Flora Qarri et al.

MIDDLE TERM BIOMONITORY OF
VLORA_FIER AREA, ALBANIA
Qarri F.1, Lazo P.2
1
University “I. Qemali”, Vlora, 2 University of Tirana,
The aim of this study is the monitoring of air quality of VloraFier area by using mosses as bioindicators (Hypnym
cupressiforme) and the identification of emission sources
Samples
Alb-17*
Alb-18*
Alb-19*
Alb-20*
Alb-21*
Alb-22*
Alb-23**
Alb-58**
Alb-59**
Alb60**
Map of sample positions
Monitoring
sites
Kaninë
Dukat
Llogora
Tërbaç
Mavrovë
Selenicë
Patos
Levan
Lushnjë
Kuçova
The samples were
collected in dry
periods during Sept.Oct.
ANALYSIS
ICP/AES - 19 elementes (Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu,
Fe, Hg, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Sr, V dhe Zn);
Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Sts. Cyril
and Methodius University, Skopje, Republic of
Macedonia.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
•
•
The results are given as gradient of concentration.
The trend of elements distribution:
Max
100000
Min
Median
Mean
10000
mg/kg, DW
1000
100
10
1
0.1
0.01
Cd
•The
As
Li
Pb
V
Cr
Ni
Cu
Zn
Ba
Sr
Mn
Na
P
Fe
Al
Mg
K
Ca
trend of elements distribution show that most toxic elements appear
with very low level:
Cd<As<Li<Pb<V<Cr<Ni<Cu<Zn<Sr<Ba<Mn<Na<P<Fe<Al<Mg<K<Ca
After Li normalization, Cd
and Pb shifted to higher
level of conc., indicating
anthropogenic pollution;
while Ni is mainly lithogenic
source.
As we have worked at a small
area (MIDDLE TERM
MONITORY) the range of
variation of most of elements
is relatively low, compare to
xxxxxxxxxxxx results
COMPARISON OF RESULTS WITH OTHER PLACES
Area
Cr
Cu
Fe
Mn
Ni
Zn
Norway
0.10–4.2
2–9.2
770–1370
22–750
0.12–6.6
7.9–173
Vlore-Fier
2.13-8.1
3.4-16
640-2400
22-970
2.2-9.5
2-21
Macedonia
2.33-122
3-83
424-17000
37-1490
0.1-24
14-203
Bulgaria
1.2-55
0.1-64
690-19400
32-986
1-29
23-770
The Study of Contamination Factor (CF)
Samples
Alb-17
Alb-18
Alb-19
Alb-21
Alb-22
Alb 23
Alb-58
Alb-59
Alb-60
CF
Al
1.91
2.15
1.08
2.29
1.13
0.64
0.46
0.59
1.04
As
0.5
0.5
1.2
7.2
1.7
0.7
1.6
1.5
3.1
> 27
Classification
C6
Contamination Extremily
level
polluted
Cd
1.08
1.58
1.72
1.58
2.17
2.11
2.56
1.78
0.78
Cu
1.39
1.26
1.36
1.35
1.48
4.62
2.04
1.89
1.61
Fe
1.93
1.93
1.02
2.45
1.21
1.05
0.73
1.14
1.91
K
0.97
0.95
0.93
0.97
1.22
1.4
1.59
1.18
0.52
Ni
2.42
1.94
0.97
3.97
2.29
2.1
1.46
2.45
3.63
Pb
1.41
1.78
1.88
1.73
1.26
1.57
0.99
1.37
1.45
Zn
1.64
1.99
1.99
1.83
1.53
4.55
5.33
5.17
3.48
Mn
0.75
0.68
0.52
0.73
0.92
1.23
0.6
0.62
0.74
8.0-27
3.5-8
2- 3.5
1.0-2
<1
C5
C4
Moderately
polluted
C3
Slightly
polluted
C2
Doubtful
C1
Polluted
No polluted
St. Alb-60 – show moderately polluted - level C4 of contamination (Ni and Zn), Kuçova
oil ind. Area, Alb-23 ( Patos), - polluted - level C4 of contamination (Zn,Cu). This is an
oil industry and reffinery area. Alb-58,Alb-59 (Fieri): polluted - level C4 of
contamination (Zn) – close to urban area. St. Alb-21 – (Mavrova), polluted - level C4 of
contamination (As, Ni). The origin is not clear.
Multivariable Analysis – Cluster Analysis of Correlated Matrix
(Similarity level 80%)
Dendrogram
Centroid Linkage, Correlation Coefficient Distance
Similarity
54.45
69.63
84.82
100.00
Al
V
Cr
Fe
Sr
Ba
As
Ni
Ca
Pb
Variables
Cd
P
Na
Cu
Mg
Zn
Mn
 Cluster 1: (Al, As, Ba, Cr, Fe, Li, Ni, Sr dhe V) - lithogenic origin determined
by Al and Li as typical crustal elements.
 Cluster 2: (Ca) - carbonative and dolomite nature of the coastal area (VloraFier)
 Cluster 3: Pb, determined as anthropogenic source of origine,
mainly from traffic emission, as well as oil and gas industry
emission in Fieri area.
 Cluster 4: (Cd, Na dhe P). Na and P are probably of their
natural origin of these elements as plant’s essential elements. The
classification of Cd on the same group is not clear
 Cluster 5: (Cu, Zn dhe Mg). Cu dhe Zn – refflect dry
deposition of PM10/and or PM2.5 as well as traffic emission.
 Cluster 6: (Mn) - refflect the influence of higher vegetations in
this area
Cluster Analysis of Correlated Matrix
(Stations: Similarity level 80%)
Dendrogram
Single Linkage, Euclidean Distance
Similarity
59.06
72.70
86.35
100.00
1
2
3
4
6
10
Observations
7
8
9
5
Cluster 1: Stations of Kanina and Dukat; The tree-vegetation is
characteristic of this area . Hills area with altitude about 400 m.
Have the same distance from sea coast.
Cluster 2: Station of Llogora, with the altitude about 1000 m.
 Cluster 3: Stations Terbac and Selenica – the distance from sea
coast is larger than other stations. , Terbac area is sorrounded with
high hills with small vegetationt, while Selenica (oil industry) area is
a lowland area, rich with vascular plants, probably influencing in air
purification level.
Cluster 4: Only Kucova area, the center of oil and gas industry with
the largest=r distance from the seacoast (55-60 km far) compare to
other stations.
Cluster 5: The stations Patos, Levan and Lushnje – close to urban
areas, with similar vegetation.
Cluster 6: Only Mavrova station, lowlad area, with very low traffic
and poor in vegetation (mainly morlands and grassy plants)
CONCLUSION
• The study confirms that the moss biomonitoring is a valuable tool
for the evaluation of atmospheric input of metals in the
environment, also in middle term monitoring. The method is
suitable for spatial trends deposition.
• The differences on metals concentration in different location of
emission sources were expressed clearly on the mosses, which
reflect local changes in HM deposition.
• Most of elements belong to no polluted level (C2 and C1), except
Ni, Zn and As which reflect moderately polluted level, caused
mainly from oil industry and traffic emmissions.
• Cluster analysis proved to be a useful tool for classification of
environmental situation of different areas also in middle-term
monitory