Saving Energy One Floor at a Time

S
Smart
t Energy
E
Design
D i
Assistance
A it
Center
C t
Saving Energy One Floor at a Time
Ben JJ. Sliwinski
B
Sli i ki
Building Research Council
School of Architecture
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Urbana Champaign
O
Overview
i
„
„
„
Introduction – What is Energy?
The Language of Energy
Technologies for Energy
Conservation
What is energy?
z
Energy is a substance
(or property) which
can be converted into
work.
k
The two laws which energy
f ll
follows
are:
„
„
Energy cannot be
created or
destroyed (1st Law)
destroyed.
When converting
heat into work the
conversion cannot
be complete. (2nd
Law)
S
Sources
off Energy
„
The Sun
{
Fossil Fuels
„
{
Renewable Fuels
„
„
Coal Oil,
Coal,
Oil Natural Gas
Wind Solar
Wind,
Solar, Hydropower,
Hydropower Biomass
Nuclear Reactions
{
{
{
Nuclear Decay
Nuclear Fission
N l
Nuclear
Fusion
F i
(someday?)
(
d ?)
The British Thermal Unit (BTU)
„
A Btu is the
amount of energy
required to raise
the temperature
of one pound of
water 1 degree
Fahrenheit.
Fahrenheit
How much energy is in….
Energy Source
Energy Content (Btu)
Notes
Sunlight
200 Btu
per hour per square foot
Wind
75 Btu
per hour per square foot of
wind turbine swept area
in 22 mile pper hour
wind.
Biomass
7,000 Btu
per pound (value is for
switchgrass)
Wood
8,000 to 10,000 Btu
per pound
Coal (Anthracite)
14,000 to 15,000 Btu
per pound
Coal (Bituminous)
10,500 to 15,500 Btu
per pound
Oil (#2 Fuel)
137,000137,000-141,800 Btu
per gallon
Natural Gas
950 to 1,150 Btu
per cubic foot
Gasoline
109,000 - 125,000 Btu
per gallon
Kerosene
130,000 to 140,000 Btu
per gallon
Nuclear Fuel (Uranium)
35,000,000,000 Btu
per pound UraniumUranium-235
Energy and
d Power
Energy
Power =
Time
„
„
Power is Energy
per unit time.
time
Energy is related
to power as
gallons are
related to
gallons per
min te
minute.
Energy and
d Power terms
„
„
„
therm – 100,000 Btu, heat energy sources
such as natural gas and steam may be
sold in therms.
therms
Kilowatt (kW) – a measure of power
equal to 1,000 watts, it is also equal to
3,412 Btu/hr
Kilowatt-hour (kWh) - A kilowatt-hour is
the quantity of energy delivered when
power flows at the rate of one kilowatt
for one hour.
hour It is equal to 3,412
3 412 Btu.
Btu
Energy and
d Power terms
„
Cooling Ton - A cooling ton is
,
Btu/hr.
/
It is the rate of
12,000
cooling required to produce one
period. The
ton of ice in a 24 hour p
capacity of most air conditioning
y
are expressed
p
in tons.
systems
Energy Efficiency Opportunities
Benchmarking
h
ki
(Is
( iit a Hog?)
?)
„
„
Use your energy bills to estimate:
$/sf per year (quick and dirty use with
caution)
{
{
{
{
„
around $1/sf = good
$1 to $2/sf = fair to slightly poor (typical)
$2 to $3/sf = probably room for
improvement
$3/sf and above = oink (unless there is a
process))
kBtu/sf per year – more accurate than
dollar
do
a metric
e c – ca
can use TargetFinder
a ge
de
Dec-07
D
Nov-07
N
Oct-07
O
Sep-07
S
Aug-07
A
Jul-07
JJun-07
May-07
M
Apr-07
A
Mar-07
M
Feb-07
F
JJan-07
th
herms
Trouble Shooting with
Si
Simple
l Graphs
G
h
14,000
12,000
10,000
8,000
6 000
6,000
4,000
2 000
2,000
0
Trouble Shooting with Graphs and
Computer Modeling
14,000
Actual
12,000
Base Model
Worst Case
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
Dec
c-07
Nov
v-07
Octt-07
Sep
p-07
Aug
g-07
Jull-07
Jun
n-07
May
y-07
Aprr-07
Marr-07
Feb
b-07
0
Jan
n-07
th
herms
10,000
Interior
i Window
i d
Films
il
„
If acceptable by
building
management,
window films may
be a useful
option. Choose
film tailored for
climate.
Window Characteristics
„
Five key
parameters:
{
{
{
{
{
U-Factor
U
Factor
Solar Heat Gain
Coefficient (SHGC)
Visual Light
Transmittance (VLT)
Air Leakage
(cfm/sf)
Condensation
Resistance
The
h magic
i off “Low-E”
“
”
„
„
„
„
The “E” stands for emissivity
Absorptivity and Emissivity describe
how materials respond to radiation.
The properties are wavelength
dependent.
Thi allows
This
ll
a material
t i l to
t transmit
t
it
light but block heat.
Why
h Low-E works…
k
Tailoring
il i
the
h Window
i d
„
„
„
Lower U values almost always the
best choice.
Solar Heat Gain Coefficient can be
selected to block less heat in
Northern Climates more in
Southern.
VLT can be chosen to maximize
daylighting or to eliminate glare.
Some Window Rules-ofThumb
h
b
U-Value
Cold
Mixed
Hot
Climate
Climate
Climate
<0.33 all climates: low U not quite as
important in hot climates
VT
>60%
>50%
>50%
SHGC
>0.55
0.40-0.55
<0.40
Spacer
warm-edge spacers for all climates
Frame
Thermally broken frames for all
climates
Air
Leakage
<0.30 cfm/sf for all climates
Insulating
l i
Window
i d
Shades
Sh d
„
High R-Value
Window Shades,
while expensive,
may also be a
viable option.
option
Air
i SSealing
li
„
„
Air
i Sealing
i
iis jjust
as important in a
high rise as it is in
your home –
maybe even
more!
Wind and Stack
effects are
greater In high
rise.
Programmable Thermostats
„
They work
you use
when y
them.
Thermostat Set-Back and SetUp
„
„
„
Set Heating to 68 F, set-back to at least
60 during unoccupied periods. Let
condensation be your guide.
Set cooling to 74, set-up to 80 during
unoccupied
i d periods.
i d D
Developing
l i
morning recovery schedule based on
demand charges or system capacity.
capacity
Easy to do on systems without reheat.
VAV Supply
S
l Air
i Temp. Reset
„
„
„
Saves cooling
energy
Saves reheat
energy
Increases hours
when economizer
can be
b utilized.
tili d
VAV Fans
„
Static Pressure Reset on VAV
y
Systems.
{
{
Provides significant fan energy
savings
g since system
y
is often at part
p
load
Reduces fan noise
VAV Control
C
l Deadband
db d
“Variable
air volume ((VAV ) terminal units
shall be programmed to operate at the
minimum airflow setting without addition of
reheat when the zone temperature is within
the set deadband.”
To meet this requirement, the control
system must allow separate heating and
cooling
g setpoints
p
that are at least 5°F apart.
p
If, for example,the cooling setpoint is 75°F,
then the control system cannot enable the
reheat coil until the space temperature
drops to 70°F or below.
Demand Control
C
l Ventilation
il i
Baseboard
b
dC
Convectors
Baseboard
b
dC
Convectors
Radiator
di
Valves
l
„
For spaces that
tend to overheat,
and don’t have
thermostats for
control of
radiators or hot
water
convectors.
Boilers,
il
Chill
Chiller, Etc.
„
„
„
Don’t start boilers until OA temperatures
are below 50 consistently.
Consider shutting down boilers used for
AC reheat in the summer or resetting the
supply
l water
t temperature.
t
t
Shut down chillers when OA
t
temperatures
t
are consistently
i t tl b
below
l
50
50,
and use economizer.
Isolate
l
Off
Off-Line
i
Boilers
il
„
The key to maximizing
efficiency with two or
three boilers is to be sure
that each boiler is
completely isolated from
the others so that nonoperating
i
boilers
i
will
i not
be hot with system
water. This will eliminate
most of the jacket heat
losses from the non
operating boiler.
Isolate
l
Off
Off-Line
i
Chillers
Chill
„
„
Depending on plant
arrangement and
offline chiller can act
as a bypass
between supply and
return water.
This reduces system
delta T,
T and wastes
pumping energy.
Try Refrigerant Migration
Free Cooling
C li
„
Some centrifugal chillers can provide free cooling at
reduced capacity during periods when low
temperature condenser water is available.
Reset Boiler Water and
Chill d Water SSupply
Chilled
l Temps.
„
„
Lower boiler water
supply temperature
in mild weather.
Raise chilled water
supply temperature
in mild or dry
weather.
Reduce Boiler Blowdown
Rate
„
„
„
„
Review your blowdown practices to identify
energy saving opportunities.
E
Examine
i
operating
ti
practices
ti
ffor b
boiler
il
feedwater and blowdown rates developed by
the American Society
y of Mechanical Engineers
g
(ASME). Considerations include operating
pressure, steam purity, and deposition control.
Consider an automatic blowdown control
system
Fact Sheet Available at
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/industry/bestpra
ctices/pdfs/steam9_blowdown.pdf
C
Compact
Fluorescent
l
Super T8 and Low Wattage
T8
8
„
„
„
„
Super
p T8 systems
y
can p
produce
energy savings as high as 40
percent over standard T8.
To identify a Super T8, look for
l
lamps
that
th t are att least
l
t 3100 initial
i iti l
lumens [as opposed to 2850 for a
standard T8] and have a barrier
coat design and high lumen
maintenance.
Super T8 lamps include the
SYLVANIA "Xtreme," Philips
" d
"Advantage"
t
" and
d GE
G "HL."
" " Ballasts
ll t
include the SYLVANIA "Xtreme,"
Advance "Optanium," Universal
Triad "HE"
HE and GE "UltraMax.
UltraMax.
O
Occupancy
SSensors
„
„
„
„
„
„
Use them for office lighting
Restroom lighting
Storage Areas
M h i l Rooms
Mechanical
R
Warehouse Aisles - Fluorescent
Get creative – use for HVAC in
individual rooms or zones.
Isole – Personal Occupancy
Sensor
LED Exit
i Si
Signs
„
„
„
„
Payback is quick
Rebates
available
Very basic
lighting energy
savings measure
Chicago
approved
HID to Fluorescent
l
Retrofit
fi
„
Existing System:
„
400watt High Pressure Sodium and 400watt Metal Halide.
{
Each fixture uses 455 watts (400 for lamp, 55 for ballast)
Retrofit
{
Each fixture uses 234 watts (lamps and ballast combined)
{
Light levels increased 10-20%
{
Computers and Office
Eq ipment
Equipment
Vending Energy
Management
„
Vending Misers
can be used to
control Snack
and Cold Drink
Machines
Water Savings
S i
Measures
„
„
„
„
„
„
Faucet Aerators
Low Flow Shower Heads
Low Flow Water Closets
L
Low
Flow
Fl
Urinals
Ui l
Reduced cooling loads reduce
cooling tower water usage
Eliminate once-through
g cooling
g
systems where possible
Water Saving
S i
Fixture
i
Data
Fixture Type
EPAct 1992 Usage
Limit
Water Efficient
Fixture
Water Closet
1.6 GPF
1.1 to 0.8 GPF
Urinal
1.0 GPF
0.5 to 0.0 GPF
Faucet
2.5 GPM
1.8 GPM
Shower
2.5 GPM
1.8 GPM
Lower Water Heater
Temperature
„
Set domestic
water heater
temperature to
120 F. Use gas
fired booster
heater where
higher temp is
required.
Personal Solar Power
Brunton Solaris
S l i
Foldable solar Panels
„
Use CIGS
(Copper
Indium Gallium
thin film
Model
Size
Folded
Weight deSelenide)
Output
Price
solar technology Size
„
Solaris
USB
-
-
5 oz
3 Watts
(USB)
$160.88
Solaris 6
29”x9”
29
x9
-
7 1 oz
7.1
6 Watts
$208 40
$208.40
Solaris 12
29”x17.5”
-
11 oz
12 Watts
$409.60
Solaris 26
21.5”x37.5
11”x8”x1”
”
28 oz
26 Watts
$620.20
$
-
52 Watts
$1298.38
Solaris 52
-
-
Brunton SolarRoll
S l
ll
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
Amorphous solar cells for effective low-light performance
Reverse flow protection
Tefzel� fluoropolymer construction
for extreme durability
Waterproof
UV transparent
Li k multiple
Link
lti l lik
like-units
it ttogether
th
for even more output
Rolls and stores in convenient storage tube
Includes vehicle outlet cable & multi-linking cable
Model
Size
Weight
Output
One-year warranty
SolarRoll 14
12”x57”
17 oz
14 Watts
SolarRoll 9
12”x40”
10.6 oz
9 Watts
SolarRoll 4.5
12”x22”
6.4 oz
4.5 Watts
Gl b l SSolar
Global
l P3
3 SSeries
i
„
Same make up as the Sunlinq
Model
Size
Folded Size
Weight
Output
P3-15
28.5”x21.
5”x
0.1”
10.5”x8.5”x0.7
5”
1.4lb
15
Watts
P3-30
44.5”x21.
5”x
0.1”
10.5”x8.5”x1.2
”
1.8lb
30
Watts
P3-48
52.5”x30”
52
5” 30”
14.5”x8.25”x1.
x
4”
0.1”
3.2lb
48
Watts
P3-55
55”x32”x
55
x32 x
0.1”
3.5lb
55
Watts
11”x9”x1.3”
Gl b l Solar
Global
S l SSunlinq
li
•
•
Useful for outdoor needs
Uses solid state, thin film PowerFLEXTM solar cells
•
•
•
•
Based on CIGS (Copper Indium Gallium deSelenide) process
12V VDC rated
Weatherproof and UV resistant
Built-in reverse current diode protection
Mode
l
Size
Folded Size
Weigh
t
Output
SL-6.5
29”x9”x
0.03”
0.03
9”x5”x0.5”
0.45lb
6.5
Watts
SL-12
29”x17.5”
x
0.03”
9”x5”x0.7”
0.7lb
12
Watts
SL-25
41”x21.5”
x
0.03”
11”x8.25”x0.
7”
1.8lb
25
Watts
S l Power PAC
Solar
CI
„
„
„
„
„
„
Provides up to 600 W of AC power and 480 W
continuous for short periods
P
Powers
mostt 120V appliances
li
iincluding
l di
desktop computers, power tools, TVs, and
VCR’s
Can power any device meant to run from a
car’s 12V outlet
Si
Size:
22”
22”x9.25”x14”
9 25” 14”
Weight: 29 lbs
Has a clock and radio
Soleitec Solar Charger
NU1200GBS
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
Compact design, at 83.5W x 139L x 21.5H mm
Accepts any types of connectors made for other types of small portable
electric devices under 12, 16, 19 Volt operation
Safety charging mode controlled by microprocessor
Exchangeable internal battery, that also functions as an under/over
voltage protection
protection, provides instant electric power
Low reflective film for modulation increases the output power
2-fold, 3-faces, 3-parallels connected modules
Power generation can be increased by two or three times in parallel
connections of solar panels
Capacity of internal battery can be extended
by double under user's requirements
2-way charger by either solar cell or
AC/DC adopter
d t
Available for UMPC, notebook PC,
game player, PMP, etc
Website
Eclipse Fusion Messenger
Bag
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
12V automotive charging adapter
Provides up to 2.5 Watts of power
• Not designed for laptop charging
Size: 18" x 13" x 5"
Weighs 5 lbs
Has a capacity of 1170 cubic inches
Comes with a limited lifetime warranty
Costs $189.95-$249.95
To Apply for SEDAC
Assistance
i
„
„
Call 1-800-214-7954 or,
Visit the SEDAC web site at
www.sedac.org and download an
application.