1 introduction to phytobacteriology

INTRODUCTION TO PHYTOBACTERIOLOGY
Dr. J.D. Janse
Pseudomonas training School, Belgrade, Serbia,
20102010-0303- 5-9 Diagnosis - J.D. Janse
1.
INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIA
Mediterranean
climate
near Adana
Turkey
Nature in its different habitats and forms put (cultivated)
plants and animals under different forms of stress
Pseudomonas training School, Belgrade, Serbia,
20102010-0303- 5-9 Diagnosis - J.D. Janse
1
1.
INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIA
Beeka valley Libanon
Pseudomonas training School, Belgrade, Serbia,
20102010-0303- 5-9 Diagnosis - J.D. Janse
1.
INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIA
Plains in Anatolia, Turkey
Pseudomonas training School, Belgrade, Serbia,
20102010-0303- 5-9 Diagnosis - J.D. Janse
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1.
INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIA
Mountain climate in France
Pseudomonas training School, Belgrade, Serbia,
20102010-0303- 5-9 Diagnosis - J.D. Janse
1.
INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIA
Beauties and/or
their offspring
may attack:
Cabbage white
butterfly
(Pieris brassicae)
brassicae)
Pseudomonas training School, Belgrade, Serbia,
20102010-0303- 5-9 Diagnosis - J.D. Janse
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1.
INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIA
Another beauty: Corn companion (Agrostemma
(Agrostemma githago)
githago)
but seeds are poisenous
Pseudomonas training School, Belgrade, Serbia,
20102010-0303- 5-9 Diagnosis - J.D. Janse
1.
INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIA
Useful plants:
Walnut (Juglans
(Juglans regia)
regia)
Pseudomonas training School, Belgrade, Serbia,
20102010-0303- 5-9 Diagnosis - J.D. Janse
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1.
INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIA
Unwanted plants weeds:
Tall globe thistle
(Echinops exaltatus)
exaltatus)
Pseudomonas training School, Belgrade, Serbia,
20102010-0303- 5-9 Diagnosis - J.D. Janse
1.
INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIA
Useful and unwanted plants are attacked:
gall mite (Aceria
(Aceria macrorhyncha=
macrorhyncha=Phytoptus aceris)
aceris) on Acer
Pseudomonas training School, Belgrade, Serbia,
20102010-0303- 5-9 Diagnosis - J.D. Janse
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1.
INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIA
Manipulation of plants: galls of a gallgall-wasp
(Diplolepsis rosae)
rosae) on rose (Rosa
(Rosa villosa)
villosa)
Pseudomonas training School, Belgrade, Serbia,
20102010-0303- 5-9 Diagnosis - J.D. Janse
1.
INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIA
Blocking of transport of
vital liquids:
Wilt caused by the bacterium
Ralstonia solanacearum
in potato
Pseudomonas training School, Belgrade, Serbia,
20102010-0303- 5-9 Diagnosis - J.D. Janse
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1.
INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIA
Bacteria are everywhere but you do not see them
Pseudomonas training School, Belgrade, Serbia,
20102010-0303- 5-9 Diagnosis - J.D. Janse
1.
INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIA
Honey bee
(Apis mellifera)
mellifera)
Bacteria can be present on insects
Pseudomonas training School, Belgrade, Serbia,
20102010-0303- 5-9 Diagnosis - J.D. Janse
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1.
INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIA
Bacteria can be present on birds
Pseudomonas training School, Belgrade, Serbia,
20102010-0303- 5-9 Diagnosis - J.D. Janse
1.
INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIA
Bacteria can be transported by man
Pseudomonas training School, Belgrade, Serbia,
20102010-0303- 5-9 Diagnosis - J.D. Janse
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1.
INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIA
Bacteria on root surface of elder (Alnus
(Alnus glutinosa)
glutinosa)
Pseudomonas training School, Belgrade, Serbia,
20102010-0303- 5-9 Diagnosis - J.D. Janse
INTRO: history
Bacteria were first seen by Anthoni van
Leeuwenhoek, dutch merchant in 1683
Pseudomonas training School, Belgrade, Serbia,
20102010-0303- 5-9 Diagnosis - J.D. Janse
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INTRO: history
Robert Koch (1843(1843-1910) proved that bacteria can cause
disease: experiments with Bacillus anthrax in sheep
INTRO: history
KOCH’S POSTULATES
1. The suspected pathogenic organism (here: the bacterium)
must always be present in lesions of the diseased tissues
of an organism in question and absent in healthy organisms
(here: plants).
2. The suspected organism must be isolated from the
diseased tissues and grown in pure culture.
3. When the pure culture of the organism is inoculated into a
healthy host (here: plant) in the laboratory it must produce
a similar disease in this host.
4. The same organism must be found and reisolated from the
experimentally inoculated host (here: plant) in which
disease developed.
Pseudomonas training School, Belgrade, Serbia,
20102010-0303- 5-9 Diagnosis - J.D. Janse
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INTRO: history
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) - fermentation,
spoilage,
spontaneous generation
Winogradski (1856-1953) - autotrophic
bacteria, iron and
sulfur cycles
Waksman (1888-1973)
- streptomycin
Avery (1877-1953)
- DNA (1944)
first complete genome of bacterium 1995
Pseudomonas training School, Belgrade, Serbia,
20102010-0303- 5-9 Diagnosis - J.D. Janse
1.
INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIA
Major lineages (kingdoms) of bacteria
as determined by 16S rRNA sequences
Pseudomonas training School, Belgrade, Serbia,
20102010-0303- 5-9 Diagnosis - J.D. Janse
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1.
INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIA
Macro
organisms
Eukarya or
eukaryotes
Animals, man
plants (including
algae
and certain fungi)
Micro
organisms
Eukarya or
eukaryotes
Animals
(protozoa)
Plants (algae)
Most fungi
Prokarya or
prokaryotes
Bacteria
Cyanobacteria
('blue-green
algae')1)
True bacteria
Rickettsias,
FXLB, FPLB and
chlamidias2)
Mycoplasmas,
Phytoplasmas
and
Spiroplasmas3)
Archaea4)
(Bacteria-like
micro organisms
living in extreme
environments)
Place of bacteria in living world
Pseudomonas training School, Belgrade, Serbia,
20102010-0303- 5-9 Diagnosis - J.D. Janse
1.
INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIA
TABLE
Differences between Prokaryotes
(Bacteria and Archaea) and
Eukaryotes
Characteristic
Prokaryotic cell
structure
DNA covalently
closed, circular
Membrane-enclosed
nucleus
Peptidoglucan based
(Muramic acid) cell
wall
Ribosomes
Plasmids
Sensitivity to
chloramphenicol,
streptomycin and
kanamycin
Methanogenesis
Nitrogen fixation
Chlorophyll-based
photosynthesis
Prokaryotes
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukaryotes
+
+
-
+
+
-
-
-
+
+
-
-
70S
+
+
70S
+
-
80S
rare
-
+
+
+
+
-
+
Pseudomonas training School, Belgrade, Serbia,
20102010-0303- 5-9 Diagnosis - J.D. Janse
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1.
INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIA
Bacterium:
Different energy and carbon sources used by
bacteria
Energy source
C-source
photoautotrophic
light
CO2
photoheterotrophic
light
organic compounds
chemoautotrophic
anorganic compounds by
oxidation-reduction
reactions
organic compounds
CO2
TABLE
chemoheterotrophic
organic compounds
Pseudomonas training School, Belgrade, Serbia,
20102010-0303- 5-9 Diagnosis - J.D. Janse
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