Zagađenje vode koju koristimo za piće

Zagađenje vode koju koristimo za piće
Šta je zagađenje vode
Zagađenje vodnog bogatstva u velikoj mjeri dolazi od
materija koje su proizvod ljudskih aktivnosti.
Generalno, prisustvo ovih materija i njihovog
hemijskog/kemijskog
sastava
onemogućava
odgovarajuće funkcionisanje prirodnih procesa i
dovodi do negativnih efekata na okoliš/životnu
sredinu i zdravlje.
Koje supstance se smatraju zagađivačima?
Postoji veliki broj materijala koji štete okolišu/životnoj
sredini i kvaliteti voda. Zagađivači mogu biti organskog
porijekla (naftni derivati, deterdženti i pesticidi), zatim
teški metali i druga neorganska jedinjenja. Pored toga,
velike količine lako razgradljivih materija i nutrijenata
(koji se nalaze u đubrivima i deterdžentima) u velikoj
mjeri ugrožavaju vodna bogatstva i narušavaju prirodnu
ravnotežu
u rijekama i jezerima. Poljoprivredni i
industrijski sector predstavljaju velike zagađivače, ali sa
druge strane i zagađenje iz domaćinstava u velikoj mjeri
zagađuje vodne tokove i što je veoma nepovoljno,
podzemnu vodu, koja se koristi za piće.
Zašto je važno zaštititi vodne resurse od zagađenja?
Voda je dio našeg svakodnevnog života, i suprotno
ustaljenom mišljenju nema je u neograničenim
količinama. Količine svježe vode predstavljaju manje
od 2,5 % od ukupne količine vode na zemaljskoj
kugli. Od ukupne količine svježe vode, skoro 80 % se
nalazi zaleđeno na polovima i ostalim zaleđenim
površinama na zemlji (glečeri). Prema ovoj računici,
tek 0,5 % svježe vode na planeti se može koristiti za
ljudsku upotrebu (Agencija za zaštitu okoliša/životne
sredine, 1990. godina).
Nas život u velikoj mjeri ovisi od vode.
Okeani
97,5%
Svježa voda
2,5%
Polovi i
glečeri
77%
Nedostupna
podzemna voda
22%
Ostalo
1%
Atmosfera i voda u
biljkama i zemlji
39%
Jezera
60,6%
Rijeke
0,4%
Izvori zagađenja
Izvori zagađenja se svrstavaju u dvije kategorije,
tačkasti izvori i netačkasti (rasuti) izvori zagađenja.
Tačkasti izvori zagađenja se javljaju kada se
zagađujuće supstance direktno ispuštaju kroz
cijevi/kanale u vodoprijemnike. Primjer ovakvog
zagađenja je ispuštanje otrovnih hemikalija direktno u
vodoprijemnik putem cjevovoda. Netačkasti A nonpoint source occurs when there is runoff of pollutants
into a waterway, for instance when fertilizer from a
field is carried into a stream by surface runoff.
While the first category of sources can be easily
monitored and controlled the second one represents a
diffuse source of pollution more difficult to be
identified and fought.
Main sources of Water Pollution
Farming:
Agriculture sector, if not correctly managed, can lead
to great environmental issues.
Farms frequently use large amounts of chemical
fertilizers that can be washed into the waterways and
damage the water supply and the life within it.
Fertilizers can increase the amounts of nitrates and
phosphates in the water, which can lead to the process
of eutrophication.
Farms often use large amounts of herbicides and
pesticides, both of which are toxic pollutants. These
substances are particularly dangerous to life in rivers,
streams and lakes, where toxic substances can build up
over a period of time or they can diffuse in the soil
reaching the water table.
Large stock farming can results in organic waste
products being washed into the waterways. This
sudden introduction of organic material increases the
amount of nitrogen in the water, and can also lead to
eutrophication.
Urban areas:
Urban areas have the potential to pollute water in
many ways. Runoff from streets carries oil, rubber,
heavy metals, and other contaminants from
automobiles. Untreated or poorly treated sewage can
be low in dissolved oxygen and high in pollutants
such as bacteria, nitrates, phosphorus and chemicals.
Treated sewage can still be high in nitrates.
Groundwater and surface water can be contaminated
from many sources such as garbage dumps, toxic
waste and chemical storage and use areas, leaking fuel
storage tanks, and intentional dumping of hazardous
substances. Moreover gross specific consumption in
urban areas ranges from 200 to 600 litres/capita/day,
of which 100 to 200 litres are supplied to households.
TOALET (WC)
PRANJE-KUPANJE
KUHINJA
Priprema hrane
i pića
Kade za
kupanje
Izmet, toalet papir
Ostatci
hrane
Tuševi
Kanalizacija
OTICANJE S ULICA
ili
ZA
PREČIŠĆAVANJE
ULIČNI ODVODI
Kišna kanalizacija
Kanalizacioni sistem
An example
Most batteries contain heavy metals,
which are one of the main causes for
environmental concern. When disposed
incorrectly or abandoned in the
environment, these heavy metals may
leak into the ground when the battery
casing corrodes. This can contribute to
soil and water pollution and endanger
wildlife.
In theory, one Zink battery can pollute
from 5 to 30 m3 of water, one Cadmium
battery can pollute from 3000 to 15000
m3 of water and only one Mercury
battery can pollute till 30000 m3 of
water.
The paths of a pollutant
After a pollutant reaches the environment, is the
impact limited to the area of release?
Unfortunately the answer is negative. Most of the
dangerous substances are more or less soluble in
water and within days or years, rain will finally bring
them to the rivers or through the soil to the
underground water.
Rivers will then carry the pollution to the downstream
areas and, even if slower compared to rivers, also
underground water flowing through the soil will
spread the contamination far from the source.
River have a few mechanisms to depurate itself:
substances are diluted, heavy pollutants can settle (but
they can be lifted again), chemical substances can be
entrapped by absorption by the soil of the river-bank
(but they can be released in the future), they can
diffuse in the near land or evaporate. However, the
main mechanism is the biological degradation leads
by natural bacteria present in the water.
This process is effective only on biodegradable
substances (most synthetic organic compounds kill
bacteria) and only if enough oxygen is dissolved in
Oxygen
Evaporation
Diffusion and
absorption
Dilution and
chemical/biological
degradation
Settling
the water (bacteria use oxygen to
destroy organic substances and produce
energy for their grow).
But quantity of oxygen in the river is
small and its replenishment is slow thus
the capacity of self-depuration is
limited.
Good quality river have more than
10mg/l of dissolved oxygen, if the value
decreases below 5-6mg/l fish life is
seriously in danger.
If pollution reaches the water table the
situation could be even worst.
Underground water flows very slowly
but its capacity of self-depuration is very limited.
Moreover, most of the city or village use underground
water for drinking purpose.
Very small traces of chemical compounds such as
pesticides can be already dangerous for our health.
Only the soil with its biological activity shields the
water bed from the surface pollution but is a shield
that can be easily broken.
Example of
pesticide cycle
The effects
A large number of chemicals that either exist
naturally in the land or are added due to human
activity dissolve in the water, thereby contaminating
it and leading to various diseases.
Pesticides. The organophosphates and the carbonates
present in pesticides affect and damage the nervous
system and can cause cancer. Some of the pesticides
contain carcinogens that exceed recommended levels.
They contain chlorides that cause reproductive and
endocrinal damage.
Lead and other heavy metals. Lead is hazardous to
health as it accumulates in the body and affects the
central nervous system. Children and pregnant
women are most at risk.
Nitrates. Drinking water that gets contaminated with
nitrates can prove fatal especially to infants that drink
formula milk as it restricts the amount of oxygen that
reaches the brain causing the ‘blue baby’ syndrome. It
is also linked to digestive tract cancers. It causes
algae to bloom resulting in eutrophication in surface
water.
Petrochemicals. Benzene and other petrochemicals
can cause cancer even at low exposure levels.
Chlorinated solvents. These
are linked to reproduction
disorders and to some cancers.
Salts. They make the fresh
water unusable for drinking
and irrigation purposes.
Plastic bags and other
garbage, even if not soluble,
are responsible for visual
and aesthetic pollution of
rivers.
Eutrophication
Eutrophication is a process of enrichment of water with
nutrients (phosphorous and nitrogen), which results in
an increased production of aquatic plants. It can
negatively influence the benefits of use of water
resources for some other intentions. Namely, the
increased production of aquatic plants results in the
increased content of organic substances, that are
decomposed bacterially, producing odours, spending
the disposable oxygen, and influencing development of
other water organisms.
Phosphorus is recognized as one of the major nutrients
contributing to the increased eutrophication of lakes
and other natural waters. This has led to many water
quality problems including increased
purification costs, interference with the recreational
and conservation value of impoundments, loss of
livestock and the possible sub-lethal effects of algal
toxins on humans using eutrophic water supplies for
drinking.
Sources of nutrients arise from many activities. In the
agricultural sector, farmers
increase the productivity and
yield of their crops by use of
chemical fertilizers. If more
fertilizers are applied than
are used by the crops, they
can move into ground and
surface waters and become a
major source of nutrients in
rivers. Other major sources
of nutrients in surface
waters are domestic and
animal wastes. In addition,
municipal wastewater also
contains nutrients from such
things as lawn fertilizers and
household cleaners and
detergents.
The water we will drink
The sources of the drinking water
Water must comply with severe standard of
quality to be classified as drinking water. Water
from river and lakes is normally not directly
utilizable for human consumption and need to
be treated. Underground water from aquifers
usually have better characteristics and can be
distributed with less expensive treatments.
Water supply in BiH is mainly based on the use
of groundwater (89%), 10.2% comes from
rivers and 0.8% from natural lakes and artificial
reservoirs.
What is an aquifer?
Aquifer is the term given to a rock unit that will yield water in
usable quantities to wells or springs. An aquifer can be
visualized as a giant underground sponge which holds the
underground water and which, under certain conditions, will
allow water to move through it.
The physical properties of aquifer materials and of the aquifers
themselves (i.e., thickness, depth) are important in determining
how quickly ground water will move and what routes it will
take as it moves through an aquifer. This knowledge helps
decide how best to get water out of the ground for drinking
water, irrigation, and other uses. These same properties are
important in defining
how
contaminants
originating on the
surface will flow in
the aquifer and in
determining
an
appropriate
cleanup
remedy if the aquifer
becomes
What can you do?
Water environment belong to us
and it’s our responsibility to
keep it clean and to protect our
drinking water resources.
Know more about water and its
potential pollutants is the first
step.
Rise importance in our every
days activities of choices that
avoid
or
reduce
the
contamination of the water can
make the difference on the
quality of the water we will
drink tomorrow.
What can you do to
protect water quality?
Key areas of your house can make significant
impacts on water consumption
Did you know that toilet flushing uses the most water
in indoor residential water use? Also, toilets, showers
and faucets represent more than 70% of indoor water
use.
You can lower your water use in your house by
following these easy tips:
Quickly repair all leaky faucets and toilets.
This is one of the easiest ways to be water-wise.
Slow leaks, such as a slowly dripping faucet,
can generate 60 to 80 liters of wastewater per
day.
Use "low flow" fixtures on faucets and shower
heads and/or faucet aerator (these may be found
at most hardware stores).
Turn off the water while brushing teeth or
shaving.
Also, if possible take a shower instead of a bath.
It is estimated that on average a shower uses
only a third as much water and energy to heat it
as a bath.
Ova brošura je štampana u okviru projekta:
Izgradnja partnerskih odnosa unutar lokalne
zajednice za borbu protiv zagađenja nutrijentima
u gradovima Modriča, Odžak, Derventa i Šamac
Koordinator izrade projekta je nevladina organizacija
Centar za okolišno održivi razvoj iz Sarajeva
“Ovaj program izveden je uz podršku Regionalnog centra za okoliš
za Srednju i Istočnu Evropu u ime UNDP/GEF Regionalnog projekta
zaštite Dunavskog sliva. Stavovi izraženi u vezi s projektom (ili
samo u ovoj publikaciji) nisu nužno stavovi i mišljenja donatora.
Donatori ne preuzimaju nikakvu odgovornost za aktivnosti bilo kojeg
od primatelja sredstava finansijske podrške."
Za sve dodatne informacije, možete se obratiti na telefon 033
212 466 ili na [email protected]