanish in Holland. Some
historians, such as Nathaniel Philbrick, refer to Standish as a
"mercenary," suggesting that he was a hired soldier of fortune seeking
opportunity in Holland.[14] Others, such as historian Justin Winsor,
claim that Standish received a lieutenant's commission in the English
army and was subsequently promoted to captain in Holland.[16] Jeremy
Bangs, a leading scholar of Pilgrim history, noted that Standish likely
served under Sir Horatio Vere, an English general who had recruited
soldiers in both Lancashire and the Isle of Man, among other places,
and who led the English troops in Holland at the time Standish was
there.[15]
Sir Horatio Vere was the commander of English
troops in Holland during the Siege of Ostend,
under whom Standish likely served.
Whether commissioned officer, mercenary, or both, Standish
apparently came to Holland around 1603 and may, according to
historian Tudor Jenks, have seen service during the Siege of Ostend in which Vere's English troops were
involved.[18] The subsequent Twelve Years' Truce (1609–1621) between Spain and the Dutch Republic would have
ended Standish's service, although scholars are uncertain if Standish was still in active service.
Standish first appears in the written record in 1620 when, living in Leiden, Holland, he was hired by the Pilgrims to
act as their advisor on military matters.[19] At that time he already was using the title of "Captain." When considering
candidates for this important position, the Pilgrims had at first hoped to engage Captain John Smith. As one of the
founders of the English colony at Jamestown, Virginia, Smith had explored and mapped the North American coast.
When the Pilgrims approached him to return to the New World, Smith expressed interest. His experience made him
an attractive candidate, but the Pilgrims ultimately decided against Smith: His price was too high and the Pilgrims
feared his fame and bold character might lead him to become a dictator.[20]
Standish, having lived in Leiden with his wife Rose, was apparently already known to the Pilgrims.[15] In the
summer of 1620, Myles and Rose Standish embarked with the Pilgrims for the New World.[21]
Myles Standish
63
On the Mayflower
Standish departed Plymouth, England on the Mayflower on September
And after several days of trying to get south to their planned destination of the Colony of Virginia, strong winter seas
forced them to return to the harbor at Cape Cod hook, where they anchored on November 11/21. The Mayflower
Compact was signed that day.[23][24][25]
Establishment of Plymouth Colony
The Mayflower first made landfall at the tip of Cape Cod, now the site
of Provincetown, Massachusetts.[26] The Pilgrims had originally
intended, and been given permission by the Crown, to settle at the
Hudson River, now the site of New York City. When it became
apparent
that, due to a shortage of provisions, they would have to settle
Myles Standish's signature
on or near Cape Cod, the leaders of the colony decided to draw up the
Mayflower Compact to ensure a degree of law and order in this place where they had no legal rights to settle. Myles
Standish was the fourth to sign the compact.[27]
While the Mayflower was anchored off Cape Cod, Standish urged the colony's leaders to allow him to take a party
ashore to find a suitable place for settlement.[28] On November 15, 1620, he led 16 men in a foot exploration of the
northern portion of Cape Cod.[29] On December 11, a group of 18 settlers, including Standish, made an extended
exploration of the shore of Cape Cod by boat.[30] Spending their nights ashore surrounded by makeshift barricades of
tree branches, the settlers were attacked one night by a group of about 30 Native Americans. At first the Englishmen
panicked, but Standish calmed them, urging the settlers not to fire their matchlock muskets unnecessarily.[31] The
incident, known as the First Encounter, took place in present-day Eastham, Massachusetts.
After further exploration, in late December 1620 the Pilgrims chose a location in present-day Plymouth Bay as the
site for their settlement. Standish provided important counsel on the placement of a small fort in which cannon were
mounted, and on the layout of the first houses for maximum defensibility.[2] Only one house (consisting of a single
room) had been built when illness struck the settlers. Of the roughly 100 who first arrived, only 50 survived the first
winter.[32] Standish's wife, Rose, died in January.
Standish himself was one of the very few who did not fall ill and William Bradford (soon to be governor of
Plymouth Colony) credited Standish with comforting many and being a source of strength to those who suffered.[33]
Standish tended to Bradford during his illness and this was the beginning of a decades-long friendship.[27] Bradford
held the position of governor for most of his life and, by necessity, worked closely with Standish. In terms of
character, the two men were opposites—Bradford was patient and slow to judgment while Standish was well known
for his fiery temper.[34] Despite their differences, the two worked well together in managing the colony and
responding to dangers as they arose.[35]
Myles Standish
64
Defense of Plymouth Colony
By February 1621, the colonists had sighted Native Americans several times, but there had been no communication.
Anxious to prepare themselves in the event of hostilities, on February 17, 1621, the men of the colony met to form a
militia consisting of all able-bodied men and elected Standish their commander. Although the leaders of Plymouth
Colony had already hired him for that role, this vote ratified the decision by democratic process.[3] The men of
Plymouth Colony continued to re-elect Standish to that position for the remainder of his life. As captain of the
militia, Standish regularly drilled his men in the use of pikes and muskets.[36]
Contact with the Native Americans came in March 1621 through Samoset, an English-speaking Abenaki who
arranged for the Pilgrims to meet with Massasoit, the sachem of the nearby Pokanoket tribe. On March 22, the first
governor of Plymouth Colony, John Carver, signed a treaty with Massasoit, declaring an alliance between the
Pokanoket and the Englishmen and requiring the two parties to defend each other in times of need.[37] Governor
Carver died the same year and the responsibility of upholding the treaty fell to his successor, William Bradford. As
depicted by historian Nathaniel Philbrick, Bradford and Standish were frequently preoccupied with the complex task
of reacting to threats against both the Pilgrims and the Pokanokets from tribes such as the Massachusett and the
Narragansett.[35] As threats arose, Standish typically advocated intimidation to deter their rivals. Although such
behavior at times made Bradford uncomfortable, he found it an expedient means of maintaining the treaty with the
Pokanoket.[38]
Standish’s raid had done irreparable damage to the human condition of the entire area. Not only had the Pilgrims
proved violent and revengeful, but Indian leader Massasoit had betrayed his former Indian compatriots. These events
had initiated a new and terrifying era for New England and it took a long time before balance came back to the
region. The raid had ruined their ability to trade with the Indians, and without furs as a source of income, the
Pilgrims were forced to rely on cod fishing, which had poor results.[39][40]
Nemasket raid
The first challenge to the treaty came in August
1621 when a sachem named Corbitant began to
undermine Massasoit's leadership. In the
Pokanoket village of Nemasket, now the site of
Middleborough, Massachusetts, about 14 miles
(23 km) west of Plymouth, Corbitant worked to
turn the people of Nemasket against
Massasoit.[35] Bradford sent two trusted
interpreters, Tisquantum (known to the English
as Squanto) and Hobbamock, to determine what
An 1873 lithograph depicting the expedition against Nemasket led by
Standish and guided by Hobbamock
was happening in Nemasket. Tisquantum had
been pivotal in providing counsel and aid to the
Pilgrims, ensuring the survival of the colony. Hobbamock, another influential ally, was a pniese—a high-ranking
advisor to Massasoit—and a warrior who commanded particular respect and fear among Native Americans. When
Tisquantum and Hobbamock arrived in Nemasket, Corbitant took Tisquantum captive and threatened to kill him.
Hobbamock escaped to warn Plymouth.[41]
Bradford and Standish agreed that this represented a dangerous threat to the English-Pokanoket alliance and decided
to act quickly. On August 14, 1621, Standish led a group of 10 men to Nemasket, determined to kill Corbitant.[35]
They were guided by Hobbamock who quickly befriended Standish. The two men would be close for the remainder
of their lives. In his old age, Hobbamock became part of Standish's household in Duxbury.[42]
Myles Standish
Reaching Nemasket, Standish planned a night attack on the wigwam in which Corbitant was believed to be sleeping.
That night, Standish and Hobbamock burst into the shelter, shouting for Corbitant. As frightened Pokanokets
attempted to escape, Englishmen outside the wigwam fired their muskets, wounding a Pokanoket man and woman
who were later taken to Plymouth to be treated. Standish soon learned that Corbitant had already fled the village and
Tisquantum was unharmed.[43]
Although Standish had failed to capture Corbitant, the raid had the desired effect. On September 13, 1621, nine
sachems, including Corbitant, came to Plymouth to sign a treaty of loyalty to King James.[44]
Palisade
In November 1621, a Narragansett messenger arrived in Plymouth and
delivered a bundle of arrows wrapped in a snakeskin. The Pilgrims
were told by Tisquantum and Hobbamock that this was a threat and an
insult from the Narragansett sachem, Canonicus.[45] The Narragansett,
who lived west of what is now known as Narragansett Bay in present
day Rhode Island, were one of the more powerful tribes in the region.
Bradford sent back the snakeskin filled with gunpowder and shot in an
effort to show they were not intimidated.
Taking the threat seriously, Standish urged that the colonists encircle
Plimoth Plantation, a reconstruction of the
their small village with a palisade made of tall, upright logs. The
original Pilgrim village in Plymouth,
Massachusetts, includes a replica of the palisade
proposal would require a wall more than half a mile (or 0.8 km)
surrounding the settlement
long.[46] In addition, Standish recommended the construction of strong
gates and platforms for shooting over the wall. Although the colony
had recently been reinforced by the arrival of new colonists from the ship Fortune, there were still only 50 men to
work on the task. Despite the challenges, the settlers constructed the palisade per Standish's recommendations in just
three months, finishing in March 1622. Standish divided the militia into four companies, one to man each wall, and
drilled them in defending the village in the event of attack.[47]
Wessagusset
A more serious threat came from the Massachusett tribe to the north and was precipitated by the arrival of a new
group of English colonists. In April 1622, the vanguard of a new colony arrived in Plymouth. They had been sent by
merchant Thomas Weston to establish a new settlement somewhere near Plymouth. The men chose a site on the
shore of what is now the Fore River in present-day Weymouth, Massachusetts, about 25 miles (40 km) north of
Plymouth. They called their colony Wessagusset. The settlers of the poorly managed colony infuriated the
Massachusett tribe, through theft and recklessness.[48] By March 1623, Massasoit had learned that a group of
influential Massachusett warriors intended to destroy both the Wessagusset and the Plymouth colonies. Massasoit
warned the Pilgrims to strike first. One of the colonists of Wessagusset, Phineas Pratt, verified that his settlement
was in danger. Pratt managed to escape to Plymouth and reported that the English in Wessagusset had been
repeatedly threatened by the Massachusett, the settlement was in a state of constant watchfulness, and that men were
dying at their posts from starvation.[49]
Bradford called a public meeting at which the Pilgrims decided to send Standish and a small group of eight,
including Hobbamock, to Wessagusset to kill the leaders of the alleged plot to wipe out the English settlements.[50]
The mission had a personal aspect for Standish. One of the warriors threatening Wessagusset was Wituwamat, a
Neponset who had earlier insulted and threatened Standish.[51]
Arriving at Wessagusset, Standish found that many of the Englishmen had gone to live with the Massachusett.
Standish ordered them called back to Wessagusset. The day after Standish's arrival, Pecksuot, a Massachusett
65
Myles Standish
66
warrior and leader of the group threatening Wessagusset, came to the settlement with Wituwamat and other warriors.
Although Standish claimed simply to be in Wessagusset on a trading mission, Pecksuot said to Hobbamock, "Let
him begin when he dare...he shall not take us unawares."[52] Later in the day, Pecksuot approached Standish and,
looking down on him, said, "You are a great captain, yet you are but a little man. Though I be no sachem, yet I am of
great strength and courage."[53]
The next day, Standish arranged to meet with Pecksuot over a meal in one of Wessagusset's one-room houses.
Pecksuot brought with him Wituwamat, a third warrior, an adolescent boy (Wituwamat's brother) and several
women. Standish had three men of Plymouth and Hobbamock with him in the house. On an arranged signal, the
English shut the door of the house and Standish attacked Pecksuot, stabbing him repeatedly with the man's own
knife.[53] Wituwamat and the third warrior were also killed. Leaving the house, Standish ordered two more
Massachusett warriors put to death. Gathering his men, Standish went outside the walls of Wessagusset in search of
Obtakiest, a sachem of the Massachusett tribe. The Englishmen soon encountered Obtakiest with a group of warriors
and a skirmish ensued during which Obtakiest escaped.[54]
Having accomplished his mission, Standish returned to Plymouth with Wituwamat's head.[55] The leaders of the
alleged plot to destroy the English settlements had been killed and the threat removed, but the action had unexpected
consequences. The settlement of Wessagusset, which Standish had, in theory, been trying to protect, was all but
abandoned after the incident. Most of the settlers departed for an English fishing post on Monhegan Island. The
attack also caused widespread panic among Native Americans throughout the region. Villages were abandoned and,
for some time, the Pilgrims had difficulty reviving trade.[56]
Pastor John Robinson, who was still in Leiden, criticized Standish for his brutality.[57] Bradford, too, was
uncomfortable with Standish's methods, but defended him in a letter, writing, "As for Capten Standish, we leave him
to answer for him selfe, but this we must say, he is as helpfull an instrument as any we have, and as careful of the
general good."[58]
Dispersal of Merrymount settlers
In 1625, another group of English settlers established an outpost not far
from the site of Wessagusset. Located in what is now Quincy,
Massachusetts, about 27 miles (43 km) north of Plymouth, the
settlement was officially known as Mount Wollaston, but soon earned
the nickname "Merrymount." Thomas Morton, leader of the small
group of Englishmen, encouraged behavior that the Pilgrims found
objectionable and dangerous. The men of Merrymount built a maypole,
drank liberally, refused to observe the Sabbath and sold weapons to
Native Americans.[59] Bradford found the latter particularly disturbing
and, in 1628, ordered Standish to lead an expedition to arrest
Morton.[60]
Standish arrived with a group of men to find that the small band at
Merrymount had barricaded themselves within a small building.
Morton eventually decided to attack the men from Plymouth but,
allegedly, the Merrymount group was too drunk to handle their
weapons.[60] Morton aimed a weapon at Standish, which the captain
purportedly ripped from Morton's hands. Standish and his men took
Morton to Plymouth and eventually sent him back to England. Later,
Morton wrote a book, New English Canaan, in which he referred to
From a 16th century Dutch manual on the use of
the arquebus, a type of matchlock used by the
Pilgrims
Myles Standish
67
Myles Standish as, "Captain Shrimp," and wrote, "I have found the Massachusetts Indians more full of humanity
than the Christians."[61]
Penobscot expedition
Having defended Plymouth from Native Americans and other Englishmen, Standish's last significant expedition was
against the French.[62] On the Penobscot River, in what is now Castine, Maine, the French established a trading post
in 1613. English forces captured the settlement in 1628 and turned it over to Plymouth Colony. It was a valuable
source of furs and timber for the Pilgrims for seven years. However, in 1635, the French mounted a small expedition
and easily reclaimed the settlement.[63] Determined that the post be reclaimed in Plymouth Colony's name, William
Bradford ordered Captain Standish to take action. This was a significantly larger proposition than the small
expeditions Standish had previously led. To accomplish the task, Standish chartered a ship, the Good Hope,
captained by a man named Girling.[63] Standish's plan appears to have been to bring the Good Hope within cannon
range of the trading post and to bombard the French into surrender. Unfortunately, Girling ordered the bombardment
before the ship was within range and quickly spent all the powder on board. Standish gave up the effort.[63]
By this time, the neighboring and more populous Massachusetts Bay Colony had been established. Bradford
appealed to leaders of the colony in Boston for help in reclaiming the trading post. The Bay Colony refused. The
incident was indicative of the rivalry which persisted between Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay colonies.[63] In
1691, the two colonies merged to become the royal Province of Massachusetts Bay.
Settlement in Duxbury
In 1625, Plymouth Colony leaders appointed Standish to travel to
London to negotiate new terms with the Merchant Adventurers. If a
settlement could be reached and the Pilgrims could pay off their debt to
the Adventurers, then the colonists would have new rights to allot land
and settle where they pleased. Standish was not successful in his
negotiations and returned to Plymouth in April 1626.[64] Another effort
later in 1626, this time negotiated by Isaac Allerton, was successful,
and several leading men of Plymouth, including Standish, paid off the
colony's debt to the Adventurers.[65]
The Alexander Standish House (still standing)
built by Myles Standish's son on the Captain's
farm in Duxbury, Massachusetts
Now free of the directives of the Merchant Adventurers, the leaders of
Plymouth Colony exerted their new-found autonomy by organizing a
land division in 1627. Large farm lots were parceled out to each family
in the colony along the shore of the present-day towns of Plymouth, Kingston, Duxbury and Marshfield,
Massachusetts. Standish received a farm of 120 acres (49 ha) in what would become Duxbury.[66] Standish built a
house and settled there around 1628.[67]
Myles Standish
68
There are indications that, by 1635 (after the Penobscot expedition),
Standish began to seek a quieter life, maintaining the livestock and
fields of his Duxbury farm.[68] About 51 years old at that time,
Standish began to relinquish the responsibility of defending the colony
to a younger generation. A note in the colony records of 1635 indicates
that Lieutenant William Holmes, Standish's immediate subordinate,
was appointed to train the militia.[69] When the Pequot War loomed in
1637, Standish was appointed to a committee to raise a company of 30
men, but it was Holmes who led the company in the field.[69]
Standish grave site in the Myles Standish
The families living in what had come to be referred to as Duxbury
Cemetery in Duxbury
(sometimes "Duxborough") requested to be set off from Plymouth as a
separate town with their own church and minister. This request was granted in 1637. Some, including historian Justin
Winsor, have insisted that the name of the town of Duxbury was given by Standish in honor of Duxbury Hall, near
Chorley in Lancashire, which was owned by a branch of the Standish family.[70] Although the coincidence would
suggest that Standish had something to do with the naming of Duxbury, Massachusetts, no records exist to indicate
how the town was named.[71]
During the 1640s, Standish took on an increasingly administrative role. He served as a surveyor of highways, as
Treasurer of the Colony from 1644 to 1649, and on various committees to lay out boundaries of new towns and
inspect waterways.[72] In 1642, his old friend Hobbamock, who had been part of his household, died and was buried
on Standish's farm in Duxbury.[42]
Standish died on October 3, 1656, of "strangullion" or strangury, a condition often associated with kidney stones or
bladder cancer.[16] He was buried in Duxbury's Old Burying Ground, now known as the Myles Standish
Cemetery.[73] [74]
Marriages and Family of Myles Standish
Myles Standish married:
• Rose _____ by about 1618. She died on January 29, 1621.[75] She was buried in an unmarked grave at Coles Hill
Burial Ground in Plymouth as were many others who died the first winter. She is named on the Pilgrim Memorial
Tomb on Coles Hill as “Rose, first wife of Myles Standish”.
• Barbara _______[76] by about 1624. Per Banks, she had come to Plymouth in 1623 on either the ‘Anne’ or ‘Little
James’, and they were married the following spring. In the past, historians have suggested that she may have been
a sister of Standish’s first Rose, and that he specifically sent for her. They had seven children. She died after
October 6, 1659 and her burial place is unknown.[77]
Children of Myles and Barbara Standish:
• Charles (1) was born in 1624. He died between May 22, 1627 and 1635.
• Alexander was born about 1626 and died July 6, 1702. He was buried in Myles Standish Burying Ground in
Duxbury, Mass.
Alexander married first: Sarah Alden by about 1660 and had eight children. She died before June 13, 1688.
Her father was Mayflower passenger John Alden. Second, he married Desire (Doty) (Sherman) Holmes by
1689 and had three children. She died in Marshfield on January 22, 1731. Her father was Mayflower passenger
Edward Doty.
• John was born about 1627. No further record.
• Myles was born about 1629 and died at sea after March 20, 1661. His body was lost at sea.
Myles married Sarah Winslow in Boston on July 19, 1660, but there are no recorded children.
Myles Standish
69
• Loara (Lora) was born about 1631 and died by March 7, 1655/6. Unmarried.
• Josiah was born about 1633 and died in Preston CT on March 19, 1690. He was historically known as Capt.
Josiah Standish. His burial place is unknown.[78]
Josiah married first: Mary Digley in Marshfield on December 19, 1654 and died in Duxbury on July 1, 1655.
Second, Sarah Allen after 1655 and had eight children. She died after September 16, 1690.
• Charles (2) was born by about 1635. He was still living on March 7, 1655/6. No further record._______[79][80]
Legacy
Standish's true-life role in defending Plymouth Colony (and the
sometimes brutal tactics he employed) were largely obscured by the
fictionalized character created by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow in his
book The Courtship of Miles Standish. Historian Tudor Jenks wrote
that Longfellow's book had "no claim to be considered other than a
pleasant little fairystory, and as an entirely misleading sketch of men
and matters in old Plymouth."[81] However, the book elevated Standish
to the level of folk hero in Victorian America. In late 19th century
Duxbury, the book generated a movement to build monuments in
Standish's honor, a beneficial by-product of which would be increased
tourism to the town.[11]
The first of these monuments was the largest.[11] The cornerstone was
laid for the Myles Standish Monument in Duxbury in 1872 with a
crowd of ten thousand people attending the ceremonies.[11] Finished in
1898, it was the third tallest monument to an individual in the United
Myles Standish Monument in Duxbury,
States,
surpassed only by the first dedicated Washington Monument
Massachusetts
(178 feet) in Baltimore, Maryland finished in 1829 and the Washington
Monument (555 feet) in Washington, D.C. dedicated in 1885.[11] At the top of the monument, which is 116 feet
(35 m) overall, stands a 14-foot (4.3 m) statue of Standish.[11]
A second, smaller monument was placed over the alleged site of Myles Standish's grave in 1893.[73] Two
exhumations of Standish's remains were undertaken in 1889 and 1891 to determine the location of the Captain's
resting place. A third exhumation took place in 1930 to place Standish's remains in a hermetically sealed chamber
beneath the grave-site monument.[73]
The site of Myles Standish's house, revealing only a slight depression in the ground where the cellar hole was, is now
a small park owned and maintained by the town of Duxbury.[82]
Standish, Maine, is named for the Captain, as well as the neighborhood of Standish, Minneapolis. At least two forts
were named after Standish—an earthen fort on Plymouth's Saquish Neck built during the American Civil War and a
larger cement fort built on Lovells Island in Boston Harbor in 1895. Both forts are now abandoned.[83]
Myles Standish
Notes
[1] Winsor, History of Boston, 65.
[2] Philbrick, 84.
[3] Philbrick, 88.
[4] Winsor, The History of the Town of Duxbury, 49.
[5] Wentworth, 3.
[6] Philbrick, 153–156.
[7] Jenks, 242.
[8] Winsor, History of the Town of Duxbury, 95.
[9] Goodwin, 70.
[10] Jenks, 182.
[11] Browne and Forgit, 66.
[12] Stratton, 17.
[13] Stratton, 18.
[14] Philbrick, 25.
[15] Bangs, Myles Standish, Born Where? (http:/ / www. sail1620. org/ history/ 35-biographies/ 51-myles-standish. html)
[17] Stratton, 357.
[18] Jenks, 38.
[19] Stratton, 19.
[20] Philbrick, 59.
[21] Stratton, 406.
[26] Stratton, 20.
[27] Haxtun, 17
[28] Philbrick, 61.
[29] Schmidt, 69.
[30] Stratton, 75.
[31] Philbrick, 71.
[32] Schmidt, 88.
[33] Schmidt, 86.
[34] Jenks170
[35] Philbrick, 114.
[36] Philbrick, 89.
[37] Philbrick, 99.
[39] Nathaniel Philbrick Mayflower: A story of Courage, Community and War (Viking 2006) pp. 140-160
[40] David Lindsay, PhD. Mayflower Bastard: A Stranger amongst the Pilgrims (St. Martins Press, New York, 2002) p 56-59
[41] Schmidt, 105.
[44] Jenks, 124.
[45] Schmidt, 114.
[48] Jenks, 165.
[50] Jenks, 174.
[52] Jenks, 175.
[55] Jenks, 178.
70
Myles Standish
[57] Jenks, 179.
[58] Stratton, 358.
[60] Schmidt, 161.
[62] Goodwin, 224–225
[63] Jenks, 224.
[64] Porteus, 6.
[65] Pillsbury, 23.
[66] Wentworth, 12.
[67] Winsor, History of Duxbury, 10.
[68] Wentworth, 29.
[71] Leach, 46.
[73] Browne and Forgit, 40–41.
[74] Myles Standish (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=971)/
[75] John Stevens Cabot Abbott. Miles Standish, Captain of the Pilgrims. (Dodd, Mead and company 1898 Not in copyright) p. 94
[76] Robert Charles Anderson. Pilgrim Village Families Sketch: Myles Standish American Ancestors New England Historic Genealogical
Society 2012 (http:/ / www. americanancestors. org/ pilgrim-families-myles-standish/ )/
[77] Jenks, 181.
[78] Death of Josiah Standish (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=68176257)/
[79] Robert Charles Anderson. Pilgrim Village Families Sketch: Myles Standish American Ancestors New England Historic Genealogical
Society 2012 (http:/ / www. americanancestors. org/ pilgrim-families-myles-standish/ )/
[80] A genealogical profile of Myles Standish at plimouth.org (http:/ / www. plimoth. org/ media/ pdf/ standish_myles. pdf)/
[81] Jenks, 239.
[82] Pillsbury, 25.
[83] Butler, 81–82.
References
• Bangs, Jeremy D. (2006). "Myles Standish, Born Where? The State of the Question" (http://www.sail1620.org/
history/35-biographies/51-myles-standish.html). SAIL 1620. Society of Mayflower Descendants in the
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Retrieved March 8, 2010.
• Browne, Patrick T.J.; Forgit, Norman (2009). Duxbury...Past & Present. Duxbury, Massachusetts: The Duxbury
Rural and Historical Society, Inc.. ISBN 0-941859-11-8.
• Butler, Gerald (2000). The Military History of Boston's Harbor Islands (http://books.google.com/
books?id=h0nwwK0inAQC&pg=PA65&dq="Fort+Standish"&cd=13#v=onepage&q=&f=false0). Charleston:
Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 0-7385-0464-5.
• Goodwin, John A. (1920) [1879]. The Pilgrim Republic: An Historical Review of the Colony of New Plymouth
(http://books.google.com/books?id=1h86ThQYxgEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=the+pilgrim+republic&
cd=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. OCLC 316126717.
• Haxtun, Annie A. (1899). Signers of the Mayflower Compact. Baltimore: The Mail and Express. OCLC 2812063.
• Jenks, Tudor (1905). Captain Myles Standish (http://books.google.com/books?id=rMVLAAAAMAAJ&
printsec=frontcover&dq=Myles+Standish&cd=8#v=onepage&q=&f=false). New York: The Century Co.
OCLC 3000476.
• Leach, Frances (1987). "Notes on the Name Duxbury". The Duxbury Book, 1637–1987. Duxbury, Massachusetts:
Duxbury Rural and Historical Society, Inc.. ISBN 0-941859-00-2.
• Philbrick, Nathaniel (2006). Mayflower: A Story of Community, Courage and War (http://books.google.com/
books?id=qk9AXww_XysC&printsec=frontcover&dq=mayflower&cd=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false). New
York: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-311197-9.
• Pillsbury, Katherine H. (1999). Duxbury: A Guide. Duxbury, Massachusetts: The Duxbury Rural and Historical
Society, Inc.. ISBN 0-941859-04-5.
71
Myles Standish
• Porteus, Thomas C. (1920). Captain Myles Standish: His Lost Lands and Lancashire Connections (http://books.
google.com/books?id=msRLAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Captain+Myles+Standish&
cd=2#v=onepage&q=&f=false). Manchester: The University of Manchester Press. OCLC 2134828.
• Schmidt, Gary D. (1999). William Bradford: Plymouth's Faithful Pilgrim (http://books.google.com/
books?id=BijffNh7pLAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=William+Bradford&cd=5#v=onepage&q=&f=false).
Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.. ISBN 082851517.
• Stratton, Eugene A. (1986). Plymouth Colony: Its History & People, 1620–1691 (http://books.google.com/
books?id=17zCU76ZtH0C&printsec=frontcover&dq="Plymouth+colony"&cd=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false).
Salt Lake City: Ancestry Incorporated. ISBN 0-916489-13-2.
• Wentworth, Dorothy (2000) [1973]. Settlement and Growth of Duxbury 1628–1870. Duxbury, Massachusetts:
Duxbury Rural and Historical Society. ISBN 0-941859-05-3.
• Winsor, Justin (1849). History of the Town of Duxbury (http://books.google.com/
books?id=3koWAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=History+of+Duxbury&cd=1#v=onepage&q=&
f=false). Boston: Crosby & Nichols. OCLC 32063251.
• Winsor, Justin (1885). The Memorial History of Boston vol. 1 (http://books.google.com/
books?id=M6wTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA65&dq=Myles+Standish+portrait&cd=12#v=onepage&q=&f=false).
Boston: James R. Osgood & Co. OCLC 978152.
External links
• Myles Standish (http://www.mayflowerhistory.com/Passengers/MylesStandish.php) from
MayflowerHistory.com
•
"Standish, Myles". Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. 1900.
Oceanus Hopkins
Oceanus Hopkins (1620 – c. 1623) was the only child born on the Mayflower (unless you count the girl that had
been born while they docked) during its historic voyage which brought the Pilgrims to America. He was born to
Stephen Hopkins and his wife, Elizabeth (née Fisher), sometime between the boarding and arrival dates of
September 6 and November 9, 1620. He did not survive long, and was dead before the 1627 Division of Land.
Oceanus Hopkins was named so because he was born in a ship in the Atlantic Ocean and the Latin word for the
ocean is Oceanus. His body and grave are lost.
External links
• Biography [1]
References
[1] http:/ / www. mayflowerhistory. com/ Passengers/ OceanusHopkins. php
72
Peregrine White
73
Peregrine White
Peregrine White was a child of William and
Susanna White, Mayflower passengers.
Peregrine was born aboard the ship Mayflower
at Cape Cod Harbor (now Provincetown
Harbor) before the end of November, 1620.
He died in Marshfield, Massachusetts on July
20, 1704 at age 83 years and 8 months. He was
the first baby born on the Mayflower as it was
docked ouside Plymouth Colony.[1][2]
Mayflower and early life in
Plymouth
The Mayflower was destined for the Colony of
Virginia. They departed Plymouth, England on the Mayflower on September 6/16, 1620 with 102 passengers and
about 30 crew members in a small 100 foot ship. The first month in the Atlantic, the seas were not severe, but by the
second month the ship was being hit by strong north-Atlantic winter gales causing the ship to be badly shaken with
water leaks from structural damage. There were two deaths, but this was just a precursor of what happened after their
Cape Cod arrival, when almost half the company would die in the first winter.[3][4]
which was Cape Cod. After several days of trying to get south to their planned destination, strong winter seas forced
them to return to what Cape Cod, which is now Provincetown Harbor, where they anchored on November 11/21. The
Mayflower Compact was signed that day.[5][6][7]
His parents, William White and Susanna, named him "Peregrine", which means: "one who journeys to foreign
lands", "traveler", or "pilgrim." [8] His parents were Pilgrim William White and his wife Susanna. Susanna's maiden
name is still disputed. His parents and brother Resolved White came the New World on the Mayflower in 1620, with
he being born aboard ship soon after the ship‘s arrival in late November. His father William White died February 21,
1621 and in May his mother Susanna married Pilgrim Edward Winslow as his second wife. This was necessary to
provide for the safety and support of the children.[9] By the spring of 1621, out of the 102 passengers on the
Mayflower, only 52 survived. Peregrine married before March 6, 1648/9 Sarah Bassett. She was born Plymouth ca.
1630 and died in Marshfield January 22, 1711. She was a daughter of William Bassett and Elizabeth Tilden.[10][11]
In 1636, the family, now numbering 6 - Edward and Susanna White Winslow, Resolved and Peregrine White, and
the two children born to Edward and Susanna, Josias and Elizabeth Winslow - moved to the new settlement of
Marshfield, north of Plymouth.[12][13]
Peregrine White
74
Later life
Peregrine served in the militia at age 16 and continued to serve, first as
a lieutenant and then a captain. He was also a farmer. At some point he
also served his community as a representative to the General Court.[14]
In 1637 and 1642 it is written Miles Standish shall goe captaine to lead
those forces that shall be sent forth …..Among “the names of the
souldiers that willingly offer themselves to go upon the Serive, with Mr.
Prince and the Leiften was Perregrine Whites [15]
"The First Thanksgiving at Plymouth" (1914) By
Jennie A. Brownscombe
On October 23, 1643 Peregrine White at Marshfield sold to Mannasses
Kempton of Plymouth, land at Eel River given to him the previous year
by his stepfather Edward Winslow.[16]
Peregrine in-laws, the Bassets, had a great deal of land in Marshfield and Peregrine and Sarah moved there,
eventually buying several adjacent pieces of property as the years progressed.[17]
June 5, 1651 - Lt. Peregrine White was proposed as a Freeman. On the same day, June 5, 1651, Lt. Peregrine White
was elected surveyor of highways for Marshfield. On June 3, 1652 William Bassett Sr. of Duxburrow gave his
son-in-law Lt. Peregrine White 40 acres of upland. On the same day, June 3, 1652, Peregrine White was admitted as
Freeman.[18][19]
On October 2, 1658 he was chosen to the council of war. In 1659 Peregrine went to Kennebec Trading Post; it is
recorded: Peregrine White (was) one of the deputies impowered to acte in the ordering and settling of the trad(ing)
att at Kennebecke which was interrupted by reason of some troubles amongst the Indians[20]
On June 16, 1662 William Bassett Sr. of Duxburrow, now living at Bridgewater, gave his lands in Scituate to his two
sons, Peregrine White (son-in-law) and Nathaniel Bassett.[21]
On 3 June 1662 Peregrine was chosen deputy for Marshfield.[22] On October 3, 1665 Lt. Peregrine White was
granted 200 acres in respect that he was the first of the English that was born in these parts. and on March 4, 1673/4
Lt. Peregrine White was granted 100 acres at Titicut.[23][24][25]
On August 19, 1674 Peregrine White of Marshfield deeded son Daniel White, in consideration of his intended
marriage, various buildings and lands in Marshfield from the time of his death, except if he died before his wife
Sarah and Daniel was to pay monies to sister Sarah and Mercy when they became or married.[26]
On May 22, 1696 Capt. Peregrine White “the first born Child of New England born November 1620” was admitted
into the Marshfield Church in his 78th year. White traveled to England with Winslow, but returned to Massachusetts
before his death. At age 78, Peregrine officially joined the Marshfield church.[27][28]
Personal life and family
He married before March 6, 1648/9 Sarah Bassett, born in Plymouth ca. 1630 and died in Marshfield, Mass. January
22, 1711. She was a daughter of William Bassett and his wife Elizabeth __ . Sarah’s parents, William and Elizabeth
Bassett, had been members of the Leiden Separatist community. In 1651, William Bradford’s account said Peregrine
White had two children. Therefore there must be an unknown second child (at this time - 1651).They had arrived in
Plymouth in 1621 on the Fortune.[29][30] Sarah was born after their arrival in Plymouth, before 1627. Peregrine and
his wife Sarah had seven children: Daniel, (child), Jonathan, Peregrine, Sarah, Sylvanus and Mercy.
• Daniel White - born ca. 1649. Died 1724. Married 1674 Hannah Hunt.[31] She died ca. 1721* (child) White - born
ca. 1650/1
• Jonathan White - born 1658. Died 1736/1737. Married (1) 1682/3 Hester Nickerson, died 1702/3. (2) Elizabeth
T______. She died 1718.[32]
• Peregrine White - born ca. 1660-61. Died 1727. Married (1) Susanna ________.[33]
Peregrine White
•
•
•
•
1696 Mary ____. Died after December 19, 1728.[34]
Sarah White - born 1663. Died 1755. Married 1688/9 Thomas Young. He died 1732.[35]
Sylvanus White - born ca. 1667. Died ca. 1688. Married Deborah ____. She died ca. 1688.[36][37]
Mercy White - born ca. 1670. Died 1739. Married 1697 William Sherman. He died 1739.[38]
Death
Peregrine White lived until July of 1704, dying at Marshfield aged 83.[39]
He was buried in 1704 at Marshfield Hills Cemetery in Marshfield, Massachusetts. His wife Sarah Bassett White
was buried in 1712 at Winslow Cemetery in Marshfield. Winslow Cemetery has a substantial stone monument to
"The Early Settlers of Green Harbor Marshfield" with the names of Peregrine, his brother Resolved and their wives.
Also named are their mother Susannah (White) and her second husband Edward Winslow.[40][41]
Last will
In 1704 - The will of Peregrine White (which is owned by and displayed at Pilgrim Hall in Plymouth), dated July 14,
1704 and proved August 14 of the same year states: Peregrine White of Marshfield…..Being aged and under many
Weaknesses and Bodily Infirmities devised to his wife Sarah everything not otherwise disposed of by the will to his
eldest son Daniel …personal items and land .. as well as various personal items and land to daughters Sarah and
Mercy and sons Jonathan and Peregrine. His will was signed with the initials PW “The mark of Peregrine White”
who was then aged almost 84 years.[42][43]
Obituary
Marshfield vital records note the death of “Capt. Peregrine White” on “July ye 20:1704” and the ‘Boston Newsletter’
of Monday July 31, 1704 gives the following obituary: "Marshfield, July, 22 Capt. Peregrine White of this town,
Aged Eighty three years, and Eight Months; died the 20th Instant. He was vigorous and of a comly Aspect to the last;
Was the Son of Mr. William White and Susanna his Wife;’ born on board the Mayflower, Capt. Jones Commander,
in Cape Cod Harbour. Altho’ he was in the former part of his Life extravagant; yet was much Reform’d in his last
years; and died hopefully.” The place of his burial and that of most other Mayflower passengers is unknown.[44]
References
448
[2] Alexander Young. Chronicles of the Pilgrim Fathers of the Colony of Plymouth from 1620-95 (Boston Charles C. Little and James Brown
1842) Out of Copyright p. 148
[4] Allison Lassieur Peter McDonnall. The voyage of the Mayflower (Pub. Capstone Press, ©2006 Mankato, Minnesota)
[8] Ancestral Chronological Record of the William White Family From 1607-8 to 1895 (Concord - prtd by Republican Press Assoc. 1895) not in
copyright p. 26
101
[10] Ruth Wilder Sherman, CG, FASG and Robert Moody Sherman, CG, FASG. Re-edited by Robert S. Wakefield, FASG. Mayflower Families
through Five Generations: Descendants of the Pilgrims who landed at Plymouth, Mass. December 1620. Vol. 13: Family of William White
(Pub. General Society of Mayflower Descendants 2006 3rd Ed.) p. 8
[11] William White (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=16633390)
[12] Ruth Wilder Sherman, CG, FASG and Robert Moody Sherman, CG, FASG. Re-edited by Robert S. Wakefield, FASG. Mayflower Families
75
Peregrine White
[13] William White (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=16633390)
[14] Peregrine White (http:/ / www. pilgrimhall. org/ whitep. htm)
[15] Ancestral Chronological Record of the William White Family From 1607-8 to 1895 (Concord - prtd by Republican Press Assoc. 1895) not
in copyright Chpts. 29, 21, 32 (http:/ / archive. org/ details/ ancestralchronol00whit)/
copyright p. 29
[18] profile of Peregrine White (http:/ / www. pilgrimhall. org/ whitep. htm)
in copyright Chpt. 31
copyright Chpt. 30
copyright p. 27
in copyright Chpt. 30
[23] Alexander Young. ‘’Chronicles of the Pilgrim Fathers of the Colony of Plymouth from 1620-95’’ (Boston Charles C. Little and James Brown
1842) Out of Copyright p.148
[24] Ruth Wilder Sherman, CG, FASG and Robert Moody Sherman, CG, FASG. Re-edited by Robert S. Wakefield, FASG, Mayflower Families
(Pub. General Society of Mayflower Descendants 2006 3rd Ed.) pp. 8, 9, 10
[25] John Gorham Palfrey. History of New England: during the Stuart Dynasty John Gorham Palfrey vol. 3 (Boston, Little, Brown & Co. 1857)
p. 97 History of New England: during the Stuart Dynasty (Boston, Little, Brown & Co. 1857) vol. 3 p. 97 (http:/ / archive. org/ stream/
historynewengla05palfgoog#page/ n6/ mode/ 2up)
(Pub. General Society of Mayflower Descendants 2006 3rd Ed.) pp. 8, 9, 10
(Pub. General Society of Mayflower Descendants 2006 3rd Ed.) pp. 8, 9, 10.
copyright Chpt. 31
[29] Dixfield Citizens News (http:/ / www. dixfieldcitizennews. net/ genealogy/ 2196. htm)
[30] the Fortune (http:/ / www. mayflowerfamilies. com/ ships/ fortune. htm)
copyright pp. 27, 32, 33
copyright pp. 27, 300
copyright pp. 27, 300
(Pub. General Society of Mayflower Descendants 2006 3rd Ed.) pp. 17, 18
copyright p 28
(Pub. General Society of Mayflower Descendants 2006 3rd Ed.) pp. 19-20
copyright pp. 27
[40] Peregrine White (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=13799591)
[41] at the Marshfield Hills Cemetery (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=22205269)
76
Peregrine White
77
[43] Pilgrim Hall (http:/ / www. pilgrimhall. org/ whitep. htm)
[44] Alexander Young. Chronicles of the Pilgrim Fathers of the Colony of Plymouth from 1620-95 (Boston Charles C. Little and James Brown
1842) Out of Copyright p. 148 Note 22
External links
• "The General society of Mayflower descendants: meetings, officers and members arranged in state societies,
ancestors and their descendants (http://books.google.com/books?id=vgovAAAAYAAJ&
source=gbs_navlinks_s) General Society of Mayflower Descendants (The De Vinne press, 1901), p. 441
Priscilla Alden
Priscilla Alden (née Mullins or Mullens), (c. 1602–c. 1685), noted member of Massachusetts's Plymouth Colony of
Pilgrims, was the wife of fellow colonist John Alden (c. 1599–1687). They married in 1623 in Plymouth.
Biography
Priscilla was most likely born in Dorking in Surrey, the daughter of
William and Alice Mullins. Priscilla was a seventeen-year-old girl
when she boarded the Mayflower. She lost her parents and her brother
Joseph during the first winter in Plymouth.[1] She was then the only
one of her family in the New World, although she had another brother
and a sister who remained in England. She spun wool and flax for the
colony, taught children, and helped with the cooking.
John Alden and Priscilla Mullins were likely the third couple to be
married in Plymouth Colony. William Bradford’s marriage to Alice
Miles Standish Burial Ground, the final resting
Carpenter on August 14, 1624, is known to be the fourth.[2] The first
place of John and Priscilla Alden
was that of Edward Winslow and Susannah White in 1621. Francis
Eaton’s marriage to his second wife, Dorothy, maidservant to the Carvers, was possibly the second.[3]
Priscilla is last recorded in the records in 1650, but oral tradition states that she died only a few years before her
husband (which would be about 1680). She lies buried at the Miles Standish Burial Ground in Duxbury,
Massachusetts. While the exact location of her grave is unknown, there is a marker honoring her.
Priscilla Alden
78
Longfellow's poem
She is known to literary history as the unrequited love of the newly
widowed Captain Miles Standish, the colony's military advisor, in
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's 1858 poem The Courtship of Miles
Standish. According to the poem, Standish asked his good friend John
Alden to propose to Priscilla on his behalf, only to have Priscilla ask,
“Why don’t you speak for yourself, John?”
Longfellow (a direct descendant of John and Priscilla) based his poem
on a romanticized version of a family tradition, though there is no
independent historical evidence for the account. The basic story was
apparently handed down in the Alden family and published by John
and Priscilla’s great-great-grandson, Rev. Timothy Alden, in 1814.[4]
The Alden children
Priscilla and John Alden had ten children, with a possible eleventh
dying in infancy. It is presumed, although not documented, that the
first three children were born in Plymouth, the remainder in
Duxbury.[5] The children were:
A scene from Longfellow's The Courtship of
Miles Standish, showing Standish looking upon
Alden and Mullins during the bridal procession
1. John (1626–1701). Moved to Boston and married there Elizabeth
(Phillips) Everill, widow of Abiel Everill. They also had thirteen children. He was a mariner and became a naval
commander of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. He was a member of the Old South Church of Boston and his
ancient slate headstone is embedded in the wall there. Perhaps the best known event of his life is when, on a trip
to Salem, he was accused of witchcraft, spending fifteen weeks in a Boston jail. He escaped shortly before nine of
the other victims were executed/murdered during the Salem witch trials. Alden was later exonerated.
2. Elizabeth. (1624/25–1717). Married William Pabodie (Peabody), a civic and military leader of Duxbury, where
all thirteen of their children were born. They moved to Little Compton, Rhode Island, where Elizabeth died in
1717 at the age of about ninety-four. Their descendants were prominent in settling areas of Rhode Island and
Connecticut. From Elizabeth’s line comes the one individual most credited with spreading the fame of John and
Priscilla far and wide, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow in his Courtship of Miles Standish.
3. Joseph. (1627-1697) Moved to Bridgewater where he was a farmer on land purchased earlier from the Indians by
his father and Myles Standish. He married Mary Simmons. They had a total of seven children. Joseph died
sometime after.
4. Sarah. Her marriage to Myles Standish's son, Alexander, undercuts any idea of a long-standing feud between the
Aldens and the Standish clan. In fact, there is much evidence to suggest that John and Myles remained lifelong
friends or, at the minimum, associates. Sarah and Alexander lived in Duxbury until Sarah’s death sometime before
June 1688. (Alexander subsequently married Desire Doty, a twice widowed daughter of Pilgrim Edward Doty.)
They had seven or possibly eight children. Their home, Alexander Standish House, in Duxbury still stands.
5. Jonathan. Married Abigail Hallett, December 10, 1672. Lived in Duxbury until his death February 14, 1697. Was
the second owner of the Alden House which he received from his father. The house then passed to his own son,
John. Six children. At his funeral oration, Jonathan was described as "a sincere Christian, one whose heart was in
the house of God even when his body was barred hence by restraints of many difficulties which confined him at
home."
6. Ruth. Married John Bass of Braintree, Massachusetts, where they lived and had seven children. Of the more
illustrious descendants of this union came Presidents John Adams and John Quincy Adams. Ruth died on October
12, 1674.
Priscilla Alden
7. Rebecca. Married Thomas Delano of Duxbury by 1667, a son of Philip Delanoye, one of the original settlers of
Duxbury. They had nine children. Died in Duxbury sometime after June 13, 1688.
8. Mary. No record of birth or marriage. Died after June 13, 1688.
9. Priscilla. Same information as for Mary.
10. David. Married Mary Southworth, daughter of Constant Southworth of Plymouth Colony. Died sometime
during 1718 or 1719. Six children. A man described as "a prominent member of the church, a man of great
respectability and much employed in public business."
References
[1] Johnson, Caleb. "Priscilla Mullins" (http:/ / mayflowerhistory. com/ Passengers/ PriscillaMullins. php). MayflowerHistory.com. . Retrieved
2008-11-23.
[2] The Mayflower Descendant, vol. 30:4.
[3] Greene, David L. (July/October 1997). "Notes on Francis1 Eaton of Plymouth". The American Genealogist 72: 305ff. at 308–309.
ISSN 0002-8592. OCLC 4767535.
[4] Timothy Alden, Collection of American Epitaphs and Inscriptions (http:/ / books. google. ca/ books?id=8twUAAAAYAAJ&
printsec=frontcover& dq=Timothy+ Alden,+ "Collection+ of+ American+ Epitaphs+ and+ Inscriptions"+ priscilla& hl=en&
ei=yzdHTe8NgbixA-3BlMYC& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=1& ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage& q=priscilla& f=false),
vol.3, pp. 264-271.
[5] Zachariah Alden and Henry Alden have both been incorrectly identified as sons of John Alden and Priscilla Mullins in various publications.
For information on the genealogy of Henry Alden, see Mayflower Descendant 43:21-29,133-138; 44:27-30,181-184.
External links
• Mayflowerhistory.com page on Priscilla Mullins (http://mayflowerhistory.com/Passengers/PriscillaMullins.
php)
• John and Priscilla Alden's descendants (http://alden.org/our_family/3generations.htm#John) (through three
generations) at Alden Kindred of America
79
Resolved White
80
Resolved White
Resolved White was born probably in
England ca. 1615 and died after September 19,
1687. His parents were pilgrim William White
and his wife Susanna. In 1620 he came with
his family on the pilgrim ship Mayflower. His
brother Peregrine White was born on board the
Mayflower in Cape Cod Harbor in November
1620 as the first English child born in that
area.[1][2]
Resolved White was the first born of the
White family and was given his name as the
family resolved to embark for the New
World.[3]
Resolved's father, William White, died February 21, 1621 and his mother Susanna, married pilgrim Edward Winslow
in May 1621. This was necessary to provide for the safety and support of the children. By the spring of 1621, out of
the 102 passengers on the Mayflower, only 52 survived.[4] Susanna's date of demise is unknown but she is estimated
to have died sometime between 1654 and 1675. Edward Winslow died in the Caribbean in 1655.[5][6]
Mayflower voyage
The Mayflower was destined for the Colony of Virginia (present day Long Island). They departed Plymouth,
England on the Mayflower on September 6/16, 1620 with 102 passengers and about 30 crew members in a small 100
foot ship. The first month in the Atlantic, the seas were not severe, but by the second month the ship was being hit by
strong north-Atlantic winter gales causing the ship to be badly shaken with water leaks from structural damage.
There were two deaths, but this was just a precursor of what happened after their Cape Cod arrival, when almost half
the company would die in the first winter.[7][8]
Life in the New World
About 1638, the Winslows with young Peregrine and Resolved White, moved to Green Harbor, now called
Marshfield.[11]
On August 3, 1640, Resolved White was granted 100 acres in Scituate next to Mr. William Vassall’s land. On March
7, 1642/3 he was granted more land in Scituate.[6][12]
On March 17, 1656/7 he was living in New Plymouth in New England (and was referred to as a gentleman), and his
wife Judith, daughter of William Vassall of this Island (Barbados), Esq., sold to Nicholas Ware of St. Michael’s (a
brother-in-law),merchant, all his one fifth of two thirds of William Vassal’s plantation in St. Michael’s.[12][13]
On May 11, 1657 Resolved White was in Barbados, West Indies to witness the sale by Mary Vassall of Barbados (a
Resolved sister) to her brother-in-law, Nicholas Ware of St. Michael’s, merchant, of her share of her father William
Vassal’s plantation in St. Michael’s.[12][13]
On June 1, 1658 he was made a Freeman of Plymouth County.[6][12]
Resolved White
On March 17, 1662 Resolved White of Scituate, planter, sold land in Scituate to William Wills. On September 25,
1663 Judith, wife of Resolved White, acknowledged the sale.[12][13]
On June 3, 1668 Resolved White was elected surveyor of highways for Marshfield. On May 29, 1670 White was in
the list of Freemen of Marshfield. On July 4, 1674 White deposed he was aged 59 years. The July 2, 1675 will of
Governor Josiah Winslow names brother Resolved White. (Josiah Winslow was a half-brother, being a son of
Edward Winslow.) On 5:9:1678 Resolved White aged about 63 years deposed. (Essex Co.) In June 1679 he again
deposed he was aged about 63 years. (Essex Co.) On 2:1:1679/80 Abigail White (2nd wife of White), aged about 74
years deposed. (Essex Co.) May 19, 1680[12][13]
In 1676, Resolved was a soldier in King Philip's War of 1676 and in 1680, he became a freeman in Salem in 1680
before moving back to Marshfield a couple years later.[14]
The will of Abigail White, wife of Mr. Resolved White of Salem, dated April 26, 1682, proved June 1682, mentions
her former husband William Lord; his kinsman William Lord and the latter’s children; and Resolved White her
present husband.[12][13]
Personal life and family
Resolved White married Judith Vassall in Scituate, Massachusetts. November 5, 1640. She was born in England ca.
1619 and was buried in Marshfield, Massachusetts April 3, 1670. She was a daughter of William Vassall and Anne
King. The will of William Vassall Esq. of Barbados Island dated July 31, 1655 names daughter Judith White, wife of
Resolved White.[6]
White married secondly in Salem, Mass. October 5, 1674 Abigail ______ Lord, widow of William Lord. She was
born ca. 1606, probably in England and died in Salem between Jun 15 and 27, 1682.[13]
White and his wife Judith had eight children:
• William White, born 1642. Died 1695. Apparently never married.[15]
• John White, born 1644. Living in 1650; may have died young or gone to live in Barbados with some of his
mother’s siblings; but it seems likely that he died before 1684/5.[15]
• Samuel White, born 1646. Died between 1729/30 and 1731. Married Rebecca _____ who died 1711.[16]
• Resolved White (Resolved White, Jr.), born 1647. Buried March 27, 1670 a week before the burial of his
mother.[15]
• Anna White, born 1649. Died 1714. Married 1671 John Hayward. He died 1718.[17]
• Elizabeth White, born 1652. Died ca. 1712/3. She married 1672 Obadiah Wheeler. He died ca. 1712/3.[18]
• Josiah White, born 1654. Died 1710. He married ca. 1680 Remember Read. She died ca. 1721.[19]
• Susanna White, born 1656. No further record. .[20][21]
Death
White was buried in 1687 at Winslow Cemetery in Marshfield, Massachusetts where his wife Judith had been buried
in 1670. The burial place of his second wife Abigail is unknown. Also in the Winslow Cemetery is a substantial
stone monument to "The Settlers of Green Harbor Marshfield" with White and his wife Judith named as well as his
brother Peregrine and his wife. Also named on the monument is White's mother Susannah (White) and her second
husband Edward Winslow.[22][23]
81
Resolved White
References
[1] profile of Peregrine White (http:/ / www. pilgrimhall. org/ whitep. htm)]
copyright Preface (http:/ / archive. org/ stream/ ancestralchronol00whit/ ancestralchronol00whit_djvu. txt)/
copyright p. 108 (http:/ / archive. org/ stream/ ancestralchronol00whit/ ancestralchronol00whit_djvu. txt)/
[4] Nathaniel Philbrick. Mayflower: A story of Courage, Community and War (Viking 2006) pp. 90, 104.
[5] Nathaniel Philbrick. Mayflower: A story of Courage, Community and War (Viking 2006) pp. 4, 69, 89-90,104, 173, 183.
[6] Ruth Wilder Sherman, CG, FASG and Robert Moddy Sherman, CG, FASG. Re-edited by Robert S. Wakefield, FASG, Mayflower Families
Through Five Generations: Descendants of the Pilgrims who landed at Plymouth, Mass. December 1620. Vol. 13: Family of William White
Through Five Generations: Descendants of the Pilgrims who landed at Plymouth, Mass. December 1620. Vol. 13: Family of William White p.
1
[12] http:/ / www. pilgrimhall. org/ whiteResolvedrecords. htm
[14] http:/ / www. mayflowerhistory. com/ Passengers/ ResolvedWhite. php
(Pub. General Society of Mayflower Descendants 2006 3rd Ed.) pp. 8, 13-14
in copyright Chpt 11 p. 25 (http:/ / archive. org/ stream/ ancestralchronol00whit/ ancestralchronol00whit_djvu. txt)/
[22] Find a Grave Resolved White (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=16671222)/
[23] Find a Grave Resolved White and wife Judith (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=22205269)/
Sources
82
Richard More (1614 – c. 1694/1696) was
born in Corvedale, Shropshire, England and
was baptized at St. James parish church in
Shipton, Shropshire on November 13, 1614.[1]
Richard and his three siblings were at the
center of a mystery in early 17th century
England that caused early genealogists to
wonder why the More children's father,
believing him to be Samuel More, would send
his very young children away to the New
World on the Mayflower in the care of others.
Then, in 1959, the mystery was explained.
Jasper More, a descendant of Samuel More
and prompted by his genealogist friend,
Anthony Wagner, found in his attic a 1622 document, which detailed the legal disputes between Katherine and
Samuel More and what actually happened to the More children. It is clear from these events that Samuel did not
believe the children to be his offspring.[2][3] To rid himself of the children, he arranged for them to be sent to the
Colony of Virginia.[4] Due to bad weather, the Mayflower finally anchored in Cape Cod Harbor in November 1620
where one of the More children died soon after; another died in early December and yet another died later in the first
winter. Only Richard survived, and even thrived, in the perilous environment of early colonial America, going on to
lead a very full life.[5]
Richard became a well known sea captain who helped deliver supplies to various colonies which were vital to their
survival, traveled over Atlantic and West Indies trade routes and fought in various early naval sea battles. He and
other Mayflower survivors were referred to in their time, as "First Comers", who lived in the perilous times of what
was called "The Ancient Beginnings" of the New World adventure.[6] Richard More lived through a significant part
of early American history of which there is still very little known.
The More family
Much of what is known about Richard's early childhood is through legal documents, more specifically the
aforementioned document written in 1622, in response to a petition of Richard More's mother Katherine More,
(sometimes spelled Katharine, hereafter spelled Katherine) to Lord Chief Justice Sir James Ley, at which time she
demands to know what has become of her children.[7] Katherine’s father, Jasper More, was master of Larden, a
1000-acre estate between Much Wenlock and Ludlow. Samuel’s father, Richard More, was master of Linley, an
estate near Bishop’s Castle, close to the Welsh border.[8][9][10] Both estates are in Shropshire, England.
Jasper's sons died leaving no male heir.[11] The estates were held in an entail whereby inheritance was restricted to
male heirs and Samuel's father, but Richard, in the marriage settlement, paid £600 to Jasper More, so there was clear
title.[12] It was arranged that Katherine would marry her cousin and indeed, in February 4, 1610, (old date style)
Katherine, 25, married her cousin, seventeen-year-old Samuel More. As Dr. Harris notes: "The marriage papers
contained the unusual mention of 'without tabling' allowing Samuel to live at his own estate or elsewhere".[13][14]
At some point Samuel began working in London as secretary to Lord Edward Zouche, privy councilor, diplomat and
courtier.[15] Over the next four years, Katherine bore four children: Elinor, Jasper, Richard, Mary. All were baptized
at St. James parish church in Shipton, Shropshire with Samuel More as their father.[16]
83
The Plan, the court action and the removal of the children
In 1616, Samuel More accused his wife of adultery and, at the direction of his father, Richard, devised a plan to rid
himself of Katherine and the children. The adultery was supposedly committed with Jacob Blakeway, a young man
near in age to Katherine who lived close by and whose family had been More tenants for several generations. In
1608, Jacob Blakeway and his father Edward, a yeoman, had renewed a lease on a parcel of land owned by
Katherine More's father, Jasper More of Larden Hall. The manor of Larden Hall was about half a mile from
Brockton where the Blakeway family lived.[17] By a deed dated 20 April 1616, Samuel cut the entail on the Larden
estate to prevent any of the children from inheriting. During the long court battle, Samuel would deny that he was the
father of the children borne by his wife, Katherine, and stated them to be children of the adulterous relationship.[18]
Katherine did not deny her relationship with Jacob Blakeway, stating there was a former betrothal contract with him,
and therefore he was her true husband. This would have made her marriage to Samuel invalid. Samuel quotes her
words in his declaration, "though she could not sufficiently prove by witnesses yet it was all one before god as she
sayed". At that time any of the usual witnesses would likely have been dead.[19]
In that same year, by his own account, Samuel went to his employer and a More family friend, Lord Zouche, Lord
President of the Council of Wales, Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports and Privy Counselor, to draw up a plan for the
disposition of the children.[20] Zouche had been a member of the Virginia Company and in 1617 he invested £100 in
an expedition to the colony of Virginia, which is where the Mayflower was supposed to have landed. It was his
actions that were instrumental in putting the More children on the Mayflower.[21][22][23] At that time, children were
routinely rounded up from the streets of London or taken from poor families receiving church relief to be used as
laborers in the colonies. Any legal objections to the involuntary transportation of the children were over-ridden by
the Privy Council, namely, Lord Zouche. Most people thought it a death sentence and, indeed, many did not survive
either the voyage or the harsh climate, disease and scarcity of fresh food for which they were ill-prepared.[24][25]
Additionally, in 1616, Samuel More, under his father Richard's direction, removed all four children from Larden and
placed them in the care of some of his father's tenants near Linley.[26][27] The removal was shortly after the youngest
child had been baptized, which was on April 16. According to Samuel's statement,[28] the reason he sent the children
away was "as the apparent likeness & resemblance … to Jacob Blakeway", quoting from: "A true declaracon of the
disposing of the fower children of Katherine More sett downe by Samuell More her husband" together with the
"reasons movinge him thereunto accasioned by a peticon" of hers to the Lord Chief Justice of England and it is
endorsed, "Katherine Mores Petition to the Lord Chief Justice ...the disposing of her children to Virginia dated
1622".[29] Samuel goes on to state that, during the time the children were with the tenants, Katherine went there and
engaged in a struggle to take her children back:[30] "Katharine went to the tenants dwelling where her children had
been sequestered, and in a hail of murderous oaths, did teare the cloathes from their backes". There were at least
twelve actions recorded between December 1619 and July 8, 1620, when it was finally dismissed.[31][32]
The statement details that, soon after the denial of the appeal on July 8, 1620, the children were transported from
Shipton to London by a cousin of Samuel More and given into the care of Thomas Weston, "…and delivered to
Philemon Powell who was intreated to deliver them to John Carver and Robert Cushman undertakers for the
associats [sic] of John Peers [Pierce][33][34] for the plantacon [sic] of Virginia"[35] in whose home they would be
staying while awaiting ship boarding.[36][37] Thomas Weston and Philemon Powell were both poor choices, and
Thomas Weston especially was quite disreputable. Soon thereafter, Powell would become a convicted smuggler and
Weston an enemy of the Crown.[38] As the agent of the Merchant Adventurer investment group that was funding the
Puritan voyage, Bradford states that Weston caused them many financial and agreement contract problems, both
before and after the Mayflower sailed. Weston’s Puritan contacts for the voyage were John Carver and Robert
Cushman who jointly agreed to find the children guardians among the Mayflower passengers. Carver and Cushman
were agents from the Puritans to oversee preparations for the voyage[39] with Robert Cushman’s title being Chief
Agent, from 1617 until his death in 1625.[40] Within several weeks of the More children’s arrival in London, and
without their mother Katherine More’s knowledge or approval, they were placed in the care of others on the
84
Mayflower, bound for New England.[41]
After the Mayflower sailed, Katherine made another attempt to challenge the decision through the courts. It was this
legal action in early 1622 before Chief Justice James Ley which led to the statement from Samuel explaining where
he sent the children and why, the historical evidence for Richard More's early history.[42]
Samuel in the aftermath
Samuel More continued to act as secretary to Edward la Zouche and on June 11, 1625, he married Elizabeth
Worsley, daughter of Richard Worsley, Esq. of Deeping Gate (in Maxey) in Northamptonshire and cousin to Lord
Zouche's second wife,[43] although he was only separated not divorced from Katherine More. What was called a
divorce in those days was really a separation and neither party was allowed to remarry duing the lifetime of the
other.[44] In February 1626, Samuel More obtained a royal pardon, possibly to protect himself against accusations of
adultery. It is not known if Katherine was still alive at the time of his second marriage.[45]
The landing in the New World
Richard departed Plymouth, England, on the Mayflower on September 6/16, 1620 with 102 passengers and about 30
On November 9/19, 1620, after about three months at sea, including a month of delays in England, they sighted land,
which was Cape Cod. After several days of trying to sail south to their planned destination of the Colony of Virginia,
strong winter seas forced them to return to the harbor at Cape Cod hook, where they anchored on November 11/21.
The Mayflower Compact was signed that day.[48][49][50]
A number of colonists travelled as paying passengers on the Mayflower. Exactly what explanation was given for the
More children's presence is not known as many homeless waifs from the streets of London were sent to the New
World as laborers.[51][52]
Three of the Mayflower Pilgrims took responsibility for the children as indentured servants:
• Elinor More, Ellen More, age 8, assigned as a servant of Edward Winslow. She died in November 1620 soon after
the arrival of the Mayflower at Cape Cod Harbor. Her burial place is unknown and may have been ashore on
Cape Cod similarly to her brother Jasper several weeks later. With many others who died that winter, her name
appears on the Pilgrim Memorial Tomb, Cole's Hill, Plymouth, Massachusetts.[53]
• Jasper More, age 7, servant of John Carver. He died of a ‘common infection’ in Dec. 1620 while the Mayflower
was in Cape Cod Harbor. He was buried ashore in what is now the Provincetown area. Provincetown has a
memorial plaque with his name and that of four others ‘who died at sea while the ship lay at Cape Cod Harbor’ in
Nov./Dec. 1620.[54]
• Mary More, age 4, assigned as a servant of William Brewster. She died sometime in the winter of 1620/1621. Her
burial place is unknown, but may been on Cole's Hill in Plymouth in an unmarked grave as with so many others
buried there that winter. As with her sister Ellen, she is recognized on the Pilgrim Memorial Tomb in Plymouth,
misidentified after her sister's name as "and a brother (children)" - the statement of calling her "a brother"
mistakenly coming from William Bradford's failing memory years after the event of her death.
• Richard More, age 6, servant of William Brewster. He resided with the Brewster family until about mid-1627
when his term of indentureship expired.[55] This is about the time that his name appears, at age 14, in a census as
a member of the Brewster family, in what was called then ‘New Plimouth’. By 1628, Richard was in the employ
of Pilgrim Isaac Allerton, who was engaged in trans-Atlantic trading.[56][57][58]
85
Richard's life in the New World
Richard was six years old when the Mayflower landed at New Plymouth. Immediately upon setting foot on land, he
would have worked with all of the others to help gather supplies for food and shelter as well as to bury the dead after
the epidemic, which would ultimately leave half of the original passengers dead.[59] In the spring of 1621, he would
have attended what has now become known as the first Thanksgiving.[60] In 1627, at the age of 14, Richard is
recorded as living at New Plymouth.[61]
Nothing is known of Richard during his years living with the Brewster family from 1620 to 1627, except that his
name is on a document concerning the division of cattle and other livestock, and that he lived in Salem.[62] In 1635
he is listed as arriving from England on the Blessing, which had sailed from London to Massachusetts Bay. The
purpose of this journey to London is unknown.[63] At some point Richard went to work for Allerton as an apprentice.
Under Allerton's apprenticeship he fished in various locations around Plymouth and Maine working as crew and, at
some point, he would become captain on the ships that supplied the new American colonies.[64] In April 20th, 1636
Richard More married Christian Hunter who had been a passenger with him on the Blessing.[65] They lived at
Duxbury for a time before moving to Salem.[66] Richard worked as a retainer and a laborer for Richard
Hollingsworth, another passenger from the Blessing who was Christian's guardian and step-father.[67]
By early 1642, Richard joined the Salem church. As a member he would be allowed a voice and a vote in Salem
affairs. Richard had his first two sons, Samuel and Thomas More, baptized.[68]
By the 1650s, at the age of twenty-four, he had become a commander of his own ketch and is known to have traded
with the colonies, the West Indies, and England.[69] He had sold his twenty acres in Duxbury and moved himself and
his family to Salem Neck.[70] He applied for a permit and set up his own fishing stand. Since drinking water was
scarce, Richard dug a well on common ground for himself and others to use. He traded tobacco and other
merchandise and supplies with Virginia and the West Indies, and made voyages to England.[71] In 1653, he served
with his ship in an unsuccessful expedition against the Dutch settlement on the Hudson (later to become New York).
In 1653, Captain More was paid for ye Dutch expedition.[72]
Beginning in 1654, for two consecutive years, he took part in two attacks by sea against the French, who were
threatening New England’s fishing and maritime trade in the lower Hudson River region. In 1654 Richard More
served in a successful combined English and New England expedition against the French at Port Royal, the principal
settlement of the French colony of Acadia, now Nova Scotia. Captain More was at Port Royal, Nova Scotia, when
the French fort was reduced to English Obedience in 1654, and from thence a bell was later brought to Salem in
Capt. Moor's Ketch. Thus Richard More contributed to the foundations of New England’s maritime greatness.[73]
During this time, Richard received land at Plymouth as an "Ancient Freemen". The land was granted by the General
Court and purchased from the Indians. He obtained lots near the Fall River, and was one of the purchasers of lots in
Swansea. In 1673 he sold land at Mattapoisett (he is referred to as) he of Massachusetts Colony on 1 March 1667/8;
and formerly of Plymouth and now of Salem sold lots in Swansea and Sepecan on 30 August 1673.[74]
The Staple Act of 1663, which stated, among other things, that the shipping of European goods to the colonies
except through England or Wales was forbidden, forced hard times upon both colonial ship captains and the
colonists. The restrictions threatened the very survival of the colonists and, to survive, the captains had to be
extremely creative in their shipping manifests.[75] The Navigation Acts, along with the continued taxation of the
colonies into the next century, brought about the growth of isolationism, which eventually resulted in the American
Revolution.[76]
In 1665, Richard rescued the colonists at the newly established colony at Cape Fear. The ship that was supposed to
bring supplies failed to arrive and, consequently, the people were dying of starvation and through the lack of
adequate protection against the weather. It was an extremely hazardous area for ships but, upon learning of the
situation, Richard brought a shipment of food and supplies to aid the desperate colonists.[77] When Richard's old
sailing friend, Richard Starr, was murdered, he took on the responsibility of Starr's three children. In his fifty years as
86
a mariner Richard had never lost a vessel, nor had any sailor brought charges against him.[78]
Richard served alongside Joseph Dudley during the Great Swamp
Fight in December of 1675, a massacre of the Narragansett people
living around Narragansett Bay.
Reverend Nicholas Noyes was a man whom Richard knew well and
would become directly involved in his later life. Noyes was the same
man who would lead the campaign against the so-called witches of
Salem.[79] In later life, Richard suffered from financial hardship. On
July 1, 1688, he was brought before the Salem church elders for ‘gross
unchastity with another man’s wife’.[80]The elders had spoken to him
privately on several occasions as Richard represented a member of the
Ancient Days and they wanted to maintain a special place in their
history. He was publically sanctioned and excommunicated from the
church. Richard accepted the judgment and made a public repentance
and, according to documents, was restored to the church in 1691.
According to Dr. David Lindsay, historian and author, the pastor who
punished him was Reverend Nicholas Noyes.[81][82]
Capt. Richard More memorial near his grave in
Richard More is buried in Salem. There is documentary evidence that
[83]
Salem, Massachusetts
he was alive in 1694 and dead in 1696.
His gravestone gives an age
of 84, but he deposed in 1684 that he was aged seaventy yeares or
thereabouts indicating he was unsure of his birth date. The gravestone in the old Salem burial ground gives a date of
1692.[84]
Marriages
Richard was married three times:
• Christian Hunter. Born c. 1615 in England and died 18 March 1676 in Salem, Mass. Married 20 Oct. 1636 in
Ipswich, Mass.[85]
• Elizabeth Woolnough. Born c. 1623 London, England. They were married (in a bigamous union) 23 Oct. 1645 St.
Duncan’s Church, Stepney, London, England.[86][87]
• Jane ______. Born c. 1631. Died 5/8 Oct. 1686 in Salem, Massachusetts. Married before 23 May 1678 in Salem,
Mass. She was the widow of Samuel Crumpton, who was killed by Indians in 1675.[88]
Children
Richard More and Christian Hunter had seven children:
•
•
•
•
Samuel More, baptized March 6, 1642 in Salem, Mass. Died after March 1677. Married Sarah ____.
Thomas More, baptized March 6, 1642 in Salem, Mass. Died after November 25, 1692.
Caleb More, baptized March 31, 1643/4 in Salem, Mass. Died January 4, 1678/9 in Salem, Mass.
Richard More (jr.), baptized January 2, 1647/8 in Salem, Mass. Died May 1, 1696. Married Sarah ______. 6
children - 3 sons, 2 daughters and 1 unknown.
• Joshua More, baptized March 3, 1646 in Salem, Mass. Died between 1660-1675.
• Susanna More, baptized May 12, 1650 in Salem, Mass. Died after October 30, 1728 in Salem, Mass. Married (1)
c.1675 Samuel Dutch, (2) c.1694 Richard Hutton (3) 1714 John Knowlton. She had 4 daughters with Samuel
Dutch.[89]
• Christian More, baptized September 5, 1652 in Salem, Mass. Died May 30, 1680 in Salem, Mass. Married 31
Aug. 1676 Joshua Conant. 1 son.
87
88
Richard More and Elizabeth Woolnough had one daughter:
• Elizabeth More, born c. 1638 in England, baptized at St. Dunstan's Stepney, London on March 2, 1646 five
months after her parents' marriage in Oct. 1645. Nothing more is known about her.[90][91]
Death and burial
According to the Mayflower Society records, he died in Salem after 19
March 1693/4, but before 20 April 1696.[92] There is documentary
evidence that he was alive in 1694 and dead in 1696. His gravestone
gives an age of 84, but it is more likely that Richard was unsure of his
birth date. The gravestone in the old Salem burial ground gives a date
of 1692. But the date, and additional words 'a Mayflower pilgrim’,
were added at some point between 1901 and 1919, and provoked some
outraged reaction in the local press.[93]
The original gravestone of Mayflower passenger
Captain Richard More.
Richard More is buried in what was known as the Charter Street Burial
Ground but is now the Burying Point/Charter Street Cemetery in
Salem, Massachusetts. He is the only Mayflower passenger to have his
gravestone still where it was originally placed sometime in the
mid-1690s. Also buried nearby in the same cemetery were his two
wives, Christian Hunter More and Jane (Crumpton) More.[94]
If the 1696 date is correct, Richard More was the last surviving male
passenger of the Mayflower, which would have left Mary Allerton,
daughter of Pilgrim Isaac Allerton, as the last survivor altogether. She
died November 28, 1699.[95]
Gravestone of Christian Hunter More, wife of
Richard More, Salem MA.
The More family in history
Mayflower plaque in St. James Church in
Shipton, Shropshire commemorating the More
children baptism. courtesy of Phil Revell
It was only in 1959 that Sir Jasper More discovered a trunk in his attic,
which contained a document dated 1622 that gave, first, an explanation
of an episode in the More family history, and secondly, explained a
mystery that had long intrigued genealogists of Mayflower history. The
document was a sworn submission by Samuel More to the Lord Chief
Justice in which he explained his disposition of the four More children.
Previously, those four children were assumed to have been orphans,
plucked from the streets of London: "homeless waifs from the streets
of London taken out to the New World to be used as labor".[96][97][98]
This document revealed the tragic family circumstances that caused
Samuel More to take the children from their home at Larden Hall in Shipton, and send them away to America on the
Mayflower without their mother's knowledge or consent.[99]
Richard's daughter, Susanna (More), first married Samuel Dutch in about 1675. It is only through their one surviving
child (Susanna Dutch) that descendants of Richard More of the Mayflower can be traced to the present.[100]
Centuries later, while excavating just outside a place where the Plimouth barricades stood, a metal spoon was found
with Richard's initials carved into it.[101]
Richard More descendants recognized by the Mayflower Society are estimated presently to be only about 100
members.[102]
References
[1] Shipton Parish Register. Shropshire Archive.
[2] Anthony R. Wagner. The Children in the Mayflower (The London Times) June 30, 1959 pp. 11[3] Anthony R. Wagner. The Origin of the Mayflower Children: Jasper, Richard and Ellen More, The New England Historical and Genealogical
Register (July 1960) vol. 114 p. 163-168
[4] Donald F. Harris, PhD. The Mayflower Descendant (July 2, 1994) vol. 44 no. 2 p. 20
pp. 450, 451, 447 (Mary was referred to as a boy)
[6] David Lindsay, PhD., Mayflower Bastard: A Stranger amongst the Pilgrims (St. Martins Press, New York, 2002) pp. 151, 45
[7] Anthony R. Wagner. The Origin of the Mayflower Children: Jasper, Richard and Ellen More, The New England Historical and Genealogical
[8] Donald Harris PhD. The Mayflower Descendant, (Jan. 1994) no. 1 p. 12
[9] Anthony R. Wagner. The Origin of the Mayflower Children: Jasper, Richard and Ellen More, The New England Historical and Genealogical
[10] Donald Harris PhD. The Mayflower Descendant, (Jan. 1994) no. 1 p. 12
[12] Donald F. Harris, The Mayflower Descendant (July 1993) vol. 43 no. 2 p. 130
[13] Edwin A. Hill, PhD. The English Ancestry of Richard More of the Mayflower, The New York genealogical and biographical record, (July
1905) vol 36, p. 214
[14] Shipton Parish Register Shropshire archive.
[15] Acts of the Privy Council of England, APC Col. p. 38 show Samuel More in Zouche's service as a private secretary as noted in David
Lindsay, PhD., Mayflower Bastard: A Stranger amongst the Pilgrims (St. Martins Press, New York, 2002) p.221.
Genealogical Register (July 1960) vol. 114 p. 164: Parish Record of the Shipton Shropshire Register Society. Ellinora Moore filia Samuelis
Moore de Larden on 24 May 1612; of Josperus Moore, filius Samuelis Moore de Larden Generosi on 8 Aug. 1613 and of Ricardus Moore
filius Samuel Moore de Larden on et uxoris on I3, Nov. 1614; Maria Moore, filia Samuelis More et Caterine uxoris ejus de on 16 April 1616.
[17] Donald Harris PhD. The Mayflower Descendant. (Jan. 1994) vol. 44 no. 1 p. 12
[18] Donald F. Harris, PhD. The Mayflower Descendant (Jan. 1994) vol. 44 no. 1 p. 14, 18
Genealogical Register (July 1960) vol. 114 p. 165
[20] Donald F. Harris, PhD. The Mayflower Descendant (July 1994) vol. 44 no. 2 p. 109
[21] Liza Picard. Elizabeth's London (Weidenfield & Nicolson 2003). p. 196
[22] Morison & Commager. The Growth of the American Republic (4th Ed., New York, 1950), vol. 1, p. 40
[23] Donald F. Harris, PhD. The Mayflower Descendant (published Jan. 1994) vol. 44 no. 1, p. 14. and (July 2, 1994) vol. 44 no. 2 pp. 108-110
[24] The Mayflower Descendant (July 2, 1994) vol. 44 no. 2 pp. 110, 111
[25] R.C. Johnson. The Transportation of Vagrant Children from London to Virginia, 1618-1622, in H.S. Reinmuth (Ed.), Early Stuart Studies:
[26] Anthony R. Wagner. The Children in the Mayflower (The London Times) June 30, 1959 pp. 11[27] Anthony R. Wagner. The Origin of the Mayflower Children: Jasper, Richard and Ellen More, The New England Historical and
[28] The More Archive - Shropshire Council
Genealogical Register (July 1960) vol. 114 pp. 165-167
[30] David Lindsay, PhD. Mayflower Bastard: A Stranger amongst the Pilgrims (St. Martins Press, New York, 2002) p. 13
[31] The Shropshire Records and Research Center 1037/10/8 and 9
[32] Anthony R. Wagner The Origin of the Mayflower Children: Jasper, Richard and Ellen More, The New England Historical and Genealogical
Register (July 1960) vol. 114 p. 166
[33] Anthony R. Wagner. The Children in the Mayflower (The London Times) June 30, 1959 pp. 11-
89
p. 123
[36] Charles Edward Banks. ‘’The English Ancestry and Homes of the Pilgrim Fathers’’ (Grafton Press N.Y. 1929) p. 72
[38] David Lindsay, PhD., Mayflower Bastard: A Stranger amongst the Pilgrims (St. Martins Press, New York, 2002) pp.27,28,54,55
[39] Nathaniel Philbrick Mayflower: A story of Courage, Community and War (Viking 2006) pp. 21. 26, 42, 135
[40] Robert E. Cushman and Franklin P. Cole. Robert Cushman of Kent (1577-1625): Chief Agent of the Plymouth Pilgrims (1617-1625) (2nd
Ed. Edited by Judith Swan Pub by General Society of Mayflower Descendants 2005) p. 87
Genealogical Register (July 1960) vol. 114 pp. 165-167
[43] Donald F. Harris The Mayflower Descendant (July 1994) vol. 44 no. 2 p.110
[44] Donald F. Harris, PhD. The Mayflower Descendant (Jan. 1994) vol. 44 no. 1 p. 16
[45] David Lindsay, PhD., Mayflower Bastard: A Stranger amongst the Pilgrims St. Martins Press, New York, 2002) p. 65
[51] Donald F. Harris, PhD. The Mayflower Descendant (July 1993) vol. 43 no. 2 p.124
[52] Morison & Commager, The Growth of the American Republic ( 4th Ed., New York, 1950), vol. 1, p.40
[53] William Bradford. History of Plymouth Plantation by William Bradford, the second Governor of Plymouth (Boston. 1856) Not in copyright
pp. 447, 451
pp. 447, 451
p. 447
[56] David Lindsay, PhD., Mayflower Bastard: A Stranger amongst the Pilgrims (St. Martins Press, New York, 2002) pp 102-104 and pp. 25-27,
102-104, 150-152
[57] Donald F. Harris PhD. The Mayflower Descendant (July 1992) vol. 44 no. 2 p. 4
p. 91
[60] Edward Winslow "Primary Sources for The First Thanksgiving at Plymouth Mourt's Relation. Pilgrim Hall Museum. Retrieved 2009-11-26.
[61] David Lindsay, PhD., Mayflower Bastard: A Stranger amongst the Pilgrims (St. Martins Press, New York, 2002) pp. 43-50.
[62] Eugene Aubrey Stratton. Plymouth Colony: Its History and People, 1620-1691, ( Ancestry Publishing, Salt Lake City, UT, 1986) p. 180
[63] Manifest of the Blessing (http:/ / www. packrat-pro. com/ ships/ blessing. htm)/
[65] Marriage to Christian Hunder (http:/ / massmayflower. com/ research/ passengers/ passengers. htm)/
[67] David Lindsay, PhD., Mayflower Bastard: A Stranger amongst the Pilgrims (St. Martins Press, New York, 2002)pp. 102, 109
[68] Richard D. Pierce. The Records of the First Church in Salem Massachusetts, 1629-1736, p.171
[70] Robert Charles Anderson. The Great Migration Begins: Immigrants to New England 1620-1633 Great Migration Study Project. New
England Historic Genealogical Society (Boston 1995) Vol II. G-O p. 1284
[73] Robert Moody Sherman, CG, FASG, Robert S. Wakefield, FASG, Lydia Dow Finlay, CALS Mayflower Families Through Five
Generations: Family of Richard More (Pub. General Society of Mayflower Descendants 1997) v. 15. p. 152
Generations: Family of Richard More (Pub. General Society of Mayflower Descendants 1997) v. 15. p. 152
[76] L. Carroll Judson Sages and Heroes of the American Revolution (Philadelphia Moss & Brother 1854) out of copyright (http:/ / www.
archive. org/ stream/ sagesandheroesof33905gut/ 33905-0. txt)
[77] Robert Charles Anderson. The Great Migration Immigrants to New England, 1634-1635(FASG Published 1995)
90
[78] David Lindsay, PhD., Mayflower Bastard: A Stranger amongst the Pilgrims (St. Martins Press, New York, 2002) Preface, pp. xxi, xx, 22,
154
[79] David Lindsay, PhD., Mayflower Bastard: A Stranger amongst the Pilgrims (St. Martins Press, New York, 2002) p 205-206
[80] Richard D. Pierce. The Records of the First Church in Salem Massachusetts, 1629-1736 , p.171
[82] David Lindsay, PhD., Mayflower Bastard: A Stranger amongst the Pilgrims (St. Martins Press, New York, 2002) Introduction, also pp
190-192.
[83] Donald Harris PhD. The Mayflower Descendant. vol. 43 (July 1993) and vol. 44 (January & July 1994).
Generations Family of Richard More (Pub. General Society of Mayflower Descendants 1997) v. 15. p. 155
Generations Family of Richard More (Pub. General Society of Mayflower Descendants 1997) v. 15. p. 155
[89] Robert Moody Sherman, CG, FASG, Robert S. Wakefield, FASG, Lydia Dow Finlay, CALS. Mayflower Families Through Five
Generations: Family of Richard More (General Society of Mayflower Descendants Published 1997) vol. 15 pp. 156
[90] Robert Charles Anderson. The Great Migration Begins: Immigrants to New England 1620-1633 Great Migration Study Project. New
England Historic Genealogical Society (Boston 1995)Vol II. G-O p. 1285-1286.
[91] Donald F. Harris PhD. The Mayflower Descendant (July 1992) vol. 44 no. 2 p. 4
Generations: Family of Richard More (General Society of Mayflower Descendants (Published 1997) vol. 15.
[93] Donald F. Harris, The Mayflower Descendant (July 1993) vol. 43 no. 2 (quoting from Mayflower Quarterly of Feb. 1972)
[94] Find a Grave Richard More (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=cr& CRid=1835987)/
[95] Edwin A. Hill, PhD. The English Ancestry of Richard More of the Mayflower, The New York genealogical and biographical record, (July
1905) vol 36, p. 213
[96] Donald F. Harris, PhD. The Mayflower Descendant (July 1993) vol. 43 no. 2 p. 124
[97] Donald F. Harris, PhD. The Mayflower Descendant (July 1993) vol. 43 no. 2 p.124
[98] Morison & Commager, The Growth of the American Republic ( 4th Ed., New York, 1950), vol. 1, p.40
[99] Donald F. Harris, PhD. The Mayflower Descendant (Jan. 1994) vol. 44 no. 1. p. 11
Generations: Family of Richard More (General Society of Mayflower Descendants Published 1997) vol. 15 pp. 151-155
[102] The Mayflower Society (http:/ / www. themayflowersociety. com/ )
Sources and Publications
• Massachusetts Society of Mayflower Descendants (http://www.massmayflower.org/)
• Mayflower Bastard: A Stranger amongst the Pilgrims, by David Lindsay, PhD. (St. Martins Press, New York,
2002)
• The Mayflower Descendant. Donald Harris, PhD., published in vol. 43 (July 1993) and vol. 44 (January & July
1994).
• "The Origin of the Mayflower Children: Jasper, Richard and Ellen More." Anthony R. Wagner. C.V.O., D. Litt.
FASG, Richmond Herald, College of Arms, London, England. The New England Historical and Genealogical
Register (July 1960) vol. 114
• The London Times. June 30, 1959. pp.163–168. Anthony R. Wagner. C.V.O., D. Litt. FASG, Richmond Herald,
College of Arms, London, England.
91
92
Fictional Publications
• A Spurious Brood by Phil Revell. Pub: Ascribe Publications; 2011 (www.philrevell.co.uk)
• The Mayflower Children by Phil Revell. Pub: Ascribe Publications; 2011
Stephen Hopkins (about 1582 – between 6
June 1644 and 17 July 1644),[1] and was
baptized on 30 April 1581, at Upper Clatfor,
Hampshire, England the son of John Hopkins
and Elizabeth Williams. He died between June
6, 1644 and July 17, 1644.[2] He was a tanner
and merchant who was one of the passengers
on the Mayflower in 1620, settling in
Plymouth Colony. Hopkins was recruited by
the Merchant Adventurers to provide the
governance for the colony as well as assist
with the colony's ventures. Hopkins was one
of forty-one signatories of the Mayflower
Compact and was an assistant to the governor
of the colony through 1636.[3]
Early life
Not much is known about his early life in Hampshire, but his family appears to have removed to Winchester,
Hampshire by 1586. His father died there in 1593, and by 1604 he had moved to Hursley, Hampshire and was
married to a woman named Mary. Their three children, Elizabeth, Constance and Giles were baptized at Hursley
between 1603/4 and 1607/8.[4]
Early adventures in the New World
Recent scholarship believes that this is the same Stephen Hopkins who was the only Mayflower passenger who had
previously been to the New World and that Hopkins had adventures that included surviving a shipwreck in Bermuda
and working from 1610–14 in Jamestown as well as possibly knowing the legendary Pocahontas, who married John
Rolfe, a fellow Bermuda castaway.[5][6]
In early 1609 Stephen Hopkins began employment as a minister’s clerk, reading religious works to a congregation
including members of the Virginia Company. On June 2, 1609 Hopkins left his wife and family and in his ministerial
clerk‘s position, departed for Jamestown in Virginia on the 300-ton Sea Venture, flagship of a flotilla lead by Sir
George Somers. The Sea Venture was carrying the new Jamestown governor, Sir Thomas Gates, to his post as well
as resupplying the colony with goods and new settlers.[7][8]
After almost two months into the voyage, a severe storm separated the ships of the flotilla on July 24, 1609, and by
evening the storm began raging worse and lasted for five days. Just when the Sea Venture was about to sink from
storm damage, “land” was called out with that being the island of Bermuda. The ship was forced to run itself aground
about mile off-shore to keep from sinking. The castaways soon found that Bermuda was a Paradise, with plentiful
water and food.[6][9]
On September 1, 1609, a month after the shipwreck and after they had built up their ship’s longboat for an ocean
voyage, they sent eight men out to try to reach Jamestown, Virginia to get help but they never returned.[10]
In late November 1609, commenced construction of boats enough to take everyone off the island. By January 1610,
even though Stephen Hopkins had remained with Governor Gate’s group, he starting voicing dissatisfaction to the
governance of Thomas Gates and questioning his authority.[11]
Hopkins was arrested and charged with mutiny and was found guilty for which the sentence was death. Many
persons begged mercy for him and he obtained a pardon. Hopkins ceased voicing controversial issues.[12]
The English in Jamestown and those later in Plymouth were the antithesis of each other — with those in Virginia
composed of titled leaders who were in charge of often inexperienced settlers and soldiers who were veterans of
European wars, such as Capt. John Smith. All at Jamestown were focused on returning a profit to their London
investors, and under great stress when no gold, minerals or anything else of much value to London was found in the
Chesapeake area. The colonists could not/would not farm, tried to barter for food with the Indians and later stole
food from them, leading to much violence, which continued for years.[13]
On May 10, 1610, the two newly constructed boats departed Bermuda with all on board and arrived at Jamestown in
Virginia eleven days later. What they found there was that the colonists in Jamestown were starving to death due to
their inability and in some cases unwillingness to produce food. They were afraid to go outside their fort so were
tearing down their houses for firewood. They were not planting crops, nor trading with the Indians or catching fish.
Much of this had to do with some settlers feeling it was beneath their dignity to work and the violent abuse they gave
the local Indians which caused much enmity towards the English. At his arrival from Bermuda, Governor Gates
estimated there was only days worth of food left, and decided to voyage to Newfoundland and from there find a ship
heading for England.[14] Just as they were preparing to depart, an English ship came into the harbor with supplies
and new settlers along with a new governor, Lord de la Warr. The colonists were forced to return and reestablish
their fort, albeit reluctantly.[14]
In England, William Shakespeare first presented “The Tempest” in November 1611, which is about a group of
passengers being shipwrecked by a mighty storm in Bermuda. A subplot involves a character which could have been
based on Stephen Hopkins.[14]
Back in England, Stephen’s wife Mary has survived by being a shopkeeper as well as receiving some of Stephen’s
wages. But she unexpectedly died in May 1613, leaving her three young children all alone. By 1614, a letter arrived
for a "Hopkins" in Jamestown and it is presumed that this is how he learned of her death, as he did return to England
soon afterward to care for his children.[15][16]
He then took up residence in London, and there married his second wife Elizabeth Fisher.[15]
Although he had been through all manner of hardships and trials in the New World, including shipwreck, sentenced
to death with a last-minute pardon, went to Jamestown, Virginia where he labored for several years, possibly having
known Pocahontas, who married one of his fellow Bermuda castaways, John Rolf. When he learned of the planned
Mayflower voyage to Northern Virginia to establish a colony, he signed on to go to America.[17]
93
94
The Mayflower and in Plymouth Colony
Stephen Hopkins departed Plymouth, England on the Mayflower on
September 6/16, 1620 with his wife and children and servants Edward
Doty and Edward Leister also spelled Litster.[18] There were 102
passengers and about 30 crew members in a small 100 foot ship. The
first month in the Atlantic, the seas were not severe, but by the second
month the ship was being hit by strong north-Atlantic winter gales
causing the ship to be badly shaken with water leaks from structural
damage. There were two deaths, but this was just a precursor of what
happened after their Cape Cod arrival, when almost half the company
would die in the first winter.[19][20]
month of delays in England, they spotted land, which was Cape Cod. And after several days of trying to get south to
their planned destination of the Colony of Virginia, strong winter seas forced them to return to the harbor at Cape
Cod hook, where they anchored on November 11/21. The Mayflower Compact was signed that day.[3][17][20] [21]
Stephen Hopkins was a member of the early Mayflower exploratory parties while the ship was anchored in the Cape
Cod area. As he was well-versed in the hunting techniques and general lifestyle of American Indians from his years
in Jamestown Virginia, which was later found to be quite useful to the Pilgrim leadership.[17][22]
The first formal meeting with the Indians was held at Hopkins’ house and he was called upon to participate in early
Pilgrim visits with the Indian leader Massasoit. Over the years Hopkins assistance to Pilgrims leaders such as Myles
Standish and Edward Winslow regarding his knowledge of the local Indian languages was found to be quite
useful.[23]
Family
Stephen Hopkins married:
• Mary ____ about 1603 in England and had three children. She died at Hursley in Hampshire, England and was
buried on May 9, 1613. Her death occurred while her husband was in Jamestown, Virginia.[24]
• Elizabeth Fisher on February 19, 1617/8 at St. Mary Matfellon, Whitechapel, London and had six children.
Elizabeth died in Plymouth in the early 1640s. Her husband, at his death, desired to be buried near her, but their
burial places are presently unknown. She travelled with her husband on the Mayflower.[2][25][26][27]
Children of Stephen and Mary Hopkins, born in Hursley, Hampshire, England:
• Elizabeth was baptized on May 13, 1604. She was alive at her mother’s death in 1613, but there is no further
reference.
• Constance was baptized on May 11, 1606 and died in Eastham, Mass. in mid-October 1677. She married Nicholas
Snow in Plymouth by May 22, 1627 and had twelve children. She was a Mayflower passenger and. Her husband
came over in 1623 on the 'Anne'.
• Giles was baptized on January 30, 1607/8 and died in Eastham between March 5, 1688/9 and April 16, 1690. He
married Catherine Whelden in Plymouth on October 9, 1639 and had ten children. He was a Mayflower
passenger. He was buried at Cove Burying Ground, Eastham, Mass.[28]
Children of Stephen and Elizabeth Hopkins:[2][26][27]
• Damaris (1) was born about 1618 in England and died young in Plymouth. Mayflower passenger.
• Oceanus was born in the fall of 1620 aboard the Mayflower. He had died by May 22, 1627.
• Caleb was born in Plymouth about 1624. He became a seaman and died at Barbados between 1644 and 1651.
• Deborah was born in Plymouth about 1626 and died probably before 1674. She married Andrew Ring at
Plymouth on April 23, 1646 and had six children.
• Damaris (2) was born in Plymouth about 1627-8 and died in Plymouth between January 1665/6 and November
18, 1669. She married Jacob Cooke after June 10, 1646 and had seven children. Jacob was a son of Pilgrim
Francis Cooke.
• Ruth was born about 1630 and died in Plymouth between November 30, 1644 and spring 1651. She was
unmarried.
• Elizabeth was born in Plymouth about 1632 and probably died before October 6, 1659. She was
unmarried.[2][26][27][29]
References
[1] Anderson, Robert (1995). The Great Migration Begins : Immigrants to New England, 1620–1633. Boston: New England Historic
Genealogical Society. p. 987. ISBN 0880820438.
[2] NEHGS Pilgrim Family Sketch of Hopkins Family (http:/ / www. americanancestors. org/ pilgrim-families-stephen-hopkins/ )/
[4] Caleb H. Johnson. The Mayflower and Her Passengers (2006 Xlibris. Corp) p. 160.
[5] Charles Edward Banks. The English Ancestry and Homes of the Pilgrim Fathers (Grafton Press N.Y. 1929) pp. 61–62
[6] Historic Jamestown retrieved June 2012 Stephen Hopkins (http:/ / www. nps. gov/ jame/ historyculture/ john-rolfe. htm)/
[7] Charles Edward Banks. The English Ancestry and Homes of the Pilgrim Fathers (Grafton Press N.Y. 1929) pp. 61- 62
[8] Caleb H. Johnson. The Mayflower and her passengers (2006 Xlibris Corp) pp. 160–161
[10] Caleb H. Johnson. The Mayflower and her passengers (2006 Xlibris Corp) p. 163
[12] Caleb H. Johnson The Mayflower and her passengers (2006 Xlibris Corp) pp. 162–163.
[13] Tee Loftin Snell. The Wild Shores: America’s Beginnings. National Geographic Society. (c. 1973 NGS) Chpt. 4 pp. 83–85
[14] Caleb H. Johnson. The Mayflower and her passengers (2006 Xlibris Corp) pp. 164
[15] NEHGS Pilgrim Family Sketch Stephen Hopkins (http:/ / www. americanancestors. org/ pilgrim-families-stephen-hopkins/ )/
[16] Caleb H. Johnson. The Mayflower and her passengers (2006 Xlibris Corp) p. 165
p. 455
[19] mayflowerhistory.com Stephen Hopkins (http:/ / www. mayflowerhistory. com/ History/ voyage_secondary. php)/
[21] Eugene Aubrey Stratton. Plymouth Colony: Its History and People, 1620–1691, (Ancestry Publishing, Salt Lake City, UT, 1986) p. 413
[23] Charles Edward Banks. ‘’The English Ancestry and Homes of the Pilgrim Fathers’’ (Grafton Press N.Y. 1929) pp. 62–63
[24] Memorial for Mary Hopkins (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=34165491)/
[25] Memorial for Elizabeth Hopkins (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=34785437)/
[26] http:/ / www. plimoth. org/ media/ pdf/ hopkins_stephen. pdf A genealogical profile of Stephen Hopkins
[27] Children of Stephen Hopkins (http:/ / www. mayflowerhistory. com/ PrimarySources/ WillsAndProbates/ StephenHopkins. php)/
p. 448
[29] Memorial for Hopkins Family (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=6776866)/
• Caleb Johnson, Here Shall I Die Ashore: Stephen Hopkins, Bermuda Castaway, Jamestown Survivor, and
Mayflower Pilgrim (Xlibris, 2007) ISBN 978-1-4257-9638-9.
• Mayflower Families Through Five Generations, Volume Six, Third Edition, Stephen Hopkins ISBN
0-930270-03-7
95
96
External links
• Stephen Hopkins of the Mayflower (http://www.pilgrimhall.org/hopkinsstephen.htm)
• Stephen Hopkins First encounter marker (http://www.capecodgravestones.com/easthampixweb/firenccove.
html)
• MayflowerHistory.com page on Stephen Hopkins (http://www.mayflowerhistory.com/Passengers/
StephenHopkins.php)
• Stephen Hopkins in the Records of the 17th Century (http://www.pilgrimhall.org/hopkinsstephenrecords.htm)
• Last Will and Testament of Stephen Hopkins at The Plymouth Colony Archive Project (http://etext.virginia.
edu/users/deetz/Plymouth/shopkinswill.html)
Thomas Tinker
Thomas Tinker was one of the Separatists,
also referred to as the "Saints" and later the
Puritans, who made the voyage on the
Mayflower in 1620 to escape religious
persecution under King James VI and I.[1]
Thomas Tinker was likely born in England.
According to author Charles Banks in his
‘English Ancestry and Homes of the Pilgrim
Fathers’ he may have been the Thomas Tinker,
carpenter of Neatishead, county Norfolk, who
was born at Thurne, Yorkshire in 1581. He
was a wood-sawyer, and was granted
citizenship in Leiden January 6, 1617. In the
winter of 1620-1621, he died along with his
wife and son.[2][3]
Life in Holland
Thomas Tinker was recorded as living in Leiden, Holland and became a citizen there on January 6, 1617, guaranteed
by fellow church members Abraham Gray and John Keble.
He emigrated there from England, along with many others like him, who were fleeing religious persecution under the
James VI and I. He was called a wood sawyer in the citizenship record.[4][5]
Thomas Tinker
97
On the Mayflower
In 1620 Thomas Tinker came on the Pilgrim ship the Mayflower with a
wife and child. Their names are unknown.[6]
They departed Plymouth, England on the Mayflower on September
month of delays in England, they spotted land, which was Cape Cod. And after several days of trying to get south to
their planned destination of the Colony of Virginia, strong winter seas forced them to return to the harbor at Cape
Cod hook, where they anchored on November 11/21. The Mayflower Compact was signed that day.[9][10][11]
Thomas Tinker, his wife and son all perished shortly after arrival in Plymouth. William Bradford in his “History of
Plymouth Plantation”, simply wrote “Thomas Tinker and his wife and sone (sic) all dyed (sic) in the first sickness.”
[12]
They had no known descendants. As with all who died that first winter, they were most probably buried in
unmarked graves in Coles Burial Ground in Plymouth. “Thomas Tinker his wife and son” appear in the photo above
the name of “John Turner and two sons” on the Pilgrim Memorial Tomb Plymouth, Massachusetts.[13]
References
[1] William Bradford. History of Plymouth Plantation by William Bradford, the second Governor of Plymouth (Boston. 1856) Not in copyright p.
57
[2] A genealogical profile of Thomas Tinker (http:/ / www. plimoth. org/ media/ pdf/ tinker_thomas. pdf)
[3] Thomas Tinker at mayflowerhistory.com (http:/ / www. mayflowerhistory. com/ Passengers/ ThomasTinker. php)/
[4] profile of Thomas Tinker (http:/ / www. plimoth. org/ media/ pdf/ tinker_thomas. pdf)
[5] Eugene Aubrey Stratton. Plymouth Colony, its history & people, 1620-1691 (Ancestry Pub. 1986 Salt Lake City, Utah)pp. 406, 409, 413
[6] A genealogical profile of Thomas Tinker (http:/ / www. plimoth. org/ media/ pdf/ tinker_thomas. pdf)/
p. 453
[13] Thomas Tinker Find a Grave (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=28972010)/
98
William Bradford
"Embarkation of the Pilgrims," by Robert Walter Weir. William Bradford is depicted at center, kneeling in the background, symbolically behind
[1]
Gov. John Carver (holding hat) whom Bradford would succeed.
2nd, 5th, 7th, 9th & 11th Governor of Plymouth Colony
In office
1621 – 1633
1635–1636
1637–1638
1639–1644
1645–1657
Preceded by
John Carver (1621)
Thomas Prence (1635)
Edward Winslow (1637)
Succeeded by
Personal details
Born
March 19, 1590
Austerfield, Yorkshire, England
Died
Plymouth, Plymouth Colony
Resting place
Burial Hill, Plymouth, Massachusetts
Nationality
English
Spouse(s)
Dorothy Bradford
Alice Carpenter
Profession
Weaver
Religion
Separatist
William Bradford (March 19, 1590 – May 9, 1657) was an English Separatist leader of settlers at Plymouth Colony
in Massachusetts. He served as governor for over 30 years after the previous governor, John Carver died. His journal
(1620–1647) was published as Of Plymouth Plantation. Bradford is credited as the first civil authority to designate
what popular American culture now views as Thanksgiving in the United States.[2]
99
Early life
Childhood
William Bradford was born to William and Alice Bradford in
Austerfield, Yorkshire, England in 1590.[3] In a time when most were
farmers of modest means,[4] the Bradford family owned a large farm
and were considered wealthy and influential.[5]
The Manor House, Austerfield,
Yorkshire—birthplace of William Bradford
Bradford's childhood was marked by numerous deaths in the family.
He was just over a year old when his father died. When he was four
years old, his mother re-married and Bradford was sent to live with his
grandfather.[3] Two years later, his grandfather died and he returned to
live with his mother and stepfather. A year later, in 1597, his mother
died. Bradford thus became an orphan at age 7. He was sent to live
with two uncles.[3]
His uncles wanted young Bradford to help on the farm. Bradford later noted in his journal that he suffered at that
time from a "long sickness" and was unable to work. He instead turned to reading. He became familiar with the Bible
and classic works of literature. This, too, is seen by some as a key factor in his intellectual curiosity and his eventual
attraction to the Separatists.[6]
Separatist congregation
When Bradford was 12 years old, a young friend invited him to hear the Rev. Richard Clyfton preach 10 miles away
in Babworth. Clyfton was a Puritan minister who believed that the Church of England ought to institute strict
reforms to eliminate all vestiges of Catholic practices. Proponents believed this would result in a more "pure"
Christian church. Bradford was inspired by Clyfton’s preachings.[7] Even though he was forbidden by his uncles,
Bradford continued to attend Clyfton’s sermons.
During one meeting he befriended William Brewster, bailiff and postmaster for the Archbishop of York. Brewster,
24 years older than Bradford, became a father figure to the young man.[8] He resided at Scrooby Manor, four miles
from Austerfield. During frequent visits, Bradford borrowed books from Brewster, and Brewster regaled the young
man with stories of the efforts about church reform taking place across England.[8]
King James I took the English throne in 1603. He declared he would put an end to church reform movements, and
deal harshly with radical critics of the Church of England.[9] Thus, by 1607, secret meetings were being held at
Scrooby Manor. About 50 reform-minded individuals began to celebrate the Sabbath led by Richard Clyfton and
Rev. John Robinson. This group decided that reform of the Church of England was hopeless and they would sever all
ties. Thus they became known as Separatists.
The weekly meetings of the Separatists attracted the attention of the Archbishop of York, and many members of the
congregation were arrested in 1607.[4] Brewster was found guilty of being "disobedient in matters of religion." He
was fined. Some members were imprisoned and others were watched, according to Bradford, "night and day" by
those loyal to the archbishop.[4] Adding to their concerns, the Scrooby congregation learned that other Separatists in
London had been imprisoned and left to starve.[10]
When the Scrooby congregation decided in 1607 to leave England illegally for the Dutch Republic (where religious
freedom was permitted), William Bradford determined to go with them. The group encountered several major
setbacks in trying to leave England, most notably their betrayal by an English sea captain who had agreed to bring
the congregation to the Netherlands but instead turned them over to authorities.[11] Most of the congregation,
including Bradford, were imprisoned for a short time after this failed attempt.[12] By the summer of 1608, however,
the Scrooby congregation, including 18-year-old William Bradford, managed to escape England in small groups and
100
relocated to Amsterdam.
In the Dutch Republic
William Bradford arrived in Amsterdam in August 1608. Having no
family with him, Bradford was taken in by the Brewster household.
The Separatists, being foreigners and having spent most of their money
in attempts to get to the Dutch Republic, had to work the lowest of jobs
and live in poor conditions. After nine months, the congregation chose
to relocate to the smaller city of Leiden.[13]
Bradford continued to reside with the Brewster family in a poor Leiden
neighborhood known as Stink Alley.[14] Conditions changed
dramatically for Bradford, however, when he turned 21 and was able to
claim his family inheritance in 1611. Bradford bought his own house,
set up a workshop as a fustian weaver, and earned a reputable
standing.[15]
A modern view of the city of Leiden featuring the
Hooglandse Kerk
In 1613, Bradford married Dorothy May, the daughter of a well-off English couple living in Amsterdam. The couple
was married in a civil service, as the Separatists could find no example of a religious service in the Scriptures.[16] In
1617, the Bradfords had their first child, John Bradford.[17]
By 1617, the Scrooby congregation began to plan the establishment of their own colony in the New World.[18]
Although the Separatists could practice religion as they pleased in the Dutch Republic, they were troubled by the fact
that, after nearly ten years in the Netherlands, their children were being influenced by Dutch customs and language.
Therefore, the Separatists commenced three years of difficult negotiations in England to seek permission to settle in
the northern parts of the Colony of Virginia (which then extended north to what would eventually be known as the
Hudson River).[19] The colonists also struggled to negotiate terms with a group of financial backers in London
known as the Merchant Adventurers. By July 1620, Robert Cushman and John Carver had made the necessary
arrangements and approximately fifty Separatists departed Delftshaven on board the Speedwell.[20]
It was an emotional departure. Many families were split as some Separatists stayed behind in the Netherlands,
planning to make the voyage to the New World after the colony had been established. William and Dorothy Bradford
left their three year old son John with Dorothy's parents in Amsterdam, possibly because he was too frail to make the
voyage.[20]
Founding of Plymouth Colony
Voyage to New England
According to the arrangements made by Carver and Cushman, the Speedwell was to meet with the Mayflower off the
coast of England and both were destined for the northern part of the Colony of Virginia. The Speedwell, however,
proved too leaky to make the voyage and the passengers were instead crowded aboard the Mayflower. Joining the
Scrooby congregation were about 50 colonists who had been recruited by the Merchant Adventurers for their
vocational skills which would prove useful in establishing a colony.[21] These passengers of the Mayflower, both
Separatist and non-Separatist, are commonly referred to today as "Pilgrims." The term is derived from a passage in
Bradford's journal, written years later, describing their departure from the Netherlands:
...With mutual embraces and many tears, they took their leaves of one another, which proved to be the
last leave to many of them...but they knew they were pilgrims and looked not much on those things, but
lifted their eyes to heaven, their dearest country and quited their spirits...[22]
The Mayflower departed Plymouth, England on September 6/16, 1620
with 102 passengers and about 30 crew members in a small 100 foot
ship. The first month in the Atlantic, the seas were not severe, but by
the second month the ship was being hit by strong north-Atlantic
Up to this time, Bradford, aged 30, had yet to assume any significant
leadership role in the colony. When the Mayflower anchored in
present-day Provincetown Harbor and the time came to search for a
place for settlement, Bradford volunteered to be a member of the
exploration parties.[25] In November and December, these parties made three separate ventures from the Mayflower
on foot and by boat, finally locating what is now Plymouth harbor in mid December and selecting that site for
settlement. During the first expedition on foot, Bradford was caught up in a deer trap made by Native Americans and
hauled nearly upside down.[26] During the third exploration, which departed from the Mayflower on December 6,
1620, a group of men including Bradford located present day Plymouth Bay. A winter storm nearly sank their boat as
they approached the bay, but the explorers, suffering from severe exposure to the cold and waves, managed to
successfully land on Clark's Island.[27]
During the ensuing days, they explored the bay and found a suitable place for settlement, now the site of downtown
Plymouth, Massachusetts. The location featured a prominent hill (now known as Burial Hill) ideal for a defensive
fort. There were numerous brooks providing fresh water. Also, the site had been the location of a Native American
village known as Patuxet; therefore, much of the area had already been cleared for planting corn. The Patuxet tribe,
between 1616 and 1619, had been wiped out by plagues resulting from contact with English fishermen—diseases to
which the Patuxet had no immunity.[28] Bradford later wrote that bones of the dead were clearly evident in many
places.[29]
Loss of first wife
The exploring party made their way back to the Mayflower to share the good news that a place for settlement had
been found. When Bradford arrived back on board, he learned of the death of his wife, Dorothy. The day after he had
embarked with the exploring party, Dorothy slipped over the side of the Mayflower and drowned.[30] Bradford did
not write about her death in his journal.[31]
Great sickness
The Mayflower arrived in Plymouth Bay on December 20, 1620. The settlers began building the colony's first house
on December 25. Their efforts were slowed, however, when a widespread sickness struck the settlers.[32]
On January 11, 1621, as Bradford was helping to build houses, he was suddenly struck with great pain in his hipbone
and he collapsed. Succumbing to the illness that had afflicted many others, Bradford was taken to the "common
house" (the only finished house built then) and it was feared he would not last the night.[33]
During the epidemic, there were only a small number of men who remained healthy and bore the responsibility of
caring for the sick. One of these was Captain Myles Standish, a soldier who had been hired by the settlers to
coordinate the defense of the colony. Standish cared for Bradford during his illness and this was the beginning of a
bond of friendship between the two men.[34] Bradford would soon be elected governor and, in that capacity, he
would work closely with Standish. Bradford had no military experience and therefore would come to rely on and
trust the Captain's advice on military matters.[35]
101
Bradford recovered; many of the settlers were not so fortunate. During the months of February and March 1621
sometimes two or three people died a day. By the end of the winter, half of the 100 settlers had died.[36] In an
attempt to hide their weakness from Native Americans who might be watching them, the settlers buried their dead in
unmarked graves on Cole's Hill and made efforts to conceal the burials.[37]
Early service as governor
On March 16, the settlers had their first meeting with the Native Americans who lived in the region when Samoset, a
representative of Massasoit, the sachem of the Pokanoket, walked into the village of Plymouth. This soon led to a
visit by Massasoit himself on March 22 during which the leader of the Pokanoket signed a treaty with John Carver,
then Governor of Plymouth. The treaty declared an alliance between the Pokanoket and Plymouth and required the
two parties to aid each other militarily in times of need.[38] Bradford recorded the language of the brief treaty in his
journal. He would soon become governor and the clause of the treaty that would occupy much of his attention as
governor pertained to mutual aid. It read, "If any did unjustly war against [Massasoit], we would aid him; if any did
war against us, [Massasoit] should aid us."[39] This agreement, although it secured for the English a desperately
needed ally in New England, would result in tensions between the English and Massasoit's rivals, such as the
Narragansett and the Massachusett.[35] In April 1621, Governor Carver collapsed while working in the fields on a hot
day. He died a few days later. The settlers of Plymouth then chose Bradford as the new governor. Bradford would
remain in that position for most of his life.[40]
The elected leadership of Plymouth Colony at first consisted of a governor and an assistant governor. The assistant
governor for the first three years of the colony's history was Isaac Allerton. In 1624, the structure was changed to a
governor and five assistants who were referred to as the "court of assistants," "magistrates," or the "governor's
council." These men advised the governor and had the right to vote on important matters of governance, helping
Bradford in guiding the evolution of the colony and its improvised government.[41][42] Assistants during the early
years of the colony included Thomas Prence, Stephen Hopkins, John Alden, and John Howland.[43]
Bradford suffered from a long, undisclosed illness during much of the winter of 1656-1657, and died one day
following his prediction that he would soon expire.[44]
102
103
Literary works
William Bradford's most well-known work by far is Of Plymouth
Plantation. It was a detailed history in manuscript form about the
founding of the Plymouth colony and the lives of the colonists from
1621 to 1646.[45] It is a common misconception that the manuscript
was actually Bradford's journal. Rather, it was a retrospective account
of his recollections and observations, written in the form of two books.
The first book was written in 1630; the second was never finished, but
"between 1646 and 1650, he brought the account of the colony's
struggles and achievements through the year 1646."[46] As Walter P.
Wenska states, "Bradford writes most of his history out of his
nostalgia, long after the decline of Pilgrim fervor and commitment had
become apparent. Both the early annals which express his confidence
in the Pilgrim mission and the later annals, some of which reveal his
dismay and disappointment, were written at about the same time."[45]
In Of Plymouth Plantation, Bradford drew deep parallels between
everyday life and the events of the Bible. As Philip Gould writes,
"Bradford hoped to demonstrate the workings of divine providence for
the edification of future generations."[46] Despite the fact that the
manuscript was not published until 1656, the year before his death, it
was well received by his near contemporaries.
The front page of the Bradford journal
In 1888 Charles F. Richardson referred to Bradford as a "forerunner of literature" and "a story-teller of considerable
power;" Moses Coit Tyler called him "the father of American history."[47] Many American authors have cited the
manuscript in their works; for example, Cotton Mather referenced it in Magnalia Christi Americana and Thomas
Prince referred to it in A Chronological History of New-England in the Form of Annals. Even today it is considered a
valuable piece of American literature, included in anthologies and studied in literature and history classes. It has
been called "'an American classic' and 'the pre-eminent work of art' in seventeenth-century New England."[47] The Of
Plymouth Plantation manuscript disappeared by 1780,[48] "presumably stolen by a British soldier during the British
occupation of Boston" and reappeared in Fulham, England.[46] As Philip Gould states, "In 1855, scholars intrigued
by references to Bradford in two books on the history of the Episcopal Church in America (both located in England)
located the manuscript in the bishop of London's library at Lambeth Palace."[46] A long debate ensued as to the
rightful home for the manuscript. Multiple attempts by United States Senator George Frisbie Hoar and others to have
it returned proved futile at first. According to Francis B. Dedmond, "after a stay of well over a century at Fulham and
years of effort to [e]ffect its release, the manuscript was returned to Massachusetts" on May 26, 1897.[49]
Bradford's journal, even though it did not become Of Plymouth Plantation, was also published. It was contributed to
another work entitled Mourt's Relation which was written in part by Edward Winslow, and published in England by
one of Bradford's contemporaries. Published in 1622, it was intended to inform Europeans about the conditions
surrounding the American colonists at the Plymouth Colony. As governor of the Plymouth Colony, his work was
considered a valuable contribution and was thus included in the book. Despite the fact that the book included a large
amount of Bradford's work it is not typically referenced as one of his significant works due to the fact that it was
published under someone else's name.
In addition to his more well-known work, Bradford also dabbled in poetry. According to Mark L. Sargent, "his
poems are often lamentations, sharp indictments of the infidelity and self-interest of the new generation. On
occasion, the poems recycle dark images from the history."[50] Although his poetry is still available today to the
interested reader it is not nearly as famous as Of Plymouth Plantation.
Bradford's Dialogues are a collection of fictional conversations between the old and new generations. In the
Dialogues, conversations ensue between "younge men" and "Ancient men," the former being the young colonists of
Plymouth, the latter being "the protagonists from Of Plymouth Plantation" (Sargent 413).[51] As Mark L. Sargent
states: "By bringing the young from Plymouth Plantation and the ancients from Of Plymouth Plantation into
'dialogue,'...Bradford wisely dramatizes the act of historical recovery as a negotiation between the two generations,
between his young readers and his text."[51] Today, only a small portion of the Dialogues remain; however, a
modified copy made by Nathaniel Morton exists.
Family
William Bradford married:
• Dorothy May in Amsterdam, Holland on December
10, 1613. Their marriage record indicates she was
16 years old and was from Wisbech in
Cambridgeshire. The record also notes a Henry
May, who may been her father. William and
Dorothy had one son.
Her death and memorial: On December 17,
1620, Dorothy fell from the deck of the
Mayflower into the icy waters of Cape Cod
harbor, where the ship was anchored, and
drowned. This was while her husband was with
others on an expedition ashore. She was one of
4 Mayflower passengers who died between
Dec. 4/14, 6/16, 7/17, 8/18, 1620, including
Edward Thomson, Jasper More (age 7 years),
James Chilton and also William Butten, who
was the first to die on November 16. They are
all commemorated on two cenotaphs in
Provincetown - one at Winthrop Street
Cemetery and one at the Mayflower Passengers
Who Died At Sea Memorial. Their burial places
ashore are unknown and may have been
Provincetown, Massachusetts memorial to Pilgrims who died at sea or
on board the Mayflower in Cape Cod Harbor in Nov./Dec. 1620
unmarked in those very early days after the
Mayflower landing. The death of these five
persons was just a precursor of the deaths to come consuming about half the Mayflower company in that first
bitter winter of 1620-1621.[52]
• Alice (Carpenter) Southworth in Plymouth. She was the widow of Edward Southworth and brought two children
to the marriage - Constant Southworth (1612-1678) and Thomas Southworth (1617-1669). Alice and William
Bradford had three children. She died in Plymouth on March 26, 1670 and was buried on Burial Hill in Plymouth
near her husband‘s stone.[53][54][55]
Child of William and Dorothy Bradford:
• John was born in Leiden, Holland about 1617. He married Martha Bourne by 1650 but had no known children. He
died in Norwich, Connecticut before September 21, 1676.
Children of William and Alice Bradford:
104
• William was born on June 17, 1624 in Plymouth and died there on February 20, 1703/4. He was buried on Burial
Hill in Plymouth.
William married:
1. Alice Richards after April 23, 1650 and had ten children. She died in Plymouth on December 12, 1671.
2. Sarah (____) Griswold about 1674 and had one son.
3. Mary (Wood) Holmes about 1676 and had four children.
• Mercy was born before May 22, 1627 and may have been dead before her father’s 1657 will as she was not
mentioned. She married Benjamin Vermayes on December 21, 1648 in Plymouth but had no known children.
• Joseph was born after 1630 and died in Plymouth on July 10, 1715. He married Jael Hobart on May 25, 1664 in
Hingham and had three children. He was buried on Burial Hill in Plymouth.[54][55]
Notes
[1] Abrams, 150.
[2] The fast and thanksgiving days of New England (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=u7c-AAAAYAAJ& ots=H3o5FFvV-K& dq=love fast
and thanksgiving days& pg=PA84#v=onepage& q=july thanksgiving& f=false) by William DeLoss Love, Houghton, Mifflin and Co.,
Cambridge, 1895.
[3] Schmidt, 6.
[4] Schmidt, 17.
[5] Schmidt, 4.
[6] Schmidt, 7.
[7] Schmidt, 8.
[8] Schmidt, 9.
[9] Schmidt, 12.
[10] Goodwin, 12.
[11] Schmidt, 21.
[12] Goodwin, 27.
[13] Schmidt, 33
[14] Schmidt, 35.
[15] Philbrick, 17.
[16] Schmidt, 37
[17] Goodwin, 38.
[18] Schmidt, 40.
[19] Philbrick, 19
[20] Philbrick, 23.
[21] Philbrick, 25.
[22] Bradford quoted in Schmidt, 51.
[25] Schmidt, 80.
[26] Schmidt, 69.
[27] Philbrick, 70-73.
[28] Philbrick, 79.
[29] Philbrick, 80.
[30] Philbrick, 76.
[31] Doherty, 73.
[32] Goodwin, 114.
[33] Philbrick, 85.
[34] Haxtun, 17
[36] Schmidt, 88.
[37] Philbrick, 90.
[38] Philbrick, 99.
[39] Goodwin, 125.
[40] Schmidt, 97.
105
[41] Goodwin, 159.
[42] Stratton, 145.
[43] Stratton, 151, 156, 281, 311
[44] http:/ / www. mayflowerhistory. com/ Passengers/ WilliamBradford. php
[45] Wenska, 152
[46] Gould, 349
[47] Wenska, 151.
[48] Morison, Samuel Eliot (1952). Of Plymouth Plantation, 1620-1647. Knopf. pp. xxx. ISBN 978-0394438955.
[49] Dedmond, Francis B (1985). "A Forgotten Attempt to Rescue the Bradford Manuscript". The New England Quarterly (Boston: Colonial
Society of Massachusetts and Northeastern University) 58.2: 242–252. ISSN 0028-4866.
[50] Sargent, 418.
[51] Sargent, 413.
[52] Memorial Dorothy Bradford (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=15882517)/
[53] Memorial for Alice (Carpenter) Southworth Bradford (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=40142433)/
[54] A genealogical profile of William Bradford (http:/ / www. plimoth. org/ media/ pdf/ bradford_william. pdf)/
[55] Robert Charles Anderson. Pilgrim Village Families Sketch: William Bradford NEHGS (http:/ / www. americanancestors. org/
pilgrim-families-william-bradford/ )/
References
• Abrams, Ann Uhry (1999). The Pilgrims and Pocahontas: Rival Myths of American Origin (http://books.
google.com/books?id=y4-ljMLfwp4C). Boulder: Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-3497-7.
• Doherty, Kieran (1999). William Bradford: Rock of Plymouth (http://books.google.com/
books?id=aWaNIPKpZnoC). Brookfield, Connecticut: Twenty-First Century Books. ISBN 0-585-21305-4.
• Goodwin, John A. (1920) [1879]. The Pilgrim Republic: An Historical Review of the Colony of New Plymouth
(http://books.google.com/books?id=1h86ThQYxgEC). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. OCLC 316126717.
• Gould, Philip (2009). "William Bradford 1590-1657". In Lauter, Paul. The Heath Anthology of American
Literature: Beginnings to 1800. A. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 348–350. ISBN 0-618-89799-2
• Haxtun, Annie A. (1899). Signers of the Mayflower Compact. Baltimore: The Mail and Express. OCLC 2812063.
• Philbrick, Nathaniel (2006). Mayflower: A Story of Community, Courage and War (http://books.google.com/
?id=qk9AXww_XysC). New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-311197-9.
• Sargent, Mark L. (1992). "William Bradford's 'Dialogue' with History". The New England Quarterly (Boston:
Colonial Society of Massachusetts and Northeastern University) 65.3: 389–421. ISSN 0028-4866.
• Schmidt, Gary D. (1999). William Bradford: Plymouth's Faithful Pilgrim (http://books.google.com/
books?id=BijffNh7pLAC). Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.. ISBN 082851517.
• Stratton, Eugene A. (1986). Plymouth Colony: Its History & People, 1620–1691 (http://books.google.com/
?id=17zCU76ZtH0C). Salt Lake City: Ancestry Incorporated. ISBN 0-916489-13-2.
• Wenska, Walter P. "Bradford's Two Histories: Pattern and Paradigm in 'Of Plymouth Plantation'". Early
American Literature (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press) 13.2 (Fall 1978): 151–164.
ISSN 0012-8163.
External links
• Bradford's History (http://www.pilgrimhall.org/bradfordwilliam.htm) at the Pilgrim Hall Museum
• William Bradford (http://www.mayflowerhistory.com/Passengers/WilliamBradford.php) on
MayflowerHistory.com
• Full Text Bradford's book: "Of Plymouth Plantation" (provided by Google Book Search) (http://books.google.
com/books?id=tYecOAN1cwwC&printsec=titlepage)
• Genealogy of William Bradford (http://genealogy.wikia.com/wiki/William_Bradford_(1590-1657))
• William Bradford (http://www.americanwriters.org/writers/bradford.asp) at C-SPAN's American Writers: A
Journey Through History
106
107
William Brewster
An imaginary likeness of William Brewster. There is no known portrait of him from life.
Born
William Brewster
c. 1566
Doncaster, West Riding of Yorkshire
Died
10 April 1644 (age 76)
Duxbury, Massachusetts
Nationality
English Subject
Occupation
Postmaster and English Teacher of Scrooby, Preacher of Plymouth
Known for
Pilgrim
Religion
Separatist
Spouse(s)
Mary Brewster
Children
Jonathan Brewster
Patience Brewster Prence
Fear Brewster Allerton
Love Brewster
Wrestling Brewster
Parents
William Brewster
Mary Smythe
William Brewster (c. 1566 – 10 April 1644) was an English official and Mayflower passenger in 1620. In New
England he became a Separatist colonist leader and preacher.[1]
108
Origins
William Brewster was born in Scrooby, Nottinghamshire, England, about 1566, and died at Plymouth, Massachusetts
on 10 April 1644. He was the son of William Brewster and Mary (Smythe) (Simkinson) and he had a number of
half-siblings. His paternal grandparents were William Brewster (1510-1558), and Maud Mann (1513-1558). His
maternal grandfather was William Smythe (1505-1560).[2]
He was raised in Scrooby, north Nottinghamshire. In the seventeenth century, Scrooby Manor was in the possession
of the Archbishops of York. Brewster's father, William senior, had been the estate bailiff for the archbishop for
thirty-one years, from around 1580. With this post went that of postmaster, which was a more important one than it
might have been in a village not situated on the Great North Road, as Scrooby was then.
William studied briefly at Peterhouse, Cambridge before entering the service of William Davison in 1584.[3] In 1585,
Davison went to the Netherlands to negotiate an alliance with the States-General. In 1586, Davison was appointed
assistant to Queen Elizabeth's Secretary of State Francis Walsingham, but in 1587 he lost the favour of Elizabeth,
after the beheading of her cousin (once removed) Mary, Queen of Scots. Brewster was the only Pilgrim with political
and diplomatic experience. With his mentor in prison, Brewster had returned home to Scrooby for a time, where he
took up his father’s former position as postmaster.[4]
Family
Sometime before 1593, in England, William Brewster married Mary
"Mayflower" Wentworth, daughter of Thomas Wentworth, Esquire
(1522-1574), and Grace Gascoigne (1532-1574).[5][6][7][8][9] She was
born in Scrooby, Nottinghamshire, England in 1569. She 'dyed at
Plymouth, Massachusetts on 17 April 1627.' (Brewster Book).*
Bradford says that, though she died ' long before' her husband, 'yet she
dyed aged,' but by her affidavit of 1609 she was less than sixty years of
age and it is probable that her ' great & continuall labours, with others
crosses, and sorrows, hastened it (t. a. old age) before y* time.'[10]
The children of William and Mary were:
• Elder Jonathan Brewster (12 August 1593 – 7 August 1659)
married Lucretia Oldham of Derby on 10 April
1624,[8][11][12][13][14] and were the parents of eight children.
• Patience Brewster (c. 1600 – 12 December 1634)[8] married Gov.
Thomas Prence of Lechlade, Gloucestershire, 4 children.
Title page of a pamphlet published by William
Brewster in Leiden
• Fear Brewster (c. 1606 – before 1634)[8] so called because she was
born at the height of the Puritans' persecution. Married Isaac
Allerton of London, 2 children.
• Unnamed child was born, died and buried in 1609 in Leiden, Holland.[8]
• Love Brewster was born in Leiden, Holland about 1611 and died between 6 October 1650 and 31 January 1650/1,
at Duxbury, Massachusetts.[8][15][16] At the age of about 9, he traveled with his father, mother and brother,
Wrestling, on the Mayflower to Plymouth, Massachusetts. He married Sarah Collier in Plymouth, Massachusetts
on 15 May 1634. Love and Sarah were the parents of 4 children.
Wrestling Brewster was born in 1614 in Leiden, Holland; was living in 1627, died unmarried before the 1644
settlement of his father's estate.[8]
Dissent
Cambridge was a centre of thought concerning religious reformism, but Brewster's time in the Netherlands, in
connection with Davison's work, gave him opportunity to hear and see more of reformed religion. While, earlier in
the 16th century, reformers had hoped to amend the Anglican church, by the end of it, many were looking toward
splitting from it.[17] (See Brownist.)
On Davison's disgrace, Brewster returned to Scrooby. There, from 1590 to 1607, he held the position of postmaster.
As such he was responsible for the provision of stage horses for the mails, having previously, for a short time,
assisted his father in that office. By the 1590s, Brewster's brother, James, was a rather rebellious Anglican priest,
vicar of the parish of Sutton cum Lound, in Nottinghamshire. From 1594, it fell to James to appoint curates to
Scrooby church so that Brewster, James and leading members of the Scrooby congregation were brought before the
ecclesiastical court for their dissent. They were set on a path of separation from the Anglican Church. From about
1602, Scrooby Manor, Brewster's home, became a meeting place for the dissenting Puritans. In 1606, they formed
the Separatist Church of Scrooby.
Emigration
Restrictions and pressures applied by the authorities convinced the
congregation of a need to emigrate to the more sympathetic
atmosphere of Holland, but leaving England without permission was
illegal at the time, so that departure was a complex matter. On its first
attempt, in 1607, the group was arrested at Scotia Creek, but in 1608
Brewster and others were successful in leaving from The Humber. In
1609, he was selected as ruling elder of the congregation.[4]
Initially, the Separatists settled in Amsterdam and worshiped with the
Ancient Church of Francis Johnson and Henry Ainsworth. Offput by
the bickering between the two, which ultimately resulted in a division
of the Church, the Separatists left Amsterdam and moved to Leiden
after only a year.
In Leiden, the group managed to make a living. Brewster taught
English and later, in 1616–1619, as the partner of one Thomas Brewer,
printed and published religious books for sale in England, though they
were proscribed there. In 1619, Brewster and Edward Winslow
A rare 17th-century "Brewster Chair," named
after the original owned by William Brewster
published a religious tract critical of the English king and his bishops.
[18]
James ordered Brewster’s arrest, and when the king’s agents in Holland
came to seize the Pilgrim elder, Brewster was forced into hiding just as
preparations to depart for America entered the most critical phase. The printing type was seized by the authorities
from the English ambassador, Sir Dudley Carleton, and Brewster's partner was arrested. Brewster escaped and, with
the help of Robert Cushman and Sir Edwin Sandys, obtained a land patent from the London Virginia Company on
behalf of himself and his colleagues.[19]
With Brewster in hiding, the Separatists looked to their deacon John Carver and to Robert Cushman to carry on
negotiations with the appropriate officials in London.[20] In 1620 when it came time for the Mayflower departure,
Elder Brewster returned to the Leiden congregation. He had been hiding out in Holland and perhaps even England
for the last year. The return of Brewster, the highest-ranking layperson of the congregation and their designated
spiritual leader in the New World.[21]
109
110
Brewster joined the first group of Separatists aboard the Mayflower on the voyage to North America. Brewster was
accompanied by his wife, Mary Brewster, and his sons: Love Brewster and Wrestling Brewster.[22]
Among children boarding the Mayflower were four children from Shipton in Shropshire placed as indentured
servants with senior Separatists with William Brewster, John Carver and Robert Cushman, on behalf of Samuel
More, husband of the children’s mother Katherine More. The children were placed without their mother’s permission
after four rancorous years between the More adults over charges of adultery against Katherine More with her
longtime lover, the children’s alleged father. Two children were placed with William and Mary Brewster - Mary
More, age four and Richard More, age five. Mary was to die in the winter of 1620 as did two other siblings. Only
Richard survived and lived with them until approximately 1627. The event has become a bizarre 17th century
historic incident. It is not known what Brewster knew about the More children.[23]
Mayflower landing and life in the New World
The Mayflower departed Plymouth, England on September 6/16, 1620 with 102 passengers and about 30 crew
members in a small 100 foot ship. The first month in the Atlantic, the seas were not severe, but by the second month
the ship was being hit by strong north-Atlantic winter gales causing the ship to be badly shaken with water leaks
from structural damage. There were two deaths, but this was just a precursor of what happened after their Cape Cod
arrival, when almost half the company would die in the first winter.[24][25]
When the colonists landed at Plymouth Colony, Brewster became the
senior elder of the colony, serving as its religious leader and as an
adviser to Governor William Bradford. Brewster's son Jonathan joined
the family in November 1621, arriving at Plymouth on the ship
Fortune, and daughters Patience and Fear arrived in July 1623 aboard
the Anne.[28]
As the only university educated member of the colony, Brewster took
the part of the colony's religious leader until a pastor, Ralph Smith,
arrived in 1629. Thereafter, he continued to preach irregularly until his
death in April 1644. “He was tenderhearted and compassionate of such
as were in misery,” Bradford write, “but especially of such as had been
of good estate and rank and fallen unto want and poverty.” [29]
Brewster was granted land amongst the islands of Boston Harbor, and four of the outer islands (Great Brewster,
Little Brewster, Middle Brewster and Outer Brewster) now bear his name. In 1632, Brewster received lands in
nearby Duxbury and removed from Plymouth to create a farm there.[30]
In 1634, smallpox and influenza ravaged both the English and the Indians in the region. William Brewster, whose
family had managed to survive the first terrible winter unscathed, lost two daughters, Fear and Patience, now married
to Isaac Allerton and Thomas Prence, respectively.[31]
William Brewster died and was buried on 10 April 1644 at Burial Hill, Plymouth, Massachusetts. At present, a
gravestone/memorial stone exists there for him. The memorial stone states that it is in honor of "Elder William
Brewster Patriarch of the Pilgrims and their Ruling Elder 1609-1644". The burial place of his wife Mary
"Mayflower", who died in 1627, is unknown."[32]
Places and things named after Brewster
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Great Brewster Island
Little Brewster Island
Middle Brewster Island
Outer Brewster Island
Brewster, Massachusetts
Brewster Gardens
Brewster Chair
Sources
• This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911).
"Brewster, William". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
• Burt, Daniel S. The Chronology of American Literature: America's Literary Achievements from the Colonial Era
to Modern Times New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2004. ISBN 978-0618168217
• Cottrell, Robert C. Roger Nash Baldwin and the American Civil Liberties Union New York: Columbia University
Press, 2000 ISBN 0231119720
• Fitch, Noel Riley. Appetite for Life: The Biography of Julia Child; New York: Doubleday, 1999.
• Giddins, Gary. Bing Crosby: A Pocketful of Dreams – The Early Years 1903 – 1940, Volume 1. Publisher Back
Bay, 2002, ISBN 0316886459.
• Hughes, Thomas Patrick. American ancestry: giving the name and descent, in the male line, of Americans whose
ancestors settled in the United States previous to the Declaration of independence, A.D. 1776, Volume 11;
Publisher J. Munsell's sons, 1898
• Jones, Emma C. Brewster. The Brewster Genealogy, 1566–1907: a Record of the Descendants of William
Brewster of the "Mayflower," ruling elder of the Pilgrim church which founded Plymouth Colony in 1620. New
York: Grafton Press. 1908
• Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth. Evangeline, a Tale of Acadie: Issue 40 of Sesame booklets; BiblioBazaar, LLC,
2008. ISBN 0554476029.
• Merrick, Barbara Lambert, compiler. William Brewster of the Mayflower and His Descendants for Four
Generations. Published by General Society of Mayflower Descendants. Revised 3rd Edition. 2000.
• Newport Historical Society. Items of interest concerning Oliver Hazard Perry in Newport, and Newport in the
War of 1812. Newport. Newport Historical Society, 1913
• Roberts, Gary Boyd. Genealogies of Connecticut Families: From the New England Historical and Genealogical
Register Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1983. ISBN 9780806310305
• Roberts, Jeremy. Zachary Taylor: Presidential leaders ;Publisher Twenty-First Century Books, 2005. ISBN
0822513978
• Steele, Ashbel. Chief of the Pilgrims: or, The life and time of William Brewster, ruling elder of the Pilgrim
company that founded New Plymouth, the parent colony of New England, in 1620 J.B. Lippincott, 1857.
• Schmidt, Gary D. A Passionate Usefulness: The Life and Literary Labors of Hannah Adams. University of
Virginia Press, 2004. ISBN 0813922720
• Wright, R.W.Biographical record: Yale University. Class of 1842 R.W. Wright, compiler, Published by Tuttle,
Morehouse & Taylor, Printers, 1878
111
References
[2] Merrick, Barbara Lambert. William Brewster of the Mayflower and His Descendants for Four Generations Barbara Lambert Merrick,
compiler, (Published by General Society of Mayflower Descendants, Revised 3rd Edition. 2000) 1-5
[3] Venn, J.; Venn, J. A., eds. (1922–1958). " Brewster, William (http:/ / venn. lib. cam. ac. uk/ cgi-bin/ search. pl?sur=& suro=c& fir=&
firo=c& cit=& cito=c& c=all& tex=BRWR580W& sye=& eye=& col=all& maxcount=50)". Alumni Cantabrigienses (10 vols) (online ed.).
Cambridge University Press.
[5] Merrick, 1
[6] Merrick, 2
[7] Merrick, 3
[8] Merrick, 4
[9] Merrick, 5
[10] Jones, 5
[11] Jones, 11
[12] Jones, 12
[13] Jones, 13
[14] Jones, 14
[15] Merrick, 14
[16] Merrick, 15
[17] Nathaniel Philbrick. Mayflower: A story of Courage, Community and War (Viking 2006) p. 13 and 16-17
[18] http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=K3MvAAAAMAAJ& pg=PA182& dq=%22brewster+ chair%22#PPA182,M1
[19] Nathaniel Philbrick Mayflower: A story of Courage, Community and War (Viking 2006) p. 16-18
[23] Donald F. Harris, PhD. the Mayflower Descendant (July 1994) vol. 44 no. 2 pps. 112-114.
[30] Steele, 353
[32] http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=16195888 (William Brewster)
[33] Jones, 38
[34] Merrick, 30
[35] Merrick, 31
[36] Merrick, 32
[37] Merrick, 33
[38] Merrick, 34
[39] Merrick, 35
[40] Cottrell, Robert C. (2010). "Roger Baldwin: Founder, American Civil Liberties Union 1884–1981" (http:/ / www. harvardsquarelibrary. org/
unitarians/ baldwin. html). Harvard Square Library. . Retrieved 18 July 2010.
[41] Cottrell, pp. 1–12
[42] Roberts, p. 649
[43] Jones, 766
[44] Jones, 767
[45] Jones, 768
[46] Wright, 34
[47] Jones, 781
[48] Jones, 782
[49] Jones, 351
[50] Jones, 352
[51] Jones, 353
[52] Jones, 625
112
[53] Jones, 626
[54] Jones, 1064
[55] Jones, 627
[56] Jones, 1065
[57] Jones, 120
[58] Jones, 521
[59] Jones, 235
[60] Jones, p. 189
[61] Kabaservice, 16
[62] Jones, 143
[63] Jones, 144
[64] Jones, 280
[65] Fitch, 10
[66] Giddins, 24
[67] Reitwiesner, William Addams (2007). "Ancestry of George W. Bush" (http:/ / www. wargs. com/ political/ bush. html). . Retrieved 10
March 2010.
[68] Jones, p. 16
[69] Roberts, p. 668
[70] Roberts, Gary Boyd. "The New England Ancestry of Actor Richard (Tiffany) Gere" (http:/ / www. notablekin. org/ gbr/ gere. htm). New
England Historic Genealogical Society. . Retrieved 10 March 2010.
[71] Jones, 784
[72] Jones, 274
[73] Jones, 620
[74] Jones, 621
[75] Newport Historical Society, 24
[76] Jones, 21
[77] Hughes, 150
[78] Jones, 32
[79] Longfellow, 1
[80] Jones, 19
[81] Jones, 20
[82] Jones, 15
[83] Jones, 900
[84] Jones, 901
[85] Jones, 984
[86] Rader, Dotson (23 November 1997). "Let Yourself Feel It All" (http:/ / news. google. ca/ newspapers?id=WZssAAAAIBAJ&
sjid=zPwDAAAAIBAJ& pg=3132,6843315& dq=the-lave-he-badness& hl=en). Lakeland Ledger. . Retrieved 26 July 2010.
[87] Jones, 341
[88] Roberts, Gary Boyd. "The New England Ancestry of Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr." (http:/ / www. newenglandancestors. org/ research/
services/ articles_gbr42. asp). New England Historic Genealogical Society. . Retrieved 10 March 2010.
[89] Jones, 251
[90] Jones, 252
[91] Jones, 253
[92] Roberts, 9
[93] Johnson, Caleb (2007). "Famous Descendants of Mayflower Passengers – Mayflower Ancestry of Zachary Taylor" (http:/ / www.
mayflowerhistory. com/ Genealogy/ famousdescendants. php). . Retrieved 10 March 2010.
[94] Roberts, Gary Boyd. "The New England Ancestry of Sewall Green Wright." (http:/ / www. newenglandancestors. org/ research/ services/
articles_Ancestor_Tables_NEXUS_No3_June1986. asp). New England Historic Genealogical Society. . Retrieved 10 March 2010.
113
Further reading
• The Brewster Genealogy, 1566–1907: a Record of the Descendants of William Brewster of the "Mayflower,"
ruling elder of the Pilgrim church which founded Plymouth Colony in 1620. (http://www.williambrewster.com/
brewstergenealogy.htm) by Emma C. Brewster Jones, New York: Grafton Press. 1908
• Life Visits the Mayflower Descendants (http://books.google.com/books?id=tUoEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA129&
lpg=PA129&dq=Bishop+Benjamin+Brewster&source=bl&ots=7ShuLGR4kH&
sig=Me-NiovFnRlBI4i43KBWDMO8lMk&hl=en&ei=dBWZS5a_EI2AswOR_73CAQ&sa=X&
oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CBMQ6AEwBTgK#v=onepage&q=Bishop Benjamin Brewster&
f=false) New York: Published by Time, Inc., 29 Nov 1948. ISSN 0024-3019
• 'Brewster, William' in the American National Biography (2000) and the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
(2004).
• Mary B. Sherwood, Pilgrim: A Biography of William Brewster (1982)
• Richard Greaves and Robert Zaller, eds. Biographical Dictionary of British Radicals in the Seveneeth Century
(1982)
• Dorothy Brewster, William Brewster of the Mayflower (1970)
• Barbara Lambert Merrick, compiler, William Brewster of the Mayflower and the Fifth Generation Descendants of
his son Love2. Mayflower Families in Progress. (2003)
• Dowsing, J. Places of the Pilgrim Fathers Sunrise Press, London.
External links
•
•
•
•
The Elder William Brewster Society, A Pilgrim Lineage Society (http://www.brewsterfamily.org)
Society of Mayflower Descendants in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (http://www.sail1620.org/)
Genealogy of William Brewster (http://genealogy.wikia.com/wiki/William_Brewster_(1567-1644))
Clara Endicott Sears A descendant of Elder William Brewster (http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/articles/pages/
4777/Sears-Clara-Endicott-1863-1960.html)
• "Of Plymouth Plantation" (http://books.google.com/books?id=tYecOAN1cwwC&printsec=titlepage) by Gov.
William Bradford
•
"Brewster, William, pilgrim". Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. 1900.
114
William Mullins
115
William Mullins
William Mullins (c. 1572 – 1621) was a
shoemaker who was among the first American
settlers in Plymouth Colony. He traveled on
the Mayflower in 1620 and was a signer of the
Mayflower Compact. His name is also spelled
"Molines" and "Mullines" in Bradford
journal.[1][2]
In England
Mullins was born in England about 1572 to
John Mullins and Joan Bridger of Dorking,
Surrey, England. He became a shoemaker in
Dorking, Surrey. His original home can be
visited today, the only known existing structure in England in which one of the Pilgrim Fathers had resided.[2][3][4]
Mullins was one of the "Strangers" (that is what the religious community called them) who had strong ties to the
London investment group providing funding for the Mayflower voyage. He was known as a ‘merchant-adventurer’
whose agent was Thomas Weston, who was involved in the Mayflower-related incident concerning the four More
children.[5]
On the Mayflower
Mullins and his wife Alice departed Plymouth, England on the
Mayflower on September 6/16, 1620 with 102 passengers and about 30
crew members in a small 100 foot ship. The first month in the Atlantic,
the seas were not severe, but by the second month the ship was being
hit by strong north-Atlantic winter gales causing the ship to be badly
winter.[6][7]
William Mullins
116
Marriage and Children
William Mullins married Alice ____ by about 1593, and had at least four children. Children of William and Alice
Mullins:
• William was born about 1593 and died in 1674. He did not come on the Mayflower but arrived in Plymouth in
1636, per Banks. His burial place is unknown.[10]
William married:
• ___ ____ by 1618 and had one daughter.
• Ann (___) Bell in Boston May 7, 1656, as her second husband.[11][12][13]
• Joseph was born about 1596, was a passenger of the Mayflower with his parents and although thought to have
died with them during the winter of 1620/21, per Stratton, he actually died sometime after April 5, 1621.
• Sarah was born about 1598, remained in Dorking, Surrey. She married _____ Blunden by 1621 and after her
father’s death was awarded administration of his estate in Dorking in July 1621. There is no further information
about her.
• Priscilla was born about 1602. She was a passenger on the Mayflower with her parents and her brother Joseph.
She married John Alden before 1623 and had eleven children.[14] She is reported to have died between 1651 and
her husband John’s death on September 12, 1687.
William Bradford did make mention of William’s daughter Priscilla, stating that “Only his daughter Priscilla
survived, and married John Alden, who are both living, and have 11 children. And their eldest daughter is maried
and hath five children.”[15] Priscilla and her husband John Alden were buried at the Myles Standish Burying Ground
in Duxbury, Massachusetts.[11][12][13]
John Adams and John Quincy Adams are descendants of Mullins through his daughter, Priscilla.[16]
Death and Will
William Mullins died on February 21, 1621 and his manservant, Robert Carter, died shortly thereafter. His wife
Alice did not die in the winter of 1620/21 as previously supposed, but per Stratton, died sometime after April 5,
1621. William, Alice and their son Joseph are reported to have been buried at Coles Hill Burial Ground in Plymouth.
They are named on the Pilgrim Memorial Tomb on Coles Hill in Plymouth, Massachusetts as “William Mullins, wife
Alice and son Joseph.”[17][11][12]
The Will of William Mullins, dated April 2, 1621, is said to be the first will made in New England. John Carver was
one of the witnesses to the will. It was found in the probate files of the Archdeacons' Court for Surrey and annotated
in lating nuper de Dorking defunctus in partibus transmarinis implies he was from Dorking.[18]
References
[1] William Bradford. History of Plymouth Plantation by William Bradford, the second Governor of Plymouth (Boston. 1856) Not in copyright p.
448
[2] "Pilgrim Village Families Sketch: William Mullins" (http:/ / www. americanancestors. org/ pilgrim-families-william-mullins/ ). American
Ancestors. . Retrieved April 8, 2012.
[3] "Dorking: William Mullins' House" (http:/ / www. exploringsurreyspast. org. uk/ themes/ places/ surrey/ mole_valley/ dorking/
dorking_william_mullins_house). Exploring Surrey's Past. . Retrieved April 8, 2012.
[4] http:/ / www. washingtonmayflower. org/ 09-MULLINS-WILLIAM. pdf
[6] mayflowerhistory.com William Mullins (http:/ / www. mayflowerhistory. com/ History/ voyage_secondary. php)/
William Mullins
117
[10] Charles Edward Banks. The English Ancestry and Homes of the Pilgrim Fathers: who came to Plymouth on the "Mayflower" in 1620, the
"Fortune" in 1621, and "The Little James" in 1623 (Reprinted by the Genealogical Publishing Co. Inc. 2006)p. 74
[11] NEHGC Profile of William Mullins and Family (http:/ / www. plimoth. org/ media/ pdf/ mullins_william. pdf)/
[12] William Mullins Family (http:/ / www. americanancestors. org/ pilgrim-families-william-mullins/ )/
[13] Eugene Aubrey Stratton, FASG. Plymouth Colony:It's History and Peoople 1620-1691 (Ancestry Publishing 1986) p. 331
p. 452, 454
p. 452
[16] "Notable Descendants" (http:/ / www. themayflowersociety. com/ about-the-pilgrims/ notable-descendants). General Society of Mayflower
Descendents. . Retrieved April 8, 2012.
[17] Eugene Aubrey Stratton, FASG. Plymouth Colony:It's History and People 1620-1691 (Ancestry Publishing 1986) p. 331
[18] Charles Edward Banks. The English Ancestry and Homes of the Pilgrim Fathers (Grafton Press N.Y. 1929) Inside front cover and pp. 44
and 73
William White was a Mayflower passenger
who settled in Plymouth Colony in 1620. He
was born probably in England (year unknown)
and died on the 21st of February, 1621, in
Plymouth Colony.[1]
On the Mayflower and his short life in the New World
William White and his wife Susanna and their son Resolved, departed
Plymouth, England on the Mayflower on September 6/16, 1620 with
102 passengers and about 30 crew members in a small 100 foot ship.
The first month in the Atlantic, the seas were not severe, but by the
second month the ship was being hit by strong north-Atlantic winter
gales causing the ship to be badly shaken with water leaks from
Governor Bradford, in his journal Of Plymouth Plantation wrote that among the passengers on the Mayflower were
Mr. William White and Susanna his wife and one son called Resolved, and one born a-shipboard called Peregrine,
and two servants named William Holbeck and Edward Thompson.[7] In 1651 Bradford added that “Mr. White and his
two servants died soon after landing. His wife married Mr. Winslow… His two sons are married and Resolved hath
five children, Peregrine two, all living. So their increase is seven.”[8][9][10]
In late November 1620, their son Peregrine White was born, the first English child born in Plymouth Colony and
possibly in that part of North America.[11][12]
Susanna White
About 1638, the Winslows moved with Susanna’s sons Resolved and Peregrine White, to Green Harbor, now called
Marshfield Massachusetts. Edward Winslow later became Governor of Plymouth County, and was also the colony
agent in England. In England, his diplomatic skills soon came to the attention of Oliver Cromwell, the new Puritan
leader of the country. Cromwell required Winslow head a joint award reparations commission to assess damage
caused by Danish ships.[13][14]
Edward Winslow lived in England the last six years of his life, serving the government there. When his will was
written in 1654 as resident of London, the document stated that he left his New England property to his son Josiah
“hee (sic) allowing to my wife a full third parte thereof for her life also” so it is probable that his wife did not follow
him to London. Edward Winslow died of fever May 7/8, 1655 while on a British military expedition in the
Caribbean[15][16][17][18]
There is no trace of Susanna’s death beyond a sales record in 1647, and no further record of Susanna has been found.
Though she was the wife of one colony governor and the mother of another, the first bride in the colony and the
mother of the famed Peregrine White, she seems forgotten in the records. [19]
The Mayflower Society has refuted the reported maiden surname of 'Fuller' for Susanna White and has determined
that the maiden name of Susanna White is unknown. Further, Susanna ____ (White) Winslow, was not the sister of
Dr. Samuel Fuller as is often stated. The Samuel and Edward Fuller who traveled on the Mayflower were sons of
Robert Fuller of Redenhall, England. Robert had a daughter Anna, born about 1578, far too old a bride for Edward
Winslow who was not born until 1595. The 1615 will of Robert Fuller mentions no daughter named Susanna, nor a
daughter married to William White. It does mention Alice Bradford, a sister-in-law. In a letter that Edward Winslow
wrote in 1623 to “Uncle Robert Jackson”, he provided news of Susanna, her late husband William White, and her
children. He also sends his regards to his father-in-law in England, obviously not Robert Fuller who had been dead
for nine years.[20][21]
Another misrepresentation is that William White once lived in Holland. For many years genealogists assumed that
William White spent his early married years in Holland, marrying and burying children but no proof that they apply
to the Pilgrim William White but rather they probably apply to the William White who was still living there in
1621.[22]
In May 1621, Susanna White became the first Plymouth colony bride, marrying Edward Winslow, a fellow
Mayflower passenger whose wife had perished several weeks previously. At least five children were born to Edward
Winslow and his wife Susanna.[23][24]
118
The family of William White and wife Susanna
William White married by about 1615 Susanna ______. She was born probably in England and died between
December 18, 1654 (date of Edward Winslow’s will) and July 2, 1675 (date of son Josiah Winslow’s will). They had
two sons:
• Resolved White, born probably ca. 1615 in England (deposition) He died after September 19, 1687.
He married (1) at Scituate in Mass. on November 5, 1640 to Judith Vassall. She was born in England ca. 1619 and
was buried at Marshfield, Mass. April 3, 1670. She was a daughter of William Vassall and Ann King. The will of her
father, William Vassall, Esq., of Barbados Island dated July 31, 1655, names daughter Judith White, wife of
Resolved White.[25][26]Judith Vassall, is buried in Winslow Cemetery [27]
• Resolved White and his wife Judith had eight children: William, John, Samuel, Resolved, Anna, Elizabeth, Josiah
and Susanna.
Resolved White married (2) in Salem, Mass. On October 5, 1674 Abigail _____ Lord, widow of William Lord. She
was born ca. 1606 and died in Salem between June 15 and 27 1682. Resolved White was buried in the Winslow
Cemetery. [28]
• Peregrine White, born aboard the Mayflower at Cape Cod Harbor (now Provincetown Harbor) before the end of
November, 1620. He died in Marshfield, Mass. July 20, 1704 at age 83 years and 8 months.
He married before March 6, 1648/9 Sarah Bassett, born in Plymouth ca. 1630 and died in Marshfield, Mass. January
22, 1711. She was a daughter of William Bassett and his wife Elizabeth _____.
• Peregrine and his wife Sarah had seven children: Daniel, (child), Jonathan, Peregrine, Sarah, Sylvanus and Mercy.
Susanna married secondly May 12, 1621 in Plymouth Colony Edward Winslow by whom she had five children Edward, John, Josiah, Elizabeth and one child who died young.[29][30] Susanna White Winslow was buried in the
Winslow Cemetery with her 2nd husband Edward Winslow [31]
References
101
448
451
(Pub. General Society of Mayflower Descendants 2006 3rd Ed.) pp. 1, 5.
[10] Family of William White p. 1 (http:/ / www. americanancestors. org/ pilgrim-families-william-white/ )]/
(Pub. General Society of Mayflower Descendants 2006 3rd Ed.) p. 1.
[13] Nathaniel Philbrick. Mayflower: A story of Courage, Community and War(Viking 2006) p. 184
[14] William White (http:/ / www. americanancestors. org/ pilgrim-families-william-white/ )
[16] Nathaniel Philbrick. Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community and War (Viking 2006) p. 184.
119
(Pub. General Society of Mayflower Descendants 2006 3rd Ed.) pp. 2-4.
[21] Emma Siggins White. Genesis of the White Family (Kansas City, Mo. Tierman-Dart Prtg Co. 1920) p. 50
[23] Edward Winslow (http:/ / www. americanancestors. org/ pilgrim-families-edward-winslow/ )
p. 101
(Pub. General Society of Mayflower Descendants 2006 3rd Ed.) pp. 5-10.
[26] Nathaniel Philbrick. Mayflower: A story of Courage, Community and War (Viking 2006) pp. 69, 89-90
[27] Memorial of Judith Vassall (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=22620246)
[28] Resolved White Resolved White (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GSln=white& GSfn=resolved& GSiman=1&
GScid=91870& GRid=16671222& )
[31] Susanna White Winslow (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=16635921)
120
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Mayflower Passengers

Transcription

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