Taal in wording - Jeroen Wiedenhof

Verschenen in: Jacob Kroeze, Taeke de
Jong, Jeroen Wiedenhof, Simon de Vries,
Darwin's quest: Vier lezingen bij een
tentoonstelling, pp. 23-34.
Uitgave: VSSD, Delft, 2010.
ISBN: 978-90-6562-245-7
-HURHQ:LHGHQKRI
7DDOLQZRUGLQJ
'DUZLQLQ'HOIW
'HFRQWH[WYDQGH]HELMGUDJHHHQOH]LQJHQF\FOXVURQGKHWWKHPD
´(YROXWLHµ LQ GH %RWDQLVFKH 7XLQ YDQ GH 7HFKQLVFKH 8QLYHUVLWHLW
'HOIW ERRG PLM HHQ H[FXXV RP RRN LQ GH EHVSUHNLQJ YDQ WDDO
HQNHOH WHFKQLVFKH DVSHFWHQ QLHW WH VFKXZHQ +HW WUHIW GDW MXLVW
GH]HDVSHFWHQYDQKHWVSUHNHQGHEHVWHDDQNQRSLQJVSXQWHQELHGHQ
YRRUKHWOHJJHQYDQGZDUVYHUEDQGHQWXVVHQELRORJLVFKHHYROXWLHHQ
GHHYROXWLHYDQWDDO
7DDOHQHYROXWLHOHHU
&KDUOHV'DUZLQZDVYLMIWLJMDDURXGWRHQ]LMQEHURHPG
VWHZHUN2QWKHRULJLQRIVSHFLHVLQ/RQGHQYHUVFKHHQ'HMXELOHD
YDQGHPHHVWHUHQ]LMQPHHVWHUZHUNYDOOHQGXVPRRLVDPHQ(HQ
QDGHHOYDQGLWWRHYDOLVGDWGHYDQ]HOIVSUHNHQGHQDGUXNGLHKLHU
GRRURSGH6SHFLHVYDOWVRPVGHDDQGDFKWDÁHLGWYDQGHWLHQWDOOHQ
SXEOLFDWLHVGLH'DUZLQGDDUQDDVWVFKUHHI
+RHZHO WDDO LQ GH 6SHFLHV ZHO WHU VSUDNH NRPW GLHQW GH]H GDDU
'$5:,1·648(67‡9LHUOH]LQJHQELMHHQWHQWRRQVWHOOLQJ
YRRUDO DOV YHUJHOLMNLQJVPDWHULDDO 'DUZLQ VSLHJHOW ELMYRRUEHHOG
]LMQLQGHOLQJYDQGHOHYHQGHQDWXXULQRQGHUOLQJYHUZDQWHVRRUWHQ
DDQGHPDQLHUZDDURSWDOHQHQGLDOHFWHQJURHSVJHZLMVYHUEDQGHQ
YHUWRQHQ0HHUXLWJHZHUNWHLGHHsQRYHUGHPHQVHOLMNHSUDDW]XFKW
]LMQWHYLQGHQLQ'DUZLQV7KHGHVFHQWRIPDQ'LWZHUNYHUVFKHHQ
WZDDOIMDDUQDGH6SHFLHVHQOHYHUWHHQVWHYLJHRQGHUERXZLQJYDQ
KHW LQ]LFKW GDW GH PHQVHOLMNH VRRUW QHW DOV DQGHUH GLHUHQ GDDG
ZHUNHOLMNHHQHYROXWLRQDLUHRQWVWDDQVJHVFKLHGHQLVKHHIW(HQMDDU
ODWHULQSXEOLFHHUGH'DUZLQ7KHH[SUHVVLRQRIWKHHPRWLRQV
LQPDQDQGDQLPDOVZDDULQKLMRSQLHXZLQJLQJRSKHWRQVWDDQYDQ
WDDO
'DUZLQ EHWRRJW GDW GH PHQVHOLMNH WDDO QHW ]RDOV GH PHQVHOLMNH
VRRUWJHOHLGHOLMNLVRQWVWDDQXLWRXGHUHYRUPHQ9RRUWDDONRPHQ
GLH RXGHUH YRUPHQ QHHU RS KHW YRFDOH JHGUDJ YDQ SULPDWHQ +LM
ZLMVW HURS GDW KHW JHEUXLN YDQ JHOXLG ZLMGHU YHUEUHLG LV LQ GH
GLHUHQZHUHOG ]RDOV ELM NDSXFLMQDDSMHV ]HV NUHWHQ KRQGHQ
YLHU j YLMI EODIJHOXLGHQ HQ SOXLPYHH WZDDOI JHOXLGHQ %LM DO
GH]HVRRUWHQGLHQHQGHJHOXLGHQDOVXLWLQJYDQZDWHULQGHJHHVW
RPJDDW WHUZLMO ]H ELM OXLVWHUHQGH VRRUWJHQRWHQ WRW YRRUVSHOEDDU
JHGUDJ OHLGHQ +HW RQGHUVFKHLG WXVVHQ GLW JHEUXLN YDQ JHOXLG LQ
GH GLHUHQZHUHOG HQ KHW PHQVHOLMNH WDDOJHEUXLN ZDV YRRU 'DUZLQ
YRRUDO JUDGXHHO Y+HW HQLJH YHUVFKLO WXVVHQ GH ODJHUH GLHUHQ
HQGHPHQVLVJHOHJHQLQ]LMQHLQGHORRVJURWHUHYHUPRJHQRPGH
PHHVWXLWHHQORSHQGHNODQNHQHQLGHHsQPHWHONDDULQYHUEDQGWH
EUHQJHQHQGLWEHUXVWGXLGHOLMNRSGHVWHUNHRQWZLNNHOLQJYDQ]LMQ
PHQWDOHYHUPRJHQV'HPHQVLVNRUWRPYHHOPHHUPHW]LMQWDDO
YHUVWUHQJHOGJHUDDNW
$QGHUVRPEUHQJWGHPRGHUQHPHQVYRRUWGXUHQGSULPLWLHYHJHOXLGHQ
YRRUWGLHQLHWGLUHFWWRWWDDOJHUHNHQGZRUGHQ'DUZLQKDGJH]LHQ
GDWMXLVWGH]HHHQYRXGLJHNUHWHQHQ]XFKWHQYDDNLQFRPELQDWLH
PHW JHEDUHQ HQ PLPLHN XLWLQJ JHYHQ DDQ GH PHHVW HOHPHQWDLUH
HQOHYHQGLJHJHYRHOHQVSLMQDQJVWVFKULNZRHGHJHQHJHQKHLG
OLHIGHMDORH]LHHQRYHUZLQQLQJ'HUROGLHGH]HYRFDOHXLWLQJHQLQ
KHWPHQVHOLMNHOHYHQVSHOHQLVHHQYRXGLJQDWHJDDQGRRUQDDUKHW
JHOXLGYDQHHQSRUQRÀOPWHOXLVWHUHQ'DDUPHHVWDDWKHWEHODQJ
YDQ GH]H JHOXLGHQ YRRU GH UHSURGXFWLH YDQ GH PHQVHOLMNH VRRUW
GLUHFWEXLWHQNLMI0DDURRNLQGHDDQORRSWRWVHNVVSHHOWPRQGH
OLQJJHGUDJHHQJURWHURO'DUZLQQRHPWLQGDWYHUEDQGGHIXQFWLH
YDQ]DQJLQGHKRIPDNHULM'DDUPHHVOXLWKLMQDDGORRVDDQRSGH
YURHJVWHWDDONXQGLJHLQ]LFKWHQRYHUGHRRUVSURQJYDQWDDO
6SUDDNNODQNHQHQÀORORJLH
2WWR-HVSHUVHQZDV]HYHQWLHQMDDURXGWRHQKLMWLMGHQV
KHWHHUVWHMDDUYDQ]LMQVWXGLHDDQGHXQLYHUVLWHLWYDQ.RSHQKDJHQ
NHQQLVPDDNWH PHW 'DUZLQV ZHUN =HOI SXEOLFHHUGH KLM LQ HHQ JURWH VWXGLH RYHU WDDORQWZLNNHOLQJ 3URJUHVV LQ ODQJXDJH ,Q
GHFRQFOXVLHYDQGDWERHNEHQDGUXNW-HVSHUVHQGHYHUEDQGHQWXV
VHQ HPRWLRQHOH NUHWHQ HQ WDDOJHEUXLN 2YHU GH FKURQRORJLH KDG
KLMJHHQHQNHOHWZLMIHOYODQJYRRUGDWPHQVHQJHGDFKWHQNRQGHQ
XLWVSUHNHQEH]RQJHQ]LMKXQJHYRHOHQVDO
,Q -HVSHUVHQV WLMG VWRQGHQ WDDOHYROXWLH HQ WDDORQWZLNNHOLQJ VWHUN
LQGHEHODQJVWHOOLQJ2RN'DUZLQYHUZHHVLQGDWYHUEDQGYDDNQDDU
KHWZHUNYDQÀORORJHQ]RDOV0D[0OOHUHQ$XJXVW6FKOHLFKHU(HQ
EUHGHUSHUVSHFWLHIRSGH]HYURHJHSHULRGHLQKHWWDDOHYROXWLRQ
DLUH
GHQNHQLVJHJHYHQGRRU*HRUJHYDQ'ULHP
%LMGHEHVWXGHULQJYDQWDDOZDVDDQGDFKWYRRUKHWVSUDDNJHOXLGLQ
-HVSHUVHQVWLMGQRJHHQQLHXZYHUVFKLMQVHO7DOHQYLHOHQWUDGLWLRQHHO
RQGHUGHÀORORJLHHHQYDNJHELHGGDWKHWJHVFKUHYHQZRRUGFHQ
WUDDO VWHOGH HQ GDW VWDPGH XLW HHQ WLMG GDW YRRUXLWJDQJ LQ GH
ZHWHQVFKDS VRZLHVR RQPRJHOLMN ZDV ]RQGHU JURQGLJH NHQQLV YDQ
GRGHVFKULMIWDOHQ]RDOVKHW/DWLMQKHW*ULHNVHQKHW+HEUHHXZV
7RFKZDVGHUROYDQKHWJHVSURNHQZRRUGDOVWHUNWRHJHQRPHQPHW
QDPHGDQN]LMGHRSNRPVWYDQGHKLVWRULVFKHWDDOYHUJHOLMNLQJ+HW
ZDVELMYRRUEHHOGHHQHHXZHHUGHUDOJHEOHNHQGDWKHW6DQVNULHWWRW
GH]HOIGH ,QGR(XURSHVH WDDOIDPLOLH PRHVW EHKRUHQ DOV KHW /DWLMQ
-(52(1:,('(1+2)7$$/,1:25',1*
HQKHW*ULHNV'H]HNODVVLHNHFXOWXXUWDOHQZHUGHQLQGULHYHUVFKLO
OHQGHVFKULIWHQJHVFKUHYHQ'HWDLOVRYHUGHJHQHWLVFKHYHUEDQGHQ
WXVVHQGH]HWDOHQNRQGHQGDQRRNDOOHHQZRUGHQEORRWJHOHJGGRRU
QDWHJDDQKRH]HRRLWKDGGHQJHNORQNHQ
6\PEROLVFK YRRU GH HPDQFLSDWLH YDQ KHW VSUDDNJHOXLG ZDV GH
RSULFKWLQJYDQGH,QWHUQDWLRQDO3KRQHWLF$VVRFLDWLRQYDQDI
'H IRQHWLVFKH EHZHJLQJ ZDDULQ RRN -HVSHUVHQ ]HHU DFWLHI ZDV
OHYHUGHQDXZNHXULJHEHVFKULMYLQJHQYDQDUWLFXODWLHDNRHVWLHNHQ
JHKRRU(HQYDQGHEHNHQGVWHVSLQRIIVYDQGLWW\SHRQGHU]RHNLV
KHW,QWHUQDWLRQDO3KRQHWLF$OSKDEHW,3$ZDDULQGH]HOIGHOHWWHU
DOWLMG KHW]HOIGH VSUDDNJHOXLG ZHHUJHHIW RQJHDFKW GH WDDO GLH
HUPHHZRUGWEHVFKUHYHQ,Q†VWDDQHQNHOHYRRUEHHOGHQ
7RFK NRQ GH QLHXZH WDDOZHWHQVFKDS QLHW YROVWDDQ PHW GH]H
LQYHQWDULVDWLH YDQ DQDWRPLVFKH HQ I\VLVFKH GHWDLOV 2RN 'DUZLQ
KDGDORSJHPHUNWGDWKHWJHEUXLNYDQHHQYRXGLJHNUHWHQ]HOIVDOV
YRRUVWDGLXPYDQWDDOQHHUNZDPRSKHWYYHUPRJHQRPEHSDDOGH
NODQNHQPHWEHSDDOGHLGHHsQWHYHUELQGHQ*H]LHQKHWDDQWDOHQ
GHFRPSOH[LWHLWYDQ]XONHYHUELQGLQJHQLQPHQVHOLMNHWDDOZDVKHW
QRRG]DNHOLMNRPEHKDOYHVSUDDNNODQNHQRRNGHELMEHKRUHQGHEHWH
NHQLVVHQWHLQYHQWDULVHUHQHQRSGLHHPSLULVFKHEDVLVGHV\VWHPD
WLHNYDQGHYHUEDQGHQLQNDDUWWHEUHQJHQ
9RUPHQEHWHNHQLV
)LJXXU+HW6DXVVXULDDQVHWDDOWHNHQLVHHQWZHHHHQKHLGELQQHQGHWDDO+HWGLDJUDPWRRQWUHFKWVGH
VSUHNHUPHWHHQXLWYHUJURRWEUHLQDOV]HWHOYDQGHWDDOHQOLQNVGHZHUHOGEXLWHQWDDO'HIRQRORJLVFKHYRUP
VWDDWV\PERROYRRUPHHUGHUHXLWVSUDNHQ'HEHWHNHQLVGLHGLUHFWDDQGHYRUPLVJHNRSSHOGVWDDWV\PERRO
YRRUPHHUGHUHUHIHUHQWHQ+HWYHUEDQGWXVVHQXLWVSUDDNHQUHIHUHQWLVLQGLUHFWHQDUELWUDLUHQYHUORRSWYLD
GHWDDO
'HV\VWHPDWLVFKHYHUELQGLQJHQWXVVHQVSUDDNNODQNHQHQEHWHNHQLV
VHQ ]LMQ QDXZNHXULJ JHDQDO\VHHUG GRRU GH =ZLWVHUVH WDDONXQGLJH
)HUGLQDQG GH 6DXVVXUH =LMQ SRVWKXPH &RXUV GH OLQ
JXLVWLTXH JpQpUDOH XLW JHOGW QRJ VWHHGV DOV SLRQLHUVZHUN RS
GLWJHELHGHQZRUGWGDDURPYDDNDOVEHJLQSXQWYDQGHPRGHUQH
WDDONXQGHJHQRPHQ&HQWUDDOLQ]LMQDQDO\VHLVGHQRWLHYDQKHWWDDO
WHNHQVLJQHDOVHHQKHLGELQQHQGHWDDO+HWWDDOWHNHQFRPELQHHUW
GHWZHHJHVFKHLGHQPDDUVDPHQZHUNHQGHNDQDOHQZDDUODQJVWDDO
LVYHUERQGHQPHWGHZHUHOGEXLWHQWDDO]LHÀJXXU
'$5:,1·648(67‡9LHUOH]LQJHQELMHHQWHQWRRQVWHOOLQJ
7HQHHUVWH]LMQHULQGHZHUHOGEXLWHQGHWDDOGLQJHQHQZH]HQV
LQ HHQ ZRRUG ]HOIVWDQGLJKHGHQ ZDDU PHW EHKXOS YDQ WDDO RYHU
JHVSURNHQZRUGW:DQQHHUKHWJHVSUHNELMYRRUEHHOGJDDWRYHUHHQ
UDW GDQ LVGH]H UDW HHQ ]HOIVWDQGLJKHLG GLH URQGVFKDUUHOW EXLWHQ
GHWDDO,QWDDONXQGLJHWHUPHQRQGHUVFKHLGHQZHGDDURPHQHU]LMGV
GHUHIHUHQWHQGLH]LFKEXLWHQGHWDDOEHYLQGHQPDDUZHOPHWWDDO
ZRUGHQDDQJHGXLG]RDOVHHQUDWHQDQGHU]LMGVGHEHWHNHQLVVHQ
GLH ELQQHQ GH WDDO YDOOHQ HQ ]LFK DOV V\PEROLVFKH QRWLHV LQ KHW
EUHLQ YDQ GH VSUHNHU RSKRXGHQ ELMYRRUEHHOG GH EHWHNHQLV ¶UDW·
%HWHNHQLVVHQ ZRUGHQ JHQRWHHUG WXVVHQ HQNHOH DDQKDOLQJVWHNHQV
'HVWXGLHYDQEHWHNHQLVVHQKHHWVHPDQWLHN
7HQWZHHGHLVGHZHUHOGEXLWHQWDDORRNGHI\VLHNHSOHNZDDUWDDO
]LFK PDQLIHVWHHUW LQ VSUDDNNODQNHQ WULOOHQGH OXFKW YDQ KRRUEDUH
IUHTXHQWLHV'LWVSUDDNJHOXLGKHHIWRS]LMQEHXUWHHQV\PEROLVFKH
WHJHQKDQJHUELQQHQGHWDDOGLHIRQRORJLVFKHYRUPZRUGWJHQRHPG
RINRUWZHJYRUP+HWVSUDDNJHOXLGZRUGWLQWDDONXQGLJHWUDQVFULS
WLH WXVVHQ YLHUNDQWH KDNHQ JHVFKUHYHQ ELMYRRUEHHOG >ࢎचW@ (HQ
YRUP ZRUGW JHQRWHHUG DOV RSHHQYROJHQGH NODQNHHQKHGHQ IRQH
PHQWXVVHQVFKXLQHVWUHSHQUचW
6DPHQJHYDW LV KHW WDDOWHNHQ YDQ GH 6DXVVXUH VLJQH HHQ WZHH
HHQKHLGELQQHQGHWDDOEHVWDDQGHXLWEHWHNHQLVVLJQLÀpHQYRUP
VLJQLÀDQW(ONHWDDOLVRSJHERXZGXLWHHQJURWHKRHYHHOKHLGWDDO
WHNHQV
(HQEHWHNHQLVJHGUDDJW]LFKDOVHHQVHPDQWLVFKHFDWHJRULHDOVHHQ
UXEULHN ZDDULQ GH WDDOJHEUXLNHU YHUZLM]LQJHQ QDDU YHUVFKLOOHQGH
UHIHUHQWHQ NDQ VDPHQEUHQJHQ (HQ VSUHNHU YDQ KHW 1HGHUODQGV
NDQELMYRRUEHHOGPHHUGHUHVRRUWHQHQPDWHQYDQUDWWHQRSYDWWHQ
DOVSDVVHQGHUHIHUHQWHQELMGH]HOIGHEHWHNHQLV¶UDW·2SGH]HOIGH
PDQLHUGLHQHQIRQRORJLVFKHYRUPHQDOVNODQNFDWHJRULHsQZDDUPHH
GHWDDOJHEUXLNHUNODQNHQUXEULFHHUW1HGHUODQGVWDOLJHQDFFHSWHUHQ
ELMYRRUEHHOGPRHLWHORRVYHUVFKLOOHQGHXLWVSUDNHQ]RDOV>ࢎचW@PHW
HHQKXLJU>ࣷचW@PHWHHQ/HLGVHUHQ>UचW@PHWHHQWRQJSXQWUDOV
UHDOLVDWLHVYDQGH]HOIGH1HGHUODQGVHYRUPUचW
2RNYRRUQLHWDFFHSWDEHOHYDULDQWHQYHUORRSWGLWFDWHJRULDOHJHGUDJ
RQGHUOLQJSDUDOOHO=RYHUZHUSHQGHVSUHNHUVYDQKHW1HGHUODQGV
VRPPLJHUDWDFKWLJHEHHVWHQDOVSDVVHQGHUHIHUHQWELMGHEHWHNHQLV
¶UDW·PDDUZHODOVJHVFKLNWHUHIHUHQWYRRUGHEHWHNHQLV¶PXLV·(Q
GHXLWVSUDDN>OचW@EHJLQQHQGPHWHHQONODQNYHUWHJHQZRRUGLJW
YRRUVSUHNHUVYDQKHW1HGHUODQGVJHHQDFFHSWDEHOHXLWVSUDDNYDQ
GHYRUPUचWPDDUZHOYDQGHYRUPOचW
+RHZHOGH]HGXEEHOHLQWHUDFWLHWXVVHQWDDOHQWDDORPJHYLQJLQHONH
WDDORSHHQFDWHJRULVFKHPDQLHUYHUORRSWNDQGHDIEDNHQLQJSHU
NODQNRIEHWHNHQLVFDWHJRULHWXVVHQWDOHQRQGHUOLQJVWHUNYHUVFKLO
OHQ(U]LMQELMYRRUEHHOGWDOHQGLHUDWWHQHQPXL]HQPHWGH]HOIGH
EHWHNHQLVDDQNXQQHQGXLGHQ]RDOVKHW0DQGDULMQ&KLQHHV=R]LMQ
HURRNWDOHQGLHGH1HGHUODQGVHOHQUNODQNHQRYHUHHQNDPVFKH
UHQWRHYDOOLJGRHWKHW0DQGDULMQRRNGDW
&RQFOXGHUHQGLVQDKRQGHUGMDDUWDDONXQGHKHW]LFKWRSGHPHQ²
VHOLMNHWDDOHQRUPYHUEUHHGGDQN]LMGHHOHPHQWDLUHSRVLWLHGLHGLW
YDNJHELHGWRHNHQWDDQKHWVSUDDNJHOXLG9DQGHFLUFDWDOHQLQ
GHZHUHOGKHEEHQYHUUHZHJGHPHHVWHJHHQVFKULIW9RRUGHNODV
VLHNHÀORORJLHEHVWRQGHQGH]HWDOHQQLHWPDDUYRRUGHWDDONXQGH
]LMQVFKULIWOR]HWDOHQLQDOOHRS]LFKWHQJHZRQHWDOHQ'HEHVWXGH
ULQJ YDQ GH]H HQRUPH YHU]DPHOLQJ WDOHQ LV HHQ YRRUZDDUGH YRRU
RQVEHJULSYDQGHDDUGHQGHYHUVSUHLGLQJYDQWDDOYDULDWLH'HHYR
OXWLRQDLUHDDQVOXLWLQJELMELRORJLVFKHV\VWHPHQNULMJWKLHUGRRUHHQ
KHFKWHUHEDVLV
*HQHQPHP
,QGH]HOIGHHHXZYROWURNNHQ]LFKLQGHELRORJLHPHHUGHUHUHYROXWLHV
,Q GH MDUHQ HQ ZHUG GH JHQHWLVFKH EDVLV JHOHJG YRRU
'DUZLQVWKHRULHYDQQDWXXUOLMNHVHOHFWLH'DWZDVYRRUDOWHGDQNHQ
DDQGHKHURQWGHNNLQJYDQHHUGHUZHUNYDQ*UHJRU0HQGHO
HHQ $XJXVWLMQHU PRQQLN GLH QDXZNHXULJ KDG ELMJHKRXGHQ
KRH GH RYHUHUYLQJ YDQ HLJHQVFKDSSHQ YHUOLHS YRRU YHUVFKLOOHQGH
)LJXXU
(HQPHP%URQ
'HOLXV
GHWDLO
2RUVSURQNHOLMN
ELMVFKULIW´$
PHPHDVD
FRQVWHOODWLRQ
RIDFWLYDWHG
QHXURQDOV\QDSVHV
ORGJHGVRPHZKHUH
LQWKHEUDLQRIDQ
LQGLYLGXDOµ
HUZWHQUDVVHQLQ]LMQNORRVWHUWXLQ0HGHGDQN]LMGHRQWZLNNHOLQJYDQ
QLHXZHEHHOGWHFKQLHNHQ]RDOVU|QWJHQGLIIUDFWLHNZDPGHI\VLHNH
EDVLVYRRUGHRYHUHUYLQJDDQKHWOLFKW'HEHNHQGVWHGRRUEUDDNZDV
GLHYDQWRHQ-DPHV':DWVRQHQ)UDQFLV&ULFNGHGXEEHOH
ZHQWHOWUDSVWUXFWXXU YDQ '1$ EHVFKUHYHQ +HW JHQ HHQ VWXNMH
'1$DOVIXQFWLRQHOHHHQKHLGYDQRYHUHUYLQJLVVLQGVGLHQKHWZHUN
WHUUHLQJHZRUGHQYDQHHQJURRWDDQWDOWHFKQRORJLVFKHVSHFLDOLVD
WLHV]RDOVGHJHQHWLVFKHEHZHUNLQJYDQYRHGVHOEURQQHQPHGLVFKH
JHQWKHUDSLHHQIRUHQVLVFKH'1$WHFKQLHNHQ
,Q GH MDUHQ VWHOGH 5LFKDUG 'DZNLQV YRRU RP QDDVW KHW JHQ
DOVHHQKHLGYDQI\VLHNHRYHUHUYLQJRRNHHQYROZDDUGLJHFXOWXUHOH
WHJHQKDQJHU WH HUNHQQHQ +RHZHO KLM QLHW GH HHUVWH ZDV GLH GH
RYHUHUYLQJYDQSDWURQHQLQGHPHQVHOLMNHFXOWXXUEHQRHPGHKDG
KLMYHHOPHHUVXFFHVGDQ]LMQYRRUJDQJHUV'DWJROGLQKHWELM]RQGHU
YRRUGHWHUPGLH'DZNLQVODQFHHUGHDOVHHQKHLGYDQFXOWXUHOHRYHU
GUDFKWGHPHPHRILQKHW1HGHUODQGVKHWPHP=HOISDVWHKLM
GLW FRQFHSW YDQDI KHW EHJLQ EUHHG WRH GH RRUVSURQNHOLMNH YRRU
-(52(1:,('(1+2)7$$/,1:25',1*
EHHOGHQYDULsUHQYDQSRSXODLUHGHXQWMHVHQPRGLHX]HQDDOGKDNNHQ
WRWUHOLJLHX]HZHWWHQHQKHWJRGVLGHH]HOI$FKWHUDIEHHWGHVODQJ
]LFK]HOIVLQGHVWDDUW]RDOV'DZNLQVLQGHWZHHGHHGLWLHYDQ]LMQ
ZHUNRSPHUNWLVRRNGHWHUPPHP]HOIHHQVWHUNPHPJHEOHNHQ
9RRUGHVWXGLHYDQWDDOHYROXWLHZDVPHWQDPHUHOHYDQWGDW'DZNLQV
GHI\VLHNHEDVLVYDQKHWPHPH[SOLFLHWPDDNWHYDOVGHPHPHQ
LQGHKHUVHQHQDQDORRJ]LMQDDQGHJHQHQGDQPRHWHQ]LMKHUVHQ
VWUXFWXUHQ ]LMQ GLH ]LFK]HOI UHSURGXFHUHQ GDDGZHUNHOLMNH SDWUR
QHQLQGHQHXWUDOHEHGUDGLQJGLHLQKHWHQHQDKHWDQGHUHEUHLQ
WHUXJNRPHQ]LHÀJXXU$OVWDDONXQGLJH HHQKHLG LVKHW PHP
SULPDLU HHQ WDDOWHNHQ GDW KLHUERYHQ LQ V\PEROLVFKH WHUPHQ LV
JHGHÀQLHHUG ,Q ELRORJLVFKH ]LQ LV GLW WDDOPHP GH NRSSHOLQJ YDQ
KHWQHXUDOHSDWURRQYDQHHQEHWHNHQLVHQKHWQHXUDOHSDWURRQYDQ
HHQ IRQRORJLVFKH YRUP 7DDO YRUPW LQ ELRORJLVFKH ]LQ KHW JHKHHO
YDQ]XONHNRSSHOLQJHQ
'DZNLQV
PHPHWLVFKHLGHHsQYHUVFKHQHQLQKHWODDWVWHKRRIGVWXN
YDQ7KHVHOÀVKJHQHGDWYHUGHUJHKHHODDQKHWJHQZDVJHZLMG
,QGLHJHQHWLVFKHKRRIGVWXNNHQERRGKLMHHQDOWHUQDWLHIYRRUKHW
WUDGLWLRQHOH EHHOG GDW RUJDQLVPHQ ]LFK GDQN]LM KXQ JHQHQ YRRUW
SODQWHQ'DZNLQVGUDDLGHGDWSHUVSHFWLHIRPHQVWHOGHGDWJHQHQ
JHEUXLNPDNHQYDQRUJDQLVPHQRP]LFK]HOIPHHYRRUWWHSODQWHQ
/HYHQVYRUPHQ]RDOVGHPHQVIXQJHUHQGDQDOVFRPSOH[H´RYHUOH
YLQJVPDFKLQHVµVXUYLYDOPDFKLQHVDDQJHVWXXUGGRRU]HOI]XFKWLJH
JHQHQ,QGH]HSDUDGR[DOHRPNHULQJYDQGHUHODWLHWXVVHQJDVWHQ
JDVWKHHUYRUPHQGHRUJDQLVPHQ]HOIKHWJHQHWLVFKHPDWHULDDOYRRU
KXQJHQHQ
'H]H RPGUDDLLQJ YDQ KHW WUDGLWLRQHOH JHQHWLVFKH SHUVSHFWLHI
JHOGWYRRUPHPHQSUHFLHV]R0HPHQIXQJHUHQGDQDOVFXOWXUHOH
HHQKHGHQGLHYRRUWEHVWDDQLQGHWLMGRPGDW]HZRUGHQGRRUJHJHYHQ
GRRU PHQVHOLMNH FXOWXXUGUDJHUV 2RN GH VSRQWDQH PXWDWLH GLH
LQ GH JHQHWLVFKH HYROXWLH YDULDWLH RSOHYHUW HQ DOV YRRUZHUS YDQ
QDWXXUOLMNH VHOHFWLH GLHQW KHHIW WHJHQKDQJHUV LQ GH PHPHWLFD
'DZNLQV QRHPW KHW YRRUEHHOG YDQ KHW OLHG ´$XOG /DQJ 6\QHµ
'$5:,1·648(67‡9LHUOH]LQJHQELMHHQWHQWRRQVWHOOLQJ
ZDDUELMHHQYHUPLQNLQJYDQGHRRUVSURQNHOLMNHWHNVWIRUWKHVDNH
RIDXOGODQJV\QHLQSODDWVYDQIRUROGODQJV\QHXLWHLQGHOLMNKHHO
DOJHPHHQLQRPORRSEOLMNWWH]LMQJHNRPHQ=RJHUDNHQZHWHUXJ
RSKHWVSRRUYDQ]DQJHQWDDO
9HUVFKLOOHQGH FRQVHTXHQWLHV YDQ 'DZNLQV PHPHWLVFKH LQ]LFKWHQ
YRRU GH WDDOZHWHQVFKDS ]LMQ GH ODDWVWH MDUHQ XLWJHZHUNW LQ /HL
GHQ ZDDU LN RRN ]HOI DDQ KHE PRJHQ ELMGUDJHQ ,Q GH UHFHSWLH
YDQGH]HPHPHWLFDYDOWRSGDWGHSURFHGXUHOHNDQWYHHODOVWHUN
DDQVSUHHNW(HQEHJULSYDQPHPHQDOVFXOWXUHOHHHQKHGHQGLHYHU
EDQGHQYRUPHQPXWHUHQHQHYROXHUHQLVDOODQJWRWGHSRSXODLUH
ZHWHQVFKDSGRRUJHGURQJHQ'DWJHOGWLQYHHOPLQGHUHPDWHYRRU
GH SHUVSHFWLHIZLVVHOLQJ GLH 'DZNLQV PHW ]LMQ ´]HOI]XFKWLJHµ JHQ
YRRURJHQVWRQG=HNHUYRRUPHPHQLVGHDFFHSWDWLHYDQGLHYLVLH
]HHU EHSHUNW HQ GH WDDONXQGH YRUPW GDDURS JHHQ XLW]RQGHULQJ
,Q GH UHVW YDQ GLW DUWLNHO YDW LN HHUVW KHW /HLGVH PRGHO YDQ WDDO
DOV]HOI]XFKWLJPHPVDPHQHQEHKDQGHOLNGDDUQDHQNHOHYRRUGH
KDQGOLJJHQGHEH]ZDUHQ
+XPSW\'XPSW\
'H HHUVWH VDPHQKDQJHQGH IRUPXOHULQJ YDQ GH]H YLVLH RS WDDO
ZDV YDQ GH KDQG YDQ )UHGHULN .RUWODQGW 1HW DOV 'DZNLQV VODDW
.RUWODQGW HHQ EUXJ WXVVHQ JHQHWLFD HQ WDDO PDDU ]LMQ XLWJDQJV
SXQWLVHHUGHUPHGLVFKGDQFXOWXUHHOWHQRHPHQ*HwQVSLUHHUGGRRU
:LOOLDP+0F1HLOO·VPHGLVFKHYLVLHRSGHJHVFKLHGHQLVNDUDNWHUL
VHHUW.RUWODQGWGHVSUHNHQGHPHQVDOVHHQPHQVPHWHHQJHEUHN
2SSHUPDFKWLJRSDDUGHGDQN]LMKHWJHEUXLNYDQWDDOKHHIWGHPHQV
]LMQSUDDWYHUVODYLQJPRHWHQEHNRSHQPHWHHQVWHUNEHSHUNWYHU
PRJHQWRWGLUHFWHLQGLYLGXHOHZDDUQHPLQJDOWKDQVLQYHUJHOLMNLQJ
PHW DQGHUH MDJHQGH VRRUWHQ ,Q GH]H ´SDUDVLWRORJLVFKHµ NLMN RS
WDDOGUDDLWKHWZHGHURPRPGHWDDNYHUGHOLQJWXVVHQJDVWKHHUHQ
JDVWKHHUHQGLHQDDU
9RRU .RUWODQGW LV WDDO LQ HVVHQWLH QRFK HHQ FRPPXQLFDWLHPLGGHO
)LJXXU
+XPSW\'XPSW\DOVWDDOEHKHHUVHU&DUUROO
´7KHUH·VJORU\IRU\RXµ
´,GRQ·WNQRZZKDW\RXPHDQE\¶JORU\·µ$OLFHVDLG
+XPSW\'XPSW\VPLOHGFRQWHPSWXRXVO\´2IFRXUVH\RX
GRQ·W³WLOO,WHOO\RX,PHDQW¶WKHUH·VDQLFHNQRFNGRZQ
DUJXPHQWIRU\RX·´
´%XW¶JORU\·GRHVQ·WPHDQ¶DQLFHNQRFNGRZQDUJXPHQW·µ
$OLFHREMHFWHG
´:KHQ,XVHDZRUGµ+XPSW\'XPSW\VDLGLQUDWKHUD
VFRUQIXOWRQH´LWPHDQVMXVWZKDW,FKRRVHLWWRPHDQ³
QHLWKHUPRUHQRUOHVVµ
´7KHTXHVWLRQLVµVDLG$OLFH´ZKHWKHU\RXFDQPDNHZRUGV
PHDQVRPDQ\GLIIHUHQWWKLQJVµ
´7KHTXHVWLRQLVµVDLG+XPSW\'XPSW\´ZKLFKLVWREH
PDVWHU³WKDW·VDOOµ
WXVVHQ PHQVHQ QRFK HHQ YRUP YDQ ]HOIH[SUHVVLH YDQ GH PHQ
VHOLMNHJHHVWPDDUHHQPHGLXPGDWQDWXXUOLMNHYRUPHQYDQ]HOI
H[SUHVVLH YLD GH PHQVHOLMNH JHHVW GRRUJHHIW +LM LOOXVWUHHUW GLW
PHW GH ZRRUGHQ YDQ +XPSW\ 'XPSW\ XLW /HZLV &DUUROOV 7KURXJK
WKHORRNLQJJODVV´7KHTXHVWLRQLV«ZKLFKLVWREHPDVWHUµ]LH
ÀJXXU
=RDOVHONHWDDONXQGLJHYHOGZHUNHUZHHWNXQQHQGHRRUGHOHQYDQ
HHQWDDOLQIRUPDQWVWHUNZLVVHOHQPDDU]LMQ]HQLHWWHEHWZLVWHQ
DOOHHQWHYHUNODUHQ,Q]RYHUUH]LMQGHZRRUGHQZDDUPHH+XPSW\
'XPSW\ ]LMQ PHHVWHUVFKDS RYHU GH WDDO ZLO FODLPHQ WHUHFKW GH
ZHWHQVFKDSSHUNDQSDVFRQVWDWHUHQGDWHHQEHWHNHQLVSDVWELMHHQ
UHIHUHQWDOVGDWRYHUHHQVWHPWPHWKHWRRUGHHOYDQGHLQIRUPDQW
.RUWODQGW NDDWVW QLHWWHPLQ +XPSW\ 'XPSW\·V EDO WHUXJ GRRU
KHW PHHVWHUVFKDS DDQ GH WDDO ]HOI WH JXQQHQ GH VSUHNHUV ]LMQ
RQGHUZRUSHQDDQKXQ]HOI]XFKWLJHWDDOPHPHQ
%LQQHQ GH]H WDDONXQGLJH WUDGLWLH LV GH ODDWVWH MDUHQ PHW QDPH
JHZHUNW DDQ GH LQWHJUDWLH YDQ ELRORJLVFKH QHXURORJLVFKH HQ
HYROXWLRQDLUH DVSHFWHQ ,Q .RUWODQGWV PRGHO ]LMQ ELMYRRUEHHOG GH
VHQVRULPRWRULVFKH NDQDOHQ YRRU KHW VSUHNHQ HQ KHW KRUHQ YRRU
JHVWHOG DOV PDQQHOLMNH HQ YURXZHOLMNH JHVODFKWVRUJDQHQ YDQ KHW
WDDOPHP GDDUQDDVW ]LMQ GH FRQVHTXHQWLHV YDQ *HRUJH (GHOPDQV
QHXUDOH GDUZLQLVPH YRRU GH WDDONXQGH JHwQYHQWDULVHHUG 9RRU
YHUJHOLMNEDDU ZHUN YHUZLMV LN KLHU NRUWKHLGVKDOYH QDDU HQNHOH
SXEOLFDWLHVYDQ*HRUJHYDQ'ULHPHQYDQPLM]HOI
'H EHODQJULMNVWH EH]ZDUHQ WHJHQ GH]H EHQDGHULQJ ]LMQ WH UDQJ
VFKLNNHQ RQGHU GH QRHPHUV YDQ WDDONXQGH ORJLFD UHOLJLH HQ
SV\FKRORJLH
7DDONXQGHHQORJLFD
/LQJXwVWLVFKHEH]ZDUHQWHJHQKHW]HOI]XFKWLJHWDDOPHP]LMQRQGHU
PHHUDINRPVWLJYDQGHVFKRROJUDPPDWLFD'DDUPHHEHGRHOLNGH
WDDONXQGHYDQODJHURQGHUZLMVHQYRRUWJH]HWRQGHUZLMVGLHSULPDLU
-(52(1:,('(1+2)7$$/,1:25',1*
WHU RQGHUVWHXQLQJ YDQ KHW WDDORQGHUZLMV GLHQW HQ GLH JH]LHQ GH
OHHIWLMGYDQGHOHHUOLQJHQHHQVWHUNHLQYORHGKHHIWRSGHDOJHPHQH
EHHOGYRUPLQJRYHUWDDO
2PGDW DOOH VFKRROWDOHQ JHVFKUHYHQ WDOHQ ]LMQ LV GH VFKRROJUDP
PDWLFD VWHUN EHwQYORHG GRRU VFKULIWHOLMNH FRQYHQWLHV 'H PHHVWH
JHVFKUHYHQWHNVWHQEHVWDDQXLWYRO]LQQHQPDDUZLHWZHHPLQXWHQ
QDDUHHQVSRQWDDQJHVSUHNOXLVWHUWNDQFRQVWDWHUHQGDWGHVWDWXV
YDQ GH YRO]LQ LQ GH VSUHHNWDDO PDUJLQDDO LV 7DDOHYROXWLH YLQGW
SODDWVLQGHG\QDPLHNYDQKHWJHVSURNHQZRRUGKHWVFKULIWNRPW
KLHUQLHWDDQWHSDV
(HQWZHHGHEURQYDQWDDONXQGLJHZHHUVWDQGLVDINRPVWLJXLWJHQH
UDWLHYH NULQJHQ 'H JHQHUDWLHYH VFKRRO LV UXLP HHQ KDOYH HHXZ
RXG HQ GH 1HGHUODQGVH WDDONXQGH KHHIW LQ GLH SHULRGH UHODWLHI
YHHO JHQHUDWLHI ZHUN JHOHYHUG ,Q GH]H WUDGLWLH VWDDW YRRUDO GH
V\QWDFWLVFKH EHQDGHULQJ KDDNV RS GH KLHUERYHQ JHVFKHWVWH WDDO
PHPHWLFD,QGHJHQHUDWLHYHV\QWD[LV]LMQGHYRUPHQYDQGHWDDO
DEVWUDFWHVWUXFWXUHQGLHJHYXOGNXQQHQZRUGHQPHWEHWHNHQLVVHQ
'H DDUG YDQ GH VWUXFWXUHQ LV ELM YRRUEDDW JHJHYHQ HQ VWDDW LQ
GLH ]LQ ORV YDQ GH DDUG YDQ GH EHWHNHQLVVHQ 0LMQV LQ]LHQV LV GLW
HHQ REVWDNHO YRRU GH HYROXWLRQDLUH WDDONXQGH RPGDW GDDULQ QHW
DOVLQGHHYROXWLRQDLUHELRORJLHGHZLVVHOZHUNLQJPHWGHRPJHYLQJ
FHQWUDDOPRHWVWDDQ9RRUGHWDDOEHYLQGHQ]LFKLQGLHRPJHYLQJ
QX HHQPDDO GH UHIHUHQWHQ ZDDUQDDU GH EHWHNHQLVVHQ YHUZLM]HQ
]LH†'H]HUHIHUHQWHQPRHWHQGDDURPYDQDIKHWEHJLQELMGH
REVHUYDWLHHQGHDQDO\VHZRUGHQEHWURNNHQ
9DQXLWGHNODVVLHNHORJLFDEH]LHQLVGHKLHUYRRUJHVWHOGHEHQDGHULQJ
YROVWUHNWRQJHULMPGHQRRNKLHU]LWKHWSUREOHHPPHWQDPHLQGH
UHODWLH WXVVHQ EHWHNHQLV HQ UHIHUHQW +HW GLOHPPD YDQ GH YHOG
ZHUNHU ZHUG DO HYHQ JHQRHPG † HHQ EHWHNHQLV LV QLHW YDVW
WH VWHOOHQ ]RQGHU LQIRUPDQWHQ GLH KHW YHUEDQG PHW HHQ UHIHUHQW
OHJJHQ 9RRU GH ORJLFD ZHUNW GH VHPDQWLHN PHW ZDDUKHGHQ HQ
EHUXVWHQ ZDDUKHGHQ RS KHW YHUPRJHQ RP YDQ HHQ JHJHYHQ HOH
PHQWWH]HJJHQRIKHWWRWHHQJHJHYHQYHU]DPHOLQJEHKRRUW'LW
'$5:,1·648(67‡9LHUOH]LQJHQELMHHQWHQWRRQVWHOOLQJ
LVSUHFLHVZDDUELMWDDOGHVFKRHQZULQJW2IHHQJHJHYHQUHIHUHQW
ELMHHQEHWHNHQLVKRRUWLVQLHWELMYRRUEDDWYDVWWHVWHOOHQRPGDW
WDDO DQGHUVRP ZHUNW 7DOLJH EHWHNHQLVVHQ ZRUGHQ QLHW DIJH
OHLG YDQ UHIHUHQWHQ PDDU RS UHIHUHQWHQ WRHJHSDVW 'LW NDQ WRW
RQYRRUVSHOEDUHVLWXDWLHVOHLGHQMXLVWLQGLHVLWXDWLHVLVGHZHUNLQJ
YDQWDDOKHWEHVWWHLQYHQWDULVHUHQ
2YHULJHQVVOXLWKHWPRGHOYDQKHW]HOI]XFKWLJHWDDOPHPZHODDQ
ELMHHQYRUPYDQORJLFDGLH´LQWXwWLRQLVWLVFKµZRUGWJHQRHPGHQ
GLHPHWQDPHGRRU/XLW]HQ%URXZHULVRQWZLNNHOG,Q
GH]HORJLFDUHGHQHHUWPHQ]RQGHUKHW´SULQFLSHYDQGHXLWJHVORWHQ
GHUGHµ YDQ GH WUDGLWLRQHOH ORJLFD 'LW LV GH UHJHO GDW LHWV KHW]LM
ZDDU LV KHW]LM RQZDDU HHQ GHUGH PRJHOLMNKHLG LV XLWJHVORWHQ
9RRUWDOLJHEHWHNHQLVVHQJDDWGLWSULQFLSHHYHQPLQRS1HW]RDOV
ZH KDDWOLHIGHYHUKRXGLQJHQ NXQQHQ KHEEHQ NXQQHQ ZH LQ WDDO
WHJHQJHVWHOGH EHWHNHQLVVHQ PRHLWHORRV WRHSDVVHQ RS GH]HOIGH
UHIHUHQW
,Q ZHUG HHQ JURHS QXGLVWLVFKH DFWLYLVWHQ LQ &DQDGD YULM
JHVSURNHQYDQHHQDDQNODFKWYDQQDDNWKHLGLQKHWRSHQEDDURPGDW
]LM DOOHQ VFKRHLVHO GURHJHQ HQ GDDUPHH YRRU GH ZHW QLHW QDDNW
ZDUHQ0HWEHKXOSYDQWDDONDQPHQGXVWHJHOLMNHUWLMG¶QDDNW·HQ
¶QLHWQDDNW·]LMQ:DWYRRUGHNODVVLHNHORJLFDRQPRJHOLMNLVZRUGW
]HOIV GRRU MRQJH VSUHNHUV PRHLWHORRV JHKDQWHHUG 'H YROJHQGH
ZRRUGHQNZDPHQVSRQWDDQXLWGHPRQGYDQHHQNOHXWHUYDQYLHU
MDDU´:HHWMHZDWLNVSHHO"'DWGH]HDXWRQLHWPHHUEHVWRQG0DDU
KLMEHVWRQGHLJHQOLMNWRFKpQKHWZDVGH]HOIGHDXWRµ
5HOLJLHHQSV\FKRORJLH
$OV MRQJH GLVFLSOLQH KHHIW GH WDDONXQGH UHODWLHI ZHLQLJ WH PDNHQ
JHKDG PHW GH YHOH KLVWRULVFKH VSDQQLQJHQ WXVVHQ JRGVGLHQVW HQ
ZHWHQVFKDS9RRUGHHYROXWLRQDLUHWDDONXQGHPRHWLQGDWYHUEDQG
ZHOGHQHLJLQJZRUGHQJHQRHPGRPJHJHYHQKHWIHLWGDWGHPHQV
HHQSULPDDWLVRS]RHNWHJDDQQDDUFULWHULDGLHGHPHQVYDQGH
RYHULJH SULPDWHQ RQGHUVFKHLGW +HW JHEUXLN YDQ ZHUNWXLJHQ ZDV
RRLW ]R·Q FULWHULXP PDDU GLW JHEUXLN LV LQPLGGHOV XLWYRHULJ YRRU
GLHUHQJHGRFXPHQWHHUG2RNWDDOLVYDDNJHEUXLNWRPPHQVHQGLHU
WHVFKHLGHQPDDUSDSHJDDLHQFKLPSDQVHHVHQERQRER·VEOLMNHQHU
RSKXQHLJHQPDQLHUHQDDUGLJPHHRYHUZHJWHNXQQHQ'HJUHQ]HQ
EOLMYHQVFKXLYHQHHQUHFHQWHUFULWHULXPLVELMYRRUEHHOGGDWYDQGH
YROOHGLJV\QWDFWLVFKHWDDOZDWHFKWHUYHHOODVWLJHUWHGHÀQLsUHQLV
]LH†
'HQHLJLQJRPGHPHQVHOLMNHVRRUWHHQDSDUWHSODDWVWRHWHNHQ
QHQ ZRUGW YHUVWHUNW LQ HHQ UHOLJLHX]H WUDGLWLH ZDDULQ VOHFKWV GH
PHQVQDDU*RGVHYHQEHHOGLVJHVFKDSHQ*HQHVLV0DDU]RDOV
5D\PRQG&RUEH\ODDW]LHQKHHIWGH]HEHKRHIWHYDQGHPHQVRP
]LFK]HOIDOVKRRJVWELM]RQGHUJHYDOWHEHVFKRXZHQYHOHJHGDDQWHQ
GH FKULVWHOLMNH WUDGLWLH LV GDDU VOHFKWV HHQ VSHFLDOH XLWLQJ YDQ
'LW ]HOIEHHOG GUDDJW PLMQV LQ]LHQV VWHUN ELM DDQ GH RSYDWWLQJ GDW
YROZDVVHQVSUHNHUVGHWDDOYROOHGLJQDDUKXQKDQGNXQQHQ]HWWHQ
ZDDUGRRU KHW LGHH YDQ HHQ ]HOI]XFKWLJ PHP DDQ KHW URHU ELM
YRRUEDDWLVXLWJHVORWHQ
'HUHOLJLHX]HLQYDOVKRHNORRSWGDQRRNQDDGORRVRYHULQGHODDWVWH
HQPRJHOLMNEHODQJULMNVWHJURHSYDQEH]ZDUHQWHJHQKHWWDDOPH
PHWLVFKHPRGHOYDQ†'H]HQRHPLNSV\FKRORJLVFKRPGDW]HKHW
]HOIEHHOGDDQWDVWHQZDDULQKHWLQGLYLGX]LFKKHHUHQPHHVWHURYHU
GHHLJHQWDDOZDDQW7RFK]LMQHURRNYHHOPHQVHQGLHGHVJHYUDDJG
HQ LN YUDDJ GLW UHJHOPDWLJ ]XOOHQ WRHJHYHQ GDW HU PRPHQWHQ
]LMQZDDURS]H]LFK]HOIEHWUDSSHQRSXLWVSUDNHQZDDUYDQ]H]LFK
DIYUDJHQ´:DDURP]HJLNGLWHLJHQOLMN"µ'LHHUNHQQLQJYHU]ZDNW
KHW ]HOIYHUWURXZHQ QHW ]RDOV KHW WRHJHYHQ GDW PHQ DI HQ WRH
WHJHQ ]LFK]HOI SUDDW :LH GDDURS ZRUGW JHZH]HQ UHDJHHUW YDDN
PHW VFKDDPWH UDWLRQDOLVDWLH RI RQWNHQQLQJ HQ LN EHQ ]HOI JHHQ
XLW]RQGHULQJ=XONHUHDFWLHVRSKHWHLJHQWDDOJHEUXLN]HJJHQPHHU
RYHURQ]HKRXGLQJWHJHQRYHUWDDOGDQRYHURQ]HYHUKRXGLQJPHW
WDDO
%HLGH YRUPHQ YDQ WDDOJHGUDJ KHW GRHQ YDQ VSRQWDQH XLWVSUDNHQ
-(52(1:,('(1+2)7$$/,1:25',1*
ZDDUPHH PHQ ]LFK]HOI YHUEDDVW HQ KHW SUDWHQ WHJHQ ]LFK]HOI
ZLM]HQ RS HHQ ODELHO HYHQZLFKW WXVVHQ WDDO HQ EUHLQ 'DW NORSW
JRHG PHW GH UHODWLHI MRQJH OHHIWLMG YDQ WDDO 'H YURHJVWH VFKDW
WLQJHQOLJJHQDDQKHWEHJLQYDQKHW3OHLVWRFHHQHHQNUDSSHWZHH
PLOMRHQ MDDU JHOHGHQ ZDQQHHU GH LQKRXG YDQ GH KHUVHQHQ LQ GH
PHQVHOLMNHYRRURXGHUVEHJLQWWRHWHQHPHQ+LHUPHHLVGHI\VLHNH
EDVLVDDQZH]LJYRRUKHWNZDQWLWDWLHYHYHUVFKLOLQPHQWDOHYHUPR
JHQVZDDU'DUZLQDORSZHHV†'HODDWVWPRJHOLMNHGDWXPYRRU
WDDO LV MDDU JHOHGHQ DOV KHW EUHLQ LQ DQDWRPLVFK RS]LFKW
PRGHUQ LV HQ GH DUFKHRORJLVFKH YRQGVWHQ GXLGHOLMNH DDQZLM]LQ
JHQEHJLQQHQWHEHYDWWHQYRRUÀJXUDWLHYHNXQVWEHJUDIHQLVVHQHQ
JHORRIVRYHUWXLJLQJHQ]LH¿JXXU
&RQFOXVLH
'HHYROXWLRQDLUHWDDONXQGHYHUNODDUWKHWRQWVWDDQHQGHRQWZLNNHOLQJ
YDQWDDOYHHODOYDQXLWKHWRRJSXQWYDQGHWDDOJHEUXLNHU'HEHVFKULM
YLQJYDQWDDODOV]HOI]XFKWLJPHPVWHOWKLHUHHQEHQDGHULQJYDQXLW
GHWDDO]HOIWHJHQRYHU$DQJH]LHQGHZLVVHOZHUNLQJPHWGHRPJH
YLQJ HVVHQWLHHO LV YRRU HONH HYROXWLRQDLUH WKHRULH NDQ GLW PRGHO
PLQLPDDODOVFRPSOHPHQWDLUSHUVSHFWLHIGLHQHQ'HDFFHSWDWLHYDQ
GLWPRGHOZRUGWEHPRHLOLMNWGRRUYHUVFKLOOHQGHDQWURSRFHQWULVFKH
EHQDGHULQJHQ PHW QDPH GH RSYDWWLQJ GDW HHQ VSUHNHU PHHVWHU
RYHU]LMQRIKDDUWDDOLV
1DVFKULIW
)LJXXU9HUVLHUGHVWUXLVYRJHOHLHUHQYDQWRWMDDUJHOHGHQ'HOHJHHLHUVFKDOHQZHUGHQJHEUXLN
YRRUGHRSVODJHQKHWYHUYRHUYDQZDWHULQGH+RZLHVRQV3RRUWFXOWXXULQ'LHSNORRILQ=XLG$IULND
)RWR3LHUUH-HDQ7H[LHU'LHSNORRI3URMHFW
6LQGVGHPRQGHOLQJHSUHVHQWDWLHYDQGH]HELMGUDJHLVLQ8WUHFKWGH
DFKWVWHELMHHQNRPVWJHKRXGHQYDQKHWLQWHUQDWLRQDOH(YRODQJFRQ
JUHVHHQLQWHUGLVFLSOLQDLUIRUXPRYHUGHRRUVSURQJHQHYROXWLHYDQ
WDDO9RRU]RYHULNGDDUKHENXQQHQQDJDDQZRUGWGHRRUVSURQJYDQ
V\QWD[LVRSGLWPRPHQWYRRUDOJH]RFKWLQGHZLM]HZDDURSXLWWZHH
YHUVFKLOOHQGHHOHPHQWHQHHQFRPELQDWLHRQWVWDDWGLHRSWUHHGWDOV
QLHXZHHHQKHLG'H]HEHLGHHOHPHQWHQZRUGHQYHUYROJHQVJHYXOG
'$5:,1·648(67‡9LHUOH]LQJHQELMHHQWHQWRRQVWHOOLQJ
PHWEHWHNHQLVVHQ]RDOVXLWHHQJH]HWLQ†
=HOIPHHQLNYRRUDOVQRJGHRRUVSURQJYDQWDDOQLHWLQHHQFRPELQDWLH
PDDULQHHQVSOLWVLQJYDQHHQHHQYRXGLJVLJQDDOWHPRHWHQ]RHNHQ
8LWJDQJVSXQWLVGDDUELMGHVLWXDWLHZDDULQGHVSUHNHU]LFKEHYLQGW
GLH]LFKDDQGLHQWYLDGH]LQWXLJHQHQRSWUHHGWDOVUHIHUHQWYRRU
GHWDDOXLWLQJ'HSULPDLUHV\QWDFWLVFKHVSOLWVLQJLVKHWRQGHUVFKHLG
WXVVHQ WZHH FRJQLWLHYH SHUVSHFWLHYHQ RS GH]H VLWXDWLH ]RDOV LN
HHUGHUKHEEHDUJXPHQWHHUG
5HFHQWZHUNYDQ7DOP\*LYyQYHUJHOLMNWFRPELQDWLHHQ
VSOLWVLQJ SXQWVJHZLMV DOV FRQFXUUHQGH YHUNODULQJHQ YRRU GH RRU
VSURQJYDQWDOLJHV\QWD[LV*LYyQNLHVWGDDUELM]HOIYRRUGHHHUVWH
RSORVVLQJGHFRPELQDWLHYDQELMYRRUEDDWDDQZH]LJHHOHPHQWHQ
=LMQQDXZNHXULJHDUJXPHQWHQYHUGLHQHQHHQPHHUXLWJHEUHLGHUH
DFWLHGDQLQGLWQDVFKULIWJHJHYHQNDQZRUGHQ9RRU]RYHULNQXNDQ
QDJDDQ ]LMQ ]H JRHG WH ULMPHQ PHW PLMQ DQDO\VH YDQ GH V\QWDF
WLVFKHUHYROXWLHDOVEHJLQYDQWDDO
(HQ SULPDLUH VSOLWVLQJ YDQ HHQ EHWHNHQLVGUDJHQG VLJQDDO VOXLW
PLMQV LQ]LHQV RRN EHWHU DDQ ELM RQ]H NHQQLV RYHU GLHUHQ GLH PHW
KXQJHOXLGHQV\VWHPDWLVFKHHIIHFWHQRSOXLVWHUHQGHVRRUWJHQRWHQ
XLWRHIHQHQ†'DQN]LMGLHHIIHFWHQRSVRRUWJHQRWHQ]LMQLQGH]H
DQDO\VHGHEHWHNHQLVVHQELMYRRUEDDWDDQZH]LJGH]HKRHYHQGDQ
RRNQLHWWHZRUGHQLQJHYXOGLQHHQH[WHUQJHJHQHUHHUGHVWUXFWXXU
+HW WKHRUHWLVFKH YRRUGHHO YDQ GH]H VSOLWVLQJ DOV RRUVSURQJ YDQ
V\QWD[LV ]RX QLHW XLW PRJHQ PDNHQ HQ ]LM KLHU YHUPHOG YRRU GH
YRUP GLW JHQHUDWLHYH SURFHV ZDDUELM HHQ HOHPHQW WZHH HOH
PHQWHQRSOHYHUWODDWZHLQLJUXLPWHYRRUWZLMIHORYHUKHWIHLWGDW
HUWXVVHQGH]HODDWVWHWZHHHOHPHQWHQHHQYHUEDQGEHVWDDW
1RWHQ
'DUZLQ
'DUZLQ
´7KHORZHUDQLPDOVGLIIHUIURPPDQVROHO\LQKLVDOPRVWLQÀ
QLWHO\ ODUJHU SRZHU RI DVVRFLDWLQJ WRJHWKHU WKH PRVW GLYHUVL
ÀHGVRXQGVDQGLGHDVDQGWKLVREYLRXVO\GHSHQGVRQWKHKLJK
GHYHORSPHQWRIKLVPHQWDOSRZHUVµ'DUZLQ
'H]HIRUPXOHULQJXLWZLMNWDIYDQGHHHUVWHHGLWLHZDDURS
GHODDWVWH1HGHUODQGVHHGLWLHLVJHEDVHHUG'DUZLQ
+HWV\PERROYJDDWYRRUDIDDQPLMQHLJHQYHUWDOLQJHQLQ
KHW1HGHUODQGV
1LHOVHQ
´0HQ VDQJ RXW WKHLU IHHOLQJV ORQJ EHIRUH WKH\ ZHUH DEOH WR
VSHDNWKHLUWKRXJKWVµ-HVSHUVHQ
'ULHP
´FDSDFLW\ RI FRQQHFWLQJ GHÀQLWH VRXQGV ZLWK GHÀQLWH LGHDVµ
'DUZLQ
:DWVRQ&ULFN
=LHYRRUGHWDLOV'ULHP
9RRU GH (QJHOVH WHUP PHPH ZRUGW LQ KHW 1HGHUODQGV QDDVW
KHWPHPRRNGHPHPHJHEH]LJGPDDUGLHWHUPPLVWKHW
YHUEDQG PHW GH JHQHWLFD GDW 'DZNLQV ]R
PRRLOHJGH'H(QJHOVHWHUPHQJHQHHQPHPHNRPHQGDDURP
EHWHURYHUHHQPHW1HGHUODQGVJHQHQPHPPHHUYRXGJHQHQ
HQPHPHQ
´,IPHPHVLQEUDLQVDUHDQDORJRXVWRJHQHVWKH\PXVWEHVHOI
UHSOLFDWLQJEUDLQVWUXFWXUHVDFWXDOSDWWHUQVRIQHXURQDOZLULQJ
XS WKDW UHFRQVWLWXWH WKHPVHOYHV LQ RQH EUDLQ DIWHU DQRWKHUµ
'DZNLQV
'DZNLQV
0F1HLOO
´ODQJXDJH LV WKH PHDQV RI FRPPXQLFDWLQJ QDWXUDO IRUPV RI
VHOIH[SUHVVLRQWKURXJKWKHKXPDQPLQGµ.RUWODQGW
.RUWODQGW
'ULHP:LHGHQKRI
:URXJKWRQ
&RUEH\
:LHGHQKRI
9HUZLM]LQJHQ
‡&DUUROO³$OH[DQGHU:RROOFRWWLQWURGXFWLRQ-RKQ7HQQ
LHOLOOXVWUDWLRQV7KHFRPSOHWHZRUNVRI/HZLV&DUUROO/RQGHQ
1RQHVXFK3UHVV
‡&RUEH\ ³ 5D\PRQG &RUEH\ 7KH PHWDSK\VLFV RI DSHV
&DPEULGJH&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
‡'DUZLQ³&KDUOHV'DUZLQ2YHUKHWRQWVWDDQYDQ
VRRUWHQ GRRU PLGGHO YDQ QDWXXUOLMNH VHOHFWLH RI KHW EHKRXG
YDQEHYRRUGHHOGHUDVVHQLQGHVWULMGRPKHWOHYHQ$PVWHUGDP
1LHXZH]LMGV9HUWDOLQJGRRU/XGR+HOOHPDQVYDQ2QWKH
RULJLQRIVSHFLHVE\PHDQVRIQDWXUDOVHOHFWLRQRUWKHSUHVHU
YDWLRQRIIDYRXUHGUDFHVLQWKHVWUXJJOHIRUOLIH/RQGHQ-RKQ
0XUUD\ (HGLWLH KWWSGDUZLQGRZQORDGVQLHXZH]LMGV
QOVRRUWHQSGI!
‡'DUZLQ ³ &KDUOHV 'DUZLQ 7KH GHVFHQW RI PDQ
DQGVHOHFWLRQLQUHODWLRQWRVH[/RQGHQ-RKQ0XUUD\H
HGLWLH (HGLWLH KWWSGDUZLQRQOLQHRUJXNSGIB
'HVFHQWB)SGI!JHUDDGSOHHJGPDDUW
‡'DUZLQ³&KDUOHV'DUZLQ'HDIVWDPPLQJYDQGH
PHQV HQ VHOHFWLH LQ UHODWLH WRW VHNVH $PVWHUGDP 1LHXZH
]LMGV9HUWDOLQJGRRU/XGR+HOOHPDQVYDQ'DUZLQ
(HGLWLHKWWSGDUZLQGRZQORDGVQLHXZH]LMGVQODIVWDPPLQJ
SGI!
‡'DUZLQ ³ &KDUOHV 'DUZLQ 7KH H[SUHVVLRQ RI WKH HPR
WLRQVLQPDQDQGDQLPDOV/RQGHQ-RKQ0XUUD\(HGLWLH
KWWSGDUZLQRQOLQHRUJXNSGIB([SUHVVLRQB)
SGI!JHUDDGSOHHJGPDDUW
-(52(1:,('(1+2)7$$/,1:25',1*
‡'DZNLQV ³ 5LFKDUG 'DZNLQV 7KH VHOÀVK JHQH
2[IRUG2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV7ZHHGHHGLWLH
‡'HOLXV³-XDQ''HOLXV´7KHQDWXUHRIFXOWXUHµ,Q06
'DZNLQV 75 +DOOLGD\ HQ 5 'DZNLQV 7KH 7LQEHUJHQ OHJDF\
/RQGHQ&KDSPDQ+DOOSS
‡'ULHP³*HRUJHYDQ'ULHPµ7KHODQJXDJHRUJDQLVP7KH
/HLGHQ WKHRU\ RI ODQJXDJH HYROXWLRQµ &,/ ;9,, ,QWHUQDWLRQDO
&RQJUHVVRI/LQJXLVWV8QLYHU]LWD.DUORYD3UDDJMXOL
(HGLWLH KWWSZZZKLPDOD\DQODQJXDJHVRUJÀOHVGULHP
SGIVSUDJXHSGI!
‡'ULHP ³ *HRUJH YDQ 'ULHP ´7KH ODQJXDJH RUJDQLVP
3DUDVLWH RU PXWXDOLVW"µ ,Q /XERWVN\ 6FKDHNHQ HQ :LHGHQKRI
SS
‡*LYyQ³7DOP\*LYyQ7KHJHQHVLVRIV\QWDFWLFFRPSOH[
LW\$PVWHUGDP-RKQ%HQMDPLQV
‡-HVSHUVHQ³2WWR-HVSHUVHQ3URJUHVVLQODQJXDJH
:LWK VSHFLDO UHIHUHQFH WR (QJOLVK /RQGHQ 6FKZDQ 6RQQHQ
VFKHLQ )DFVLPLOH KHUXLWJDYH PHW HHQ LQOHLGLQJ GRRU
-DPHV'0F&DZOH\$PVWHUGDP-RKQ%HQMDPLQV
‡.RUWODQGW ³ )UHGHULN .RUWODQGW ´$ SDUDVLWRORJLFDO
YLHZ RI QRQFRQVWUXFWLEOH VHWVµ ,Q 8UVXOD 3LHSHU HQ *HUKDUG
6WLFNHO UHGDFWLH 6WXGLD OLQJXLVWLFD GLDFKURQLFD HW V\QFKURQ
LFD:HUQHU:LQWHUVH[DJHQDULRDQQR0&0/;;;,,,JUDWLVDQLPLV
DE HLXV FROOHJLV DPLFLV GLVFLSXOLVTXH REODWD %HUOLMQ 0RXWRQ
SS
‡.RUWODQGW³)UHGHULN.RUWODQGW´7KHRULJLQDQGQDWXUH
RIWKHOLQJXLVWLFSDUDVLWHµ,Q%ULJLWWH%DXHUHQ*HRUJHV-HDQ
3LQDXOW UHGDFWLH /DQJXDJH LQ WLPH DQG VSDFH $ IHVWVFKULIW
IRU:HUQHU:LQWHURQWKHRFFDVLRQRIKLVWKELUWKGD\%HUOLMQ
0RXWRQ'H*UX\WHUSS
‡/XERWVN\6FKDHNHQHQ:LHGHQKRI³$OH[DQGHU/XERWVN\
-RV 6FKDHNHQ HQ -HURHQ :LHGHQKRI UHGDFWLH (YLGHQFH DQG
FRXQWHUHYLGHQFH (VVD\V LQ KRQRXU RI )UHGHULN .RUWODQGW
'$5:,1·648(67‡9LHUOH]LQJHQELMHHQWHQWRRQVWHOOLQJ
9ROXPH*HQHUDOOLQJXLVWLFV6WXGLHVLQ6ODYLFDQG*HQHUDO/LQ
JXLVWLFV9ROXPH$PVWHUGDP5RGRSL
‡0F1HLOO ³ :LOOLDP + 0F1HLOO 3ODJXHV DQG 3HRSOHV
*DUGHQ&LW\$QFKRU3UHVV'RXEOHGD\
‡1LHOVHQ³+DQV)UHGH1LHOVHQ´2Q2WWR-HVSHUVHQ·VYLHZ
RQODQJXDJHHYROXWLRQµ,Q$UQH-XXOHQ+DQV)1LHOVHQ2WWR
-HVSHUVHQ)DFHWVRIKLVOLIHDQGZRUN$PVWHUGDP-RKQ%HQ
MDPLQVSS
‡:DWVRQ&ULFN³-':DWVRQHQ)+&&ULFN´$VWUXF
WXUHIRU'HR[\ULERVH1XFOHLF$FLGµ,Q1DWXUH9ROXPHSS
DSULO (HGLWLH KWWSZZZLDVDFLQUHVR
QDQFH1RYSGI1RY&ODVVLFVSGI!
‡:LHGHQKRI ³ -HURHQ :LHGHQKRI ´1H[XV DQG WKH ELUWK
RIV\QWD[µ,Q$FWDOLQJXLVWLFD+DIQLHQVLD9ROXPHSS
(HGLWLH KWWSZZZZLHGHQKRIQOXOWNSEODUWLFOHV
ELUWKV\[SGI!
‡:LHGHQKRI³-HURHQ:LHGHQKRI´7KHRULJLQVDQGGHYHO
RSPHQWRIOLQJXLVWLFPHDQLQJµ1:2&RJQLWLRQ:RUNVKRS7KH
HYROXWLRQ RI PHDQLQJ LQ D JDPHWKHRUHWLFDO VHWWLQJ $PVWHU
GDPVHSWHPEHU
‡:LHGHQKRI³-HURHQ:LHGHQKRI´/DQJXDJHEUDLQVDQG
WKHV\QWDFWLFUHYROXWLRQµ,Q/XERWVN\6FKDHNHQHQ:LHGHQKRI
SS (HGLWLH KWWSZZZZLHGHQKRIQOXO
WNSEODUWLFOHV66*/:LHGHQKRI6\QWDFWLF5HYROXWLRQSGI!
‡:URXJKWRQ³/HVOH\:URXJKWRQ5HXWHUV7RURQWR1HZV
URRP´6KRHVVSDUH7RURQWRJD\VIURPQXGLW\FKDUJHVµ<DKRR
1HZVVHSWHPEHU