MMART TIL A ARTS S

Seminar on
o
MART
M TIL ARTS
A S
B
BY
MOHAMM
MED NASIL KP (21D3
3)
2010-2011
Seminar
CERTIFICATE
MOHAMMED NASIL K.P
This is to certify that Mr. ____________________________________________
has
MARTIAL ARTS
conducted a seminar on:________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________ by learning
the subject from various sources. Overall rating of the seminar preparation, data
Good
collection, documentation and presentation is _______________
Director
Dr Abdul Nazer
Dt:
26-12-2010
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Contents
No. Description
Page
1. Introduction………………………………………………………………… 4
2. Variation and scope………………………………………………………. 4
3. History……………………………………………………………………… 5
3.1 Africa…………………………………………………………….….
5
3.2 Americas……………………………………………………………. 5
3.3 Recent History
………………………………………………….
6
3.4 Asia ………………………………………………………………… 6
3.5 Euripe………………………………………………………… ….… 7
3.6 Modern History …………………………………………………….
8
4. On the modern battle field…………………………………………… ….
9
5. Testing and competition …………………………………………………
10
5.1
Light and Medium – contact …………………………………
10
5.2
Full contact …………………………………………………….
11
5.3
Martial sports…………………………………………………..
11
6. Dance…. …… …………………………………………………………..
12
7. Uses and Benefitis ………………………………………………………
13
Summary………………………………………………………………….
14
References………………………………………………………………..
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Abstract
MARTIAL ARTS
Key worts: Boxing, Karate,Kung Fu,Judo,Wrestling, Judo,Weaponry.
Martial arts (literally meaning arts of war but usually referred as fighting arts)
are systems of codified practices and traditions of combat. Martial arts all have
similar objectives: to physically defeat other persons or defend oneself or others
from physical threat. Some martial arts take a great deal of their underlying theory
from beliefs systems. Most specifically, Buddhism, and in Asia have been practiced in
harmony with others, such as Hinduism, Taoism, Confucianism or Shinto while
others follow a particular code of honor. Martial arts are considered as both an art and a
science. Many arts are also practiced competitively, most commonly as combat sports, but
competitions may also take the form of "forms competition."
While each style has unique facets that differentiate it from other martial arts, a
common characteristic is the systematization of fighting techniques. Methods of training vary
and may include sparring (simulated combat) or formal sets or routines of techniques known
as forms or kata. Forms are especially common in the Asian and Asian‐derived martial arts.
I hope this report will be useful to understand the basics of Martial arts.
MOHAMMED NASIL KP (21D3)
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1. Introduction
The term martial arts refers to the art of warfare (derived from Mars the Roman god of war)
and comes from a 15th‐century European term referring to what are now known as
historical European martial arts specifically to what is today known as Historical Fencing,
but is now most commonly associated with Asian fighting styles, especially the combat
systems that originated in East Asia. The term both in its literal meaning however, and in its
subsequent usage may be taken to refer to any codified combat system, regardless of origin, a
practitioner of martial arts is referred to as a martial artist. Martial arts have originated and
evolved in various cultures at various times. In the Americas, Native Americans have
traditions of open‐handed martial arts such as wrestling, while Hawaiians have historically
practiced arts featuring small and large‐joint manipulation. A mix of origins is found in the
athletic movements of Capoeira, which African slaves developed in Brazil based on skills they
had brought from Africa
2. Variation and scope
Martial arts vary widely, and may focus on a specific area or combination of areas, but they
can be broadly grouped into focusing on strikes, grappling, or weapons training. Below is a
list of examples that make extensive use of one of these areas; it is not an exhaustive list of all
arts covering the area, nor are these necessarily the only areas covered by the art but are the
focus or best known part as examples of the area:
Strikes
•
•
•
Punching: Boxing (Western), Wing Chun, Jeet Kune Do
Kicking: Capoeira, Savate, Taekwondo
Other strikes: Karate, Muay Thai, Kung Fu, Choi Kwang Do
Grappling
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•
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Throwing: Glima, Jujutsu, Sambo, Judo
Joint lock/Submission holds: Aikido, Brazilian Jiu‐Jitsu (BJJ), Hapkido, Judo, Chin Na
Pinning Techniques: Wrestling, Judo, Shuai Jiao
Weaponry
•
•
Traditional Weaponry: Eskrima, Fencing, Gatka, Kendo, Kyūdō
Modern Weaponry: Jukendo
Many martial arts, especially those from Asia, also teach side disciplines which pertain to
medicinal practices. This is particularly prevalent in traditional Chinese martial arts which
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may teach bone‐setting, qigong, acupuncture, acupressure (tui na), and other aspects of
traditional Chinese medicine. Martial arts can also be linked with religion and spirituality.
Numerous systems are reputed to have been founded, disseminated, or practiced by monks
or nuns. For example, gatka is a weapon ‐based Indian martial art created by the Sikhs of the
Panjab region of India and the Kshatriya caste of Hindus also have an ancient martial art
named Shastra vidhya. Japanese styles like aikido, have a strong philosophical belief of the
flow of energy and peace. The Martial Arts are considered both an art for its dynamics of
body movement as well as a science for its systematic application in relation to anatomy,
physics, philosophy, hoplology and criminology.
3. History
3.1 Africa
African knives may be classified by shape—typically into the "f" group and the "circular"
group—and have often been incorrectly described as throwing knives. Stick fighting formed
an important part of Zulu culture in South Africa, and is a significant part of Obnu Bilate, a
fighting form practiced in southern Botswana and northern South Africa. Stick fighting was
also de.scribed in Ancient Egyptians tombs, it is still practiced in upper Egypt (Tahtib) and
a modern association was formed in the 1970s. Rough and Tumble (RAT) is a modern
African martial art, also incorporating elements of Zulu and Sotho stickfighting.
3.2 Americas
Native peoples of North and South America had their own martial training which began in
childhood. Most groups selected individuals for training in the use of bows, knives, blowguns,
spears, and war clubs in early adolescence. First Nations men, and more rarely some women,
were called warriors only after they had proven themselves in battle. War clubs were the
preferred weapon because Native American warriors could raise their social status by killing
enemies in single combat face to face. Warriors honed their weapons skills and stalking
techniques through lifelong training.
After the arrival of European colonists and settlers, the Native American population was
drastically reduced and forcibly moved into reserve territory. With the introduction of fire‐
arms, traditional North American martial arts fell into disuse. From the 16th century,
Portuguese colonists brought West Africans to serve as slaves in Brazil. The slaves developed
the dance‐like capoeira, a Brazilian fighting style with great roots in Africa. Involving a high
degree of flexibility and endurance, it consists of kicks, elbow strikes, hand strikes, head
butts, cartwheels and sweeps.
3.3 Recent history
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As Western influence grew in Asia a greater number of military personnel spent time in
China, Japan, and South Korea during World War II and the Korean War and were exposed to
local fighting styles. Jujutsu, judo and karate first became popular among the mainstream
from the 1950s‐60s. Due in part to Asian and Hollywood martial arts movies, most modern
American martial arts are either Asian‐derived or Asian influenced.
Brazilian Jiu‐Jitsu, or Gracie Jiu‐Jitsu, is an adaptation of pre‐World War II judo developed by
the brothers Carlos and Hélio Gracie, who restructured the art into a sport with a large focus
on groundwork. This system has become popular and proved to be effective in mixed martial
arts competitions such as the UFC and PRIDE.
The later 1960s and 1970s witnessed an increased media interest in the Chinese fighting
systems, influenced by martial artist and Hollywood actor Bruce Lee. Jeet Kune Do, the
system he founded, has its roots in Wing Chun, western boxing, savate and fencing.
3.4 Asia
The foundation of modern Asian martial arts is likely a blend of early Chinese
and Indian martial arts. During the Warring States period of Chinese history (480‐221 BC)
extensive development in martial philosophy and strategy emerged, as described by Sun Tzu
in The Art of War (c. 350 Bc), An early legend in martial arts tells the tale of a Tamilian, a
South Indian Pallava prince turned monk named Bodhidharma, believed to have lived
around 550 A.D. Regarded as the founder of Zen Buddhism, the martial virtues of discipline,
humility, restraint and respect are attributed to this philosophy. Thus the values of ethical
conduct and self discipline have been intertwined with martial practice since the earliest
times.
The teaching of martial arts in Asia has historically followed the cultural traditions of
teacher‐disciple apprenticeship. Students are trained in a strictly hierarchical system by a
master instructor: Sifu in Cantonese or Shifu in Mandarin; Sensei in Japanese; Sabeom‐nim in
Korean; Guru in Sanskrit, Hindi, Telugu and Malay; Kruu in Khmer; Guro in Tagalog; Kalari
Gurukkal or Kalari Asaan in Malayalam; Asaan in Tamil; Achaan or Kru in Thai; and Saya in
Burmese. All these terms can be translated as master, teacher or mentor.
Kalaripayat, the martial art of Kerala, India which witnessed a revival in the 20th century
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Europe's colonization of Asian countries also brought about a decline in local martial arts,
especially with the introduction of firearms. This can clearly be seen in India after the full
establishment of British Raj in the 19th century. More European modes of organizing police,
armies and governmental institutions, and the increasing use of firearms, eroded the need
for traditional combat training associated with caste‐specific duties and in 1804 the British
Colonial government banned kalaripayat in response to a series of revolts. Kalaripayat and
other Dravidian martial arts experienced a resurgence in the 1920s in Tellicherry before
spreading throughout South India, while other traditional systems like thang‐ta witnessed a
resurgence in the 1950s. Similar phenomena occurred in Southeast Asian colonies such as
Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam and the Philippines.
The Western interest in Asian martial arts dates back to the late 19th century, due to the
increase in trade between the United States with China and Japan. Relatively few Westerners
actually practiced the arts, considering it to be mere performance. Edward William Barton‐
Wright, a railway engineer who had studied jujutsu while working in Japan between 1894–
97, was the first man known to have taught Asian martial arts in Europe. He also founded an
eclectic style named Bartitsu which combined jujutsu, judo, boxing, savate and stick fighting.
Bruce Lee is credited as one of the first instructors to openly teach Chinese martial arts to
Westerners. Jackie Chan and Jet Li are prominent movie figures who have been responsible
for promoting Chinese martial arts in recent years.
3.5 Europ
Boxing was practiced in the ancient Mediterranean
Martial arts existed in classical European civilization, most notably in Greece where sports
were integral to the way of life. Boxing, Wrestling and Pankration (from pan, meaning "all",
and kratos, meaning "power" or "strength") were represented in the Ancient Olympic Games.
The Romans produced gladiatorial combat as a public spectacle.
A number of historical fencing forms and manuals have survived, and many groups are
working to reconstruct older European martial arts. The process of reconstruction combines
intensive study of detailed combat treatises produced from 1400–1900 A.D. and practical
training or "pressure testing" of various techniques and tactics. This includes such styles as
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sword and shield, two‐handed swordfighting, halberd fighting, jousting and other types of
melee weapons combat. This reconstruction effort and modern outgrowth of the historical
methods is generally referred to as Western martial arts. Many medieval martial arts
manuals have survived, primarily from Germany and Italy. The most famous of these is
Johannes Lichtenauer's Fechtbuch (Fencing book) of the 14th century, which today forms the
basis of the German school of swordsmanship.
In Europe, the martial arts declined with the rise of firearms. As a consequence, martial arts
with historical roots in Europe do not exist today to the same extent as in other regions, since
the traditional martial arts either died out or developed into sports. Swordsmanship
developed into fencing. Boxing as well as forms of wrestling have endured. European martial
arts have mostly adapted to changing technology so that while some traditional arts still
exist, military personnel are trained in skills like bayonet combat and marksmanship. Some
European weapon systems have also survived as folk sports and as self‐defense methods.
These include stick‐fighting systems such as quarterstaff of England, bataireacht of Ireland,
Jogo do Pau of Portugal and the Juego del Palo (Palo Canario) style(s) of the Canary Islands.
Other martial arts were adapted into sports that are no longer recognized as combative. One
example is the pommel horse event in men's gymnastics, an exercise which itself is derived
from the sport of equestrian vaulting. Cavalry riders needed to be able to change positions on
their horses quickly, rescue fallen allies, fight effectively on horseback and dismount at a
gallop. Training these skills on a stationery barrel evolved into sport of gymnastics' pommel
horse exercise. More ancient origins exist for the shot put and the javelin throw, both
weapons utilized extensively by the Romans.
3.6 Modern history
Wrestling, Javelin, Fencing (1896 Summer Olympics), Archery (1900), Boxing (1904), and
more recently Judo (1964) and Tae Kwon Do (2000) are included as events in the modern
Summer Olympic Games.
Martial arts also developed among military and police forces to be used as arrest and self‐
defense methods including: Unifight, Kapap and Krav Maga developed in Israeli Defense
Forces; San Shou in Chinese; Systema: developed for the Russian armed forces and Rough
and Tumble (RAT): originally developed for the South African special forces (Reconnaissance
Commandos) (now taught in a civilian capacity). Tactical arts for use in close quarter combat
warfare, i.e. Military Martial arts e.g. UAC (British), LINE (USA). Other combative systems
having their origins in the modern military include Soviet Bojewoje (Combat) Sambo. Pars
Tactical Defence (Turkei security personally self‐defense system)
Inter‐art competitions came to the fore again in 1993 with the first Ultimate Fighting
Championship this has since evolved into the modern sport of mixed martial arts.
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4. On the modern battlefield
Combatives instructor Matt Larsen demonstrates a chokehold
Some traditional martial concepts have seen new use within modern military training.
Perhaps the most recent example of this is point shooting which relies on muscle memory to
more effectively utilize a firearm in a variety of awkward situations, much the way an iaidoka
would master movements with their sword.
During the World War II era William E. Fairbairn, a British police officer working in Shanghai
and a leading Western expert on Asian fighting techniques, was recruited by the Special
Operations Executive (SOE) to teach Jujutsu to U.K., U.S. and Canadian Special Forces. This
fighting method was called Defendu, The book Kill or Get Killed, written by Colonel Rex
Applegate, was based on defendu taught by Sykes and Fairburn. Both Fairburns Get Tough
and Kill or get killed became classics of military treatise on hand‐to‐hand combat.
Traditional hand‐to‐hand, knife, and spear techniques continue to see use in the composite
systems developed for today's wars. Examples of this include European Unifight, the US
Army's Combatives system developed by Matt Larsen, the Israeli army trains its soldiers in
kapap and Krav Maga, and the US Marine Corps's Marine Corps Martial Arts Program
(MCMAP).
Unarmed dagger defenses identical to that found in the manual of Fiore dei Liberi and the
Codex Wallerstein were integrated into the U.S. Army's training manuals in 1942 and
continue to influence today's systems along with other traditional systems such as Eskrima.
The rifle‐mounted bayonet, which has its origin in the spear, has seen use by the United
States Army, the United States Marine Corps, and the British Army as recently as the Iraq
War.
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5. Testing and competition
Testing or evaluation is important to martial
art practitioners of many disciplines who wish to determine their progression or own level of
skill in specific contexts. Students within individual martial art systems often undergo
periodic testing and grading by their own teacher in order to advance to a higher level of
recognized achievement, such as a different belt color or title. The type of testing used varies
from system to system but may include forms or sparring.
Steven Ho executing a Jump Spin Hook Kick
Various forms and sparring are commonly used in martial art exhibitions and tournaments.
Some competitions pit practitioners of different disciplines against each other using a
common set of rules, these are referred to as mixed martial arts competitions. Rules for
sparring vary between art and organization but can generally be divided into light‐contact,
medium‐contact, and full‐contact variants, reflecting the amount of force that should be used
on an opponent.
5.1 Light- and medium-contact
These types of sparring restrict the amount of force that may be used to hit an opponent, in
the case of light sparring this is usual to 'touch' contact, e.g. a punch should be 'pulled' as
soon as or before contact is made. In medium‐ contact (sometimes referred to as semi‐
contact) the punch would not be 'pulled' but not hit with full force. As the amount of force
used is restricted, the aim of these types of sparring is not to knock out an opponent; a point
system is used in competitions.
A referee acts to monitor for fouls and to control the match, while judges mark down scores,
as in boxing. Particular targets may be prohibited (such as headbutting or groin hits), certain
techniques may be forbidden, and fighters may be required to wear protective equipment on
their head, hands, chest, groin, shins or feet. In grappling arts aikido uses a similar method of
compliant training that is equivalent to light or medium contact.
In some styles (such as fencing and some styles of Taekwondo sparring), competitors score
points based on the landing of a single technique or strike as judged by the referee,
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whereupon the referee will briefly stop the match, award a point, then restart the match.
Alternatively, sparring may continue with the point noted by the judges. Some critics of point
sparring feel that this method of training teaches habits that result in lower combat
effectiveness. Lighter‐contact sparring may be used exclusively, for children or in other
situations when heavy contact would be inappropriate (such as beginners), medium‐contact
sparring is often used as training for full contact
5.2 Full-contact
Full‐contact sparring or fighting is considered by some to be requisite in learning realistic
unarmed combat. Full‐contact sparring is different from light and medium‐contact sparring
in several ways, including the use of strikes that are not pulled but are thrown with full force,
as the name implies. In full‐contact sparring, the aim of a competitive match is either to
knock the opponent out or to force the opponent to submit. Full‐contact sparring may
include a wider variety of permitted attacks and contact zones on the body.
Where scoring takes place it may be a subsidiary measure, only used if no clear winner has
been established by other means; in some competitions, such as the UFC 1, there was no
scoring, though most now use some form of judging as a backup. Due to these factors, full‐
contact matches tend to be more aggressive in character, but rule sets may still mandate the
use of protective gloves and forbid certain techniques or actions during a match, such as
striking the back of the head.
Nearly all mixed martial arts organisations such as UFC, Pancrase, Shooto use a form of full‐
contact rules, as do professional boxing organizations and K‐1. Kyokushin karate requires
advanced practitioners to engage in bare‐knuckled, full‐contact sparring while wearing only
a karate gi and groin protector but does not allow punches to the face, only kicks and knees.
Brazilian Jiu‐Jitsu and judo matches do not allow striking, but are full‐contact in the sense
that full force is applied during grappling and submission techniques.
5.3 Martial sport
Main article: Combat sport
Several martial arts, such as Judo, are Olympic sports
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Martial arts have crossed over into sports when forms of sparring become competitive,
becoming a sport in its own right that is dissociated from the original combative origin, such
as with western fencing. The Summer Olympic Games includes judo, taekwondo, western
archery, boxing, javelin, wrestling and fencing as events, while Chinese wushu recently failed
in its bid to be included, but is still actively performed in tournaments across the world.
Practitioners in some arts such as kickboxing and Brazilian Jiu‐Jitsu often train for sport
matches, whereas those in other arts such as aikido and Wing Chun generally spurn such
competitions. Some schools believe that competition breeds better and more efficient
practitioners, and gives a sense of good sportsmanship. Others believe that the rules under
which competition takes place have diminished the combat effectiveness of martial arts or
encourage a kind of practice which focuses on winning trophies rather than a focus such as
cultivating a particular moral character.
The question of "which is the best martial art" has led to new forms of competition; the
original Ultimate Fighting Championship in the U.S. was fought under very few rules allowing
all fighting styles to enter and not be limited by the rule set. This has now become a separate
combat sport known as mixed martial arts (MMA). Similar competitions such as Pancrase,
DREAM, and Shooto have also taken place in Japan.
Some martial artists compete in non‐sparring competitions such as breaking or
choreographed routines of techniques such as poomse, kata and aka, or modern variations of
the martial arts which include dance‐influenced competitions such as tricking. Martial
traditions have been influenced by governments to become more sport‐like for political
purposes; the central impetus for the attempt by the People's Republic of China in
transforming Chinese martial arts into the committee‐regulated sport of wushu was
suppressing what they saw as the potentially subversive aspects of martial training,
especially under the traditional system of family lineages.
6. Dance
Main article: war dance
As mentioned above, some martial arts in various cultures can be performed in dance‐like
settings for various reasons, such as for evoking ferocity in preparation for battle or showing
off skill in a more stylized manner. Many such martial arts incorporate music, especially
strong percussive rhythms.
Examples of such war dances include:
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Capoeira is a martial art traditionally performed with a dance‐like flavor and to live musical
accompaniment, as seen depicted here.
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Aduk‐Aduk from Brunei
A'rda from Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Qatar
Bara'a from Yemen
Buza from Russia
Brazil's Capoeira, as well as some similar Afro‐Caribbean arts
Combat Hopak from Ukraine
European sword dance or weapon dances of various kinds
Gymnopaidiai from ancient Sparta
Haka from New Zealand
Hula and lua from Hawaii
Classical Indian dances such as ranapa, chhau from Bihar, and ghumura from the
Kalahandi district of Orisha.
Khattak Dance from Afghanistan and northwest Pakistan
Maasai moran (warrior age‐set) dances
Machetero from Colombia
Panther sword‐dance of Burmese banshay
Ram muay as seen before Muay thai bouts
Randai from Indonesia
Sabre Dance ‐ depicted in Khachaturian's ballet Gayane
Scottish sword dances such as Dannsa Biodag
Tahtib in Upper Egypt
Tamunangue from Venezuela
Yolah from Oman and UAE
Zbójnicki from Poland
7. Uses and benefits
Initially, the object of martial arts was self‐defence and the preservation of life. Today, these
needs do not continue to constitute any longer the primary reason for participation. Training
in martial arts imparts many benefits to the trainee, both corporal and spiritual. Through
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systematic practice in the martial arts a person's physical fitness is boosted (strength,
stamina, flexibility, movement coordination, etc.,) as the whole body is exercised and the
whole muscular system is activated. In connection with the learning of correct breathing
techniques and an improved and wholesome diet, martial arts are an effective way of fighting
many problems and diseases of contemporary society and sedentary life, and, generally, of a
weakened immune system.
Self‐control, determination and concentration characterize the trainee, who always reacts
productively and without stress when the circumstances demand it. Self‐defense, then, and
strong self‐control result from serious training. Each individual learns about themselves, and
not only do their capabilities improve, but also their sense of respect and justice.
Summary
In its broadest sense, the martial arts refer to any type of combat technique, often stressing
hand and foot combat. In many cases, the term is used to refer to self‐defense techniques
born in Asia and other countries, although practices from all over the world can be counted
in the definition. Mental discipline and the search for enlightenment are also part and parcel
of many martial arts. While some focus on using one's feet to attack or disarm an opponent,
other martial arts concentrate on the use of one's hands or making throws to render an
opponent useles
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References
1.
2.
3.
4.
Silver medal karata center Dubai
Online documentation
Mr.sarafudeen & Mr Rashid (Transmates)
Kalariyuzhichilum Marmachikilsayum
Contact Info
MOHAMMED NASIL .KP
[email protected]
MOBAIL: +971‐55‐4481066
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